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Gurinder Sandhu

2023-09-09T06:16:44Z

Rodger3020: Created page with '{{Infobox cricketer | player name = Gurinder Sandhu | image = | country = Australia | fullname = Gurinder Sing...'

{{short description|Australian cricketer}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gurinder Sandhu
| fullname = Gurinder Singh Sandhu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|06|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Blacktown]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
| nickname =
| heightcm = 196<ref name="cricket.com.au">{{cite web|title=Gurinder Sandhu|url=http://www.cricket.com.au/players/gurinder-sandhu/by_lh695A0CqwjjE9EJtNg|website=cricket.com.au|publisher=[[Cricket Australia]]|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| country = Australia
| internationalspan = 2015
| odidebutdate = 18 January
| odidebutyear = 2015
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 206
| lastodidate = 23 January
| lastodiyear = 2015
| lastodiagainst = England
| odishirt = 28

| club1 = [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2012/13–2017/18}}
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Sydney Thunder]]
| year2 = 2012/13–2019/20
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year3 = 2015
| clubnumber3 =
| club5 = [[Tasmania cricket team|Tasmania]]
| year5 = 2018/19–2019/20
| clubnumber5 =
| club6 = [[Sydney Sixers]]
| year6 = 2020/21
| clubnumber6 =
| club7 = [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]]
| year7 = 2021/22–present
| clubnumber7 =

| columns = 4

| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = –
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = –
| top score1 = –
| deliveries1 = 120
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 35.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/49
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 45
| runs2 = 797
| bat avg2 = 16.26
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 97[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 7,556
| wickets2 = 117
| bowl avg2 = 30.73
| fivefor2 = 4
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/57
| catches/stumpings2 = 19/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 65
| runs3 = 270
| bat avg3 = 12.85
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 51
| deliveries3 = 3,309
| wickets3 = 124
| bowl avg3 = 22.98
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 7/56
| catches/stumpings3 = 18/–

| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 68
| runs4 = 83
| bat avg4 = 9.22
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 20[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 1,333
| wickets4 = 69
| bowl avg4 = 26.11
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/22
| catches/stumpings4 = 18/–

| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/499660.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 20 December
| year = 2022
|year8=2021/22–present|club8=[[Sydney Thunder]]}}

'''Gurinder Singh Sandhu''' (born 14 June 1993) is an Australian international cricketer who plays for [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]] in Domestic cricket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/499660.html Gurinder Sandhu – Cricinfo profile]</ref> He played for the [[Australia Under-19 cricket team]] in the [[2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/squad/575973.html ICC Under-19 World Cup 2012 / Australia squad]</ref> Sandhu made his senior cricket debut for the [[Sydney Thunder]] in the [[2011–12 Big Bash League season]]. He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] and [[First-class cricket]] debut for [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] at the end of the 2012–2013 Australian cricket season.

Sandhu, born in [[Blacktown, New South Wales]], is the first male cricketer of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian descent]] to represent Australia in an international tournament.<ref name="indianexpress">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-origin-teen-sensation-gurinder-sandhu-set-to-help-oz-under19-team/991592 Indian origin teen sensation Gurinder Sandhu set to help Oz under-19 team]</ref>{{efn|Two Indian–born [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] Australians have previously played Test cricket for Australia, [[Bransby Cooper]] in the first ever Test match and [[Rex Sellers (cricketer)|Rex Sellers]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cricketbadger.com/2015/01/gurinder-sandhu-not-the-first-aussie-selected-of-indian-origin/|title=Gurinder Sandhu not the first Aussie selected of Indian origin|date=15 January 2015|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515140346/http://cricketbadger.com/2015/01/gurinder-sandhu-not-the-first-aussie-selected-of-indian-origin|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Stuart Clark]] is also of Anglo-Indian ancestry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/08/stories/2006050800290500.htm|title=The Clarks and the Booseys|date=8 May 2006|author=S. Muthaih|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803014724/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/08/stories/2006050800290500.htm|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}} His parents emigrated to Australia in the 1980s.<ref name="Coverdale">{{cite web|last=Coverdale|first=Brydon| author-link = Brydon Coverdale|title=Emerging Sandhu wins another award| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/629526.html|work=ESPNCricinfo.com|access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> In March 2013, Sandhu was voted the [[Australian Cricketers' Association]] player of the month.<ref name="Coverdale" />

It was announced on 26 April 2018 that Sandhu had signed for [[Tasmania cricket team|Tasmania]] for the upcoming season, ending a five-year stint with New South Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crickettas.com.au/news/gurinder-sandhu-signs-with-cricket-tasmania/2018-04-26 |title=Gurinder Sandhu Signs With Cricket Tasmania |work=Cricket Tasmania |access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>

==Domestic career==

Sandhu played three games for [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] in the [[2017–18 JLT One-Day Cup]], taking 5 wickets but conceding 6.13 runs per over.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12012;team=438;type=tournament|title=Records / JLT One-Day Cup, 2017/18 – New South Wales / Batting and bowling averages|access-date=30 October 2017|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|publisher=[[ESPN Inc.]]}}</ref> His best performance of the tournament came against [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]], when he took 4 wickets for 57 runs in a 9-run loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8626/report/1118571/|title=Labuschagne penalised under new 'fake fielding' rule|date=29 September 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|publisher=[[ESPN Inc.]]}}</ref>

==International career==

He made his senior international debut for Australia in a [[One Day International]] against [[India national cricket team|India]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in January 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/18/sandhu-debut-india-bat-odi|date=18 January 2015|title=Sandhu to debut, India to bat in ODI|agency=Australian Associated Press}}</ref> He had limited success in the series and played no further games for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cricinfo|id=499660}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Queensland Bulls squad}}
{{Sydney Thunder current squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Gurinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Australian cricketers]]
[[Category:Australia One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sydney]]
[[Category:Sydney Thunder cricketers]]
[[Category:New South Wales cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Tasmania cricketers]]
[[Category:Sydney Sixers cricketers]]

NDA Exam

2023-07-15T18:28:56Z

Rodger3020: Composed a new article.

{{Infobox examination
| name = '''NDA Exam'''
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| acronym = NDA Exam
| type =
| test_admin = [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| skills_tested = Writing, [[English language|English]], [[General knowledge]], others
| purpose = Selection of candidates to the various posts of the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]
| year_started = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1954}}
| year_terminated = 
| duration = Five hours (Mathematics: 2½ hours, General Ability Test (GAT): 2½ hours)
| score_range =
| offered = Twice a year
| attempt_restriction =
| regions = India
| language = [[Hindi]] or [[English language|English]]
| test_takers =
| fee = {{INR}} 100/- (for general male candidates)
| score_users =
| qualification_rate =
| website = {{URL|http://www.upsc.gov.in}}
}}
The '''NDA Exam''' is an entrance examination conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=UPSC NDA 1 exam in two days; expert tips and tricks |url=https://news.careers360.com/upsc-nda-1-exam-on-april-16-expert-tips-and-tricks |access-date= |website=news.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref> The exam is conducted twice a year for admission into the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) and [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC NDA & NA II 2023 registration ends today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/upsc-nda-na-ii-2023-registration-ends-today-on-upscgovin-101686045781509.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The NDA Exam serves as a gateway for candidates seeking a career in the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUPTA |first=KAMAL |title=5 Tips To Crack NDA 2023 Exam |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/5-tips-to-crack-nda-2023-exam/20230404.htm |access-date= |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UPSC CDS, NDA Exam 2023 Today: Check admit card link and important exam day instructions |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/upsc-cds-nda-exam-2023-today-check-admit-card-link-and-important-exam-day-instructions/articleshow/99528902.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC NDA NA (I) 2023 written exam results declared. Direct link to check |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/upsc-nda-na-i-2023-written-exam-results-declared-direct-link-to-check-2367343-2023-05-02 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The NDA Exam was first conducted in the year 1954 after the NDA was established to train cadets from the Army, Navy, and Air Force together.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Defence Academy (NDA) Examination - Unacademy |url=https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/full-forms/nda-full-form/#:~:text=NDA%20Exam%20Pattern-,What%20is%20the%20Full%20Form%20of%20NDA%3F,Army%20and%20Indian%20Air%2Dforce. |work=Unacademy}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==
To be eligible for the NDA Exam, candidates must meet the following criteria:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Parmender |title=NDA 2023 Registration Application Form, Exam Date, Important Details, Apply Online Link @ upsc.gov.in |url=https://badisoch.in/application-form/nda-registration-application-form/ |work=Badisoch }}</ref>

* '''Citizenship''': Candidates must be Indian citizens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UPSC NDA 2023 Notification Today for NDA/NA II Exam, Check Schedule and Important Instructions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/upsc-nda-2023-notification-today-for-nda/na-ii-exam-check-schedule-and-important-instructions-article-100292171 |access-date= |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Age Limit''': Candidates must be between 16.5 to 19.5 years of age.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Educational Qualification''': Candidates must have completed their 10+2 education from a recognized board or university.<ref name=":0" />

== Examination Process ==
The NDA Exam is conducted in two stages: a written examination and an interview by the [[Services Selection Board]] (SSB).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |title=UPSC NDA 2 exam 2023: Last day to apply for 395 vacancies at NDA, NA |url=https://scroll.in/announcements/1050394/upsc-nda-2-exam-2023-last-day-to-apply-for-395-vacancies-at-nda-na |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Written Examination ===
The written examination consists of two papers: Mathematics and General Ability Test (GAT). Both papers are objective type and are conducted on the same day. The Mathematics paper evaluates the candidates' mathematical aptitude, while the GAT paper assesses their English language proficiency, general knowledge, and reasoning abilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDA Exam 2023: NDA 2 Notification, Exam Date, Apply Online |url=https://byjusexamprep.com/nda-na-exams/nda-exam |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=byjusexamprep.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Services Selection Board Interview ===
Candidates who qualify in the written examination are called for the [[Services Selection Board]] (SSB) interview. The SSB interview consists of various stages, including intelligence and personality tests, group discussions, psychological tests, and personal interviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=movies |title=UPSC NDA 1 Result 2023 PDF, Exam Analysis, Download Direct Link @upsc.gov.in |url=https://badisoch.in/result/upsc-nda-1-result/ |access-date= |website=बड़ी सोच |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Administration ===
The NDA Exam is administered by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), which is a constitutional body responsible for recruiting personnel for various government services and posts. The UPSC ensures the fair and transparent conduct of the examination process, including the release of notifications, application acceptance, examination schedules, result declaration, and the final selection of candidates.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5,675 students appear for defence service exams |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/5675-students-appear-for-defence-service-exams/articleshow/99545798.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.upsc.gov.in Official website]
* [https://www.upsc.gov.in/examinations/National%20Defence%20Academy%20and%20Naval%20Academy%20Examination%20%28II%29%2C%202023 National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (II), 2023]

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian Navy}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

[[Category:Entrance examinations]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]

Kavthekar

2023-07-14T10:42:33Z

Rodger3020:

'''Kavthekar''' is a toponymic [[Indian name|Maharashtra surname]] used by people from ''Kavthe''. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Amit Kavthekar]] (born 1984), Maharashtra musician
* [[Datta Raghunath Kavthekar]] (1901–1979), Maharashtra novelist

{{surname}}

[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]

United Nations Environment Programme

2023-05-21T04:07:54Z

Rodger3020: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Aims to help solve environmental issues}}
{{Infobox United Nations
| image = UNEP logo.svg
| image_size = 130px
| name = United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment)
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| type = Programme
| abbreviation = UN Environment 
UNEP
| leader_title = Executive Director
| leader_name = [[Inger Andersen (environmentalist)|Inger Andersen]] (since 2019) {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| status = Active
| formation = {{Start date and age|1972|06|05|df=y}}
| headquarters = {{flagcountry|Nairobi}}, {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| parent_organization = [[United Nations]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''United Nations Environment Programme''' ('''UNEP''') is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/funds-programmes-specialized-agencies-and-others/index.html|title=Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Others|website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment|title=About UN Environment Programme|website=UNEP|access-date=2019-02-10|archive-date=2020-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409185727/http://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was established by [[Maurice Strong]], its first director, after the [[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment|United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-change|title=Climate Change|website=www.unep.org }}</ref> the management of marine and terrestrial [[ecosystem]]s, and green economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/green-economy|title=Green Economy|website=www.unep.org }}</ref> The organization also develops [[international environmental agreements]]; publishes and promotes [[environmental science]] and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.

As a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]], UNEP aims to help the world meet the 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undg.org/about/undg-global/undg/|title=About » UNDG at the Global Level » UNDG|website=United Nations Development Group|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

UNEP hosts the secretariats of several multilateral environmental agreements and research bodies, including [[Convention on Biological Diversity|The Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD), The [[Minamata Convention on Mercury]], The [[Basel Convention|Basel]], [[Rotterdam Convention|Rotterdam]] and [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants|Stockholm]] Conventions, [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals|The Convention on Migratory Species]] and The [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/why-does-un-environment-matter/secretariats-and-conventions|title=Secretariats and Conventions|website=UNEP}}</ref>

In 1988, the [[World Meteorological Organization]] and UNEP established the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/|title=History of the IPCC|website=IPCC}}</ref> UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the [[Global Environment Facility]] (GEF) and the [[Montreal Protocol#Multilateral Fund|Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |title=Global Environment Facility |url=http://www.unep.org/gef/node |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Global Environment Facility |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |title=About Montreal Protocol |url=http://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Ozonaction |language=en}}</ref>

UNEP sometimes uses the alternative name UN Environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/why-does-un-environment-matter|website=UNEP|title=Why does UN Environment Programme matter?}}</ref>

Its headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya.

==History==
In the 1970s, the need for environmental governance at a global level was not universally accepted, particularly by developing nations. Some argued that environmental concerns were not a priority for nations in poverty. The leadership of Canadian diplomat [[Maurice Strong]] convinced many of the developing nations' governments that they needed to prioritize this issue. In the words of [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] professor [[Adebayo Adedeji]]: "Mr. Strong, through the sincerity of his advocacy, soon made it clear that all of us, irrespective of the stage of our development, have a large stake in the matter."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ivanova|first=Maria|title=Designing the United Nations Environment Programme: a story of compromise and confrontation|journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=356|doi=10.1007/s10784-007-9052-4|s2cid=153356802|issn=1567-9764}}</ref>

After developing organisations such as the [[International Labour Organization]], the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] and the [[World Health Organization]], the 1972 [[United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] (the Stockholm Conference) was convened. In this conference various topics were discussed such as pollution, marine life, protection of resources, environmental change, and disasters relating to natural and biological change. This conference resulted in a ''[[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment#|Declaration on the Human Environment]]'' ([[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment|Stockholm Declaration]]) and the establishment of an environmental management body, which was later named the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). UNEP was established by [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] Resolution 2997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mark Allan|first=Gray|journal=Lewis & Clark Law School|volume=20|issue=2|pages=43–49|jstor=43265919|title=The United Nations Environment Programme: An Assessment}}</ref> Headquarters were established in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, with a staff of 300, including 100 professionals in a variety of fields, and with a five-year fund of more than US$100 million. At the time, US$40 million were pledged by the [[United States]] and the remainder by 50 other nations. The 'Voluntary Indicative Scale of Contribution' established in 2002 has the role to increase the supporters of the UNEP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment/funding/funding-facts/environment-fund|title=Environment Fund|website=UN Environment|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> The finances related to all programs of UNEP is voluntarily contributed by [[Member states of the United Nations]]. The Environmental Fund, which all nations of UNEP invest in, is the core source of UNEP's programs.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1974 and 1986 UNEP produced more than 200 technical guidelines or manuals on environment including forest and water management, [[pest control]], pollution monitoring, the relationship between chemical use and health, and management of industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The United Environment Programme(UNEP)|journal=Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)|issue=23|pages=16|jstor=24339600}}</ref>

The location of the headquarters proved to be a major controversy, with [[developed countries]] preferring [[Geneva]], where several other UN offices are based, while [[developing countries]] preferred Nairobi, as that would be the first international organization headquartered in the [[Global South]]. At first, [[Mexico City]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Cairo]] were also competing to be the headquarters, but they pulled out to support Nairobi .<ref name=":1" /> Many of the developing countries were "not particularly supportive of creating a new formal institution for environmental governance", but supported its creation as an act of "Southern solidarity".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Najam|first=Adil|title=Developing Countries and Global Environmental Governance: From Contestation to Participation to Engagement|journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=309|doi=10.1007/s10784-005-3807-6|s2cid=16813351|issn=1567-9764}}</ref>

In 2000, the [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]], based in [[Cambridge]] and sponsored by [[IUCN]], became part of UNEP.

==Governance==
===Executive director===
In December 1972, the UN General Assembly unanimously elected Maurice Strong to be the first head of UN Environment. He was also secretary-general of both the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the [[Earth Summit]] (1992).

The position was then held for 17 years (1975–1992) by [[Mostafa Kamal Tolba]], who was instrumental in bringing environmental considerations to the forefront of global thinking and action. Under his leadership, UN Environment's most widely acclaimed success—the historic 1987 agreement to protect the [[ozone layer]]—the [[Montreal Protocol]] was negotiated. He was succeeded by [[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] (1992–1998), [[Klaus Töpfer]] (1998–2006), [[Achim Steiner]] (2006–2016), and [[Erik Solheim]] (2016–2018).

UNEP's acting executive director, [[Joyce Msuya]], took office in November 2018 following the resignation of [[Erik Solheim]]. Prior to that appointment, she was UNEP's deputy executive director.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanzanian appointed to head U.N. Environment Programme |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/11/21/tanzanian-appointed-to-head-united-nations-environment-programme/ |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=AfricaNews }}</ref> [[Inger Andersen (environmentalist)|Inger Andersen]] was appointed executive director of UNEP by UN secretary-general [[António Guterres]] in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secretary-General Appoints Inger Andersen of Denmark Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme, Following Election by General Assembly {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sga1862.doc.htm|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.un.org}}</ref>

===List of executive directors===
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Picture
! width=35%|Name (birth–death)
! width=20%|Nationality
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| 1 || [[File:Maurice Strong.jpg|80px|Maurice Strong]] ||align="center"| '''[[Maurice Strong]]'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrijver |first=Nico |title=Development Without Destruction: The UN and Global Resource Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBaJ3OXWr9UC&pg=PA116 |series=United Nations Intellectual History Project Series |year=2010 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-253-22197-1 |page=116}}</ref> '''(1929–2015)''' || {{flagcountry|Canada}} || 1972 || 1975
|-
| 2 || [[File:DR MOSTAFA TOLBA.jpg|80px|Mostafa Tolba]] ||align="center"| '''[[Mostafa Kamal Tolba]]''' '''(1922–2016)''' || {{flagcountry|Egypt}} || 1975 || 1992
|-
| 3 || [[File:Elizabeth Dowdeswell 2020-01-01 (DSCF0094) (cropped).jpg|80px|Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] ||align="center"| '''[[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]]''' '''(born 1944)''' || {{flagcountry|Canada}} || 1992 || 1998
|-
| 4 || [[File:Klaus Töpfer, 2009 (cropped).jpg|80px|Klaus Töpfer]] ||align="center"| '''[[Klaus Töpfer]]''' '''(born 1938)''' || {{flagcountry|Germany}} || 1998 || 2006
|-
| 5 || [[File:Achim Steiner-IMG 0835.jpg|80px|Achim Steiner]] ||align="center"| '''[[Achim Steiner]]''' '''(born 1961)'''|| {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || 2006 ||2016
|-
| 6 || [[File:Erik Solheim.jpg|119x119px]] ||align="center"| '''[[Erik Solheim]]''' '''(born 1955)''' || {{flagcountry|Norway}} || 2016 || 2018
|-
| 7 || [[File:Joyce_Msuya_Mpanju_(2019)_Ausschnitt.jpg|80px]] ||align="center"| '''[[Joyce Msuya]]'''
(acting)

'''(born 1968)'''
|{{flagcountry|Tanzania}} || 2018 || 2019
|-
| 8 || [[File:Inger Andersen (environmentalist, 2010, cropped).jpg|80px]] ||align="center"| [[Inger Andersen (environmentalist)|'''Inger Andersen''']] '''(born 1958)'''
| {{flagcountry|Denmark}} || 2019 || '''Present'''
|}

===Environment Assembly===
The United Nations Environment Assembly is UNEP's governing body. Created in 2012 to replace the Governing Council, it currently has 193 members and meets every two years.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Environment Assembly and Governing Council |url=http://web.unep.org/environmentassembly/un-environment-assembly-and-governing-council |publisher=UNEP |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311131029/http://web.unep.org/environmentassembly/un-environment-assembly-and-governing-council |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{UN doc |docid=A-RES-67-251 |body=A |session=67 |type=R |resolution_number=251 |title=Change of the designation of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme |page= |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

===Structure===
UNEP's structure includes eight divisions:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment/why-does-un-environment-matter/un-environment-divisions|title=UN Environment divisions|last=Environment|first=U. N.|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>

# Science Division: aims to provide scientifically credible environmental assessments and information for sustainable development. It reports on the state of the global environment, assesses policies, and aims to provide an early warning of emerging environmental threats. It is responsible for the monitoring and reporting of the environment regarding the 2030 Agenda and [[Sustainable Development Goals]].
#Policy and Programme Division: makes the policy and programme of the UNEP. This division ensures other divisions are coordinated.
# Ecosystems Division: supports countries in conserving, restoring and managing their ecosystems. It addresses the environmental causes and consequences of disasters and conflicts. It helps countries reduce pollution from land-based activities, increase [[Climate resilience|resilience to climate change]], and think about the environment in their development planning.
# Economy Division: assists large businesses in their efforts to be more environmentally conscious. It has three main branches: Chemicals and Health, Energy and Climate, and Resources and Markets.
# Governance Affairs Office: engages member states and other relevant groups to use UNEP's work. The office serves UNEP's governing body, the United Nations Environment Assembly, and its subsidiary organ, the Committee of Permanent Representatives, and manages their meetings. It helps strengthen the visibility, authority and impact of the Assembly as an authoritative voice on the environment.
# Law Division: helps to develop environmental law. Works with countries to combat [[environmental crime]] and meet international environmental commitments. The law division aims to improve cooperation between lawmakers around the world who are making environmental laws.
# Communication Division: develops and disseminates UNEP's messages. It delivers them to governments and individuals through digital and traditional media channels.
# Corporate Services Division: handles UNEP's corporate interests such as management and exposure to financial risk.

==Activities==
UNEP's main activities are related to:<ref name=":2" />

# [[climate change|Climate Change]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Climate Action |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
#* UNEP is a partner of the [[Territorial Approach to Climate Change]], which engages governmental entities in climate resilience efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Territorial Approach to Climate Change (TACC) {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/territorial-approach-climate-change-tacc |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071824/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/territorial-approach-climate-change-tacc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Disasters and Conflicts<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Disasters & conflicts |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
#*UNEP has endeavored to lighten the influence of emergencies or [[natural disaster]]s on human health and to prepare for future disasters. It contributes to the reduction of the origin of disasters by controlling the balance of ecosystems and actively support [[Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction]], which aims to reduce the risk of disasters (DRR). As well as preventing natural disasters, the UNEP supports countries such as to make laws or policies which protect the countries from getting serious damage by disasters. Since 1999 it has helped 40 countries to recover from the effect of disasters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts/why-do-disasters-and-conflicts-matter|title=Why do disasters and conflicts matter?|website=UN Environment|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>
# [[ecosystem management|Ecosystem Management]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Nature Action |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/ecosystems-and-biodiversity |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
# [[environmental governance|Environmental Governance]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Environmental rights and governance |url=http://unep.org/explore-topics/environmental-rights-and-governance |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
# Environment under Review<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Environment under review |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/environment-under-review |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
#*UNEP provides information and data on the global environment to stakeholders including governments, non-governmental organizations and the public for them to engage in realizing the [[Sustainable Development Goals]]. The information which UNEP shares is based on the latest science and is collected in a proper way. This makes policy makers find reliable information effectively. Through this The Environment Outlook and the Sustainable Development Goals stakeholders can have access to information easily. In addition, the UN environment Live Platform and Online Access to Research in Environment (OARE) provide transparent information collected by UNEP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/environment-under-review|title=Environment under review|website=UN Environment|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>
# Chemicals and Waste<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Chemicals & pollution action |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/chemicals-waste |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>
# [[resource efficiency|Resource Efficiency]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP |title=Resource efficiency |url=http://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref>

===Awards programs===

{{Main|Global 500 Roll of Honour|Champions of the Earth}}
Several awards programs have been established to recognize outstanding work in the environmental field. The [[Global 500 Roll of Honour]] was initiated in 1987 and ended in 2003. Its 2005 successor, [[Champions of the Earth]], and a similar award, [[Champions of the Earth|Young Champions of the Earth]], are given annually to entrepreneurs, scientists, policy leaders, upcoming talent, individuals and organizations who make significant positive impacts on resources and the environment in their areas.

===Notable achievements===
UNEP has registered several successes, such as the 1987 [[Montreal Protocol]] for limiting emissions of gases blamed for thinning the planet's protective ozone layer, and the 2017 [[Minamata Convention on Mercury|Minamata Convention]], a treaty to limit toxic mercury.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Alister |last=Doyle |title=Reformed U.N. formula for making planet greener to get first test|language=en|work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-test-idUSBRE91G03Q20130217|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

UNEP has sponsored the development of solar loan programmes, with attractive return rates, to buffer the initial deployment costs and entice consumers to consider and purchase [[solar PV systems]]. The most famous example is the solar loan programme sponsored by UNEP that helped 100,000 people finance solar power systems in [[Solar power in India|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=504&ArticleID=5562&l=en|title=Solar loan programme in India|access-date=2007-09-19|archive-date=2007-04-17|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070417093420/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=504&ArticleID=5562&l=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Success in India's solar programme has led to similar projects in other parts of the developing world, including [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Mexico]].

In 2001, UNEP alerted about the destruction of the Marshlands when it released satellite images showing that 90 percent of the marsh had been lost. The UNEP "support for environmental management of the [[Iraq]]i Marshland" began in 2004, to manage the marshland area in an environmentally sound manner.<ref>[http://marshlands.unep.or.jp/ UNEP Marshland project in Middle East] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006021403/http://marshlands.unep.or.jp/ }}</ref>

UNEP has a programme for young people known as Tunza. Within this programme are other projects like the [[AEO for Youth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/DEWA/africa/youth/about.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223100118/http://www.unep.org/DEWA/africa/youth/about.htm|url-status=dead|title=AEO-for-Youth|archive-date=December 23, 2011}}</ref>

'''International Environmental Education Programme (1975–1995)'''

For two decades, [[UNESCO]] and UNEP led the International Environmental Education Programme (1975-1995), which set out a vision for, and gave practical guidance on how to mobilize [[education]] for environmental awareness. In 1976 UNESCO launched an environmental education newsletter ''Connect'' as the official organ of the UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Programme (IEEP). Until 2007 it served as a clearinghouse to exchange information on environmental education in general and to promote the aims and activities of the IEEP in particular, as well as being a network for institutions and individuals interested and active in environment education.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Issues and trends in Education for Sustainable Development|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=9789231002441|location=Paris|pages=26, 27}}</ref>

'''Climate change'''

UNEP in 1989, {{age|1989|6|30}} years ago, predicted "entire nations could be wiped off the face of the Earth by [[sea level rise]] if the [[global warming]] trend is not reversed by the year 2000".<ref>{{cite news |last1=JAMES SPIELMANN |title=U.N. Predicts Disaster if Global Warming Not Checked |url=https://www.apnews.com/bd45c372caf118ec99964ea547880cd0 |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.apnews.com/bd45c372caf118ec99964ea547880cd0 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20181008195714/https://www.apnews.com/bd45c372caf118ec99964ea547880cd0 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2018-10-08 |title = U.N. Predicts Disaster if Global Warming Not Checked| website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref>

UNEP in 2005, {{age|2005|1|1}} years ago, predicted "50 million people could become [[Environmental migrant|environmental refugees]] by 2010, fleeing the [[effects of climate change]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Axel Bojanowski |title=UN Embarrassed by Forecast on Climate Refugees |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/feared-migration-hasn-t-happened-un-embarrassed-by-forecast-on-climate-refugees-a-757713.html |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[Der Spiegel]] }}</ref>

[[Glacier]]s are shrinking at record rates and many could disappear within decades, the UNEP said in 2008. The scientists measuring the health of almost 30 [[glacier]]s around the world found that ice loss reached record levels in 2006. On average, the glaciers shrank by 4.9 feet in 2006. [[Norway]]'s Breidalblikkbrea glacier shrank 10.2 feet in 2006. Glaciers lost an average of about a foot of ice a year between 1980 and 1999, but since the turn of the millennium the average loss has increased to about 20 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/weather/03/16/un.climate.ap/index.html|title=U.N.: Glaciers shrinking at record rate|access-date=2008-03-16|archive-date=2020-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409185744/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/weather/03/16/un.climate.ap/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{further|Retreat of glaciers since 1850}}

'''Electric vehicles'''

At the fifth Magdeburg Environmental Forum held in 2008, in [[Magdeburg]], Germany, UNEP and car manufacturer [[Daimler AG]] called for the establishment of infrastructure for [[electric vehicle]]s. At this international conference 250 politicians and representatives of non-government organizations discussed future road transportation under the motto of "Sustainable Mobility–the Post-2012 {{CO2}} Agenda".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://climate-l.org/2008/07/11/unep-and-daimler-call-for-infrastructure-for-electric-and-fuel-cell-vehicles/ |title=UNEP and Daimler Call for Infrastructure for Electric and Fuel-cell Vehicles |publisher=Climate-L.org |access-date=June 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091213000040/http://climate-l.org/2008/07/11/unep-and-daimler-call-for-infrastructure-for-electric-and-fuel-cell-vehicles/ |archive-date=13 December 2009}}</ref>

'''Circular economy'''

UNEP is the co-chair and a founding partner (along with groups such as the [[Ellen MacArthur Foundation]]) for the [[Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy]], which is a public-private partnership of over 50 global organizations and governments seeking to support the transition to a global [[circular economy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalbusinesscoalition.org/global-governance-news/unep-irp-platform-accelerating-circular-economy-pace/|title=UNEP-IRP Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)|website=Global Business Coalition|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

==== The Regional Seas Programme ====
Established in 1974, this is the world's only legal programme for the purpose of protecting the oceans and seas at the regional level. More than 143 countries participate in 18 regional programmes established by the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans, with 14 of them underpinned by legally binding international conventions, such as the [[Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area|Helsinki Convention]], the [[Oslo Dumping Convention]], the [[Barcelona Convention]] or the Bucharest Convention. The RSCAPs include the [[Caribbean region]], [[East Asia]]n seas, [[East Africa]]n region, [[Mediterranean Basin]], [[Pacific Northwest]] region, [[West Africa]]n region, [[Caspian Sea]], [[Black Sea]] region, Northeast Pacific region, [[Red Sea]] and [[Gulf of Aden]], ROPME Sea Area, [[South Asia]]n seas, Southeast Pacific region, Pacific region, [[Arctic]] region, [[Antarctic]] region, [[Baltic Sea]], and Northeast Atlantic region. Each programme consists of countries which share the same sea and manages this sea at the regional level. The programmes are controlled by secretariats or Regional Coordinating Units and Regional Activity Centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regional-seas/why-does-working-regional-seas-matter|title=Why does working with regional seas matter?|website=UNEP|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> UNEP protects seas by promoting international conventions through education and training.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bliss-Guest|first=Patricia A.|first2=Stjepan |last2=Keckes|title=The Regional Seas Programme of UNEP|journal= Environmental Conservation|volume=9|issue=1|pages=43–49|jstor=44520294|doi=10.1017/S0376892900019494|s2cid=54602079 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/299592/files/S0376892900019494.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719001821/http://doc.rero.ch/record/299592/files/S0376892900019494.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

* The Mediterranean Action Plan<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP/MAP|url=https://www.unep.org/unepmap/}}</ref> of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP) was established in 1975 as the first regional action plan under the Regional Seas Programme.

===== Faith for Earth Initiative =====
Launched in 2017, the initiative's goal is to encourage and collaborate with faith-based organizations to protect the environment and invest in green resources.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |title=Faith for Earth Initiative |url=http://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/faith-earth-initiative |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, UNEP published a book with the Parliament of the World's Religions Climate Action Program entitled, "Faith for Earth: A Call for Action."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |title=Faith for Earth: A Call for Action |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/publication/faith-earth-call-action |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> The book serves as an educational resource for students, teachers, and leaders across the world and highlights the role that faith-based organizations can play in addressing critical environmental issues.<ref name=":3" />

===International years===
UN assigns specific years to topics to raise awareness and engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=International Years |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/international-years |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> The following years pertain to environmental topics:
* 2007 – [[Year of the Dolphin|International Year of the Dolphin:]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year of the Dolphin {{!}} CMS |url=https://www.cms.int/en/campaign/year-dolphin |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.cms.int}}</ref> International Patron of the Year of the Dolphin was H.S.H. [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert II]] of [[Monaco]], with Special Ambassador to the cause being [[Nick Carter (musician)|Nick Carter]] of the [[Backstreet Boys]] musical group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/pop-superstar-nick-carter-to-help-wild-dolphins-and-oceans|title=Pop Superstar Nick Carter to Help Wild Dolphins and Oceans|website=www.newswise.com}}</ref>
* 2010 – [[International Year of Biodiversity]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Decade on Biodiversity |url=https://www.cbd.int/2011-2020/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.cbd.int}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[International Year of Forests]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Forest Service - International Year of Forests |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/iyof/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.fs.fed.us}}</ref>
* 2012 – International Year for Sustainable Energy for All<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Year of Sustainable Energy for All - 2012 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/sustainableenergyforall/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>
* 2013 – International Year of Water Cooperation<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/worldwateryear/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>
* 2014 – International Year of Family Farming<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.fao.org/family-farming-decade/home/en/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
* 2015 – International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Year of Light 2015 |url=https://www.nature.com/collections/kwhbfh |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>
* 2016 – International Year of Pulses<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Year of Pulses 2016, 2016 International Year of Pulses |url=https://www.fao.org/pulses-2016/en/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref>
* 2017 – [[International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development {{!}} UNWTO |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism4development2017 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.unwto.org}}</ref>
* 2020 – [[International Year of Plant Health]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.fao.org/plant-health-2020/home/en/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021 – International Year of Fruits and Vegetables<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Year of Fruits and Vegetables |url=http://www.fao.org/fruits-vegetables-2021/en/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
See [[international observance]] and [[list of environmental dates]].

== Reform ==
{{See also||UNEO|IRENA}}

Following the 2007 publication of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]], the ''Paris Call for Action'', presented by French president [[Jacques Chirac]] and supported by 46 countries, called for the UNEP to be replaced by a new and more powerful "United Nations Environment Organization", to be modeled on the [[World Health Organization]]. The 46 countries included the European Union nations, but notably did not include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China, the top four emitters of [[greenhouse gases]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=environment&storyID=2007-02-03T144510Z_01_L03357553_RTRIDST_0_DCBRIGHTS-GLOBALWARMING-APPEAL-DC.XML|title=46 nations call for tougher U.N. environment role|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Alister|last=Doyle}}{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In December 2012, following the Rio+20 Summit, a decision by the General Assembly of the United Nations to "strengthen and upgrade" the UNEP and establish universal membership of its governing body was confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/NEWSCENTRE/default.aspx?DocumentId=2700&ArticleId=9363 |title=United Nations Environment Programme Upgraded to Universal Membership Following Rio+20 Summit - UNEP |access-date=2013-02-06 |archive-date=2013-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107031305/http://www.unep.org/NEWSCENTRE/default.aspx?DocumentId=2700&ArticleId=9363 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Funding==
The [[European Investment Bank]] and the United Nations Environment Programme created the Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP) in 2015 to assist a [[United Nations]] project dubbed Sustainable Energy for All. Renewable Energy Performance Platform was established with $67 million from the [[United Kingdom]]'s International Climate Finance initiative, administered by the [[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]], in 2015, and $128 million in 2018. REPP was established with a five-year goal of improving energy access for at least two million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has so far invested around $45 million to renewable energy projects in 13 countries in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. [[Solar power]] and [[hydropower]] are among the energy methods used in the projects.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Access to energy is Africa development key|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/africa-energy-access|access-date=2021-06-07|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP)|url=https://repp.energy/about-repp/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=REPP|language=en}}</ref>

===Funding complications===
In September 2018, a series of allegations were made against the Executive Director of the UNEP, Eric Solheim, at that time, including excessive number of days spent outside the headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. As a result, Eric Solheim resigned. Several donor countries withdrew their donation in the aftermath of the allegation, including the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] government who announced it would withhold $8 million in funding to UNEP until nepotism issues were resolved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Damian Carrington |title=Under-fire UN environment chief forced back to HQ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/27/under-fire-un-environment-chief-forced-back-to-hq-erik-solheim |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=a spokesman for the Dutch government told the Guardian: “A planned payment of €8m will be held until Unep provides more clarity, and until it is clear that Unep is taking this matter seriously.” [...] “In relation to any notion of nepotism, I wish to clarify that my spouse was recruited to REV Ocean through an open, transparent and competitive process,” said Solheim}}</ref> [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] stopped funding as well. A spokesman for the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs said the freezing of funds was probably unprecedented.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Damian Carrington |title=Nations halt funding to UN environment programme as outcry over chief grows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/25/nations-halt-funding-to-un-environment-programme-as-outcry-over-chief-erik-solheim-grows |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs thinktank said he thought the freezing of funds was probably unprecedented. “There are many who don’t think Unep is functioning as it should}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership]]
*[[Citizen science#Plastics and pollution|Citizen Science]], cleanup projects that people can take part in.
*[[Global Climate Observing System]]
*[[Global warming]]
*[[International Renewable Energy Agency]]
*[[Melbourne Principles]]
*[[Miss Earth Foundation]]
*[[Northwest Pacific Action Plan]]
*[[Timeline of environmental events]]
*[[UNEP GEO Data Portal]]
*[[UNEP/GRID-Arendal]]
*[[United Nations Billion Tree Campaign]]
*[[United Nations Centre for Urgent Environmental Assistance]]
*[[United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative]]
*[[United Nations REDD Programme]]
*[[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]]
*[[World Refrigeration Day]]
*[[Global plastic pollution treaty]]
{{Div col end}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Issues and trends in Education for Sustainable Development
| author =
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers = 26, 27
| source =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261445?posInSet=10&queryId=11d50305-43f9-4328-b408-3f003513f6a4
| license statement URL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261445?posInSet=10&queryId=11d50305-43f9-4328-b408-3f003513f6a4
| license = CC BY-SA
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Borowy, Iris. "Before UNEP: who was in charge of the global environment? The struggle for institutional responsibility 1968–72." ''Journal of Global History'' 14.1 (2019): 87–106.
* United Nations Environment Programme. "Natural Allies: UNEP and Civil Society." Nairobi: [[United Nations Foundation]], 2004.
* Paul Berthoud, [http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative/#nai A Professional Life Narrative], 2008, worked with UNEP and offers testimony from the inside of the early years of the organization.
*Dodds, F., Strauss, M., with Strong, M., 2012, ''Only One Earth: The Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development''. London [[Earthscan]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme]
* [https://www.unepfi.org UNEP Finance Initiative]
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Riigikogu

2023-03-17T05:12:13Z

Rodger3020: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|Unicameral parliament of Estonia}}
{{more citations needed}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = State Assembly of Estonia
| coa_pic = File:Riigikogu logo.svg
| native_name = Riigikogu
| legislature = XV Riigikogu
| house_type = Unicameral
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|4|23}}
| disbanded = [[Occupation of the Baltic states|1940–1991]]
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = [[Lauri Hussar]]
| party1 = [[Estonia 200]]
| election1 = 10 April 2023
| leader2_type = First Vice-Chairman
| leader2 = [[Toomas Kivimägi]]
| party2 = [[Estonian Reform Party|Reform]]
| election2 = 10 April 2023
| leader3_type = Second Vice-Chairman
| leader3 = [[Jüri Ratas]]
| party3 = [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre]]
| election3 = 10 April 2023
| members = 101
| structure1 = Riigikogu 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Kaja Kallas' third cabinet|Government]] (60)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Reform Party}}|border=silver}} [[Estonian Reform Party|Reform]] (37)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonia 200 (2021)}}|border=silver}} [[Estonia 200|E200]] (14)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Estonia)}}|border=silver}} [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|SDE]] (9)
'''Opposition (41)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|Conservative People's Party of Estonia}}|border=silver}} [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|EKRE]] (17)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Centre Party (2023)}}|border=silver}} [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre]] (16)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Isamaa}}|border=silver}} [[Isamaa]] (8)
| session_room = Riigikogu (2011).jpg
| meeting_place = [[Toompea Castle]], [[Tallinn]]
| committees1 = {{Collapsible list |title = 11 Committees|Constitutional|Cultural Affairs|Economic Affairs|Environment|European Union Affairs|Finance|Foreign Affairs|Legal Affairs|National Defence|Rural Affairs|Social Affairs}}
| last_election1 = [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|5 March 2023]]
| next_election1 =
| voting_system1 = [[Party-list proportional representation]] [[D'Hondt method#Variations|Modified D'Hondt method]]
| website = [http://www.riigikogu.ee www.riigikogu.ee]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Riigikogu''' ({{IPA-et|ˈriːɡikoɡu}}; from [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ''riigi-'', "of the state", and ''kogu'', "assembly") is the [[unicameral]] [[parliament]] of [[Estonia]]. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]] and [[Supreme Court of Estonia|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court]], and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the [[President of Estonia|President]]. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.

==History==
{{Politics of Estonia}}

===History===
23 April 1919, the opening session of the [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia.<ref name="RK">{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |title=Riigikogu |website=Riigikogu |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205210344/https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Established under the [[Constitution of Estonia#First Constitution (1920–1933/38)|1920 constitution]], the Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three-year term on the basis of [[proportional representation]]. Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=413}} The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920. From 1923 to 1932, there were four more elections to the Riigikogu. The elections were on a regional basis, without any threshold in the first two elections, but from 1926 a moderate threshold (2%) was used. The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the [[Toompea Castle]], where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920–1922.

In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution was approved by referendum, where more power was given to an executive President. The following year, the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared [[martial law]] to avert an alleged coup.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=414}} In 1937, a [[Constitution of Estonia#Second Constitution (1938–1940/92)|second constitution]] was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature, the [[Chamber of Deputies]] (''Riigivolikogu'') and the [[Estonian National Council|National Council]] (''Riiginõukogu''). Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run.

During the subsequent periods of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation (1940–41), [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation (1941–44), and the second [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]] (1944–1991) the Parliament was disbanded. The premises of the ''Riigikogu'' were used by the [[Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR]] during the second Soviet occupation.

===Restitution of independence===
In September 1992, a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union, elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third [[Constitution of Estonia]] adopted in a referendum in the summer of the same year. The 1992 constitution, which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940, sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023. The main differences between the current system and a pure [[political representation]], or proportional representation, system are the established 5% national [[Election threshold|threshold]], and the use of a modified [[D'Hondt method|D'Hondt]] formula (the divisor is raised to the power 0.9). This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula.

==Latest election==
{{main|2023 Estonian parliamentary election}}
{{#lst:2023 Estonian parliamentary election|2023electiontable}}

== Current seat allocation ==
[[Image:Riigikogu sisehoov1.jpg|thumb|Parliament building in [[Toompea Castle]]: the seat of the Parliament.]]

*[[Estonian Reform Party|Reform Party]] 37
**''party leader:'' [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]] 17
**''party leader:'' [[Martin Helme]]
*[[Estonian Centre Party|Centre Party]] 16
**''party leader:'' [[Jüri Ratas]]
*[[Estonia 200]] 14
** ''party leader: [[Lauri Hussar]]''
*[[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|Social Democratic Party of Estonia]] 9
**''party leader:'' [[Lauri Läänemets]]
*[[Isamaa]] 8
**''party leader:'' [[Helir-Valdor Seeder]]

==Structure of former legislatures==

=== [[1992 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1992–1995]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#014F9A; width:22%; color:white" | 29
| style="background:#F0953A; width:14%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#007557; width:12%; color:white" | 15
| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 12
| style="background:#0000FF; width:9%; color:white" | 10
| style="background:#800080; width:7%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#1034A6; width:7%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#2FAE2F; width:3%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#FCC200; width:2%; color:white" | 1

|-
| [[Fatherland Bloc|{{color|#014F9A|Isamaa}}]]
| [[Safe Home (Estonia)|{{color|#F0953A|Safe Home}}]]
| [[Popular Front (Estonia)|{{color|#007557|Popular Front}}]]
| [[Moderates (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Estonian National Independence Party|{{color|#0000FF|Independence}}]]
| [[Estonian Royalist Party|{{color|#800080|ERP}}]]
| [[Estonian Citizen|{{color|#1034A6|Citizen}}]]
| [[Estonian Greens|{{color|#2FAE2F|Greens}}]]
| [[Estonian Entrepreneurs' Party|{{color|#FCC200|EEE}}]]
|}

=== [[1995 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1995–1999]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#F0953A; width:32%; color:white" | 41
| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 19
| style="background:#007557; width:14%; color:white" | 16
| style="background:#014F9A; width:8%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#E10600; width:6%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#3273ED; width:5%; color:white" | 5

|-
| [[Coalition Party and Country Union|{{color|#F0953A|Coalition/Country}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[RKEI and ERSP (Pro Patria National Coalition and Estonian National Independence Party)|{{color|#014F9A|RKEI and ERSP}}]]
| [[Moderate (Social Democratic Party/Country Centre Party)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Our Home is Estonia|{{color|#E56509|Home}}]]
| [[The Right Wingers (People's Party of Republicans Conservatives)|{{color|#3273ED|Right}}]]
|}

=== [[1999 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1999–2003]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#014F9A; width:16%; color:white" | 18
| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 18
| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#F0953A; width:8%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria Union|{{color|#014F9A|Pro Patria}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Moderates (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Estonian Coalition Party|{{color|#F0953A|Coalition}}]]
| [[Estonian Country People's Union|{{color|#F5B453|Country}}]]
| [[Estonian United People's Party|{{color|#E56509|United}}]]
|}

=== [[2003 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2003–2007]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#04427C; width:25%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#FFE200; width:18%; color:#0000FF" | 19
| style="background:#F5B453; width:13%; color:white" | 13
| style="background:#014F9A; width:7%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#E10600; width:7%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Kesk}}]]
| [[Res Publica Party|{{color|#04427C|Res Publica}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[People's Union of Estonia|{{color|#F5B453|People's Union}}]]
| [[Pro Patria Union|{{color|#014F9A|Pro Patria}}]]
| [[Moderate People's Party|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
|}

=== [[2007 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2007–2011]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 31
| style="background:#007557; width:26%; color:white" | 29
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:18%; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#E10600; width:11%; color:white" | 10
| style="background:#80BB3D; width:7%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Estonian Greens|{{color|#80BB3D|Greens}}]]
| [[People's Union of Estonia|{{color|#F5B453|People's Union}}]]
|}

=== [[2011 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2011–2015]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:27%; color:#0000FF" | 33
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:20%; color:white" | 23
| style="background:#E10600; width:17%; color:white" | 19

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
|}

=== [[2015 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2015–2019]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 30
| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 27
| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 15
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:14%; color:white" | 14
| style="background:#0086CF; width:9%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#0063AF; width:8%; color:white" | 7

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Estonian Free Party|{{color|#0086CF|EVA}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
|}

=== [[2019 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2019–2023]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:29%; color:#0000FF" | 34
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#0063AF; width:18%; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:11%; color:white" | 12
| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 10

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
| [[Isamaa|{{color|#00A2E6|Isamaa}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
|}

=== [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2023–present]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:36%; color:#0000FF" | 37
| style="background:#0063AF; width:17%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#007557; width:16%; color:white" | 16
| style="background:#2F2A95; width:14%; color:white" | 14
| style="background:#E10600; width:9%; color:white" | 9
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:8%; color:white" | 8

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Estonia 200|{{color|#2F2A95|E200}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Isamaa|{{color|#00A2E6|Isamaa}}]]
|}

==Speakers of the Riigikogu==
The salary of the speaker is €5,288 per month.<ref name="postimees.ee">{{cite web |url=https://www.postimees.ee/4046855/riigikogu-liikmete-ja-teiste-korgemate-riigiteenijate-palk-ei-muutu |title=Riigikogu liikmete ja teiste kõrgemate riigiteenijate palk ei muutu |website=Postimees |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201114120/https://www.postimees.ee/4046855/riigikogu-liikmete-ja-teiste-korgemate-riigiteenijate-palk-ei-muutu |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1921–1937===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Otto Strandman]]
|4 January 1921 – 18 November 1921
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |title=Riigikogu juhatus |website=Riigikogu |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606122850/https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Juhan Kukk]]
|18 November 1921 – 20 November 1922
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Konstantin Päts]]
|20 November 1922 – 7 June 1923
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jaan Tõnisson]]
|7 June 1923 – 27 May 1925
|II Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[August Rei]]
|9 June 1925 – 22 June 1926
|II Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
||[[Kaarel Eenpalu|Karl Einbund]]
|22 June 1926 – 19 July 1932
|III Riigikogu, IV Riigikogu, V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jaan Tõnisson]]
|19 July 1932 – 18 May 1933
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Kaarel Eenpalu|Karl Einbund]]
|18 May 1933 – 29 August 1934
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Rudolf Penno]]
|28 September 1934 – 31 December 1937
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|}

===Speakers of the Riigivolikogu (lower chamber)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Jüri Uluots]]
|21 April 1938 – 12 October 1939
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Otto Pukk]]
|17 October 1939 – 5 July 1940
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Arnold Veimer]]
|21 July 1940 – 25 August 1940
|
|}

===Speaker of the Riiginõukogu (upper chamber)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Mihkel Pung]]
|21 April 1938 – 5 July 1940
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|}

===Chairman of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
|-
|[[Arnold Rüütel]]
|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992
|}

===Speaker of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
|-
|[[Ülo Nugis]]
|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992
|}

===Since 1992===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Ülo Nugis]]
|21 October 1992 – 21 March 1995
|VII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Toomas Savi]]
|21 March 1995 – 31 March 2003
|VIII Riigikogu, IX Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Ene Ergma]]
|31 March 2003 – 23 March 2006
|X Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Toomas Varek]]
|23 March 2006 – 2 April 2007
|X Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Ene Ergma]]
|2 April 2007 – 20 March 2014
|XI Riigikogu, XII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Eiki Nestor]]
|20 March 2014 – 4 April 2019
|XII Riigikogu, XIII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Henn Põlluaas]]
|4 April 2019 – 18 March 2021
|XIV Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jüri Ratas]]
|18 March 2021 – 10 April 2023
|XIV Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Lauri Hussar]]
|10 April 2023 – present
|XV Riigikogu<ref>{{cite news |title=Eesti 200 leader Lauri Hussar elected Riigikogu speaker |url=https://news.err.ee/1608943580/eesti-200-leader-lauri-hussar-elected-riigikogu-speaker |work=ERR |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Chancellery==
{{expand section}}

Established on October 5 of 1992, the ''Chancellery of the Riigikogu'' ({{lang-et|Riigikogu Kantselei}}) is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellery of the Riigikogu |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |website=Riigikogu |access-date=21 March 2020 |language=et |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406140317/https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/board-and-departments/ departments] of the Chancellery perform the daily functions.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the Parliament of Estonia]]
*[[Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]

==Citations and references==
{{Reflist}}

===Cited sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |year=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |language=en |location=Maryland, US |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4904-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.legaltext.ee/text/en/X60044K2.htm Riigkogu's election law] {{in lang|en}}

{{Coords|59|26|09|N|24|44|14|E|display=title}}

{{Estonia topics}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}

[[Category:Riigikogu| ]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in Estonia]]
[[Category:Government of Estonia]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Estonia]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Estonia]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Estonia]]

Lal Krishna Advani

2022-07-27T16:09:01Z

Rodger3020: Fresh content.

#REDIRECT [[L. K. Advani]]

Potential superpower

2022-05-29T14:10:25Z

Rodger3020: Fresh page layout.

{{Short description|Entity speculated to become a superpower}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Undue weight}}
{{Update}}
{{original research}}
}}
{{Use Oxford spelling}}

[[File:Superpower.svg|thumb|300px|
'''Extant superpower'''
{{legend|#ffff00|[[United States]]}}
'''Potential superpowers'''—supported in varying degrees by academics
{{legend|#ff0000|[[China]]}}
{{legend|#000080|[[European Union]]}}
{{legend|#00ff00|[[India]]}}
{{legend|#ff6600|[[Russia]]}}
]]

A '''potential superpower''' is a [[state (polity)|state]] or other [[polity]] that is speculated to be—or to have the potential to soon become—a [[superpower]].

Currently, only the [[United States]] fulfills the criteria to be considered a superpower.<ref>{{cite book|title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe1776herr|url-access=limited|first=George|last=C. Herring|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe1776herr/page/n19 1]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> However, the United States is no longer the only uncontested [[foremost power|foremost]] superpower and the world's sole [[hyperpower]] to dominate in every domain (i.e. military, culture, economy, technology, diplomatic).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Lowy |title=Map - Lowy Institute Asia Power Index |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Lowy Institute Asia Power Index 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=America's innovation edge now in peril, says Baker Institute, American Academy of Arts and Sciences report|url=https://news.rice.edu/2020/09/30/americas-innovation-edge-now-in-peril-says-baker-institute-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-report/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=news.rice.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China will overtake US in tech race|url=https://www.omfif.org/2019/10/china-will-overtake-us-in-tech-race/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=OMFIF|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=China now has more diplomatic posts than any other country|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, [[China]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Jacques Martin|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/15/comment.china|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=This is the relationship that will define global politics|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Emmanuel Solomon John|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333759875|title=China: Emerging superpower}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|author=Anthony H. Cordesman|url=https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/190912_China_Grand_Strategy_Full-Report.pdf|work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]]|title=China and the U.S.: Cooperation, Competition and/or Conflict}}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref name="rjguttman">{{cite book|last=Guttman|first=R.J.|url=https://archive.org/details/europeinnewcentu00robe|url-access=registration|title=Europe in the New Century|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|isbn=9781555878528}}</ref> [[India]],<ref name="elephantdragon">{{cite book|author=Robyn Meredith|title=The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us|publisher=W.W Norton and Company|year=2007|isbn=978-0-393-33193 6|url=https://archive.org/details/elephantdragonri00mere}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://realtruth.org/articles/434-iasitm.html|title=India – A Superpower in the Making?}}</ref> and [[Russia]]<ref name="Russia in the 21st Century">{{cite book|author=Steven Rosefielde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC6HdSYZhRgC|title=Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-83678-4|author-link=Steven Rosefielde|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> have been commonly described as potential superpowers. [[Japan]] was formerly considered a potential superpower due to its [[Japanese economic miracle|high economic growth]].<ref name="Zakaria, F 2008">{{cite book|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|url=https://archive.org/details/postamericanworl00zaka_199|title=The Post-American World|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=978-0-393-06235-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/postamericanworl00zaka_199/page/n225 210]|author-link=Fareed Zakaria|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Land of the setting sun">{{Cite news|title=Land of the setting sun|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2009/11/12/land-of-the-setting-sun|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref name="Japan From Superrich To Superpower">{{cite magazine|title=Japan From Superrich To Superpower|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967823,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> However, its status as a potential superpower has eroded since the 1990s due to an [[Aging of Japan|aging population]] and [[Lost Decades|economic stagnation]].<ref name="Leika Kihara">{{cite news|title=Japan eyes end to decades long deflation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan-economy-estimate-idUSL4E8JH1TC20120817#ySOkSfW3bZs8lVWK.97|author=Leika Kihara|work=Reuters|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>

== China ==
{{Main|Chinese Century}}
{{Further|China's peaceful rise|Pax Sinica}}
{{See also|Asian Century|Pacific Century}}

{| style="width:auto; toc:25em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;" class="infobox"
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!colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[China|People's Republic of China]]
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|center|border|180px]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CHN orthographic.svg|center|180px]]
|}

The [[China|People's Republic of China]] receives continual coverage in the popular press of its potential superpower status,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/ |title = Visions of China – Asian Superpower |website = CNN |year = 1999 |access-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/01/china-military-presence-superpower-collision-japan |title = China's military presence is growing. Does a superpower collision loom? |website = The Guardian |access-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Cordesman, Anthony|title=China and the United States: Cooperation, Competition, and/or Conflict|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-and-united-states-cooperation-competition-andor-conflict|access-date=22 March 2021|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|quote=Seen from this perspective, such trends clearly that show that China already is a true economic superpower with growing resources and a steadily improving technology base. Its military structure is evolving to the point where China can compare or compete with the U.S. — at least in Asia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Silver, Laura|author2=Devlin, Kat|author3=Huang, Christine|title=China's Economic Growth Mostly Welcomed in Emerging Markets, but Neighbors Wary of Its Influence|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/chinas-economic-growth-mostly-welcomed-in-emerging-markets-but-neighbors-wary-of-its-influence/|access-date=22 March 2021|work=Pew Research Center|quote=China has emerged as a global economic superpower in recent decades. It is not only the world’s second largest economy and the largest exporter by value, but it has also been investing in overseas infrastructure and development at a rapid clip}}</ref><ref name="CNN_naval">{{cite news|author=Lendon, Brad|title=China has built the world's largest navy. Now what's Beijing going to do with it?|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/05/china/china-world-biggest-navy-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html|access-date=22 March 2021|quote=In 2018, China held 40% of the world's shipbuilding market by gross tons, according to United Nations figures cited by the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, well ahead of second place South Korea at 25%. Put in a historical perspective, China's shipbuilding numbers are staggering – dwarfing even the U.S. efforts of World War II. China built more ships in one year of peace time (2019) than the U.S. did in four of war (1941–1945).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lemahieu, Herve|title=Five big takeaways from the 2019 Asia Power Index|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/power-shifts-fevered-times-2019-asia-power-index|access-date=22 March 2021|publisher=Lowy Institute|quote=China, the emerging superpower, netted the highest gains in overall power in 2019, ranking first in half of the eight Index measures. For the first time, China narrowly edged out the United States in the Index’s assessment of economic resources. In absolute terms China’s economy grew by more than the total size of Australia’s economy in 2018. The world’s largest trading nation has also paradoxically seen its GDP become less dependent on exports. This makes China less vulnerable to an escalating trade war than most other Asian economies.}}</ref> and has been identified as a rising or emerging economic growth and military superpower by academics and other experts. In fact, the "rise of China" has been named the top news story of the 21st century by the [[Global Language Monitor]], as measured by number of appearances in the global print and electronic media, on the Internet and blogosphere, and in social media.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/xkb/html/2011-05/07/content_1105830.htm |script-title = zh:21世纪新闻排行中国崛起居首位 |trans-title = The rise of China ranked first place in 21st century news |language = zh-Hans-CN |website = Ycwb.com |date = 7 May 2011 |access-date = 10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095901/http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/xkb/html/2011-05/07/content_1105830.htm |archive-date = 27 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Chito | last=Romana |url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/china-replace-us-top-superpower/story?id=9986355 |title = Does China Want to Be Top Superpower? |website = Abcnews.go.com |date = 2 March 2010 |access-date = 10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://carnegieendowment.org/2006/02/09/from-rural-transformation-to-global-integration-environmental-and-social-impacts-of-china-s-rise-to-superpower/dfi |title = From Rural Transformation to Global Integration: The Environmental and Social Impacts of China's Rise to Superpower – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date = 10 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.getabstract.com/en/summary/global-business/china-the-balance-sheet/6584/?isbn= |title = China: The Balance Sheet Summary |website = getabstract.com |year = 2006 |access-date = 19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Merri B. |last = Uckert |url = http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/uckertmb.pdf |title = China As An Economic and Military Superpower: A Dangerous Combination? |date = April 1995 |access-date = 10 February 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115145821/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/uckertmb.pdf |archive-date = 15 January 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The term "[[second superpower]]" has been applied by scholars to the possibility that the People's Republic of China could [[Chinese Century|emerge]] with [[Power (international relations)|global power]] and influence on par with the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of International Broadcasting |first=James|last=Wood |page=155 |publisher=IET |year=2000 }}</ref> The potential for the two countries to form stronger relations to address global issues is sometimes referred to as the [[Group of Two]].

[[Barry Buzan]] asserted in 2004 that "China certainly presents the most promising all-round profile" of a potential superpower.<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book|last=Buzan|first=Barry|title=The United States and the Great Powers|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|page=70|isbn=0-7456-3375-7}}</ref> Buzan claimed that "China is currently the most fashionable potential superpower and the one whose degree of alienation from the dominant international society makes it the most obvious political challenger". However, he noted this challenge is constrained by the major challenges of development and by the fact that its rise could trigger a counter coalition of states in [[Asia]].<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers"/>

[[Parag Khanna]] stated in 2008 that by making massive trade and investment deals with Latin America and Africa, China had established its presence as a superpower along with the [[European Union]] and the [[United States]]. China's rise is demonstrated by its ballooning share of trade in its [[gross domestic product]]. He believed that China's "consultative style" had allowed it to develop political and economic ties with many countries including those viewed as [[rogue state]]s by the United States. He stated that the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] founded with Russia and the Central Asian countries may eventually be the "[[NATO]] of the East".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last=Khanna|first=Parag|title=Waving Goodbye to Hegemony|access-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref>

Economist and author of ''Eclipse: Living in the Shadow of China's Economic Dominance'' [[Arvind Subramanian]] argued in 2012 that China would direct the world's financial system by 2020{{update inline}} and that the Chinese [[renminbi]] would replace the [[United States dollar|dollar]] as the world's [[reserve currency]] within 10 to 15 years (between 2022 and 2027). The United States' [[soft power]] would remain longer, though. He stated that "China was a top dog economically for thousands of years prior to the [[Ming dynasty]]. In some ways, the past few hundred years have been an aberration."<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Ted Greenwald |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/02/st_subramanianqa/ |title=Taming the Dragon: One Scholar's Plan to Soften Chinese Dominance |magazine=WIRED |volume=20 |issue=3 |access-date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>

Lawrence Saez at the [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]], London, argued in 2011 that the United States will be surpassed by China as military superpower within twenty years. Regarding economic power, the Director of the China Center for Economic Reform at [[Peking University]] Yao Yang stated that "Assuming that the Chinese and U.S. economies grow, respectively, by 8% and 3% in real terms, that China's inflation rate is 3.6% and America's is 2% (the averages of the last decade), and that the renminbi appreciates against the dollar by 3% per year (the average of the last six years), China will become the world's largest economy by 2021. By that time, both countries' GDP will be about $24 trillion."<ref>{{cite web|author=Thair Shaikh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311061413/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-10/world/china.military.superpower_1_superpower-military-spending-military-dominance/2?_s=PM%3AWORLD |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-10/world/china.military.superpower_1_superpower-military-spending-military-dominance/2?_s=PM:WORLD |title=When Will China Become a Global Superpower? |publisher=CNN |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Historian [[Timothy Garton Ash]] argued in 2011, pointing to factors such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] predicting that China's GDP ([[purchasing power parity]] adjusted) will overtake that of the United States in 2016,{{update inline}} that a power shift to a world with several superpowers was happening "Now". However, China was still lacking in soft power and power projection abilities and had a low [[Per capita income|GDP/person]]. The article also stated that the [[Pew Research Center]] in a 2009 survey found that people in 15 out of 22 countries believed that China had or would overtake the US as the world's leading superpower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.caixin.com/2012-02-27/100360946.html|publisher=[[Caixin]]|title=Oxford Prof on China and the New World OrderPart 1|access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

In an interview given in 2011, Singapore's first premier, [[Lee Kuan Yew]], stated that while China supplanting the United States is not a foregone conclusion, Chinese leaders are nonetheless serious about displacing the United States as the most powerful country in Asia. "They have transformed a poor society by an economic miracle to become now the second-largest economy in the world. How could they not aspire to be number 1 in Asia, and in time the world?".<ref name="LeeAllison2013">{{cite book|author1=Kuan Yew Lee|author2=Graham Allison|author3=Robert D. Blackwill|author4=Ali Wyne|title=Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and the World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geiCymK1IWIC&pg=PA2|access-date=11 December 2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01912-5|page=2|chapter=Future of China}}</ref> The Chinese strategy, Lee maintains, will revolve around their "huge and increasingly highly skilled and educated workers to out-sell and out-build all others".<ref name="Allison 2012 4">{{cite book| last=Allison| first=Graham and Robert D. Blackwill, with Ali Wyne| title=Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and the World| year=2012| publisher=The MIT Press| location=Cambridge Massachusetts| isbn=978-0-262-01912-5| page=4| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geiCymK1IWIC}}</ref> Nevertheless, relations with the United States, at least in the medium term, will not take a turn for the worse because China will "avoid any action that will sour up relations with the U.S. To challenge a stronger and technologically superior power like the U.S. will abort their 'peaceful rise.' "<ref name="Allison 2012 4"/> Though Lee believes China is genuinely interested in growing within the global framework the United States has created, it is biding its time until it becomes strong enough to successfully redefine the prevailing political and economic order.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allison|first=Graham and Robert D. Blackwill, with Ali Wyne|title=Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and the World|year=2012|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-262-01912-5|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geiCymK1IWIC}}</ref>

Chinese foreign policy adviser [[Wang Jisi]] in 2012 stated that many Chinese officials see China as a first-class power which should be treated as such. China is argued to soon become the world's largest economy and to be making rapid progress in many areas. The United States is seen as a declining superpower as indicated by factors such as poor economic recovery, financial disorder, high deficits gaining close to GDP levels and unemployment, increasing political polarization, and overregulation forcing jobs overseas in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epi.org/publication/counting_the_jobs_lost_to_china/|title=Counting the jobs lost to China|work=Economic Policy Institute|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Kenneth Lieberthal|author2=Wang Jisi|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/us-china-experts-warn-of-growing-bilateral-distrust-145900615/179594.html|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|title=US, China Experts Warn of Growing Bilateral Distrust|access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/3/30-us-china-lieberthal/0330_china_lieberthal.pdf|publisher=China Center at Brookings|title=Addressing U.S.-China Strategic Distrust|access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>{{needs update}}

Some consensus has concluded that China has reached the qualifications of superpower status, citing China's growing political clout and leadership in the economic sectors has given the country renewed standings in the International Community. Although China's military projection is still premature and untested, the perceived humiliation of US leadership in failing to prevent its closest allies in joining the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]],<ref name="Foreign Policy-April-1-2015">{{cite magazine|author=Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany |title=Obama Is Sitting Alone at a Bar Drinking a Consolation Beer|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/01/obama-china-bank-aiib-policy/|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> along with the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] and China's role in the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|worldwide groundings of the Boeing 737 MAX]],<ref name="Boeing’s Crisis Strengthens Beijing’s Hand-March-20-2019">{{cite magazine|author=Aboulafia, Richard |title=Boeing's Crisis Strengthens Beijing's Hand|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/20/boeings-crisis-strengthens-beijings-hand-737max-faa-caac-aviation-regulators-trade-war-china-xi-trump/|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> was seen as a [[paradigm shift]] or an [[inflection point]] to the [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|unipolar world order]] that dominated post-Cold War international relations. University Professor Øystein Tunsjø argues that competition between China and the USA will increase, leading to the gap between them decreasing, while the gap between the two countries and the rest of the top ten largest economies will widen.<ref name="Columbia University Press-February-2018">{{Cite book|author=Tunsjø, Øystein |title=The Return of Bipolarity in World Politics: China, the United States, and Geostructural Realism|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-return-of-bipolarity-in-world-politics/9780231176545|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=9780231546904}}</ref> Additionally, economics correspondent, [[Peter S. Goodman]] and Beijing Bureau Chief of China, [[Jane Perlez]] further stated that China is using a combination of its economic might and growing military advancements to pressure, coerce and change the current world order to accommodate China's interests at the expense of the United States and its allies.<ref name="The New York Times-November-25-2018">{{cite news|author1=Goodman, Peter |author2=Perlez, Jane |title=Beijing is leveraging its commercial and military might to redraw the terms of trade, diplomacy and security, challenging the liberal democratic order.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/25/world/asia/china-world-power.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=9DD0254E4F46A3D7C0FD201DDFA1E152&gwt=pay|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

The 2019 Chinese Defense White Paper highlights growing strategic competition between China and the United States although it stops short of the military and ideological confrontation that was shown during the [[Cold War]]. Rather, according to [[Anthony H. Cordesman]], although the paper flags both China and the US as competing superpowers, it was far more moderate in its treatment of the US in contrast to the United States view on Chinese military developments. Cordesman states that the paper in the end, was a warning that will shape Sino-American relations as China becomes stronger than Russia in virtually every respect other than its nuclear arsenal.<ref name="China’s New 2019 Defense White Paper: An Open Strategic Challenge to the United States, But One Which Does Not Have to Lead to Conflict-July-24-2019">{{cite journal|author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |title=China's New 2019 Defense White Paper: An Open Strategic Challenge to the United States, But One Which Does Not Have to Lead to Conflict|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-2019-defense-white-paper-open-strategic-challenge-united-states-one-which-does|journal=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]}}</ref>

On August 19, 2019, the [[United States Studies Centre]] handed out a report suggesting that Washington no longer enjoyed primacy in the Indo-Pacific. It stresses that the [[War on terror]] has greatly distracted the U.S. response to China's role in the Pacific; that U.S. military force in the region had greatly atrophied whereas Beijing only grew stronger and more capable in the era since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], to the point that China could now actively challenge the United States over the Indo-Pacific.<ref>{{cite report|author=Ashley Townshend, Brendan Thomas-Noone, Matilda Steward|url=https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/averting-crisis-american-strategy-military-spending-and-collective-defence-in-the-indo-pacific|work=[[United States Studies Centre]]|title=Averting Crisis: American strategy, military spending and collective defence in the Indo-Pacific}}</ref> According to the 2021 Asia Power Index, within Asia, the United States still took the lead on military capacity, cultural influence, resilience, future resources, diplomatic influence, and defense networks, but fell behind China in two parameters: economic capability and economic relationships.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=China – Lowy Institute Asia Power Index|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Lowy Institute Asia Power Index 2021|language=en}}</ref>
China's challenging the United States for global predominance constitutes the core issue in the debate over the [[American decline]].<ref name="Ali">{{cite news|last1=Wyne|first1=Ali|title=Is America Choosing Decline?|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/149008/america-choosing-decline|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Stuart S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVBK3B1oOQC&q=US+cultural+decline|title=The Future of US Global Power: Delusions of Decline|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137023155|language=en|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Cn-domin">{{cite web|last1=Rapoza|first1=Kenneth|title=The Future: China's Rise, America's Decline|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/03/26/the-future-chinas-rise-americas-decline/#43133b093b2f|access-date=28 March 2019|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

=== Contrary views ===
Timothy Beardson, founder of Crosby International Holdings, stated in 2013 that he does not see "China becoming a superpower". He pointed out that China has continually polluted its environment during its 30 years of economic growth and will have to grapple with an ageing and shrinking workforce in the future.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Beardson |first=Timothy |title=I don't see China becoming a superpower in this century|work=The Times Of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news/40234296_1_challenges-facing-china-foreign-companies-china-20-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034514/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news/40234296_1_challenges-facing-china-foreign-companies-china-20-years |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Timothy Beardson|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/timothy-beardson/china-pollution_b_3331929.html|title=Action Needed on the Environment|work=Huffington Post|access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226075322/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/china-pollution_b_3331929 |archive-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref>

Geoffrey Murray's ''China: The Next Superpower'' (1998) argued that while the potential for China is high, this is fairly perceived only by looking at the risks and obstacles China faces in managing its population and resources. The political situation in China may become too fragile to survive into superpower status, according to [[Susan Shirk]] in ''China: Fragile Superpower'' (2008). Other factors that could constrain China's ability to become a superpower in the future include limited supplies of energy and raw materials, questions over its innovation capability, inequality and corruption, and risks to social stability and the environment.<ref>{{cite book|author=Susan Shirk|title=China: Fragile Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafragilesupe00shir|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537319-6}}</ref>

[[Amy Chua]] stated in 2007 that whether a country is attractive to immigrants is an important quality for a superpower. She also wrote that China lacks the pull to bring scientists, thinkers, and innovators from other countries as immigrants.<ref name="Chua, A 2007">{{cite book|author=Amy Chua|year=2007|title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-51284-8|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0}}</ref>

[[Minxin Pei]] stated in 2010 that China is not a superpower and would not be one anytime soon, arguing that China faced daunting political and economic challenges.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Minxin Pei|url=http://apac2020.thediplomat.com/feature/china%E2%80%99s-not-a-superpower/|title=China's Not a Superpower|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426042015/http://apac2020.thediplomat.com/feature/china%E2%80%99s-not-a-superpower/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> In 2012 he argued that China, despite using its economic power to influence some nations, has few real friends or allies and is surrounded by potentially hostile nations. This situation could improve if regional territorial disputes were resolved and China participated in an effective regional defence system that would reduce the fears of its neighbours. Alternatively, a democratization of China could improve foreign relations with many nations.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Minxin Pei|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/|title=The Loneliest Superpower|magazine=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505071234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref>

== European Union ==
{{See also|Eurosphere|Paneuropean Union}}

{|style="width:auto; toc:25em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;" class="infobox"
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!colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[European Union]]
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|center|border|180px]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Global European Union.svg|center|180px]]
|}

The [[European Union]] (EU) has been called an emerging superpower by academics.<ref name="rjguttman"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?event_id=113994&fuseaction=events.event_summary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808165746/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=113994|archive-date=8 August 2006|publisher=Wilson Center|title=The EU Future: Global Power or European Governance|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> Many scholars and academics like T. R. Reid,<ref>Reid, T. R. (2004) The United States of Europe 305p, ''Penguin Books'' {{ISBN|1-59420-033-5}}</ref> Andrew Reding,<ref name="A. R.">{{cite news|author=Andrew Reding|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-01-06/news/0201060227_1_european-union-bering-sea-common-currency|title=EU in position to be world's next superpower|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> [[Andrew Moravcsik]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrew Moravcsik|title=The Quiet Superpower|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/quiet.pdf|publisher=Princeton University Press|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> [[Mark Leonard (director)|Mark Leonard]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Leonard|title=Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=1-58648-424-9}}</ref> [[Jeremy Rifkin]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Rifkin|year=2004|title=The European Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/europeandream00jere|url-access=registration|isbn=1-58542-345-9}}</ref> and [[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Richard A. Clarke|title=The European Superpower|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> as well as some politicians like [[Romano Prodi]]<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Jonathan Rauch|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200502u/nj_rauch_2005-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828194231/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200502u/nj_rauch_2005-02-01|archive-date=28 August 2008|title=Europe Is the Next Rival Superpower. But Then, So Was Japan.|magazine=The Atlantic|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Tony Blair]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Benedict Brogan|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/1369282/Blair-wants-EU-to-become-superpower.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/1369282/Blair-wants-EU-to-become-superpower.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Blair wants EU to become superpower|access-date=27 March 2014|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> believed that the EU either is, or will become, a superpower in the 21st century.

Mark Leonard cites several factors: the EU's large population, large economy, low inflation rates, the unpopularity and perceived failure of US foreign policy in recent years, and certain EU member states' high quality of life (especially when measured in terms such as hours worked per week, health care, social services).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/in-the-press/europe-new-superpower|title=Europe: the new superpower|publisher=CER|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>

[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]] believes that the EU has already achieved superpower status, based on the size and global reach of its economy and on its global political influence. He argues that the nature of power has changed since the [[Cold War]]-driven definition of superpower was developed, and that military power is no longer essential to great power; he argues that control of the means of production is more important than control of the means of destruction, and contrasts the threatening [[hard power]] of the United States with the opportunities offered by the [[soft power]] wielded by the European Union.<ref name="The European Superpower">{{cite book|author=John McCormick|title=The European Superpower|isbn=978-1-4039-9846-0}}</ref>

[[Parag Khanna]] believes that "Europe is overtaking its rivals to become the world's most successful empire".<ref name="empirestrikesback">{{cite web|author=Parag Khanna|url=http://paragkhanna.com/the-empire-strikes-back/|title=The Empire Strikes Back|publisher=ParagKhanna.com|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Parag Khanna|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/02/eu.politics|title=US scholar Parag Khanna on the rise of the new Rome – Europe|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> Khanna writes that [[South America]], [[East Asia]], and other regions prefer to emulate "[[The European Dream]]" rather than the [[American Dream|American variant]].<ref name="empirestrikesback" /> This could possibly be seen in the [[African Union]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]]. Notably, among the official languages of the EU are some of the world's largest and most influential languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nocturne.ca/nn-worldlanguages.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302063751/http://www.nocturne.ca/nn-worldlanguages.htm|archive-date=2 March 2010|title=Languages of the world|work=Nocturne|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>

Andrew Reding also takes the [[Future enlargement of the European Union|future EU enlargement]] into account. An eventual future accession of the rest of [[Europe]], the whole of [[Russia]], and [[Turkey]], would not only boost [[Economy of the European Union|its economy]], but it would also increase the EU's population to about 800 million, which he considers almost equal to that of [[India]] or [[China]]. The EU is qualitatively different from India and China since it is enormously more prosperous and technologically advanced.<ref name="A. R." /> Turkish PM [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] said in 2005: "In 10 or 15 years, the EU will be a place where civilizations meet. It will be a superpower with the inclusion of Turkey."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/2005/06/04/news/-eu-will-be-super-power-with-turkey/|publisher=Turkish Weekly|title=EU will be Super Power with Turkey|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

Robert J. Guttman wrote in 2001 that the very definition of the term superpower has changed, and in the 21st century it does not only refer to states with military power, but also to groups such as the European Union, with strong market economics, young, highly educated workers savvy in high technology, and a global vision.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/europeinnewcentu00robe|url-access=registration|quote=Europe emerging superpower.|title=Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpower|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|year=2001|isbn=9781555878528|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Friis Arne Petersen, the [[Denmark|Danish]] ambassador to the US, has expressed similar views but has conceded that the EU is a "special kind of superpower", one that has yet to establish a unified military force that exerts itself even close to the same level as many of its individual members.<ref>{{cite web|author=Trevor Williams|url=http://www.globalatlanta.com/danish-envoy-economic-strength-makes-eu-a-rising-superpower/|title=Danish Envoy: Economic Strength Makes EU a 'Rising Superpower'|work=Globalatlanta|access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

Additionally, it is argued by commentators that full political integration is not required for the European Union to wield international influence: that its apparent weaknesses constitute its real strengths (as of its low-profile diplomacy and the emphasis on the rule of law)<ref name="The European Superpower"/> and that the EU represents a new and potentially more successful type of international actor than traditional ones;<ref>{{cite web|author=Adrian Hyde-Price|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326212441/http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009|url=http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf|title=The EU, Power and Coercion: From 'Civilian' to 'Civilising' Power|publisher=ARENA Centre for European Studies}}</ref> however, it is uncertain if the effectiveness of such an influence would be equal to that of a more politically integrated union of states such as the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/02/10/europe-vs-america/|title=Europe vs. America by Tony Judt|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

Barry Buzan notes that the EU's potential superpower status depends on its "stateness". It is unclear though how much state-like quality is needed for the EU to be described as a superpower. Buzan states that the EU is unlikely to remain a potential superpower for a long time because although it has material wealth, its "political weakness and its erratic and difficult course of internal political development, particularly as regards a common foreign and defence policy" constrains it from being a superpower.<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" />

[[Alexander Stubb]], former [[Prime Minister of Finland|Finnish Prime Minister]], has said that he thinks the EU is both a superpower and not a superpower. While the EU is a superpower in the sense that it is the largest [[political union]], [[single market]] and aid donor in the world, it is not a superpower in the defence or foreign policy spheres. Like Barry Buzan, Alexander Stubb thinks that the major factor constraining the EU's rise to superpower status is its lack of statehood in the international system; other factors are its lack of internal drive to project power worldwide, and continued preference for the sovereign nation-state among some Europeans. To counterbalance these, he urged the EU leaders to approve and ratify the [[Lisbon Treaty]] (which they did in 2009), create an EU foreign ministry ([[European External Action Service|EEAS]], established in 2010), develop a [[Military of the European Union|common EU defence]], hold one collective seat at the [[United Nations Security Council]] and [[Group of Seven|G7]], and address what he described as the "sour mood" toward the EU prevalent in some European countries today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0717carnegie-stubb.pdf|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|title=Will the EU Ever Become a Superpower?|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Contrary views ===
{{Globalize section|Great Britain}}

Some commentators do not believe that the EU will achieve superpower status. "The EU is not and never will be a superpower", according to the former UK [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]] [[David Miliband]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gees.org/documentos/Documen-02639.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726024647/http://www.gees.org/documentos/Documen-02639.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-26|title=(FCO) Europe 2030: Model power not Superpower – Bruges Speech by the Rt Hon David Miliband MP Foreign Secretary|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Lacking a unified foreign policy and with an inability to project military power worldwide, the EU lacks "the substance of superpowers", who by definition have "first of all military reach [and] possess the capacity to arrive quickly anywhere with troops that can impose their government's will".<ref>{{cite news|author=Amotz Asa-El|author-link=Amotz Asa-El|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1226404727902|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117034827/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404727902&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|archive-date=17 November 2008|title=Middle Israel: Barack Obama and the decline of America|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> EU parliamentarian Ilka Schroeder argues that the high degree of involvement in conflicts such as the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] is used by the EU largely to compensate for European inability to project military power internationally, particularly in contrast to the US.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Stahl|url=http://www.crosswalk.com/1238927/|title=Europe Wants to Rival US as Military Superpower, Says EU Parliamentarian|publisher=Crosswalk.com|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315215942/http://www.crosswalk.com/1238927/|archive-date=15 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'''s [[Robert Lane Greene]] notes that the lack of a strong European military only exacerbates the lack of unified EU foreign policy and discounts any EU arguments towards superpower status, noting especially that the EU's creation of a global response force rivalling the superpower's (United States) is "unthinkable".<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Lane Greene|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173-sovereign/30500.html|title=EU Constitution: A 'Superpower Europe' It Won't Be|publisher=Globalpolicy.org|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Similarly, [[Colin S. Gray]] finds that "EU-Europe remains a political pygmy and all but military zero in any collective sense".<ref>Colin S. Gray, "Document No. 1: The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 2006, and the Perils of the Twenty-First Century," ''Comparative Strategy'', 25/2, (2006): p 143.</ref>

Britain's [[Michael Howard]] has warned against the "worry" that many Europeans are pushing for greater EU integration to counterbalance the United States,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4020973.stm|work=BBC News|title=Howard warning on EU 'superpower'|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> while Europe's total reliance on soft (non-military) power is in part because of its lack of a "shared identity".<ref>{{cite web|author=Iskra Kirova|url=http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/pdin_monitor_article/the_european_union_a_quiet_superpower_or_a_relic_of_the_past|title=The European Union, a "Quiet Superpower" or a Relic of the Past|publisher=USC Center on Public Diplomacy|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> While to some the European Union should be a "model power" unafraid of using military force and backing free trade, its military shortcomings argue against superpower status.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7097162.stm|title=Miliband EU speech in full|work=BBC News|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

According to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], the European Union did not produce a real "union" but a "misnomer". It failed to use the years of "Europe whole and free" to make Europe truly whole and its freedom firmly secure. The notion of Europe as "a political and military heavyweight" became "increasingly illusory". Europe, once the centre of the West, became an extension of a West whose defining player is America.<ref>Zbigniew Brzezinski, ''Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power'', (New York: Basic Books, 2012), p 22, 126.</ref>

[[George Osborne]], former British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], has also pointed out [[European debt crisis|the economic crisis]] of the European Union. Osborne said, "The biggest economic risk facing Europe doesn't come from those who want reform and re-negotiation. It comes from a failure to reform and renegotiate. It is the status quo which condemns the people of Europe to an ongoing economic crisis and continuing decline." Osborne also said that the EU is facing growing competition with global economic powers like China, India and the US, and the European Union should "reform or decline".<ref>{{cite news|author=James Kirkup|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10572725/George-Osborne-lectures-the-EU-on-reform.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10572725/George-Osborne-lectures-the-EU-on-reform.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=George Osborne lectures the EU on reform|newspaper=Telegraph|access-date=17 March 2014|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/EU-falling-behind-India-China-British-finance-minister/articleshow/28839348.cms|title=EU falling behind India, China: British finance minister|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Osborn|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-osborne-idUSBREA0F05020140116#lYdgZKhqtUbbQehB.97|title=Reform or lose us as member, Britain's finance minister tells EU|work=Reuters|access-date=17 March 2014}}</ref>

On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom, the EU's fourth largest financial contributor after Germany, France and Italy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU budget|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/eu-budget_en|access-date=2021-07-27|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}</ref> withdrew from the European Union. This represented the first time a member state left the union and its antecedent institutions since the [[European Economic Community]] was [[Treaty of Rome|established in 1957]]. Some claim that [[Brexit]] could delay the EU's goal of becoming a global superpower.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brexit Britain has ensured EU is even 'further away' from EVER becoming global superpower |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1399552/Brexit-Britain-news-latest-EU-update-global-superpower-latest-update-vn |work=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== India ==
{{Main|India as a potential superpower}}
{{Further|Indian Century}}

{|style="width:auto; toc:25em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;" class="infobox"
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!colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[India|Republic of India]]
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of India.svg|center|border|180px]]
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|center|180px]]
|}

The [[India|Republic of India]] has seen considerable coverage of its potential of becoming a superpower, both in the media and among academics.<ref name="rising"/><ref>{{cite web| title=India welcomed as new sort of superpower| publisher=Highbeam |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-111273946.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120629/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-111273946.html |url-status=dead| archive-date=June 29, 2014| date=July 21, 2005| last=Giridharadas| first=Anand| access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref> In 1998, government scientists [[Abdul Kalam]] and [[Y. S. Rajan]] co-authored book ''India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium'', predicting India becoming a superpower by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/948319/india-superpower-2020-tracing-the-brief-history-of-a-spectacularly-incorrect-prediction |title=India Superpower 2020: Tracing the brief history of a spectacularly incorrect prediction |website=The Scroll India |first=Shoaib |last=Daniyal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102053719/https://scroll.in/article/948319/india-superpower-2020-tracing-the-brief-history-of-a-spectacularly-incorrect-prediction |archive-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Newsweek]]'' and the ''[[International New York Times|International Herald Tribune]]'' joined several academics in discussing India's potential of becoming a superpower.<ref name="rising">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newsweek.com/india-rising-106259 |title=India Rising |magazine=Newsweek |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="IndiaSuperpower">{{cite web|url=http://realtruth.org/articles/434-iasitm.html |title=India: A Superpower in the Making? |last=Ambrose |first=Jeffrey R. |publisher=RealTruth.org |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref>

[[Anil Kumar Gupta|Anil Gupta]] is almost certain that India will become a superpower in the 21st century. As an example, he predicts that due to India's functional institutions of democracy, it will emerge as a desirable, entrepreneurial and resource and energy-efficient superpower in the near future. He had predicted that by 2015 India would overtake China to be the fastest-growing economy in the world and predicted an emergence as a full-fledged economic superpower by 2025. In addition to that, he states, India has the potential to serve as a leading example of how to combine rapid economic growth with fairness towards and inclusion of those at the bottom rungs of the ladder and of efficient resource utilization, especially in energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=India 2025: What kind of superpower? |first=Michael |last=Dingman |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/india-2025-what-kind-of-superpower/articleshow/7238752.cms|access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> India briefly became the world's fastest-growing economy in 2015 but growth declined below China's since 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=India to beat China again as fastest-growing economy in 2016: IMF |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-09/news/64243978_1_growth-projection-world-economic-outlook-update-fastest-growing-economy |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India loses place as world's fastest-growing economy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48478028 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>

Economists and researchers at [[Harvard University]] have projected India's 7% projected annual growth rate through 2024 would continue to put it ahead of China, making India the fastest growing economy in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Growth Projections Predict the Rise of India, East Africa and Fall of Oil Economies |url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/new-growth-projections |website=Harvard Kennedy School |access-date=12 April 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508145617/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/new-growth-projections |archivedate=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India Will Be Fastest-Growing Economy for Coming Decade, Harvard Researchers Predict |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Raymond |last=Zhong |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/01/01/india-will-be-fastest-growing-economy-for-coming-decade-harvard-researchers-predict/ |access-date=12 April 2016 }}</ref> In 2017, Center for International Development at Harvard University, published a research study,<ref name="2025 Projections Harvard"/> projecting that India has emerged<ref name="2025 Projections Harvard"/> as the economic pole of global growth by surpassing China and is expected to maintain its lead over the 2020s.<ref name="2025 Projections Harvard">{{cite web |title=New 2025 Global Growth Projections Predict China's Further Slowdown and the Continued Rise of India |url=http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings/growth-predictions/ |work=The Atlas of Economic Complexity |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

Robyn Meredith pointed out in 2007 that the average incomes of Europeans and Americans are higher than Chinese and Indians, and hundreds of millions of Chinese, as well as Indians, live in poverty, she also suggested that the economic growth of these nations has been the most important factor in reducing global poverty of the last two decades, as per the World Bank report.<ref name="elephantdragon" /> [[Amy Chua]] adds to this, that India still faces many problems such as "pervasive rural poverty, entrenched [[corruption in India|corruption]], and high [[economic inequality|inequality]] just to name a few". However, she notes that India has made tremendous strides to fix this, stating that some of India's achievements, such as working to dismantle the centuries-old [[caste|caste system]] and maintaining the world's largest diverse democracy, are historically unprecedented.<ref name="Chua, A 2007"/>

[[Fareed Zakaria]] pointing out that India's young population coupled with the [[List of countries by English-speaking population|second-largest]] [[English language|English]]-speaking population in the world could give India an advantage over China. He also believes that while other industrial countries will face a youth gap, India will have many young people, or in other words, workers, and by 2050, its per capita income will rise by twenty times its current level. According to Zakaria, another strength that India has is that its democratic government has lasted for 60 years, stating that a democracy can provide for long-term stability, which has given India a name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |authorlink=Fareed Zakaria |title=The Post-American World |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |isbn=978-0-393-06235-9}}</ref>

[[Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr.]], founder and president of the Economic Strategy Institute and former counselor to the Secretary of Commerce in the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], has predicted that "It is going to be India's century. India is going to be the biggest economy in the world. It is going to be the biggest superpower of the 21st century."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/mar/29minter.htm |title=India will be the biggest superpower |work=Rediff |year=2006 |access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

According to the report titled "Indian Century: Defining India's Place in a Rapidly Changing Global Economy" by the [[IBM]] Institute for Business Value, India is predicted to be among the world's highest-growth nations over the coming years.<ref name="IBM India Century">{{cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Samanth |title=The Outlier:The inscrutable politics of Subramanian Swamy |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/outlier |journal=The Caravan: A Journal of Politics & Culture |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="IBM 21">{{cite news |title=India to be world's highest growth nation in 21st century: IBM study |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-be-world-s-highest-growth-nation-in-21st-century-ibm-study-115121000918_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="IBM">{{cite web |title=21st century is India's century: IBM chief Virginia Rometty|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/21st-century-is-indias-century-ibm-chief-virginia-rometty_1963021.html|work=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Contrary views ===
[[Parag Khanna]] wrote in 2008 that he believes that India is not, nor will it become a superpower for the foreseeable future, lagging decades behind China in both development and strategic appetite.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khanna |first=Parag |authorlink=Parag Khanna |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html |title=Waving Goodbye to Hegemony |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> He says that India is "big but not important", has a highly successful professional class, while millions of its citizens still live in [[poverty in India|poverty]]. He also writes that it matters that China borders a dozen more countries than India and is not hemmed in by a vast ocean and the world's tallest mountains.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khanna |first=Parag |authorlink=Parag Khanna |url=http://www.newamerica.net/node/8987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133515/http://www.newamerica.net/node/8987 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |title=The Rise of Non-Americanism |publisher=New America Foundation |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> However, in a recent article written by Khanna, he says that India, along with China, will grow ever stronger, while other powers, like Europe, muddle along.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://paragkhanna.com/future-shock-welcome-to-the-new-middle-ages/ |title=Future Shock? Welcome to the New Middle Ages |work=Financial Times |first=Parag |last=Khanna |access-date=2012-02-10 |authorlink=Parag Khanna}}</ref>

[[Lant Pritchett]], reviewing the book ''In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India'', writes that, while India has had impressive growth and has some world-class institutions, several other indicators are puzzlingly poor. The [[malnutrition in India|malnutrition]] and the coverage of [[immunization]] programs are at levels similar or worse than in many sub-Saharan African nations. In the [[Demographic and Health Surveys]], India's child malnutrition was the worst of the 42 nations with comparable and recent data.<ref name="doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771">{{Cite journal |last=Pritchett |first=Lant |authorlink=Lant Pritchett |title=A Review of Edward Luce's 'In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India' |doi=10.1257/jel.47.3.771 |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=771–081 |year=2009}}</ref>

Adult [[literacy]] is 61%. In one study, 26% of teachers were absent from work and {{frac|1|3}}rd of those showing up did not teach. 40% of health care workers were absent from work. [[Caste politics in India]] remains an important force. Pritchett argues that a very large population, a very long statistical "tail" of high quality students, and some very good higher education institutions gives a misleading impression of Indian education. Indian students placed forty-first and thirty-seventh in a study comparing students in the two Indian states [[Odisha]] and [[Rajasthan]] to the forty-six nations in the 2003 [[Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study]].<ref name="doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771" /> In the [[Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)|Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)]] 2009, the two Indian states ranked 72nd and 73rd out of 74 countries in both reading and mathematics, and 73rd and 74th in science.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=Database – PISA 2009 |url=http://pisa2009.acer.edu.au/interactive_results.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322032020/http://pisa2009.acer.edu.au/interactive_results.php |archive-date=2016-03-22|access-date=2016-04-15 |publisher=Pisa2009.acer.edu.au}}</ref>

[[Manjari Miller|Manjari Chatterjee Miller]], assistant professor of international relations at [[Boston University]], argues that India is a "would-be" great power but "resists its own rise".<ref name="FA Miller 14">{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |authorlink=Manjari Miller |title=India's Feeble Foreign Policy |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=92 |issue=3 |page=14 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2013-04-03/indias-feeble-foreign-policy|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Three factors contribute to this stagnation, she argues. First, [[New Delhi]]'s foreign policy decisions are highly individualistic.<ref name="FA Miller 14"/> "This autonomy, in turn, means that New Delhi does very little collective thinking about its long-term foreign policy goals, since most of the strategic planning that takes place within the government happens on an individual level".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |authorlink=Manjari Miller |title=India's Feeble Foreign Policy|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume= 92|issue= 3|page=15|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2013-04-03/indias-feeble-foreign-policy|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Second, a dearth of [[think tank]]s helps insulate Indian foreign policymakers from outside influences.<ref name="FA Miller 14"/> "U.S. foreign policymakers, by contrast, can expect strategic guidance from a broad spectrum of organizations that supplement the long-term planning that happens within the government itself".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |authorlink=Manjari Miller |title=India's Feeble Foreign Policy| journal=Foreign Affairs| date=May–June 2013| volume= 92| issue= 3| page=17| url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2013-04-03/indias-feeble-foreign-policy| access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Third, many of India's political elites believe that the country's inevitable rise is a [[Western world|Western]] construct that has placed unrealistic expectations on India's economic growth forecasts and its international commitments.<ref name="FA Miller 14"/> By contrast, Miller notes that Chinese political leaders pay very close attention to the international hype surrounding their country's growing stature.<ref name="FA Miller 14"/> Miller concludes that "India's inability to develop top-down, long-term strategies means that it cannot systematically consider the implications of its growing power. So long as this remains the case, the country will not play the role in global affairs that many expect."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |authorlink=Manjari Miller |title=India's Feeble Foreign Policy| journal=Foreign Affairs| date=May–June 2013| volume= 92| issue= 3| page=18| url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2013-04-03/indias-feeble-foreign-policy| access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

== Russia ==
{{Further|History of Russia (1991–present)}}

{|style="width:auto; toc:25em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;" class="infobox"
|-
!colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[Russia|Russian Federation]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|border|180px]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - only Crimea disputed.svg|center|180px]]
|}

The [[Russia|Russian Federation]], the world's largest state by land mass, is home to over 30% of the world's [[natural resource]]s according to some sources, thus being identified as an [[energy superpower]].<ref name="ems.psu.edu">Kevin M. Korabik, [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~williams/russia.htm Russia's Natural Resources and their Economic Effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720062114/https://www.ems.psu.edu/~williams/russia.htm }}, ''[[Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences]]'', 1 December 1997</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eepcindia.com/download/Circular-160411115935.pdf |title=India Partner Country at INNOPROM-2016 Show: Russia: (11–14 July 2016, Yekaterinburg, Russia) |publisher=[[Engineering Exports Promotion Council|EEPC India]] |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611000234/http://www.eepcindia.com/download/Circular-160411115935.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceanunite.org/round-up/pre-empting-russias-year-ecology/|title=Pre-empting Russia's Year of Ecology|work=Ocean Unite}}</ref> Since its [[Russian Empire|imperial times]], it has been both a [[great power]] and a [[regional power]]. Throughout most of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-era, the Soviet Union was one of the world's two [[superpower]]s. However, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the Russian Federation as its successor state lost its superpower status. In the early 21st century, Russia has been suggested as a potential candidate for resuming superpower status,<ref name="Russia in the 21st Century"/><ref name="georgiandaily.com">New York Times by Ronald Steel professor of international relations August 24, 2008 (Superpower Reborn)[http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6527&Itemid=68&lang=ka]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Farooque Chowdhury|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/chowdhury221213.htm|title=A Militarily Resurging Russia|publisher=Counter Currents|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> while others have made the assertion that it is already a superpower.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Superpower Is Reborn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/opinion/24steel.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> In 2009, [[Hugo Chávez]], late President of [[Venezuela]] whose government was noted to have enjoyed warm relations with the [[Government of Russia|Kremlin]], stated that "Russia is a superpower" when recognizing the sovereignty of two Russia-installed [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|separatist regimes]] in Georgia, citing waning American influence in global affairs, and suggested the [[Russian ruble|ruble]] be elevated to a global currency.<ref>{{cite news|author=Megan K. Stack|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/11/world/fg-russia-chavez11|title=Venezuela's Hugo Chavez recognizes independence of breakaway Georgia republics|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> [[Israel]]i Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called Russia an important superpower, praising its effectiveness as an ally of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Berger|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/netanyahu-heads-to-russia-with-call-for-crippling-sanctions-on-iran-84341537/112463.html|title=Netanyahu Heads to Russia with Call for 'Crippling Sanctions' on Iran|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> In his 2005 publication entitled ''Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower'', [[Steven Rosefielde]], a professor of economics at [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], predicted that Russia would emerge as a superpower before 2010 and augur another arms race. However, Rosefielde noted that such an end would come with tremendous sacrifice to global security and the Russian people's freedom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Rosefielde|author-link=Steven Rosefielde|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Stephen Kinzer]] of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' compared Russia's actions with its own neighbouring territories, to those of "any other superpower", taking [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|Ukraine]] and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Crimea]] as examples.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Kinzer|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/05/11/russia-acts-like-any-other-superpower/AJRSNiIUYQPAHRlLXcfIlJ/story.html|title=Russia acts like any other superpower|newspaper=Boston Globe|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> A mixed opinion has been offered by Matthew Fleischer of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'': he contends that Russia will not become a superpower unless [[climate change]] eats away at the [[permafrost]] that covers, as of March 2014, two-thirds of the country's landmass. The absence of this permafrost would reveal immense stores of oil, natural gas, and precious minerals, as well as potential farmland, which would allow Russia to "become the world's bread basket—and control the planet's food supply".<ref>{{cite news|author=Matthew Fleischer|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-climate-change-russia-super-power-20140311-story.html|title=How curbing climate change can prevent Russia from becoming a superpower|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Contrary views ===
During the annual [[State of the Nation (Russia)|state of the nation]] address at the [[Moscow Kremlin]] in December 2013, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] denied any Russian aspiration to be a superpower. He was quoted saying: "We do not aspire to be called some kind of superpower, understanding that as a claim to world or regional hegemony. We do not infringe on anyone's interests, we do not force our patronage on anyone, or try to teach anyone how to live."<ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-usa-idUSBRE9BB09M20131212#JyFg7fEQaBur6ogM.97|title=Russia is a force for moral good but no superpower|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2013/12/12/putin-rossiya-ne-pretenduet-na-status-sverhderzhavy|script-title=ru:Путин: Россия не претендует на статус сверхдержавы|trans-title=Putin: Russia does not make claims to superpower status|language=ru|publisher=[[Vedomosti]]|website=vedomosti.ru|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

Several analysts commented on the fact that Russia showed signs of an aging and shrinking population. [[Fred Weir]] said that this severely constricts and limits Russia's potential to re-emerge as a central world power.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fred Weir|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/111102/russia-population-superpower-health-soviet-union|title=Despite huge cash bonuses to mothers, Russia's population is shrinking|work=GlobalPost|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> In 2011, British historian and professor [[Niall Ferguson]] also highlighted the negative effects of Russia's declining population, and suggested that Russia is on its way to "global irrelevance".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Niall Ferguson|url=http://www.newsweek.com/decline-putins-russia-its-way-global-irrelevance-65847|title=In Decline, Putin's Russia Is On Its Way to Global Irrelevance|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Russia has, however, shown a slight population growth since the late 2000s, partly due to immigration and slowly rising birth rates.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Mark Adomanis|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2013/05/11/russias-population-isnt-shrinking-its-growing-very-very-slowly/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004205/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2013/05/11/russias-population-isnt-shrinking-its-growing-very-very-slowly/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 9, 2013|title=Russia's Population Isn't Shrinking (It's Growing Very, Very Slowly)|magazine=Forbes|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

Nathan Smith of the ''[[National Business Review]]'' has said that despite Russia having potential, it did not win the new "Cold War" in the 1980s, and thus makes superpower status inaccurate.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nathan Smith|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/do-not-treat-russia-superpower-it-isnt-ns-152930|title=Do not treat Russia like a superpower, it isn't|newspaper=[[National Business Review]]|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> [[Dmitry Medvedev]] predicted that if the Russian elite is not consolidated, Russia will disappear as a single state.<ref name="shevchenko">[http://www.phisci.ru/files/issues/2015/02/RJPS_2015-02_Shevchenko.pdf Философские науки — 2/2015. В. Н. Шевченко. К дискуссиям вокруг темы «Распад России»: В поисках оптимальной формы Российского государства]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920214334/http://www.phisci.ru/files/issues/2015/02/RJPS_2015-02_Shevchenko.pdf }}</ref> [[Vladimir Putin]] said the moment the [[North Caucasian Federal District|Caucasus]] leaves Russia, other territorial regions would follow.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Владимир Путин: Отделение Кавказа от России приведет к развалу страны|language=ru|trans-title=Vladimir Putin: Separation of the Caucasus from Russia will lead to the collapse of the country|work=Российская газета|url=https://rg.ru/2011/12/20/reg-skfo/gudermes-anons.html|access-date=2018-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729223249/https://rg.ru/2011/12/20/reg-skfo/gudermes-anons.html |archive-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref>

[[Paul Krugman]] in his ''[[New York Times]]'' column described Russia as a "[[Potemkin village|Potemkin]] Superpower" in reaction to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. He stated that "Russia is even weaker than most people, myself included, seem to have realized", that the military performance of Russia "has been less effective than advertised" in a stalemate at the beginning of the invasion, and that Russia encountered serious logistical problems. Krugman observed that the country's total [[gross domestic product]] is only a bit more than half as large as those of countries such as Britain and France, despite Russia's landmass, total population and natural resource endowment. Due to the [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]], Russia has become even weaker economically than it did before it went to war. Its standard of living is sustained by large imports of manufactured goods, mostly paid for via exports of oil and natural gas. This leaves Russia’s economy highly vulnerable to sanctions that might disrupt this trade. He concluded "Russia now stands revealed as a Potemkin superpower, with far less real strength than meets the eye."<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Paul Krugman]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041314/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|title=Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower|journal=[[New York Times]]|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>

== Former prediction for Japan's potential superpower status ==
{{Further|Japanese economic miracle|Lost Decades}}
{{See also|Cool Japan|Japanese popular culture}}

{|style="width:auto; toc:25em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;" class="infobox"
|-
!colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|[[Japan]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|center|border|180px]]
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Japan (orthographic projection).svg|center|180px]]
|}

In the 1980s, many political and [[financial analyst|economic analysts]] predicted that [[Japan]] would eventually accede to superpower status, due to its large population, huge [[gross domestic product]] and high [[economic growth]] at that time. Japan was expected to eventually surpass the economy of the United States, which never happened.<ref name="Zakaria, F 2008"/><ref name="Land of the setting sun"/><ref name="Japan From Superrich To Superpower"/> However, Japan is considered a [[Cultural Superpower|cultural superpower]] in terms of the large-scale influence Japanese [[Japanese cuisine|food]], [[Music of Japan|music]], [[Video gaming in Japan|video games]], [[manga]], [[anime]] and [[Cinema of Japan|movies]] have on the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Japan became a pop culture superpower |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-japan-became-a-pop-culture-superpower/|website=The Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagata |first=Kazuaki |title='Anime' makes Japan superpower |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/09/07/reference/anime-makes-japan-superpower/ |via=Japan Times Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tamaki |first1=Taku |title=Japan has turned its culture into a powerful political tool |url=http://theconversation.com/japan-has-turned-its-culture-into-a-powerful-political-tool-72821 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Pure Invention': How Japan's pop culture became the 'lingua franca' of the internet |work=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/07/18/books/pure-invention-jpop-culture/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How Japan's global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower |publisher=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/amp/}}</ref> In 2021, [[U.S. News & World Report]] ranked Japan as the most culturally influential country in Asia and 5th in the world.<ref name=":4" /> Japan is also considered to be a technological power, being the leader in the [[Automotive industry in Japan|automotive]], [[Electronics industry in Japan|electronics]] and [[Japanese robotics|robotics]] industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Countries for Technological Expertise, Ranked by Perception |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/slideshows/top-10-countries-for-technological-expertise-ranked-by-perception |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Japan, the World's Leading "Robot Nation" |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/whyutokyo/wj_003.html |publisher=[[The University of Tokyo]]}}</ref>

Japan was ranked as the world's [[List of countries by Military Strength Index|fourth most-powerful military]] in 2015.<ref name="CreditSuisse2015">{{cite report|url=http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054|title=The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World?|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] AG|first1=Michael|last1=O’Sullivan|first2=Krithika|last2=Subramanian|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215235711/http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054|archive-date=2018-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The military capabilities of the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] are held back by the pacifist [[Constitution of Japan|1947 constitution]]. However, there is a gradual push for a [[constitutional amendment]]. On 18 September 2015, the National Diet enacted the [[2015 Japanese military legislation]], a series of laws that allow Japan's Self-Defense Forces to [[Collective security|collective self-defense]] of allies in combat for the first time under its constitution.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan enacts major changes to its self-defense laws |last=Slavin |first=Erik |location=Tokyo |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/japan-enacts-major-changes-to-its-self-defense-laws-1.368783|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063041/https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/japan-enacts-major-changes-to-its-self-defense-laws-1.368783 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 }}</ref> In May 2017, former Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] set a 2020 deadline for revising Article 9, which would legitimize the JSDF in the Constitution,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2017/05/abes-new-vision-for-japans-constitution/|title=Abe's New Vision for Japan's Constitution|first=Yuki Tatsumi, The|last=Diplomat|website=thediplomat.com|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> but the constitutional revision was never implemented before Abe's resignation as prime minister in 2020 due to health problems.

=== Contrary views ===
Though still the world's tenth-largest population and third-largest economy as of 2016 in terms of nominal GDP, Japan has faced an ongoing period of stagnation during the [[Lost Decades]] since the 1990s. Japan has been suffering from an [[Aging of Japan|aging population]] since the early 2000s with real decline in total population starting in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Armstrong|first=Shiro|title=Japan's Greatest Challenge (And It's Not China): Massive Population Decline|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/japans-greatest-challenge-its-not-china-massive-population-16212|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> eroding its potential as a superpower.<ref name="Leika Kihara"/>

== Comparative statistics ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
!rowspan=2|Country/Union
!rowspan=2|Population<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html Population by country on July 2017 Est.] ''[[The World Factbook]] — [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'', Retrieved 10 May 2018</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Population in EU (28) on 1 January 2017] ''[[Eurostat]]''</ref>
!rowspan=2|Area (km2)
!colspan=2|[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]]<ref name=":52">{{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref>
!colspan=2|[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]]<ref name=":52" />
!rowspan=2|[[List of countries by military expenditures|Military expenditures]] (Int$ billion)'''''<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{cite web |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>'''''
!rowspan=2|[[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref name="2022 components">{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|[[United Nations Security Council veto power|UN Security Council veto power]]
|-
!(USD million)
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]] ($)
!(Int$ million)
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|Per capita]] (Int$)
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|United States}}
| 332,632,918
| 9,525,067
| 26,859,599
| 80,034
| 26,859,599
| 80,034
| 877
| 0.921 (very high)
| Yes
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|China}}
| 1,411,778,724
| 9,596,961
| 19,373,586
| 13,721
| 33,014,998
| 23,382
| 292
| 0.768 (high)
| Yes
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|{{flag|European Union}}}}
| 447,706,209
| 4,233,262
| 17,818,782
| 39,940
| 25,399,093
| 56,929
| 214<ref>{{Cite web |title=European defence spending surpasses €200 billion for first time |url=https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2022/12/08/european-defence-spending-surpasses-200-billion-for-first-time-driven-by-record-defence-investments-in-2021 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=eda.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
| 0.896 (very high)
| Yes (France)
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|India}}
| 1,400,625,899
| 3,287,263
| 3,736,882
| 2,601
| 13,033,433
| 9,073
| 81.4
| 0.633 (medium)
| No
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|Russia}}
| 146,171,015
| 17,125,191
| 2,062,649
| 14,403
| 4,988,829
| 34,837
| 86.4
| 0.822 (very high)
| Yes
|}</div>

== See also ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[American Century]]
* [[ASEAN]]
* [[Asian Century]]
* [[BRIC]]
* [[BRICS]]
* [[Emerging power]]
* [[Energy superpower]]
* [[Eurasian Economic Union]]
* [[Great power]]
* [[Mercosur]]
* [[Pacific Century]]
* [[Post–Cold War era]]
* [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]]
* [[Second Cold War]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
* [[Superpower collapse]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.crp.polis.cam.ac.uk/ Centre for Rising Powers, University of Cambridge]
* [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552652 China on the World Stage] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3913602.ece Blast off: India hopes Mars rocket will enhance its superpower status] by The Times
* [https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two/ar/1 China and India: The Power of Two] by Harvard Business Review
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/?single_page=true The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable] by The Atlantic
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/ Why The U.S. Remains The World's Unchallenged Superpower]

{{International power}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potential Superpowers}}

[[Category:Emerging power]]
[[Category:21st century]]
[[Category:Superpowers|Pot]]
[[Category:Military terminology]]

Arjun M.R.

2022-05-24T14:28:51Z

Rodger3020: Arjun M. R.

#REDIRECT [[Arjun M. R.]]

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Daily News and Analysis

2022-02-03T12:09:53Z

Rodger3020: Authored a new article draft.

#REDIRECT [[Zee Media Corporation#Daily News and Analysis]]

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User:Rodger3020

2021-07-07T19:09:56Z

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