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Manjeshwaram Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:52:42Z

Rohit Singh: Added Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manjeshwaram
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 1
| map_image = File:Manjeshwar harbour.jpg
| map_caption = Manjeshwara Harbour is situated in Manjeshwara Assembly constituency.
| state = [[Kerala]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,21,682 (2021)
| mla = [[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragodu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragodu]]
}}
'''Manjeshwaram State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern India. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kasargod.gov.in/constituencies
|website = kasargod.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kasaragod district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[A. K. M. Ashraf]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Manjeshwaram Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kasaragod District
|access-date = 18 August 2019
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160033/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<mapframe text="Manjeshwar Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16135883,Q13111333,Q16134041,Q16134195,Q13114089,Q13113487,Q13113335,Q16134001"}</mapframe>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="50px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Enmakaje]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|2
|[[Kumbla]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|3
|[[Mangalpady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|4
|[[Manjeshwar]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|5
|[[Meenja]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|6
|[[Paivalike]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|7
|[[Puthige, Kasaragod|Puthige]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|-
|8
|[[Vorkady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Manjeshwar Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/manjeshwar-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Manjeshwara
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|M Umesh Rao
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| rowspan="3" |K Mahabala Bhandary
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Ramappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Subba Rao (politician)|A. Subba Rao]]
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Cherkalam Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[C. H. Kunhambu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. B. Abdul Razak]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
|[[M. C. Kamaruddin]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2|[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediately previous election.

===2026===
There were 2,30,113 registered voters in the assembly in 2026 election
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjeshwaram}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]|votes=96948|percentage=51.62%|change={{gain}}13.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|votes=67,696|percentage=36.05%|change={{loss}}1.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=K. R. Jayananda|votes=21,212|percentage=11.29%|change={{loss}}12.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sanjeeva|votes=212|percentage=0.11%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kannur Abdulla Master|votes=285|percentage=0.15%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Gean Lavina Monterio|votes=523|percentage=0.28%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=John D' Souza I|votes=46|percentage=0.02%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mohammad Ashraf|votes=78|percentage=0.04%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mohammed Ashraf K A|votes=64|percentage=0.03%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Latheef I|votes=79|percentage=0.04%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=455|percentage=0.24%|change=0.02}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =29,252
|percentage =15.59%
|change ={{gain}}15.15
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,87,598|percentage=73.5%|change={{loss}}3.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Indian Union Muslim League
|swing ={{gain}}15.15
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 221,682 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Manjeshwaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=65,858|percentage=38.14%|change={{loss}}2.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,013|percentage=37.70%|change={{gain}}2.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. V. Rameshan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=40,639|percentage=23.57%|change={{gain}}0.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Praveen Kumar S|votes=251|percentage=0.15%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=John D'Souza I|votes=181|percentage=0.1%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Surendran M|votes=197|percentage=0.11%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=387|percentage=0.22%|change={{loss}}0.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes=845|percentage=0.44%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,70,431|percentage=76.88%|change={{gain}}1.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|swing={{loss}}2.05}}
{{Election box end}}

By local self-governed segment:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
|-
!UDF
!NDA
!LDF
|-
|[[Manjeshwaram]]
|12,172
|9,290
|5,010
|-
|[[Vorkady]]
|4,772
|5,616
|4,231
|-
|[[Meenja]]
|5,267
|7,324
|3,639
|-
|[[Mangalpady]]
|15,384
|9,583
|6,309
|-
|[[Paivalike]]
|6,405
|9,227
|5,366
|-
|[[Kumbala]]
|12,844
|9,556
|6,439
|-
|[[Puthige, Kasaragod|Puthige]]
|3,893
|4,635
|4,591
|-
|[[Enmakaje]]
|4,453
|8,769
|4,071
|-
|[[Postal voting|Postal Ballots]]
|568
|1,013
|541
|-
|}

=== 2019 by-election ===
Due to the death of sitting MLA [[P. B. Abdul Razak]], a by-election was held on 21 October 2019.

There were 2,14,779 registered voters in Manjeshwaram Assembly constituency for this by-election. [[M. C. Kamaruddin]] won the election by 7,923 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/10/24/keralala-by-election-ldf-leads-in-manjeswaram.html|title=മഞ്ചേശ്വരത്ത് യുഡിഎഫിന്റെ തേരോട്ടം; ബിജെപി രണ്ടാമത്, നേട്ടമില്ലാതെ സിപിഎം |trans-title=UDF leads in Manjeshwar; BJP second, CPM without gain |website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Manjeshwaram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. C. Kamaruddin]]|votes=65,407|percentage=40.19%|change={{gain}}4.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raveesh Thanthri Kuntar|votes=57,484|percentage=35.32%|change={{loss}}0.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Shankara Rai|votes=38,233|percentage=23.49%|change={{loss}}3.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=574|percentage=0.35%|change={{loss}}0.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Govindan B. Alinthazhe|votes=337|percentage=0.21%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=John D. Souza|votes=277|percentage=0.17%|change={{gain}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rajesh B.|votes=232|percentage=0.14%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kamarudheen M. C.|votes=211|percentage=0.13%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,923
|percentage = 4.87%
|change = {{gain}}4.82
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,755|percentage=75.78%|change={{loss}}0.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{gain}}4.40
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,08,165 registered voters in Manjeshwaram Assembly constiteuncy for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Manjeshwaram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. B. Abdul Razak]]|votes=56,870|percentage=35.79%|change={{decrease}}1.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|votes=56,781|percentage=35.74%|change={{increase}}2.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. H. Kunhambu]]|votes=42,565|percentage=26.79%|change={{increase}}0.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Basheer Ahammad S. M.|votes=759|percentage=0.48%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=646|percentage=0.41%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sundara K.|votes=467|percentage=0.29%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ravichandra|votes=365|percentage=0.23%|change={{decrease}}0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. P. Muneer|votes=224|percentage=0.14%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=John D. Souza|votes=207|percentage=0.13%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 89
|percentage = 0.05
|change ={{decrease}}4.33
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,884|percentage=76.33%|change={{increase}}1.13}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing ={{decrease}}1.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 176,817 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjeshwaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. B. Abdul Razak]]|votes=49,817|percentage=37.46|change={{increase}}6.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|votes=43,989|percentage=33.08|change={{increase}}1.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. H. Kunhambu]]|votes=35,067|percentage=26.37|change={{decrease}}9.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Hafsa Muneer|votes=1,076|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Abdul Majeed|votes=869|percentage=0.65|change={{decrease}}1.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdulla Timber|votes=547|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kunhambu|votes=490|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Razzak K,|votes=465|percentage=0.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abbas M.|votes=391|percentage=0.29|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdulla P. M.|votes=262|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,828
|percentage = 4.38
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,973|percentage=75.20|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{increase}}6.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
There were 154,288 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2006, Election commission of India|url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php?year=2006&no=1}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjeshwaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. H. Kunhambu]]|votes=39,242|percentage=35.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Narayana Bhat|votes=34,413|percentage=31.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Cherkalam Abdullah|votes=34,186|percentage=31.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Madhave Manjeshway|votes=2,037|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,829
|percentage = 4.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,973|percentage=75.20|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Manjeshwar]]am
* [[Kasaragod district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Manjeshwar area]]

Angul Aluminum Park

2026-05-03T14:53:53Z

Rohit Singh: creating some article needs work

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Industrial Park in Odisha}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Angul Aluminium Park Private Limited
| native_name =
| type = [[Special-purpose entity]]
| founded = 2014
| headquarters =
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products = Industrial infrastructure
| services = Industrial park development and management
| owners = {{ubl
| [[National Aluminium Company Limited]]
| [[Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]]
}}
| website =
| module = {{Infobox
| child = yes
| header1 = Park details
| label2 = Location
| data2 = [[Angul]], [[Odisha]], India
| label3 = Area
| data3 = 223 acres
| label4 = Project funding
| data4 = * ~₹100–125 crore (earlier estimates)
* ₹428.95 crore (2022; mega aluminium park phase)
| label5 = Established
| data5 = 2014 (approved)
| label6 = Operator
| data6 = Angul Aluminium Park Pvt. Ltd.
| header8 = Registration details
| label7 = Industry focus
| data7 = [[Manufacturing]], [[ancillary]], and [[downstream (manufacturing)|downstream activities]]
| label9 = [[CIN]]
| data9 = U27203OR2010PTC012284
| label10 = [[Registrar of Companies (India)|ROC]]
| data10 = ROC, Cuttack
| label11 = [https://www.mospi.gov.in/uploads/publications_reports/publications_reports1763457214315_c3e5d4f3-8e25-4775-85e3-ad42d571652f_NIC_2025_Final.pdf NIC]
| data11 = 2720
| label12 = NIC description
| data12 = Manufacture of basic precious and non-ferrous metals
}}
| footnotes = Developed as a joint venture SPV for aluminium-based industries
}}
'''Angul Aluminium Park''' (also referred to as ''Angul Aluminium Park Private Limited'') is an industrial park located in [[Angul]], in the state of [[Odisha]]. It is developed by [[National Aluminium Company Limited]] and the [[Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]]. The project was developed through a special purpose vehicle named Angul Aluminium Park Private Limited (AAPPL).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-06-16 |title=Angul Aluminium Park Gets Central Nod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Jun/16/angul-aluminium-park-gets-central-nod-625355.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-11-27 |title=State Govt Commits to Angul Aluminium Park |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Nov/27/2014-687491.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The project is aimed at promoting downstream aluminium industries and strengthening value-added manufacturing in the region.

== History ==
The proposal to establish an aluminium park at Angul was approved by the [[Government of India]] in 2014 under the Modified Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (MIIUS). The project was initially estimated to cost about ₹125 crore and was envisioned as a dedicated industrial cluster for aluminium-based industries.<ref name=":0" />

Angul Aluminium Park Private Limited (AAPPL) has been formed as a special purpose vehicle for the implementation of the project with joint participation from [[Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|IDCO]] and [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]].<ref name=":1" />

The park was to be developed in phases over some 450 acres, with the first phase comprising some 160 to 224 acres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Behera |first=Nirmalya |title=Centre grants final nod for aluminum park at Angul |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/economy-policy/centre-grants-final-nod-for-aluminum-park-at-angul-115022601291_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180424174137/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/economy-policy/centre-grants-final-nod-for-aluminum-park-at-angul-115022601291_1.html |archive-date=2018-04-24 |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en}}</ref>

However, the project was delayed due to slow progress and local resistance. The central government stopped financial assistance in 2019, citing insufficient progress in development. Physical completion was reported at around 7%.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-30 |title=Centre drops Angul Aluminum Park |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/Nov/30/centre-drops-angul-aluminum-park-2069340.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The project was revived in 2020 with a renewed focus on infrastructure development and completion timelines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-21 |title=Centre to restart Angul Aluminium Park project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/centre-to-restart-angul-aluminium-park-project/articleshow/73497100.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2022, the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government]] approved a budgetary support of ₹428.95 crore for development of a mega aluminium park at Angul, including the cost of land acquisition and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 May 2022 |title=Odisha Cabinet okays establishment of mega aluminium park in Angul at cost of Rs 428.95 cr |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-cabinet-okays-establishment-of-mega-aluminium-park-in-angul-at-cost-of-rs-428-95-cr/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 May 2022 |title=Odisha government to provide Rs 428.95 crore to develop mega aluminium park |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/May/19/odisha-government-to-provide-rs-42895-crore-to-develop-mega-aluminium-park-2455362.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDCO to build mega aluminium park in Angul by acquiring 300 acres of additional land beside existing park; Aluminium Extrusion, Profiles, Price, Scrap, Recycling, Section |url=http://www.alcircle.com/news/idco-to-build-mega-aluminium-park-in-angul-by-acquiring-300-acres-of-additional-land-beside-existing-park-80533 |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=AL Circle|date=26 May 2022|last=Sengupta|first=Debanjali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2022 |title=Mega park to come up near Angul unit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mega-park-to-come-up-near-angul-unit/articleshow/91799121.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Aluminium Company]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Parks in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Odisha]]
[[Category:Angul district]]

Sandeep Jain

2026-05-02T07:24:44Z

Rohit Singh: created the post basic info!

{{Short description|Lieutenant General in Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Sandeep Jain
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|AVSM|SM}}
| image = File:Lt Gen Sandeep Jain.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| office = [[Southern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]
| term_start = 1 April 2026
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| predecessor = [[Dhiraj Seth]]
| successor =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 11 June 1988 – Present
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] Lieutenant General
| unit = [[File:Mahar Regiment, Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Mahar Regiment|13 Mahar Regiment]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-47661L<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank & Name|URL=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc202212610101.pdf}}</ref>
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Southern Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
* [[File:IMA Insignia.svg|18px]] [[Indian Military Academy]]
* [[File:XVI Corps, Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
[[Lieutenant General]] '''Sandeep Jain''', [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] is a serving [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He currently serves as the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]. He was previously serving as Chief of Staff of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Lieutenant General Sandeep Jain Takes Over as Chief of Staff at Southern Command - SSBCrack News |url=https://news.ssbcrack.com/lieutenant-general-sandeep-jain-takes-over-as-chief-of-staff-at-southern-command/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> prior to that he was the [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Commandant, Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Sandeep Jain takes over as Commandant of Indian Military Academy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/lt-gen-sandeep-jain-takes-over-as-commandant-of-indian-military-academy-586342/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He earlier served as [[XVI Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding XVI Corps]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Sandeep Jain takes over as Corps Commander White Knight Corps |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/lt-gen-sandeep-jain-takes-over-as-corps-commander-white-knight-corps/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Sandeep Jain takes over as GOC 16 Corps |url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2022/12/24/lt-gen-sandeep-jain-takes-over-as-goc-16-corps/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Kashmir Horizon |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the Colonel of the Regiment of the [[Mahar Regiment]] since 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Lt Gen C Bansi Ponnappa Bids Farewell to Mahar Regimental Centre |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/07/lt-gen-c-bansi-ponnappa-bids-farewell-to-mahar-regimental-centre.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington and the [[National Defence College, Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2024-02-03 |title=Lt General Sandeep Jain takes over as 52nd IMA Commandant {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/lt-general-sandeep-jain-takes-over-as-52nd-ima-commandant/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Military Career ==
The general officer was commissioned into 13th Battalion of the [[Mahar Regiment]] on 11 June 1988 from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name=":1" /> In a career spanning over three decades, he has undertaken numerous command and staff appointments. He was a Sector Commander at [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]], an Infantry Brigade in Strike Corps and was General Officer Commanding of a Counter Insurgency Force in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. He has also served with the Military Operations Directorate, Military Secretary’s Branch and as a Military observer in [[Ethiopia]].

After being promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], he assumed the appointment of Director General (Capability Development) at the Army Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]. On 24 December 2022, he took over as the [[XVI Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding XVI Corps]].<ref name=":2" /> A year later on 1 February 2024, he took over as the [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy]]. He subsequently assumed the appointment of Chief of Staff, [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] in June 2025.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 April 2026, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Sandeep Jain took over as the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dhiraj Seth]] upon his elevation as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]].

== Awards and decorations ==
During his career, the general officer has been awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 11 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> and the [[Sena Medal]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite press release |title=President approves 384 Gallantry Awards and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |date=2022-01-25 |publisher=PIB |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792624}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|
|-
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:UN UNMEE Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:UN UNMIS Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|
|-
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|UNMEE]]
|[[United Nations Mission in Sudan|UNMIS]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Second_Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Second Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1988<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0020-25631.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=17}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1993/O-0407-1993-0013-16503.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=50}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1993/O-0410-1993-0042-16533.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1999/W_40_2013_172.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=30}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|16 December 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_35_2012_129.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2010/W_43_2010_030.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|13 June 2014 (acting)
29 October 2015 (substantive, with seniority from 14 September 2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/179300.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|6 February 2020 (seniority from 20 November 2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=The Gazette of India: Part I-Section 4 (Military Secretary's Branch) |page=2965 |date=25 December 2021|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2021/232121.pdf |publisher=Department of Publications, Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Sandeep}}

[[Category:Indian military personnel]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anil Pradhan

2026-04-29T19:56:03Z

Rohit Singh: creating basic info initial version

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Pradhan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| constituency = [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Chandrika Prasad Upadhyay]]
| successor =
| children =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse =
}}
'''Anil Pradhan''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot Assembly constituency]] of the [[Chitrakoot district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18236/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/anil-kumar-anil-pradhan |title=Anil Kumar Anil Pradhan |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://samajwadiparty.in/members-of-vidhan-sabha |title=Member Of Vidhan Sabha |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=samajwadiparty.in |publisher=[[Samajwadi Party]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/anil-pradhan/ |title=Anil Pradhan, SP MLA from Chitrakoot |website=ourneta.com |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Anil Pradhan was born on 10 July 1993 in [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Bhairon Prasad.<ref name="upla"/>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Anil}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Malvan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T16:27:15Z

Rohit Singh: Added A Details

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malvan
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Sindhudurg district]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Malvan''' ''(formerly Malwan)'' was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of the [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. Malvan seat's last election was in 2004 and it was defunct from 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 |accessdate=12 October 2017 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mahajan Shripad Sadashiv || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Manjarekar Shridhar Balkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. G. Prabhugaonkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Vijay Singh G. Prabhugaokar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dalvi Yashwant Babaji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Keshavrao Vyankatesh Rane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Prabhugaokar Bapusahed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="5" | [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2005 elections in India#Maharashtra|2005 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2005 elections in India#Maharashtra|2005 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov2005/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - November 2005 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,616 |percentage = 83.76% |change = {{increase}}53.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uparkar Parshoram Alias Jiji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,244 |percentage = 16.24% |change = {{decrease}}49.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 63,372 |percentage = 67.52% |change = {{increase}}32.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,861 |percentage = 70.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,860}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,486 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 63,784 |percentage = 65.88% |change = {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,639 |percentage = 30.61% |change = {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandkumar Shridhar Sawant |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,779 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharad Bhowar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,145 |percentage = 35.27% |change = {{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,846 |percentage = 72.54% |change = {{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,814}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 41,028 |percentage = 61.73% |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandkumar Shridhar Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,718 |percentage = 20.64% |change = {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parkar Sandesh Bhaskar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 11,722 |percentage = 17.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,310 |percentage = 41.09% |change = {{increase}}18.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,588 |percentage = 57.10% |change = {{decrease}}22.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,468}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,618 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 56,101 |percentage = 57.22% |change = {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Vijay Vishnu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,334 |percentage = 35.02% |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dukhande Gopal Dattaram |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,341 |percentage = 6.47% |change = {{decrease}}22.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karangutkar Arun Shantaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,767 |percentage = 22.20% |change = {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,994 |percentage = 79.88% |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,042}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,187 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 31,466 |percentage = 39.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. D. Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,051 |percentage = 30.01% |change = {{decrease}}17.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Sawant |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,344 |percentage = 29.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Govind Angane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,415 |percentage = 9.25% |change = {{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,531 |percentage = 67.53% |change = {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,146}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,737 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhugaokar Bapusahed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,598 |percentage = 47.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baban D'souza |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,665 |percentage = 40.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalsekar Vivekand Anant |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,171 |percentage = 5.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appasaheb Chavan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,331 |percentage = 4.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhai Chindarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 791 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,933 |percentage = 7.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,771 |percentage = 54.37% |change = {{increase}}16.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,920}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,743 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}6.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Vyankatesh Rane |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,591 |percentage = 40.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baban Dsouza |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,709 |percentage = 32.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,987 |percentage = 19.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukund Hari Kadam |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 3.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaam Narhari Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 682 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhai Chindarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 566 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,882 |percentage = 8.07% |change = {{decrease}}31.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,249 |percentage = 37.89% |change = {{decrease}}27.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,704}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Yashwant Babaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,221 |percentage = 59.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Vyankatesh Rane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,429 |percentage = 19.15% |change = {{decrease}}41.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Sitaram Sakharam |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,284 |percentage = 13.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dholam Dhondi Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,970 |percentage = 4.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Ghanashyam Tulshiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Raghunath Dhuri |party = Independent politician |votes = 630 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,792 |percentage = 39.86% |change = {{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,678 |percentage = 64.90% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,694}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,036 |ref = |change = {{increase}}51.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Singh G. Prabhugaokar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,386 |percentage = 60.65% |change = {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 13,166 |percentage = 34.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang R. Chavhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,051 |percentage = 2.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malanakar Vithal Narayan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 958 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,220 |percentage = 26.50% |change = {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,835 |percentage = 63.30% |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,561}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,926 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. G. Prabhugaonkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,966 |percentage = 50.41% |change = {{increase}}22.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,868 |percentage = 44.18% |change = {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. A. Hadkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,819 |percentage = 5.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,098 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{decrease}}15.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,262 |percentage = 58.74% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,653}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,729 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,232 |percentage = 50.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Govindrao Prabhugaonkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,028 |percentage = 28.36% |change = {{increase}}15.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunath Gopal Varadkar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,550 |percentage = 9.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishram Satyavan Talashilkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 6.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeo Shivram Prabhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,722 |percentage = 6.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,204 |percentage = 21.92% |change = {{decrease}}51.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,015 |percentage = 51.14% |change = {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,303}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,653 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing = {{decrease}}36.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Manjarekar Shridhar Balkrishna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 22,618 |percentage = 86.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhandarkar Shantabai Madhukar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,433 |percentage = 13.18% |change = {{decrease}}25.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,185 |percentage = 73.64% |change = {{increase}}65.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,051 |percentage = 44.53% |change = {{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,051}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,508 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}48.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malvan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Shripad Sadashiv |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,796 |percentage = 38.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjarekar Shridhar Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,041 |percentage = 29.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shikhare Sakharam Raoji |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,061 |percentage = 24.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavande Rajaram Keshav |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 912 |percentage = 4.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hadkar Babu Bapuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 524 |percentage = 2.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,755 |percentage = 8.63% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,334 |percentage = 42.53% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,334}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,814 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.241|73.133|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Thurinjapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:54:47Z

Rohit Singh: created new article first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thurinjapuram
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''Thurinjapuram''' was one of the 234 constituencies in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Tiruvannamalai district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||[[M. A. Manickavelu]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Murugaiyan|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.18}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thurinjapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Murugaiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,163 |percentage=43.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nataraja Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,865 |percentage=28.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Anamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=8,979 |percentage=18.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandranathan Kandar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,551 |percentage=3.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Govinda Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,259 |percentage=2.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perianayagam |party=Independent politician |votes=937 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanasami |party=Independent politician |votes=795 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Chinthamani Mudali |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,298 |percentage=14.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,013 |percentage=59.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,936 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|12.32|79.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tiruvannamalai-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Ajit Maity

2026-04-18T20:06:27Z

Rohit Singh: creating a post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Maity
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
| predecessor = [[Soumen Mahapatra]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ajit Maity''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]], who won as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]] constituency. Maity is a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajit Maity (All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)) – PINGLA – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=280|access-date=12 October 2024|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pingla-election-result-2021-live-updates-pingla-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695399.html| title= Pingla Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Ajit Maity of TMC wins| publisher=NEWS 18|date=2 May 2021|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://resultuniversity.com/election/pingla-west-bengal-assembly-constituency | title = Pingla Assembly Constituency Election Result| publisher =Result University|access-date = 12 October 2024}}</ref>

In early 2024, Maity was arrested in Sandeshkhali, North 24 Parganas district, following allegations of land grabbing and extortion. His arrest came shortly after he was removed from his position as the head of the local Trinamool Congress unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-26 |title=Sandeshkhali row: TMC's Ajit Maity arrested day after being removed from post |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sandeshkhali-row-tmcs-ajit-maity-arrested-day-after-being-removed-from-post-101708920537066.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317041619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sandeshkhali-row-tmcs-ajit-maity-arrested-day-after-being-removed-from-post-101708920537066.html |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maity, Ajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:02Z

Rohit Singh: Added New Stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagrota
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 15
| map_image = 15-Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh constituency.svg
| mla = [[Raghubir Singh Bali]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:90962}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Nagrota Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Nagrota Bagwan|Nagrota]] is also part of the [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Nagrota Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nagrota.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3| Hardyal Choudhary
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan=3| Ram Chand Bhatia
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Hardyal Choudhary ||
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|rowspan=4| [[Gurmukh Singh Bali]]
|rowspan=4|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Arun Kumar (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]]<ref name=election2017/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Members HP Vidhan Sabha|url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Raghubir Singh Bali]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubir Singh Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,079 |percentage=59.88% |change={{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Kumar (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,187 |percentage=37.26% |change={{decrease}}11.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uma Kant |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,332 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=385 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,892 |percentage=22.61% |change= {{increase}}21.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,275 |percentage=77.26% |change= {{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,962 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Kumar (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,039 |percentage=49.03% |change={{increase}}33.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,039 |percentage=47.50% |change={{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=547 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navneet |party=Independent politician |votes=384 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinki Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=344 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,000 |percentage=1.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,352 |percentage=79.95% |change= {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,742 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,626 |percentage=42.73% |change={{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Kumar (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=20,883 |percentage=37.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Mangal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,793 |percentage=15.90% |change={{decrease}}26.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass Choudhary |party=Communist Party of India |votes=684 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulkh Raj Sharma |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=445 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Shakti Chand |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=343 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,743 |percentage=4.96% |change= {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,293 |percentage=74.15% |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,574 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,381 |percentage=53.56% |change={{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Singh Chaudhary |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,630 |percentage=42.71% |change={{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh Chaudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=991 |percentage=1.87% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Sharma |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=930 |percentage=1.76% |change={{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,751 |percentage=10.85% |change= {{decrease}}10.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,988 |percentage=74.49% |change= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,131 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,925 |percentage=57.65% |change={{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Ram Chand Bhatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,531 |percentage=36.19% |change={{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=835 |percentage=1.72% |change={{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandu Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=534 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulakh Raj |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=421 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakti Chand Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=416 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushma Behl |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=406 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=370 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,394 |percentage=21.46% |change= {{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,438 |percentage=78.62% |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,659 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Bali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,538 |percentage=44.23% |change={{increase}}31.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,314 |percentage=41.14% |change={{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purushotam Choudhary |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=3,717 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal Choudhary |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,404 |percentage=3.54% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal Choudhary |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=511 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,224 |percentage=3.09% |change= {{decrease}}20.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,653 |percentage=74.67% |change= {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=19,085 |percentage=51.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Ram Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,366 |percentage=27.92% |change={{decrease}}25.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshotam Lal Choudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,651 |percentage=12.53% |change={{decrease}}26.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulhh Raj Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,386 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=908 |percentage=2.45% |change={{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=303 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Choudhary |party= |votes=277 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,719 |percentage=23.49% |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,122 |percentage=75.91% |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,249 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,346 |percentage=53.51% |change={{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,489 |percentage=38.53% |change={{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,904 |percentage=5.87% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,857 |percentage=14.98% |change= {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,417 |percentage=73.42% |change= {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,547 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,530 |percentage=47.41% |change={{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,158 |percentage=46.00% |change={{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,359 |percentage=5.14% |change={{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swami Shanta Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar Chaudhari |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=1.41% |change= {{decrease}}12.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,428 |percentage=78.38% |change= {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,618 |percentage=50.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,254 |percentage=37.31% |change={{decrease}}23.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhi Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,889 |percentage=7.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=1,042 |percentage=4.20% |change={{decrease}}30.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,364 |percentage=13.56% |change= {{decrease}}12.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,803 |percentage=79.22% |change= {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,816 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,652 |percentage=61.28% |change={{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saminder Prakash |party=Janata Party |votes=6,687 |percentage=35.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kishen |party=Independent politician |votes=675 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,965 |percentage=26.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,014 |percentage=68.77% |change= {{increase}}27.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,130 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardayal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,633 |percentage=52.46% |change={{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuls Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,764 |percentage=25.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,080 |percentage=19.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,869 |percentage=26.72% |change= {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,737 |percentage=41.07% |change= {{decrease}}12.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,895 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,433 |percentage=57.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Parkash |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,937 |percentage=26.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,247 |percentage=15.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,496 |percentage=30.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,617 |percentage=57.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,729 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nagrota Bagwan]]
* [[Nagrota Surian]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.84|76.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Manassinakkare (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:14Z

Rohit Singh: Added New Details

{{short description|Indian Malayalam TV series}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|the 2003 Malayalam film|Manassinakkare}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Manassinakkare TV series.jpeg
| image_upright =
| channel = [[Surya TV]]
| network =
| caption =
| company =
| editor =
| runtime = 18-27 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| executive_producer =
| num_episodes = 411
| language = Malayalam
| released =
| producer =
| director = [[Saji Surendran]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|23|df=yes}}
| screenplay =
| writer =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Soap operas]]
*[[Romance film|Romance]]
*[[Family drama|Drama]]
}}
| voices =
| italic_title =
| budget =
| presenter =
| num_seasons = 1
| related = ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]''
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|11|26}}
| country = India
| cinematography =
| location =
| alt_name =
| composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vidyashree Jayaram]]|Reneesha Rahiman|Vishnu Nair|Jay Prakash}}
| image_size =
}}

'''''Manassinakkare''''' ({{Translation|Beyond the Mind}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]]. The show premiered on 23 August 2021 and ended on 26 November 2022 on [[Surya TV]] and starred [[Vidyashree Jayaram]], [[Reneesha Rahiman]], Vishnu Nair and Jay Prakash in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/aarthi-sojan-says-she-has-never-done-a-role-before-role-of-kavya-qydx67|title=കാവ്യയായി 'മനസിനക്കരെ'യിൽ; ഇതുവരെ ചെയ്യാത്ത വേഷമെന്ന് ആരതി സോജൻ|work=Asianet News}}</ref> It airs on Surya TV and on-demand through [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Program Detail - Manassinakkare|website=Sun Network|url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=p6q9A2VKLZw=&ShowType=Top%20Shows}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Watch all episodes of Manassinakkare from Sun NXT|website=Sunnxt|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/122856}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Kannada]] series ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-arathy-sojan-shares-a-new-pic-with-her-father/articleshow/88757618.cms|title=അച്ഛനാണെന്ന് പറഞ്ഞിട്ട് ആരും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നില്ല! എന്നോട് ക്ഷമിക്കണേ അച്ഛാ! മനസിനക്കരെ നായിക പങ്കിട്ട പുതിയ ഫോട്ടോ വൈറൽ|work=Samayam}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around the two cousins Kavya and Anjali who are sisters not by birth but by heart. Kavya is a self-centred and obsessed whereas Anjali is selfless and caring. Kavya was in a relationship with Abhijith. But she dominated and controlled him. Later he realised the difference between obsession and true love after he gets closed with Anjali. Soon he fell in love with Anjali. Meanwhile, Anjali's father died unfortunately. This made Abhijith even more liking Anjali.

On the day of wedding, Kavya learns of Abhijith's love for Anjali. She made Abhijith and Anjali marriage despite Anjali's displeasure. On the same day, Kavya marries Aadharsh; Abhijith's brother, causing Kavya's mother to hate Anjali. Abhijith's mother Suhasini hates Anjali because of past bitterness. Radhika, who is Shankar's sister likes Anjali and considers her as a daughter. Anjali had secured a good place in Radhika's heart. Kavya, Aadharsh, Abhijith and Radhika supports Anjali. But Suhasini and Kavya's mother Renuka hate Anjali.

Later it is revealed that Abhijith is Suhasini's foster son and his father is Shankar. Kavya and Anjali found that, Abhijith's biological mother is Suhasini's sister and also revealed to Kavya and Anjali that, whole property belongs to Abhijith's. They also find that Shankar is the real villain and he tries to destroy the reputation of Suhasini's business. The 'Kavyanjali' duo fight against Shankar and made efforts to expose him in front of all.
Now Parvathi who is Aadharsh's former love interest appears. She became friends with Kavya and Anjali. Suhasini offers her a job in their company, without knowing Parvathi's real identity.

==Cast==
===Main cast===
* Arathy Sojan (2021–2022) / [[Vidyashree Jayaram]] (2022) as Kavya Aadharsh
* Ashwathy Ash (2021) / [[Reneesha Rahiman]] (2021–2022) as Anjali Abhijith {{a.k.a}} Anju<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/these-actresses-who-played-wives-on-screen-are-happily-single/photostory/93119004.cms|title=These actresses, who played wives on-screen, are happily single|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Vishnu Nair (2021–2022; 2022) / Renjith Menon (2022) as Aadharsh Shankar {{a.k.a}} Aadhi
* Jay Prakash as Abhijith Shankar {{a.k.a}} Abhi (2021–2022)

===Recurring cast===
* [[Jennifer Antony]] as Suhasini Shankar
** Aadharsh and Rithu's mother
** Abhijith's foster mother
* Rohith Ved as Shankar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/popular-serial-santhwanam-actor-rohit-ved-open-up-about-his-acting-career-081982.html?story=4|title='എല്ലാവർക്കും ഞാനിപ്പോൾ‌ തമ്പി സാറാണ്, സാന്ത്വനം എന്നിലെ നടനെ വളർത്തിയ സർവകലാശാല'; രോഹിത് വേദ്|work=Filmibeat|date=24 May 2022 }}</ref>
** Suhasini's husband
* Divya Sreedhar as Radhika
** Shankar's sister
* Shamnad Fasaludheen as Shamnad
** Manager of DUKE empire
* Poornima Anand / Lekshmi Prasad as Maya
** Anjali's mother
* Renjini Menon / Sumi Santhosh / Saritha Balakrishnan as Renuka
** Kavya's mother
* Nayana Josan / Ruby Jewel as Rithu
* Rajeev Pala / Rahul Mohan as Madhavan
** Kavya's father
* Shilpa Martin as Parvathi Nambiar
** Aadharsh's ex-love
* Bindhu Ramakrishnan as Rukku amma
** Suhasini's relative
* Balaji Sharma as [[Commissioner of Police#India|City Police Commissioner]]
* T.S Raju
* Arun Mohan
* Jishin Mohan
* Deepa Jayan
* [[Neena Kurup]] as Swamini
* Deepika Mohan as Mother Superior
* J Padmanabhan Thampi as Shankoothy ammavan
* Lishoy as Mohan (died in serial)
** Anjali's father
** Madhavan's elder brother

===Cameo appearances===
*[[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Mercy Paul, a popular film actress (Mahasangamam episode)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-4-complete-contestants-list/articlecontent-pf211902-080119.html|title=ലക്ഷ്മിപ്രിയ, നവീന്‍, ജാനകി, ബിഗ് ബോസിലെ മത്സരാര്‍ഥികള്‍ ഇവരാണ്; പ്രമുഖ താരങ്ങളുടെ ലിസ്റ്റ് ഇതാണ്|work=Filmibeat|date=27 March 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Vindhuja Vikraman]] as Meera Mahadevan (Mahasangamam episode)
*Jay Kartik as Gautham (Mahasangamam episode)
*Revathi Krishna as Preethi Mahadevan (Mahasangamam episode)
*Ann Mathews as Yamuna (Mahasangamam episode)
*Priya Prince as Swapna (Mahasangamam episode)
*Anish Rehman as Dancer (Mega episode-Wedding)
*[[Chandra Lakshman]] as Sujatha (Mega episode-Wedding)

==Production==

===Development===

Manassinakkare is an official remake of [[Kannada]] television series ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arathy-sojan-is-all-excited-for-her-new-serial-manasinakkare/articleshow/85556566.cms|title=Arathy Sojan is all excited for her new serial 'Manasinakkare'|work=The Times of India|date=23 August 2021 }}</ref>

===Casting===
Arathy Sojan who rose into fame through ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' played one of the female leads, Kavya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ardra-das-replaces-arathy-sojan-in-pookkalam-varavayi/articleshow/84140460.cms|title=Ardra Das replaces Arathy Sojan in 'Pookkalam Varavayi'|work=The Times of India|date=5 July 2021 }}</ref> Aswathy, who played the other female lead, Anjali was replaced by Reneesha Rahiman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/photos/kudumbavilakku-fame-ashwathy-s-latest-glamorous-makeover-goes-viral-fb82662.html#photos-3|title=മിനി സ്ക്രീൻ സുന്ദരി തന്നെയാണോ ഇത്?? ആരാധകരെ ഞെട്ടിച്ചു കുടുംബവിളക്ക് താരം അശ്വതി|work=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-kalyanam-fame-reneesha-rahiman-joins-manasinakkare-as-anjali/articleshow/86777954.cms|title=Seetha Kalyanam fame Reneesha Rahiman joins 'Manasinakkare' as Anjali|work=The Times of India|date=5 October 2021 }}</ref> Vishnu Nair and Jay Prakash played the male leads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/pournami-thinkal-vishnu-nair-opens-up-about-his-new-serial-saji-surendran-s-manasinakkare/articleshow/83457640.cms|title=പുതിയ കുടുബത്തിലേക്ക് വിഷ്ണു; പ്രേമിന്റെ ഹാങ്ങോവർ വിട്ടുമാറിയിട്ടില്ല സമയമെടുക്കും; പുതിയ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ പങ്കിട്ടുകൊണ്ട് വിഷ്ണു നായർ!|work=Malayalam Samayam}}</ref> [[Jennifer Antony]] and Rohit Ved were also cast in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/suresh-gopis-anchinodu-inchodinchu-to-star-studded-aram-aram-kinnaram-a-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-shows-set-to-entertain-telly-audiences-soon/photostory/85592214.cms?picid=85592248|title=Suresh Gopi's 'Anchinodu Inchodinchu' to star-studded Aram + Aram = Kinnaram: A look at upcoming Malayalam shows set to entertain telly audiences soon|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In October 2021, actress [[Chandra Lakshman]] played a cameo as Sujatha, her on-screen character from ''[[Swantham Sujatha]]''. Actor-dancer Aneesh Rahman also made a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manasinakkare-sujatha-to-play-a-cameo-in-abhi-and-kavyas-wedding-episode/articleshow/86867119.cms|title=Manasinakkare: Sujatha to play a cameo in Abhi and Kavya's wedding episode|work=The Times of India|date=8 October 2021 }}</ref> In March 2022, both lead actors Arathy and Vishnu exited the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/arathi-and-vishnu-opens-up-about-why-they-quit-manassinakkare-serial-in-surya-tv/articlecontent-pf209811-079451.html|title=മനസ്സിനക്കരെ പരമ്പരയില്‍ നിന്ന് നായികയും നായകനും പിന്‍മാറി, കാരണം വെളിപ്പെടുത്തി ആരതിയും വിഷ്ണുവും|work=Filmibeat|date=2 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/aarthi-and-vishnu-withdrew-from-the-serial-manassinakkare/articleshow/89948239.cms|title=സീരിയലില്‍ നിന്ന് നായികയും നായകനും ഒരുമിച്ച് പിന്മാറി, മനസ്സിനക്കരെയില്‍ നിന്ന് ആരതിയും വിഷ്ണുവും മാറാന്‍ കാരണം?|work=Samayam}}</ref> [[Vidyashree Jayaram]] who played Kavya in the show's original ''Kavyanjali'' replaced Arathy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavyanjali-actress-vishyashree-jayaram-forays-into-malayalam-television/articleshow/89918070.cms|title=Kavyanjali actress Vidhyashree Jayaram forays into Malayalam television|work=The Times of India|date=March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/serial-actress-vidyashree-jayaram-comeback-to-kannada-small-screen-059702.html|title=ಮತ್ತೆ ಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದ ನಟಿ ವಿದ್ಯಾಶ್ರೀ ಜಯರಾಮ್!|work=Filmibeat|date=25 July 2022 }}</ref> Renjith Menon replaced Vishnu temporarily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/do-your-best-brother-people-will-support-you-vishnu-nair-commented-on-ranjith-s-post/articleshow/90120577.cms?story=5|title=പെട്ടെന്ന് എന്നെ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളാനാവില്ലെന്ന് അറിയാം! എല്ലാം ഒരുനാൾ പോസിറ്റീവാകുമെന്നാണ് പ്രതീക്ഷ! മനസിനക്കരയിലെ പുതിയ ആദിയുടെ പോസ്റ്റിന് കമന്റുമായി വിഷ്ണു നായർ |work=Samayam}}</ref>

===Cross-over episode===
From 15 January, 2022 to 18 January, 2022 Manassinakkare had a Mahasangamam with ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV Series)|Kana Kanmani]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJao6OCj2eg|title=Kaana Kanmani & Manassinakkare l Mahasangamam - Promo {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Malayalam Serial {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=[[Surya TV]]}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:5%;" | Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:5%;" | Ref.
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' ಕಾವ್ಯಾಂಜಲಿ
|3 August 2020
|[[Udaya TV]]
|26 February 2022
|Original
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavyanjali-to-be-remade-in-four-languages/articleshow/83057293.cms|title=Kavyanjali to be remade in four languages|work=The Times of India|date=29 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Mom Palak'' মা পলক
|26 April 2021
||[[Sun Bangla]]
|27 March 2022
|rowspan="3"|Remake
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-have-a-bengali-remake/articleshow/82078615.cms|title=Kannada daily soap Kavyanjali to have a Bengali remake|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Manassinakkare'' മനസ്സിനക്കരെ
|23 August 2021
|[[Surya TV]]
|26 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-have-a-malayalam-remake/articleshow/84169813.cms|title=Kannada daily soap Kavyanjali to have a Malayalam remake|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Kavyanjali'' కావ్యాంజలి
|23 August 2021
|[[Gemini TV]]
|14 January 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-be-remade-in-telugu/articleshow/84818802.cms|title=Kannada daily soap 'Kavyanjali' to be remade in Telugu?|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}

{{authority control}}

{{Surya TV programs}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Baij Nath Rawat

2026-04-04T03:37:46Z

Rohit Singh: creating the article and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baij Nath Rawat
| office = [[Legislative assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 1993
| predecessor = Ratan Lal
| successor = self- established seat
| office1 =
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Kamla Prasad Rawat
| constituency = [[Siddhaur]]
| office2 = Member of [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 25 March 2017
| term_end2 = 10 March 2022
| predecessor2 = Ram Magan
| successor2 = Dinesh Rawat
| constituency2 = [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]
| office3 = Minister of State, Energy, Uttar Pradesh
| term_start3 = August 1992
| term_end3 = December 1992
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1998
| term_end4 = 1999
| predecessor4 = [[Ram Sagar Rawat]]
| successor4 = Ram Sagar Rawat
| constituency4 = [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|01|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bhulbhuliya Village, [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| father = Rajaram
| spouse = Gita rani
| children = Three sons Three daughters
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]] (Post graduate) [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] (M.A, L. L.B)
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Agriculturist]]
}}

'''Baij Nath Rawat''' (born 25 January 1954) is an [[India]]n politician and was the former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency]] from 1998 to 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=मौर्य|first=चन्द्रकान्त|title=खानदान और ग्लैमर नहीं, सोच देखता है बाराबंकी|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lucknow/politics/--/articleshow/31903100.cms|access-date=13 March 2014|newspaper=Nav Bharat Times|date=13 March 2014|language=hi}}</ref>

He previously served as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and<ref name="Elc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/baijnath-rawat/|title=BNR's profile|publisher=ourneta.com}}</ref> previously represented the [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency]] as an MLA from 2017 to 2022.<ref name="Elc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/haidergarh.html|title=Haidergarh Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rawat was born to Rajaram in year 1954.<ref name="Biodata"/>

==Education==
Rawat has a postgraduate degree from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]] and a master's in M.A. and L.L.B. from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]].<ref name="Biodata"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-baijnath-rawat-member-of-parliament-mp-from-barabanki-sc-uttar-pradesh-biodata/|title=Shri Baijnath Rawat Member of Parliament (MP) from Barabanki-SC (Uttar Pradesh) Biodata|publisher=entraceindia.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rawat was married to Gita Rani in 1975, and Rawat's family has three sons and three daughters.<ref name="Biodata">{{cite web|url=https://up.punjabkesari.in/election2022/profile/baijnath-rawat/146|title=Biodata of Baij Nath Rawat|publisher=up.punjabkesari.in}}</ref>

Rawat's main occupation is [[agriculture]], in addition to being a politician.<ref name="Biodata"/>

==Political career==
In the following [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on, Baij Nath Rawat of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the seat by defeating Rammagan Rawat of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by a margin of 33,520 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/haidergarh-1936585461|title= UP:Election year 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

On September 27, 2024, [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] appointed Rawat was the President of Uttar Pradesh SC/ST Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/up-sc-st-commission-formed-baijnath-rawat-appointed-as-chairman-bechan-ram-jeet-singh-kharwar-latest-updates-2024-09-27-954357|title =UP CM appointed Rawat President of ST/ST Commission|newspaper=Indian TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/lucknow-tenure-of-chairman-vice-chairman-and-members-of-sc-slash-st-commission-has-been-extended-uttar-pradesh-news-ups25100100461|title =Rawat President of ST/ST Commission|newspaper=etvbharat}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]

Jayantavarman

2026-04-03T08:42:48Z

Rohit Singh: Started new info...

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Vanavan
| name = Jayantavarman
| image =
| caption =
| reign = c. 620–650 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}
| predecessor = [[Avani Sulamani|Maravarman Avanisulamani]]
| successor = [[Arikesari Maravarman|Maravarman Arikesari Parankusan]]
| issue =
| father =
| dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]]
}}
{{Pandyan}}
'''Jayantavarman''' (''r. c''. 620–650 CE), known in Tamil as '''Seliyan Sendan,'''(Tamil:செழியன் சேந்தன்) was a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler of early historic south India. He is best known for extending the Pandya rule to the [[Chera dynasty|Chera country]] ([[Kerala]]).{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=86}} He was succeeded by his son [[Arikesari Maravarman|Maravarman Arikesari Parankusan]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}

== Names ==
Jayantavarman (of the Smaller Sinnamanur Plates) is described as Seliyan Sendan in the Velvikkudi Grant.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}} Sendan is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit name "Jayantan".{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=116}} The [[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikkudi Grant]] uses the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] title "Vanavan" for Sendan. This probably signifies his victory over a Chera king (or the extension of the Pandya rule to the Chera country).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=86}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devakunjari |first=D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108286 |title=Madurai Through The Ages: From The Earliest Times To 1801 A.d. |date=1957}}</ref>

== Dates ==

* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (the first assumption) — c. 645–670 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (revised date) — c. 654–670 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=165}}
* [[T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathar]] — c. 600–625 CE.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=116}}
* K. V. Raman — ascension year = 653 CE.{{CN|date=August 2023}}
* [[Noboru Karashima]] — c. 620–650 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} (or) c. 654–670 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=86}}

== Life and career ==
Jayantavarman was the son and successor of [[Avani Sulamani|Maravarman Avanisulamani]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}} T. V. S. Pandarathar identified him as the king who ruled in [[Madurai]], when the Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] visited [[Kanchipuram]].{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=116}}

The [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave temple at Malaiyadikurichi in [[Tirunelveli district]] is ascribed to Jayantavarman's reign.{{sfn|S. Gopalakrishnan|2005|p=24}}{{sfn|K. V. Soundara Rajan|1998|p=69}} This inscription is dated to the 17th regnal year of "Maran Sendan", and states that the cave was excavated by an officer under the royal order. It was discovered in 1959, and is written in mixed [[Tamil Brahmi]] and [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu]].{{CN|date=August 2023}}

Another inscription ascribed to Jayantavarman was discovered in [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] riverbed at [[Madurai]] by a washerman, who used it for washing clothes. K. V. Raman noticed it in 1961.{{CN|date=August 2023}} This inscription is dated to the 50th regnal year of "Sendan". The Sanskrit portion of this script is written in [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha script]], while the Tamil portion is written in Vatteluttu script. According to this record, Sendan performed several charitable donations (''[[sixteen great gifts|maha-dana]]'') including ''[[hiranyagarbha]]'' and ''[[tulabhara]]''. He commissioned a [[sluice]] to the Vaigai river, and named it ''Arikesariyan'' (apparently after his heir-apparent [[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari]]). He also founded the city of Mangalapura.{{CN|date=August 2023}}

The Velvikkudi Grant states that [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Ko Chadaiyan Ranadhira]], a later Pandya king, attacked and defeated certain ''maharatha''s (warriors?) at the city of Mangalapura.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=55-56}} Historians generally tend to identify Mangalapura with present-day [[Mangalore]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=55-56}} K. V. Raman identifies Mangalapura with modern Mangalam, located on the northern bank of the [[Kollidam River]] in [[Tiruchirappalli district]].{{CN|date=August 2023}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

* {{cite book |author=K. V. Soundara Rajan |title=Rock-cut Temple Styles: Early Pandyan Art and the Ellora Shrines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlvqAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Somaiya Publications |isbn=978-81-7039-218-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Subrahmanian |title=History of Tamilnad (To AD 1336) |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |year=1962 |publisher=Koodal |location=Madurai |oclc=43502446 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161123181101/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=S. Gopalakrishnan |title=Early Pāṇḍyan Iconometry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWnXAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Sharada |isbn=978-81-88934-21-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=The Pandyan Kingdom|year=1929 |publisher= Luzac and Company|location=London}}
* {{cite book |editor=Noburu Karashima|title= A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ|year=1958|location=Madras|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pandyan kings]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]

Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad

2026-04-01T09:57:59Z

Rohit Singh: Added A Info

{{short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic parish in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| icon =
| icon_width =
| icon_alt =
| name = Marth Mariam Church
| fullname = Major Archepiscopal Marth Mariam Archdeacon Pilgrim Church, Kuravilangad
| other name = Kuravilangad Church
| native_name = കുറവിലങ്ങാട് പള്ളി
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Kirche Kuravilangad Juli 2011.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption = Major Archepiscopal Marth Mariam Archdeacon Pilgrim Church
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| location = [[Kottayam district]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui iuris church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| tradition = [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]]
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| website = http://kuravilangadpally.com/

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| founded date = 105 A.D
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| dedication = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Marth Mariam]]
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| status = [[Major archepiscopal church]]
| functional status = Active
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| archbishop = Mar [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)]]
| bishop = Mar [[Joseph Kallarangatt]]
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| archpriest = Rev. Fr. Thomas Menachery
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The '''Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church''' is a church belonging to the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] located in [[Kuravilangad]] in [[Kottayam]] district, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Mary's Forane, Kuravilangad Church|url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/india/syro-malabar-church/saint-marys-forane-kuravilangad-church|website=Catholics & Cultures|language=en|date=11 February 2014}}</ref> It is considered the Mother Church of the St.Thomas Christians of India. Claiming to date to 105 AD,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bloomer|first1=Kristin C.|title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190615093|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qU5DwAAQBAJ&q=St.+Mary%27s+Forane+Church%2C+Kuravilangad&pg=PA256|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nidhiry|first1=Abraham M.|title=Father Nidhiry, 1842-1904: A History of His Times|date=1971|publisher=George John Nidhiry; distributors: Deepika Book House, Kottayam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kec-AAAAIAAJ&q=Kuravilangad+Church|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mathew|first1=Biju|title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations 2016|date=2016|publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788192947051|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OE8DQAAQBAJ&q=Kuravilangad+Church&pg=PA230|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's Church Kuravilangad - Must Visit Church in Kerala {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/kerala/st-mary-church-kuravilangad.html|website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's Church, Kuravilangad, Kottayam, Kerala {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/st-marys-church-kuruvilangad/477|website=www.keralatourism.org|language=en}}</ref> the church has an ancient bell with the engraving “[[Theotokos|Mother of God]]” in the [[Syriac language]]; three majestic [[bell]]s were brought from Germany in 1911 and are among the largest in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Commemorating a voyage of faith|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/commemorating-a-voyage-of-faith/article4334704.ece|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2013|language=en-IN}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Special status conferred on "world's first" Marian shrine|url=http://mattersindia.com/2018/01/special-status-conferred-on-worlds-first-marian-shrine/|website=Matters India|date=22 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia's largest Church Bell - Picture of St. Mary's Forane Church, Kuravilangad - TripAdvisor|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g8673655-d8671879-i154413155-St_Mary_s_Forane_Church-Kuravilangad_Kottayam_District_Kerala.html|website=www.tripadvisor.in}}</ref>
The church is also known for its ''Kappalottam'' or "racing ship," a commemoration of the biblical story of [[Jonah and the Whale]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sherwood|first1=Yvonne|title=A Biblical Text and Its Afterlives: The Survival of Jonah in Western Culture|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521795616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kivijc6ZX5QC&q=Jonah|language=en}}
</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kuravilangad church old picture.jpg|thumb]]

===Early Christians===
Christians have lived in [[Kuravilangad]] since the 1st century.

According to the tradition of the [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christians]], [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], one of the twelve apostles of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], came to [[Kerala]] in AD 52. He established a church, now known as the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church]] in [[Palayur]], [[Chavakkad]], which is presently in the [[Thrissur]] District of Kerala. He baptised some Hindu families - Kalli, Kalikavu, Pakalomattom and Sankarapuri.

The Pakalomattom and Sankarapuri families left Palayur and eventually settled in Kuravilangad.

=== Apparitions at Kuravilangad ===
Some children were tending to sheep in the early morning in the molehills of Kuravilangad. Hunger and thirst caused by the heat compelled them to search for springs and edible roots and tubers. Their hunt for food and water carried them a long way away from their homes and they became trapped in the paths of the jungle. The children pleaded to God to rain food and drink on them.

In response to their ardent supplications, in the desolate forest, a woman with a child carrying a cross in his hands appeared to the children. The woman picked up stones, which transformed into bread, and gave it to the children. She also used her fingers to quarry the soil, and a spring of water arose. Once the children had ate and drank, they searched for the woman, but could not find her. Since it was already dusk, the children returned home in amazement.

===The Church===
The children narrated the whole incident, the apparition of the woman, and how she satiated their hunger and thirst to their parents the moment they reached home, with wonder and amazement. Unable to believe their ears and considering the whole episode unusual and unnatural, the elders accompanied by the children soon set out to the forest. When they arrived at the spot the children had indicated, they were petrified upon perceiving a spring, brimming with crystal clear water in an otherwise drought stricken area.

The Blessed Virgin Mary, carrying infant Jesus, appeared once again and directed them to build a Church in her name at that very spot. As the people genuflected to pay their homage to her, she disappeared.

Hence, the church is named after Mary, the Mother of God.<ref>[https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34855/1/Knight_2019_1.pdf History Document about Kuravilangad church(Sarah Knight)]</ref> "''Marth Mariam''" is an East Syriac translation of "St. Mary".

== Other Apparitions and Miracles attributed to Mary ==

=== The Mother who raised the Cross ===
In the 16th century, the believers at Kuravilangad, fetched a gigantic granite Cross, the sign of salvation, to be erected in front of the Church. Attempts to lift the Cross and fix it met with incessant failures. Finding no way to raise the gigantic cross people became both frustrated and helpless, and then a dignified lady with a child carrying a cross appeared before them and consoled and comforted the disconcerted people. She offered her help. The moment she laid her right hand on the cross, it could be lifted very easily. Generations still believe that it had been Muthiyamma’s second apparition. People, especially on first Fridays, flock to the foot of the cross to seek her blessings by lighting oil lamps.

== STRENGTHENING AND FORTIFYING BELIEF ==
Jornada the travelogue of Don Alexis De Menezis, the Archbishop of Goa, written by Rev. Fr. Antonio De Guvya, about his visit to Kuravilangad in connection with the synod at Udayamperoor (Diamper Synod), mentions about another apparition of Bl. Virgin Mary at Kuravilangad. He vouchsafes that he wrote it after having interviewed the non-Christian youth who had the apparition of Bl. Virgin Mary. Fr. Antonia writes: An affluent and respected non-Christian youth who lived near the Church, having a thorough knowledge about Christian faith, used to frequently visit the Church, chant Christian prayers and even teach them to others but was never prepared to receive baptism because of the existing law that had had the power to confiscate the property and wealth of any convert. Once, struck by a severe illness beyond the powers of medicine, he pleaded to Bl. Virgin Mary to cure him. In response to his fervent prayers, a person in the guise of a priest along with an extremely beautiful lady appeared before him and chastised him for his reluctance to receive baptism. They directed him to make the sign of the cross and the moment he completed the sign of the cross, he was perfectly cured. Yet still afraid of losing his wealth on becoming a catholic, he prolonged it sine die. However, he requested the parish priest to baptize him at the moment of his death. Fr. Antony ends the narration with a query: Can a person who endlessly refrain from the sacraments receive the benediction of God?

== MUTHIYAMMA: THE MENTOR OF PRIESTS ==
Chevalier, V.C. George, in his work, Kuravilangad Marth Mariam Church and the St. Thomas Christians, quotes from manuscripts of Fr.Vichensa De Maria about another apparition of Muthiyamma. Pope Alexander VII delegated some priests from Rome to pacify the faction that had formed after the Diamper synod. Residing at the presbytery of Kuravilangad, they operated incessantly and laboriously to reunify the Church. A priest of this group once was trapped in a forest. Finding no way out of the labyrinth, he called upon Bl. Virgin Mary to rescue him. Immediately, a girl appeared and having him guided out of the forest to the presbytery, she disappeared. The priest, recognizing the incident, as an intervention of Muthiyamma, thanked her profusely.

== THE APPARITION OF MUTHYIAMMA FOR THE PROSPERTY OF THE CHURCH ==
Mar Francis Rose’s report of 1604, on the Churches in Malabar, still kept in the British Library, narrates yet about another vision of Muthiyamma at Kuravilangad. She appeared to a believer thrice requesting to strive for the prosperity of the Church. She entrusted the believer the task of initiating the titivation of the Church, in her first and second apparitions. Having found no response, it is reported that the Mother appeared a third time carrying a stick in her hand, chastised the person and directed him harshly to carry out her orders without delay.
Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved | Design &

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tomb of Palliveettil Mar Chandy Metropolitan and Gate of All India.jpg|Tomb of [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy]], inside the Madbaha of Church.
File:Bell at Kuravilangad.jpg|Bell at Kuravilangad with Syriac inscription
File:Bell House at Kuravilangad.jpg|Bell House at Kuravilangad Church
File:Music House at Kuravilangad.jpg|Music House at Kuravilangad Church
File:Nazraney Sthambams.jpg|Cross in front of the Church
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Nedungatt |first=George |title=The Synod of Diamper Revisited |publisher=[[Pontifical Oriental Institute|Pontificio Istituto Orientale]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788872103319}}

{{commons category|St. Mary’s Forane Church, Kuravilangad}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]

History of the Dasam Granth

2026-04-01T02:00:31Z

Rohit Singh: Started post

{{Short description|History of the secondary Sikh scripture, the Dasam Granth}}
[[File:Lineage chart showing the formulation of the Dasam Granth.png|thumb|Lineage chart showing the formulation of the Dasam Granth]]
{{Dasam Granth sidebar}}
The '''history of the Dasam Granth''' is related to the time of creation and compilation of various writings by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in form of small booklets, some of which are Sikh prayers. The first combined-codex manuscripts of the Dasam Granth were created during the Guru period.<ref name=":1" /> It is also said that after 1708, the Dasam Granth was allegedly compiled by [[Bhai Mani Singh|Mani Singh Khalsa]], contributed by other [[Khalsa]] armymen under direct instructions of [[Mata Sundari]] and this volume is recognized as [[Dasam Granth|Sri Dasam Granth Sahib]] (according to a letter attributed to Mani Singh).<ref name="Senapat">Sri Gur Sobha, Poet Senapat</ref><ref name="koersingh">Gurbilas Patshshi 10, Koer Singh Kalal</ref><ref name="chibber">BansavaliNama Kesar Singh Chibber</ref><ref name="Mahimaparkasdh">Mahima Parkash, Sarup Dass Bhalla</ref><ref name="GuruKiaSakhia">Guru Kian Sakhian, Sarup Singh Kausish</ref><ref name="malcolm">Sketch of Sikhs - Sir JB Malcolm</ref><ref name="twarikhgurukhalsa">Giani Gian SIngh, Twarikh Guru Khalsa</ref> The present day Dasam Granth includes [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Akal Ustat]], [[Bachitar Natak]], [[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas]], [[Chandi Charitar II]], [[Chandi di Var]], Gyan Prabodh, [[Chaubis Avtar]], [[Rudra Avtar]], [[33 Sawaiye]], [[Khalsa Mahima]], Shashtar Nam Mala Purana, [[Ath Pakh-yaan Charitar Likh-yatay]] and [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnamah]].

Some argue that [[Guru Gobind Singh]] did not compile the book himself,<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |title=Dasam Granth re-examined: an examination of the textual history with reference to key authors and commentators |url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4285/ |publisher=University of Birmingham |date=December 2013 |degree=d_ph |language=English |first=Kamalroop Singh |last=Birk}}</ref> and the historic authenticity of some of the later additions to the Dasam Granth (apocrypha) is questioned by scholars. There is a prevalent view that the Dasam Granth was written by [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] scholars or [[Hindu]] [[Pundit]]s or [[Sakta]]s scholars, possibly under the patronage of the British, and was an attempt to [[Sanskritization|''Hinduize'']] Sikhism. According to them, some of the compositions included in Dasam Granth (such as ''Charitropakhyan'') are out of tune with other Sikh scriptures, and must have been composed by other poets.<ref name="McLeod2005">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA44|accessdate=2 June 2010|date=2005-07-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=44–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1
| editor = Amaresh Datta
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1
| page = 888
}}</ref>

According to [[Giani Gian Singh]], [[Ramraiya|the Ram Raiyas of Payal]], part of a heretical Sikh sect, were the first recorded critics of Dasam Granth in Sikh history, who attacked on Ragi Bulaki Singh for reading hymns of Dasam Granth.<ref>''ਏਸ ਸਮੇ ਇਕ ਬੁਲਾਕੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ ਰਾਗੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੇ ਬੰਦੇ ਪਾਸ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੀਵਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਫਰਿਆਦ ਕੀਤੀ ਤਲਕੇ ਪਾਇਲ ਘੁੜਾਣੀ ਪਿੰਡ ਵਿਚ ਠੈਹਰ ਕੇ ਜਦ ਮੈਂ ਰਹੁਰਾਸ ਪੜਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਨੇ ਦਸਮ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਚੋਪਈ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ ਤਾਂ ਉਥੋਂ ਦੇ ਰਾਮਰਈਏ ਲੋਗਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਸਮੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਬਾਨੀ ਪੜ੍ਹਨੇ ਬਦਲੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਭੀ ਗਾਲਿਆਂ ਦਿੱਤੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਭੀ ਮਾਰਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਮੇਰਾ ਸਰੰਦਾ ਭੀ ਭੰਨ ਦਿੱਤਾ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਿਖਿਆ ਦੇਣੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ ? ਇਹ ਗੱਲ ਸੁੰਨ ਕੇ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ ਨੇ ਬੰਦੇ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੇਕਰ ਪਾਇਲ ਪਰ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ, ਪਾਇਲ ਨੂੰ ਲੁੱਟ ਮਾਰ ਕੇ ਰਾਮਰਾਇਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਜਾਏ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਤੇ ਬੁਲਾਕਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੂੰ ਉਥੇ ਦਾ ਥਾਨੇਦਾਰ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਆਪ ਇਕ ਦਸਤਾ ਫੌਜ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਝ ਤੋਪਾਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਮਲੇਰ ਕੋਟਲੇ ਕੀ ਤਰਫ਼ ਕੂਚ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ । '' (Page-28,29-Shamsher Khalsa, Giani Gian Singh)</ref> (Ram Raiyas were considered enemies of the Gurus and one of the ''Panj Mel''; founder [[Ram Rai]] was ex-communicated by [[Guru Har Rai]] for his appeasement of the Mughals.) However, considering that Gian Singh was a [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] intellectual, this particular story should be viewed with caution, as it could merely be an attempt to tie criticism of Dasam Granth to heretical sects, and therefore to heresy and blasphemy.

== History ==
Kamalroop Singh Birk argues that the Dasam Granth was compiled in the court of Guru Gobind Singh, rather than being compiled by Bhai Mani Singh after the guru's death.<ref name=":2">Birk, Kamalroop Singh. ''Dasam Granth re-examined: an examination of the textual history with reference to key authors and commentators''. Doctoral dissertation. University of Birmingham, 2013. https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4285/</ref> According to [[J. S. Grewal|Jagtar Singh Grewal]], based upon internal evidence and Sikh accounts, the constituent works of the composition were authored at the following dates:<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Grewal|first=Jagtar Singh|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190990381|chapter=Literary Activity Recorded in Eighteenth-Century Sikh Literature}}</ref>
* ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'' and ''[[Akal Ustat]]'' in 1677
* ''Krishan Avtar'', began at Makhowal in 1684 and completed at Paonta in 1688
* ''[[Sri Charitropakhyan|Charitro Pakhyan]]'', began in 1691 and finished in 1696
* ''[[Bachittar Natak]]'', completed in 1698
* ''Ram Avtar'', completed in 1698
There are some manuscripts of the work dating to the late 17th century, such as the ''Anandpuri Bir'', dating to 1696. In 1897, the scripture was standardized and printed, with the [[apocrypha]] works found in historical manuscripts being left-out of the printed, standardized version.<ref name=":2" />

==Resources==
[[File:Sikh manuscript which combines the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth together into a single volume.jpg|thumb|18th century Sikh manuscript which combines the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and [[Dasam Granth]] together into a single volume]]
Following are early Sikh references of historical books and manuscripts mentioning different compositions and poetry from Dasam Granth:

===17th century resources===

====Sri Gur Katha, Bhai Jaita====
Sri Gur Katha is work of [[Bhai Jiwan Singh]], composed in the last decade of the seventeenth century,<ref>Bhai Jaita’s epic
Sri Gur Katha: a New Milestone in the Sikh Literature, Raj Kumar Hans, MSU Baroda Paper for the Conference on Sikhi(sm), Literature and Film, Hofstra University, 19-21 Oct 2012</ref> does not mention about Dasam Granth but does mention Chopai (Charitar 404), Savaiyey (Akal Ustat) and Jaap Sahib recitation during creation of [[Khalsa]] Panth.<ref>Line 118, Page 73, Sri Gur Katha, Bhai Jaita</ref>

The Anandpur Marco Bir (Not to be confused with the Anandpur Hazuri Bir, written by [[Bhai Mani Singh]]) is said to have been written by Guru Gobind Singh himself,<ref name=":0">Singh, Kamalroop, and Gurinder Singh Mann. "The Graṅth of Guru Gobind Singh: Essays, Lectures, and Translations." (2015).</ref> as evidenced by the distinct [[calligraphy]]. The bir (copy of the scripture) is commonly mistaken as a Dasam Granth manuscript, but is in fact an Adi Granth manuscript.

There are at least 4 manuscripts of the Dasam Granth from the late 1690s.<ref name=":1" />

* Anandpuri Birh (1696) - This manuscript was created in the court of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It contains three primary sections, and was written by multiple scribes. The guru also left various footnotes, and 8 folios of handwritten ''bani'' from Guru Gobind Singh can be found in this manuscript. The Zafarnama was later appended to the Manuscript.<ref name=":1" />
* Patna Birh #1 (1698) - This manuscript contains various apocryphal compositions. The Zafarnama and Hikayats were later added at the end of the manuscript.<ref name=":1" />
* Patna Birh #2 (1698) - This manuscript also contains various apocryphal compositions, and is inlaid with gold.<ref name=":1" />
* [[File:Chart documenting various manuscripts of the Dasam Granth.png|thumb|Chart documenting various manuscripts of the Dasam Granth]]Akal Takht Birh (1698) - This manuscript is visually very similar to the Patna Birh #1. It was written with the Hikayats, and the Zafarnama was later added in. This challenged the notion that the Hikayats were written in the 1700s with the Zafarnama. Kamalroop Singh concludes that the Hikayats were written in Paonta Sahib.<ref name=":1" />
<gallery>
File:Page from the Anandpuri Marco Bir of the Dasam Granth 04.jpg|Various pages from the Anandpuri Marco Bir of the Adi Granth #1
File:'Khas Patra' (important page) containing a correction authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Anandpuri Hazuri bir' (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth.png|'Khas Patra' (important page) containing a correction authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Anandpuri Hazuri bir' (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth
File:The apocryphal "Sahansar Sukhmana" in a manuscript of the Dasam Granth in Patna, allegedly from 1698 CE.png|The apocryphal "Sahansar Sukhmana" in a manuscript of the Dasam Granth in Patna, allegedly from 1698 CE
File:Chandi Charitar II in the 1698 CE Patna Manuscript of the Dasam Granth.png|Chandi Charitar II in the 1698 CE Patna Manuscript of the Dasam Granth
</gallery>

===18th century resources===

====Rehitnama, Bhai Prehlad Singh====
This booklet contains short poem having 38 couplets written by Bhai Prehlad Singh in the early 18th century, whose hymn, ''Sab Sikhan ko Hukam hai Guru Maneyo Granth'', is heavily quoted among [[Sikh]]s.<ref name="rehit">{{cite web |author=Category: Eighteenth century Literature |url=http://173.233.71.213/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/rahitname |title=thesikhencyclopedia-Rehitname |publisher=173.233.71.213 |date=2012-04-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109000546/http://173.233.71.213/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/rahitname |archive-date=2014-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Rahitnama mentioned first composition of Dasam Granth i.e. Jaap Sahib, a Sikh liturgy. Following is a quote from the same: 
ਬਿਨਾ 'ਜਪੁ' 'ਜਾਪੁ' ਜਪੇ, ਜੋ ਜੇਵਹਿ ਪਰਸਾਦਿ || 
One who is spending life(doing religious activities) without Understanding of Japuji Sahib and Jaap Sahib, 
ਸੋ ਬਿਸਟਾ ਕਾ ਕਿਰਮ ਹੂਇ, ਜਨਮ ਗਵਾਵੈ ਬਾਦ || 
he is living insect of excreta and will lose this birth.

====Rehatnama Hazuri, Bhai Chaupa Singh====
This Rehitnama is the most elaborate statement of rules of conduct for the Sikhs which is traditionally ascribed to Bhai Chaupa Singh Chhibbar concluded AD 1702–1706.<ref name="rehit" /> This rehitnama states various lines from different Banis of Dasam Granth.

====Sri Gur Sobha, Poet Senapati====
This historical book was completed by Senapati, The court poet of Guru Gobind Singh, after his demise in 1711.<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: Eighteenth century Literature |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/sri-gur-sobha |title=Sri Gur Sobha - Kavi Senapati |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=2012-04-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> The source does not mention about Dasam Granth as Granth was compiled later to this source by Mani Singh. Though, this source mentioned the content of Bachitar Natak and Kalki Avtar.

The main topic is stated with the Akal Purkh's declaration of the purpose for which Guru Gobind Singh was deputed to take birth in this world. This is reminiscent of ‘Akal Purkh’s Bach’ of Bachittar Natak. The book ends with the poet's wishful thinking that the Master will come again to Anandgarh to redeem the world by defeating the evil forces and protecting and caring for the holy persons. This is on similar lines as Nihkalank Kalki Avtar described in Dasam Granth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikhinstitute.org/july_2008/13-gursi.htm |title=Abstract by Gurbachan Singh on Sri Gur Sobha |publisher=Sikhinstitute.org |date= |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> which indicates the presence of Bachitar Natak during that period. This book is written not only in the style and language of the Sri Dasam Granth but some verses are similar to the verses found in Sri Bachitra Natak, most notably the battles of Guru Gobind Singh.

====Letter to Mata Sundri, Bhai Mani Singh====
The letter is claimed to have been written by [[Bhai Mani Singh]] to [[Mata Sundari]] in 1716, after 8 years of demise of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>....ਭਾਈ ਮਨੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਨਾਲ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਬਣਿਆ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਪੱਤਰ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੇ ਜੋਤੀ-ਜੋਤਿ ਸਮਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਕੋਈ 4-5 ਸਾਲ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾ ਹੈ।.....Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref> This manuscript provides evidence of existence of 303 Charitars, Shastar Nam Mala and Krishna Avtar compositions.<ref>...ਭਾਈ ਮਨੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਮਾਤਾ ਸੁੰਦਰੀ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਇਕ ਪੱਤਰ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ 303 'ਚਰਿਤਰ ਉਪਾਖਿਆਨ' ਅਤੇ 'ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਅਵਤਾਰ' ਦਾ ਪੂਰਬਾਰਧ ਮਿਲ ਜਾਣ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਉਤਰਾਰਧ ਅਥਵਾ 'ਸ਼ਸਤ੍ਰ ਨਾਮ ਮਾਲਾ' ਨਾ ਮਿਲਣ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ...Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref> Among critics Gyani Harnam Singh Balabh believes that only 303 Charitars were written by Guru Gobind Singh among 404 Charitars in Charitropakhyan. The authenticity of this letter is questionable and has been suggested as being forged by many scholars.<ref>...ਇਹ ਵੀ ਸੋਚਣ ਦੀ ਗਲ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਜੇ ਇਸ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਦੇ ਅਸਤਿਤ੍ਵ ਦੀ ਖ਼ਬਰ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਦੀ ਬਾਣੀ ਉਤੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਲਦੀ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਪੂਰੇ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਨੂੰ ਗੁਰੂ-ਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਦਸਣ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ੀ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਬਣਾਈ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਉਲਟ ਹੈ। ਜਿਸ ਗਿ. ਹਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ 'ਬਲਭ' ਨੇ ਸ. ਕਰਮ ਸਿੰਘ 'ਹਿਸਟੋਰੀਅਨ' ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੁੇੁਰਨਾ ਨਾਲ ਇਸ ਪੱਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਖੋਜ ਕੇ ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰਿਆ ਸੀ, ਵਾਸਤਵ ਵਿਚ ਉਹ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਦਾ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਸੀ। 'ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨਾਵਤਾਰ ਬਾਣੀ', ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਇਸ ਪੱਤਰ ਵਿਚ ਹੈ, ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਗਿਆਨੀ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਿਸੇ ਕਵੀ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ 'ਚਰਿਤਰੋਪਾਖਿਆਨ' ਦੇ ਕੇਵਲ 303 ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਗੁਰੂ-ਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਹਨ। ...Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/710992237 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |page=39 |oclc=710992237}}</ref>

====Parchi Gobind Singh - Bava Sevadas====
This manuscript was finished sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century(around 1741) by Seva Das, an [[Udasi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Category: Eighteenth century Literature |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/parchi |title=Parchi and History |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=2012-04-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227150728/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/parchi |archive-date=2013-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This book mentioned two shabads of Rama Avtar<ref>Sakhi 50, Parchi Guru Gobind Singh Ki, Sevadas</ref> and from 33 Swaiyey.<ref>Sakhi 87, Parchi Guru Gobind Singh Ki</ref> It also mentioned that Guru Gobind Singh had written [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnamah]] and stories in [[Hikaaitaan]] during his lifetime.<ref>Sakhi 13, Parchi Guru Gobind Singh Ki, Bava Sewadas</ref> This serves as evidence of existence of these hymns and composition during the early 18th century and its spread among scholars and common people of that period.

The source does not mention about Dasam Granth as it contains events of Guru's lifetime but it evident existence of 4 compositions in the early 18th century.

====Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Bhai Koer Singh Kalal====
This book mentioned about serve as evidence to Guruship to [[Guru Granth Sahib]], written in 1751 after 43 years of Guru Gobind Singh demise also mentioned most of the compositions of Dasam Granth. Though, this book does not cover events happened after the demise of Guru in much detail.

This book confirms writing of Chobis Avtar, Jaap Sahib and Akal Ustat at Paonta, Bachitar Natak, Chandi di Var. It mentioned that Hikaaitaan was embedded at end of Zafarnama by Guru Gobind Singh and sent it to Aurangzeb.<ref>ਜਫ਼ਰਨਾਮ ਹੈ ਸਭ ਜਗ ਜਾਨੈ। ਲਿਖੀ ਹਿਕਾਯਤ ਦਵਾਦਸ ਤਾ ਮੈ। Page 199, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Bhai Koer Singh</ref>

'''Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka, Kesar Singh Chibbar'''
[[File:A photograph of the Charitropakhyan Pothi (volume of pages) in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.png|thumb|A photo of the Charitropakhyan Pothi (volume of pages) in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh from the 18th Century]]
Bansvalinama was written is 1769 and covers the lives of the ten Gurus as well as other famed Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Encyclopedia |date=19 December 2000 |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/eighteenth-century-literature/bansavalinama-dasan-patshahian-ka/?amp}}</ref> Kesar Singh explains and quotes verses from the Ugardanti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kesar |title=Bansavalinama |publisher=Singh Brothers |pages=258–260 |language=Punjabi}}</ref> According to the Bansavlinama the Sikhs requested that Guru Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth with the Guru Granth Sahib. The Guru responded to the request by saying, “The [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] is the Guru. This (Dasam Granth) is my play. They shall remain separate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kesar |title=Bansavalinama |publisher=Singh Brothers |pages=161 |language=Punjabi}}</ref> In many parts Kesar Singh quotes Dasam Granth compisions such as Chabius Avtar, Bachitar Natak and Khalsa Mehima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kesar |title=Bansavalinama |publisher=Singh Brothers |pages=141 |language=Punjabi}}</ref>

====Guru Kian Sakhian, Sarup Singh Kaushish====
Guru Kian Sakhian is a historical piece of information about lives of Sikh Gurus written by Bhatt Sarup Singh Kaushish completed in 1790 AD at Bhadson<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: Eighteenth century Literature |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/guru-kian-sakhian |title=Guru Kian Sakhian |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=2012-04-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> and it is mostly referred book as it contains dates and events are sketchy and brief. This book does not mention about compilation of Dasam Granth but it does refer to writings inside Dasam Granth which includes Bachitar Natak written at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], Krishna Avtar wrote at [[Paunta]] Sahib.<ref>Sakhi 43/65, Guru Kian Sakhian, Sarup Singh Kaushish</ref> The book mentioned various lines from 33 Sawaiyey,<ref>Page 125, Sakhi 60, Guru Kian Sakhian, Sarup Singh Kaushish</ref> Shastarnam Mala and terminology used in Dasam Granth.

'''Manuscripts'''

Many manuscripts of the Dasam Granth came into being in the 1700s.<ref name=":1" /> This includes but is not limited to:

* Bhai Mani Singh Adi-Dasam (1713)<ref name=":1" /> - This manuscript also contains certain folios authored by Guru Gobind Singh.
* Patna Missal Manuscript (1765)<ref name=":1" />
* Bhai Daya Singh (Attributed, early 1700s)<ref name=":1" />
* Baba Deep Singh (mid to late 1700s)<ref name=":1" />

<gallery>
File:Opening folio of the Bhai Daya Singh recension of the Dasam Granth.png|Opening folio of the Bhai Daya Singh recension of the Dasam Granth
File:Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh.jpg|Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh
File:'Khas Patra' (important page) authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Bhai Mani Singh Bir' (manuscript).png|'Khas Patra' (important page) authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Bhai Mani Singh Bir' (manuscript)
File:Folio of the Charitropakhyan from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765.jpg|Folio of the Charitropakhyan from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765
</gallery>

===19th century resources===
[[File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|thumbnail|[[Dasam Granth]] frontispiece ca. 1825-1850]]

====Sketch of Sikhs, JB Malcolm====
Among several valuable works [[John Malcolm]] completed Sketch of Sikhs in 1812 and mentioned about Dasam Granth which converted many to Sikhism to fight against tyranny.{{clarify|date=March 2019}} Following is a quote from his book: 
{{blockquote|Guru Govind Singh, in the Vichitra Natac, a work written by himself, and inserted in the Dasani Padshah ka Granth, traces the descent of the Kshatriya tribe of Sondhi, to which he belongs, from a race of Hindu head, and throw it into the fire, he would be resuscitated to the enjoyment of the greatest glory. The Guru excused himself from trying this experiment, declaring that he was content that his descendants should enjoy the fruits of that tree which he had planted.<ref name="ReferenceA">Page 51, Sketch of Sikhs, JB Malcolm</ref>{{verify source|date=March 2019}}}}
[[File:Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth together.jpg|thumb|Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth side-by-side. Sikh fresco artwork]]

====Shaheed Bilas Bhai Mani Singh, Poet Seva Singh====
Shaheed Bilas Bhai Mani Singh is a historical account of [[Bhai Mani Singh]] completed by Poet Seva Singh before 1846.<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: Nineteenth century Literature |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/nineteenth-century-literature/shahid-bilas-bhai-mani-singh |title=Shahid Bilas Bhai Mani Singh |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=2012-04-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> He mentioned about writing of Krishna Avtar at Punta Sahib shown here under: 
ਬਾਵਨ ਕਵੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਢਿਗ ਰਹੈ। ਮਨਿਆ ਉਨ ਮਹਿ ਗੁਨੀਆ ਅਹੈ। 
ਸ੍ਰੀ ਮੁਖ ਤੋਂ ਕਲਗੀਧਰ ਆਪੈ। ਬੀਰ ਰਸ ਕੀ ਕਥਾ ਅਲਾਪੈ। 
ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਚਰਿਤਰ ਮਧ ਹੈ ਜਾਨੋ। ਖੜਗ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਾ ਯੁਧ ਪਛਾਨੋ। 
ਜਿਸ ਤੇ ਸੁਨਤ ਕਾਇਰਤਾ ਭਾਗੈ।ਧਰਮ ਜੁਧ ਮਹਿ ਹੋਈ ਅਨੁਰਾਗੇ। 
(ਚੋਪਈ 47, ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਬਿਲਾਸ ਕਵੀ ਸੇਵਾ ਸਿੰਘ)

==Compilation==
===Timeline===
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; background:#aedead; border:1"
|-
|width=25%|'''Name of Composition'''
|width=25%|'''Written at'''
|width=15%|'''Verses'''
|width=20%|'''Timeline'''

|-
|Jaap Sahib|| Paunta Sahib||199 ||
|-
|Akal Ustat|| Paunta Sahib||271.5 ||
|-
|Bachitar Natak|| Paunta Sahib||471 ||
|-
|Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas|| Paunta Sahib||233 ||
|-
|Chandi Charitar II|| Paunta Sahib||266 ||
|-
|Chandi di Var|| Paunta Sahib||55 ||
|-
|Chaubis Avtar|| Paunta Sahib, Anandpur Sahib||5571 ||
|-
|Brahma Avtar|| Paunta Sahib||348 ||
|-
|Rudra Avtar|| Paunta Sahib, Anandpur Sahib||855 ||
|-
|Shabad Patshahi 10|| Anandpur Sahib, Machiwara||10 ||
|-
|33 Sawaiyey|| Anandpur Sahib||33 ||
|-
|Khalsa Mahima|| [[Kapal Mochan]]||4 ||
|-
|Gyan Parbodh||Anandpur Sahib||336 ||
|-
|Shastar Nam Mala Purana|| Paunta Sahib||1317 ||
|-
|Ath Pakhyan Chairtar Likhyate|| Paunta Sahib, Anandpur Sahib||7569 ||
|-
|Zafarnama|| Dina Kangar||868 ||
|}

===History of scripture's name===
Guru Gobind Singh wrote various booklets and had a title on each of them. As per internal references, the scripture comprises the following major booklets:
#Bachitar Natak Granth
#Shastarnam Mala Purana
#Charitropakhyan Granth
#Gyan Prabodh Granth
#Zafarnama/Jangnamah<ref name=":1" />

According to early Sikh historical resources, the scripture was not named as Dasam Granth and each composition within this scripture are named separately by various authors like:
* Bhai Koer Singh states ''Pratham Pehar Satgur Aise, Krishna Charitar Gavat hai Jaise''
* Bava Sewa Dass states ''Keteyan Rubaiyan likhiyan keteyan badhshahaan ki sakhiyan likhiyan, aur apni haqiqat bhi likhi''

Later, In Bansavali Nama Patshahi 10, Kesar Singh Chibber named this granth as ''Chota Granth'' (The Small Granth).<ref>ਛੋਟਾ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਜੀ ਜਨਮੇ ਦਸਵੇਂ ਪਾਤਸ਼ਾਹ ਕੇ ਧਾਮ। ਸੰਮਤ ਸਤਾਰਾਂ ਸੈ ਪਚਵੰਜਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਖਿਡਾਵੇ ਲਿਖਾਰੇ ਨਾਮ। ਸਾਹਿਬ ਨੂੰ ਸੀ ਪਿਆਰਾ। ਹਥੀਂ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਖਿਡਾਇਆ। ਸਿਖਾਂ ਕੀਤੀ ਅਰਦਾਸ ਜੀ ਅਗਲੇ ਨਾਲਿ ਚਾਹੀਏ ਰਲਾਇਆ। ਬਚਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਹੈ ਉਹ ਏਹ ਅਸਾਡੀ ਖੇਡ ਹੈ। ਨਾਲ ਨ ਮਿਲਾਇਆ ਆਹਾ ਪਿਆਰਾ, ਕਉਨ ਜਾਣੈ ਭੇਦ। ਸੋ ਦੋਨੋ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰ ਕਰਿ ਜਾਨੋ ਵਡਾ ਹੈ ਟਿਕਾ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੁਟਕੇ ਪੋਥੀਆਂ ਪੁਤ੍ਰ ਪੋਤ੍ਰੇ ਕਰਿ ਪਛਾਨੋ।
</ref>

In 1812, JB Malcolm called this scripture as ''[[Dasam Granth|Dasvein padhshsh da granth]]'' (The Scripture of 10th Ruler).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Later, Khalsa accepted the name ''Dasam Granth'', for the reason that it contains compositions of 10th Guru of Sikhs.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Dasam Granth]]

Vijay Balasubramanian

2026-03-31T20:23:08Z

Rohit Singh: created a details and citations

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Vijay Balasubramanian.jpg
| birth_date = 1969
| birth_place = Bombay (Mumbai), India
| fields = String Theory, Quantum Field Theory, Biophysics (Theoretical Neuroscience), Statistical Inference, Machine Learning
| doctoral_advisor = Curtis Callan
| education = {{ubl|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (B.S. Physics and Computer Science, M.S. Computer Science)|[[Princeton University]] (Ph.D., Physics)}}
| workplaces = [[University of Pennsylvania]]
[[Aspen Center for Physics]]
[[Santa Fe Institute]]
| known_for = String Theory: AdS/CFT Correspondence, Large Volume Compactifications, Black Hole Information Paradox, Quantum Information. Biophysics: Energy Efficient Computation, Efficient Coding and Sensory Circuits in the Brain, Theory of Retinal Circuits, Theory of Spatial Cognition, Adaptive Molecular Sensing (Olfaction and Immune System). Inference and Learning: Occam's Razor in Statistical Inference, Complexity in Decision Making.
}}
'''Vijay Balasubramanian''' (born 1969{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}) is an American theoretical physicist and the Cathy and Marc Lasry Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Balasubramanian Named Lasry Professor {{!}} Department of Physics and Astronomy|url=https://www.physics.upenn.edu/news/vijay-balasubramanian-named-lasry-professor|access-date=2020-07-28|website=www.physics.upenn.edu}}</ref> He has conducted research in [[string theory]], [[quantum field theory]], and [[biophysics]] (especially theoretical and [[computational neuroscience]]). He has also worked on problems in [[statistical inference]] and [[machine learning]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~vbalasub/public-html/Home.html|title=Vijay Balasubramanian|last=|first=|date=|website=Vijay Balasubramanian, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in [[Mumbai]], Balasubramanian spent his childhood in major Indian cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Hyderabad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Among the elementary schools he attended are [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's in Mumbai]], [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School|St. Xavier]]’s in Kolkata, and [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba’s]] in New Delhi. His family later moved to [[Jakarta]], Indonesia, where he attended [[Jakarta Intercultural School|Jakarta International School]] (JIS). After graduating from JIS, he moved to the United States and attended the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he earned B.S. degrees in Physics and Computer Science and an M.S. degree in Computer Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poggio-lab.mit.edu/people/vijay-balasubramanian|title=Poggio Lab: Vijay Balasubramanian|last=Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|date=|website=Poggio Lab|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> While a student at MIT, he worked at [[CERN]] (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center ([[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]). For this work at Xerox PARC, he received two patents in [[speech recognition]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5655058|title=Segmentation of audio data for indexing of conversational speech for real-time or postprocessing applications|last=Balasubramanian|first=Vijay|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5606643|title=Real-time audio recording system for automatic speaker indexing|last=Balasubramanian|first=Vijay|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref>

Vijay Balasubramanian completed his doctoral studies at [[Princeton University]], where he received a Ph.D. in Physics in 1997 under the supervision of [[Curtis Callan]]. He then moved to [[Harvard University]] as a Junior Fellow of the [[Harvard Society of Fellows]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/listed-field-0|title=Current and Former Junior Fellows|last=Harvard University, Society of Fellows|first=Society of Fellows|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> During this time, he was also a fellow-at-large of the [[Santa Fe Institute]]. Since 2000, he has been a professor at the University of Pennsylvania where he currently holds the Cathy and [[Marc Lasry]] Chair in Physics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.physics.upenn.edu/people/standing-faculty/vijay-balasubramanian|title=Vijay Balasubramanian|last=Penn Arts & Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy|date=2019|website=University of Pennsylvania, Penn Arts & Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref> and where he has a secondary appointment in the School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience. In 2013, he co-founded the [https://cni.upenn.edu Computational Neuroscience Initiative at Penn].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cni.upenn.edu|title=Computational Neuroscience Initiative (CNI)|last=University of Pennsylvania, Computational Neuroscience Initiative (CNI)|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref>

In October 2021, he was a featured speaker in the [[Netflix]] documentary series ''[[Explained (TV series)|Explained]]'', in the episode on "Time."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Vijay Balasubramanian featured in episode of Netflix series Explained {{!}} Department of Physics and Astronomy |url=https://live-sas-physics.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/news/prof-vijay-balasubramanian-featured-episode-netflix-series-explained |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=live-sas-physics.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Time |date=2021-10-01 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15528442/ |series=Explained |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref> In 2022, [[Quanta Magazine|''Quanta'' ''Magazine'']] featured him in an article and video in which he discussed connections between physics, computer science, neurosciences, and humanities fields such as literature. ''Quanta'' described him as a "polymath who is prone to leaping from string theory to Proust in mid-conversation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Pondering the Bits That Build Space-Time and Brains |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/pondering-the-bits-that-build-space-time-and-brains-20220420/ |journal=Quanta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quanta Magazine |date=April 20, 2022 |title=The Physicist Who Travels across Disciplines, Space and Time |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3Xss37zYkc |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> In 2023, the [[Catalan language|Catalan]]-language daily newspaper of [[Barcelona]], ''[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]'', featured him in an article in which he discussed the relative powers and limits of the human brain and of [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]], and what physics can bring to the study of theoretical and computational neuroscience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pou |first=Toni |date=2023-10-06 |title=Vijay Balasubramanian: "Moltes de les coses que es fan amb intel·ligència artificial són irritants i inútils" |url=https://www.ara.cat/ciencia-medi-ambient/moltes-coses-intel-ligencia-artificial-son-irritants-inutils_128_4820469.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Ara.cat |language=ca}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
Vijay Balasubramanian has been a research associate and visiting professor at many institutions. These include [[Rockefeller University]]; the [[Graduate Center, CUNY|City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Faculty/Core-Bios/Vijay-Balasubramanian|title=Vijay Balasubramanian|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708204215/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Faculty/Core-Bios/Vijay-Balasubramanian|archive-date=8 July 2019|access-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]] (ENS) in Paris, France; the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy; and the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]] (VUB) in Brussels, Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://we.vub.ac.be/en/vijay-balasubramanian|title=Prof. Dr. Vijay Balasubramanian|last=Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> In 2007–8, he was a fellow at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (IAS) (Princeton), supported by an IAS grant from Helen and Martin Chooljian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/vijay-balasubramanian|title=Past Member: Vijay Balasubramanian|last=Institute for Advanced Study (IAS)|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> Since 2011, he has been a General Member of the [[Aspen Center for Physics]] in Aspen, Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspenphys.org/aboutus/governance/board/members.php|title=Aspen Center for Physics, Members|last=Aspen Center for Physics|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114723/https://www.aspenphys.org/aboutus/governance/board/members.php|archive-date=30 December 2017|access-date=July 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, he became an External Professor of the [[Santa Fe Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Balasubramanian {{!}} Santa Fe Institute |url=https://www.santafe.edu//people/profile/vijay-Balasubramanian |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.santafe.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Honors ==
Vijay Balasubramanian has won many prizes and fellowships. In 2005, Balasubramanian won first prize in the [[Gravity Research Foundation]] essay competition, with his colleagues [[Donald Marolf|Don Marolf]] and Moshe Rozali for an essay on “Information Recovery from Black Holes”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/competition|title=Recent First Award Winners|last=Gravity Research Foundation|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> In 2006, he won the Ira H. Abrams Award for Distinguished Teaching – the highest teaching award given by the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=":0" /> In 2012-13 he won a fellowship from the Fondation [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]], which he held at the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]] (ENS) in Paris, France. In 2015, Balasubramanian was part of the international team of string theorists, computer scientists, and quantum information theorists that won a major grant from the [[Simons Foundation]] in New York to investigate the emergence of the fabric of spacetime from information. Their project is entitled, [https://www.simonsfoundation.org/mathematics-physical-sciences/it-from-qubit/ "It from Qubit: Simons Collaboration on Quantum Fields, Gravity, and Information"].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/mathematics-physical-sciences/it-from-qubit/|title=It from Qubit: Simons Collaboration on Quantum Fields, Gravity, and Information|last=Simons Foundation|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[American Physical Society]] honored Balasubramanian by recognizing him as a Fellow of the society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/index.cfm|title=APS Fellowship|last=American Physical Society|date=September 19, 2019|website=www.aps.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529165524/https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/index.cfm|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=2019-09-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> His citation as a 2019 APS Fellow noted his "fundamental contributions clarifying the [[black hole]] information puzzle and black hole thermodynamics through work on the duality of quantum gravity and [[quantum field theory]], and on black hole microscopics in theories of [[quantum gravity]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm|title=APS Fellow Archive|last=American Physical Society|date=September 19, 2019|website=www.aps.org|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

== Students and Post-Doctoral Fellows ==
Vijay Balasubramanian's PhD students have included [https://icts.ustc.edu.cn/chinese/people/MinXin%20Huang/mxhuang.html Minxin Huang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515061613/http://icts.ustc.edu.cn/chinese/people/MinXin%20Huang/mxhuang.html |date=15 May 2015 }} (University of Science and Technology, China), [http://www.castu.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/cas/1696/2018/20181123163940194277971/20181123163940194277971_.html Bartlomiej (Bartek) Czech] (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China), [https://neuroscience.utexas.edu/component/cobalt/item/4128-wei-xuexin?Itemid=1258 Xue-xin Wei] (University of Texas, Austin), Klaus Larjo (Goldman-Sachs), Jason Prentice, Thomas Levi, Kristina Simmons, Charles Ratliff, John Briguglio, Kamesh Krishnamurthy, Alex Keinath (University of Illinois Chicago),[https://psch.uic.edu/profiles/keinath-alex/] Louis Kang (RIKEN Center for Brain Science)[https://louiskang.group], Arjun Kar, Matthew DeCross, Cathy Li, Ron Ditullio, and David Kersen.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

He has mentored many postdoctoral fellows including [https://www.janelia.org/people/ann-hermundstad Ann Hermundstad] (Janelia Research Campus, HHMI), [https://ist.ac.at/en/research/life-sciences/tkacik-group/ Gasper Tkacik] (Institute of Science and Technology [IST], Austria), [https://www.sju.edu/about-sju/faculty-staff/patrick-garrigan-phd Patrick Garrigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224723/http://sju.edu/about-sju/faculty-staff/patrick-garrigan-phd |date=18 September 2015 }} (St. Joseph's University), [https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/school-of-mathematics/people?person=123 Joan Simon] (University of Edinburgh), [https://www.ipht.fr/en/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/News/index.php?id_news=753 Monica Guica] (Institut de Physique Théoretique, Paris [Saclay]), [https://www.simonsfoundation.org/team/tiberiu-tesileanu/ Tiberiu Tesileanu] (Flatiron Institute, New York), Serena Bradde (American Physical Society), [https://www.ncat.edu/employee-bio.php?directoryID=1881560878 Vijay Singh] (North Carolina A&T State), Asad Naqvi (Goldman-Sachs), Onkar Parrikar (TIFR Mumbai), Gabor Sarosi, Charles Rabideau, [https://www.hakubi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/eng/mem/10th/member-10-eng-2 Tomonori Ugajin] (Kyoto University), Eugenio Piasini (SISSA)[https://phdcns.sissa.it/faculty/eugenio-piasini], Gaia Tavoni (Washington University in St. Louis)[https://neuroscience.wustl.edu/people/gaia-tavoni-phd/], Clélia de Mulatier (University of Amsterdam)[https://www.uva.nl/en/profile/m/u/c.m.c.demulatier/c.m.c.de-mulatier.html], Philipp Fleig, Menachem (Nachi) Stern, Edgar Shaghoulian (University of California, Santa [https://www.physics.ucsc.edu/faculty/index.php?uid=eshaghou Cruz]), and Javier Magan (Instituto Balseiro, Bariloche, Argentina).<ref>{{Cite web|title=People {{!}} Department of Physics and Astronomy|url=https://live-sas-physics.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/living-matter/people|access-date=2020-07-20|website=live-sas-physics.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720092209/https://live-sas-physics.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/living-matter/people|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=2022-04-20 |title=Pondering the Bits That Build Space-Time and Brains |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/pondering-the-bits-that-build-space-time-and-brains-20220420/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Quanta Magazine]] |language=en}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramanian, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian string theorists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Harvard Fellows]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:MIT School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Aspen Center for Physics people]]
[[Category:Santa Fe Institute people]]
[[Category:American scientists of Asian descent]]

Aniket Verma

2026-03-29T03:49:35Z

Rohit Singh:

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Aniket Umashankar Verma
| image =
| country =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|2|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]
| role = Batter
| club1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2024-present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year2 = 2025-present
| clubnumber2 = 108
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches1 = 26
| runs1 = 399
| bat avg1 = 21.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 74
| hidedeliveries = true
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–
| date = 29 March 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/aniket-verma-1409976 ESPN Cricinfo
}}
'''Aniket Umashankar Verma''' (born 5 February 2002) is an Indian cricketer who plays for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Team SRH |url=https://www.sunrisershyderabad.in/team}}</ref>

==Career==
Verma made his [[T20 cricket|Twenty20]] debut on 3 December 2024, for [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024-25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=M. Pradesh vs Hyderabad, Group A at Rajkot, SMAT, Dec 03 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2024-25-1445827/hyderabad-india-vs-madhya-pradesh-group-a-1446064/full-scorecard}}</ref> While he is best known as a T20 "power-hitter," his rise to prominence was fueled by exceptional performances in age-group one-day cricket.
===List A===
====Under-23 Breakthrough====
He gained significant attention in December 2024 after smashing an unbeaten 101 off 75 balls (including six 4s and eight 6s) for Madhya Pradesh against Karnataka in the Under-23 one-day tournament.

====Senior List A ====
He transitioned to senior representative cricket in late 2024. While many profiles focus on his T20 and IPL debut, he has been a consistent part of Madhya Pradesh's Vijay Hazare Trophy (List A) plans for the 2025/26 season.

===IPL===
He made his IPL debut against [[Rajasthan Royals]] on 23 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2025: Who is Aniket Verma? Hard-Hitting Player scores Maiden Fifty in IPL for Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ipl-2025-who-is-aniket-verma-hard-hitting-player-making-debut-in-ipl-for-sunrisers-hyderabad-349179.html |work=mykhel |date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Aniket Verma, the SRH batter who scored his maiden IPL fifty vs Delhi Capitals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/meet-aniket-verma-the-srh-batter-who-scored-his-maiden-ipl-fifty-vs-delhi-capitals/articleshow/119754063.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 {{!}} Sunrisers Hyderabad {{!}} Aniket Verma Profile |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/sunrisers-hyderabad/squad-details/22082 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2025 {{!}} Aniket Verma: one more big hitter added to Sunrisers Hyderabad arsenal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2025-who-is-aniket-verma-sunrisers-hyderabad-big-hitter-9910018/ |work=The Indian Express |date=30 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sunrisers Hyderabad squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Aniket}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]

List of villages in Kishanganj district

2026-03-22T18:03:10Z

Rohit Singh: Added A Location

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

[[Kishanganj district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]] comprises only one sub-division, Kishanganj, which is divided into 7 Blocks and has a total of 771 villages. There are 39 uninhabited villages (out of 771 total villages) in the district of Kishanganj.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1008_PART_B_DCHB_KISHANGANJ.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115152212/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1008_PART_B_DCHB_KISHANGANJ.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

This is list of villages of [[Kishanganj district]] according to respective blocks.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx| access-date=2022-02-13| website=censusindia.gov.in| url-status=dead| archive-date=25 September 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925233658/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx}}</ref>

{{horizontal TOC}}

== Bhahadurganj ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Rashid Pur Altabari | Altabari]]
# Babhantola Laucha
# Baisa
# Baisa Jurail
# Baisagopalganj
# Bangaon
# Bangaon Milik
# Baradenga
# Basbari
# Belbari
# Betbari
# Bhadesar
# Bhatabari
# Bhaurdah
# Bhupla
# Birnia
# Birpur
# Bishunpur
# Bochagari
# Brahmotar Gachh
# Chanaur
# Chanaur Milik
# Chandargaon
# Charakpara Laucha
# Chhota Laucha
# Chikabari
# Chorkattakurhaila
# Dabar
# Dahgaon
# Dahgaon
# Dala
# Dala Mohiuddinpur
# Damdama
# Deotar Birnia
# Deshiatoli
# Dharhar
# Dogacchi
# Dohar
# Domohani
# Duadangi
# Dulali
# Dulali
# Dulali Milik
# Durgapur
# Durgapur Bangaon
# Durgapur Sohadi
# [[Gangi, Kishanganj district|Gangi]]
# Goabari
# Gopalpur Bairgachhi
# Guabari
# Gurgaon
# Gurgaon Milik
# Haribhasa
# Haribhasa
# Jhiljhili
# Jhiljhili
# Jhingakata
# Jhingakata Istamrar
# Jhingakata Taufir
# Kasbe Anganj Urf KasbaKhodaganj
# Kathalbari
# Kathalbari
# Kharij Kumhia
# Kharsel
# Koimari
# Koimari
# Korat Bangaon
# Kumhartoli
# Kurhaila
# Lahsora
# Laucha
# Lohia Kandar
# Lohia Kandar
# Mahadeo Dighi
# Mahammad Nagar
# Mahesh Bathna
# Mohan Singh Gachh
# Muktaram Deori
# Murmala
# Musaldenga
# Netuapara
# Netuapara
# Nisndara
# Pahatgaon
# Palasmani
# Phulbari
# Pipra Gachh
# Rampur
# Rangamani
# Ruidhasa
# Rupni
# Sakaur
# Samesar
# Satmeri
# Sikmi Bangaon
# Siktihar
# Siktiharuttarbasti
# Singhia
# Sukhani
# Tangtangia
# Tangtangia
# Tangtangia
# Tegharia
# Tharkachhpur
# Tulshia
{{div col end}}

== Dighalbank ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
#pakkhu basti
# Aliganj
# Baijnath Palsa
# Bansbari
# Banwaria
# Barbhang
# Bhurli Bhita
# Boaldaha
# Chhota Garumara
# Dahibhat
# Dahibhat Kalan
# Dahibhat Khurd
# Dargah Aliganj
# Dargah Rasulganj
# Dargah kanchanbari
# Deogirja
# Dhanola
# Dighal Bank
# Dighal Bank
# Dighibari
# Doria
# Dubri
# Dubri khas
# Garbhanadenga
# Garumara
# Ghangra
# Gurhmurha
# Harhibhita
# Hari Bhita
# Haruadanga
# Hublidenga
# Ichmari
# Ikra
# Ikra Milik
# Ikra Milik
# Ikra Milik
# Jiapokhar
# Kachunala
# Kachunala Milik
# Kachunala Milik
# Kachunala Milik
# Kalpir Pathar Ghatti
# Kamat
# Kamati
# Kanchan Bari
# Karuamani
# Kast Karam Ali
# Kumarkhod
# Kumhia
# Kurhaili
# Lachhmipur
# Lohagarha
# Lohargarha
# Mahamari
# Maldangi
# Malmali
# Maltoli
# Maltoli
# Mangra
# Mulabari
# Mustalaganj
# Padampur
# Padampur
# Pakamari
# Palsa
# Palsa Milik
# Panchgachhi
# Patharghatti
# Patharghatti
# Sat Kauwa
# Satmeri
# Singhimari
# Singhimari Milik
# Suribhita
# Talwar Bandha
# Tanghan Tapu
# Tapu
# Tarabari
# Teli Bhita
# Tulshia
# Tulshia Kasht
{{div col end}}
Fulgachhi

== Kishanganj ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Andhuakol
# Andowakol
# Babhantola
# Bairgachhi
# Balia
# Bararo
# Barchuna
# Basantpur
# Basatpur Marua Toli
# Basatpur Milik
# Basatpur Pharsadangi
# Bastadangi
# Belwa
# Belwa Kasipur
# Belwa Milik
# Bheriadangi
# Chakla
# Chaundi
# Chhagalia
# Chhagalia
# Chhota Salki
# Chormara
# Daula
# Dheksara
# Gachhpara
# Gachhpara
# Goaltoli
# Gobindpur
# Halamala
# Janamjai
# Jharbari
# Jia Gachhi
# Kaparporbandha
# Kasipur
# Katahalia
# Katahalia Bhag
# Katmohan
# Kirdah Samda
# Kolaha
# Lakhimara
# Lalbari
# Mahammadpur Bhagal
# Mahesh Bathna
# Mahesh Bathna Khas
# Mahesh Bathnakhas Milik
# Majhok
# Meda
# Mehangaon
# Mehengaon Milik
# Motihara
# Motihara Taluka
# Nonia
# Panisal
# Phulwari
# Phulwari
# Phulwari
# Piakunri
# Pichhla
# Pirani

# Purla bari
# Satkhamhar
# Simalbari
# Singhia
# Singhia
# Solki
# Sultanpur
# Taisa
# Telia Pokhar
# Tengramari
# Thauapara
# Thaunapara
# Topamari
# Kulamani Royals
{{div col end}}

== Kochadhaman ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Altabari
# Anarkali
# Andhasur
# Arugaon
# Asura
# Babhangaon
# Bagalbari
# Bahkol
# Baichakutti
# Balia
# Balubari
# Barahmasia
# Barbata
# Barijan Durgapur
# Barijan Pothimari Jagir
# Bastakolaha
# Bastakolha
# Bhag Baisa
# Bhagal
# Bhagpunash
# Bhaunra
# Bhawaniganj
# Bhebhal
# Bhebhra
# Birwachurakutti
# Birwakalkali
# Bishunpur
# Bishunpur
# Boaldah
# Bohita
# Burhimari
# Chapra Bakhari
# Charaia
# Chunamari
# Churakutti
# Dahuabari
# Dalia
# Danti
# Daua
# Deramari
# Dhanpura
# Dhanpurakhari
# Dhanusna
# Dhanusna
# Dogharia
# Dongidighi
# Dopokharia
# Doria
# Dubra
# Durgapur
# Gangikhurd
# Gauramani
# Ghurna
# Gurgaon
# Haldikhora
# Haribhasa
# Harkhuguria
# Harwadanga
# Hasan Dumaria
# Hatgachhi
# Hatgachhi
# Himatnagar
# Jadhail
# Jhantipari Anarkali
# Jhura
# Jiwanpur
# Kabaia
# Kairbirpur
# Kajlamari
# Kalanagin
# Kalkali
# Kamalpur
# Kanhaiabari
# Karehbari
# Kashibari
# Katamata
# Kathalbari
# [[Kochadhaman]]
# Koitor
# Kolaha
# Konhaiabari
# Kuari
# Kushpara
# Kutti
# Lator
# Lodhna
# Lodhnakhargi
# Mahadha
# Mahiarpur
# Mahua
# Majgaon
# Majkuri
# Makraha
# Makraha
# Masidgarh Dargah
# Masidgarh Milik
# Masidgarh Mohiuddinpur
# Masidgarh Pokharkona
# Mastalia
# Mehadipur
# Moharmari
# Moharmari Khurd
# Molingaon
# Mosangaon
# Mujabari
# Nagri
# Najarpur
# Naranga
# Natuapara
# Nihalbhag
# Pachahara
# Parhalpur
# Parhalpur Milik
# Parwa
# Patkoi khurd
# Patkoikalan
# Phulbari
# Pipla
# Pipra
# Pokharia
# Potkoi Milik
# Purandaha
# Rangamani
# Rani
# Rasulganj
# Rohania
# Rohia
# Rohonia Milik
# Santha
# Saptia
# Sarai
# Satbhitha
# Sehangaon
# Shahnagar
# Shahpur
# Shahpur Istamrar
# Singhari
# Singhia Chakandara
# Singhiakhari
# Sirar
# Sukalrani
# Sundarbari
# Sundarpuchhi
# Surang
# Tegharia
# Thutipakar
# Titiha
# Titlia
# Topamari
# Topamari
{{div col end}}

== Pothia ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Adhikari
# Andabari
# Arrabari
# Bagalbari
# Bagalbari Milik
# Bagalbari Milik Arazi
# Bagrani
# Bakhonala
# Baksa
# Banasi
# Barab Kahunia
# Barapokhar
# Bhatkhunda
# Bhatkhunda
# Bhelagachhi
# Bhota Thana
# Birpur
# Birpur
# Bisani
# Bolasan
# Budhra
# Burhnai
# CHilhamari
# Charkhakati
# Chechuabari
# Chhagalia
# Chhamtia
# Chhatar Gachh
# Chiagaon
# Chitma
# Chitma
# Choragaddi
# Damal Bari
# Damarbari
# Darigaon
# Debiganj
# Dhangi Pokhar
# Dhantola
# Dhekipara
# Dhobinia
# Dongra
# Dubanochi
# Dubanochi
# [[Galgalia]]
# Gangnati
# Gangnati Arazigachh
# Gelabari
# Gendaloti
# Geramari
# Goabari
# Gobinda
# Gorukhal
# Halda
# Haldagaon
# Haldibari
# Indarpur
# Indarpur Khurd
# Jagir Gachh
# Jahangirpur
# Jalalpur
# Jangiabari
# Jhokha Dangi
# Jogi Gachh
# Jogihara
# Kala Singhia
# Kalakachu
# Kalidas
# Kalidas Arazi kismat
# Kalidas Kismat
# Kalupathaurf Koimari
# Karigaon Milik
# Kasba Kaliaganj
# Keso Jara
# Kharkhari
# Khatia Pichhla
# Koltha
# Kuimari
# Kulthibari
# Kusiari
# Lodhabari
# Lohagara
# Lukundra
# Mahogarh
# Mahsul
# Makhan Pokhar
# Mamubhagina
# [[Mangurjan, Kishanganj | Mangur Jan]]
# Mangur Jon
# Maria
# Miramani
# Mirzapur
# Mohania
# Molnapara
# Musaldenga
# Nandakuri
# Naribasar
# Naukatta
# Naunaddi
# Naunaddi
# Nimalagaon
# Nimalagaon Milik
# Paharkatta
# Pakamolna
# Pakamolna
# Pakamolna
# Pamal
# Panasi
# Panasi
# Panbara
# Panighatta
# Parla Bari
# Parlabari Milik
# Patilabhasa
# Pawakhali
# Phala
# Pharabari
# Phati Pokhar
# Phulhara Milik
# Phulhera
# Phulhera Gachh
# Piakori
# Pokharia
# [[Pothia, Kishanganj|Pothia]]
# Purandarpur
# Raipur
# Ramaniapokhar
# Rasiadangi
# Ratanpur
# Ratua
# Sahagi
# Saithabari
# Saradighi
# Sarogora
# Satbaulia
# Satbaulia Khurd
# Shekhpura
# Singhari Gobindpur
# Singhiamari
# Sita Jhari
# Sita Jhari
# Sital Gachh
# Sitalpur
# Sonapur
# Taiabpur
# Taria
# Tarni
# Theikalbari
# Thipi Jhari
# Udgara
{{div col end}}

== Terhagachh ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Asha
# Babhangawan
# Baigna
# Bairia
# Balua Jagir
# Baluadandgi
# Bansbari
# Belbarigachh
# Benugarh
# Betbari
# Bhag Kajleta
# Bhagjhunki
# Bhardhari
# Bhelagurhi
# Bhelagurhi
# Bhorha
# Chargharia
# [[Chichora]]
# Chilhania
# Dahibhat
# Dak Pokhar
# Deorikhas
# Dhabaili
# Dhokarjhari
# Doria
# Gamharia
# Gargaon
# Ghani Phulsara
# Gilni
# Hatgaon
# Hatgaon
# Hawakol
# Hawakol Khurd
# Jhala
# Jhunki Musahara
# Kadleta
# Kalpir
# Kamat Hatgaon
# Kamdti Nankar
# Kanchanbari
# Kanchanbari Istamrar
# Khajuribari
# Khaniabad
# Khara Suhia
# Kharij Khaniabad
# Kharra
# Kharra Belbari
# Kharrakasht
# Khunia Toli
# Kuari
# Lodhabari
# Mahua
# Mahua Gachh
# Matiari
# Mianpur
# Mianpur
# Nania
# Panchgachhi
# Pharhabari
# Pharhabari Milik
# Pharhabari Nankar
# Phulbari
# Phulbari
# Phulbari
# Phulbari
# Phulbari Nankar
# Pipra
# Pipra
# Pokharia
# Pokharia
# Rahmatpur
# Rampur
# Serati Kamati
# Sharma Toli
# Sharma Toli
# Sirnia
# Sirnia
# Suhia
# Suhia Gopalnagar
# Tegharia
# Tokabhansa
{{div col end}}

== Thakurgunj ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Akhra
# Ambari
# Amol Jhari
# Babhangaon
# Babhangaon
# Bahadurpur
# Balka Dobha
# Bandar Jhula
# Bandar Jhula
# Bandar Jhula
# Bandar Jhula
# Bandar Jhula
# Bansbari
# Barah Pathia
# Barah Pathia
# Barah Pathia
# Barchaundi
# Barchaundi
# Besarbati
# Bhagkharna
# Bhata Thana
# Bhatgaon
# Bhaulmari
# Bhaulmari
# Bhaulmari
# Bhaulmari
# Bhelagori
# Bhendrani
# Bhendrani
# Bhog Dabar
# Bhota Thana
# Bidhibhita
# Burhnai Bahadurpur
# Chak Chaki
# Chapati
# Chapra Bakhari
# Chhaital
# Chhatar Katharo
# Churli
# Churli
# Dakpara
# Dalligaon
# Dalligaon
# Dastur
# Deramari
# Dhak Para
# Dhakpara
# Dhakpara
# Dogachhi
# Dudhaunti
# Dudhmanjar
# Dudhmanjar
# Dumaria
# Fatehjangpur
# Gamhirgarh
# Giddhnikola
# Gilhabari
# Gothra
# Gual Toli
# Gunjar Mari
# Harin Dubal
# Hasanpur
# Hazarigachh
# Hulhuli
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Hulhuli Milik Arazi
# Jiapokhar
# Jiapokhar
# Jio Pokhar
# Jirangachh
# Kachhudah
# Kanakpur
# Karua Mani
# Karua Mani
# Karua Mari
# Katharo
# Katharo
# Khanabari
# Kharna
# Kharna
# Kharudah
# Kharudah
# Khaurdah
# Khudra
# Koia
# Kudiachhara
# Kudurbaghi
# Kukur Baghi Milik
# Kukurbaghi
# Kunjimari
# Kuri Muni
# Lahugaon Arazi
# Landhandara
# Landhandara
# Latkukur Baghi
# Malingaon
# Maujidinga
# Modati
# Nazagachh
# Nazarpur
# Nikarbari
# Noniatari
# Pabna
# Paikpara
# Paikpara
# Panchgachhi
# Patbhari
# Patbhari
# Patesari
# Patharia
# Pawa Khali
# Pawa Khali
# Petbhari
# Phatamari
# Rajagaon
# Rajagaon
# Rajagaon Milik
# Rasia
# Ruidhasa
# Sabodangi
# Sakhuadali
# Salgori
# Saraikuri
# Satbaulia
# Singhimari
# Sukhani
# Tatpowa
# Teghari
# Udragori
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of villages in Bihar|Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kishanganj district|*]]
[[Category:Kishanganj district]]

Dr. Zakir Husain College, Sivagangai

2026-03-22T10:30:23Z

Rohit Singh: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Ilaiyangudi#Educational institutions]]

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{{R to related topic}}
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Noida Supertech Twin Towers

2026-03-20T02:49:11Z

Rohit Singh: started new pg

{{Short description|Tallest structures voluntarily demolished in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Supertech Twin Towers
| image =
| caption = Side view of Supertech twin-towers before demolition in Sec 93A in [[Noida]]
| former_names =
| native_name = सुपरटेक ट्विन टावर्स
| location = Emerald Court, Sector-93A, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| construction_start_date = November 2009
| completion_date = N/A
| cancelled_date =
| demolished_date = 28 August 2022
| building_type = [[Residential building|Residential]]
| architectural_style =
| floor_count = '''Planned''' Apex:40 Ceyane: 40 '''Actual''' Apex: 32 Ceyane: 29
| height = '''Actual''' Apex: {{convert|102|m|ft|abbr=on}} Ceyane: {{convert|95|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| status = Demolished
| architect =
| developer = Supertech Limited
| website = {{url|https://www.supertechlimited.com/residential/apex-tower-expressway-noida/index.php}}
| operator =
| owner =
| main_contractor =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5190|77.3818|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| references =
}}

The '''Apex''' Tower and '''Ceyane''' Tower,<ref name=refund>{{cite news |title=SC asks Supertech to refund money to Noida twin towers flat owners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sc-asks-supertech-to-refund-money-to-noida-twin-towers-flat-owners/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=30 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref> colloquially referred to as the '''Noida Supertech Twin Towers''', were incomplete residential buildings in Sector-93A, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The towers were part of [[real estate]] company Supertech Limited's Emerald Court residential complex. The [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the original decision by the [[Allahabad High Court]] and ordered the buildings' demolition on 28 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/noida-supertech-twin-towers-demolition-explained-8114937/ | title=Supertech towers fall via 'controlled implosion' — here's how it happened | date=27 August 2022 }}</ref> They were the tallest structures in India [[List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings|to be voluntarily demolished]].<ref name="demolition-explained">{{cite news |last1=PA |first1=Aneesa |title=The demolition of Noida's Supertech twin towers, explained: process, impact and concerns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/noida-supertech-twin-towers-demolition-explained-8114937/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India demolishes 100-metre-high 'twin towers' outside New Delhi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/28/india-demolishes-100-metre-noida-twin-towers |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

On 23 November 2004, the [[New Okhla Industrial Development Authority]] (NOIDA Authority) allotted M/s Supertech Limited, a plot of land measuring 48,263 [[square metre]] (11.92 [[acre]]s) in Sector-93A. The plan for the Emerald Court residential complex in Noida came into inception in June 2005.<ref name="india-today-interactive">{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Dev |title=Supertech-Noida Twin Tower demolition: All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/interactive/immersive/supertech-noida-twin-tower-demolition-case-history-reason/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=India Today |publisher=India Today Group |language=en}}</ref> The original plan according to plans submitted by the NOIDA Authority in the city, called for Emerald Court to have 14 buildings and included 3, 4 and 5 BHK flats.<ref name="story-mint">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Sayantani |title='Story of Noida twin towers': What led to demolition of Supertech buildings |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/story-of-noida-twin-towers-what-led-to-demolition-of-supertech-building-11661591676634.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=mint |date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

It was in 2009, that plans for the twin towers, Apex and Ceyane, were added to the Emerald Court development. There were originally conceived as 24-storey structures to be built on a triangular site originally allotted for a green area.<ref name="india-today-interactive"/>

Supertech modified their plan for a third time in March 2012.<ref name="india-today-interactive"/> By that time the plan for Emerald Court was revised to include 15 buildings instead of 14, the number of floors for each building was increased to eleven from nine<ref name="story-mint"/> The twin towers' height were increased from 20 to 40.<ref name="india-today-interactive"/>

==Legal case==
The legal dispute began in 2009 when four residents raised concern regarding Supertech Limited's violation of building by-laws by building the twin towers. The core team of Emerald Court Owner Residents Welfare Association (ECO RWA) included Uday Bhan Singh Teotia (ex- DIG of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]), SK Sharma, Ravi Bajaj, and MK Jain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebetterindia.com/295944/noida-supertech-twin-towers-record-breaking-demolition-senior-citizens-filed-case/
|title=How a group of senior-citizens led to India's biggest demolition |work=The Better India |date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

Shortly after, in 2010, the builder started digging up more areas, where a shopping complex and garden had been planned. They then found out that the builder was planning two new 40-floor towers in that area – Apex and Ceyanne. The legal expenses amounted to almost Rs 1 [[crore]] (Rs 10 million). MK Jain, who died in 2021 due to COVID, led the team and raised money.

In mid-2012, residents of Emerald Court filed a case before the [[Allahabad High Court]] seeking for the demolition of the twin towers.<ref name="india-today-interactive"/> In April 2014, the high court ruled in favor of the residents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad High Court orders demolition of two 40-storey towers in Noida |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/allahabad-high-court-orders-demolition-of-40-storey-towers-noida-188610-2014-04-11 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=India Today |date=11 April 2014 |language=en}}</ref> The matter reached to the [[Supreme Court of India]], which upheld the Allahabad High Court decision on August 31, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Aneesha |title=Supreme Court orders demolition of Supertech's Emerald Court twin towers in Noida |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-orders-demolition-of-supertech-emerald-court-towers-1847459-2021-08-31 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=India Today |date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The construction of the towers violated India's National [[Building code|Building Code]], 2005 (NBC).<ref name="extend">{{cite news |title=Supertech twin towers demolition: SC extends date by one week to August 28 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supertech-twin-towers-demolition-sc-extends-date-by-one-week-to-august-28-101660284975816.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The Forum For People's Collective Efforts (FPCE), hailed the decision as a landmark ruling in the history of India's real estate industry and mentioned that the case should serve as a deterrent against [[illegal construction]].<ref name="hindustan1">{{cite news |title=Supertech's demolition will be an example for builders: Homebuyers' apex body |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/noida-supertech-twin-tower-demolition-will-be-an-example-for-builders-homebuyers-apex-body-101661317838439.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court directed that all home buyers be refunded with 12% interest rate. They also awarded the Emerald Court RWA to be paid Rs 2 [[crores]].

==Demolition==
The Supreme Court originally set 21 August 2022 as the deadline for the Supertech Twin Towers' demolition. However this was extended by a week to 28 August, and a buffer period (29 August to 4 September) was given as a contingency for any marginal delay due to weather conditions.<ref name="extend"/> The Noida authority and [[Roorkee]]-based [[Central Building Research Institute]] (CBRI) tasked Edifice Engineering and South African firm Jet Demolition to demolish the buildings. The buildings were brought down through [[Implosion (mechanical process)|implosion]].<ref name="india-today-interactive2">{{cite news |last1=Tak |first1=Aaj |title=Noida's Supertech Twin Tower Demolition: Interactive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/interactive/immersive/supertech-twin-tower-demolition/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The blast took place on 28 August 2022 at around 2:30 pm. An estimated 3,700 kilograms of explosives were poured into more than 9,000 holes in the structures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Supertech , Noida 63,Twin Towers Demolition Is Right? - Bolly Movie Review Tech |url=https://bollymoviereviewtech.com/supertech-noida-twin-towers-demolition/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 28 August 2022 at 2:30 pm, the towers were demolished after the implosion in about 10 seconds. Around 10,000 people watched the implosion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noida Twin Towers Turn To Dust In 9 Seconds: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noida-supertech-towers-brought-down-in-9-second-operation-clean-up-next-3293776 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2022 |title=Supertech Twin Towers demolition: 12 steps to 9-second implosion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/noida/story/supertech-twin-towers-demolition-timeline-august-28-1993410-2022-08-27 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=2022-08-28 |title=Noida Twin Towers: 9 Second Demolition, Over Three Months to Clear the Debris |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/demolition-exercise-covered-under-a-100-crore-insurance-policy |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=Supertech twin towers demolition: In 9 seconds on May 22 both will be destroyed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supertech-twin-towers-demolition-in-9-seconds-on-may-22-both-will-be-destroyed-101647317926648.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> This was the first time when a building with more than 30 storeys has been demolished in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noida twin-tower demolition: Implosion to take just 9 seconds |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/noida-twin-tower-demolition-implosion-to-take-just-9-seconds-31-storey-building-to-fall-first-2463861.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

===Impact on the environment===
Experts were concerned about the birds in the area of the demolition<ref>{{cite news |title=Dust Impact On Birds? Conservationists Assess Fall Of Noida Twin Towers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noida-supertech-twin-towers-demolition-dust-impact-on-birds-conservationists-access-fall-of-noida-twin-towers-3294643 |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=NDTV |date=2022-08-28}}</ref> and dust pollution due to the debris.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Sadhika |title=Dust Pollution a Concern, Say Experts on Noida Twin-Tower Demolition |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/environment/noida-twin-towers-to-be-demolished-on-august-28-dust-pollution-a-major-concern |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=The Quint |date=2022-08-24}}</ref> The [[Air quality index]] (AQI) before and just after the demolition was 108 and 676 respectively.

=== Operation ===
This was the biggest operation and demolition ever done in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=The moment India skyscrapers turned to dust |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-62706495 |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=Supertech twin tower: Meet the men who will carry out India's largest demolition |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supertech-twin-tower-meet-the-men-who-will-carry-out-india-s-largest-demolition-11661660726356.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> as this structure was higher than [[Qutb Minar]] (72.5 metres).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supertech Twin Towers Blast Why Is The Building Higher Than Qutub Minar Being demolished? Complete Guide Here |url=https://www.india.com/explainer/noida-supertech-twin-towers-blast-why-is-the-building-higher-than-qutub-minar-being-demolished-twin-towers-blast-complete-guide-here-5595799/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> 9640 drill holes were made in the columns of both the towers and more than 3,700 kg of explosives were used for the demolition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Noida Supertech twin towers to be demolished on August 28 — The environmental impact and solutions |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/noida-supertech-twin-towers-demolition-environment-impact-solutions-govt-14459112.htm |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=3,700 kg explosives: All set for India's highest structure ever to be demolished |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/3700-kg-explosives-10-seconds-supertech-s-twin-towers-india-s-highest-structures-ever-to-be-demolished-11661385305057.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture and design==
The Noida Supertech Twin Towers consisted of two buildings, Apex and Ceyane Towers.<ref name="india-today-interactive2"/> They were planned to have 40 floors each.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |title=Noida Twin Towers To Go Down Today: 10 Numbers That Sum Up Demolition Plan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noida-supertech-twin-towers-demolition-day-in-10-numbers-3292103 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=28 August 2022}}</ref> The two structures had different heights. Apex had 32 floors and stood at {{convert|103|m|ft}} tall while Ceyane had 29 floors and stood at {{convert|97|m|ft}}. Both towers were intended to have 915 flats, 21 commercial shops, and two basements.<ref name="india-today-interactive2"/>

==Timeline==
* '''Nov 2004''': The NOIDA Authority allots plot of land for the construction of apartment.
* '''Nov 2009''': Construction work is started by the builder Supertech Limited.
* '''Aug 2022''': The Twin Towers are demolished on 28 August 2022 at 2:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2022]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Noida]]
[[Category:Former skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Architectural controversies]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Unfinished buildings and structures]]

British Tamils

2026-03-18T07:32:03Z

Rohit Singh: done

{{Unfocused|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = British Tamils "பிரித்தானியத் தமிழர்"
|image =
|pop =
|poptime =
|popplace = {{hlist|[[London]]| [[Manchester]]| [[Birmingham]]| [[Nottingham]]| [[Bristol]]| [[Sheffield]]| [[Liverpool]]| [[Leicester]]| [[Leeds]]| [[Cardiff]]| [[Southampton]]}}
|langs = [[British English]]{{·}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rels = {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}
|related = {{hlist|[[Tamils|Tamil people]]|[[British Asian]]|[[British Sri Lankans]]|[[British Indians]]}}
}}
{{Tamils}}
'''British Tamils''' ({{langx|ta|பிரித்தானியத் தமிழர்}}, [pirittāṉiyat tamiḻar]) are [[British people]] of [[Tamils|Tamil]] origin (mainly from Southern part of [[Tamil Nadu]], India and [[Sri Lanka]]) or descendants of Tamils who stayed in UK.

== History ==
Immigration of significant numbers of Tamils to the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) started with labour migrants in the 1940s. These were joined by students moving to the UK for education in the 1970s and by [[refugee]]s fleeing the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Dissanayake" />

==Demographics==
The UK has always had a strong, albeit small, population of Sri Lankan Tamils deriving from colonial era immigration between Sri Lanka and the UK, but a surge in emigration from Sri Lanka took place after 1983, as the civil war caused living conditions deteriorate and placed many inhabitants in danger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_SRI%20LANKA.pdf|title=Sri Lanka: Mapping Exercise: London, February 2007|publisher=[[International Organization for Migration]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185302/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_SRI%20LANKA.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|df=dmy}}</ref>

"Tamil" is not one of the predefined tick-box answers for the ethnicity question on the [[United Kingdom Census|UK Census]]. The tick-box options under the "Asian" category include "Indian", "Pakistani" and "Bangladeshi", but respondents can also tick an "Any other Asian" or simply "other" box and write in their own answer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html#8|title=Ethnic Group|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=30 April 2015|date=2011-11-02}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 Census]], the number of respondents writing in "Tamil" was 24,930 in [[England]], 128 in [[Wales]],<ref name="2011CensusEngWal">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/rft-ct0010.xls|title=Table CT0010EW 2011 Census: Ethnic group (write-in responses), local authorities in England and Wales|date=30 January 2013|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> 99 in [[Scotland]]<ref name="2011CensusScot">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Ethnicity_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Ethnic group (detailed): All people|date=2013|publisher=National Records of Scotland|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521214855/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Ethnicity_detailed_Scotland.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 11 in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="2011CensusNI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS201NI.xls|title=Ethnic group - Full detail: QS201NI|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> In the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], 68,178 people wrote in "Tamil" in England, 803 in Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS022/editions/2021/versions/2/filter-outputs/6919f89c-9417-4e6d-97c8-3b173a693bfe|title=Ethnic group (detailed)|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=30 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2026}}</ref> and 24 in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b02.xlsx|title=MS-B02: Ethnic group - full detail|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|date=31 May 2023|accessdate=16 January 2026}}</ref> 123 people wrote in "Tamil" in Scotland's 2022 census.<ref name=Scotland2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/mcoacltm/census-2022-detailed-ethnic-group-country-of-birth-national-identity-main-language-and-religion-data-for-scotland-1.xlsx|title=Scotland's Census 2022: Write-in ethnic group, country of birth, national identity, main language and religion data for Scotland|publisher=National Records of Scotland|date=3 October 2024|accessdate=16 January 2026}}</ref>

The number of people in [[England and Wales]] that speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their main language was recorded as 125,363 in the 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/medialibrary/briefingsupdated/what-languages-are-spoken-in-england-and-wales.pdf|title=What languages are spoken in England and Wales?|last2=Matras|first2=Yaron|date=October 2013|publisher=ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)|first1=Deepthi|last1=Gopal|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501021943/http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/medialibrary/briefingsupdated/what-languages-are-spoken-in-england-and-wales.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Scotland's 2022 census, the number was 2,469.<ref name=Scotland2022/>

In 2008, community estimates suggested that 150,000 Tamils lived in the UK,<ref name="Dissanayake">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7742134.stm|title=UK Tamils polarised but powerful|last=Dissanayake|first=Samanthi|date=8 December 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=27 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Beeston">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4123567.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121100339/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4123567.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2009|title=Stop Tamil Tigers raising money in UK, says President Rajapaksa|last=Beeston|first=Richard|date=13 June 2008|work=The Times|access-date=28 December 2009}}</ref> with a 2006 [[Human Rights Watch]] report putting the number of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] in the UK at 110,000.<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ltte0306webwcover.pdf|title=Funding the 'Final War': LTTE Intimidation and Extortion in the Tamil Diaspora|date=14 March 2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 December 2009}}</ref> A 2009 article in the ''[[FT Magazine]]'' put the number of Tamils at up to 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/39baad52-b92c-11de-98ee-00144feab49a|title=Young Tamils swap bombs for BlackBerrys|last=Asokan|first=Shyamantha|date=16 October 2009|work=FT Magazine|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

They are spread out throughout the country. The largest population of British Sri Lankan Tamils can be found in London, chiefly in [[Harrow, Middlesex|Harrow]] (North West London), [[East Ham]] and across [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] (East London) and [[Tooting]] (South London), although Tamil population can be find across North, East and South London.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2010/01/21/next-year-in-jaffna|title=The Economist|newspaper=The Economist|date=2010-01-21}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2023}} The community generally has far lower birth rates in comparison to other South Asian ethnic groups, with one child for two parents being the norm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N4ART4.pdf|title=The Sri Lankan Population of Great Britain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190214/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N4ART4.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Socioeconomics ==
Unlike immigrants to countries in Continental Europe, the majority of Sri Lankan Tamils that went to live in Anglo-Saxon countries achieved entry through non-refugee methods such as educational visas and family reunion visas, owing to the highly educated in Sri Lanka being literate in English as well as Tamil. This resulted in the first generation diaspora falling into highly professional jobs such as medicine and law after studying at British educational facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snis.ch/system/files/children_of_refugees.pdf|title=Children of Refugees|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514124240/https://snis.ch/system/files/children_of_refugees.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/content/39baad52-b92c-11de-98ee-00144feab49a|title=FT on Sri Lankan Tamils|newspaper=Financial Times|date=16 October 2009}}</ref>

The result was that the community was perceived as being similar to the rest of the Indian community (see:[[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Ugandan Indian Refugees]]) and therefore also gave them a more middle class image.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/634/1/uk_bl_ethos_493555.pdf|title=Unique Socioeconomic Positioning of Sri Lankan Tamils}}</ref> The community, for the most part, did not suffer from the problems with criminality, anti-social behaviour, or poor socioeconomic demographics that have plagued other immigrant communities, although there are small Tamil criminal gangs present in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snis.ch/system/files/children_of_refugees.pdf|title=Children of Refugees|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514124240/https://snis.ch/system/files/children_of_refugees.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Tamil Chamber of Commerce (TCC), for example, estimated in March 2011 that there are 5,000 Tamil-owned businesses in UK with a turnover of 1 billion GBP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=33405|title=Tamil Chamber of Commerce}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage of children gaining 5 'A* to C' grades<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvRICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|title=Percentage of Children Gaining 5 A* - C at GCSE|date=2003|isbn=9781447314615|last1=Rutter|first1=Jill|publisher=Policy Press }}</ref>
!Ethnicity
!Difference from average (%) in 2011
!Difference from average (%) in 2003
|-
|Chinese
| +38%
| +11%
|-
|Sri Lankan Tamil
| +32.5%
| +8%
|-
|Indian
| +29.9%
| +7%
|-
|Bangladeshi
| +1.8%
| -9.3%
|-
|Average
|0
|0
|-
|White British
| -2.3%
| +1%
|-
|Pakistani
| -8.6%
| -11.3%
|-
|Somali
| -23.7%
| -22.3%
|}

== Politics ==
The Sri Lankan Civil War has played a crucial role in the political actions of the [[Eelam|Eelam Tamil]] community. A number of activist organisations have been established by first generation immigrants in order to represent the voice of the [[Eelam]] Tamil community on the island, and several major protests have been held in order to forward various viewpoints surrounding the [[Eelam War IV|Eelam war]], most notable of which was a mass demonstration in April 2009 which drew nearly 100,000 protestors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elibrary.humanitariansrilanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SL_Diaspora_Papers_-madurika-Rasaratnam.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180634/http://elibrary.humanitariansrilanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SL_Diaspora_Papers_-madurika-Rasaratnam.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 24, 2017|title=Political Identity of the British Tamil Diaspora}}</ref>

The second generation have, however, generally been more emotionally detached from the politics of the civil war, giving more priority to the issues in the United Kingdom and European Union, and preferring to refrain from involving themselves into the more extreme activism surrounding the civil war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/634/1/uk_bl_ethos_493555.pdf|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The second generation generally do not speak Tamil fluently enough to relate to South Asian culture and media, beyond news and politics, and therefore have traditionally avoided popular Indian culture like [[Kollywood]] (music and films) and literature. A number of scholars have suggested that this points to a relative success of integration by the community.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Refugees and the Second Generation|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=40|issue=14|pages=2444–2462|doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1252461|year = 2017|last1 = Bloch|first1 = Alice|last2=Hirsch|first2=Shirin|s2cid=152002301|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/623131/3/Bloch_and_Hirsch_ERS_2016_author_accepted_.pdf}}</ref>

=== Social values ===
The community has some paternal aspects that clash with liberal western youth values. A number of second generation have commented on how their first generation parents tend to look down on many elements of western youth culture (binge drinking, illegal drugs, promiscuity, etc.), and issues such as mental illness, homophobia, and misogyny have often received minor vocal opposition from first generation Sri Lankans.<ref name=":0" />{{Page needed|date=March 2019}}

However, there are elements of Sri Lankan Tamil culture that are markedly more liberal than other South Asian communities. There is widespread tolerance towards the concept of love before marriage and the majority of Tamils are not subject to forced marriage (arranged marriages are always optional), and women are often encouraged to participate in the education and labour market prior to marriage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/634/|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils - A comparative analysis of the experiences of the second generation in the UK and Sri Lanka|last=Cowley-Sathiakumar|first=Shanthini Rebecca|type=PhD|publisher=University of Leeds|date=August 2008}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2019}}

=== Religion ===
Tamils are mostly [[Hindus]], albeit a small Christian population along with Tamil-speaking Muslims also exist; much of Tamil traditional culture is rooted in Hinduism and Christian Tamils find it increasingly difficult to maintain a cultural identity that is separate and distinct from Hinduism. 'Raj' argued that there has been a 'Hindu resurgence' in the UK, whereby the young second generation living in the Hindu diaspora are reconstructing and realigning themselves with the faith of their parents, although religious adherence has largely declined over time in the United Kingdom as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceres.rub.de/en/people/phds/sandhya-marla/|title=Sandhya Marla}}{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Chakravoty discusses how British Sri Lankan Tamil youth often carried forward elements of Tamil culture from their parents into their own daily lives, such as the widespread practice of religious rituals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QDgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages|last1=Chakravorty|first1=Pallabi|last2=Gupta|first2=Nilanjana|date=2012-08-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136516139|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|United Kingdom}}
* [[British Indian]]
* [[British Sri Lankans]]
* [[British Tamils Forum]] (BTF)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Diaspora}}
{{Sri Lankan diaspora}}
{{AsiansinUK}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil}}
[[Category:British people of Tamil descent|*]]
[[Category:British people of Sri Lankan descent|*]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|British]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Europe|British]]

Ministry of Steel

2026-03-15T16:43:36Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Steel
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| formed =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Ministry of Steel Udyog Bhawan Dr. Maulana Azad Road New Delhi,110011 [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|70.15|c}} (2023-24 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe97.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj5mbqahLT_AhV6V2wGHUsYCpwQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1gqM53yJqZk6ui-QCfA1Dp |title=Budget data |date=2023 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[H.D. Kumaraswamy]]
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister
| website = [http://steel.gov.in steel.gov.in]
| logo = Ministry of Steel India.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Ministry of Steel
| chief1_name = Sandeep Pondrik, IAS
| chief1_position = Steel Secretary
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
}}
The '''Ministry of Steel''' is an executive branch agency of the [[Government of India]] that is responsible for formulating all policies regarding [[steel]] production, distribution and pricing in [[India]].<ref name="Website of Ministry of Steel on National Portal of India">{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-ministry-steel |title=Website of Ministry of Steel on National Portal of India |date=2018-01-20 |website=www.india.gov.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> As of June 2024, the ministry is headed by a Secretary Rank IAS officer, who is its administrative head, while the political head is a minister of cabinet rank, [[H.D. Kumaraswamy]], assisted by a Minister of State.

== Functions of the ministry ==
*Coordination of data from various sources for the growth of the [[iron and steel industry in India]]
*Formulation of policies in respect of production, pricing, distribution, import and export of [[iron]] and [[steel]] and [[ferroalloy]]s
*Planning and development of and assistance to the entire iron and steel industry in the country
*Development of the input industries relating to [[iron ore]], [[manganese]] [[ore]], [[Refractory|refractories]] and others required by the steel industry

== Attached/subordinate offices and institutes ==
*[[Joint Plant Committee (JPC)]]
**A select organisation whose goal is the promotion of steel, coordinating work of the main producers
*National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology (NISST)
**NISST aims to be a single source for all the requirements of the secondary steel sector
* Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute
**Situated in [[Puri]], BPNSI is an institute of modern steel technology. It provides education and training, research and development, and consultancy to the steel sector.

== Schemes and Programmes ==
*Bharat Steel
*National Metallurgist Award Scheme
*Steel Import Monitoring System (SIMS)

==Steel Consumers Council==
The members of the [[Steel Consumers Council]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/steel.aspx| title=India is the world's third-largest producer of crude steel | work=steel.ibef.org | access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-07/news/64178310_1_indian-steel-iisco-steel-srtmi| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012033820/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-07/news/64178310_1_indian-steel-iisco-steel-srtmi| url-status=dead| archive-date=12 October 2015| title=India overtakes US as 3rd largest steel producer | work=Economic Times| access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/beni-promises-10-steel-units-in-uttar-pradesh-114020300706_1.html| title=Beni Prasad Verma promises 10 steel units in Uttar Pradesh | work=business-standard.com | access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/steel-ministry-moots-price-regulator-open-to-duty-cut-104061401047_1.html| title=18th national steel consumers council chaired by Cabinet Minister | work=business-standard.com | access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=24th Meeting of Steel Consumer's Council Chaired by Steel {{sic|nolink=y|Ministy}} Of India|url=https://www.industrialnews.in/events/3197-24th-meeting-of-steel-consumer%E2%80%99s-council-chaired-by-steel-ministy-of-india.html|publisher=industrialnews.in|date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=24th Meeting of Steel Consumer's Council Circular|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102937|date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://steel.gov.in/steel%20consumer%20council%2030.09.2014.pdf | work=steel.gov.in | title=Formation of Steel Consumers Council | access-date=14 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064221/http://steel.gov.in/steel%20consumer%20council%2030.09.2014.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> are nominated by the Minister of Steel. The tenure of the council was initially fixed for two years, and it was re-constituted on 25 February 2010. The term of the present council is up to 29 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://steel.nic.in/act/boards.htm|title= Boards Councils Committees|work= steel.gov.in|access-date= 14 January 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074502/http://steel.nic.in/act/boards.htm|archive-date= 6 January 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://steel.gov.in/act/arrangement.htm | title=Steel Consumers Council | work=steel.gov.in | access-date=14 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064023/http://steel.gov.in/act/arrangement.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Central Public Sector Undertakings ==
*[[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL)
*[[NMDC Limited]]
*[[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited]] (RINL)
*[[KIOCL Limited]]
*[[MECON Limited]]
*[[Manganese Ore Limited]] (MOIL)
*[[Metal Scrap Trade Corporation Limited, New Delhi ]] (MSTC)
*[[Sponge Iron India Limited]] (SIIL)
*Bird Group of Companies

==Cabinet Ministers==
*'''Note:''' I/C {{ndash}} Independent Charge
*'''Key:''' {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Fuel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]}}
| 10 April 1962
| 21 November 1963
| {{ayd|1962|4|10|1963|11|21}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Engineering
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 21 November 1963
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 1964
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|11|21|1964|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 1964
| rowspan="2"| 24 January 1966
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1966|1|24}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Iron and Steel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Tribhuvan Narayan Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State)
| 29 January 1966
| 13 March 1967
| {{ayd|1966|1|29|1967|3|13}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 16 March 1967
| 24 April 1968
| {{ayd|1967|3|16|1968|4|24}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}} (Minister of State)
| 24 April 1968
| 14 February 1969
| {{ayd|1968|4|24|1969|2|14}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Heavy Engineering
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:C M Poonacha.gif|70px]]
| '''[[C. M. Poonacha]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 15 November 1969
| {{ayd|1969|2|14|1969|11|15}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 15 November 1969
| 27 June 1970
| {{ayd|1969|11|15|1970|6|27}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Bali Ram Bhagat portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]}}
| 27 June 1970
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|1970|6|27|1971|3|18}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:S. Mohan Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1973) MP for [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Pondicherry]]}}
| 18 March 1971
| 2 May 1971
| {{ayd|1971|3|18|1971|5|2}}
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:S. Mohan Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1973) MP for [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Pondicherry]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 31 May 1973{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|5|31}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 May 1973
| 23 July 1973
| {{ayd|1973|5|31|1973|7|23}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:T. A. Pai photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. A. Pai]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Karnataka]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 23 July 1973
| 11 January 1974
| {{ayd|1973|7|23|1974|1|11}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Keshav Dev Malviya portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]}}
| 11 January 1974
| 10 October 1974
| {{ayd|1974|1|11|1974|10|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Chandrajit Yadav.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandrajit Yadav]]''' {{small|(1930{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]}} (Minister of State)
| 10 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| {{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Biju Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 26 March 1977
| 15 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|3|26|1979|7|15}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 July 1979
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1979|7|16|1979|7|28}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Biju Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 30 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|7|30|1980|1|14}}
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[West Bengal]] (Rajya Sabha), till 1981 MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha), from 1981}}
| 16 January 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|1980|1|16|1982|1|15}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. D. Tiwari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 14 February 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|2|14}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[N. K. P. Salve]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 14 February 1983
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1983|2|14|1984|10|31}}
|-
| 31 October 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vasant Sathe (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vasant Sathe]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
| 25 September 1985
| 12 April 1987
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1987|4|12}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vasant Sathe (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vasant Sathe]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]}}
| 12 April 1987
| 25 July 1987
| {{ayd|1987|4|12|1987|7|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Makhan Lal Fotedar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Makhan Lal Fotedar]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 25 July 1987
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1987|7|25|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
|
| '''[[Dinesh Goswami]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 6 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Ashoke Sen official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[West Bengal]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Mohan Dev addressing the press conference in New Delhi on November 20, 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Mohan Dev]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 21 June 1991
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1996|5|16}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| Self
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Birendra Prasad Baishya.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 29 June 1996
| rowspan="2"| 19 March 1998
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|29|1998|3|19}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Odisha_CM_Naveen_Patnaik_in_October_2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Naveen Patnaik]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|
| '''[[Dilip Ray]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Odisha]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 13 October 1999
| 27 May 2000
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|5|27}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|
| '''[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 27 May 2000
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2000|5|27|2004|5|27}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
| [[File:Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Virbhadra Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Beni Prasad Verma (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Beni Prasad Verma]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 12 Jul 2011)
| 19 January 2011
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2011|1|19|2014|5|26}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|2014|5|26|2016|7|5}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Chaudhary Birender Singh with Venkaiah Naidu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|'''Chaudhary Birender Singh''']] {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Haryana]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Petroleum & Natural Gas, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan being greeted by the Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Dr. M.M. Kutty, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| {{ayd|2019|5|31|2021|7|7}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| [[File:R. C. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 7 July 2021
| 6 July 2022
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2022|7|6}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 6 July 2022
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2022|7|6|2024|6|10}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
| [[File:HDK Minister of Steel.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H.D. Kumaraswamy]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2024|6|10}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Fuel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Keshav Dev Malviya portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]] Minister of Mines and Oil from 25 Apr 1957}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
| 13 March 1967
| 24 April 1968
| {{ayd|13 Mar 1967|24 Apr 1968}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Heavy Engineering
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 27 June 1970
| {{ayd|1969|2|14|1970|6|2}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 5 February 1973
| {{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|2|5}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Kariya Munda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kariya Munda]]''' {{small|(born 1936) MP for [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]}}
| 14 August 1977
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
| [[File:P.M. Sayeed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. M. Sayeed]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]}}
| 4 August 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
| [[File:Minister of Tribal Affairs and Panchayati Raj V. Kishore Chandra Deo (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]}}
| 4 August 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''Charanjit Chanana''' {{small|MP for [[Delhi]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 15 January 1982
| 2 September 1982
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1982|9|2}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 14 February 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|2|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Gargi Shankar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni]]}}
| 2 September 1982
| 6 September 1982
| {{ayd|1982|9|2|1982|9|6}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:K. Natwar Singh 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. Natwar Singh]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2024) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] Minister of State, Steel}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]] Minister of State, Mines}}
| 25 September 1985
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1988|2|14}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramanand Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1927) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha) Minister of State, Mines}}
| 14 February 1988
| 12 April 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|4|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Yogendra Makwana]]''' {{small|(born 1933) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 14 February 1988
| 2 October 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|10|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Mahabir Prasad addressing the third meeting of the National Khadi and Village Industries Board (NKVIB), in New Delhi on July 16, 2008.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mahaveer Prasad]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] Minister of State, Mines}}
| 4 July 1989
| 2 November 1989
| {{ayd|1989|7|4|1989|11|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|
| '''[[Basavaraj Patil Anwari]]''' {{small|(born 1943) MP for [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]}}
| 21 November 1990
| 20 February 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|2|20}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ramesh Bais in 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramesh Bais]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Akhilesh Das Gupta (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Akhilesh Das]]''' {{small|(1961{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 January 2006
| 6 April 2008
| {{ayd|2006|1|29|2008|4|6}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jitin Prasada assuming office as Minister of State, Road Transport and Highways (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jitin Prasada]]''' {{small|(born 1973) MP for [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]}}
| 6 April 2008
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2008|4|6|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri A. Sai Prathap assumes charge as the Minister of State for Steel, in New Delhi on June 03, 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}
| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vishnu Deo Sai, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2019|5|30}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Faggan Singh Kulaste addressing function at 7th Indian Organ Donation Day (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2019|5|31|2024|6|10}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Bhupathi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]''' {{small|(born 1967) MP for [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]}}
| 11 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2024|6|10}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Deputy Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
|{{small|8 June}} 1962
|{{small|21 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|6|8|1963|11|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Engineering
|-
!rowspan="2"| (1)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
|{{small|21 November}} 1963
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|11|21|1964|6|9}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] {{small|(Acting)}}
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
!rowspan="2"| (1)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
|{{small|15 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|6|15|1966|1|24}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] {{small|(Acting)}}
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Iron and Steel
|-
!(1)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
|{{small|29 January}} 1966
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1966|1|29|1967|3|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel, Mines and Metals
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ram Sewak Chowdhary]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2012) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
|{{small|13 November}} 1967
|{{small|14 February}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|11|13|1969|2|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel and Heavy Engineering
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]}}
|{{small|14 February}} 1969
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1969|2|14|1971|5|2}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Subodh Chandra Hansda]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]}}
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|2|6|1974|10|10}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sukhdev Prasad Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Sukhdev Prasad]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1995)}} Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1973|2|5|1977|3|24}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://steel.nic.in}} of the Ministry of Steel

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Steel| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Steel]]

Jayshree Misra Tripathi

2026-03-14T18:17:21Z

Rohit Singh: Started stub...

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1956)}}
{{Not to be confused with|Jaishree Misra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Jayshree Misra Tripathi
| image = Jayshree Misra Tripathi.jpg
| caption = Tripathi in 2022
| other_names = Jayshree Tripathi
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| education = * [[Delhi University]] (Master of arts)
* [[National Law School of India University]] (Postgraduate Diploma in Human Rights Law)
| occupation = Writer, educator and poet
| years_active = 1983 – 2015
| known_for = [[Women’s empowerment]]
| notable_works = ''[[The Other Side of Diplomacy]]''
}}
'''Jayshree Misra Tripathi''' (born 1956) is an Indian poet, short story writer, and educator known for her works exploring cross-cultural experiences, women’s voices, and human resilience. She writes in English, drawing from her global experiences as a former diplomatic spouse.

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Odisha, India]], Tripathi completed her M.A. in English from [[Delhi University]] in 1978. She later earned a Postgraduate Diploma in [[International human rights law|Human Rights Law]] from the [[National Law School of India University]] in 2001. Her early career included brief stints in print media during the 1980s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Jayshree Misra |title=Reflections on a Collaborative Novel by Nine Authors |url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/author/jayshree-misra-tripathi |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=thepunchmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=JAYSHREE MISRA TRIPATHI |url=https://kalingaliteraryfestival.com/speakers/jayshree-misra-tripathi/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Kalinga Literary Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

Tripathi’s writing centres on the silenced voices of women and cross-cultural narratives, influenced by her nomadic life.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Himansu S. |date=27 February 2021 |title=An Odia Woman Writer's Voyage In And Out |url=https://odishabytes.com/an-odia-woman-writers-voyage-in-and-out/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Odisha Bytes |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She has been an educator for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Amrita |date=2016-05-27 |title=India's diplomatic spouses: The dynamic women behind the exotic facade |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/indias-diplomatic-spouses-dynamic-women-behind-exotic-facade-43924 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] her poems examined the uncertainties of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2020 |title=Lockdown verse: Jayshree Misra Tripathi and Priya Sarukkai Chabria share their poems |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/lockdown-verse-jayshree-misra-tripathi-and-priya-sarukkai-chabria-poems-6402905/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Tripathi has contributed to [[Huffington Post India]], [[News18 India]], and [[Odisha Bytes]], with her works reviewed in the ''[[Sahitya Akademi]]’s Journal of Indian Literature''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayshree Tripathi |url=https://delhipoetryfest.org/member/jayshree-tripathi/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Delhi Poetry Festival 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tripathi incorporates her [[Madden (surname)|maiden surname]], Misra, in her writing as the eldest of five daughters.<ref name=":3" />

Tripathi has lived in diverse cultures for over thirty years. Her late husband was a career [[diplomat]] in the [[Indian Foreign Service]]. She resides in [[Delhi]] following his retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Amrita |date=27 May 2016 |title=India's diplomatic spouses: The dynamic women behind the exotic facade |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/indias-diplomatic-spouses-dynamic-women-behind-exotic-facade-43924 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jayshree Misra Tripathi {{!}} Guest Author at OdishaTV |url=https://odishatv.in/author/jayshree-misra-tripathi-16391 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Jayshree Misra Tripathi {{!}} Guest Author at OdishaTV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
==Further reading==
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[Women writers]]

== Selected works ==
* {{cite journal |last=Tripathi |first=Jayshree Misra |date=2002 |title=My Distant Aunt... and I |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10778010222183116 |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=399–402 |doi=10.1177/10778010222183116 |issn=1077-8012 |access-date=2025-06-12|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Jayshree Misra |title=Dilemmas & scattered weaves : musings in narrative verse & flash vignettes of travels through the diaspora |publisher=Quills Ink Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-84318-38-3 |publication-place=New Delhi, India |oclc=930864506}}
* {{cite book |last=TRIPATHI |first=Jayshree MISRA |title=What Not Words Short Stories: Short Stories Set in India and the Diaspora |date=2018-12-20 |publisher=Authors Press |isbn=978-1-7919-2532-1}}<ref>Review of ''What Not Words Short Stories''
*{{Cite journal |last=Sarma |first=U Atreya |date=2020 |editor-last=Tripath |editor-first=JayshreeMisra |title=A Fictionalised Memoir with an Exotic and Diplomatic Touch |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27267058 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=64 |issue=5 (319) |pages=184–186 |jstor=27267058 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

* {{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Jayshree Misra |title=Trips And Trials: A Selection of Poems and Songs |publisher=PepperScript |year=2018 |isbn=9789384411534}}<ref>Reviews of ''Trips And Trials''
*{{Cite journal |last=Dimri |first=Jaiwanti |date=2019 |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=Jayshree Misra |title=Facing the World Through Words |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27276753 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=63 |issue=6 (314) |pages=231–233 |jstor=27276753 |issn=0019-5804}}
*{{Cite web |last=Quraishi |first=Humra |date=2019-01-16 |title=INTENSE VERSE LEAVES IMPRINT ON THE SOUL {{!}} Tehelka |url=https://tehelka.com/intense-verse-leaves-imprint-on-the-soul/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=tehelka.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

*

* {{cite book |last= |first= |title=[[The Other Side of Diplomacy]] |publisher=Westland Non-Fiction, an imprint of Westland Books, a division of Nasadiya Technologies Private Limited |year=2025 |isbn=978-93-6045-989-5 |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=Jayshree Misra |publication-place=Chennai |oclc=1506115546}}<ref name=":0">Reviews of ''The other side of diplomacy''
* {{Cite web |title=Book Review: The Other Side of Diplomacy by Jayshree Misra Tripathi – Asian News from UK |url=https://asianlite.com/2025/lite-blogs/book-review-the-other-side-of-diplomacy-by-jayshree-misra-tripathi/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kissu |first=Sagrika |date=28 February 2025 |title=This event about diplomacy wasn't about ambassadors. Their spouses were the stars |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/this-event-about-diplomacy-wasnt-about-ambassadors-their-spouses-were-the-stars/2514238/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 February 2025 |title=Westland Books is all set to release Jayshree Misra Tripathi's book The Other Side Of Diplomacy on the unseen lives of Diplomatic Spouses. |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/westland-books-is-all-set-to-release-jayshree-misra-tripathis-book-the-other-side-of-diplomacy-on-the-unseen-lives-of-diplomatic-spouses |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=City Air News |language=en}}
* {{cite web |last=Datta |first=Vikas |date=2025-03-06 |title='JFK, mass cooking, and fashion fiascos': The colourful but exacting lives of Indian diplomatic spouses (Book Review) |url=https://ianslive.in/jfk-mass-cooking-and-fashion-fiascos-the-colourful-but-exacting-lives-of-indian-diplomatic-spouses-book-review--20250306133855 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=IANS News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Jayshree Misra}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Educators from Odisha]]
[[Category:National Law School of India University]]

Beratha Jeeva

2026-03-03T22:27:14Z

Rohit Singh: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Beratha Jeeva
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]]
| producer = K. R. Seetharama Sastry [[Shivaram]]
| based_on = ''[[Paalum Pazhamum]]'' (Tamil) (1961)
| screenplay = Ku Ra Seetharam Shastry
| starring = [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[K. S. Ashwath]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = K. Janakiram
| editing = Bal G. Yadav
| studio = Viridha Bharathi
| distributor = Viridha Bharathi
| released = {{Film date|1965|01|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Beratha Jeeva''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬೆರೆತ ಜೀವ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Mixed lives}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]] and produced by [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Shivaram]]. The film stars [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] and [[K. S. Ashwath]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bereta-jeeva-1965|title=Beratha Jeeva|accessdate=2015-01-17|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/bereta-jeeva.htm|title=Beratha Jeeva|accessdate=2015-01-17|publisher=bharatmovies.com|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119064524/http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/bereta-jeeva.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie is a remake of the 1961 Tamil movie ''[[Palum Pazhamum]]''.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kalyan Kumar]] as Dr. Rajashekhar
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Sudha
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[H. R. Shastry]]
*[[Raghavendra Rao]]
*Shivaraj
*[[M. Jayashree]]
*Lakshmidevi
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Bereta-Jeeva-K0001183|title=Bereta Jeeva Songs|accessdate=2015-01-17|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Ankada Parade" || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=3|[[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]] || 03:29
|-
| "Beku Beku" || rowspan=2|[[P. Susheela]] [[P.B. Srinivas]] || 04:02
|-
| "Nanna Dhaatiya Neenariye" ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. R. Seetharama Sastry]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Veera Parampare

2026-03-03T21:36:51Z

Rohit Singh: adjusted references after review and corrected details

{{Short description|2010 film by S. Narayan}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veera Parampare
| image = Veera Parampare.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| producer = S. Narayan
| writer = S. Narayan
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Sudeepa]] [[Aindrita Ray]]
| music ='''Songs:'''S. Narayan '''Score:''' Dharma Vish
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = P. R. Soundarraj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|10|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR Convert|5|c}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/three-kannada-films-to-be-released-next-week-news-kannada-kkwlzIibfaasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035309/http://www.sify.com/movies/three-kannada-films-to-be-released-next-week-news-kannada-kkwlzIibfaasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 26, 2018|title=Three Kannada films to be released next week|website=[[Sify]]|date=Oct 22, 2010  }}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Veera Parampare''''' ({{lit|Heroic heritage}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written, produced and directed by [[S.Narayan]] under his home banner. The film stars [[Ambareesh]], [[Sudeepa]] and [[Aindritha Ray]] in the lead roles. Narayan also composed music for the film. The film was dubbed in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Nafrat Ki Aandhi'' in 2014.

== Plot ==
Teja is the adopted son of Varade Gowda, a village chieftain and demigod in the village, who is fighting for the villagers' rights to prevent their land getting usurped by industrialists. However, Teja and Varade Gowda have to face a rivalry with Nanche Gowda's son Bhaire Gowda, whose father was killed by Varade Gowda years ago for usurping the farmers' lands and is still continuing to usurp the land. Sapna, Varade Gowda's second daughter, falls for Teja, who later reciprocates her feelings.

One day, Varade Gowda's first daughter Gowri, marries a boy, and is thrown out of the house. Later, Teja finds out that Gowri has attempted suicide. While he visits her at the hospital, he learns that her boyfriend had duped her. Gowri requests Teja to make Varade Gowda perform her funeral, to which he reluctantly agrees. Teja manages to make Varade Gowda perform her funeral, without the latter's knowledge. After this, the police arrest Teja for Gowri's disappearance, while Varade Gowda also berates him. After Teja's arrest, a drunkard reveals Teja's innocence, and Varade Gowda heads to the court to arrange a bail for Teja, but Bhaire Gowda's men attack Varade Gowda.

However, Varade Gowda manages to escape and gets admitted to the hospital. It is later revealed that Gowri's boyfriend is actually the son of Nanche Gowda's henchmen, who was also responsible for Teja's father's death (The man was actually killed by Teja in his childhood) and wanted to take revenge against Varade Gowda and Teja. Bhaire Gowda also supports him and planned everything to ruin Varade Gowda's family by separating Gowri and Teja. In the police custody, Teja learns from an officer that Bhaire Gowda has planned to eliminate Varade Gowda in the hospital. Enraged, Teja escapes from custody and reaches the hospital, where Teja, along with recovered Varade Gowda, defeats Bhaire Gowda and Gowri's boyfriend. After this, Teja reunites with Varade Gowda.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ambareesh]] as Varade Gowda
* [[Sudeepa]] as Teja
* [[Aindritha Ray]] as Sapna, Varade Gowda's daughter in law
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] as Almelu, Varade Gowda's wife
* [[Shobaraj (Kannada Actor)|Shobharaj]] as Teja's father
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Sunil
* BV Bhaskar
* [[Hemashree]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hemashri {{!}} Appu {{!}} Surendra Babu {{!}} Kannada Seriel Actress {{!}} ಹೇಮಾಶ್ರೀ ಅಸಹಜ ಸಾವು: ಕೊಲೆಯೋ, ಆತ್ಮಹತ್ಯೆಯೋ? |url=http://m.kannada.webdunia.com/kannada-cinema-news/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%9C-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B-112101100031_1.htm?amp=1 |website=m.kannada.webdunia.com |access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film started its regular shooting from 2 April in [[Gokak]], [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and nearby places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/05/03/veera-parampare-completes-first-schedule-116313/|title=Veera Parampare completes first schedule}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film has been composed by the director [[S. Narayan]] himself. He has also penned down the lyrics for the soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/viraparampare|title=Viraparampare songs download|work=Gaana|access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Track# !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Tangaaliyalli Teli Hode" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 2 || "Yethathalo Maaya" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| 3 || "Moodal Seeme" || [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
| 4 || "Ayyayyyo" || [[Suzanne D'Mello]], Akash Talapatra
|-
| 5 || "Ambaradaa" || Milli Nair
|-
| 6 || "Nanna Mannidu" || Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|}

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

''[[Rediff]]'' wrote "Veera Parampare has nothing extraordinary or new to offer, but Ambareesh and Sudeep fans won't be disappointed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-veera-parampare/20101101.htm|title = Veera Parampare has great performances}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
'''[[58th Filmfare Awards South]] :-'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada|Best Actress - Kannada]] - '''Nominated''' - [[Aindrita Ray]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Kannada|Best Supporting Actor - Kannada]] - '''Nominated''' - [[Ambareesh]]<ref name="58th FFS">{{cite web|url=http://www.southdreamz.com/36096/nominees-for-58th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008095851/http://www.southdreamz.com/36096/nominees-for-58th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-india/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 October 2013|title=Nominees for 58th Idea Filmfare Awards – South India|publisher=southdreamz.com|date= 2 June 2011|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>

'''[[Suvarna Film Awards]] :-'''
*[[Suvarna Film Awards#Best Actress|Best Actress]] - '''Nominated''' - [[Aindrita Ray]]<ref name="3rd SFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article429129.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221085528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article429129.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|title=Suvarna Film Awards Announced|publisher=newindianexpress.com|date=4 June 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2922076|Veera Parampare}}

{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bijapur, Karnataka]]

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

2026-03-03T05:14:20Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Short description|City governing body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| logo = File:GHMC logo.png
| coa-pic = File:Ghmc1.jpg
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| jurisdiction = Hyderabad
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1869}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |website=ghmc.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017055525/http://ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 = [[2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|11 February 2021]]
| leader2_type = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = [[2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|11 February 2021]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = R. V. Karnan (IAS)
|preceded_by=[[Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]] (2007)
|succeeded_by = *Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
*[[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation]] and
*[[Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation]] (2026) <ref>{{cite web | title=Congress' Big Hyderabad Municipal Body Shake Up Before Crucial Election | date=11 February 2026 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/congress-big-hyderabad-municipal-body-shake-up-before-crucial-election-10986744}}</ref>
| seats = '''150'''
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (43)<ref name="bypoll" />
* {{colorbox|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (43)<ref name="bypoll">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/jolt-to-bjp-as-rajasekhar-of-congress-wins-in-lingojiguda/articleshow/82376988.cms|title = Jolt to BJP as Rajasekhar of Congress wins in Lingojiguda | Hyderabad News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="defection">{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=17 October 2023 |title=Hyderabad: BRS Madhapur corporator Jagadeeshwar Goud joins Congress |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-brs-madhapur-corporator-jagadeeshwar-goud-joins-congress-2726179/ |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="defection2" />
*{{colorbox|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (41)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ghmc-polls-trs-wins-mayoral-posts-with-aimim-extending-last-minute-support-101613050221656.html|title=Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2021 }}</ref>
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (23)<ref name="defection" /><ref name="defection2">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=27 October 2023 |title=Ex-Congress Leader to Form Revanth Badhitula Sena |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/271023/congress-leader-from-hyderabad-joins-brs.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|1 December 2020]]
| next_election1 = TBD (To be decided)
| session_room = Ghmc1.jpg
| meeting_place = GHMC Building
| website = {{URL|http://www.ghmc.gov.in/}}
| motto = On Mission Tomorrow
}}

The '''Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation''' ('''GHMC''') is the civic body that oversees [[Hyderabad]], the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the local government for the city of Hyderabad. The GHMC is responsible for civic administration, including urban planning, sanitation, road maintenance, and public health services. It was the [[List of municipal corporations in India|largest municipal corporations in India]] with an area of 2053 km2<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-01 |title=GHMC expansion plan likely to double wards of civic body to 300 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-expansion-plan-likely-to-double-wards-of-civic-body-to-300/articleshow/125679581.cms |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> until 11 February 2026, when GHMC was split into three independent municipal corporations.<ref name="richest"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/civic-split-raises-red-flags-over-fiscal-strain/articleshow/128272911.cms|title=Civic split raises red flags over fiscal strain}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Hyderabad Municipal Board (1869–1933) ===
In 1869, municipal administration was first introduced for the city of Hyderabad.<ref name="hy1">{{cite news |title=Birth and growth of Hyderabad municipal corporation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2013/sep/16/birth-and-growth-of-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-517183.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 September 2013}}</ref> The city of Hyderabad was divided into four and the suburbs of Chaderghat were divided into five divisions. The whole management of both the city and the suburbs was handled by the then City Police Commissioner, Kotwal-e-Baldia.<ref name="ghmc.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ |title=ghmc.gov.in |access-date=23 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101030345/http://ghmc.gov.in/ |archive-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

=== Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (1933–2007) ===
In 1933, Chaderghat Municipality was merged with Hyderabad Municipality to form Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and was given statutory status under the Hyderabad Municipal Act. During the following year (1934), the first elections were held for Municipal Corporation and a Standing Committee was appointed at that time.<ref name="ghmc.gov.in" />

In 1937, Jubilee Hills Municipality was formed by the amalgamation of Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hills. Later, in 1942, the corporation status for the city was removed. In the year 1945, Secunderabad Municipality was formed. Again in 1950, Hyderabad regained its lost Corporation status along with the amalgamation of Jubilee Hills Municipality.

The Hyderabad Corporation and the Secunderabad Corporation, were established in 1950 via the Hyderabad Corporation Act. Jubilee Hills Municipality merged in Hyderabad Corporation during this time.<ref name="ghmc.gov.in" /> In 1955, the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act merged the [[municipal corporation]]s overseeing Hyderabad and neighbouring Secunderabad.

Once again in 1955, both the municipal corporations of Hyderabad and Secunderabad were merged to form Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH). In 1956, Hyderabad became capital of Andhra Pradesh after the state was formed.

=== Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (2007–2025) ===
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was formed on 16 April 2007 by merging 12 municipalities and 8 gram panchayats with the [[Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]]. The municipalities are [[L. B. Nagar]], [[Gaddi Annaram]], [[Uppal Kalan]], [[Malkajgiri]], [[Kapra]], [[Alwal]], [[Quthbullapur]], [[Kukatpally]], [[Serilingampally]], [[Rajendranagar]], [[Ramachandrapuram, Medak district|Ramachandrapuram]], and [[Patancheru]]. These municipalities are in [[Rangareddy district]] and [[Medak district]]. The panchayats are [[Shamshabad]], Satamarai, Jallapalli, Mamdipalli, Mankhal, Almasguda, Sardanagar and Ravirala.

The Government Order 261 was initially issued in July 2005. Now, the Supreme Court has rejected the plea to interfere into the matter, the Andhra Pradesh government has passed the GO 261 that is related to the creation of Greater Hyderabad on 16 April 2007. Earlier, the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad had a population of 45 lakhs living in an area of 172 km2. The new urban agglomeration sprawls across {{convert|625|km2|sqmi}} with a population of 67 lakhs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-geographical-map-of-Hyderabad-released/articleshow/45543021.cms|title=New geographical map of Hyderabad released|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> The erstwhile city of the Nizams has now transformed into an area far greater.

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) comprises the limits of the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) along with 10 municipalities and 8 panchayats in erstwhile [[Ranga Reddy district]] and 2 municipalities in erstwhile [[Medak district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/greater-hyderabad-formed-107041801041_1.html|title=Greater Hyderabad formed}}</ref> Secunderabad cantonment does not come under purview of GHMC. There are eight civilian wards in Secunderabad Cantonment Board, with a population of four lakh.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Secunderabad Cantonment Board met just twice this year to discuss people issues |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/dec/28/scb-met-just-twice-this-year-to-discuss-peoples-issues-1917509.html}}</ref>
[[File:Ghmc building.jpg|thumb|GHMC Head Office]]
The Government has decided to divide the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation into six zones in 2019 (south, east, north, north east, west and central zones), [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad|30 circles and 150 wards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sixth-zone-created-in-ghmc/article23842019.ece|title=Sixth zone created in GHMC|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ghmcs-new-circles-to-be-established-by-june-1/article18579435.ece|title=GHMC's new circles to be established by June 1|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/|title=Outlook India - India's Best Magazine| Find Latest News, Top Headlines, Live Updates|website=Outlook India}}</ref> [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] has about 50 wards in seven circles. Each ward would cover about 40,000 - 50,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-to-add-50-more-wards-act-to-be-amended/articleshow/74719087.cms|title=GHMC to add 50 more wards, Act to be amended|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2020 }}</ref> The GHMC is headed by a Commissioner and also has a Special Commissioner both of whom belong to [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]. Each zone will have a zonal commissioner, an officer of the rank of additional commissioner with a deputy municipal commissioners heading every circle. There will also be a separate engineering wing with an Engineer in Chief and Chief Engineer at head office level and a superintending engineer for each zone; a town planning wing with Additional Commissioner (Planning) and a Chief City Planner at the head office level and a city planner for each zone.

In February 2018, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has listed its municipal bonds on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE). The civic body became the second to list its bonds on the BSE's newly launched bond platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indtoday.com/ghmc-lists-its-bonds-on-bse-bond-platform/|title = GHMC lists its bonds on BSE bond platform | INDToday|date = 22 February 2018}}</ref>

===Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (2025-2026)===

In November 2025, it was announced that the 27 adjoining [[List of urban local bodies in Telangana|urban local bodies]] (7 municipal corporations: [[Badangpet]], [[Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation|Bandlaguda Jagir]], [[Meerpet–Jillelguda]], [[Boduppal]], [[Peerzadiguda]], [[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]], [[Nizampet]] and 20 municipalities: [[Pedda Amberpet]], [[Jalpally]], [[Shamshabad]], [[Turkayamjal]], [[Manikonda]], [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]], [[Adibatla]], [[Tukkuguda]], [[Medchal]], [[Dammaiguda]], [[Nagaram, Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Nagaram]], [[Pocharam, Medak district|Pocharam]], [[Ghatkesar]], [[Gundlapochampalli]], [[Thumkunta]], [[Kompally]], [[Dundigal]], [[Bolarum]], [[Tellapur]], [[Ameenpur]]) will be merged into GHMC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-26 |title=Megapolis in making: Hyderabad set for major expansion as 27 ULBs join GHMC; 150 wards to get Rs 2cr each in massive development drive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/megapolis-in-making-hyderabad-set-for-major-expansion-as-27-ulbs-join-ghmc-150-wards-to-get-rs-2cr-each-in-massive-development-drive/articleshow/125578768.cms |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-26 |title=Telangana Cabinet approves GHMC expansion, underground power network, new DISCOM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Nov/26/telangana-cabinet-approves-ghmc-expansion-underground-power-network-new-discom |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-11-25 |title=Hyderabad to expand, Telangana Cabinet approves merging 27 urban local bodies with GHMC |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabad-to-expand-telangana-cabinet-approves-merging-27-urban-local-bodies-with-ghmc |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keval |first=Varun |date=2025-11-25 |title=Hyderabad: GHMC Becomes Bigger Than Ever: New Map, New Jurisdictions, New Rules |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-ghmc-becomes-bigger-than-ever-new-map-new-jurisdictions-new-rules-1026185 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> On 3 December 2025, the government order was issued stating that merger came into effect from 2 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=బృహత్ నగరంగా హైదరాబాద్ - జీహెచ్ ఎంసీలో విలీనమైన 27 పట్టణ స్థానిక సంస్థలు |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/state/telangana-government-issues-notification-on-ghmc-expansion-updates-telangana-news-tgs25120306818 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te |quote=జీహెచ్ ఎంసీ విస్తరణను నవంబర్ 25న మంత్రివర్గం ఆమోదించడం, డిసెంబర్ 1న జీహెచ్ఎంసీ చట్టం, తెలంగాణ పురపాలక చట్టాల సవరణకు గవర్నర్ ఆమోదముద్ర వేయడంతో వెనువెంటనే నోటిఫికేషన్ జారీ చేసిన ప్రభుత్వ ప్రధాన కార్యదర్శి రామకృష్ణారావు, డిసెంబర్ 2 నుంచే 27 పట్టణ స్థానిక సంస్థలు జీహెచ్ ఎంసీలో విలీనమైనట్లు ఉత్తర్వుల్లో పేర్కొన్నారు. |trans-quote=Following the cabinet's approval of the expansion of GHMC on 25 November 2025 and the Governor's approval of the amendment to the GHMC Act and the Telangana Municipal Acts on 1 December 2025, Chief Secretary Ramakrishna Rao issued a notification immediately, stating in the order that 27 urban local bodies have been merged into GHMC from 2 December 2025.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Swathi |first=V. |date=2025-12-03 |title=GHMC expansion notified with 57 circles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ghmc-expansion-notified-with-57-circles/article70353842.ece |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-12-04 |title=Greater Hyderabad: విలీనం.. ఇక అధికారికం |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/telangana/greater-hyderabad-merger-official-20-municipalities-and-7-corporations-added-to-ghmc-ksv-1472033.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> The number of wards were increased to 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-09 |title=State notifies GHMC ward strength at 300 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Dec/09/state-notifies-ghmc-ward-strength-at-300 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-08 |title=Expanded GHMC to have 300 wards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/expanded-ghmc-to-have-300-wards/article70373741.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===GHMC split (2026-present)===
On 11 February 2026, The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) was divided into three corporations: GHMC, MMC, and CMC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-officers-transfers-feb-2026-new-commissioners-appointed-for-malkajgiri-and-cyberabad-municipal-corporations/article70618109.ece|title=New Commissioners appointed for Malkajgiri and Cyberabad municipal corporations}}</ref><ref name="richest">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cyberabad-municipal-corporation-set-to-become-richest-civic-body-in-telangana/articleshow/128221834.cms|title=Cyberabad Municipal Corporation set to become richest civic body in Telangana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/newly-formed-malkajgiri-cyberabad-civic-corporations-in-hyderabad-stare-at-groundwater-depletion/articleshow/128572504.cms|title=Newly formed Malkajgiri, Cyberabad civic corporations in Hyderabad stare at groundwater depletion}}</ref> Following the end of the local body term on 9 February 2026, the Government of Telangana appointed special commissioners until the next local body elections are held.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=GHMC set for trifurcation: Hyderabad, Cyberabad and Malkajgiri corporations to be formed
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/ghmc-set-for-trifurcation-hyderabad-cyberabad-and-malkajgiri-corporations-to-be-formed-1935541
|website=Deccan Chronicle
|access-date=10 February 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last=Murthy |first=Sistla Dakshina |title=GHMC bifurcated: Cyberabad, Malkajgiri to have separate municipal corporations |url=https://newsmeter.in/regional/telangana/ghmc-bifurcated-cyberabad-malkajgiri-to-have-separate-municipal-corporations-762883 |website=NewsMeter |date=11 February 2026 |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> All the three corporations are governed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-the-three-corporations-to-be-governed-by-the-ghmc-act-1955/article70620480.ece|title=All the three corporations to be governed by the GHMC Act, 1955}}</ref> The reorganised GHMC covers approximately 689  km2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/six-zones-with-30-circles-in-reorganised-ghmc/article70618646.ece|title=Six zones with 30 Circles in reorganised GHMC}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Present Corporation
! Future Corporation
! Area of Jurisdiction (in  km2)
! Zone
! Wards
! Total
! Special Commissioners
! Special Chief Secretary
|-
| rowspan="12" | '''[[GHMC]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''MMC - [[Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''727'''
| [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
| 24
| rowspan="3" | 74
| rowspan="3" | {{plainlist|
* T. Vinay Krishna Reddy
}}
| rowspan="12" | {{plainlist|
* Jayesh Ranjan}}
|-
| [[L. B. Nagar]]
| 24
|-
| [[Malkajgiri]]
| 26
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''CMC - [[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''637'''
| [[Kukatpally]]
| 23
| rowspan="3" | 76
| rowspan="3" | {{plainlist|
* G. Srijana
}}
|-
| [[Quthbullapur]]
| 27
|-
| [[Serilingampally]]
| 26
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''GHMC - [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="6" | '''689'''
| [[Secunderabad]]
| 28
| rowspan="6" | 150
| rowspan="6" | {{plainlist|
* R.V. Karnan
}}
|-
| [[Khairatabad]]
| 25
|-
| [[Golconda]]
| 26
|-
| [[Charminar]]
| 25
|-
| [[Rajendranagar]]
| 29
|-
| [[Shamshabad]]
| 17
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Total'''
! '''2053'''
! —
! '''300'''
! '''300'''
! —
! —
|}

==Administration==
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is headed by a [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The commissioner wields the executive power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power. The corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities.

=== Executive ===
The Andhra Pradesh Government appointed CVSK Sarma as the first Chief Commissioner of GHMC in 2007. There is also a provision for a directly elected mayor of Hyderabad. However, the Chief Commissioner can allocate more funds and in general has more power.

=== Legislature ===
{{Further|List of mayors of Hyderabad}}
The term of the legislature of precursor to the GHMC namely the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad, then simply called by the same name ended before the formation of the GHMC. The Standing Committee of the Legislature takes a major role in the decision-making process within the legislature when it is in session. 64 ex-officio members including 5 Lok Sabha MPs whose constituencies are in GHMC jurisdiction vote in GHMC election.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010216/ghmc-polls-candidates-shying-away-from-poll-expenditure.html|title=GHMC poll fray 2016|date=February 2016}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/GHMC-in-dilemma-over-ex-officio-members/articleshow/5280541.cms|title=GHMC in dilemma over ex-officio members|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name="sakshipost.com">http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/news/politics/72601-here-are-the-50-ex-officio-members-eligible-to-vote-in-ghmc-mayor-election.html{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[Mayor of Hyderabad (India)|Mayor]] is the head of the house. They function through four organs namely Council, Mayor, standing Committees and commissioner. The council, which consists of the registered voters of the corporation, is a deliberative body.

== Administrative divisions of GHMC ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Hyderabad}}

[[File:GHMC ZONES,CIRCLES,WARDS MAP DEC 2025.jpg|thumb|The new GHMC is divided into 12 municipal zones]]

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is the civic body that oversees [[Hyderabad]], the capital and largest city in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. It is the local government for the cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]]. Its geographical area covers most of the urban development agency the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] (HMDA). 24 Assembly constituencies comes under GHMC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/24-seats-at-stake-as-titans-clash-for-greater-hyderabad-pie/articleshow/104514077.cms?from=mdr|title=24 seats at stake as titans clash for Greater Hyderabad pie|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms|title=KCR's early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2018 }}</ref> 64 ex-officio members including 5 Lok Sabha MPs whose constituencies are in GHMC jurisdiction vote in GHMC election.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="sakshipost.com"/>

== Elections ==
=== 2020 GHMC election ===
{{Main|2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election}}

After 2016, third GHMC elections were held in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2020|title=GHMC elections: What Hyderabad wants|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-elections-what-hyderabad-wants/articleshow/79363000.cms|access-date=23 November 2020|website=Times of india|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=GHMC results: BJP makes massive inroads at the expense of.TRS|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/ghmc-results-bjp-makes-massive-inroads-at-the-expense-of-trs-923392.html|access-date=4 December 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The GHMC council's term will end on Feb 11, 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-may-be-put-under-special-officers-rule-as-poll-rejig-face-delays/articleshow/125597809.cms|title=GHMC may be put under special officer’s rule as poll, rejig face delays}}</ref>
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
|1
|{{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|56
|{{decrease}}43
|-
|2
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|48
|{{increase}}44
|-
|3
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|44
|{{no change}}
|-
|4
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress symbol.svg|30px]]
|2
|{{no change}}
|-
|5
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|55px]]
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|}

=== 2016 GHMC election ===
{{main|2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election}}

Second GHMC election were conduced in February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2017|title=GHMC Election Results: TRS sweeps, Congress and TDP decimated|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ghmc-election-results-counting-begins-for-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-elections-2174308|access-date=5 July 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Alliance
!Won
!Change
|-
|1
|{{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|''None''
|99
|''New''
|-
|2
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|''None''
|44
|{{increase}}1
|-
|3
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|4
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|4
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress symbol.svg|30px]]
|''None''
|2
|{{decrease}}50
|-
|5
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50px]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|1
|{{decrease}}44
|}

=== 2009 GHMC election ===
{{Main|2009 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election}}

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Won
|-
|1
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress symbol.svg|30px]]
|52
|-
|2
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50px]]
|55
|-
|3
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|43
|-
|4
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|5
|-
|5
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|5
|}

=== 2002 MCH election ===
{{Main|2002 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election}}

Last Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) elections were held in 2002 for a total of 99 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2002 |title=TDP occupies Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tdp-occupies-hyderabad-municipal-corporation/articleshow/1139384294.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Won
|-
|1
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|34
|-
|2
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50px]]
|22
|-
|3
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress symbol.svg|30px]]
|19
|-
|4
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|18
|-
|5
|{{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|2
|-
|6
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Telangana Sadhana Samithi]]
|
|1
|-
|7
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|3
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad]]
* [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|ghmc.gov.in}}
*[https://hyderabad.urbanobservatory.in/ Hyderabad Urban Labs map]

{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1869 establishments in India]]

Natchathira Nayagan

2026-03-03T04:57:44Z

Rohit Singh: Added New Entry

{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natchathira Nayagan
| image = Natchathira Nayagan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Senthilnathan]]
| screenplay = Senthilnathan
| story = P. L. Sundarrajan
| producer = Tamizharasan Padmanapan
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]}}
| cinematography = M. Kesavan
| editing = J. Elango
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Angalamman Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|12|04}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Natchathira Nayagan''''' ({{translation|Star Hero}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Senthilnathan]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], Rocky, Ashok Sundaram and [[Nalinikanth]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 4 December 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 1992 |title=Natchathira Nayagan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921204&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Vijay, a convict, escapes from jail. Elsewhere, Radha works as a secretary for the wealthy mill owner Thanikasalam. Thanikasalam's greedy son Ashok and the rowdy Sakhivel kill Thanikasalam, in the process they also kill two witnesses and hide Thanikasalam's corpse in Radha's car. That night, Radha drives her car (with Thanikasalam's body in the car trunk) to the gas station and gets a stranger into her car. The stranger is none other than the fugitive Vijay, and he takes Radha as a hostage.

In the past, Vijay lived happily with his widow sister. He dreamt of marrying his beloved niece Bhavani but she was in love with Thanikasalam's son Ashok. Vijay accepted for her love. Ashok cheated her and when he was to become engaged to a wealthy groom, Bhavani stopped it and mentioned her relationship with Ashok. The engagement was cancelled and the angry Ashok killed her, the innocent Vijay was wrongly accused by the police. He was then sentenced to life in prison.

Vijay and Radha finally discover Thanikasalam's corpse in a car trunk, the police also see it. Not only Vijay but Radha too is wanted by the police. In the meantime, they fall in love with each other. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Vijay
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Radha
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Kavitha
*[[Goundamani]] as Thiruvasagam
*[[Senthil]] as Thiruvasagam's assistant
*Rocky as Rocky
*Ashok Sundaram as Ashok
*[[Nalinikanth]] as Sakhivel
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*Anuja
*Raghavi as Bhavani
*Vaani as Bhavani's mother
*Pratibha
*Baby Aparna as Senthil
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Judge
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*Dhanapal
*Telephone Sathyanayanan
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Shakeela]]
*[[Senthilnathan]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kathalmathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natchathira Naayagan (1992) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Natchathira-Naayagan-songs-T0004258 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105094210/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Natchathira-Naayagan-songs-T0004258 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=5 January 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1992 |title=Natchathira Naayagan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/natchathira-naayagan/g5cTSJBbRQA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105094231/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/natchathira-naayagan/g5cTSJBbRQA_ |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=5 January 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Siru Siru Mazhaithuli" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Krishnaraj, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:24
|-
| "Neela Malai Kaattukullea" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:30
|-
| "Vennila" || Swarnalatha || 4:31
|-
| "Nallathaan Maatti" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 4:45
|-
| "Poo Malligai" || [[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:51
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a negative review and said, "the film begins promisingly [..] the rest of the film is better forgotten. The script is mediocre and the plot not strong."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 December 1992 |title=Uninspired |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921204&printsec=frontpage |access-date=2 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Senthilnathan}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 action films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Senthilnathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hamirsinhji

2026-03-03T03:04:55Z

Rohit Singh: Started new pg

{{short description|Maharana of Danta (1908–1925)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]]
| reign = 27 April 1908 – 19 November 1925
| predecessor = [[Jaswantsinhji]]
| successor = [[Bhawanisinhji]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1869|12|21|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|11|19|1869|12|21|df=yes}}
| spouse = Bhoor Kanwar
| issue = {{ubl|[[Bhawanisinhji]]|Balwantsinhji}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Danta-estat.PNG}} [[Danta State|Danta]]
| father = [[Jaswantsinhji]]
| dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
|education = {{ubl|[[Mayo College]]}}
}}
}}
'''Hamirsinhji''' (21 December 1869 – 19 November 1925) was the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]] from 1908 until 1925.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 21 December 1869 to Jaswantsinhji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DANTA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803184937/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48807 |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=93}}</ref> He married Bhoor Kanwar, daughter of Thakur Laxman Singh of Munpura, under [[Jakhan]], and had issue, two sons, [[Bhawanisinhji]] and Balwantsinhji.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAKHAN |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jakhan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117045129/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jakhan.html |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

==Reign==
Upon the death of his father on 27 April 1908, he succeeded to the throne of [[Danta State|Danta]] as the [[Maharana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. B. Rajyagor |first=Member |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3233 |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers Banaskantha District |last2=S. Tripathy |first2=Member |last3=U. M. Chokshi |first3=Member |date=1981 |publisher=Ahmedabad, Government Printing Stationery and Publication |pages=123–124}}</ref> He was at first greatly assisted in the affairs of the State by his uncle, Mohobutsinhji, and later by his heir apparent, [[Bhawanisinhji]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=669–674 |language=en}}</ref> One of the most important events of his reign was the settlement of an old dispute, under which his state had to pay an annual levy of Rs. 500 to [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]], with [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref name=":1" /> Upon the arrival of [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Mary]] at [[Apollo Bundar]] in [[Mumbai]] on 2 December 1911, to preside over the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar of 1911]], he was among those who were presented to them there.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/gri_33125017433422 |title=The historical record of the imperial visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |location=London |publisher=Published for the government of India by John Murray |others=Getty Research Institute |pages=409–411}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 19 November 1925 and was succeeded by [[Bhawanisinhji]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bombay_a_Review_of_the_Administration_of/zmvRo5hTUTEC |title=Bombay, a Review of the Administration of the Presidency |date=1927 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |pages=xxvi |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]

Relangi Narasimha Rao

2026-02-28T00:54:53Z

Rohit Singh: started bio!

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Relangi Narsimha Rao
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 322A8852 CROPPED.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|9|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Palakollu]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film director
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Relangi Narasimha Rao''' (born 30 September 1951) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]]. He is well known for his comedy films, especially his collaborations with actors [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] and [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]]. His notable films include ''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu|Gundammagari Krishnulu]]'' (1987), ''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]'' (1987), ''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1988), ''Chinnodu Peddodu'' (1988), ''[[Mama Alludu]]'' (1990), ''[[Police Bharya]]'' (1990), ''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]'' (1991), ''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]'' (1991).

He has directed over 70 films,<ref name="legacyhumor">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-legacy-of-humour/article1433136.ece A legacy of humour], The Hindu.</ref> mostly in Telugu, seven films in Kannada, as well as one film in Tamil. He also directed two TV series in Telugu. He won a Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer for the film ''Sundari Subbarao'' (1984), which he directed too.<ref name="nandiawards" /> He introduced writers like Diwakar Babu<ref name="filmstudio">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/no-greater-school-than-a-film-studio/article4205108.ece ‘No greater school than a film studio’], The Hindu.</ref> and Sankaramanchi Parthasarathy. He also introduced Telugu cinema actors like [[Suman (actor)|Suman]],<ref name="filmstudio" /> [[Revathi|Revathy]], and Kinnera to Telugu cinema.

== Career ==
=== Director of comedy films ===
Narasimha Rao made his directorial debut in 1980 with the Telugu film ''Chandamama''. It was a family drama. But the release of the film was delayed<ref name="comedyforte">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-is-his-forte/article639179.ece Comedy is his forte], The Hindu.</ref> and was not screened until the year 1982. His second, third and fourth films, ''Nenu Maa Avida'' (1981)'','' ''Evandoi Sreemathigaru'', and ''Illantha Sandadi'', were all successful comedies and he earned a reputation for directing low-budget clean comedies.<ref name="comedyforte" />

=== Entry into Kannada cinema ===
Narasimha Rao directed the Telugu films ''Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police'' and ''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]'', both from 1991. These films paved the way for his foray into Kannada cinema. Over the next five years, Narasimha Rao directed seven films in Kannada.<ref name="comedyforte" /> He was invited to remake the two Telugu films into Kannada in 1992. ''Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police'' was remade as ''Ibbaru Hendira Muddina Police'' and ''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]'' was remade as ''[[Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi]]''. Both the films starred Kannada actor [[Shashi Kumar]]. He went on to direct five more Kannada movies - ''[[Hendthi Helidare Kelabeku]]'', ''Geluvina Saradara'', ''[[Ibbara Naduve Muddina Aata]]'', ''Raja'' and ''Enondre''.

==Other works and achievements==
He was awarded the [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]]<ref name="nandiawards">[http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf Nandi Awards List (pp 15)], Nandi Awards pdf file.</ref> along with writer Adi Vishnu for the film ''Sundari Subbarao'' (1984).

He was also adjudged Best Low Budget Director in the year 1991 by the Delhi Telugu Academy.<ref name="delhitelugu">[http://delhiteluguacademy.com/1991.html Delhi Telugu Academy Award Winners 1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826132255/http://www.delhiteluguacademy.com/1991.html |date=26 August 2016 }}, Delhi Telugu Academy.</ref>

He acted as the Asian Panorama Jury Member for the 15th International Children's Film Festival by CFSI in 2007.<ref name="asianpanorama">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/child-jury-to-feature-at-hyderabad-film-festival-scrutinise-40-movies/237325/ Child jury to feature at Hyderabad Film Festival], The Indian Express.</ref> He was also a Jury Chairman<ref name="nanditv">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nandi-tv-awards-for-asha-padalani-vundi/article1211606.ece Nandi TV awards for ‘Asha’, ‘Padalani Vundi’], The Hindu.</ref> for the Nandi Television Awards for the years 2005–2006.

He directed a few TV series in Telugu including ''Bujji Bujjibabu''<ref name="legacyhumor" /> for ETV in 2008.

==Filmography==

=== Director ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
# ''Nenu Maa Avida'' (1981)
# ''Evandoy Srimatigaaru''
# ''Chandamama''
# ''Illantaa Sandadi''
# ''Mugguru Ammayila Mogudu''
# ''Iddaru Kiladilu''
# ''Ramarajyam Vachchindi''
# ''Tella Gulabeelu''
# ''[[Manasa Veena (1984 film)|Manasa Veena]]''
# ''Sundari Subba Rao''
# ''[[Muchataga Mugguru]]''
# ''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]''
# ''Samsaram O Sangeetam''
# ''Konte Kapuram''
# ''O Inti Kapuram''
# ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]''
# ''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''
# ''Rotation Chakravarti''
# ''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]''
# ''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu]]''
# ''[[Bhale Mogudu]]''
# ''Premaku Padi Sutralu''
# ''Chilipi Dampatulu''
# ''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]''
# ''Bhama Kalapam''
# ''[[Thodallullu]]''
# ''[[Chinnodu Peddodu]]''
# ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]''
# ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''
# ''[[Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka (1988 film)|Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka]]''
# ''Poola Rangadu''
# ''Pelli Chesi Choodu''
# ''Pelli Kodukulostunnaru''
# ''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]''
# ''Yama Dharma Raju''
# ''[[Ramba Rambabu]]''
# ''[[Police Bharya]]''
# ''[[Mama Alludu]]''
# ''Irugillu Porugillu''
# ''Padmavati Kalyanam''
# ''[[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]''
# ''Srivari Chindulu''
# ''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''
# ''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]''
# ''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]''
# ''[[Mogudu Pellala Dongaata]]''
# ''Samsarala Mechanic''
# ''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]''
# ''[[Kannayya Kittayya]]''
# ''[[Pellam Chaatu Mogudu]]''
# ''Chillara Mogudu Allari Koduku''
# ''[[Yenti Bava Mareenu]]''
# ''[[Ibbaru Hendthira Muddina Police]]'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi]]'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' (Tamil film)
# ''[[Pellama Majaka]]''
# ''[[Bramhachari Mogudu]]''
# ''[[Hendthi Helidare Kelabeku]]'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Parugo Parugu]]''
# ''[[Kurradi Kurradu]]''
# ''[[Sundara Vadana Subbalakshmi Moguda]]''
# ''Idandee Maavaari Varasa''
# ''[[Ketu Duplicatu]]''
# ''Enondre'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Geluvina Sardara]]'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Ibbara Naduve Muddina Aata]]'' (Kannada film)
# ''High Class Atta Low Class Allullu''
# ''Raja'' (Kannada film)
# ''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]''
# ''[[Chinni Chinni Aasa (1999 film)|Chinni Chinni Aasa]]''
# ''[[Ammo Bomma]]'' (2001)
# ''Apparao Ki Oka Nela Thappindi''
# ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (2008 film)|Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2008 |title=Friends indeed! |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Friends-indeed/articleshow/3153455.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611041223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Friends-indeed/articleshow/3153455.cms |archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
# ''Eluka Majaka'' (2016)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241212115023/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/brahmanandam-plays-a-mouse/article7599779.ece The Mouse Game], The Hindu</ref>
# ''Oo Antava Maava Oo Ooo Antava Maavaa'' (2023) }}

=== Assistant director ===
* ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'' (1980)

;Director of comedy sequences
*''[[Pagale Vennela]]'' (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-pagalevennela.html|title=Pagale Vennela press meet - Telugu Cinema - CV Reddy|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0718784}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Relangi Narasimha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Palakollu]]

Manoj Mukund Naravane

2026-02-28T00:04:48Z

Rohit Singh: rework information for accuracy additionally and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[M. M. Naravane]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Nanda Nandan Mahapatra

2026-02-25T11:30:18Z

Rohit Singh: Added A Page

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1959)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2022}}
{{notability|1=Academics|date=July 2022}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nanda Nandan Mahapatra
| image = File:Mahapatra.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|03|14}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Textile Technocrat]]
| education = MSc, Phd
| alma_mater = {{ubl| [[Mumbai University]] | [[Utkal University]] }}
| period =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| parents = {{ubl| [[Gokulananda Mahapatra]] | [[Kumudini Mohapatra]] }}
| spouse = Seemani Mahapatra
| children = {{ubl| Nittisha Mahapatra | Sanchitta Mahapatra }}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Nanda Nandan Mahapatra''' (born 14 March 1959) is an Indian textile technocrat and author of books on textiles.

==Early life and education ==
N. N. Mahapatra was born in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. He went on to do B.Sc. Tech in Textile Chemistry from University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT) now it is ICT (Institute of Chemical Technology), [[Mumbai University]] and M.Sc. in Applied Chemistry from Ravenshaw College under Utkal University and was honored with PhD from the [[Utkal University]]. He also pursued M.B.A from Institute of Modern Management, Kolkata.

== Career ==
Mahapatra has authored over 10 books on [[textile]] [[fiber]], dyes and dyeing. He is also popular as a speaker at various national and international seminars and conferences. He was the chairman of the Textile Institute (Manchester) Western Indian Section, and he was the vice-chairman of the Textile Association of India and was responsible for organising workshops, seminars and conferences related to Technology, Innovation, Sustainability and Environment. He received Textile Association of India award for the best book on Textiles for his book "Textile Processing."<ref name="Best Book Award">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Best Book Award |url=http://www.textileassociationindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Best-Book-Award-Dr.-N.N.-Mahapatra1.pdf |publisher=The Textile Association (India)}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
* Mahapatra was awarded C Col. FSDC from [[Society of Dyers and Colourists]] (England) for his prestigious in the field of Wet Processing
* C Text FTI award received from The Textile Institute, Manchester, England<ref name="C Text FTI">{{cite web | url=https://www.textileinstitute.org/expert/nanda-nandan-mahapatra-ctext-fti/ | title=C Text FTI | publisher=The Textile Institute (UK) | date=2007 }}</ref>
* FICS award received from Indian Chemical Society (India)
* FTA award received from The Textile Association (India)
* F.I.C award received from The Institution of Chemists (India)
* F.I.E award received from The Institution of Engineers (India) on 30 September 2009
* Received the CENTURY MILLS' Best Technical Book in Textiles Award for the book "Textile Processing"
* Received the Life Time Achievement Award for positive contributions in the field of Textile Engineering Area by Institution of Engineers (India),
* Received Award for Specialised services for Textile & Garment Industry from Garmek and Igmatex organization
* Received the Fellowship Award (FIIChE) from Indian Institution of Chemical Engineers (India)
* Received the Fellowship Award (FAIC) from The American Institute of Chemists,
* He has been admitted Council to The Royal Society of Chemistry as a FELLOW (FRSC, UK) His name is published in The Times (London) newspaper.<ref name="Fellowship award from RSC">{{cite web | url=https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/dr-n-n-mahapatra-gets-fellowship-award-rsc/ | title=Fellowship award from RSC | publisher=Textile Today | date=2017 }}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''Energy Crisis and its solution''
* ''Textile Dyes & Dyeing''
* ''Textile Technology''
* ''Textile Processing''
* ''Textiles and Environment''
* ''Textile Dyes''<ref name="Textile Dyes">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsr1CwAAQBAJ&q=textile+dyes | title=Textile Dyes | publisher=Woodhead Publishing in India | author=N. N. Mahapatra | year=2016| isbn=9789385059605 }}</ref>
* ''Sarees of India''<ref name="Sarees of India">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obt1AQAACAAJ&q=Sarees+of+India | title=Sarees of India | publisher=Woodhead Publishing in India | author=N. N. Mahapatra | year=2016| isbn=9789385059148 }}</ref>
* ''Textile Dyeing''
* ''Modern Textile Processing''
* ''Textile Printing''
* ''Processing of Fibres in Textile Industries''
* ''Sarees of Odisha''
* ''Functional Finishing of Textiles''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapatra, Nanda Nandan}}
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-25T04:02:49Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2020 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2020
| election_date = 9 December 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 101 seats{{efn|In 2020, the corporation had 100 wards, which was increased to 101 after 2024 delimitation by Kerala's State Election Commission.}} in the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 51
| turnout =


| image1 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|103px]]
| leader1 = [[V. V. Rajesh]]
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 = Kodunganoor
| last_election1 = 35
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''50'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}15
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =


| image2 = [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|100px]]
| colour2 =
| leader2 = R.P. Sivaji
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| leaders_seat2 = Punnakkamugal
| last_election2 = 52
| seats2 = 29
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}23
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =


| image3 = KS Sabarinathan.jpg
| colour3 =
| leader3 = [[K. S. Sabarinadhan]]
| alliance3 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat3 = Kowdiar
| last_election3 = 10
| seats3 = 20
| seat_change3 = {{increase}}10
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =


| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Election Result Map.svg|350px]]|Partywise results by ward|[[File:2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Election Alliance Wise Result Map.svg|350px]]|Alliance-wise results by ward}}
| map2 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Partywise 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}

| title = Mayor
| before_election = [[Arya Rajendran]]
| before_party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| after_election = [[V. V. Rajesh]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
}}

The '''2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election''' was held on [[2025 Kerala local elections|9 December 2025]] to elect councillors to the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]], the governing body of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of [[Kerala]]. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) emerged victorious, securing 50 seats and forming the municipal government for the first time in the corporation's history with [[V.V. Rajesh]] and Asha Nath of the BJP being elected as the mayor and deputy mayor respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP wins Thiruvananthapuram mayor post for first time |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/12/26/mds8-kl-mayor-corporation.html |work=The Week |date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = 'Milestone In Golden Letters': PM Modi Hails BJP's Thiruvananthapuram Win In Letter To Mayor Rajesh
|url = https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-letter-to-vv-rajesh-bjp-thiruvananthapuram-mayor-bp-victory-9803669.html
|website = News18
|date = 2026-01-01
}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 10 November 2025.<ref name="Kerala Local Body Election 2025">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/11/10/local-body-lsgd-election-2025-kerala-dates-time-guidelines.html|title=Local body election Kerala 2025: Voting date & time, results, model code of conduct|work=Onmanorama|accessdate=10 November 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 14 November 2025
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 21 November 2025
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 22 November 2025
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 24 November 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''9 December 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''13 December 2025'''
|}

==Parties and alliances==
===National Democratic Alliance===
{| class="wikitable" width="61%" " style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Nov/14/bjp-releases-second-list-of-candidates-for-thiruvananthapuram-corporation-polls|title=BJP releases second list of candidates for Thiruvananthapuram Corporation polls|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=14 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|40px]]
| [[V. V. Rajesh]]
| 96
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| [[File:Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Flag.png|50px]]
|
|
| 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Kamaraj Congress}}
| [[File:Kerala Kamaraj Congress Flag.png|50px]]
|
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| [[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow2.svg|50px]]
| Manikandan S.
| 1
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! 101
|}

===Left Democratic Front===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" " style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[Left Democratic Front]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Nov/11/ldf-announces-candidates-list-for-thiruvananthapuram-corporation-polls|title=LDF announces candidates' list for Thiruvananthapuram corporation polls|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=11 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|45px]]
|
| 70
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
| 17
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
|
| 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|30px]]
|
| 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:Janata Dal (Secular) flag (1).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|20px]]
|
| 2
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}}
| [[File:INL FLAG.png|50px]]
|
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Congress (Secular)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:Congress (Secular) Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut Tree.png|30px]]
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
|
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
|
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेस - शरदचंद्र पवार Logo.png|40px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|40px]]
|
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}
| [[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|50px]]
|
| 1
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! 101
|}

===United Democratic Front===

{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]]}}

Seat sharing of the United Democratic Front in the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]] election.

{| class="wikitable" width="61%" " style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|40px]]
| [[K. S. Sabarinadhan]]
| 88
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Marxist Party}}
| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Star.png|50px]]
| M. R. Manoj
| 5
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| [[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
|
| 4
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|50px]]
|
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
|
| 2
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
! 101
|}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|101
|50
|{{increase}}15
|-
|{{Party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Left Democratic Front]]
|101
|29
|{{decrease}}23
|-
|{{Party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|colspan="3"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]
|101
|20
|{{increase}}9
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|101
|2
|{{decrease}}1
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!101
!101
!
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[2025 Kerala local elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sec.kerala.gov.in/ State Election Commission]

{{Kerala elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Kerala local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Kerala|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Kerala]]

Shatakshee Dhongde

2026-02-19T17:28:28Z

Rohit Singh: created some page v1

{{Short description|College Professor and Economics Researcher}}
{{notability|Academics|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Shatakshee Dhongde
| school_tradition =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shatakshee Ramesh Dhongde
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| nick_name =
| death_place =
| religion =
| alma_mater = [[University of California, Riverside]]
| field = [[Microeconomics|Microeconomic theory]] and [[development economics]]
| institution = [[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards = University of California, Riverside Graduate Research Award 
[[Richard Ruggles#The Nancy and Richard Ruggles Memorial Fund|The Nancy and Richard Ruggles Research Prize]]
| signature = 
| notes = '''Thesis''' ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63761888 Essays on growth, income distribution and poverty.]'' (2005)
}}

''' Shatakshee Ramesh Dhongde'''<ref name=Congress>{{cite web |title= Dhongde, Shatakshee |url= http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2011161372.html |publisher= Library of Congress |access-date= 18 July 2014 |quote= OCLC database, Oct. 18, 2011: (hdg.: Dhongde, Shatakshee; usage: Shatakshee Dhongde; hdg.: Dhongde, Shatakshee Ramesh; usage: Shatakshee Ramesh Dhongde)}}</ref> is an associate professor at the School of Economics, [[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]. She has provided research papers to the several institutions including the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Institute for Development Economics Research|World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER)]]. Her work has also appeared in several academic journals including ''[[World Development (journal)|World Development]]''.

Dhongde's research interests are in [[microeconomics]] and [[development economics]] and include inequality, growth, trade liberalization, poverty, and segregation.<ref name=Morris>{{Citation | last1 = Morris | first1 = Christopher | contribution = Contributors | editor-last = Morris | editor-first = Christopher | title = Amartya Sen | page = xi | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780521618069 }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Development economics sidebar}}
Dhongde gained her degree in economics from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]], India (1997), her masters in economics from [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], also in Pune, India (1999), and her Ph.D. in economics from the [[University of California, Riverside]], in the United States (2005).<ref name=CV>{{Citation | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Shatakshee Dhongde | url = http://www.econ.gatech.edu/files/cv/Shatakshee-Dhongde-CV_3.pdf | publisher = [[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041154/http://www.econ.gatech.edu/files/cv/Shatakshee-Dhongde-CV_3.pdf | archive-date = 2015-06-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | degree = PhD | last = Dhongde | first = Shatakshee | date = 2005 | title = Essays on growth, income distribution and poverty | publisher = [[University of California, Riverside]] | oclc = 63761888 }}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing her PhD, Dhongde remained at the University of California, Riverside for a further year as a lecturer.<ref name=CV /> In 2006 she became assistant professor at [[Rochester Institute of Technology]], Rochester, New York.<ref name=Morris /> Dhongde became assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta in 2011.

Dhongde was also a visiting scholar at the [[World Institute for Development Economics Research|United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)]] in Helsinki from June to September 2002.<ref name=CV />

== Awards ==
* 2005 [[University of California, Riverside]] Graduate Research Award<ref>{{cite web | title = Five Ph.D. candidates receive graduate research awards | url = http://newsroom.ucr.edu/1061 | publisher = [[University of California, Riverside]] | date = 4 May 2005 | access-date = 4 June 2015 }}</ref>
* 2012 [[Richard Ruggles#The Nancy and Richard Ruggles Memorial Fund|The Nancy and Richard Ruggles Research Prize]] presented by the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW)<ref name="IARIW">{{cite web | last = Lovekin | first = Kris | title = The Nancy and Richard Ruggles Memorial Fund | url = http://www.iariw.org/rugglesfund.php | publisher = International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW) | access-date = 4 June 2015 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Thesis ===
* {{cite thesis | degree = PhD | last = Dhongde | first = Shatakshee | date = 2005 | title = Essays on growth, income distribution and poverty | publisher = [[University of California, Riverside]] | oclc = 63761888 }}

=== Chapters in books ===
{{ external media | topic = Talk by Shatakshee Dhongde | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG1zzETcQkw ''Technology, Development Economics, and Human Rights''] via [[Sam Nunn School of International Affairs]] @ [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]] on [[YouTube]]<ref name=C-SPAN>{{cite AV media | people= Shatakshee Dhongde, Olga Shemyakina and Margaret Kosal | date= 14 October 2014 |accessdate= 4 June 2015 | title= Technology, Development Economics, and Human Rights, October 3, 2014 | medium= [[YouTube]] | publisher= [[Sam Nunn School of International Affairs]] @ [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]] | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG1zzETcQkw }}</ref> }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Pattanaik | first2 = Prasanta K. | author-link2 = Prasanta Pattanaik | contribution = Preference, choice, and rationality: Amartya Sen's critique of the theory of rational choice in economics | editor-last = Morris | editor-first = Christopher | title = Amartya Sen | pages = 13–39 |series=Contemporary Philosophy in Focus. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780521618069 | doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511800511.003 }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | contribution = Measuring global poverty | editor-last = Denemark | editor-first = Robert A. | title = The international studies encyclopedia, Volume VII: In-La, International Law and Armed Conflict – Labor Migrations and the Global Political Economy | publisher = [[International Studies Association]] and [[Wiley-Blackwell]] | location = Malden, Massachusetts | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781405152389 | postscript = . |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.259}}

=== Journal articles ===
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Measuring the impact of growth and income distribution on poverty in India | journal = Journal of Income Distribution | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 25–48 | date = June 2007 | doi = 10.25071/1874-6322.5568 | s2cid = 15346340 | url = http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/jid/article/view/5568 | url-access = subscription }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Bao | first2 = Yong | title = Testing convergence in income distribution | journal = [[Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics]] | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00514.x | date = April 2009 | s2cid = 154704660 }}
* {{Cite ssrn | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Minoiu | first2 = Camelia | title = Global poverty estimates: present and future |ssrn=1670841 | date = October 2010}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Chambers | first2 = Dustin | title = A non-parametric measure of poverty elasticity | journal = [[Review of Income and Wealth|The Review of Income and Wealth]] | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 683–703 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00446.x| date = December 2011 | s2cid = 154275252 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Minoiu | first2 = Camelia | title = Global poverty estimates: a sensitivity analysis | journal = [[World Development (journal)|World Development]] | volume = 44 | pages = 1–13 | doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.12.010 | date = April 2013 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.aspx?sk=25287 | hdl = 1853/44247 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{Cite ssrn | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Haveman | first2 = Robert | title = Poverty index: an application to the United States |ssrn=2588584 | date = March 2015}}

=== Papers ===
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Measuring the impact of growth and income distribution on poverty in India | date = 2002 | url = http://www.econ.yale.edu/conference/neudc03/papers/1d-dhongde.pdf }} Working paper.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Decomposing spatial differences in poverty in India | publisher = [[World Institute for Development Economics Research|UNU-WIDER]] | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/research-papers/2004/en_GB/rp2004-053/ }} [http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/research-papers/2004/en_GB/rp2004-053/_files/78091746964931795/default/rp2004-053.pdf Pdf] {{ISBN|9291906425}} Research paper 2004/53.
* {{cite thesis | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee |type=Ph.D. |date= 2005 |title= Essays on growth, income distribution and poverty | publisher = [[University of California, Riverside]] | oclc = 63761888 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Spatial decomposition of poverty in India | journal = Spatial Inequality in Asia | format = Word doc | date = March 2005 | url = http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars/spring03/Shatakshee%20Dhongde05-21-03paper2.doc }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Effects of trade liberalization on the distribution of factor income | date = 2008 | url = http://works.bepress.com/shatakshee_dhongde/ }} Working paper.
* {{cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Minoiu | first2 = Camelia | title = Global poverty estimates: present and future | publisher = [[Brooks World Poverty Institute|Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI), University of Manchester]] | location = Manchester | date = October 2010 | isbn = 9781907247323 }} [http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-13310.pdf Pdf.] BWPI working paper 133, prepared for the [[Chronic Poverty Research Centre|Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC)]] Conference, 8–10 September 2010.
* {{cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Minoiu | first2 = Camelia | title = Global poverty estimates: a sensitivity analysis, volumes 11-234 of IMF working paper | publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]] | location = Washington, DC | year = 2011 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=25287.0 }} [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp11234.pdf Pdf.] {{ISBN|9781463922009}} Working paper 11/234.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = A poverty segregation curve | date = 2011 | url = http://www.econ.gatech.edu/files/seminars/shatakshee_seg_paper.pdf |publisher = School of Economics, [[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts|Ivan Allen College]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] }} Spring Seminar Series.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Measuring segregation of the poor | date = 2012 | url = http://www.econ.gatech.edu/files/wysiwyg/WP2012-1-SDhongde(3).pdf |publisher = School of Economics, [[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts|Ivan Allen College]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] }} Spring Seminar Series.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | title = Measuring segregation of the poor in India | date = 2012 | url = http://www.iariw.org/papers/2012/DhongdePaper.pdf }} Paper prepared for the 32nd General Conference of The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW).
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Miao | first2 = Xing | title = Cross-country convergence in income inequality | date = March 2013 | url = http://www.ecineq.org/ | publisher = Society for the Study of Economic Inequality }} [http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2013-290.pdf Pdf.] Working paper no. 290.
* {{Cite book | last1 = Dhongde | first1 = Shatakshee | last2 = Silber | first2 = Jacques | title = Distributional change, pro-poor growth and convergence: an application to non-income dimensions | date = 2014 | url = http://www.iariw.org/papers/2014/DhongdePaper.pdf }} Paper prepared for the 33rd General Conference of The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW).

== Videos ==
* {{cite AV media | people= Danny Boston (moderator), Kirk Bowman, Michael L Best, Olga Shemyakina, Shatakshee Dhongde | date= 2013 |accessdate= 4 June 2015 | title= Poverty, Inequality, and Development | medium= video | publisher= SOAR: Symposium on Opportunity and Access Research | url = http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49132 }} [https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/49132/bowman_best_shemyakina_dhongde_1.mp4?sequence=1 MP4 download] or [https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/49132/bowman_best_shemyakina_dhongde_video.html?sequence=2 view online.] A workshop-style mini-retreat on common areas of research within Ivan Allen College (IAC), Georgia Institute of Technology.
* {{cite AV media | people= Shatakshee Dhongde, Olga Shemyakina and Margaret Kosal | date= 14 October 2014 |accessdate= 4 June 2015 | title= Technology, Development Economics, and Human Rights, October 3, 2014 | medium= [[YouTube]] | publisher= [[Sam Nunn School of International Affairs]] @ [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]] | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG1zzETcQkw }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.advanceiac.gatech.edu/profile.php?firstName=Shatakshee&lastName=Dhongde Profile: Shatakshee Dhongde] Network for Women Faculty, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts, Georgia Institute of Technology
* [http://www.econ.gatech.edu/people/faculty/dhongde Profile: Shatakshee Dhongde] School of Economics Faculty, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts, Georgia Institute of Technology

{{Subject bar
| portal1=Economics
| portal2=Biography
| portal3=Feminism
| portal4=India
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhongde, Shatakshee}}
[[Category:Indian development economists]]
[[Category:Feminist economists]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Microeconomists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of California, Riverside alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Riverside faculty]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]

Mir Qasim

2026-02-19T09:52:04Z

Rohit Singh: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763}}
{{Other uses|Mir Qasim (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Mīr Qasim
| more =
| image = Mir Qasim.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| CoA =
| reign = 20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763
| tenure =
| predecessor = [[Mir Jafar]]
| successor = [[Mir Jafar]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1777|05|08|}}
| death_place = Kotwal
| spouse = Nawab Fatima Begum Sahiba, daughter of [[Mir Jafar]] and Shah Khanum
| issue = {{startplainlist}}
* Mirza Ghulam Uraiz Ja'afari
* Mirza Muhammad Baqir ul-Husain
* Nawab Muhammad Aziz Khan Bahadur
* Nawab Badr ud-din Ali Khan Bahadur
{{endplainlist}}
| full name = Mir Muhammad Qasim Ali Khan
| noble family = Najafi
| father = Mir Razi Khan
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = [[Nawab of Bengal]]
| rank = [[Nawab]] [[Faujdar]] (formerly)
| battles = [[Bengal War]] [[Battle of Buxar]]
}}
}}

'''Mir Qasim''' ({{Died in|8 May 1777}}) was the [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1760 to 1763. He was installed as Nawab with the support of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], replacing [[Mir Jafar]], his father-in-law, who had himself been supported earlier by the East India Company after his role in winning the [[Battle of Plassey]] for the British. However, Mir Jafar eventually ran into disputes with the East India Company and attempted to form an alliance with the [[Dutch East India Company]] instead. The British eventually defeated the Dutch at [[Battle of Chinsura|Chinsura]] and overthrew Mir Jafar, replacing him with Mir Qasim.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Mir Qasim |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Qasim |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Qasim too later fell out with the British and fought against them at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. His defeat has been suggested as a key reason in the British becoming the dominant power in large parts of [[North India|North]] and [[East India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |date=2006 |title=1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bncduYFrVYC&pg=PA389 |publisher=Grove Press |page=389 |isbn=978-0-8021-4228-3}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Mir Syed Qasim was the son of Mir Muhammad Razi Khan, and claimed descent from [[Ali al-Ridha]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} His paternal grandfather, Sayyid Husayn Ridhwi, entered the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], who married him to the daughter of Mir Hadi (Sheikh Sulayman Fazail). Ridhwi was conferred the title of Imtiaz Khan, and made the ''[[Waqia-navis]]'' (Intelligence Minister) and subsequently the [[Dewan]] of [[Bihar]]. Qasim's grandfather also wrote [[Persian poetry]] under the [[pen name]] of ''Khalis'', and a lengthy ''[[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]]'' is attributed to him.<ref>{{cite journal|page=177|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280586/page/n199/mode/2up|journal=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society|volume=32|year=1946|publisher=Bihar Research Society|title=Bihar in the time of Aurangzeb|author=[[Syed Hasan Askari|Askari, Syed Hasan]]}}</ref>

Qasim was married to Fatima Begum, a daughter of [[Mir Jafar]] and Shah Khanum, and a granddaughter of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Murshidabad Guide: A Brief Historical Survey of Murshidabad, from 1704 to 1969|page=27|author=Ali Khan, Syed Muhammad Reza|year=1975|publisher=Shaykh Pear Mohammed}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan|year=2002|author=Mirza, Humayun|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=9780761823490}}</ref> Prior to becoming the [[Nawab of Bengal]], he served as the [[Faujdar]] of [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] for roughly two decades.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings|page=332|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|title=Note on the northern frontier of Bengal from Murshid Kuli Khan to Warren Hastings|year=1970|volume=31|author=Majumdar, A. B.}}</ref>

== Life ==
[[File:The Navab's arrival before Clive's position.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Nawab's arrival before Clive's position.]]

Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim rewarded the East India Company with lavish gifts.He also granted it the right to collect revenue of the districts of [[Burdwan]], [[Midnapore]] and [[Chittagong]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} However, Qasim soon ran into disputes with the Company over trade issues, as they objected to Qasim's attempt to levy [[Tariff|import and export tariffs]] on their goods. In particular, they objected to a 9% [[Duty (economics)|duty]] imposed of all foreign traders. The relationship between Qasim and the company slowly deteriorated, and he shifted his capital from [[Murshidabad]] to [[Munger]] in present-day [[Bihar]] where he raised an army, financing his new troops by streamlining tax collection.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

Qasim vigorously opposed the East India Company's position that their Mughal license (''a [[Dastak (trade permit)|dastak]]'') meant that they could trade without paying taxes (other local merchants with ''dastaks'' were required to pay up to 40% of their revenue as tax). Frustrated at the British refusal to pay these taxes, Mir Qasim abolished taxes on the local traders as well. This upset the advantage that the European traders had been enjoying so far, and hostilities built up. Mir Qasim invaded the Company offices in [[Patna]] in 1763, [[Patna massacre of 1763|massacring 45 Europeans]], including the Resident. Mir Qasim allied with [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Avadh]] and [[Shah Alam II]], the incumbent [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] against the British. However, their combined forces were defeated in the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDxyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Through The Ages History & Civics class 8 |last=Gupta |first=Tapati Das |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9789352534173 }}</ref> Qasim also launched a brief invasion of [[Hindu]] [[Kingdom of Nepal]] in 1763 during the reign of [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], the first [[King of Nepal]]. Kanak Singh Baaniya, Chief Minister of Makwanpur, had requested Qasim's intervention against Shah after he had taken Bikram Sen, the king of Makwanpur, [[hostage]]. Qasim dispatched a military force under the command of his general [[Gurgin Khan (Bengal)|Gurgin Khan]] to invade Nepal. Gurgin was swiftly defeated by Shah's army, and retreated.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Unlike [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler. His defeat at Buxar established the East India Company as a powerful force in the province of Bengal in a much more real sense than [[Battle of Plassey|at Plassey]] seven years earlier and [[Battle of Chinsurah|at Bedara]] five years earlier. By 1793 the East India company had abolished the ''Nizamat'' (referring to the Mughal suzerainty) and became completely in charge of the former Mughal province.

== Death ==
Having lost all his men and influence after his defeat at Buxar, Qasim was expelled from his camp by [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] on 23 October 1764; fleeing to [[Rohilkhand]], [[Allahabad]], [[Gohad]] and [[Jodhpur]], and eventually settling at Kotwal, near [[Delhi]] ca. 1774.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

Mir Qasim died in obscurity and abject poverty possibly from [[Edema|dropsy]], at Kotwal, near Delhi on 8 May 1777.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last= Dalrymple |first= William |year= 2019 |title= The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |location= New York |publisher= Bloomsbury publishing |type= Hardcover |isbn= 978-1-63557-395-4}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||(Unknown)|8 May|1777}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Saulat Jang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Faujdar]] of [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]]|years=1740 – 20 October 1760}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abid Ali Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mir Jafar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]|years=20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mir Jafar]]}}
{{end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasim, Mir}}
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian mass murderers]]
[[Category:18th-century murderers]]

Gopika Varma

2026-02-18T03:43:10Z

Rohit Singh: Made a post

{{short description|Indian Mohiniyattam dancer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Gopika|Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopika Varma
| birth_name = Gopika Gopal<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>
| image = Gopika Varma.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
| spouse = Marthanda Varma
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Dancer, Dance teacher
| known for = [[Indian Classical Dance]]/ [[Mohiniyattam]]
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2008)|[[Kalaimamani]] (2004)}}
}}
'''Gopika Varma''' is a [[Kerala]] born [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer and dance teacher who is settled in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. She received several awards including [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] and Kalaimamani.

==Biography==
Born and raised in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Teacher's pride,performer's envy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/dec/28/teachers-prideperformers-envy-116686.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Gopika Varma migrated to Chennai from Kerala in 1995.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2">{{cite news |last1=ശശിധരന്‍ |first1=ശബ്‌ന |title=മോഹിനിയാട്ടത്തെ സ്വന്തം പ്രാണനോടൊപ്പം ചേര്‍ത്ത് വയ്ക്കുന്നവര്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mohiniyattam-dancers-speaks-covid19-corona-virus-lockdown-1.4756872 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204092352/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mohiniyattam-dancers-speaks-covid19-corona-virus-lockdown-1.4756872 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She started learning dance at the age of three, from her mother.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ranee |title=Mohiniattam dancer Gopika Varma's crowning glory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/crowning-glory/article29233065.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> At the age of 10, Gopika started learning Mohiniyattam from Girija and Chandrika Kurup and later she received specialized training from Kalyanikutty Amma and her daughter, Sreedevi Rajan.<ref name="art"/> Gopika learned the ''Abhinaya'' (acting) part of Mohiniyattam from [[Kathakali]] exponent [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]].<ref name="Indian Express2">{{cite news |title='Sway Like the Green Fields of Kerala' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/jun/12/sway-like-the-green-fields-of-kerala-623805.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She also studied [[Bharathanatyam]] under Vazhiyur Ramayyar Pillai, for 18 years.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

Although her guru was Kalyanikutty Amma, Gopika Varma follows her own style in Mohiniyattam.<ref name="Janmabhumi">{{cite news |title=ഗോപികാ വസന്തം |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/read/news37570/ |work=Janmabhumi |language=en}}</ref> She has also performed Mohiniyattam in ''Sopana'' style under [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> She runs a Mohiniyattam Dance School in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Chennai]] under the name "Dasyam".<ref name="art"/>

===Personal life===
Gopika Varma is married into the [[Travancore royal family]], to Poorurttathi Thirunal Marthanda Varma, descendant of [[Travancore]] king [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]].<ref name="art">{{cite web |title=GOPIKA VARMA - www.artindia.net – Indian classical performing arts. |url=http://www.artindia.net/gopika.html |website=www.artindia.net |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710042851/http://www.artindia.net/gopika.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other than running a dance school, she runs a shelter home for the physically challenged and a textile unit for their work.<ref name="Deccan"/> She lives in her house ''Ramalayam'' in Adyar, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai is home to some of the mourning 'royals' of Travancore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/dec/17/chennai-is-home-to-some-of-the-mourning-royals-of-travancore-551973.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Notable dance performances==
Gopika choreographed and performed dance named ''Ayonija Panchakanyaka'', about five unborn virgins in Indian mythology.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> She has performed the poem ''Radhayevide'' written by [[Sugathakumari]] and composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], in Mohiniyattam form.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> [[Yamini Reddy]], Kritika Subramaniam, Gopika Varma and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] together choreographed and performed the dance named ''Antaram''.<ref>{{cite news |title=നാലു ഗോപികമാരുടെ അന്തരം രൂപാന്തരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/work-and-life/dance.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> ''Chayamukhi'' is another dance performance she did.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> The dance performance on Indian mythological characters [[Kunti]] and [[Ahalya]], done as part of the celebrations of the 150th birth anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], was also notable.<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to spread joy through dance: Gopika Varma |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/i-want-spread-joy-through-dance-gopika-varma-420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410044226/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/i-want-spread-joy-through-dance-gopika-varma-420 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-10 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 April 2012}}</ref> She is now doing a dance composition based on [[Shankaracharya]]'s life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philosophy on stage: when a Mohiniyattam exponent read Shankaracharya |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2018/02/23/gopika-varma-mohiniyattam-dancer-philosophy-shankaracharya.html |work=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2018<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ranee |title=Gopika Varma bags the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Mohiniyattam dance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/crowning-glory/article28785046.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Kalaimamani]] 2004<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Dr Anjana |title=Gopika Varma speaks about transforming hurt to motivation |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/gopika-varma-speaks-about-transforming-hurt-to-motivation-1.4944050 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> She is the first dancer to receive Kalaimamani for Mohiniyattam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
* Nritya Choodamani Award 2010 from Krishna Gana Sabha<ref name="art"/>
* Abhinaya Kala Ratna Excellence Award<ref name="raza">{{cite web |title=Gopika Varma {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Gopika-Varma#:~:text=Gopika%20Varma%20is%20one%20of,be%20for%20another%20ten%20years. |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152100/https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Gopika-Varma#:~:text=Gopika%20Varma%20is%20one%20of,be%20for%20another%20ten%20years. |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sathya Abhinaya Sundaram 2007<ref name="raza"/>
* Kaladarpanam Award 2003<ref name="raza"/>
* Yuva Kala Bharathi award by Bharat Kalachar 2001. She is the first Mohiniyattam dancer to receive this award.<ref name="nafo">{{cite web |title=NAFO KALALAYAM – Nafoglobal Kuwait |url=https://nafoglobal.com/nafo-kalalayam/}}</ref>
* Outstanding Performance Award by the House of Commons – London 2003<ref>{{cite news |title=Dance festival opens with Mohiniyattam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dance-festival-opens-with-mohiniyattam/story-gdsKkqsDHPTtriSI2tt8fM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
* Satya Abinaya Sundaram<ref name="Deccan">{{cite news |last1=Ganesh |first1=Agila |title=The art of dance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/240618/the-art-of-dance.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* Natya Kala Vipanchee<ref name="Deccan"/>
* Rajakeeya Puraskaram<ref name="Deccan"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopika, Varma}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Vijay Singh (activist)

2026-02-12T06:12:12Z

Rohit Singh: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Indian anti-corruption activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Singh
| image = File:Master Vijay on the start of revolution.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Vijay Singh in the early days of his protest
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|05|10}}
| birth_place = Village Chausana, India
| other_names = Master ji
| occupation = Activist
| years_active = Since 26 February 1996
| known_for = Longest agitation in India
| notable_works = Raised voice against land mafias
}}

'''Vijay Singh''' (born 10 May 1962) is an anti-corruption activist in [[Muzaffarnagar District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He has been carrying out a [[dharna]] (non-violent protest) against illegal possession of public land<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120428/1974045.html | title=UP govt to constitute team to save public land from mafias | work=WebIndia123 | date=17 April 2016 | accessdate=17 April 2016 | archive-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529014145/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120428/1974045.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> by private actors since February 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/19-years-of-protest-the-longest-one-man-dharna/ | title=19 years of protest: The longest one-man dharna | work=Indian Express | date=8 October 2015 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theweek.in/features/heroes/vijay-singhs-fight-against-land-mafia-of-uttar-pradesh.html?fb_comment_id=878280592262573_879820235441942#f24ef1730b4ff2c | title=A one-man army has been taking on the land mafia of Uttar Pradesh | work=The Week | date=13 September 2015 | accessdate=17 April 2016 | archive-date=1 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301171616/http://www.theweek.in/features/heroes/vijay-singhs-fight-against-land-mafia-of-uttar-pradesh.html?fb_comment_id=878280592262573_879820235441942#f24ef1730b4ff2c | url-status=dead }}</ref> His action has been recorded as the longest such protest in various books of records including the [[Limca Book of Records]]. He has now completed 28 years of agitation on 26 February 2024.
[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/muzaffarnagar-master-vijay-singh-strike-completes-28-years-against-corruption-and-land-mafia/articleshow/107987341.cms] This agitation is recorded as the longest protest by Google. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/lucknow/worlds-longest-protest-gets-identified-by-google/videoshow/92133957.cms] Before this, the world's first longest strike was that of Willium Thomas in front of White House. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/viral-videos/muzaffarnagar-man-completes-10000-days-sets-a-record-of-protest/videoshow/101762017.cms]

== Anti-corruption activism ==
[[File:DHARNASTHAL.JPG|thumb|Place of agitation, DM office Muzaffarnagar (U.P., INDIA)|alt=]]
Singh was spurred to action when he saw a hungry child, who was crying for bread and asking his mother to bring flour from a neighbour. He started conducting research on land ownership in his village, and found that four thousand [[bigha]]s of village assembly land was illegally occupied by private individuals. Singh resigned from his post of teacher in order to carry on his work against the illegal occupation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://old1.bhadas4media.com/vividh/4078-keep-it-up-master-vijay-singh.html | title=Keep it up Master Vijay Singh, We are proud to have people like you | work=Bhadas4Media | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/15-yrs-at-dms-office-no-end-to-land-grab-woes/792962/ | title=15 yrs at DM's office, no end to land grab woes | work=Indian Express | date=19 May 2011 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://m.bhaskar.com/news/UP-MEER-protest-against-corruption-since-18-years-4534391-PHO.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426065959/http://m.bhaskar.com/news/UP-MEER-protest-against-corruption-since-18-years-4534391-PHO.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 April 2016 | title=18 साल से भ्रष्टाचार के खि‍लाफ लड़ रहा दुनि‍या का सबसे बड़ा सत्‍याग्रही | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=27 February 2014 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref>

Singh submitted a memorandum to the administration, and in 1995, the government handed over the investigation to the Division Commissioner. Under his leadership, a team of officials began an investigation into the matter, and found the charges of illegal possession to be true. However, no action against the people involved was taken, and Singh started his protest in front of the District Magistrate office in Muzaffarnagar on 26 February 1996, with the demand to free the land for the poor so that it could be used for public development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar-11059469.html | title=विजय सिंह के आत्मदाह की अफवाह पर दौड़ी पुलिस | work=Jagran | date=3 February 2014 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/2012/04/01/uttar-pradesh-master-vijay-singh-muzaffarnagar-lucknow-akhilesh-yadav-aid0146.html | title=घोटाले की जानकारी देने मुजफ्फरनगर से लखनऊ पैदल आ रहे हैं विजय | work=OneIndia | date=1 April 2012 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref>

== Achievements by the movement ==

In 2008, when the erstwhile Principal Secretary Home JN Chamber was briefed on the matter, he ordered the local administration to take action in this regard. The administration team led by District Magistrate R Ramesh Kumar visited the village and freed 300 bighas of illegally encroached land. In this case, 136 cases were filed against those who had been encroaching. 3200 bighas of land encroachments in the investigation have been proved as of now.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CMs-prompt-action-raises-Masterjis-hope/articleshow/12917021.cms | title=CM's prompt action raises Masterji's hope | work=Times of India | date=29 April 2012 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-MEER-master-vijay-singh-continues-his-protest-against-land-mafia-in-muzaffarnagar-4916999-NOR.html | title= धरने का 20वां साल, अभी भी नहीं मिला मुजफ्फरनगर के मास्‍टर विजय सिंह को न्‍याय | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=26 February 2015 | access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=http://www.samacharvarta.com/news_detail.php?cu_id=4168&sid=29 | title=मास्टर विजय के धरने को सत्रह वर्ष पूरे | work=Samachar Varta | date=26 February 2013 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/Muzaffar-nagar-50296-49 | title=मास्टर विजय सिंह को मिली मोहलत | work=Amar Ujala | date=2 February 2013 | accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref>

Other than this, in Muzaffarnagar district, there were 1250 bighas public land in the [[Purkazi|Purquazi]] area and 50000 bighas in Ramraj and [[Bhopa]] area also freed from illegal possession. There is six revenue employees are in jail for involvement.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=add reliable reference}}

== Walk to Lucknow ==
[[File:LUCKNOW FOOT MARCH 1 (393).jpg|thumb|right|Midway to Lucknow]]
[[File:YATRA 1 (463).jpg|thumb|right|Vijay Singh at CM residence after meeting]]
On 30 March 2012, Singh started a foot march from Muzaffarnagar to [[Lucknow]], the capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He walked the 600 kilometers in 19 days. The objective was to meet State CM [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and raise public awareness of illegal encroachment onto public land.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.theweek.in/features/heroes/vijay-singhs-fight-against-land-mafia-of-uttar-pradesh.html The shanty man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417013820/http://www.theweek.in/features/heroes/vijay-singhs-fight-against-land-mafia-of-uttar-pradesh.html |date=17 April 2016 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]

Prabhat Patnaik

2026-02-09T06:11:47Z

Rohit Singh: added formatting additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Indian economist (born 1945)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox economist
| image = Prabhath Patnaick at Kollam 2025.jpg
| caption = Prabhat Patnaik in [[Kollam]], 3 February 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|09|19}}
|alma_mater =[[St Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] [[University of Oxford]]
| birth_place = Jatni, Odisha
| website =
| institution = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] [[University of Cambridge]]
| field =
| spouse = [[Utsa Patnaik]]
}}

'''Prabhat Patnaik''' (born September 19, 1945) is an Indian [[Marxian economist]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Filed: Imperialism New|date=2021-06-18|title=Monthly Review {{!}} Renowned Marxist Economist Prabhat Patnaik: Capitalism cannot exist without imperialism (Watch: Break Through News)|url=https://monthlyreview.org/press/renowned-marxist-economist-prabhat-patnaik-capitalism-cannot-exist-without-imperialism-watch-break-through-news/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Monthly Review|language=en-US}}</ref> and political commentator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala should focus on domestic job generation: Prabhat Patnaik|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-should-focus-on-domestic-job-generation-prabhat-patnaik/article35288075.ece|access-date=2021-08-09|website=@businessline|date=12 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patnaik|first=Prabhat|date=2021-07-13|title=Why Neoliberalism Needs Neofascists|url=http://bostonreview.net/class-inequality-politics/prabhat-patnaik-why-neoliberalism-needs-neofascists|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Boston Review|language=en}}</ref> He taught at the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning in the School of Social Sciences at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in [[New Delhi]], from 1974 until his retirement in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economist examines the post-poll scenario in West Bengal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/big-difference-between-bjp-and-tmc-patnaik/cid/1821248|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He was the vice-chairman of [[Kerala State Planning Board]] from June 2006 to May 2011.<ref name="Planning Board VC">{{cite web|url=http://keralaplanningboard.org/|title=Home Page of the Kerala State Planning Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125095717/http://keralaplanningboard.org/|archive-date=25 January 2009|url-status=bot: unknown|accessdate=18 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Patnaik was born on 19 September 1945 in [[Jatani|Jatni]], [[Odisha]]. His father was the [[communist]] leader and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA), [[Prananath Patnaik]]. Prabhat, after his early schooling in his hometown, studied at the [[Daly College]], [[Indore]] on a Government of India Merit Scholarship. He passed his B.A. with Economics Honours from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], ranking first in the first class. Afterwards, he went to [[University of Oxford]] in 1966 on a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] and studied at [[Balliol College]] and later at [[Nuffield College]]. He obtained his [[Bachelor of Philosophy]] and his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degrees from Oxford.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Career==
Patnaik joined the Faculty of Economics and Politics{{clarify|reason=really? no such faculty in my time there - do we mean Social & Political Sciences?|date=October 2018}} of the [[Cambridge University|University of Cambridge]], UK in 1969 and was elected a fellow of [[Clare College, Cambridge]]. In 1974 he returned to India as an associate professor at the newly established Centre for Economic Studies and Planning (CESP) at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), [[New Delhi]]. He became a professor at the Centre in 1983 and taught there till his retirement in 2010. At the time of retirement, he held the [[Sukhamoy Chakravarty]] Chair in Planning and Development at CESP.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

His specialization is [[macroeconomics]] and [[political economy]], areas in which he has written a number of books and articles. Some of his books includes ''Time, Inflation and Growth'' (1988), ''Economics and Egalitarianism'' (1990), ''Whatever Happened to Imperialism and Other Essays'' (1995), ''Accumulation and Stability Under Capitalism'' (1997), ''The Retreat to Unfreedom'' (2003), ''The Value of Money'' (2008) and ''Re-envisioning Socialism'' (2011).<ref name="Re-envisioning Socialism">{{cite web | url=http://tulikabooks.wordpress.com/catalogue-2/recent-titles/politics/re-envisioning-socialism/ | title=Publishers' note on ''Re-envisioning Socialism'' | accessdate=26 March 2011 | archive-date=6 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306100132/https://tulikabooks.wordpress.com/catalogue-2/recent-titles/politics/re-envisioning-socialism/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the editor of the journal ''[[Social Scientist]]''.<ref name="Social Scientist Editor">{{cite web | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/ | title='''''Social Scientist''''' Home page at The Digital South Asia Library | year=1965 | accessdate=29 January 2009}}</ref>

He is married to a Marxist economist Professor [[Utsa Patnaik]]. He served as the vice-chairman of the [[Kerala State Planning Board]] from June 2006 to May 2011. He was part of a four-member high-power task force of the [[United Nations]] (U.N.) to recommend [[reform]] measures for the [[global financial system]]. Chaired by [[Joseph Stiglitz]], the other members were [[Belgians|Belgian]] sociologist [[Francois Houtart]] and [[Ecuador]]'s Minister for Economic Policy [[Pedro Paez]].<ref name="Patnaik">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/24/stories/2008102455641300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028011619/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/24/stories/2008102455641300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 October 2008 | title=Prabhat Patnaik in U.N. task force | date=24 October 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=29 October 2008}}</ref>

==Views==
Prabhat Patnaik is a staunch [[critic]] of both [[neoliberal]] economic policies and [[Hindutva]], and is known as a [[social scientist]] of [[Marxist–Leninist]] persuasion.<ref name="P.Patnaik-Marxist-Leninist">{{cite web | url=http://pd.cpim.org/2006/1112/11122006_prabhat.htm | title=The Centrality of Leninism | date=12 November 2006 | publisher=People's Democracy | accessdate=16 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619123617/http://pd.cpim.org/2006/1112/11122006_prabhat.htm | archive-date=19 June 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/decoding-the-corporate-hindutva-alliance/article29577507.ece|title=Decoding the corporate-Hindutva alliance|date=3 October 2019|work=The Hindu|accessdate=31 March 2021}}</ref> According to him, in India, the increase in economic growth has been accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of absolute poverty. The only solution is to alter the class orientation of the Indian State.<ref>[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/patnaik290811.html Lessons from the Indian Experienceby Prabhat Patnaik]</ref>

==Honours, awards and international recognition==
In 2012, Prabhat was awarded honorary [[Doctor of Science]] in Economics from [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] at [[University of London]]. He also delivered the prestigious [[Baidyanath Misra|Prof. Baidyanath Misra Endowment Lecture]] of the Orissa Economics Association, in 2012. He has been selected for the 2022 Malcom Adiseshiah Award for his contributions to development studies as an outstanding economist.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissaea.in/Special_Lecture_Series.html | title=Orissa Economics Association | Odisha | India }}</ref>

==Books, research papers and journals==
===Books===
* Capital and [[Imperialism]]: Theory, History, and the Present, with [[Utsa Patnaik]], (2021) (Publisher: Monthly Review Press)
* ''A Theory of Imperialism'', with Utsa Patnaik, (2016) (Publisher: [[Columbia University Press]]; {{ISBN|9780231542265}})
* ''Excursus in History: Essays on Some Ideas of Irfan Habib (Modern Indian Thinkers)'' (2011) (Publisher: Tulika Books; {{ISBN|9788189487720}})
* ''Marx's Capital: An Introductory Reader Essays'' (2011) (Publisher: Leftword Books; {{ISBN|9789380118000}})
* ''Re-Envisioning Socialism'' (2011) (Publisher: [[Tulika Books]]; {{ISBN|9788189487966}})
* ''The Value of Money'' (2008) (Publisher: Columbia University Press; {{ISBN|9780231146760}})
* ''Retreat to Unfreedom: Essays on the Emerging World Order'' (2003) (Publisher: Tulika Publishers; {{ISBN|9788185229690}})
* ''Accumulation and Stability under Capitalism'' (1997) (Publisher: [[Clarendon Press]]; {{ISBN|9780198288053}})
* ''Accumulation and Stability under Capitalism'' (1997) (Publisher: Oxford University Press; {{ISBN|9780198288053}})
* ''Economics and Egalitarianism'' (1991) (Publisher: Oxford University Press; {{ISBN|9780195624960}})
* ''Lenin and Imperialism: An Appraisal of Theories and Contemporary Reality'' (1986) (Publisher: Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division; {{ISBN|9780861315024}})

====Others====
* ''Economic Challenges for the Contemporary World: Essays in Honour of Prabhat Patnaik'' (2016) (Publisher: [[SAGE Publications]] Pvt. Ltd; {{ISBN|9789351508786}})

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Prabhat Patnaik}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004200158/http://www.jnu.ac.in/FacultyStaff/ShowProfile.asp?SendUserName=prabhat Home page at JNU]
* [https://archive.org/details/BadriSeshadriTheStateunderneo-liberalism_alecturebyDr.PrabhatPatnaik/ Audio of Prabhat Patnaik on "The State under neo-liberalism" 30 October 2006]
* [http://www.dkv.columbia.edu/demo/video/hc_stiglitz_021307.html Video of Joseph Stiglitz and Prabhat Patnaik discussing "An Emergent India: Prospects and Problems" 13 Feb 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173708/http://www.dkv.columbia.edu/demo/video/hc_stiglitz_021307.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/BadriSeshadriDr.PrabhatPatnaikonTheGlobalEconomicCrisis/ Audio of Prabhat Patnaik's lecture on "The Global Economic Crisis" 2 December 2008]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Prabhat}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Marxian economists]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Khordha district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]

Kanti Madia

2026-02-07T23:23:53Z

Rohit Singh: Started data...

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, producer and playwright (1932–2004}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=March 2025}}
{{More citations needed |date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanti Madia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1932|3|7}}
| birth_place = [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alias = Kanti Madiya
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2004|6|15|1932|3|7}}
| occupation = Actor, director, playwright, producer
| years_active =
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Kashino Dikro]]'' (1979) film
}}
}}

'''Kanti Madia''' (or '''Kanti Madiya''')<ref>{{cite book |title=Bollyswar: 1991–2000, The Complete Guide to Hindi Film Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=kanti+madia&pg=PA2155|author=Param Arunachalam|isbn=9788193848210}}</ref> was an Indian actor, director, playwright, and producer from [[Gujarat]], India. He established the Natyasampada theatre company, and directed more than thirty plays. He is particularly known for directing the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] ''[[Kashino Dikro]]'' (1979), his only film.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |title=Obituary: Kanti Madiya |work= [[The Guardian]] |date=2004-07-27 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jul/27/guardianobituaries.india |access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kanti Madia was born on 7 March 1932 into a [[Jainism|Jain]] family in the former princely state [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]]. In 1948, he entered in [[Bhavan's College]] in [[Mumbai]], where he won prizes for acting and directing.

==Career==
In 1952, he started his career in theatre. His first one-act play, ''Raakhna Ramakada'', became instant hit. In 1959, he established Bohemians theatre company.<ref name=":0"/>

Although Madia received many offers from [[Bollywood]], he directed only one film, ''Kashino Dikro'' (1979), which he adapted from the Gujarati short story, ''Dariyav Dil'', written by [[Vinodini Nilkanth]]. The film was mainly noted for a moving portrayal by actress [[Rita Bhaduri]].

In 1980, Madia founded the Kavyasampada poetry club.

He also acted in "Episode 42 – A Horse And Two Goats" of the Hindi television serial [[Malgudi Days (TV series)|''Malgudi Days'']].

==Death==
Madia died on 15 June 2004.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA94|year=2013|publisher= [[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|page=94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUd2AAAAIAAJ&q=kanti+madia |year=1981 |publisher= [[Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |page=28}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2017, writer [[Sanjay Chhel]] published a book on Madia, entitled ''Mutthi Unchera Madia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paresh Rawal Launches Sanjay Chhel's Book on Kanti Madia – SKJ Bollywood News |website=SKJ Bollywood News – Pura Filmy Hai|date=2017-10-05 |url=https://skjbollywoodnews.com/paresh-rawal-launches-sanjay-chhels-book-kanti-madia/ |access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1141997}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madia, Kanti}}
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Organization founders]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]

K. P. Brahmanandan

2026-01-08T00:02:44Z

Rohit Singh: further improve information to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = K. P. Brahmanandan
| birth_name = Kadakkavoor Pachan Brahmanandan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kadakkavoor]], Trivandrum, India
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|08|10|1946|02|22}}
| death_place = Kadakkavoor, Trivandrum, India
| genre =
| occupation = Singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 1969-2004
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Kadakkavoor Pachan Brahmanandan''' (22 February 1946 – 10 August 2004) was a South Indian playback singer from [[Kerala]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/11/stories/2004081108550400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205000535/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/11/stories/2004081108550400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kerala News : Brahmanandan dead |date=2004-08-11 |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Brahmanandan was born in [[Kadakkavoor]], which is located north of [[Trivandrum]] district in Kerala, on 22 February 1946. His parents were Pachan and Bhavani. He was the third child of his parents, who totally had eight children. He began to study [[Carnatic music]] since a young age, firstly from his uncle Kadakkavoor Sundaram Bhagavathar, and later from the eminent musician [[D. K. Jayaraman]]. Brahmanandan was the father of Rakesh Brahmanandan, another Malayalam singer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Singer-Rakesh-Brahmanandan-getting-married/articleshow/30665640.cms |access-date=4 September 2018 |title=Singer Rakesh Brahmanandan getting married |first=Deepa |last=Soman |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927234320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Singer-Rakesh-Brahmanandan-getting-married/articleshow/30665640.cms |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref>

Brahmanandan died at his home in Kadakkavoor on 10 August 2004, at the age of 58.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> He was cremated at the premises of his home the next day. He is survived by his wife Usha, son Rakesh and daughter Athira.

==Awards==
Brahmanandan has received All-India Radio Award in 1965, Critics Award in 1999, and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmanandan.com/awards.html |title=Official Website of K P Brahmanandan |publisher=Brahamanadan.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205180639/http://brahmanandan.com/awards.html |archive-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
He also sang for a dozen Tamil films, for composers such as [[Ilaiyaraja]]...Santha Kavigal for Tamil movie "Metti" from Director Mahendran and [[Shankar–Ganesh]], and composed the music for two movies, `Malayathi Pennu' and `Kanni Nilaavu'.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

"Brahmanandan Foundation", constituted in memory of Brahmanandan encourages projects that promote values in line with particular interests that are well informed, that have clearly defined goals, and that are innovative and risk-taking, while acknowledging traditional standards of excellence and responsibility to the music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmanandan.com/brahmanandan-foundation.html |title=Official Website of K P Brahmanandan |publisher=Brahmanandan.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172832/http://brahmanandan.com/brahmanandan-foundation.html |archive-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The foundation has also constituted Brahmanandan memorial award, for excellence in Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/135029/ |title=Club FM, Ravi Menon gets Brahmanandan award, Malayalam - Mathrubhumi English Movies |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084832/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/135029/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmanandan, K. P.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Al Barkaat Malik Muhammad Islam English School

2026-01-06T13:10:37Z

Rohit Singh: creating initial bio w/ refs

{{short description|Private school in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Al Barkaat Malik Muhammad Islam English School
| motto = Indeed, the real beauty is of knowledge and manners
| location = [[Kurla]], Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| country = India
| type = Private school
| established = 2006
| founder = [[Rehbar Foundation]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = [https://albarkaatmumbai.edu.in/ Official website]
}}

'''Al Barkaat Malik Muhammad Islam English School''' is a co-educational English-medium institution in [[Kurla]], Mumbai. Founded in 2006, it is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). The school is managed by the Rehbar Foundation and provides primary and secondary education, up to grade 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Barkaat Malik Muhammad Islam English School |url=https://albarkaatmumbai.edu.in/ |website=Official website |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The school was established in 2006 under the [[Rehbar Foundation]], an educational initiative intended to promote inclusive and quality learning in [[Mumbai]]. Located in [[Kurla]], it was founded to combine academic study with cultural and moral education. Over time, the institution has introduced smart classrooms and subject laboratories.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation award for Kurla school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/innovation-award-for-kurla-school/articleshow/105323412.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Campus and facilities==
The campus includes E-learning classrooms, computer and science laboratories, and a library and reading room.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infrastructure – Al Barkaat MMI English School |url=https://albarkaatmumbai.edu.in/ |website=Official website |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Digital literacy and project-based learning form part of the academic programme.

==Academics==
The school offers classes at three levels:
* '''Pre-primary''': Nursery, Junior KG and Senior KG
* '''Primary''': Standards I–IV covering English, Hindi, Marathi, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and Computers
* '''Secondary''': Standards V–X including Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence

Teaching follows the CBSE curriculum framework focused on academic development and life-skills training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academics – Al Barkaat School |url=https://albarkaatmumbai.edu.in/academics/ |website=Official website |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Extracurricular activities==
Students take part in sports, cultural programmes and inter-school competitions.
The school's cricket team has competed successfully in Mumbai tournaments:
* In 2025 it won the Mumbai Indians Junior Tournament, when student Deven Yadav scored 111 runs not out.<ref>{{cite web |title=MI Junior 2025: Deven Yadav's heroics power Al Barkaat Malik Muhammad Islam English School to victory |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/mi-junior-2025-deven-yadavs-heroics-power-al-barkat-malik-muhammad-islam-english-school-to-victory |website=Mumbai Indians |date=5 January 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
* The team has also won the Giles Shield inter-school cricket competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Barkaat vs National English School, Giles Shield Super League Match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/al-barkaat-vs-national-english-school-giles-shield-super-league-match/articleshow/106712937.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
* The [https://mssa.co.in/ Mumbai Schools Sports Association] records its participation in the Giles Shield and Harris Shield events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Refreshed Al Barkaat gear up to defend title |url=https://mssa.co.in/cricket/refreshed-al-barkat-gear-up-to-defend-title-/08147259 |website=MSSA |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Best Innovative School – Youth Ideathon (2023), awarded by the CBSE Board for student-led projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation award for Kurla school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/innovation-award-for-kurla-school/articleshow/105323412.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://albarkaatmumbai.edu.in/ Official website]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated to CBSE]]

Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar

2026-01-02T00:14:22Z

Rohit Singh: started article

{{Short description|2016 Indian Hindi television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = '''Ek Chutki Sindoor'''
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Dhaval Gada Guroudev Bhalla
| based_on =
| director =
| writer = Dhaval Gada Gurudev Bhalla
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| judges =
| starring = [[Vatsal Sheth]] [[Ishita Dutta]] [[Aalisha Panwar]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 70
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company =
| producer = Dhaval Gada Gurudev Bhalla
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|6|20 }}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|9|23|df=y}}
}}

'''''Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar''''' ({{Translation|''Gambler: The Merchant of Relationships''}}) is an Indian Hindi drama television series of [[Life OK]] which premiered on 20 June 2016 and ended on 23 September 2016 owing to lower viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tarzan-actor-vatsal-seth-talks-about-his-new-show-rishton-ka-saudagar-baazigar-2225136|title='Rishton Ka Saudagar - Baazigar' is a different show, says Vatsal Seth|last=|first=|date=|website=DNA India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rishton-Ka-Saudagar-Baazigar-to-go-off-air/articleshow/53895483.cms|title=Rishton Ka Saudagar...Baazigar to go off air|last=|first=|date=28 August 2016|website=The Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Produced by Dhaval Gada and Gurudev Bhalla, it starred [[Vatsal Sheth]], [[Ishita Dutta]].<ref name=r1>{{cite news|url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/ishita-dutta-to-romance-vatsal-seth-in-rishton-ka-saudagar-baazigar/17214173|title=Ishita Dutta to romance Vatsal Seth in 'Rishton Ka Saudagar Baazigar'|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> and [[Aalisha Panwar]],

==Plot==
The story revolves around Aarav and Arundati, who are shown to be very much in love at the start of the show. Aarav seizes every opportunity to surprise Arundhati and make her happy. Soon their wedding preparations begin but on the wedding day, it is revealed that Aarav hates Arundati and was marrying her just to take revenge as Arundhati slapped him in the past. Aarav leaves the mandap leaving everyone shocked.
Arundati who's still in a trauma turns out to be pregnant with Aarav's child but later suffers a miscarriage. She decides to take revenge and gain back her lost respect and forcefully enters Aarav's house as his wife and starts living with him. Aarav plots against Arundati in order to kick her out of his house but fails every time.
Aarav meanwhile murders his own father. Soon it is revealed that Aarav also killed his mother by poisoning her because she was unhappy with his father and they constantly fought and Aarav wanted to ease her sufferings.
Arundati soon realizes that Aarav has some hidden bitter past which greatly affects his present actions and that past is linked to the happenings of his 9th birthday party. She arranges a birthday party similar to that of Aarav's 9th birthday and during the party a wooden door falls on Aarav and he suffers from a trauma which leads to his mind turning to that of a 9 year old.
Arundati cares for him while all the other family members doubt her intentions. She finds out that on his 9th birthday Aarav saw his father with his Masi (now his step mom), also he was raped by the house servant.
Aarav's dadi and Arundati contact a doctor over Aarav's condition and the doctor asks them to bring the same servant in front of Aarav in order to reverse his trauma. On the other hand it is revealed that Aarav's step mom is plotting to kill both Aarav and Arundati in order to gain hold of the entire property.
Aarav regain his memory and decides to trap his step's mom and have her arrested with the help of Arundati.
Finally, Aarav and Arundati have a happy reunion.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Vatsal Sheth]] as Aarav Trivedi: Kailashnath and Parul's elder sister's son and murderer, Parul's nephew and step-son, Arundhati's husband
*[[Ishita Dutta]] as Arundhati Trivedi: Ashwin's daughter, Aarav's wife
*[[Aalisha Panwar]] as Kritika

===Recurring===
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as Ashwin Bhardwaj: Arundhati's father
* [[Shital Thakkar]] as Parul Kailashnath Trivedi: Aarav's mother younger sister, Kailashnath second-wife and widow, Aarav's aunt and step-mother
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Kailashnath Trivedi: Padmini's brother, Parul's elder sister widower, Parul's husband, Aarav's father and uncle
* [[Shresth Kumar]]
* Debashish Naha
* Piyali Munshi
* Ekta Mukherjee
* [[Pyumori Mehta]]
* Jhuma Biswas
* [[Kapil Arya]] as Siddhant, Arundhati’s best friend
* Sumukhi Pendse as Padmini Trivedi: Kailashnath's sister, Radheshyam's wife, Rishi's mother
* [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Radheyshyam: Padamini's husband, Rishi's father
* Tarun Mahilani: as Rishi: Radheshyam and Padmini's son, Aarav's cousin

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishton Ka Saudagar - Baazigar}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]

Kak (surname)

2025-12-24T10:13:18Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Short description|Kashmiri Pandit surname}}
{{Other uses|Kak (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

'''Kak''' ({{langx|ks|{{small|[[Sharada script|Sharada]] :}} 𑆑𑆳𑆑, {{small|[[Devanagari]] :}} काक, {{small|[[Nastaliq]] :}} کاک|translit=kāk}}) is a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[Kashmiri Pandits|Pandit]] surname originating in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Sir Walter Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304 |title=The Valley of Kashmir |date=2005 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1630-1 |pages=304 |language=en |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following surnames:— Tikku, Razdan, '''Kak''', Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=20 August 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, '''Kakh''', Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book |author=[[Bansi Pandit|Pandit, Bansi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Amar Nath Kak]]- Indian lawyer
*[[Bina Kak]]- Indian politician and actress
*[[Kapil Kak]]- Indian air force veteran
*[[Mushtaq Kak]]- Indian actor and director
*[[Ram Chandra Kak]]- Indian politician and archaeologist
*[[Sanjay Kak]]- Indian author, activist and filmmaker
*[[Siddharth Kak]]- Indian [[Documentary film|documentary filmmaker]] and producer
*[[Subhash Kak]]- [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] historian

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Kashmirifamalies}}
{{Surname|Kak}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Rahate Colony metro station

2025-12-19T18:09:08Z

Rohit Singh: started a details

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{notability|date=November 2021 | 1=Places}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rahate Colony
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Rahate Colony metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Vasant Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.12774|79.07572|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Congress Nagar|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Ajni Square}}
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Rahate Colony''' is an elevated metro station on the North - South corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in the city of [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra. This serves the Rahate Colony area of [[Nagpur]]. It was opened on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro's Double Decker Viaduct Inaugurated |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/16/nagpur-metros-double-decker-viaduct-inaugurated/ |website=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=26 November 2021 |date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CMRS gives safety node to launch metro services on four new stations in Nagpur|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cmrs-gives-safety-node-to-launch-metro-services-on-four-new-stations-in-nagpur|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ashish|last=Roy |title=Two months pass but no new Metro station opens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/two-months-pass-but-no-new-metro-station-opens/articleshow/69241835.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Rahate Colony track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Congress Nagar}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ajni Square}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Ajni Square metro station|Ajni Square]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Congress Nagar metro station|Congress Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Rajyavardhana

2025-11-24T04:34:54Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Short description|King of Thanesar from 605 to 606}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Thanesar
| reign = {{circa|605|606}}
| predecessor = [[Prabhakarvardhana]]
| successor = [[Harsha]]
| dynasty = [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]
| father = [[Prabhakarvardhana]]
| mother = [[Yasomati]]
}}
'''Rajyavardhana''', also known as '''Rajya Vardhan''', was the Emperor of Thanesar from 605 to 606, and the eldest son of [[Prabhakarvardhana]] and member of the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]. He ascended the throne after his father's death and was succeeded by his younger brother, [[Harsha]].

Contemporary information regarding the life of Rajyavardhana is limited in scope and utility. He is mentioned by [[Xuanzang]], the Chinese traveller, and in ''[[Harshacharita]]'', a seventh-century CE work by the poet and bard [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]]. Neither offer impartial accounts and they differ in substantive details.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1977|pp=249-251|ps=}} The military historian Kaushik Roy describes ''Harshacharita'' as "historical fiction" but with a factually correct foundation.{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}}

Rajyavardhana was the elder of two sons of Prabhakarvardhana and his queen, [[Yasomati]]. The couple also had a daughter, [[Rajyashri]], who married [[Grahavarman]], a member of the [[Maukhari]] ruling family at [[Kannauj]].{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}} Prabhakarvardana was the powerful ruler of the [[Thanesar]] region around 585-606, although exact dates are uncertain. The historian [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] says he died and was succeeded by Rajyavardhana in 604{{sfnp|Majumdar|1977|pp=249-251|ps=}} but Kaushik Roy gives 606 as the year,{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}} and some sources say 605.{{sfnp|Allan|Haig|Dodwell|1934|p=105|ps=}} Prabhakarvardhana had expanded his territory by defeating rulers in [[Gujarat]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Sind]], and he had also resisted the invasion of the [[Huna people]]. He died while his sons were fighting the Hunas.{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}}

The marriage alliance of Grahavarman and Rajyashri had strengthened ties between the families to a point that [[Shashanka]], the ruler of the [[Gauda kingdom]] in [[Bengal]], found unacceptable. He retaliated by allying with the [[Malava kingdom]] and the forces appear to have launched a successful surprise attack on the Maukhari capital at Kannauj. Grahavarman was killed and Rajyashri captured at this time, which caused Rajyavardhana to retaliate in turn. He commanded a 10,000-strong [[cavalry]] force that was successful in defeating the Malava ruler, with the main army of [[infantry]] and [[war elephant]]s supporting it under the charge of his younger brother, Harsha.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1977|pp=249-251|ps=}}{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}}

Rajyavardhana's success was against an advance guard of his enemy. He died later in 606 as he made his way onwards to press an action at Kannauj itself. He was perhaps murdered by Shashanka, who may have invited him to a meeting with treachery in mind, although the only sources for this claim are Bāṇabhaṭṭa and Xuanzang, who both had reasons to write unfavourably of Shashanka.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1977|pp=249-251|ps=}}{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sengupta|2011|p=35|ps=}}

Harsha succeeded Rajyavardhana as ruler of Thanesar and vowed to avenge his brother's death.{{sfnp|Roy|2013|pp=21-22|ps=}}

== References ==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |editor1-first=J. |editor1-last=Allan |editor2-first=T. Wolseley |editor2-last=Haig |editor3-first=H. H. |editor3-last=Dodwell |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |authorlink=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-date=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC}}
*{{citation |title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers |chapter=Bana |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |editor1-first=Daniel |editor1-last=Coetzee |editor2-first=Lee W. |editor2-last=Eysturlid |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-07033-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}
*{{citation |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |first=Nitish K. |last=Sengupta |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14341-678-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA34}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=The Harsa-carita of Bana |author=Banabhatta |authorlink=Banabhatta |translator=[[Edward Byles Cowell]] |translator2=[[F. W. Thomas]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/harsacaritaofban00banaiala#page/n7/mode/2up|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |year=1897}}

[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Pushyabhuti monarchs]]

Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University

2025-11-05T00:32:16Z

Rohit Singh: Made a post

{{Infobox university
| name = Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University
| image =
| established = {{start date|2022}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| founder =
| motto =
| president =
| vice_chancellor =
| coordinates =
| location = [[Sabroom]], [[Tripura]]
| campus =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ddibu.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{TheravadaBuddhism|Universities}}
'''Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University''' (DDIBU) is a [[Private University (India)|Private University]].It is located in [[Sabroom]] in South [[Tripura]].It was established in 2022.<ref name="w059">{{cite web | title=Tripura assembly unanimously passes bill for international Buddhist university | website=ThePrint | date=26 September 2022 | url=https://theprint.in/india/tripura-assembly-unanimously-passes-bill-for-international-buddhist-university/1144033/ | access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="m114">{{cite web | title=Foundation Stone of India's first Buddhist University laid in Sabroom | website=Tripura Chronicle | date=29 November 2022 | url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/foundation-stone-of-indias-first-buddhist-university-laid-in-sabroom/ | access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="u784">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=India's first Buddhist University to come up in Tripura | website=Indianarrative | date=29 November 2022 | url=https://www.indianarrative.com/culture-news/indias-first-buddhist-university-to-come-up-in-tripura-77397.html | access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="c045">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Buddhist International University To Hold Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony On November 29 | website=www.ndtv.com | date=27 November 2022 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/buddhist-international-university-hold-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-on-november-29-3557338 | access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/Private_university_other?id=1274 | title=Universities | publisher=University Grants Commission | accessdate=5 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Tripura University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Tripura]]

Chitragupta temple, Kanchipuram

2025-10-23T03:21:42Z

Rohit Singh: Made place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chitragupta Temple
| image = Chitraguptaswamy.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|12|N|79|42|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = India
| state = Tamil Nadu
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| locale = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Chitragupta]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 9th century CE
| creator = [[Chola]] kings
| website =
}}

'''Chitragupta temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple located in Nellukara Street [[Kanchipuram]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the rare temples of the Hindu deity [[Chitragupta]], considered to be the assistant of [[Yama]], the Hindu god of death. Chitragupta is believed to have emerged from a painting and set as the accountant of good and bad deeds of human beings by [[Brahma]]. The temple has a three-tiered Rajagopuram (gateway tower) and a single precinct around the sanctum.

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century CE, while later expansions are attributed to various others. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The major festival celebrated in the temple in [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]] during April. The temple is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the city.

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, [[Shiva]], the Hindu god of destruction was discussing with his wife [[Parvathi]] about maintaining [[Dharma]] amidst all human beings in earth and maintaining good account of their deeds. He felt that he wanted to have someone to have a close watch on the people to prevent them from indulging in crime and involving themselves in good deeds. Shiva drew a picture in a gold plate - Parvathi was impressed and wanted Shiva to detail it. The picture turned into a deity by the divine grace of Shiva and Parvathi. Shiva entrusted the duty of maintaining the account of deeds of all human beings in earth. He came to be known as Chitragupta as he was derived from a ''Chitra'' (picture) and ''Gupta'' (with secrecy). He was set as the accountant of [[Yama]], who is the Hindu deity of death.<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious temples of Kanchi|last=T.V.R|first=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=85–86}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Brihaspati]], the Guru of planetary deities had a disagreement with [[Indra]], the king of celestial deities. On account of the confrontation, Brihaspati discontinued his advocacy to Indra. At a later point, Indra realized his mistakes and patched up with his Guru. To expiate himself from the sins created, he started on a pilgrimage and reached the place to find a [[Linga]]. He constructed a temple in the place and golden lotuses started appearing in the nearby temple tank. The day was Chitra Pournami.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|editor-last=Melton|editor-first=J. Gordon|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598842067|year=2011}}</ref>

A third legend states that [[Indra]] prayed to Shiva to have a child, but as per the divine wish, his wife [[Indrani]] was not supposed have any progeny. Shiva directed [[Kamadhenu]], the holy cow to give birth to a child. Shiva later entrusted the child to Indra and Indrani, who later brought him up as Chitragupta.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012|page=53}}</ref>

==Architecture and history==
The temple has a three-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. The central shrine has the image of [[Chitragupta]] in seated posture. He is sported with a ''ezhuthaani'' (pen) in his right hand and scripts in his left hand.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=61}}</ref>

Archaeologist have confirmed based on the inscriptions that the temple was built during the 9th century CE by the [[Medieval Cholas]]. The temple has various maintenance activities during the subsequent period. During the repair works carried out during 1911, two historical metal idols of Chitragupta and his consort Karnikambal were found. These images are housed in the central sanctum. During modern times, a consecration was performed during 1918 and 1994. The temple has been administered by a group of hereditary trustees.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Shrine for Chitragupta |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041801260800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031102043058/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041801260800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2003|date=18 April 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
[[Chitragupta]], as per [[Hinduism]] is the accountant of [[Yama]], the death god, who keeps track of good and bad deeds of human beings to decide their residence in heaven or hell. The temple is just one of its kind that has a separate temple for Chitragupta. Every new moon, there are special worship practices followed in the temple. The major festival celebrated in the temple in [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]] during April.<ref name=hindu/> Chitragupta is considered the Adidevata for [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]], the ninth planet of [[Hindu astrology]]. He is the patron and central deity of the [[Kayastha]] community, who are known as the descendant of Shri Chitragupt, but is also worshipped by both [[Shaivite]]s and [[Vaishnavite]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of The Deities and The Temples in Southern Indian Peninsula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCONp15NEb0C&dq=chitragupta+temple&pg=PA93|pages=93–94|publisher=UmaSankar Printers|last=Dash|first=Trilochan|year=2010 }}</ref> Women devotees observe fast or consume food without salt during the day to seek blessings of Chitragupta. During old times, traditional village accountants worship god seeking divine blessings for their profession.<ref name=Rao/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]

Amit Chaudhuri

2025-10-16T15:56:39Z

Rohit Singh: updated

{{Short description|Indian poet and classical singer (born 1962)}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=April 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer/Wikidata
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}
[[File:Amit Chaudhuri (Photo by Geoff Pugh) .jpg|thumb|Amit Chaudhuri]]
'''Amit Chaudhuri''' (born 15 May 1962) is a novelist, poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, singer, and music composer from [[India]]. He is currently a professor of creative writing at [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/amit-chaudhuri-1670|title = Faculty/Staff}}</ref>

He was previously professor of contemporary literature at the [[University of East Anglia]] from 2006 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/literature/about-us/creative-writing/your-teachers|title=Your Teachers - UEA|website=uea.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> In 2013, he was awarded the Infosys Prize for outstanding contribution to the humanities in Literary Studies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2012 - Prof. Amit Chaudhuri |url=https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2012/amit-chaudhuri.asp#:~:text=The%20Infosys%20Prize%20for%20Humanities,a%20probing%20sense%20of%20detail |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref>

In January 2018, Chaudhuri began writing a series for ''[[The Paris Review]]'' titled ''The Moment''.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2018 |title=The Paris Review - The Moment of the Houses |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/01/23/the-moment-of-the-houses/}}</ref> He also wrote an occasional column, "Telling Tales", for ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]''.<ref>Samhita Chakraborty, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/there-s-something-about-a-calcutta-childhood-talking-tales-with-amit-chaudhuri/cid/1288995 'There's something about a Calcutta childhood' Talking Tales with Amit Chaudhuri], ''The Telegraph'', 19 February 2014. Accessed 30 August 2020.</ref>

==Personal life==
Amit Chaudhuri was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (renamed [[Kolkata]]) in 1962 and grew up in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (renamed [[Mumbai]]). {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} He took his first degree in English literature from [[University College London]], and wrote his doctoral dissertation on [[D. H. Lawrence]]'s poetry at [[Balliol College, Oxford]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

He is married to [[Rosinka Chaudhuri]], Professor of Cultural Studies and Director of the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|url=https://www.cssscal.org/faculty_rosinka_chaudhuri.php|access-date=2020-06-18|website=cssscal.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First ever Global South professor announced {{!}} University of Oxford|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-10-23-first-ever-global-south-professor-announced|access-date=2020-06-18|website=ox.ac.uk|date=23 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
Chaudhuri is a singer in the North Indian classical tradition, who has performed internationally.<ref name="Donnell2002"/> He learned singing from his mother, Bijoya Chaudhuri, and from the late Pandit Govind Prasad Jaipurwale<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Chaudhuri {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/amit-chaudhuri/288265|access-date=2020-06-17|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> of the Kunwar Shyam gharana

==Awards and honours==
*1991 [[Betty Trask Award]] and [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] for Best First Book for ''A Strange and Sublime Address''<ref name="Donnell2002">{{cite book|author=Alex Tickell|editor-link=Alison Donnell|editor=Alison Donnell|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&pg=PA72|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|page=72|chapter=Chauduri, Amit}}</ref>
*1994 [[Encore Award]] and Southern Arts Literature Prize, ''Afternoon Raag''<ref name="Donnell2002"/>
*2009 Elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Society of Literature » Amit Chaudhuri |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/amit-chaudhuri-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051603/https://rsliterature.org/fellow/amit-chaudhuri-3/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=rsliterature.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*2012 [[Infosys Prize]] for the Humanities in Literary Studies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/media-room/press-release-archive/-/asset_publisher/a2jEGMiFHPhv/content/uea-professor-amit-chaudhuri-wins-30-000-literary-prize?inheritRedirect=false|title=UEA professor Amit Chaudhuri wins £30,000 literary prize - Press Release Archive - UEA|website=uea.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>
*2020 Honorary Fellow, Modern Language Association (MLA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Members and Fellows |url=https://www.mla.org/Resources/Career/MLA-Grants-and-Awards/Honorary-Members-and-Fellows |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Modern Language Association |language=en}}</ref>
*2022 James Tait Black Memorial Prize, Biography, ''Finding the Raga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=James Tait Prize |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/university-of-edinburgh-writers-william-golding-ian-mcewan-john-le-carre-b2151945.html?amp |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref>''
==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''A strange and sublime address''. Penguin, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-143-41944-0}}
*''Afternoon Raag''. Heinemann, 1993, {{ISBN|978-0-434-12349-0}} The book won the Encore Award.<ref name="Long, short and beautifully formed">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Karl |date=2011-10-23 |title=BOOK REVIEW / Long, short and beautifully formed: 'Afternoon Raag' - Amit Chaudhuri |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review-long-short-and-beautifully-formed-afternoon-raag-amit-chaudhuri-heinemann-13-99-pounds-grandmother-s-tale-r-k-narayan-heinemann-9-99-pounds-1484192.html |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> The 25th anniversary edition was published by Penguin Random House India in 2019 with a foreword by James Wood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=James |date=8 June 2019 |title='Afternoon Raag' reminds us Amit Chaudhuri wrote 'autofiction' 25 years before it became a trend |url=https://scroll.in/article/926179/afternoon-raag-reminds-us-amit-chaudhuri-wrote-autofiction-25-years-before-it-became-a-trend |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Freedom Song''. Picador, 1998; Alfred A. Knopf, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-375-40427-6}} [http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0599/chaudhuri/excerpt.html excerpt]
*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-Fke2tyFX8C&q=amit+chaudhuri| title=A New World| publisher= Picador| year= 2000|isbn=978-0-375-41093-2}}; Random House Digital, Inc., 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-375-72480-0}}
*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTUMN00OYoYC&q=amit+chaudhuri| title=The Immortals| publisher= Picador| year= 2009| isbn=978-0-307-27022-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |author-mask=1 |title=[[Odysseus Abroad]] |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |year=2015}}
* Friend of My Youth, 2017, Penguin Random House India
* {{cite book | last=Chaudhuri | first=A. | title=Sojourn | publisher=Faber & Faber | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-571-36036-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0JYEAAAQBAJ | display-authors =0}}

===Collected short stories===
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |title=Real time : stories and a reminiscence |publisher=Picador |year=2002}}

===Poetry===
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |title=St. Cyril Road and other poems |publisher=Penguin |year=2005}}

===Libretto===
* ''[[Sukanya (opera)|Sukanya]]'', the only opera by [[Ravi Shankar]]

===Non-fiction===
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |title=D. H. Lawrence and 'difference' : postcoloniality and the poetry of the present |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003}}
*''Small Orange Flags'' (Seagull, 2003) {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000351/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/11/02/stories/2003110200200100.htm reviewed]}}
*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&q=amit+chaudhuri| title=Clearing A Space: Reflections on India, Literature and Culture| publisher= Peter Lang| year= 2008| isbn= 978-1-906165-01-7}}
* ''Calcutta: Two Years in the City'', Union Books (2013)
*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlrEDwAAQBAJ| title=Finding the Raga: An Improvisation on Indian Music| publisher= New York Review Books| year=2021| isbn=978-1-681-37478-9}}

===Edited anthologies===
*{{cite book |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Amit |title=The Picador book of modern Indian literature |publisher=Picador |year=2001}}
*''Memory's Gold: Writings on Calcutta'' (2008)

=== Dissertation ===
Chaudhuri's D.Phil. dissertation at Oxford was published by Clarendon Press as a monograph titled ''D.H. Lawrence and Difference'' in 2003. It was called a "classic" by [[Tom Paulin]] in his preface to the book; [[Terry Eagleton]] wrote in the ''London Review of Books'' that it is "a fine book, which if it had expanded its scope and dug rather deeper might even have been even better".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eagleton |first=Terry |date=2004-02-05 |title=Anti-Humanism |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v26/n03/terry-eagleton/anti-humanism |access-date=2021-07-06 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |issn=0260-9592}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{official website}}
*[https://twitter.com/AmitChaudhuri Amit Chaudhuri] at [[Twitter]]
*{{British council|id=amit-chaudhuri|name=Amit Chaudhuri}}
*[https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=18000000569 Amit Chaudhuri] at the [[Munzinger-Archiv]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200716090127/https://lareviewofbooks.org/author-page/amit-chaudhuri/ Amit Chaudhuri] at the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]''
*[http://www.littlemag.com/mar-apr01/amit.html "Surpanakha"], story at ''The Little Magazine''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031116103501/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2003/11/02/stories/2003110200200100.htm "An unlikely radical"], ''[[The Hindu]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040314033740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040116/asp/calcutta/story_2787444.asp "A date with Amit Chaudhuri"], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|''The Telegraph'']]

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhuri, Amit}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of East Anglia]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford|Chauduri, Amit]]

2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy

2025-10-01T22:11:49Z

Rohit Singh:

{{Infobox football tournament season
|title = Rajmata Jijabai Trophy
|year = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
|other_titles = Senior Women's National Football Championship
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|country = India
|dates = 12 November 2023 – April 2024
|num_teams = 33
|winners = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|count = 22
|second = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|matches =
|goals =
|attendance =
|scoring_leader =
|award =
|goalkeeper =
|prev_season = [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022–23]]
|next_season = [[2024–25 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy''' was the 28th edition of the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]], the premier competition in [[India]] for women's teams representing regional and state football associations.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Santosh Trophy, Senior Women's NFC 2023-24 Group Stage Draws conducted |agency=AIFF |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/santosh-trophy-senior-womens-nfc-2023-24-group-stage-draws-conducted |accessdate=15 November 2023}}</ref>

== Format ==
Thirty teams have been divided into six groups in the qualifying round, which will be played in six different venues across the country. The Final Round of the competition will have a total of 12 teams. Three teams have gained direct entry to the final round - defending champions Tamil Nadu, last season's runners-up Haryana and final round hosts West Bengal.

The six group winners and three best runners-up will qualify for the final round which will be held in West Bengal in April 2024. The final round will be held with two groups of six teams each. The top two teams will qualify for the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=28th Senior Women's NFC 2023-24 group stage to be played in six states|agency=AIFF |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/28th-senior-womens-nfc-2023-24-group-stage-to-be-played-in-six-states |date=10 November 2023 |accessdate=11 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=28th Senior Women’s NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy Final Rounds groupings announced |agency=AIFF |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/28th-senior-womens-nfc-2023-24-final-rounds-groupings-announced |date=3 April 2024 }}</ref>

=== Schedule ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Matchday
! colspan="6" |Dates
|-
!Group A
!Group B
!Group C
!Group D
!Group E
!Group F
|-
|Matchday 1
|24 November 2023
|15 November 2023
|23 November 2023
|15 November 2023
|12 November 2023
|21 November 2023
|-
|Matchday 2
|26 November 2023
|17 November 2023
|25 November 2023
|17 November 2023
|14 November 2023
|23 November 2023
|-
|Matchday 3
|28 November 2023
|19 November 2023
|27 November 2023
|19 November 2023
|16 November 2023
|25 November 2023
|-
|Matchday 4
|1 December 2023
|
|30 November 2023
|22 November 2023
|19 November 2023
|27 November 2023
|-
|Matchday 5
|3 December 2023
|
|3 December 2023
|24 November 2023
|21 November 2023
|29 November 2023
|}

=== Centralised venues ===
* Group A → Mahamaya Sports Stadium, Ghaziabad, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* Group B → DL Roy Memorial District Stadium, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[West Bengal]]
* Group C → [[Bangalore Football Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
* Group D → GNDU Sports Complex, [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* Group E → Sundargarh Stadium and Biju Patnaik Mini Stadium, [[Sundargarh]], [[Odisha]]
* Group F → SAI Ground and NIT Ground, Anu, [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|team1=MN |team2=CT |team3=UP |team4=RJ |team5=MZ
|result1=KO

|win_MN=3 |draw_MN= |loss_MN= |gf_MN=27 |ga_MN=
|win_RJ= |draw_RJ= |loss_RJ=3 |gf_RJ=2 |ga_RJ=25
|win_CT=1 |draw_CT=1 |loss_CT=1 |gf_CT=8 |ga_CT=8
|win_MZ= |draw_MZ= |loss_MZ= |gf_MZ= |ga_MZ=
|win_UP=1 |draw_UP=1 |loss_UP=1 |gf_UP=8 |ga_UP=12 |status_UP=H

|name_MN=[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|name_RJ=[[Rajasthan women's football team|Rajasthan]]
|name_CT=[[Chhattisgarh women's football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_MZ=[[Mizoram women's football team|Mizoram]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh women's football team|Uttar Pradesh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|result5=WD |col_WD=black2 |text_WD=Withdrew
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=22 November 2023
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|team1=DL |team2=MP |team3=TG |team4=AP
|result1=KO

|win_DL=3 |draw_DL= |loss_DL= |gf_DL=19 |ga_DL=1
|win_MP=1 |draw_MP=1 |loss_MP=1 |gf_MP=5 |ga_MP=4
|win_TG=1 |draw_TG=1 |loss_TG=1 |gf_TG=1 |ga_TG=8
|win_AP= |draw_AP= |loss_AP=3 |gf_AP= |ga_AP=12

|name_DL=[[Delhi women's football team|Delhi]]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh women's football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_TG=[[Telangana women's football team|Telangana]]
|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh women's football team|Andhra Pradesh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|team1=SK |team2=CH |team3=KL |team4=KR |team5=AS |team6=TR
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_KL=3 |draw_KL= |loss_KL=2 |gf_KL=23 |ga_KL=6
|win_KR=2 |draw_KR=1 |loss_KR=2 |gf_KR=15 |ga_KR=6 |status_KR=H
|win_TR= |draw_TR= |loss_TR=5 |gf_TR= |ga_TR=31
|win_SK=4 |draw_SK=1 |loss_SK= |gf_SK=12 |ga_SK=1
|win_AS=1 |draw_AS=1 |loss_AS=3 |gf_AS=7 |ga_AS=16
|win_CH=2 |draw_CH=3 |loss_CH= |gf_CH=5 |ga_CH=2

|name_KL=[[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
|name_KR=[[Karnataka women's football team|Karnataka]]
|name_TR=[[Tripura women's football team|Tripura]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim women's football team|Sikkim]]
|name_AS=[[Assam women's football team|Assam]]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh women's football team|Chandigarh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|team1=PB |team2=JH |team3=UT |team4=JK |team5=LA
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_JH=3 |draw_JH= |loss_JH=1 |gf_JH=6 |ga_JH=2
|win_LA= |draw_LA= |loss_LA=4 |gf_LA=1 |ga_LA=9
|win_UT=2 |draw_UT= |loss_UT=2 |gf_UT=6 |ga_UT=6
|win_JK=1 |draw_JK= |loss_JK=3 |gf_JK=1 |ga_JK=6
|win_PB=4 |draw_PB= |loss_PB= |gf_PB=12 |ga_PB=3 |status_PB=H

|name_JH=[[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_LA=[[Ladakh women's football team|Ladakh]]
|name_UT=[[Uttarakhand women's football team|Uttarakhand]]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir women's football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_PB=[[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group E===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|team1=OD |team2=GO |team3=AR |team4=GJ |team5=MG
|result1=KO

|win_OD=4 |draw_OD= |loss_OD= |gf_OD=15 |ga_OD=4 |status_OD=H
|win_GO=2 |draw_GO=1 |loss_GO=1 |gf_GO=8 |ga_GO=5
|win_MG= |draw_MG= |loss_MG=4 |gf_MG=3 |ga_MG=15
|win_AR=2 |draw_AR= |loss_AR=2 |gf_AR=13 |ga_AR=9
|win_GJ=1 |draw_GJ=1 |loss_GJ=2 |gf_GJ=4 |ga_GJ=10

|name_OD=[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|name_GO=[[Goa women's football team|Goa]]
|name_MG=[[Meghalaya women's football team|Meghalaya]]
|name_AR=[[Arunachal Pradesh women's football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|name_GJ=[[Gujarat women's football team|Gujarat]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group F===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]

|team1=RL |team2=MH |team3=BH |team4=HP |team5=AN
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_RL=4 |draw_RL= |loss_RL= |gf_RL=38 |ga_RL=
|win_MH=3 |draw_MH= |loss_MH=1 |gf_MH=33 |ga_MH=2
|win_AN= |draw_AN= |loss_AN=4 |gf_AN= |ga_AN=83
|win_HP=1 |draw_HP= |loss_HP=3 |gf_HP=17 |ga_HP=20 |status_HP=H
|win_BH=2 |draw_BH= |loss_BH=2 |gf_BH=24 |ga_BH=7

|name_RL=[[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra women's football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_AN=[[Andaman and Nicobar women's football team|Andaman & Nicobar]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh women's football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|name_BH=[[Bihar women's football team|Bihar]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Final Round|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

==Final Round==
===Qualified teams===
* [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]] (Automatic qualification)
* [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]] (Automatic qualification)
* [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]] (Hosts)
* [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] (Group A winners)
* [[Delhi women's football team|Delhi]] (Group B winners)
* [[Sikkim women's football team|Sikkim]] (Group C winners)
* [[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]] (Group D winners)
* [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]] (Group E winners)
* [[Railways women's football team|Railways]] (Group F winners)
* [[Chandigarh women's football team|Chandigarh]] (Group C runners-up)
* [[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]] (Group D runners-up)
* [[Maharashtra women's football team|Maharashtra]] (Group F runners-up)

===Group A===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|update=complete


|team1=TN
|team2=WB
|team3=RL
|team4=DL
|team5=PJ
|team6=CH
|result1=C |result2=C


|name_CH=[[Chandigarh women's football team|Chandigarh]]
|name_DL=[[Delhi women's football team|Delhi]]
|name_PJ=[[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]]
|name_RL=[[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_WB=[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots

|win_CH= |draw_CH=1 |loss_CH=4 |gf_CH= |ga_CH=8
|win_DL=2 |draw_DL= |loss_DL=3 |gf_DL=4 |ga_DL=12
|win_PJ=1 |draw_PJ= |loss_PJ=4 |gf_PJ=6 |ga_PJ=17
|win_RL=3 |draw_RL=1 |loss_RL=1 |gf_RL=14 |ga_RL=6
|win_WB=3 |draw_WB=1 |loss_WB=1 |gf_WB=12 |ga_WB=6 |status_WB=H
|win_TN=4 |draw_TN=1 |loss_TN= |gf_TN=15 |ga_TN=2


|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Knockout stage|Knockout Stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc AIFF]
|update=complete


|team1=HR
|team2=MN
|team3=OD
|team4=SK
|team5=JH
|team6=MH
|result1=C |result2=C


|name_JH=[[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_HR=[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana ]]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra women's football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_MN=[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|name_OD= [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim women's football team|Sikkim]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots

|win_JH=1 |draw_JH= |loss_JH=4 |gf_JH=7 |ga_JH=17
|win_HR=4 |draw_HR=1 |loss_HR= |gf_HR=12 |ga_HR=1
|win_MH= |draw_MH=1 |loss_MH=4 |gf_MH=3 |ga_MH=14
|win_MN=4 |draw_MN= |loss_MN=1 |gf_MN=22 |ga_MN=4
|win_OD=3 |draw_OD=1 |loss_OD=1 |gf_OD=12 |ga_OD=6
|win_SK=1 |draw_SK=1 |loss_SK=3 |gf_SK=9 |ga_SK=23


|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Advance to [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy#Knockout stage|Knockout Stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
{{4TeamBracket|nowrap=y
| seeds = no

| RD1 = [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| RD2 = [[#Final|Final]]

| RD1-team1 = [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD1-score1 = 0
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''2'''

| RD1-team3 = '''[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]] {{pso}}'''
| RD1-score3 = '''0 (4)'''
| RD1-team4 = [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
| RD1-score4 = 0 (3)

| RD2-team1 = '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''2'''
| RD2-team2 = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
| RD2-score2 = 0
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{football box collapsible
| date = 13 May 2024
| time = : [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/34086
| team2 = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location =
| attendance =
| referee =
| potm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 13 May 2024
| time = : [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/34087
| team2 = [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location =
| attendance =
| referee =
| potm =
| penaltyscore = 4–3
}}

===Final===
{{football box collapsible
| date = 15 May 2024
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/34234
| team2 = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location =
| attendance =
| referee =
| potm =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Senior Women's National Football Championship}}
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian women's football|Senior National Football Championship]]

Pondicherry Municipal Council

2025-09-17T00:27:49Z

Rohit Singh: minor update

{{Short description|Regional government body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Pondicherry City Municipal Council
| image =
| native_name =புதுச்சேரி நகராட்சி ''Conseil Municipal de Pondichéry''
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Pondicherry Municipal Council logo.png
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipality]]
| body = Pondicherry, Puducherry
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader1 = Gowri Saroja
| leader2_type = Municipal Chairman
| leader2 = Vacant since 2011
| party1 =
| election1 =
| members = 42
| house1 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 =
| committees1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First Past the Post]]
| last_election1 = 2006
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Pondicherry Municipality, Puducherry
| website = {{URL|https://pdymun.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Pondicherry Municipal Council''' ({{langx|fr|Conseil Municipal de Pondichéry}}; {{langx|ta|புதுச்சேரி நகராட்சி}}) is the municipality of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[India]]. Pondicherry has had a French system of municipal administration since 1880 and till the last poll held in 1968. Recently, in 2006 again municipal elections were held.

==History==
{{main|Municipal Administration in French India}}
The French Metropolitan Decree dated 12 March 1880 adopted a six-year term of office for [[mayor]]s, municipal councillors and commune [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s. From then all the civil record were maintained perfectly in Puducherry Union Territory.

In the past, municipal administration was virtually the pivot of the whole administrative machinery in Puducherry. It had several features that could serve as a role model for hassle-free administration. Puducherry had four municipalities in the past namely, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Karaikal]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] and [[Yanam Municipality|Yanam]].

It was the municipal elections that decided cession of the [[French India|old colonies of French India]] to the [[Republic of India]].

==Area and population==
Area of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] Municipality is 19.46 km2 and its population is 220,750.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipality Details – Pondicherry Municipality – The Union Territory of Puducherry|url=https://pdymun.in/puducherry-municipality-details.php|access-date=2021-07-26|website=pdymun.in}}</ref>

==Past communes==
[[France|French Metropolitan]] [[Decree]] (12 March 1880) divided the entire region into 8 ''[[communes of France|communes]]''. Each commune was provided with a ''conseil municipal'' ([[municipal council]]) consisting of [[mayor]]s and [[deputy mayor]]s and [[councillor]]s for the administration of its affairs. [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]] had 18 ''sièges'' while other 7 ''communes'' had 12 ''sièges'' each, thus making Pondichéry settlement a total of 102 ''sièges''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical Background – Pondicherry Municipality – The Union Territory of Puducherry|url=https://pdymun.in/historical-background.php|access-date=2021-07-26|website=pdymun.in}}</ref>

*[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
*[[Ariyankuppam]]
*Mudaliarpettai
*Ozukarai
*Bahour
*Nettapakkam
*Villianur
*[[Mannadipet]]

==La Mairie De Pondichéry (Hotel de Ville)==
There was a magnificent and elegant 19th-century municipality building situated close to the sea on the beach road in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The beautiful building was destroyed due to neglect. Now the Mairie functions from a makeshift building in Subbiah Salai in Pondicherry.

Le Dupleix, a villa built in the 18th century, was the residence of Mayor of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. It is now a 14-roomed luxury heritage hotel.

==Election results of 1948==

In June 1948 the French and Indian governments came to an agreement as to how the future of the French settlements should be determined.

Municipal elections were held in [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]], [[Karikal]] and [[Yanam]] on 24 October 1948. The two main parties were the [[French India Socialist Party]] (Socialists), who favoured the continuance of French rule, and the [[Indian National Congress]] Party, who favoured union with [[India]].

*Total seats-102
**'''Socialists'''-83
**'''Congress'''-13
**'''[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]'''-09

==Past mayors==
* Léon Guerre (1880, first mayor of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]])
* Munusamy Naicker - Villenour commune Mayor (1896-1899)
*Jean Henri Frederic Gaebelé (1860–1936), Mayor of Pondicherry (1899 and 1908–1928)
*Selvaraj Chettiar
*Joseph Latour (1955–1956)
*[[H. M. Cassime|H.M. Cassime]] (1956–1961)
*[[Édouard Goubert]] (ex-mayor of Pondicherry and first chief minister of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
*Dr. B. Sridevi (2006–2011) (last mayor of Pondicherry)

==Post-merger period==
The areas comprising the [[French India|French establishments of India]] were merged [[de facto]] with India on 1 November 1954. At the time of merger, the subject of local administration was dealt with by the '''Bureau des Affaires Politiques''', and the Municipal Administration was covered by the decree of 12 March 1880. The Local Administration Department was constituted only on 1 July 1963 to deal with all matters connected with Local Administration at the [[wikt:secretariat|secretariat]] level. The inspectorate of [[Municipal council]]s and Local Boards were formed in June 1967, to exercise control over the [[municipalities]]. Except a few changes the Municipal Administration continued to carry on according to French laws.

==Reorganization of local bodies in 1973==

While in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Union Territory, the decree of 12 March 1880, which provided for a common structure of [[municipal]] administration for [[urban area|urban]] as well as [[rural]] areas, continued to be in force. The [[Panchayat Raj]] system was in vogue in other parts of the country, and village administration has been carried out through people's representatives from the village level to the block level. Moreover, the old French laws had become so outdated that its replacement by a new law to meet the requirements of the changed circumstances was felt necessary. More over, the municipalities remained stagnant and the establishment charges had increased gradually to reach almost half of the income of the municipalities. Adequate funds were not left to meet even the essential as well as basic needs of the population. Further, much of the powers conferred on the municipalities by the various French laws ceased to have effect as these laws had been replaced by Indian laws. As a result, the municipal administration as conceived in the nineteenth century stood eroded, substantially. Hence, the system was replaced by the Pondicherry Village and Commune Panchayat Act, 1973 and the Pondicherry Municipalities Act, 1973 respectively to govern village and town administration. Both these acts came into force from 26 January 1974. Commune Panchayat Act provides for a two-tier system of Panchayat administration, one at the village level and the other at the commune level. The [[mayor]]s and [[deputy mayor]]s ceased to function with effect from that date. All the executive powers of the mayors stood transferred to the commissioners appointed under these acts.

Under the re-organized set up, the Inspectorate of Local Bodies was converted into a directorate headed by a director to deal with the administrative matters. He was conferred the ''ex officio'' secretariat status with two deputy directors to deal with "municipal administration" and "rural development" respectively.

==Absence of civil elections for three decades==
For more than three decades, the municipalities and commune panchayats were staffed by the bureaucracy. Special officers stepped into the shoes of mayors and took charge after the civic bodies, formed in 1968, completed their six-year term in 1974.

==Current municipalities==
* [[Pondicherry Municipality]]
* [[Ozhukarai Municipality]]
* [[Karaikal Municipality]]
* [[Yanam Municipality]]
* [[Mahe Municipality]]

Following the introduction of the Pondicherry Municipalities Act, 1973, four municipalities came into existence in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Karaikal]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] and [[Yanam]] towns. The jurisdiction of the Pondicherry Municipality extended to Pondicherry and Mudaliarpettai commune, which stood amalgamated to form a single municipality. The entities of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam communes formed the municipalities of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Under the new law, all functions excluding those assigned to the [[chairman]], i.e., those hitherto exercised by the [[mayor]] appointed under the municipal decree came to be exercised by the [[commissioner]]. The mayors were also relieved of their day-to-day administrative responsibilities enabling them to be in greater contact with the public. Commissioners were appointed as the chief executive heads of the municipalities, in different ranks according to the grade of the municipalities. The erstwhile Ozhukarai Commune Panchayat was upgraded as a municipality with effect from 14 January 1994, and thereby the number of municipalities in this Union Territory has increased to five, and the Commune Panchayat became 10 in number.

==Current commune panchayats of [[Pondicherry district]]==
[[File:Pdy-commune.png|thumb|Map showing 5 Communes of [[Pondicherry district]] with Ozhukarai and Pondicherry Municipality]]
* [[Ariankuppam]]
* [[Bahour]]
* [[Nettapakkam]]
* [[Villianur]]
* [[Mannadipet]]

==Present situation==
The basic Law of Municipalities decree has now been replaced by the Pondicherry Municipalities Act 1973, which come into force on 26 January 1974. The Pondicherry Municipality constituted under the Act of 1973 is a selection grade municipality, and comprises the erstwhile Communes of Pondicherry, and Mudaliarpet and its headquarters in Pondicherry. The total number of council wards is 42. Out of 42 wards, 4 wards have been reserved for [[Scheduled caste]]. The [[mayor]] and [[deputy mayor]] have been re-designated as [[chairman]] and vice-chairman as per the act. The municipal council was dissolved on 31 March 1978 and a special officer has been appointed to exercise the powers and to perform the duties conferred and imposed upon the [[municipal council]], including the standing committee and other Committees and that of the chairman and vice-chairman and other authorities other than the [[commissioner]].

==Villianur==
This is a rural town in [[Pondicherry district]] located 10 km from the city. Thirukaameeswarar Temple is one of the ancient, beautiful, and huge temples that is located in a beautiful rural town called "Villianur" (the ancient name is Vilvanallur, which means "vilva maranGal niraindha nalla vUr"), which is located about 10 km away (towards Villupuram) from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. This temple is Renowned As "Periya Koil", which MeANs "BiG Temple" in Puducherry locality. The prime god is Lord Shiva and the prime goddess is Goddess Kokilambigai. In addition, there are also other Hindu gods such as Murugan, Vinayagar, ThakShAnaMoorthY, Perumal, Bhramah, Chandikeshwarar, Natarajar, Navagrahah, and 63 Naayanmaars. The pioneers in this temple say that the age of this temple is about 1000+ years. This seemed to be constructed by one of the Chola Kings. There is also a huge "temple pond". One of the famous festivals of this temple is the "[[Temple car|Ther]] Thiruvizha" (Car Festival).{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==See also==
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]
* [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Municipalities of Puducherry]]
* [[Yanam Municipal Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061107090814/http://www.pon.nic.in/ District homepage of Pondicherry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409232005/http://pondicherry.nic.in/ Official website of the Government of the Union Territory of Puducherry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080504075520/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133.htm Indian Ministry for External Affaires – 1956 Treaty of Cession]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071230013330/http://mahe.nic.in/ Official website of Mahe Region]

{{coord missing|Puducherry}}

[[Category:Pondicherry (city)]]

First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)

2025-08-24T03:44:12Z

Rohit Singh: Made bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 3
| jurisdiction = [[Bombay State]]
| flag = File:Emblem_of_Bombay_State.png
| flag_border = true
| date_formed = 1 November 1956
| date_dissolved = 5 April 1957
| government_head = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Sri Prakasa]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 15 cabinet ministers
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election =
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous = [[Desai ministry (Bombay State)|Desai]]
| successor = [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)|Y. Chavan II]]
}}

'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' became the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of the [[Bombay State]] on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Chief Minister Sworn In |date=1 November 1956 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |page=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/739305460 |access-date=20 August 2022|id={{ProQuest|739305460}} }}</ref> The first Chavan ministry served until [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election]], and was succeeded by Chavan's second ministry.

==Ministry==
The ministry consisted of 15 cabinet ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Bombay Cabinet Announced |date=1 November 1956 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |page=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/739304477 |access-date=20 August 2022|id={{ProQuest|739304477}} }}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] Political and Services Department Home Affairs Planning Departments not allocated to any minister
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Finance
| minister1 = [[Jivraj Mehta]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue
| minister1 = [[Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Public Works
| minister1 = Malojirao Naik Nimbalkar
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Fisheries Local Self-government
| minister1 = G. D. Tapase
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Education Law
| minister1 = [[Shantilal Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Public Health
| minister1 = [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Labour
| minister1 = [[Deendayal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Prohibition Village Panchayats Cottage Industries
| minister1 = [[Ratubhai Adani]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Social Welfare Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Indumati Chimanlal Sheth]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Development Planning Electricity Housing
| minister1 = [[Babubhai J. Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Agriculture
| minister1 = Mustafa Faki
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Cooperation
| minister1 = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Forests
| minister1 = Bhagwantrao Gadhe
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Civil Supplies Industries Printing Presses
| minister1 = Vinayak Sathe
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 1956
| minister1_termend = 5 April 1957
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Yashwantrao I]]
[[Category:1956 in India|C]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|C]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1956|Yashwantrao I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1957|Yashwantrao I]]
[[Category:Bombay State]]

Anil Vallathol

2025-07-17T15:58:22Z

Rohit Singh: creating a data w/ refs

{{short description|Indian writer and academic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Vallathol
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = V. Anil Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|06|01}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer, academic
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Sushama
| domesticpartner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''V. Anil Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Body|url=https://www.kshec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/governing-body4}}</ref> (born 1 June 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curriculum vitae of Dr Anil Vallathol|url=http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CV-of-Anil-Vallathol-Vice-chancellor.pdf}}</ref> popularly known as '''Anil Vallathol''' is a [[Malayalam language]] writer and academic from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Anil hails from the family of the poet [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=ഭാഷാപിതാവിന്റെ സ്മാരക തലപ്പത്തേക്ക് കാവ്യാചാര്യന്റെ കുടുംബാംഗം|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-malappuramkerala-28-02-2018/708830 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

==Biography==
Anil Vallathol is the son of the Vallathol Shanthakumari and Chandrasekharan Nair.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> After completing his primary education at Vallathol School, he done his higher studies from Thiroorangady PSMO and Kozhikode Govt Arts and Science College.<ref name="Mad">{{cite news |last1=ഡെസ്ക് |first1=വെബ് |title=പരഫ. അനിൽ വളളത്തോൾ മലയാള സർവകലാശാല വൈസ് ചാൻസലർ |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/anil-vallathol-appointed-malayala-university-vc-kerala-news/2018/feb/28/437049 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=28 February 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

After passing master's degree with first rank from the [[University of Calicut]] in 1986, he became a Malayalam lecturer at Taliparamba Sir Syed College in 1987 and at Kalady Sanskrit University in 1995.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=അനിൽ വളളത്തോൾ മലയാളം വാഴ്സിററി വിസി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2018/02/28/anil-vallathol-malayalam-university-vc.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He has been a lecturer at Calicut University since 2006 and became a professor in 2007.<ref name="MU">{{cite web |title=ഡോ.അനിൽ വളളത്തോൾ മലയാള സർവകലാശാല പുതിയ വൈസ് ചാൻസലർ |url=http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/ml/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B8/ |website=malayalamuniversity.edu.in |language=ml-IN}}</ref> Under the guidance of Prof. [[Chathanath Achuthanunni]] he done his Ph.D. in Vallathol poems From the University of Calicut.<ref name="Mad"/> He became the Vice Chancellor of the [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]] in 2018.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

He has been a member of the Malayalam Language Advisory Committee of the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. He is a member of the Board of Studies of various Universities in India.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He has published about fifteen books and seventy research papers.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> During the period from 2012 to 2017, he won a scholarship of 41 lakh in Literary Historiography in Malayalam under the leadership of UGC.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Anil Vallathol's books have been included in the graduate syllabus of Calicut and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG]] Universities.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He is associated with progressive movements and is in charge of several cultural institutions.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Family==
His wife Sushma is a teacher.<ref name="MU"/> His elder son Manjunath is a Dermatologist and his second son Niranjan is a MEd student.<ref name="MU"/>

==Literary contributions==
*{{Cite book|title=Kuttippurathu kesavan nair|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2012|isbn=9788176902014|type=Biography}}
*{{Cite book|title=Malayalavimarsam - 19: veenapoove padanangal|publisher=[[University of Calicut]]|year=2007|editor-last=Vallathol|editor-first=Anil|type=Malayalam Poetry Criticism}}
*{{Cite book|title=Manipraval kavyamalika|publisher=The State Institute of Languages|year=2013|isbn=9788176385299|type=Malayalam Poetry Study}}
*{{Cite book|title=Vallatholinte Sanchara Pathangal|publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]]|year=2019|isbn=9788193745847|language=Malayalam}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/231416|title=Kavyabhasha Padanangal (Poetry Study)|publisher=Lipi Publications|year=2004|language=Malayalam}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=145695&query_desc=su%3A%22%20Literature%22%20and%20su-to%3ALiterature%20Malayalam%20and%20location%3ASTACKS%20and%20su-to%3ALiterature%20and%20su-to%3ALiterature|title=Vallathol Prathbha (Poetry Study)|publisher=Vallathol Vidyapeedam|year=2004|language=Malayalam}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/84825|title=Vallatholinte Kavyasailli (Poetry Study)|publisher=Vallathol Vidyapeedam|year=1997|language=Malayalam}}
*{{Cite book|title=T. N. Gopinathan Nair (biography)|publisher=University of Kerala Department of Publications|date=2016|isbn=978-81-932971-4-8|oclc=1080249561}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Acyutanunni|first1=Chathanath|title=Basheerum Samakalika Malayala Sahithyavum|last2=Vallathol|first2=Anil|publisher=University of Calicut, Vaikom Muhammed Basheer Chair|date=2011|oclc=904715908}}

==Awards and honors==
He received the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award for Best Documentary, Moorkoth Kumaran Endowment Award, Sreemad Bhagavad Tatwa Sameeksha Award, P.K. Smaraka Trust Award, Pillaras of Secularism Award by MES group, Korot Lakshmikutty Amma Puraskaram and Chanakya Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Bailey Foundation |url=http://benjaminbaileyfoundation.org/prof_anil_vallathol.html |website=benjaminbaileyfoundation.org}}</ref> His work ''Ezhuthachan Enna Padapusthakam'' received the 2019 [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] in scholarly literature category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/pravasi/abu-dhabi-sakthi-award/944107 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി തായാട്ട് അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; ടി പദ്മനാഭന് ടി കെ രാമകൃഷ്ണന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം |newspaper=Deshabhimani |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallathol, Anil}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

N. P. Sajeesh

2025-07-07T19:00:44Z

Rohit Singh: Added New Post

{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
'''N.P Sajeesh''' (born 7 December 1976) is a writer, journalist and film critic. Currently he serves as the Deputy Director (Programmes) at [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
{{Infobox person
|
| image = N P Sajeesh.jpg
| caption = N P Sajeesh in 2022
}}

==Life==

Sajeesh was born at Kalpathur near [[Perambra]] in [[Kozhikode district]] of [[Kerala]] State, [[India]]. Authoring several books on literature and cinema, He won [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the best book in cinema in 2007 for the book ''Salabhachirakukal Kozhiyunna Charithra Sishirathil''.<ref name="kerala1">{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |title=Official website of Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala |publisher=Prd.kerala.gov.in |accessdate=2012-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archivedate=7 July 2015}}</ref> He won [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the best article on cinema in 2006 for the article titled ''Gujarathinu sesham Malayala cinema Musliminodu parayunnathu'' published in [[Mathrubhumi]] Weekly.<ref name="kerala1"/>

In 2008 he served on the [[Kerala State Film Award]] Jury headed by [[Vijayakrishnan]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

He received the ALA (Amateur Little Cinema) Award for the best translated work on cinema for the book titled ''Sahasrabdathinte Cinemakal'' published by Frames Film Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/16/stories/2006091610920300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501110323/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/16/stories/2006091610920300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-01 |title=Kerala / Kozhikode News : ALA awards presented |date=2006-09-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-05-09}}</ref>

He has published three collections of essays on cinema.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

''Thiramalayalathinte Avasthantharangal'', published by [[Keralabhasha Institute]], is a collection of essays on different genres of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Cinema]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

The book ''Salabhachirakukal Kozhiyunna Charithra Sishirathil'', is published by H&C Publishers.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}
He has compiled and edited ''Purushaveshangal'', a collection of essays on [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

''Veettilekkulla Kathukal'' is about [[Sylvia Plath]], an American poet.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

He is the co-author of the books titled ''Athmahathya: Jeevitham kondu Murivettavante Vakku'' and ''Unmadam: abodhathinte Maholtsavam'' which probe the connection between suicide, madness and creativity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070801580200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021195236/http://hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070801580200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-21 |title=Kerala / Kochi News : Linking insanity and talent |date=2005-07-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-05-09}}</ref>

He is sub editor with ''[[Madhyamam]] Weekly''. He has been with Madhyamam for almost eight years and has been writing features and articles on a wide range of subjects such as cinema, literature, politics and information technology.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajeesh, N. J.}}
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]