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Indian hip-hop

2026-05-07T07:43:12Z

RockyHerz477:

{{Short description|Music genre and scene}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Indian hip hop
| stylistic_origins = {{flatlist |
* [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
* [[Soul music|soul]]
}}
| cultural_origins = Mid–1980s
| derivatives = [[Urban contemporary|Urban]]
| subgenres = {{flatlist |
* [[Urban contemporary|Urban]]
*[[Trance music|trance]]
*[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
*[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
}}
| subgenrelist =
}}
'''Indian hip hop''' is a genre of popular music developed in [[India]]. [[Desi hip-hop]] is a term given by [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]] for music and culture which combines the influences of [[hip-hop]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]; the term [[desi]] referring to the [[South Asian diaspora]]. The term has also come to be used as an alternative for rap music and even pop music which involves rappers of South Asian origins. It is widely known today as [[Desi Hip Hop|desi hip-hop]] or DHH.

== Overview ==

=== 1980s to early 2000s: Early beginnings ===
Indian hip hop emerged in the mid-1980s, driven by American breakdancing films such as ''[[Wild Style]]'' (1982) and ''[[Beat Street]]'' (1984), gaining popularity in urban youth culture in major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Kolkata.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018|page=339}} By the late 1980s, Kolkata became a centre for hip hop dance workshops, while Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and Chennai prioritised rap, leading to emergence of distinct regional hip hop scenes in local languages by the late 1990s.{{sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018|page=339}}

[[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]], a UK artist of Indian origin, was the earliest to make an impact on the UK charts with a series of hits during the 90s.<ref name="Larkin">Larkin, Colin (1998) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae'', Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0242-9}}, p.13</ref> This also paralleled the rise of [[Asian Underground]] in the UK.<ref name="Sarkar 135485652311745">{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Debarun |date=2023-05-19 |title='Azadi's political until you're pressing play': Capitalist realism, hip-hop, and platform affordances |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565231174598 |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |volume=29 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=1437–1452 |doi=10.1177/13548565231174598 |s2cid=258818888 |issn=1354-8565|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The inflow of hip hop into India is also attributed to certain clubs and DJs in New Delhi in the 90s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dattatreyan |first=Ethiraj Gabriel |title=The globally familiar: digital hip hop, masculinity, and urban space in Delhi |date=2020 |publisher=Duke University press |isbn=978-1-4780-1272-6 |location=Durham}}</ref>

[[Baba Sehgal]] introduced a caricaturist version of [[Hindi]] rap in the 1990s with his albums.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujay |date=December 19, 2024 |title=RAP Music Culture in India |url=https://smthing.in/rap-music-song-culture-in-india/ |access-date= |website=Smthing.in, Powered by Tune Tron Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardozo |first=Elliott |date=2021 |title=Hip hop goes to b-town: bollywood's assimilation of the underground aesthetic |journal=SRFTI Take One |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=26–43}}</ref> In 1992, his album ''Thanda Thanda Pani'' sold 100,000 copies in three and a half months and brought rap music to the Indian club scene, his cadence and flow particularly drawing inspiration from rapper [[Vanilla Ice]].<ref name="baba">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/23/arts/the-many-accents-of-rap-around-the-world-india-vanilla-ice-in-hindi.html|title=The Many Accents Of Rap Around The World; India: Vanilla Ice In Hindi|last1=Gargan|first1=Edward|date=August 23, 1992|access-date=14 September 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Hip hop in India developed slowly in the early 2000s, as earlier efforts by artists such as Baba Sehgal and Apache Indian failed to create substantial buzz, due to their styles being more rap–oriented than representative of the larger hip-hop scene. It was initially confined to urban areas with niche and expatriate audiences,<ref name="rapscene">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/palash-krishna-mehrotra/story/indian-rap-scene-a-revolt-that-will-not-get-televised-113090-2012-08-11|title=Indian rap scene: A revolt that will not get televised|last1=Mehrotra|first1=Palash|date=12 August 2012|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=India Today}}</ref> but it gained prominence through MTV and the increasing worldwide impact of American rappers like [[Eminem]], [[50 Cent]], and [[Jay-Z]]. The release and popularity of Bohemia's second album ''Pesa Nasha Pyar'' in 2006, which also featured veteran American rapper [[Snoop Dogg]], is considered as a turning point for Desi hip-hop, accompanying the growing role of NRIs and cultural intermediaries bringing fundamental hip hop elements like [[DJing]], [[graffiti]], and [[breakdancing]] into Indian masses.<ref name="scene">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/inside-mumbais-burgeoning-hip-hop-scene|title=Inside Mumbai's Burgeoning Hip-Hop Scene|last1=Kappal|first1=Bhanuj|date=12 October 2013|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=The Sunday Guardian|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004530/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/inside-mumbais-burgeoning-hip-hop-scene|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Williams|Singh|2023|p=132}} Around the same time, rapper Young Prozpekt (now [[KRSNA (rapper)|KR$NA]]), started gaining traction with his conscious hip-hop songs, "Kaisa Mera Desh" and the "Lokpal Freestyle" on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathnam |first=Shilpa |date=September 12, 2011 |title=Mumbai-based rapper Krishna Kaul's songs touch issues like corruption, child labour, poverty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110912-krishna-kaul-songs-anna-hazare-lokpal-747514-2011-09-02 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Late 2000s to early 2010s: Commercial expansion, and expansion into the Indian film industry ===
Meanwhile, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] transformed, popularized hip-hop and rap into the mainstream Indian audience, beginning with the release of the track "Glassy" in 2006 with [[Ashok Masti]] which featured Singh rapping in English and the music being produced by himself as well. The track was the first time Singh was featured as a main artist and a rapper, as he was primarily a [[record producer|music producer]] before with tracks such as "Jhanjhar Kehndi" from his debut underground music album, ''Desi By Nature'', showcasing a blend of [[Punjabi language]] with hip-hop coupled with music composed by Singh. Singh is one of the most well known and renowned artist in India due to his popularity amongst the Millennial youth, as his songs, according to them, had a unique ambience. The release of Singh's debut studio album ''[[International Villager]]'' in 2011, eight years after his debut underground album ''Desi By Nature'' in 2003, helped the genre skyrocket to the mainstream.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czdn0zq7n0zo | title=Yo Yo Honey Singh: India's rap rebel makes a comeback after battling addiction | date=9 March 2025 }}</ref> Singh's crew, Mafia Mundeer, was, according to him, a platform to establish new artists in the industry. Singh's initial thought regarding the platform was to incorporate different artists who would come together to sing, perform, record and release their tracks with nobody being legally bounded. The platform has since become notable as the roster included [[Raftaar]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]] and allegedly [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]. After their departure, artists like [[Alfaaz]] and [[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]] from Punjab were included in the group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=chillmeindia |date=22 June 2023 |title=Mafia Mundeer Members: The Pioneers of Indian Music |url=https://blog.chillme.in/mafia-mundeer-members/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chillme Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 September 2024 |title=What Is 'Mafia Mundeer'? Yo Yo Honey Singh-Led Hip-Hop Platform That Revolutionised Music |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/was-badshah-ever-a-member-of-mafia-mundeer-all-about-hip-hop-platform-created-by-yo-yo-honey-singh-1714517#:~:text=Origin%20Of%20'Mundeer'&text=He%20was%20a%20very%20famous,me%20the%20name%20'Mundeer%20Mafia |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

There's been an ongoing debate among the hip-hop community about the contribution of [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] to the genre. Singh was one of the most renowned rap artists in India and thus, was largely credited for introducing rap and hip-hop to the relatively ingenuous mainstream audience in India. Singh's appearances on tracks and his mark on the music scene with the release of his chartbuster debut album ''[[International Villager]]'' in 2011, further popularized the genre of hip-hop and rap in India into the mainstream, even though he has been frequently accused of using ghostwriters, and not giving due credit.<ref name="bbc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Tanya |date=July 24, 2025 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh & Badshah Are Still Beefing As The Latter Taunts Him Over Song Credits |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/music/honey-singh-and-badshah-beef-over-song-credits/18092915 |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=iDiva}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2024 |title=“Honey Singh made me feel very small”, says Raftaar. Exclusive |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/raftaar-speaks-about-yo-yo-honey-singh-on-mirchi-plus/151045871 |access-date=September 12, 2024 |website=[[Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2025 |title=Did Yo Yo Honey Singh Really Wrong Lil Golu? A Full Breakdown Of Royalty & Credit Controversy Of 2025 |url=https://musicalsatans.com/honey-singh-wrong-lil-golu-royalty-credit-issue/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=Musical Satans}}</ref>

While some artists including [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]],<ref name="badshah">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Raaj |date=14 February 2015 |title=Badshah Interview @104.8 Oye FM By Raaj Jones |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faRVfWesoHk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/faRVfWesoHk |archive-date=2021-12-12 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=Youtube |publisher=Oye 104.8 FM}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]],<ref name="Ikka">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Raaj |date=20 April 2015 |title=Ikka Singh Rare Interview (Talking About His Music & Yo Yo Honey Singh @104.8 Oye FM By Raaj Jones |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmmWJVO6_OU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/xmmWJVO6_OU |archive-date=2021-12-12 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=Youtube |publisher=Oye 104.8 FM}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Manj Musik]] and [[Bohemia (musician)|Bohemia]]<ref name="toirest">{{cite news |last1=Batra |first1=Ruhi |date=15 March 2015 |title=Honey Singh versus the bitter rest |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Honey-Singh-versus-the-bitter-rest/articleshow/46570199.cms |access-date=14 September 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> have acknowledged his contribution to the industry, others such as [[Raftaar]] who has had a long-standing beef with Singh,<ref name="toirest" /> has alternatively denied and acknowledged it at times. There is also a negative sentiment among some followers of hip-hop culture in India regarding the recent commercialization of the genre, which is attributed to the influence of Singh's music.<ref name="rolling">{{cite news |last1=Omulo |first1=Bob |date=19 September 2014 |title=How India is Taking to Hip Hop |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/india-taking-hip-hop/ |access-date=14 September 2015 |work=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2015 |title=Rap is rebel music worldwide, here it's 'pop rap': Badshah |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/rap-is-rebel-music-worldwide-here-it-s-pop-rap-badshah/article1-1374358.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230603/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/rap-is-rebel-music-worldwide-here-it-s-pop-rap-badshah/article1-1374358.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

One of the early moments of Indian hip-hop was the Bengali-language underground film [[Gandu (film)|''Gandu'']] which narrated a story of a rapper's journey, accompanied by an innovative soundtrack, which became known for mixing rap with alternative rock.<ref name="Sarkar 135485652311745" /> Besides Bollywood and commercial rap music, such as [[Abhishek Bachchan]]'s verse on the song [[Bluffmaster!#Soundtrack|"Right Here, Right Now"]] and rapper [[Snoop Dogg]]'s appearance on the song [[Singh Is Kinng#Music|"Singh Is Kinng"]], the underground hip-hop scene started shaping.

=== Mid 2010s-present:Underground Rap scenes,''Gully Boy'' and mass appeal ===
Although Indian hip hop remained a niche genre for several decades, it began a period of massive expansion across the country starting around 2010. This surge in popularity was largely driven by the emergence of commercial artists such as [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah,]] and [[Raftaar]] who became dominant figures in the music industry. By the 2013–2014 period, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] reached the pinnacle of Indian pop culture and the Bollywood film industry, with his music becoming ubiquitous in nightclubs and social gatherings nationwide. Following this era, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] achieved similar levels of mainstream success by 2016, with the Indian public widely embracing his creative rapping style and further cementing hip hop's place in the cultural mainstream.

Also,Many emerging rappers and their crews started to create a buzz in the underground hip-hop scene. Artists such as [[Roll Rida]], [[Noel Sean]] and groups such as [[Machas With Attitude]], [[Hiphop Tamizha]] and [[Street Academics]] pioneered respective vernacular rap music scenes. The rap-battle and cypher scene started developing with rappers creating a blueprint for the culture, which was further shaped by [[Seedhe Maut]], [[Prabh Deep]] and others operating in the Delhi circuit with communities like SpitDope and 6FU,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satrawal |first=Prachi |date=December 7, 2024 |title=In the Hood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Dec/07/in-the-hood |access-date=September 5, 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-02 |title=City rappers take vernacular route to underground central |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/city-rappers-take-vernacular-route-to-underground-central/story-2RHu4oyIMx84YHfcTSPsFO.html |access-date=2019-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and rappers like [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] in the Mumbai cypher scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2024 |title=How Cypher Shaped Indian Hip-Hop Culture |url=https://www.therevolverclub.com/blogs/the-revolver-club/how-cypher-shaped-indian-hip-hop-culture?srsltid=AfmBOopz47gEGGcVrB-W_fi6EP8CB7ejbk6vFTi8am_JHN0IxG-cACkm |access-date=September 11, 2025 |website=The Revolver Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Indian hip-hop take over the world? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1XmwgT9wFx8QTfnWpttjFxf/can-indian-hip-hop-take-over-the-world |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Indian hip-hop further became increasingly popular in India's biggest cities with big names like [[Prabh Deep]] and [[Seedhe Maut]] who have been picked up by talent management agencies like Kalamkaar<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/hip-hop-on-the-central-line/article7983134.ece|title=Hip Hop on the Central Line|last=Chakrabarti|first=Samrat|date=2015-12-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Azadi Records who now have music videos with millions of views on YouTube, along with a cult-like fanbase that they have cultivated through their music.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सृजनाची फॅक्टरी : 'द हिप हॉप मूव्हमेंट' एक आगळीवेगळी चळवळ|url=https://www.loksatta.com/thane/the-hip-hop-movement-in-thane-korum-mall-1221284/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Loksatta|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ठाण्यात हिपहॉप हुर्रे!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/lifestyle-news/college-club/thhm-thane-hip-hop-cypher-vol-2/articleshow/26365293.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=rafdhh|date=2013-12-03|title=Thane Hip Hop Comes To Life!|url=http://www.desihiphop.com/thane-hip-hop-comes-life/362126|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Desi Hip Hop|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sharmila Ganesan Ram|date=Dec 22, 2014|title=City gets jiggy as 2-day hip-hop festival vows residents {{!}} Thane News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/city-gets-jiggy-as-2-day-hip-hop-festival-vows-residents/articleshow/45596732.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Indian film director [[Zoya Akhtar]] was fascinated after listening to rapper [[Naezy]]'s "Aafat!''"'' and "Mere Gully Mein" with Divine''.'' She wanted to portray the stories of both these young rappers and consequently approached [[DIVINE (rapper)|Divine]] and Naezy and pitched the idea of making a Bollywood movie based on their lives, and the film, ''[[Gully Boy]]'', starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] in titular roles, was released in 2019. The soundtrack for the film featured contributions from various hip-hop artists such as Divine, Naezy, [[Rishi Rich]] and others.<ref name="scroll.in">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=27 January 2019 |title='Gully Boy' music: Four years, 18 songs, 54 collaborators, and an 'absolutely nuts' Ranveer Singh |url=https://scroll.in/reel/908804/gully-boy-music-four-years-18-songs-54-collaborators-and-an-absolutely-nuts-ranveer-singh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422131227/https://scroll.in/reel/908804/gully-boy-music-four-years-18-songs-54-collaborators-and-an-absolutely-nuts-ranveer-singh |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> On 20 August 2019, American rapper [[Nas]], who served as the executive producer for the film, in partnership with [[Mass Appeal Records]] and Universal Music India launched [[Mass Appeal India]] and signed Divine as the first artist on the label. Universal Music Group and Mass Appeal jointly took the step to take him to India and globalize the Indian hip-hop scene.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gurbaxani |first1=Amit |date=13 September 2019 |title=Hindi Rapper Divine On Why He Signed With Mass Appeal India: 'It's Nas, Bro' |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hindi-rapper-divine-signed-mass-appeal-india-nas/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divine is taking Indian Hip-Hop Scene Global with Mass Appeal India |url=https://www.lyricsmint.com/articles/divine-mass-appeal-india |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=LyricsMINT |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since then, Indian artists like [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Tsumyoki]] and [[Kshmr]] have released their projects in collaboration with the label, attracting a larger audience and revenue in the hip-hop scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2023-11-24 |title=KSHMR - Inspiring a Generation with Melodies and Meaning |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-kshmr-inspiring-a-generation-with-melodies-and-meaning/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Shirish |date=2023-06-28 |title=Tsumyoki Curates an Emotional and Heartfelt Album "A Message From The Moon" {{!}} |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/tsumyoki-curates-an-emotional-and-heartfelt-album-a-message-from-the-moon/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Indian Music Diaries |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plus |first=Music |date=2023-05-11 |title=Yungsta and Sez on the Beat to release their debut album MEEN |url=https://www.musicplus.in/the-mvmnt-and-nas-mass-appeal-india-release-yungsta-sez-on-the-beats-debut-album-meen/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Musicplus |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-16 |title=Mass Appeal India signs rapper IKKA; to launch 'Level Up' on October 26 |url=https://mediabrief.com/mass-appeal-india-signs-rapper-ikka/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>

Due to the exposure through Bollywood, rap became a household term and an increased production of rap music was observed. This is notable especially in the [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music industry]] being largely credited to Punjabi artists such as [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], [[Shubh]], [[Karan Aujla]] and [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], while the former three have been fairly recent to the industry.<ref name="toipindustry">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/From-Bambi-Bains-to-Aman-Sandhu-Punjabi-musicians-talkabout-their-journey/articleshow/47802180.cms|title=From Bambi Bains to Aman Sandhu: Punjabi musicians talk about their journey|date=24 June 2015|access-date=14 September 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

However, this commercialization has also led to expansion of the underground scene, with independent artists building a name in [[Music of India#Indian hip hop|Indian hip hop]], due to which the future of hip-hop in India has been generally perceived to be positive.<ref name="rolling" /><ref name="tribune1">{{cite web|title=Bohemia: More than just forties and shorties|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/327622/more-than-just-forties-and-shorties/|last=Mahmood|first=Rafay|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 January 2012 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> The reality TV show ''[[MTV Hustle]]'', which aired its first season in 2019, has also been credited for pushing the genre forward and providing a platform to aspiring rappers, like [[King (singer)|King]] amongst others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MTV's Hustle aims to foster aspiring Indian rappers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/mtvs-hustle-aims-to-foster-aspiring-indian-rappers/article28856487.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915091014/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/mtvs-hustle-aims-to-foster-aspiring-indian-rappers/article28856487.ece |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> There are many rappers in India, rapping in different languages such as [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]], [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]] and others. Modern-day Indian rappers like [[MC Stan]], [[Yashraj]], [[Paal Dabba]] and [[Hanumankind]] have been gaining considerable traction due to their distinct approach towards the genre which is pushing the boundaries of Indian hip-hop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=June 25, 2025 |title=The Next Big Indian Rappers You Should Know |url=https://www.esquireindia.co.in/culture/books-and-music/other-indian-rappers-like-hanumankind-you-should-know |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=December 12, 2024 |title=Indian Hip-Hop Releases That Have Defined 2024 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-hip-hop-rap-songs-2024-hanumankind-badshah-king/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Tanu |date=November 8, 2024 |title=6 Indian Hip-Hop Artists To Know: Hanumankind, Pho, Chaar Diwaari & More |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/indian-hip-hop-artists-hanumankind-big-dawgs-rappers-to-know |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Grammy]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harshita |date=March 28, 2024 |title=6 Indian Underground Rap Artists That Are Changing The Music Landscape |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/6-indian-underground-rap-artists-that-are-changing-the-music-landscape/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[ScoopWhoop]]}}</ref>

In April 2025, Nas visited India again to perform at the Mass Appeal Presents: The World Reunion—A Charity Concert, hosted by Mass Appeal India, at The Nesco Center, in Mumbai. He was accompanied by various Indian-origin rappers, such as [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], [[Raftaar]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[KR$NA]], [[King (singer)|King]], and [[Steel Banglez]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |date=April 22, 2025 |title=Nas spends Easter weekend in India |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/nas-india |access-date=April 28, 2025 |website=LIFTED Asia}}</ref>

In November 2025, [[Rolling Loud]] Festival was held in Mumbai, with Indian artists like [[Karan Aujla]], [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] headlining the festival alongside Western rappers [[Central Cee]], [[Don Toliver]], and [[Wiz Khalifa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Kartikeya |date=December 2, 2025 |title=Rolling Loud India Wasn't Just a Festival. It Was a Statement |url=https://consequence.net/2025/12/rolling-loud-india-2025-review/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref>

Telugu hip hop became notable since the early 2000s when artists such as [[Smita]] started hip hop culture in the [[Telugu language]]. ''Hai Rabba'' and ''Masaka Masaka,'' her best selling albums, received acclaim, especially in the Indian sub-continent.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Singer Smita turns nostalgic; remembers her first song with MM Keeravani - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/singer-smita-turns-nostalgic-remembers-her-first-song-with-mm-keeravani/articleshow/69610452.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Times of India|date=June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Artists such as [[Raja Kumari]],<ref>{{Cite news|title='My brand of hip hop is a bridge between a traditional Telugu home and the American culture' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/my-brand-of-hip-hop-is-a-bridge-between-a-traditional-telugu-home-and-the-american-culture/articleshow/70537728.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[Roll Rida]], [[Noel Sean]] and [[Manisha Eerabathini]] started the trend in the new-age Telugu hip hop by including [[Rapping|rap]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asura's Telugu rap album hits the right notes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/aug/29/asuras-telugu-rap-album-hits-the-right-notes-2189631.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2020 }}</ref> With the rise of its popularity, these artists started working in [[Telugu cinema]] since the late 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mojumder|first=oishani|date=2019-02-27|title=The rise of Telugu rap|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/270219/the-rise-of-telugu-rap.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pasha|first=Gouse|title=11 Rap Songs In Telugu That You Must Listen To Right Now!|url=https://chaibisket.com/best-telugu-rap-songs/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Chai Bisket|date=23 July 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tamil hip hop is gaining popularity in India. Many other languages like Kannada and Marathi are also becoming popular among the masses in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a rap! New single goes viral on day one|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/nov/28/its-a-rap-new-single-goes-viral-on-day-one-2068072.html|access-date=2020-05-04|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=2019-06-07|title=Can't stop, won't stop: the rise of Tamil rap|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-rise-of-tamil-rap/article27611045.ece|access-date=2020-05-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Gowri |date=2024-05-15 |title=How Tamil women rappers are changing the indie hip hop scene |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/how-tamil-women-rappers-are-changing-the-indie-hip-hop-scene/article68174317.ece |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Marathi rapper Yung DSA's song "Yeda Yung" went viral in mid-2025.

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=May 14, 2025 |title=Yung Dsa Quit His Job After ‘Yeda Yung’ Blew Up. Now He Wants to Build an Empire |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/yung-dsa-interview-maaf-kar-yeda-yung/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>The Indian hip hop and rap industry has undergone significant growth and transformation over the years. Several artists from earlier generations have regained top mainstream popularity, with [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh: India's rap rebel makes a comeback after battling addiction |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czdn0zq7n0zo |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> being a notable example. At the same time, newer-generation artists such as [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], [[KRSNA (rapper)|Kr$na]], and Emiway Bantai have contributed to the expansion and mainstream recognition of the genre. Today, hip hop and rap are considered important and rapidly growing segments of the Indian music industry.

== Protest hip hop ==
YoungProzpekt (now [[KRSNA (rapper)|KR$NA]]) released "Kaisa Mera Desh" in 2010. The track was an anti-corruption anthem against the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], and the statement of Indian development in particular.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-06|title='Yeh Kaisa Mera Desh: - Young Prozpekt's Rant against the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/must-watch/3151-yeh-kaisa-mera-desh-young-prozpekts-rant-against-the-commonwealth-games.html|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.mensxp.com|language=en-IN}}</ref> It earned a number 2 ranking as one of the most watched music videos in India overnight following its release.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|title=Hip hop hustle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130819-hip-hop-hustle-765104-2013-08-06|access-date=2021-03-02|website=India Today|date=6 August 2013|language=en}}</ref>

Protest hip hop came into limelight again after mass protest started all over India against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019]]. Since the crackdown in [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack|JMI]], AMU and JNU, and the [[2020 Delhi riots]] several rappers from all over the country have joined the cause with their own sonic protest. Rappers such as Rapper Shaz gained recognition for their protest songs alongside Santhanam Srinivasan Iyer (known as EPR Iyer).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beg |first=Hira |date=2019-10-23 |title=Rapper EPR's Song About Farmer Suicides Is Powerful Beyond Belief |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/rapper-epr-farmer-suicide-hip-hop-india |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kundu |first1=Satvika |last2=Khan |first2=Amaan |date=10 January 2020 |title=Voice Of The People: Protest Music In India |url=http://www.thewildcity.com/features/15939-voice-of-the-people-protest-music-in-india |access-date=2020-05-03 |website=www.thewildcity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Meghna|date=2019-12-23|title=How art on social media became the face of anti-CAA protests|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/how-art-on-social-media-became-the-face-of-anti-caa-protests/article30379272.ece|access-date=2020-05-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Seedhe Maut also released the politically conscious anthem, "Scalp Dem" with Delhi Sultanate in 2019, which was well-received for its outspoken commentary on [[Islamophobia]], casteism, hate crime, and mob lynchings, but also received backlash, which resulted in the deletion of the song from streaming services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Jaishree |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Delhi Sultanate And Seedhe Maut's 'Scalp Dem' Is The New Dissent Anthem |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/delhi-sultanate-and-seedhe-mauts-scalp-dem-is-the-new-dissent-anthem/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |website=The Indian Music Diaries}}</ref>

== Diss hip-hop ==
Disses became particularly popular and played a significant role in shaping Indian hip-hop post-2018.<ref name="Sarkar 135485652311745"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargava |first=Eshita |date=2022-01-15 |title=Tracing the rise of India's hip-hop scene: Baba Sehgal, Bohemia to Raftaar, Divine, Raja Kumari, Karma, Shah Rule, D'Evil |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tracing-the-rise-of-indias-hip-hop-scene-baba-sehgal-bohemia-to-raftaar-divine-karma-shah-rules-devil-10283401.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The first well-publicized beef in Indian hip-hop occurred between rappers [[Bilal Shaikh (rapper)|Emiway Bantai]] and [[Raftaar]], the latter of whom appeared on a podcast where he questioned whether Emiway was earning money from hip-hop. Emiway responded with the song "Samajh Mein Aaya Kya", targeting Raftaar and refuting his claims that Emiway was not earning much yet. Raftaar responded with "Sheikh Chilli", then Emiway responded with "Giraftaar", and finally Raftaar to respond with "Anime Hentai", which was later titled "Awein Hai" due to YouTube [[shadow banning]] the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraiya |first=Naman |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Is India's Big-Ass Rap Beef Over or What? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/is-indias-big-ass-rap-beef-over-or-what/ |access-date=September 9, 2025 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> This paved the way for a wave of commercialization in the genre, as many Indian rappers claimed to have benefitted from the publicity from a credit standpoint. It also gave rise to many other publicized beefs taking place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anil |first=Nikhil |date=August 2, 2025 |title=From gully chants to global collabs: The rise of Indian hip-hop |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/08/02/from-gully-chants-to-global-collabs-the-rise-of-indian-hip-hop.html |access-date=September 9, 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

In 2019, KRSNA released "Freeverse Feast (Langar)", produced by Raftaar, allegedly in response to rapper Emiway Bantai's "Freeverse Feast (Daawat)",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Debarati |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Mumbai's Emiway Bantai scores big at Europe Music Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mumbais-emiway-bantai-scores-big-at-europe-music-awards/articleshow/71953573.cms |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> where the latter boastfully claimed that "he's the only rapper representing India worldwide". This was the first track which sparked a feud between the two rappers, even though both had collaborated back in 2017. After the release of some tracks containing subliminal disses on each other, such as Emiway's "Seedha Takeover" and KRSNA's "Dum Hai", the beef escalated in 2022, when Emiway released "Chusamba", in response to which KRSNA released "Lil Bunty". Emiway again responded with "KR L$DA SIGN", and KRSNA released "Machayenge 4", referring to Emiway's popular song series. Emiway retorted with his own version of "MACHAYENGE 4", and was met with backlash, which prompted him to delete the track for a while after its original release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Debarati |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Mumbai's Emiway Bantai scores big at Europe Music Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mumbais-emiway-bantai-scores-big-at-europe-music-awards/articleshow/71953573.cms |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Fengyen |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Why Is #ShameOnEmiwayBantai Trending On Twitter? Rapper's New Track 'Machayenge 4' Recieves [sic] Flak |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/34767/why-is-shameonemiwaybantai-trending-on-twitter-rappers-new-track-machayenge-4-recieves-flak |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Mashable India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Emiway Bantai Deletes 'Machayenge 4' Disstrack For Kr$na. Read To Know The Reason |url=https://kiddaan.com/emiway-bantai-removed-machayenge-4/ |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Kiddaan}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
While the underground hip-hop scene in India was propelled forward through rap cyphers, it has frequently been criticized and has received backlash from the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijolia |first=Disha |date=April 12, 2023 |title=What Does The Growing Popularity Of Indian Cyphers Mean For Homegrown Hip-Hop? |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/what-does-the-growing-popularity-of-indian-cyphers-mean-for-homegrown-hip-hop |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=Homegrown}}</ref> Delhi rap pioneer MC Kode, spoke about the obstacles he faced, while organizing SpitDope in 2019 with [[NPR Music]], where he talked about how a rap battle with a politician's son led to him receiving threats and facing harassment due to him questioning the politician's involvement in the 1980 attacks in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balram |first=Dhruva |date=March 29, 2019 |title=As 'Gully Boy' Inches Indian Hip-Hop Into The Mainstream, Its Underground Soldiers On |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/29/707662752/as-gully-boy-inches-indian-hip-hop-into-the-mainstream-its-underground-soldiers |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[NPR Music]]}}</ref>

In May 2021, Kode received death threats and faced harassment through internet doxxing when old videos of him resurfaced through an Instagram meme page, where he was seen saying extremely unsavoury things about the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and the Indian Army; the former from a battle rap round from June 2016, and the latter from an Instagram Live session. Internet users started a trend to call for his arrest and offered money to even beat him up in broad daylight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2021 |title=Battle Rap in Digital India: The Artists vs. The Arbiters |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/battle-rap-mc-kode-right-wing-doxxed/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> On June 2, he apologized on his [[Instagram]] story, but further went missing for a week, and his story was interpreted as a suicide note, which alarmed his friends and users to call for his search.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=June 4, 2021 |title=Right-Wing Trolls Tried to Cancel This Rapper. Now MC Kode Is Missing in India. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/right-wing-troll-india-rapper-mental-health/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|VICE]]}}</ref> He was eventually found in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabarwal |first=Harshit |date=June 10, 2021 |title=Rapper MC Kode traced: What led to the week-long search |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rapper-mc-kode-traced-what-led-to-the-week-long-search-101623288573654.html |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haider |first=Tanseem |date=June 10, 2021 |title=Rapper MC Kode, who went missing on June 2, traced by Delhi Police to Jabalpur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rapper-mc-kode-traced-delhi-police-jabalpur-1813002-2021-06-10 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gully rap]]
* [[:Category:Indian rappers|Indian rappers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation | last1=Goldsmith | first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn | last2=Fonseca | first2=Anthony J. | title=Hip Hop Around the World: An Encyclopedia | year=2018 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] | location=Santa Barbara, CA | isbn=978-0313357596 | volume=1&2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnOEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Williams | first1=Quentin | last2=Singh | first2=Jaspal Naveel | title=Global Hiphopography | publisher=[[Springer Nature]] | date=27 July 2023 | isbn=978-3-031-21955-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqfNEAAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |last1= Kumar |first1= Hemang|last2= George|first2= Arun|date= 14 February 2019|title= A History of Rap in Bollywood : From Baba Sehgal to Gully Boy|url= https://data.indianexpress.com/bollywood-rap-history-baba-sehgal-gully-boy/|work= The Indian Express|location= |publisher= |access-date= 30 January 2025}}
* {{cite news |last1= Bhargava |first1= Eshita |date= 3 February 2022 |title= Tracing the rise of India's hip-hop scene: Baba Sehgal, Bohemia to Raftaar, Divine, Karma, Shah Rule, Devil |url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tracing-the-rise-of-indias-hip-hop-scene-baba-sehgal-bohemia-to-raftaar-divine-karma-shah-rules-devil-10283401.html |work= Firstpost |access-date= 30 January 2025}}
{{Hip hop}}

[[Category:Indian hip-hop]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Desi hip-hop]]

2024–25 Punjab FC season

2026-05-05T14:19:20Z

RockyHerz477: new first stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Punjab FC]]
| chrtitle = Director of Football
| chairman = Nikolaos Topoliatis
| manager = [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Delhi]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = [[2024–25 Indian Super League|10th]]
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = Quarterfinals
| cup2 = [[2024 Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = Quarterfinals
| cup3 = [[2024–25 Punjab State Super League|Punjab State Super League]]
|cup3 result = Runners-up
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| league topscorer = [[Luka Majcen]] (10)
| season topscorer = [[Luka Majcen]] (14)
| highest attendance = 6,216 (Punjab 1-2 NorthEast United, 23 November)
| lowest attendance = 1,816 (Punjab 1-1 Mumbai City, 16 January)
| average attendance = 3,008
| largest win = Mumbai City 0-3 Punjab (26 November)
| largest loss = Mohun Bagan Super Giant 3-0 Punjab (5 February)
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Punjab FC season|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Punjab FC season|2025–26]]
| updated = 12 March 2025
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
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The '''2024–25 season''' is the fifth season in [[Punjab FC]]'s existence, and club's second season in the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Indian football Premier 1 club license list announced for 2024-25 season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-football-premier-1-club-license-announced-2024-25-season-list-of-clubs/article68182262.ece|access-date=2024-05-16 |website= Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In addition to the league, they will also compete in the [[2024 Durand Cup]] and the [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup]].

==Players==
===First-team squad===

{{updated|9 January 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Prabhu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=BIH|pos=FW|name=[[Asmir Suljić]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Vidal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Melroy Assisi}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vinit Rai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Manglenthang Kipgen}}{{Fs player|no=20|nat=GRE|pos=FW|name=[[Petros Giakoumakis]]}}

{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ashish Pradhan|Ashis Pradhan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=CRO|pos=MF|name=[[Filip Mrzljak]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Singamayum Shami]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Likmabam Rakesh Meitei|Rakesh Meitei]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Tekcham Abhishek Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Denechandra Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=CRO|pos=DF|name=[[Ivan Novoselec]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pramveer Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nitesh Darjee}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ayush Deshwal}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Nihal Sudeesh]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=78|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Muheet Shabir]]}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=SLO|pos=FW|name=[[Luka Majcen]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Princeton Rebello]]}}

{{Fs end}}

== Transfers ==

=== In ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Previous club
! scope="col" |Transfer fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|5 July 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhavan |first1=Rahul |title=Punjab FC announce the signings of Vinit Rai and Muheet Shabir ahead of 2024-25 season |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-punjab-fc-announce-signings-vinit-rai-muheet-shabir-ahead-2024-25-season |website=Sportskeeda.com |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|5 July 2024
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muheet Shabir]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News|title=Goalkeeper Muheet Shabir in Punjab FC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/goalkeeper-muheet-shabir-in-punjab-fc-637100/ |website=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|9 July 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|26 July 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Filip Mrzljak]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[HNK Gorica]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-filip-mrzlijak-202407 | title=Punjab FC secure services of midfielder Filip Mrzlijak }}</ref>
|-
|29 July 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Princeton Rebello]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|4 August 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Novoselec]]
|{{flagicon|TJK}} [[FC Istiklol]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/punjab-fc-rope-in-ivan-novoselec-and-mushaga-bakenga|title=Punjab FC rope in Ivan Novoselec and Mushaga Bakenga|date=4 August 2024|website=indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|4 August 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Mushaga Bakenga]]
|{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Apollon Limassol FC|Apollon Limassol]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|20 August 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Vidal]]
|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persita Tangerang]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/punjab-fc-rope-in-ezequiel-vidal|title=Punjab FC rope in Ezequiel Vidal|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=20 August 2024|accessdate=21 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|31 August 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Asmir Suljić]]
|{{flagicon|BIH}} [[FK Velež Mostar|Velež Mostar]]
|Free Transfer
|-
|9 January 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Petros Giakoumakis]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Makedonikos F.C.|Makedonikos Neapolis]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2025 |title=ISL: Punjab FC signs Greek striker Petros Giakoumakis |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/isl-punjab-fc-signs-greek-striker-petros-giakoumakis/ar-BB1ra6TS?}}</ref>
|}

=== Loans In ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |From club
! scope="col" |Transfer fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|13 July 2024
|End of Season
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nihal Sudeesh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|None
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Kerala Blasters FC Confirm Nihal Loan Move to Punjab FC |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/kerala-blasters-fc-confirm-nihal-loan-move-to-punjab-fc/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Kerala Blasters FC |language=en-US |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709183330/https://keralablastersfc.in/kerala-blasters-fc-confirm-nihal-loan-move-to-punjab-fc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2024
|End of Season
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Likmabam Rakesh Meitei|Rakesh Meitei]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|None
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Loan update |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/loan-update/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Kerala Blasters FC |language=en-US |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190523/https://keralablastersfc.in/loan-update/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Loans out ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |To club
! scope="col" |Transfer fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|27 August 2024
|End of Season
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tejas Krishna
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|None
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League 2024-25: Full updated squad of Rajasthan United FC |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-squad-rajasthan-united-fc-202411 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|1 September 2024
|End of Season
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ranjeet Pandre]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|
|
|-
|4 January 2025
|End of Season
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|None
|}

=== Out ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!Date.
!No.
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Outgoing club
! scope="col" |Transfer Fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|13 June 2024
|8
|MF
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Madih Talal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name=madih>{{cite web|date=27 June 2024|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-east-bengal-madih-talal-202406|title=East Bengal bolster midfield with signing of Madih Talal|work=Khel Now|accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|13 June 2024
|9
|FW
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|14
|FW
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|19
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth Mohan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|39
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohammed Salah]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|48
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|77
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|80
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|18
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sweden Fernandes
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Loan Return
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|22
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|Loan Return
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|81
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bryce Miranda]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Loan Return
|
|-
|13 June 2024
|26
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingsley Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|
|
|-
|1 August 2024
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maheson Singh Tongbram|Maheson Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC 2]]
|
|-
|13 August 2024
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]]
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Esteghlal Khuzestan F.C.|Esteghlal Khuzestan]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Luka Majcen, Madih Talal among 14 players to depart Punjab FC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/luka-majcen-madih-talal-among-14-players-to-departpunjabfc |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|31 August 2024
|7
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishananda Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[SC Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|19 December 2024
|9
|FW
|{{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Mushaga Bakenga]]
|Retired
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2024 |title=Punjab FC part way with Mushaga Bakenga by Mutual Consent |url=https://rgpunjabfc.com/punjab-fc-part-way-with-mushaga-bakenga-by-mutual-consent/}}</ref>
|}

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29|title=Panagiotis Dilmperis named Punjab FC head coach for upcoming season |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/panagiotis-dilmperis-named-punjab-fc-head-coach-for-upcoming-season |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Konstantinos Katsaras
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Manish Timsina
|-
|Strength & conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Papaioannou Ioannis
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kamaldeep Singh
|-
|Technical director
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Nikolaos Topoliatis
|-
|Technical director (Youth)
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} Giuseppe Cristaldi
|-
|Team doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sidak Singh Dhillon
|-
|Chief analyst
|{{Flagicon|India}} Chaitanya Kulkarni
|-
|Head of Scouting
|{{Flagicon|Brazil}}{{Flagicon|Italy}} Luiz Greco
|-
|Chief Scout
|{{Flagicon|India}} Anush Aathithya
|}

== Summary ==
'''August'''

Punjab FC were placed in Group C of the Durand Cup. They qualified for the knockouts after 2 wins and a draw against Kerala Blasters. In the quarterfinals, Punjab faced Mohun Bagan. The match ended a 3–3 draw after regular time, and it went to a penalty shootout, in which Punjab lost and were eliminated. This marked the team's best performance in any national cup competition on the senior level.

'''September'''

Punjab played their first league match of the season away against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] on 15 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-25 |title=Kerala Blasters ISL 2024-25 Schedule: KBFC to kick off Indian Super League season at away against Punjab FC |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-isl-2024-25-schedule-full-fixture-list-december-kbfc-indian-super-league-matches-teams-dates-venue/article68565841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825212101/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-isl-2024-25-schedule-full-fixture-list-december-kbfc-indian-super-league-matches-teams-dates-venue/article68565841.ece |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> a 2–1 win. Leon Augustine won a penalty in the final minutes of regular time, that was converted by Luka Majcen who had been subbed in. After scoring, Majcen ran to the corner flag, uprooted it and placed his jersey over it, as a response to Kerala Blasters fans chanting against him. In the second minute of stoppage time, Blasters scored an equaliser, but Luka Majcen assisted Filip Mrzljak to score from a small angle in the fifth minute of injury time to win the game for Punjab. Later, Rahul KP's challenge for the ball left Majcen with a fractured jaw, ruling him out for the next 3 games. Punjab followed this away win with two back-to-back home wins against Odisha FC and Hyderabad FC by 2-1 and 2-0 respectively. This made Panagiotis Dilmperis the first manager in the Indian Super League to win his first 3 ISL games. Pulga Vidal scored directly from a free kick against Hyderabad FC to give Punjab the lead, a match they won 2-0.

'''October'''

On 18 October, Punjab faced Bengaluru away in a top-of-table clash, narrowly losing 1-0 despite Bengaluru playing with 10 men for majority of the second half. After the first loss of the season, Punjab returned to winning ways on 31 October with a 3-2 Diwali night win over Chennaiyin FC. Chennaiyin's Wilmar Jordan Gil scored against his former club Punjab and did not celebrate. This match marked Majcen's return, who scored two goals in three minutes at the beginning of the second half.

'''November'''

From there, Punjab lost 2 games in a row against FC Goa away and NorthEast United at home, on 6 and 23 November respectively. On November 26, Punjab's away trip to Mumbai saw a 3–0 triumph over Mumbai City FC, the defending champions. Pulga Vidal scored right before the end of the first half. Filip Mrzljak won a penalty in the 52nd minute that was converted by Luka Majcen. Mushaga Bakenga scored his first and only ISL goal for the club.

'''December'''

In December, Punjab followed the Mumbai win with a 2–0 win over Mohammedan SC at home on 6 December, with goals from Majcen and Mrzljak. On 13 December, Punjab travelled to Jamshedpur and lost 2–1 at the Furnace. Pulga Vidal scored the solitary goal for Punjab, with Javier Siverio's brace winning the game for Jamshedpur. Filip Mrzljak picked up an injury at the beginning of the game. On 16 December, the trip to Kolkata ended in a horror show as Punjab went from leading 2–0 to losing 2–4 to East Bengal. Asmir Suljic and Pulga Vidal's strikes had given Punjab the two-goal lead in the first half. In the second half, Punjab conceded 4 goals within a space of 21 minutes. The equaliser for East Bengal was scored by Hijazi Maher. This also included two own goals by Suresh Meitei, one of which was awarded to East Bengal player Vishnu PV. In the 67th minute, David Lalhlansanga scored the 4th goal for East Bengal. Ivan Novoselec picked up an injury and had to be substituted out, before Khaiminthang Lhungdim was sent off due to a second yellow card. On 19 December, Mushaga Bakenga was released by the club by mutual agreement, and a day later he announced his retirement from football.

Due to Novoselec's injury and Lhungdim's suspension, the next game against Mohun Bagan at home saw Pramveer get his debut, becoming the youngest player to play in the ISL. Ricky Shabong opened the scoring in the 11th minute, a lead that Punjab maintained in the entire first half. In the second half, Alberto Rodriguez scored the equaliser for Mohun Bagan. Pulga Vidal got a yellow card for a challenge on Liston Colaco. He showed disagreement with the referee's decision by clapping sarcastically, for which the referee Rahul Kumar Gupta showed him another yellow card, sending him off the field. Soon after, Melroy Assisi's challenge on Anirudh Thapa was deemed to be enough for a penalty to be awarded to Bagan, which was scored by Jamie Maclaren. Alberto Rodriguez later scored his second goal of the game, Punjab losing 1-3.

'''January'''

For the home clash against Kerala Blasters on 5 January, only one out of the 6 foreigners was available (Asmir). Punjab lost the match 1–0 with Noah Sadaoui scoring a penalty kick for Kerala Blasters. On 9 January, Punjab announced the signing of Greek forward Petros Giakoumakis as a replacement for Mushaga Bakenga. On 10 January, Punjab played a 1–1 draw away against NorthEast United, with Lhungdim scoring a 82nd-minute equaliser, before receiving 2 yellow cards in the last minutes and being sent off. Head coach Panagiotis Dilmperis was also sent off in the 86th minute, with both the assistant coaches receiving yellow cards as well. Dilmperis moved to the stands shouting at the referee in anger. Assistant coach Sankarlal Chakraborty managed the team for the home match against Mumbai City on 16 January. Lhungdim and Nikhil Prabhu were also suspended for the fixture. The match ended 1-1, with Luka Majcen scoring for Punjab. Petros Giakoumakis made his debut in ISL. The next game at home against Jamshedpur on 28 January ended in another 2–1 loss as the club's winless streak extended to 7 games. The only goal for the home side was scored by Vidal with a magnificent strike from outside the box that curled inwards and found its way to the back of the net.

'''February'''

On 1 February, Punjab faced Bengaluru in Delhi and won their first game since 6 December with a scoreline of 3-2. The winner was scored by Majcen in injury time after an injury time equaliser for Bengaluru by Rahul Bheke. Punjab's second away trip to Kolkata of the league season for facing Mohun Bagan ended in a 3–0 loss on 5 February. Punjab played an organised game in the first half, not giving many chances to the league leaders. In the 55th minute Petros Giakoumakis hit the post from a precise pass given by Vidal. Bagan scored shortly after and later scored 2 more goals. On 10 February the team faced Odisha FC away. Giakoumakis scored his first goal for the club shortly after Rahul KP (now having moved from Blasters to Odisha FC) was sent off. Odisha equalised in the second half due to a blunder from goalkeeper Ravi Kumar and Punjab was unable to score a winner despite the one-man advantage.

On 15 February away against Chennaiyin, Punjab conceded an early penalty goal. Majcen equalised in the start of the second half and the team had several chances at goal, unable to finish. Chima Chukwu scored a late goal for Chennaiyin and Punjab failed to convert any chances afterwards, losing 2-1. The 22 February home clash against East Bengal went badly as the team went 3–0 down by the 54th minute. Vidal scored a goal in response but once again Punjab failed to find a goal out of several chances and lost 3-1. Punjab FC played their last "home" game of the season on 27 February against FC Goa, with Filip and Vidal unavailable due to injury and suspension respectively. Ivan Novoselec picked up an injury in the first half of the match and had to be subbed off. Carl McHugh scored Goa's only goal in the 45th minute. Punjab were yet again unable to score, playing with just one foreigner (Giakoumakis) for the last 30 minutes. After the game, manager Dilmperis praised the players for their hard work, tactical execution and discipline despite the bad results. He commented that Punjab's games were like "watching the same movie again and again".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilmperis discusses FC Goa defeat, Punjab FC's season and his future |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/dilmperis-discusses-fc-goa-defeat-punjab-fcs-season-and-his-future}}</ref> This 1–0 loss ended the club's chances of qualifying for the playoffs.

'''March'''

With the playoffs out of reach, the team went to March with the aim of ending the season positively. On 6 March, against 12th placed Hyderabad FC, Punjab won 3-1. Mohammed Suhail's shot hit HFC defender Alex Saji before going in, being given as an own goal. In the second half Suhail assisted Majcen to double the lead before substitute Shami Singamayum scored to make it 3–0 in the 86th minute. Shami, aged just 17 years, became the youngest player ever to score a goal in the Indian Super League. In added time, Chhunga Hmar scored a long ranger to deny Punjab the clean sheet. For the last match of the league season, Punjab travelled to Kolkata to face last-placed Mohammedan SC. Pulga Vidal opened the scoring in the 9th minute with a team goal involving him, Asmir, Majcen and Tekcham. Later in first half, Majcen missed a one-on-one chance against Mohammedan's Padam Chhetri. In the second half, Majcen scored to make it 2-0. However, Mohammedan scored two goals in succession as Punjab's defence lost concentration. The match ended 2-2, ending PFC's 2nd ISL season with 28 points, 8 wins, 4 draws, 12 losses and a goal difference of -4. Punjab finished 10th out of 13 teams.

'''April'''

Based on the ISL table, Punjab FC were drawn to face tournament hosts Odisha FC in the Round of 16 of the 2025 Super Cup. The match on 21 April saw Punjab winning 3-0, with goals from Suljic, Vidal and Nihal Sudheesh; and a good performance from goalkeeper Muheet Shabir.

== Competitions ==
{{Fb overview2
|c=3

|c1=[[Durand Cup]] |fm1=30 July 2024 |lm1=23 August 2024 |sr1=[[2024 Durand Cup#Group stage|Group stage]] |fp1=Quarter-final|w1=2 |d1=2 |l1=0 |f1=10 |a1=4

|c2=[[Indian Super League]] |fm2=15 September 2024 |lm2=10 March 2025 |sr2=[[2024–25 Indian Super League|Matchday 1]] |fp2=10th |w2=8 |d2=4 |l2=12 |f2=34 |a2=38

|c3=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] |fm3=21 April 2025 |lm3=26 April 2025 |sr3=[[2025 AIFF Super Cup|Round of 16]] |fp3=Quarter-final |w3=1 |d3=0 |l3=1 |f3=4 |a3=2

|c4=[[Punjab State Super League]]{{efn|Punjab FC fielded mostly their [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Reserve]] team for the tournament.}} |fm4=25 July 2024 |lm4=1 April 2025 |sr4=Matchday 1|fp4=Runner-up|w4=12 |d4=4 |l4=6 |f4=38 |a4=21

|u=30 October 2025
|s=
}}

=== Durand Cup ===
{{Main|2024 Durand Cup}}

==== Group C ====
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C|showteam=PUN}}

==== Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible|date=30 July 2024|time=19:00 IST|score=0–3|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=35779|team1=[[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|29}} {{goal|58}}

*[[Vinit Rai|Rai]] {{goal|76}}|stadium=[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|attendance=172|referee=Williams Joy Koshy|motm=Luka Majcen (Punjab)|result=W}}{{Football box collapsible|date=4 August 2024|time=16:00 IST|score=1–1|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=35787|team1=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|goals1=[[Mohammed Aimen|Aimen]] {{goal|56}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|45+2}}|stadium=[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|attendance=351|referee=Senthil Nathan S|motm=[[Freddy Lallawmawma]] (Kerala Blasters)|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=11 August 2024|time=16:00 IST|score=3–0|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=35802|team1=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals1=*[[Mushaga Bakenga|Bakenga]] {{goal|62}} {{goal|90+8|P}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|90+2}}|team2=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|stadium=[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|attendance=212|referee=Senthil Nathan S|motm=[[Vinit Rai]] (Punjab FC)|result=W}}

==== Knockout Stage ====
{{:2024 Durand Cup|transcludesection=Bracket|showteam=PUN}}{{Football box collapsible|date=23 August 2024|time=16:00 IST|round=Quarter-finals|score=3–3|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36556|team1=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]|goals1=*[[Suhail Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|79}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|17|P}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|62}}
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|71}}|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]|location=[[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]|attendance=3,759|referee=Mrutyunjay L Amatya|penalties1=*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Tom Aldred|Aldred]] {{pengoal}}|penaltyscore=6–5|penalties2=*{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|Rai]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mushaga Bakenga|Bakenga]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]]
*{{pengoal}} Assisi
*{{penmiss}} [[Denechandra Meitei|Dene Meitei]]|result=D}}

=== Indian Super League ===

{{Main|2024–25 Indian Super League}}

==== League table ====
{{2024–25 Indian Super League points table|showteam=PFC}}

==== Matches ====

The league fixtures from September till December were announced by the [[Football Sports Development Limited|FSDL]] and [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] on 25 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-25 |title=ISL 2024-25 Schedule: Full list of Indian Super League matches from September to December |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-super-league-2024-25-season-fixtures-schedule-list-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-kerala-blasters/article68565789.ece |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903191542/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-super-league-2024-25-season-fixtures-schedule-list-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-kerala-blasters/article68565789.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixtures|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|09|15|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 1
|score =1–2
|report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66797 Report]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 =* [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{yel|78}}
* [[Muhammed Saheef|Saheef]] {{yel|90}}
* [[Jesús Jiménez (footballer)|Jiménez]] {{goal|90+2}}
* [[Rahul K. P.|Rahul]] {{yel|90+7}}
* [[Muhammed Saheef|Saheef]] {{yel|90+11}}
* [[Freddy Lallawmawma|Freddy]] {{yel|90+11}}
* [[Mohammed Azhar|Azhar]] {{yel|90+11}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =* [[Nihal Sudeesh|Nihal]] {{yel|69}}
* [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|86|pen.}}, {{yel|87}}
* [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|90+1}}
* [[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|90+5}}
* [[Mushaga Bakenga|Bakenga]] {{yel|90+12}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance =17,498
|referee =Ramachandran Venkatesh
|motm =[[Nihal Sudeesh]] (Punjab)
|note=Stadium capacity was reduced by 50% due to the Onam celebrations across the state.
|result =W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 2
|score =2–1
|report =https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66801
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Nihal Sudeesh|Sudeesh]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Leon Augustine|Augustine]] {{goal|89}}
*[[Vinit Rai|Rai]] {{yellow card|52}}
*[[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]] {{yellow card|90+2}}
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals2 =*[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]] {{goal|90+6|o.g.}}
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Vanlalruatfela]] {{yellow card|36}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =3,500
|referee =Jamal Mohamed
|motm =Nihal Sudeesh (Punjab FC)
|result =W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|09|25|df=y}}
|time = 19:300 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 3
|score = 2–0
|report =https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66806
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|71}}
*Tekcham Abhishek {{yellow card|60}}
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|goals2 =*[[Leander D'Cunha|D'Cunha]] {{sent off|2|14|78}}
*[[Devendra Murgaonkar|Murgaonkar]] {{yellow card|41}}
*Rafi {{yellow card|69}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =4,200
|referee =K Ramdasan
|motm =Nikhil Prabhu
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 October 2024
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 4
|score =1–0
|report =https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66819
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1 =*[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Sana]] {{sent off|2|33|58}}
*[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yellow card|90+6}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Nihal Sudeesh|Sudeesh]] {{yellow card|26}}
*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{yellow card|84}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|attendance =9,348
|referee =Jamal Mohamed
|motm =
|result =L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|10|31|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 5
|score =3–2
|report =https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66831
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|46}} {{goal|49}}
*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{goal|70}}
*Tekcham Abhishek {{yellow card|42}}
*[[Leon Augustine|Augustine]] {{yellow card|80}}
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals2 =*[[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|30}}
*[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]] {{goal|90+9|o.g.}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =1,865
|referee =Pratik Mondal
|motm =Luka Majcen (Punjab FC)
|result =W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|11|6|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 6
|score =2–1
|report =
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 =*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|22}}
*[[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{goal|49}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{goal|13}}

*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{yellow card|18}}
*[[Ricky Shabong|Shabong]] {{yellow card|88}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
|location = [[Margao]]
|attendance =10,821
|referee =Ramachandran Venkatesh
|motm =
|result =L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|11|23|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 7
|score =1–2
|report =
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]] {{goal|88}}
*[[Leon Augustine|Augustine]] {{yellow card|3}}
*Prabhu {{yellow card|50}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{yellow card|90+5}}
*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{yellow card|90+9}}
|team2 = [[NorthEast United]]
|goals2 =*[[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Fernández]] {{goal|15}}
*[[Néstor Albiach|Albiach]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Dinesh Singh]] {{sentoff|2|7|45+4}}
*Samte {{yellow card|71}}
*[[Hamza Regragui|Regragui]] {{yellow card|85}}
*[[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{yellow card|90+8}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =6,216
|referee =Rahul Kumar Gupta
|motm =
|result =L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|11|26|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 8
|score =0–3
|report =
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 =*[[Jayesh Rane|Rane]] {{yellow card|28}}
*[[Jérémy Manzorro|Manzorro]] {{yellow card|45+1}}
*Nazareth {{yellow card|77}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|45+1}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|53|P}}
*[[Mushaga Bakenga|Bakenga]] {{goal|84}}
*[[Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei|Suresh Meitei]] {{yellow card|30}}
*[[Leon Augustine|Augustine]] {{yellow card|76}}
*[[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Ninthoi Meetei]] {{yellow card|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|location = [[Mumbai]]
|attendance =2,549
|referee =Pratik Mondal
|motm =''TBD''
|result =W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|12|6|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 9
|score =2–0
|report =
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|58}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|66}}
*[[Nihal Sudeesh|Sudeesh]] {{yellow card|32}}
*[[Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei|Suresh Meitei]] {{yellow card|42}}
*[[Ricky Shabong|Shabong]] {{yellow card|89}}
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals2 =*[[Samad Ali Mallick|Mallick]] {{yellow card|35}}
*[[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]] {{yellow card|84}}
*[[Zodingliana Ralte|Ralte]] {{yellow card|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =2,146
|referee =Harish Kundu
|motm =''TBD''
|result =W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 10
|score =2–1
|report =
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals1 =*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|45+4}} {{goal|84}}

*[[Shubham Sarangi|Sarangi]] {{yellow card|69}}
*[[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Murray]] {{yellow card|78}}
*[[Stephen Eze|Eze]] {{yellow card|81}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|46}}

*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{yellow card|39}}
*Prabhu {{yellow card|90+4}}
|stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
|location = [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance =12,440
|referee =''TBD''
|motm =
|result =L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|12|17|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 11
|score =4–2
|report =
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =*[[Hijazi Maher|Maher]] {{goal|46}}
*[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|Vishnu]] {{goal|54}} {{yellow card|74}}
*[[Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei|Suresh Meitei]] {{goal|69|o.g.}}
*[[David Lalhlansanga|Lalhlansanga]] {{goal|67}}
*[[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{yellow card|14}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{goal|21}}
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|39}}
*Lhungdim {{sent off|2|45+3|64}}
*[[Vinit Rai|Rai]] {{yellow card|57}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =9,989
|referee =Aditya Purkayastha
|motm =
|result =L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2024|12|26|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 12
|score =1–3
|report =
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Ricky Shabong|Shabong]] {{goal|12}}

*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{sent off|2|50|51}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{yellow card|66}}
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|48}} {{goal|69}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|64|P}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yellow card|20}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =3,458
|referee =Rahul Kumar Gupta
|motm =
|result =L
}}{{Football box collapsible|date=5 January 2025|time=19:30 IST|round=13|score=0–1|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68106|team1=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals1=*Prabhu {{yellow card|15}}
*Suhail {{yellow card|18}}
*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{yellow card|62}}
*Lhungdim {{yellow card|90}}|team2=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|goals2=*[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{goal|44|P}}
*[[Miloš Drinčić|Drinčić]] {{sent off|2|22|58}}
*[[Danish Farooq Bhat|Bhat]] {{yellow card|49}}
*[[Aibanbha Dohling|Dohling]] {{sent off|0|74}}
*[[Sachin Suresh|Suresh]] {{yellow card|90+5}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Delhi]]|referee=Pratik Mondal|note=The red card to Aibanbha Dohling was changed to yellow after review by AIFF Disciplinary Committee.|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|date=10 January 2025|time=19:30 IST|round=14|score=1–1|report=|team1=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|goals1=*[[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{yellow card|31}}
*[[Jithin M. S.|Jithin]] {{yellow card|43}}
*[[Míchel Zabaco|Zabaco]] {{yellow card|90+1}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*Lhungdim {{goal|82}} {{sent off|2|86|90+2}}
*Pramveer {{yellow card|45}}
*Prabhu {{yellow card|64}}|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]|location=[[Guwahati]]|attendance=6,719|referee=Tejas Nagvenkar|motm=[[Asmir Suljić]] (Punjab FC)|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=16 January 2025|time=19:30 IST|round=15|score=1–1|report=|team1=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals1=*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|45+1}} {{yellow card|45+5}}
*[[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]] {{yellow card|30}}
*Pradhan {{yellow card|88}}|team2=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|goals2=*[[Nikos Karelis|Karelis]] {{goal|58}}
*[[Yoëll van Nieff|van Nieff]] {{yellow card|41}}
*[[Jon Toral|Toral]] {{yellow card|88}}
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yellow card|90}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Delhi]]|attendance=1,816|motm=[[Asmir Suljić]] (Punjab FC)|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=28 January 2025|time=19:30 IST|round=16|score=1–2|report=|team1=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals1=*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|58}} {{yellow card|53}}
*[[Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei|Suresh Meitei]] {{yellow card|45+1}}|team2=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|goals2=*[[Pratik Chaudhari|Chaudhari]] {{goal|41}}
*[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{yellow card|79}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Delhi]]|attendance=1,896|referee=Aditya Purkayastha|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|date=1 February 2025|time=17:00 IST|round=17|score=3–2|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=39823|team1=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals1=*[[Asmir Suljić|Asmir]] {{yel|9}} {{goal|55|p}}
*Nikhil {{yel|17}}
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{yel|37}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzlak]] {{goal|79}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|90+6}}|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|goals2=*[[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|90+3}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Delhi]]|attendance=3,139|referee=Venkatesh R|motm=[[Luka Majcen]] (Punjab)|result=W}}{{Football box collapsible|date=5 February 2025|round=18|score=3–0|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=39827|team1=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]|goals1=*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|56||90}}
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg]] {{goal|63}} {{yel|67}}
*[[Abhishek Suryavanshi|Suryavanshi]] {{yel|78}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Ivan Novoselec|Ivan]] {{yel|45+2}}
*Pramveer {{yel|72}}
*Lhungdim {{yel|90+5}}|stadium=[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]|location=[[Kolkata]]|attendance=28,817|referee=Crystal John|motm=[[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan SG)|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|date=10 February 2025|time=19:30 IST|round=19|score=1–1|report=|team1=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]|goals1=*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Isak Ralte]] {{goal|52}}
*[[Rahul K. P.]] {{sent off|0|44}}
*[[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{yellow card|45+5}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Petros Giakoumakis|Giakoumakis]] {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei|Suresh Meitei]] {{yellow card|45}}
*[[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]] {{yellow card|60}}|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]|location=[[Bhubaneshwar]]|attendance=6,814|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=15 February 2025|time=17:00 IST|round=20|score=2–1|report=|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|goals1=*[[Wilmar Jordán Gil|Wilmar]] {{goal|19|(P)}}
*[[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chukwu]] {{goal|84}}
*[[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{yellow card|9}}
*[[Jiteshwor Singh|Jiteshwor]] {{yellow card|41}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|49}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]]|location=[[Chennai]]|attendance=5,000|result=L}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2025|2|22|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 21
|score =1–3
|report =
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|62}} {{yellow card|51}}
*[[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]] {{yellow card|36}}
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals2 =*[[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|15}}
*[[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]] {{goal|47}}
*[[Lalchungnunga]] {{goal|54}}
*[[Raphaël Messi Bouli|Messi Bouli]] {{yellow card|60}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =2,606
|referee =R. Venkatesh
|motm =
|result =L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2025|2|27|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 22
|score =0–1
|report =
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals2 =*[[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{goal|45}} {{yellow card|90+2}}
*[[Ayush Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yellow card|61}}
*[[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{yellow card|89}}
*[[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] {{yellow card|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance =2,128
|referee =
|motm =
|result =L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2025|3|6|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 23
|score =1–3
|report =
|team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|goals1 =*[[Ramhlunchhunga|Chhunga Hmar]] {{goal|90+4}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Alex Saji]] {{goal|41|o.g.}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|56}}
*[[Singamayum Shami|Shami]] {{goal|86}}
*Prabhu {{yellow card|12}}
*Pramveer {{yellow card|48}}
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|attendance =
|referee =Pratik Mondal
|motm =Mohammed Suhail (Punjab FC)
|result =W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2025|3|10|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 24
|score =2–2
|report =https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68166
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1 =*[[Marc Andre Schmerböck|Schmerböck]] {{goal|58}}
*[[Robi Hansda|Hansda]] {{goal|66}}
*[[França (footballer, born 1995)|França]] {{yellow card|71}}
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 =*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|9}}
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|53}}
*Tekcham Abhishek {{yellow card|72}}
|stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =Senthil Nathan
|motm =França (Mohammedan SC)
|result =D
}}

=== Super Cup ===
{{Main|2025 Super Cup (India, April)|l1=2025 Super Cup (April)}}

==== Bracket ====
{{#lst:2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Bracket}}

==== Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible|date=21 April 2025|time=20:00 IST|round=Round of 16|score=0–3|report=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49582|team1=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]|goals1=*[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Puitea]] {{yellow card|67}}
*[[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{yellow card|76}}
*[[Diego Mauricio|Mauricio]] {{yellow card|78}}|team2=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|goals2=*[[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{yellow card|12}}
*[[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{goal|14}}
*[[Nihal Sudeesh|Sudeesh]] {{yellow card|64}} {{goal|90}}
*[[Ashis Pradhan|Pradhan]] {{yellow card|68}}
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|69}}
*[[Pramveer]] {{yellow card|84}}|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]|motm=Pulga Vidal|result=W}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = Quarter final
| date = 26 April 2025
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 2–1
| goals1 =
*[[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|89}}
*[[Mohammad Yasir|Yasir]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{goal|57}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 1,159
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha Man of the Match: [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/50193 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/50193_Match_Summary_V1_1745686160.pdf PDF]
|result=L
}}

===Punjab State Super League===
{{Main|2024–25 Punjab State Super League}}
{{:2024–25 Punjab State Super League|transcludesection|showteam=PFC}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== Statistics ==

=== Squad appearances and goals ===
''All stats are correct as of match played on 3 May 2025''

==== All competitions ====
{{Efs start|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Super League]]|[[Durand Cup]]|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]|15|0|4|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|9|0|0|0|2|0|no=78|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Muheet Shabir Khan}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Defenders
{{Efs player|no=3|nat=CRO|pos=DF|name=[[Ivan Novoselec]]|20|1|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nikhil Prabhu|21|0|4|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim|17|1|4|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Melroy Assisi|8|0|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tekcham Abhishek Singh|22|0|3|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Denechandra Meitei]]|1|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|10|0|0|0|2|0|no=35|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Pramveer}}
{{Efs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nitesh Darjee|3|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei]]|22|0|4|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|5|0|0|0|0|0|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Likmabam Rakesh Meitei]]}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Midfielders
{{Efs player|24|1|0|0|2|0|no=6|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]}}
{{Efs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Kynshi]]|0|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vinit Rai]]|11|0|4|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|5|0|0|0|1|0|no=17|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Manglenthang Kipgen}}
{{Efs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ashish Pradhan]]|11|0|4|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|nat=CRO|pos=MF|name=[[Filip Mrzljak]]|17|4|4|2|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Kingsley Fernandes]]|0|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]|20|1|3|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]|9|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Nihal Sudeesh]]|20|1|4|0|2|1}}
{{Efs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Singamayum Shami|5|1|2|0|0|0}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Forwards
{{Efs player|23|4|0|0|1|1|no=7|pos=FW|nat=HUN|name=[[Asmir Suljić]]}}
{{Efs player|no=10|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Pulga Vidal]]|22|7|1|1|2|2}}
{{Efs player|10|1|0|0|2|0|no=20|pos=FW|nat=GRE|name=[[Petros Giakoumakis]]}}
{{Efs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Muhammad Suhail F|13|0|1|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Vishal Yadav|1|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=99|nat=SVN|pos=FW|name=[[Luka Majcen]]|20|10|4|4|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=NOR|pos=FW|name=[[Mushaga Bakenga]]|10|1|3|2|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ranjeet Pandre]]|0|0|1|0|0|0}}
|}

=== Goal scorers ===
''As of match played on 3 May 2025.''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Rank
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |No.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Pos.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Nat.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Name
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |League
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Durand Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Super Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Total
|-
|1
|99
|FW
|{{flagicon|SLO}}
| align="left" | [[Luka Majcen]]
|10
|4
|0
|14
|-
|2
|30
|MF
|{{flagicon|ARG}}
| align="left" |[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Pulga Vidal]]
|7
|1
|2
|10
|-
|3
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
| align="left" |[[Filip Mrzljak]]
|4
|2
|0
|6
|-
|4
|7
|FW
|{{Flagicon|Hungary}}{{Flagicon|Bosnia Herzegovina}}
| align="left" |[[Asmir Suljić]]
|4
|0
|1
|5
|-
|5
|9
|FW
|{{flagicon|NOR}}
| align="left" |[[Mushaga Bakenga]]
|1
|2
|0
|3
|-
|6
|77
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}}
| align="left" |[[Nihal Sudeesh]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|-
| rowspan="8" |7
|3
|DF
|{{Flagicon|Croatia}}
| align="left" |[[Ivan Novoselec]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|6
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}}
| align="left" |[[Ricky Shabong]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|12
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
| align="left" |Khaiminthang Lhungdim
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|16
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align="left" |[[Vinit Rai]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
|20
|FW
|{{Flagicon|Greece}}
| align="left" |[[Petros Giakoumakis]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|25
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}}
|align="left" |Md. Singamayum Shami
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|31
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}}
| align="left" |[[Leon Augustine]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|}

=== Assists ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Rank
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |No.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Pos.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Name
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |League
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Durand Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Super Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Total
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
|10
|MF
| align="left" |[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Pulga Vidal]]
|3
|1
|1
|5
|-
|24
|FW
| align="left" |[[Filip Mrzljak]]
|2
|3
|0
|5
|-
|2
|7
|FW
| align="left" |[[Asmir Suljić]]
|4
|0
|0
|4
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|6
|MF
| align="left" |[[Ricky Shabong]]
|2
|0
|1
|3
|-
|99
|FW
| align="left" |[[Luka Majcen]]
|3
|0
|0
|3
|-
| rowspan="4" |4
|4
|MF
| align="left" |Nikhil Prabhu
|0
|2
|0
|2
|-
|12
|DF
|align="left" |Khaiminthang Lhungdim
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
|20
|FW
| align="left" |[[Petros Giakoumakis]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
|77
|FW
| align="left" |[[Nihal Sudeesh]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
| rowspan="5" |5
|16
|MF
| align="left" |[[Vinit Rai]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
|17
|MF
|align="left" |Manglenthang Kipgen
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
|29
|FW
|align="left" |Mohammed Suhail F
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|44
|FW
|align="left" |[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|9
|FW
|align="left" |[[Mushaga Bakenga]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!No.
!Name
!League
!Durand Cup
!Super Cup
!Total
|-
|1
|1
|[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|2
|2
|0
|4
|-
|2
|78
|[[Muheet Shabir]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab FC}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Punjab FC season}}
[[Category:Punjab FC seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 Indian Super League season by team|Punjab]]

Majerhat metro station

2026-05-04T08:36:03Z

RockyHerz477:

{{Short description|Metro station in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Majerhat
| style = Kolkata Metro
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Majerhat metro station view.jpg
| image_caption = '''Majerhat metro station''' composite structure (station on viaduct and two concourse buildings on either sides) as seen from [[Majerhat railway station]]'s foot over bridge
| address = Alipore Mint Colony, Majerhat [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700053
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5191|N|88.3234|E|display=inline, title}}
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| lines = {{rint|Kolkata|Purple}}
| code = KMJH
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{plainlist|
* {{rint|kolkata|s}} [[Majerhat railway station|Majerhat]]:
* {{nbsp|6}}{{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Sealdah South|croute}}
* {{nbsp|6}}{{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Circular|croute}}
}}
| structure = Elevated
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2024|03|06}}
| electrified =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro
|line=Purple|right=Taratala
|line2=Purple|type2=(Future service)|to-left2=Esplanade|left2=Mominpur|right2=Taratala}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Majerhat metro station''' is an operational [[metro station]] on [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]]. It is the terminal station of the first phase 1 of this line and the first and only station built over an existing railway network, from [[Joka metro station and depot|Joka]] to Majerhat. The line was sanctioned in [[Railway budget of India|India's railway budget]] of 2010–11, but due to various hurdles, construction was delayed and missed multiple deadlines. The most notable reason for delays was the [[Majerhat Bridge Collapse|Majerhat Bridge collapse]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Joka-Majerhat Metro Work Resumes and Earns Stability|url=https://www.gemscity.in/blog/joka-majehat-metro-update/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Gems City|language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Majerhat metro station is located in Alipore Mint Colony, Majerhat, [[Kolkata]], India. It is situated over the [[Majerhat railway station]] and parallel to the [[Majerhat Bridge|Majerhat flyover]]. [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]] is the preceding station towards [[Joka metro station and depot|Joka]] and [[Mominpur metro station|Mominpore]] is the following station towards Esplanade.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
Since the {{convert|14.215|km|mi}} line was sanctioned by then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] in the [[Railway budget of India|Railway budget]] of 2010–11, it faced several problems which delayed the project. Originally the contracts of the elevated stretch of the line was awarded to Simplex Infrastructures in 2011, although construction couldn't proceed due to land acquisition problems. The contract for construction of the station was re-awarded to [[Gammon India]], in April 2012 by RVNL. In 2018, the adjacent rail over bridge (known as Majerhat Bridge) along the upcoming metro station [[2018 Kolkata bridge collapse|collapsed]], completely stalling the construction of the station as it ran into design, technical and legal challenges. Gammon pulled out of the project after the bridge collapsed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=RVNL Invites Bids for Kolkata Metro Line-3's Mominpur Extension|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/06/13/rvnl-invites-bids-for-kolkata-metro-line-3s-mominpur-extension/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2020, GPT Infraprojects won the bid for construction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=GPT Infra Awarded Rs. 196.30cr Kolkata Metro Line-3 Contract|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/08/18/gpt-infra-awarded-rs-196-30cr-kolkata-metro-line-3-contract/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US}}</ref> Work started in December 2020, with clearance from [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|India Government Mint]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]; which initially didn't allow any elevated structure within a kilometre radius of the mint.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Krishnendu |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Kolkata: Girder-launch boost to Majerhat Metro station work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/girder-launch-boost-to-majerhat-metro-stn-work/articleshow/80103746.cms |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajanta Chakraborty|date=Dec 6, 2020|title=Kolkata: Majerhat bridge reopening paves way for metro station work|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/majerhat-bridge-reopening-paves-way-for-metro-stn-work/articleshow/79585797.cms|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

After lot of hardships and developmental work, the [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]–Majerhat section of [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] was inaugurated on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Station ==
It is an elevated metro station with two [[side platform]]s. It is being implemented by [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] (RVNL). The station is {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}}180 m long with twelve [[Span (engineering)|spans]]. The platform and concourse area are {{convert|3050|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3100|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} respectively. It is catered by five escalators, two elevators and five staircases and the whole station is held in between two massive concourse buildings on either side.<ref name=":1" /> It is the final station of the proposed phase 1 (Joka to Majerhat) of the [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangla News, Latest Bengali News, News in Bangla, বাংলা নিউজ – HT Bangla|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127171914/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2019|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|←}} Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|purple|right}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Taratala}}) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| ← Alighting only
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
!style="vertical-align:top"|'''L1'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Concourse
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

== Connections ==
=== Bus ===
Mominpur and Majerhat Bus Stop is {{Cvt|242|m}} and {{Cvt|173|m}} away from the metro Station respectively.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-31 |title=Joka-Taratala Metro: Fare, Time, Schedule, And More 2022 |url=https://gkbooks.in/joka-taratala-metro/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappls: Get map direction from Mominpur Bus stop, Behala, 30, Diamond Harbour Road, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700034 |url=https://www.mappls.com/direction-from-10,-alipore,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-pin-700027?-to-majerhat-metro-station?@z!data=ZnJvbSs4OC4zMjQ0NzIyMjcxMzE3NiUyQzIyLjUyMTY3NzA5MTk0NDk2NiUyQ2l6cjU2YSUzQjg4LjMyNDQ3MjIyNzEzMTc2JTJDMjIuNTIxNjc3MDkxOTQ0OTY2K3RvKzg4LjMyMzUzMyUyQzIyLjUxOTU5NyUyQzMwMWN4cyUzQjg4LjMyMzUzMyUyQzIyLjUxOTMlMkMzMDFjeHMrdit8fCtkcml2aW5nK0luZGlhQGluZCs= |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappls: Get map direction from Majerhat Bus stop, Behala, 30, Diamond Harbour Road, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700034 |url=https://www.mappls.com/direction-from-34,-mani-villa,-diamond-harbour-road,-block-a,-new-alipore,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-pin-700053?-to-91,-majherhat-bridge,-alipore-mint-colony,-alipore,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-pin-700088?@z!data=ZnJvbSs4OC4zMjMwOTAzOTcwMTIyMSUyQzIyLjUxNjEyNjUzNTg5MzMzNSUyQzhseWp0NyUzQjg4LjMyMzA5MDM5NzAxMjIxJTJDMjIuNTE2MTI2NTM1ODkzMzM1K3RvKzg4LjMyMzYzNDI0MTE5NTM1JTJDMjIuNTE4MjY0ODE4ODI3OTczJTJDZWptZnJpJTNCODguMzIzNjM0MjQxMTk1MzUlMkMyMi41MTgyNjQ4MTg4Mjc5NzMrdit8fCtkcml2aW5nK0luZGlhQGluZCs= |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
Majerhat metro station is directly above {{stnlnk|Majerhat}} {{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] and is connected to main railway platform via a footover bridge, thus facilitating transfers with [[Sealdah South lines|Budge Budge Branch line]] and [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular line]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,285|access-date=2021-11-20|website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappls: Get map direction from Majerhat Railway Station, Alipore Mint Colony, Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700088 |url=https://www.mappls.com/direction-from-majerhat-railway-station,-alipore-mint-colony,-alipore,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-700088?-to-taratala-metro-station,-diamond-harbour-road,-naskar-para,-behala,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-700034,-l97mnf?@zdata=ZnJvbSs4OC4zMjIyNTclMkMyMi41MTg0ODQwMDAwMDAxJTJDNzNzNzcyJTNCODguMzIyMzI5MDAwMDAwMSUyQzIyLjUxODg2ODAwMDAwMDElMkM3M3M3NzIrdG8rODguMzIwMTUyJTJDMjIuNTA3NDI5JTJDTDk3bW5mJTNCODguMzIwMjc5JTJDMjIuNTA3NDc1JTJDTDk3bW5mK3YrfHwrZHJpdmluZytJbmRpYUBpbmQ= |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Air ===
[[Behala Airport]] is {{cvt|5.11|km}} via Behala Flying Club Road and [[Taratala Road]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappls: Get map direction from Behala Airport, Behala Flying Club Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700060 |url=https://www.mappls.com/direction-from-behala-flying-club,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-pin-700060?-to-2,-gopal-nagar,-alipore,-kolkata,-west-bengal,-pin-700027?@z!data=ZnJvbSs4OC4yOTU4OTcyOTI0MjU2NSUyQzIyLjUwNDQyNjU4ODUzNDk0JTJDa3RkNnRjJTNCODguMjk1ODk3MjkyNDI1NjUlMkMyMi41MDQ0MjY1ODg1MzQ5NCt0bys4OC4zMjM1MDYxNDI2NjIxJTJDMjIuNTE5MjgxNjA4MjE3MzQlMkMzMDFjeHMlM0I4OC4zMjM1MDYxNDI2NjIxJTJDMjIuNTE5MjgxNjA4MjE3MzQrdit8fCtkcml2aW5nK0luZGlhQGluZCs= |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 69.jpg|Majerhat metro station signboard
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 72.jpg|Majerhat metro station second concourse building
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 32.jpg|Majerhat metro station first concourse building
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 25.jpg|Majerhat metro station staircases
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 13.jpg|Majerhat metro concourse and walkover
Majerhat Metro Station as on 24 Feb 2024.jpg|Majerhat metro station as seen from Jai Hind Setu
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 03.webm|Majerhat metro station composite structure
File:Majerhat_metro_station,_majerhat_railway_station_and_Majerhat_bridge_tour_28.jpg|Majerhat metro station entrance
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 16.jpg|Majerhat metro station [[Automated fare collection|AFC-PC gates]]
Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 17.jpg|Majerhat metro station control room
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Dum Dum metro station]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/ Official website of Metro Railway, Kolkata]

{{Kolkata Metro|purple line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]

Harinagar, Bihar

2026-05-04T07:53:40Z

RockyHerz477: Added

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2026}}
'''Harinagar''' is a small village in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/BIHAR/WEST_CHAMPARAN/H/HARINAGAR|title=Pin Code: HARINAGAR, WEST CHAMPARAN, BIHAR, India, Pincode.net.in|website=pincode.net.in|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

== Language ==
[[Maithili language|Maithili]] is primary spoken all over the village and no other language is being practiced. The officers, who are outside of the Maithili speaking territory, use [[Hindi]] as a connecting language. Maithili is recognized as an official language in India in the [[8th Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].

== Population ==
The population of the village is composed of various [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] people. All four varna (i.e. [[Brahman]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]], and [[Shudra]]) are represented in the village, out of which the Brahmans are in the majority. According to the [[2011 census of India|census of 2011]], the total population of the village is 6,895.

== Demographics ==
The population of the village is also classified on the basis of [[Caste system in India|caste]], geographical position and other factors.

=== Local division ===
The village is divided into Lakshmipur (popularly - Puwari Tola), Jagir Tola, Rajua Tola, Dharisham Tola, Mallah tola, Chamartoli or Musahari (the place for lower caste people outside of the village), Kursham, etc. Dharisham also contains Paasi people.

=== Administration ===
Harinagar comes under [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]] parliamentary constituency, and it comes under [[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar]] West Assembly constituency. Both [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] are kept reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe]] people.

== Public amenities ==
The village is equipped with the Higher Secondary Kasturaba Gandhi Girls School with a hostel facility for the girls from lower caste backgrounds. There is a secondary high school. There are three primary schools up to 5th class.

The village has four [[Anganwadi|Anganbaadi centers]], and four [[Asha Kiran]] runs with the collaboration of [[UNICEF]]. There is a railway connectivity. The station code is HIR.

The village also enjoys electricity supply for a long time.

== Transport ==
Harinagar is connected by road as well as by railway. Anyone can reach the village by bike, car, buses or rail via [[Darbhanga Junction railway station|Darbhanga Junction]]. There are two popular places near the village; one is Ber Chock and another is [[Supaul Bazar]]. From these two places, anyone can get a vehicle to reach the village. However, these facilities are only available up to 6:00 PM local time.

== Festivals ==
The villagers celebrate almost all [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festivals like [[Holi]], [[Diwali]]/Deepawali, [[Kali Puja]] (worship), [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]], [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]], and [[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]]. Among all the festivals, [[Jur Sital|Judi-Sheetal]] is the most famous one in Harinagar. It is celebrated on 14 or 15 April each year.

== Temples ==
Harinagar contains One [[Shiva|Shiv]] Temple, two [[Hanuman]] temples, a [[Kali]] temple, a [[Radha Krishna]] Campus and three Deehbaar Palaces.{{Clarification needed|date=September 2024|reason=What is a Deehbaar Palace?}}

It is notable that the whole population of Harinagar is of Hindu belief. No people with other religious beliefs reside there. Most of them are Bhaman by caste.

== Economy of village ==
The economy of the village is largely dependent on agriculture and pastoral work, as the villagers do not have any other option to work with industry. The villagers go out of the village in the quest of jobs in big cities where they work in industries and drive [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaws]]. The educated people work as teachers, doctors, supervisors, team-leaders, and engineers.

== Challenges before the villagers ==
The villagers are facing many challenges to fulfill the needs of their family. Employment problems are the biggest issue.

Struggling for quality education is the most important obstacle which hinders the development of the village. It is a big misfortune of the village that in spite of having so many educational institutions, the villagers still have to struggle for quality education. The teachers in these schools are less qualified as their degrees say. If one or two of them are qualified, they have been given extra educational duties to attain. In spite of all these difficulties, a significant change has occurred in the education system of the village. The majority of the students go for higher education, showing victory in several fields of study.

The position of women in the village is deteriorating, as [[Purdah|Pardah]] systems are still prevalent, and they are not allowed to get higher education. In the last few years a significant check has been seen, but the treatment of women still has far to go.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]

AIR Srinagar

2026-04-26T18:28:55Z

RockyHerz477:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox radio station
| country = IN
| name = All India Radio Srinagar
| logo = File:Jitendra Singh inaugurating the 10KW transmitter of All India Radio, at Patnitop, Ramban Distt., in Jammu & Kashmir.JPG
| city = [[Srinagar]]
| area = [[India]]
| branding = AIR Srinagar
| frequency = {{Frequency|1116|KHz}} MW {{Frequency|102.6|MHz}} FM {{Frequency|103.5|MHz}} FM
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate =
| last_airdate = 
| format =
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] [[Urdu]] [[Hindi]]
| power =
| erp =
| haat =
| class =
| facility_id =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.072639|74.829381|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator = [[All India Radio]]
| owner = [[Prasar Bharati]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations = [[AIR Jammu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=AIR Jammu |url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/playersource.php?channel=174}}</ref>
| webcast = [http://prasarbharati.gov.in/playersource.php?channel=174 AIR Srinagar Live]
| website = [http://allindiaradio.gov.in/ allindiaradio.gov.in]
| former_names = Radio Kashmir Srinagar
}}

'''All India Radio Srinagar''' ('''AIR Srinagar''' also identified as '''Akashvani Srinagar''') is a [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|public]] radio station operating in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India solely owned by [[Government of India]]'s Public Service Broadcaster [[Prasar Bharati]]<ref>{{cite web |title=AIR Srinagar |url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/playersource.php?channel=174 |website=Prasar Bharati |accessdate=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Radio Kashmir becomes AIR From Today: A Short History of Radio Kashmir | website=India.com | date=2019-10-31 | url=https://www.india.com/news/india/radio-kashmir-becomes-air-from-today-a-short-history-of-radio-kashmir-3826220/ | access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref> All India Radio Srinagar broadcasts in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], Urdu and [[Hindi language]]s. Formerly known as Radio Kashmir Srinagar,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/website-of-radio-kashmir-jammu-launched-645564-2016-07-22 | title=Website of Radio Kashmir Jammu launched : PTI feed, News - India Today | author=Press Trust of India | date=22 July 2016 | access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> it was renamed as AIR Srinagar following the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]. It is one of public stations in the union territory alongside ''[[AIR Jammu]]'' and ''[[AIR Leh]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Radio Kashmir renamed All India Radio | website=The Tribune | date=2019-10-20 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/archive/radio-kashmir-renamed-all-india-radio-854438 | access-date=2020-07-13 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Radio Kashmir renamed All India Radio | website=Outlook India | date=2019-10-31 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/radio-kashmir-renamed-all-india-radio/1652166 | access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref> All India Radio Jammu broadcasts in [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]] and Hindi languages.

==History==
It was established on 1 July 1948 when [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], inaugurated the Radio Kashmir Srinagar station<ref name="Sheikh Abdullah inaugurated the radio kashmir">{{cite web|title=Sheikh Abdullah inaugurated the radio kashmir|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Nov/8/yeh-radio-kashmir-hai-1.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302014206/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Nov/8/yeh-radio-kashmir-hai-1.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> near the Tourist Reception Centre in [[Srinagar]]. Its broadcasting station is still located in Srinagar near Zero or Abdullah Bridge.<ref name="Radio Kashmir Location">{{cite web|title=Radio Kashmir Srinagar - Srinagar|url=http://wikimapia.org/168024/Radio-Kashmir-Srinagar|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> J.N. Zutshi was the first Director General of Radio Kashmir. He was also the Secretary to Information & Broadcasting to J&K Government. Ghulam [[Mohyeddin|Mohi-ud-Din]] was the first head of the station. Radio Kashmir Srinagar became most popular when [[Pushkar Bhan]]'s ''Zoon Dab'' was aired for more than nineteen years from the Radio Kashmir station,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+pbhan.html |title=Prominent Kashmiris: Pushkar Bhan |work=The Kashmir Education, Culture and Science Society |year=2013 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229014129/http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+pbhan.html |archive-date=29 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and became a usual medium of entertainment for the people who used to listen the Radio Kashmir 24/7.

==Crisis==
After 1953 when Kashmir's political power began to change, observers{{Who|date=September 2016}} say that Radio Kashmir Srinagar, shortly after its establishment, came under the control of [[All India Radio]] to counter the Radio Azad Kashmir. Observers also say that both these stations were used to counter programmes aired by each other. When the Azad Radio Kashmir used to air ''{{lang|ar-Latn|Zarb e qaleem}}'', it was countered by Srinagar station's ''{{lang|ar-Latn|Jawabi hamla}}''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strategic Importance of Radio Kashmir in Countering Pakistan's War of Words against India |url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/37_2/StrategicImportanceofRadioKashmir |accessdate=14 May 2013 |newspaper=I.D.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ye radio kashmir hai |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Nov/8/yeh-radio-kashmir-hai-1.asp |publisher=Greater Kashmir |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref>

==Contribution==
All India Radio Srinagar has contributed a lot towards the traditional music of Kashmir. It became home of people like [[Ghulam Hassan Sofi]], who used to sing Kashmir's traditional songs which provided relief to the disturbed minds of Kashmiri people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melody, meditation and melancholy: A tribute to Hasan Suif|url=http://koshur.org/music/ghsofi/index.html|publisher=Koshur|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> All India Radio Srinagar also aired [[Kailash Mehra Sadhu|Kailash Mehra]]'s collection<ref name="Kailash Mehra's Collection">{{cite web|title=Kailash Mehra's. Another very melodious voice was that of Nirmala Chattoo around 1968 (who also sang in the first Kashmiri movie Maenj Raat). Nirmala Chattoo sang "Raah Baakshtam Sare Parwardigaro- which became a great collection on Vividhbharati station. Collection|url=http://vipjatt.com/album/17815/Best_Of_Kailash_Mehra-By-Kailash_Mehra.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013202134/http://vipjatt.com/album/17815/Best_Of_Kailash_Mehra-By-Kailash_Mehra.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-13}}</ref> which people liked most. [[Janbaaz Kishtwari]] (Ghulam Nabi Doolwal) was one of the noted artist who showed his talent through All India Radio Srinagar. Nowadays his daughter Jahan Ara Janbaz reaches her fans through All India Radio Srinagar. All India Radio Srinagar is believed to be the only medium which is broadcasting the audio of Kashmiri traditional songs, thus keeping Kashmiri musical tradition alive and contributing towards the Kashmiri society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Kashmir's contribution towards Kashmiri music|url=http://www.koausa.org/KoshSam/music.html|publisher=Koausa|accessdate=14 May 2013|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028052856/http://www.koausa.org/KoshSam/music.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Floods of 2014 ===
During floods in Srinagar in September 2014 All India Radio Srinagar (then Radio Kashmir Srinagar) station was only medium of communication between flood affected victims and the then Chief Minister of State [[Omar Abdullah]] led government who also reached to affected through Radio Kashmir. Even after the flood wiped the [[DD Kashir|Doordarshan Kendra Srinagar]] which led to wind up its broadcast, just next door to it, Radio Kashmir Station survived much more than any other radio or Internet service. Radio station in floods started Short Message Service so affected people could be rescued while its building was itself submerged. Finally the flood reached the first floor where in studios were affected and radio too closed its broadcast and announcer promised to restore the service as soon as possible. Later news and interaction programmes were aired from makeshift transmitting station on [[Shankaracharya Hill]]. RKS started a Helpline on 4 September 2014 when south kashmir started submerging. It was initiated and started by Mr Shamshad Kralawari, Head Commercial Broadcasting Service. Once RKS itself was under water the program staff climbed on to Shankracharya Hill and continued Helpline with bare minimum resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jammu-floods-radio-link-shankaracharya-hill-air-radio-kashmir-42255.html|title=Jammu floods: Radio link connects people in Valley, inform about well being|date=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://khabarsouthasia.com/en_GB/articles/apwi/articles/features/2014/10/16/feature-01|title = Huawei-4234821_1280 – Khabar South Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-radio-link-connects-people-in-flooded-jammu-and-kashmir-2020364|title=Radio link connects people in flooded Jammu and Kashmir - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|author=|date=21 September 2014|publisher=|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

==News==
Radio Kashmir's news section holds a responsibility whenever political crisis appear, or some other violences appeared during [[Kashmir conflict]]. ''Shehar Been'' is among top of the news program broadcast by Radio Kashmir Srinagar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shehar Been gets the axe, duration slashed to 10 minutes|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2008/Sep/2/shehar-been-gets-the-axe-duration-slashed-to-10-minutes-27.asp|accessdate=17 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> However, at peak of militancy inside Kashmir, the officials and newscasters of sister department of Prasar Bharti newsroom reportedly received death threats so for some time news was aired from Delhi for Radio Kashmir, it was like this "ye radio kashmir hai ab ap sunye nayi delhi se khabrein".<ref>{{cite web|title=Suspension of broadcast from radio kashmir station|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Nov/8/yeh-radio-kashmir-hai-1.asp|publisher=Greater Kashmir|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref>

==Religious contribution==
AIR Srinagar also serves in the holy months of [[Muslim]]s by producing such programs related to particular holy months like [[Muharram]] and for [[Ramadan]]. AIR Srinagar aired in 1980's the voice of Mirza Abdul Ghani Beigh,<ref name="Mirza Sakhi Wilayat Beigh">{{cite web|title=:: Nauha Room of Beighs :: Gateway of Kashmiri Nauhas: Mirza Abdul Ghani Beigh|url=http://www.nauharoomofbeighs.blogspot.in/p/abdul-ghani-beigh.html | author= | date= | access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> the prominent Kashmiri [[Noha]] reciter and writer. The audience belonging to Shia community thronged at public spots or wherever radios found, across the valley to wait for the programme of such religious Nauhakhan. AIR Srinagar broadcasts necessary announcements related to different sects living in Kashmir, including special updates for Shri Amarnathji Yatra.

== See also ==
*[[Radio Sharda]]
*[[AIR FM Gold]]
*[[BIG FM 92.7]]
*[[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]]
*[[Vividh Bharati]]
*[[All India Radio]]
*[[DD Kashir]]
*[[DD Urdu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Mass media in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Radio stations in India]]

It's My Love Story

2026-04-23T23:18:34Z

RockyHerz477: Stub...

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = It's My Love Story
| image = It's My Love Story.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Madhura Sreedhar Reddy
| story = Madhura Sreedhar Reddy
| producer = Dr. M. V. K. Reddy
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]]|[[Nikitha Narayan]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]
| editing =
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|11|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''It's My Love Story''''' is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]] and starring [[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]] (in his lead debut) and newcomer [[Nikitha Narayan]].<ref>
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/vijayayatra-itsmylovestory.html|title=It's My Love Story Vijaya Yatra|date=17 November 2011|work=Idlebrain|language =te}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-madhurasridhar-imls.html|title=Chitchat with Madhura Sridhar about It's My Love Story|date=9 November 2011|work=Idlebrain}}</ref> Author [[Chetan Bhagat]] attended the film's premiere.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chetan-bhagat-to-attend-its-my-love-storys-premiere/articleshow/10606623.cms|title=Chetan Bhagat to attend It's My Love Story's premiere|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews while the songs were praised.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]] as Arjun
*[[Nikitha Narayan]] as Vandana
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi, Vandana's mother
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Srinivasa Rao, Vandana's father
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Arjun's mother
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Vishwanath]] as Arjun's father
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Sujath A., Vandana's gay boss
* Vennela Rama Rao as Varma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/chitchat-vennelaramarao.html|title=Chitchat with Vennela Rama Rao|date=18 January 2013|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|location=Hyderabad|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>
*RJ Ghajini as Peter
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Poola Babji, the drunk flower seller
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] (cameo appearance in the song "Gallate")<ref name="T">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-is-all-set-to-shake-his-booty/articleshow/9567055.cms|title=Sundeep Kishan is all set to shake his booty|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Shifa Aqil (cameo appearance in the song "Gallate")<ref name="T"/>
}}

==Soundtrack==
Songs by Sunil Kashyap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southmp3.co/its-my-love-story/|title=It's My Love Story Songs Download |website=Southmp3.co|date=16 September 2019|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> Songs were released on [[Madhura Audio]].
*"Gallate" – Pranavi, Sunil Kashyap
*"Muppai Sekanley" – [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], Sunil Kashyap, Pranavi, Nikitha Nigam
*"Neeloni Digule" – Pranavi
*"Nindaina Nee Chelimi" – Karunya, Pranavi
*"Ninnala Lede" – Chitra, Dinker
*"Thadi Pedavule Kalis" – Karunya, Chitra

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The plot is uninteresting and the actors are too inexperienced to rise above it. Innovative screen play could have still salvaged the film, but that doesn’t happen either".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/its-my-love-story/movie-review/10713888.cms|title=It's My Love Story Review|work=The Times of India|date=}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "''It's My Love Story'' is a disappointing film with nothing to engage the audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-its-my-love-story/20111111.htm|title=Review: It's My Love Story is boring|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=11 November 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Y. Sunitha Chowdhary of ''The Hindu'' wrote that "The story could have been simple and straight [...] but the plot turns labyrinthine with the sudden change in behaviour and character of Sarat Babu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Its-My-Love-Story-Dialect-dilemma/article12642785.ece|title=It's My Love Story: Dialect dilemma|date=12 November 2011|work=The Hindu|first=Y Sunita|last=Chowdhary}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations ==
*[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]{{cn|date=November 2024}}
**[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]] - Aravind Krishna - Nominated
**[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]] - Nikitha Narayan - Nominated

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2302671}}
{{Venky Atluri}}
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

Tapan Dasgupta

2026-04-21T23:22:39Z

RockyHerz477: Created a article!

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 20 May 2011
| predecessor1 = ''New seat''
| office2 = [[Second Banerjee ministry|Minister of Agriculture Marketing]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| governor2 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rabindranath Bhattacharjee]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| successor2 = [[Becharam Manna]]
| term_start2 = 20 May 2016
| term_end2 = 5 May 2021
| office = President, Hooghly District [[Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start = 24 July 2005
| term_end = 4 July 2019
| predecessor = [[Akbar Ali Khondkar]]
| successor = Dilip Yadav
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| constituency1 = [[Saptagram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saptagram, Hooghly]]
}}

'''Tapan Dasgupta''' is an [[Indian politician]] who served as [[Government of West Bengal|minister of Agriculture Marketing]] in West Bengal [[Second Banerjee ministry|under the ministry of Mamata Banerjee]] from 2016 till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Suryagni Roy |date=14 September 2021 |title=No votes, no water and electricity: Bengal minister Tapan Dasgupta threatens voters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/no-votes-no-water-and-electricity-bengal-minister-tmc-tapan-dasgupta-threatens-voters-1776472-2021-03-07 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Being a member of Trinamool Congress,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-27 |title=List of Ministers in Mamata's cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/list-of-ministers-in-mamatas-cabinet/article8654872.ece |access-date=2022-09-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he is currently serving as a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram constituency]] since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC leader Aditya Niyogi shot at in West Bengal's Hooghly district |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/11/tmc-leader-aditya-niyogi-shot-at-in-west-bengals-hooghly-district-2301227.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=11 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dasgupta was graduate student of Rishi Bankim College, [[Naihati]]. He completed his studies and did B.A. in [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapan Dasgupta(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- SAPTAGRAM(HOOGHLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1598 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Mamata Banerjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, took action in July 2019 to remove minister Dasgupta from his position as party president of the Hooghly district unit. This came just a few days after his name was mentioned in connection with the kickback scandal. Dilip Yadav, a local leader, has taken over from Dasgupta in this role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title='Cut money' fallout: CM Mamata Banerjee sacks Hooghly district unit chief Tapan Dasgupta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cut-money-fallout-cm-mamata-banerjee-sacks-hooghly-district-unit-chief-tapan-dasgupta-5815780/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Tapan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]

Battle of Surat (1704)

2026-04-21T19:15:59Z

RockyHerz477: new first data more to come!

{{Short description|1704 naval battle}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Surat
| image = ISS006-E-44089 - View of India.jpg
| caption = The battle took place at the deepest point of the [[river delta]], near [[Surat]] (north-west of the image)
| partof = the [[Omani–Portuguese conflicts]]
| date = 2 February 1704
| place = Off [[Surat]], [[Arabian Sea]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|4|2|N|72|39|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Portuguese victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}} [[Imamate of Oman|Oman]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} D. António de Meneses{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} Diogo Tavares da Gama{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} Jorge de Sousa de Meneses{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}} Unnamed admiral{{KIA}}{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}}
| strength1 = 1 [[ship of the line]] 7 [[frigate]]s
| strength2 = 9 [[ship of the line|ships of the line]] and [[frigate]]s
| casualties1 = 1 frigate damaged{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}}{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}} 40,{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}} 90{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=49}} or 100{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}} killed 30{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}}{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=49}}–150{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}} wounded
| casualties2 = 2 frigates captured{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=9}}{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=49}}{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}} 700 killed{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=49}}{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}}
| campaignbox = {{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}
}}
The '''Battle of Surat''' took place on 2 February 1704, off [[Surat]], [[India]], [[Arabian Sea]], when a Portuguese [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] of one ship of the line and seven frigates, commanded by D. António de Meneses, defeated an Omani squadron of nine ships of the line and frigates.

== Background ==
[[File:Caetano de Melo e Castro.png|thumb|Portrait of Viceroy Caetano de Melo e Castro|border|418x418px]]In September 1703, the Omanis returned to the Indian coast with a squadron of five ships, and pillaged the outskirts of [[Daman, India|Daman]] during seven days.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}} When the news of the sack reached [[Old Goa|Goa]], the Viceroy of India, Caetano de Melo e Castro, quickly organized a [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] of four [[frigate]]s, commanded by [[captain of sea and war]] Jorge de Sousa de Meneses. However, shortly after the departure of the Portuguese squadron, news reached Goa that the Omani had received reinforcements and their squadron was now composed by nine [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]] and frigates, accompanied by a certain number of ''terradas'', whose garrison was composed by 3,000 soldiers. Fearing that the four frigates of Sousa de Meneses wouldn't be sufficient to face a so powerful enemy, the Viceroy decided to reinforce the squadron with two frigates, that sailed to the north commanded by D. António de Meneses. Not satisfied, yet, the Viceroy still reinforced, on 30 December, the squadron with the 60-gun ship of the line ''Nossa Senhora da Glória'' and another frigate.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

Thanks to the diligence of the Viceroy, now the Portuguese squadron was composed by one ship of the line and seven frigates, assisted by twelve [[rowing]] ships that constituted the Northern Squadron, in charge of escorting merchant caravans.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

After the sack of Daman, the Omani had sailed to [[Surat]], having stayed with the high board anchored at the ''poço'' ({{Literal translation|deep}}, meaning the deepest part of [[Tapti River|Surat river]]'s [[River mouth|mouth]]) and having sent the ''terradas'' to near the city. Sousa de Meneses stayed outside the ''poço'', limiting himself to watch the enemy while waiting the arrival of the reinforcements whose he knew it was being prepared in Goa. As soon as they arrived, they decided to attack.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

== Battle ==

On 2 February, at 2:00 p.m., enjoying the [[Tide|high tide]], the Portuguese squadron crossed the [[shoal]] that separated the exterior anchorage from the ''poço'', having anchoring in the interior of it and having stayed with the ships next to and in a short distance with one of the Omani ships. Then a violent artillery duel started, and it lasted until the [[sunset]].{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

At 4:00 p.m., by accident or by the action of the enemy, the frigate ''Nossa Senhora da Batalha'' started to catch fire. The frigate ''Nossa Senhora do Vale'' helped she, extinguishing the fire.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

By result of the sure shot of the Portuguese artillery and musketry, the Omani suffered a lot of damage and casualties. The 80-gun [[flagship]] of the Omani squadron and a 50-gun, both ships of the line, in the attempt of move away from the Portuguese ships, ran aground, shortly after two frigates ran aground too.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

At 6:00 p.m. the Omani squadron was completely destroyed and their captains thought of nothing else but move away from the Portuguese ships. By the night the fighting ended.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}

On 3 February, at 1:00 a.m., with high tide, the two Omani ships of the line that had run aground managed to leave and silently abandoned the ''poço'', and sailed towards [[Muscat]], like all the Omani squadron, except the two frigates that couldn't leave.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=47}}{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}

By the [[sunrise]] of 3 February, both frigates were captured by the Portuguese, one could leave and was incorporated in the [[Portuguese Navy]], christened as ''São Caetano'', and the other was burned.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}

== Aftermath ==

Together with the two frigates lost, the Omani suffered heavy casualties, 700 dead and a lot of wounded.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}} The Portuguese suffered 90 dead, the most were victims of the fire of the frigate ''Nossa Senhora da Batalha'', and 30 and 150 wounded.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}}

When notifying the victory in a letter to the King, the Viceroy said that "[...] ''it was one of the fiercest clashes seen in India for many years'' [...]"{{Sfn|Santos|2003|p=235}} and that "[...] ''it was fought in full view of the English, the Dutch, and the same Mughals who valued the Arabs for the most valiant soldiers in Asia and feared them and respected'' [...]"{{Sfn|Esparteiro|1975|p=38}}{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}{{Sfn|Balsemão|1882|p=8}}

According to [[Portuguese Navy]] historian, Commander Armando da Silva Saturnino Monteiro, "''It is to be assumed that as a result of the victory achieved, the Portuguese prestige in India has risen considerably, canceling out in some measure the bad impression caused by the [[Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)|loss of Mombasa]] in 1698.''"{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}

After the battle the Portuguese squadron stayed anchored in the ''poço'' of Surat until April, in order to prevent that the Omani ''terradas'' anchored in Surat sailed to Oman. At the approaching of the [[monsoon]], the squadron left.{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=48}}

Ten years later, on 19 February 1714, another naval battle between Portugal and Oman was fought off Surat, this time it ended with an indecisive strategic outcome, but with a Portuguese [[tactical victory]].{{Sfn|Monteiro|1996|p=90}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Balsemão |first=Eduardo Augusto de Sá Nogueira Pinto de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAM3AQAAMAAJ |title=Os Portugueses no Oriente: Feitos Gloriosos Praticados pelos Portugueses no Oriente |date=1882 |publisher=[[Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda|Imprensa Nacional]] |volume=3 |location=New Goa |language=pt}}
* {{cite book |last=Esparteiro |first=António Marques |url=https://academia.marinha.pt/pt/edicoes/EdicoesDiversas/O%20General%20dos%20Gale%C3%B5es%20do%20Estado%20da%20%C3%8Dndia_compressed.pdf |title=O General dos Galeões do Estado da Índia: António de Figueiredo e Utra (1678–1751) |date=1975 |publisher=[[Academia de Marinha|Centro de Estudos de Marinha]] |location=Lisbon |language=pt}}
* {{cite book |last=Monteiro |first=Armando da Silva Saturnino |url=http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |title=Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa (1669-1807) |publisher=Livraria Sá da Costa Editora |year=1996 |volume=7 |location=Lisbon |language=pt |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302235522/http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Santos |first=Nuno Valdez dos |url=https://academia.marinha.pt/pt/edicoes/EdicoesDiversas/Apontamentos%2520para%2520a%2520Hist%25C3%25B3ria%2520da%2520Marinha%2520Portuguesa_compressed.pdf |title=Apontamentos para a História da Marinha Portuguesa |publisher=[[Academia de Marinha]] |year=2003 |volume=2 |location=Lisbon |language=pt}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041019062200/http://www.ancruzeiros.pt/anchistoria-comb-1704.html Surrate (2 de Fevereiro de 1704)]

[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India|Surat]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Portugal|Surat]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Omani Empire|Surat]]

Nalini Kanta Pradhan

2026-04-20T05:30:59Z

RockyHerz477: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nalini Kanta Pradhan
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Ramesh Chandra Sai
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Nalini Kanta Pradhan''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nalini Kanta Pradhan Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=544 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Athamallik Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Nalini Kanta Pradhan of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/athamallik-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916528.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nalini Kanta Pradhan, BJD Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/nalini-kanta-pradhan-18063-4 |website=NDTV |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Nalini Kanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Manas Kumar Dutta

2026-04-20T01:53:04Z

RockyHerz477: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manas Kumar Dutta
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Swarup Kumar Das
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Manas Kumar Dutta''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manas Kumar Dutta Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=959 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Balasore Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Manas Kumar Dutta of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/balasore-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916659.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of BJP candidates |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-bjp-candidates-19411017.htm |website=CNBC-TV18 |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Manas Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anwarul Hoque

2026-04-18T22:09:31Z

RockyHerz477: new the stub and citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwarul Hoque
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]]
| successor1 = [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]]
| constituency1 = [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| party = [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| children =
| source =
}}
'''Anwarul Hoque''' was a former legislator of [[Assam]] who won the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/who's-who-2016.html|title=MEMBERS OF 14th ASSAM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|website=Assam Legislative Assembly|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/assam2006/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default
|title=List of Winners in Assam 2006
|website=My Neta|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoque, Anwarul}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:52Z

RockyHerz477: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{about|the constituency in Surat district|the constituency in Kachchh district|Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandvi
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 157
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = Kunvarjibhai Narsinhbhai Halpati
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:246979}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Mandvi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is a segment of [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mandvi Taluka
# Songadh Taluka (Part) Villages – Sadadkuva, Samarkuva, Amaldi, Singalvan, Ajvar, Otatokarva, Borda, Jhari Amba, Gundi, Vajpur, Satkashi, Kuilivel, Amalpada, Bavli, Serulla, Limbi, Sar Jamli, Nindvada, Bhatvada, Khervada, Junai, Ghasiya Medha, Sisor, Panch Pipla, Bhanpur, Jamapur, Vekur, Bori Savar, Vadda P Bhensrot, Singal Khanch, Bundha, Silatvel, Patharda, Vadi Bhensrot, Singpur, Vaghnera, Dhajamba, Veljhar, Chikhli Bhensrot, Vajharda, Bedvan P Bhensrot, Ukhalda, Jhadpati, Galkhadi, Pipalkuva, Moti Khervan, Nani Khervan, Ghoda, Bhurivel, Bhimpura, Vagda, Gunsada, Dumda, Amlipada, Kelai, Kavla, Amli, Bedi, Agasvan, Nishana, Achhalva, Bedvan Khadka, Kikakui, Mandal, Chakalia, Ukai (CT).

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
* 1962 - Ramjibhai Rajibhai Chaudhari (INC)<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3828-gujarat-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on Generlal Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1967 - P. D. Patel (INC)<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3829-gujarat-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on Generlal Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
* 1972 - Vinodbhai M Chaudhari (INC)<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3830-gujarat-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on Generlal Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
1975-2007 ASSEMBLY SEAT KNOWN AS SONGADH
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Parbhubhai Vasava]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2014*
| rowspan=2|[[Anand Chaudhari]]
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017" />
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kunvarji Halpati|Kunvarji Narsinhbhai Halpati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>By election

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunvarji Halpati]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=74502|percentage=39.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anand Chaudhari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=56393|percentage=29.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saynaben Rustambhai Gamit|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=49108|percentage=25.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Chhotubhai Chaudhary|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2292|percentage=1.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2902|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=9.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:243846}}

}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mandvi (Surat)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anand Chaudhari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 96,483
|percentage = 53.10
|change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Merjibhai Chaudhari|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=45,707|percentage=25.16|change=-13.54}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = [[Kunvarji Halpati]]
|votes = 29,552
|percentage = 16.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=50,776|percentage=27.94|change=+14.47}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,695|percentage=80.39|change=-0.19}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 by-poll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2014: Mandvi}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anand Chaudhari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=91,242|percentage=52.17|change=+2.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hemlataben Vasava|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=68,673|percentage=38.70|change=+3.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,569|percentage=+13.47|change=-1.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=174,888|percentage=80.58|change=+0.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]<ref name=election2012/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prabhubhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 83,298
|percentage = 49.72
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hemlataben Vasava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 58,904
|percentage = 35.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24394
|percentage = 14.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 167536
|percentage = 80.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.26|73.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Hindi Academy

2026-04-14T03:19:04Z

RockyHerz477: Stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Hindi Academy
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1981}}
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| purpose = advocacy
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| leader_title = Founder
| leader_name =
| key_people = [[Manish Sisodia]] (President) Surendra Sharma (Vice-President)
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = Art, Culture and Language Department of the [[Government of Delhi]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/|Official Website}}
| remarks =
| former_name =
}}
'''Hindi Academy''' ({{langx|hi|हिन्दी अकादमी}}) is an autonomous organisation in [[Delhi]], [[India]], set up by the [[Government of Delhi]] in 1981. The organisation was founded to try to promote [[Hindi language]], [[Hindi literature|literature]] and culture.<ref name="gov">{{cite news |title=लक्ष्य एवं उद्देश्य |trans-title=Aims and Objectives |url=http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_hindi/hindiacademy/Home+Page/Goals+and+Objectives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530022352/http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_hindi/hindiacademy/Home+Page/Goals+and+Objectives |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2019 |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref> The [[Chief minister (India)|deputy CM]] of Delhi, [[Manish Sisodia]], is the president of the academy, and poet Surendra Sharma is serving as the vice-president.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 September 2019 |title=संचालन समिति के सदस्यों की सूची |trans-title=List of Steering Committee Members |url=http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_Hindi/hindiacademy/whats+new/sadsayalist |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref> The organisation works under the direction of the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]]'s Art, Culture and Language Department.<ref name="gov" />

The Hindi Academy honors litterateurs, journalists, writers and poets for their contributions to Hindi literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi Academy Delhi honors Salil Chaturvedi with Hindi Seva Samman |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/hindi-academy-delhi-honors-salil-chaturvedi-with-hindi-seva-samman/ |publisher=India Education Diary |date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Javed Akhtar bestowed with Shalaka Samman, highest honour of Hindi Sahitya Academy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/javed-akhtar-bestowed-with-shalaka-samman-highest-honour-of-hindi-sahitya-academy-4875041.html |publisher=Firstpost |date=2 August 2018}}</ref> The academy honors writers and litterateurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=सम्मान व पुरस्कार |trans-title=Honours and Awards |url=http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_hindi/hindiacademy/Home+Page/Honors+and+awards+system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230073848/http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_hindi/hindiacademy/Home+Page/Honors+and+awards+system |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=8 March 2020 |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref> After the death of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader Santosh Koli in 2013, the Hindi Academy announced another award of {{Currency|200,000|INR|passthrough=yes}} titled Hindi Akademi Shikhar Samman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi government announces Rs 2 lakh award in memory of Santosh Koli |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-government-announces-rs-2-lakh-award-in-memory-of-santosh-koli/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Institute of Hindi]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Urdu Academy, New Delhi]]
* [[World Hindi Secretariat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219210036/http://hindiacademy.delhi.gov.in/ |date=19 February 2020 }}
[[Category:Government of Delhi]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in Delhi]]

Raja Raghuraj Singh

2026-04-13T17:41:20Z

RockyHerz477:

{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Raghuraj Singh
| title = Raja of Mankapur
| image = RajaRaghurajSingh1.png
| reign = 1886–1932
| predecessor = Raja Prithvipath Singh
| successor = Raja Raghavendra Pratap Singh
| birth_date = 20th April 1870
| birth_place = Machligaon, Manakpur, Gonda, United Provinces
| death_date = 1932
| death_place = Manakpur Palace, Gonda, United Provinces
| house = Bisen Dynasty
}}

'''Raja Raghuraj Singh''' '''OBE''' (1880–1932) was a [[taluqdar]] and a figure in the [[Mankapur]] Estate, located in Uttar Pradesh, India. Known for his influence and leadership, he was an active participant in India's freedom struggle, supporting the [[Indian independence movement|nationalist movement]] in the [[Gondar|Gonda]] district and hosting notable leaders of the independence movement.

== Early life ==
Born on April 20, 1870, Raghuraj Singh was part of the Bisen Rajput lineage, with roots traced back to Raja Prithvi Mall of [[Majhauli Raj|Majhauli]], linking him to other notable Bisen families in [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Bhinga]], and [[Kalakankar]]. In 1886, at the age of sixteen, he inherited the Mankapur Estate following the death of his father, Bhaiya Jai Prakash Singh. His early years were spent in the family residence, "Purwa," in the village of Machligaon.

== Estate management and local influence ==
Taking control of Mankapur Estate during a period of economic and administrative challenges, Singh worked to rebuild its standing. He implemented measures to establish order and control over the estate, addressing tenant disputes that had arisen during his predecessors' management. His influence in the region was marked not only by his governance but also by his engagement with local affairs, which positioned him as a leader in the community.

== Role in India's freedom struggle ==
Singh is remembered for his contribution to India's struggle for independence, particularly in the Gonda district. He played a significant role during the historic visit of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to Gonda in 1929, demonstrating his support for the freedom movement. On October 9, 1929, he led thousands to [[Mankapur Junction railway station|Mankapur railway]] station to welcome Gandhi and Nehru, who were touring to inspire participation in the nationalist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Raghuraj Singh {{!}} IMC |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/raja-raghuraj-singh}}</ref>

Later that day, more than 2,000 people, including peasants and local elites, gathered at Singh's residence, where [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] rested briefly. Gandhi delivered an inspiring speech that resonated deeply with the assembled crowd. At the end of the speech, Singh presented Gandhi with a purse containing a generous donation, a gesture that inspired others to contribute as well, with residents of nearby areas such as Raniganj Bazaar collectively donating over ₹3,000. His actions that day underscored his commitment to the freedom struggle and encouraged local elites to rally around the nationalist movement.

== Construction of Mankapur Kott ==
Central to Singh's legacy was the construction of his residence, Mankapur Kott. Inspired by Butler Palace in Lucknow, he commissioned the same architect to design Mankapur Kott, along with the additional estates of Mangalbhawan and Manorama Kothi. Completed in 1919, the palace spanned eight acres, with living quarters for family members around its perimeter and a central zenankhana (women's quarters). Adjacent to the palace, he restored an ancient Devi temple, where he revived traditional Dussehra ceremonies that included ritual sacrifices, reflecting his respect for cultural and religious practices of the region.

== Personal life ==
Singh married five times (three formal alliances and two informal partnerships), resulting in four sons and six daughters, who went on to form alliances with other prominent families across Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Among his companions was Josephine Carr, an Anglo-Indian who introduced Western customs to his household, reflecting a blend of traditional and Western influences in his lifestyle. Carr often accompanied him on social occasions and hunts, preparing the family for interactions with British society.

He is the father of Raja Raghavendra Pratap Singh, and the grandfather to [[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raja Anand Singh]] (Four-time Lok Sabha MP and MLA, former Agriculture Minister)

=== Titles, honors, and legacy ===
Singh's engagement with the British administration further solidified his position in the region. He served as a Member of the Legislative Council and received the [[Order of the British Empire]], securing the hereditary title of "[[Raja]]" in 1903. His active role in the independence movement, combined with his support for the British administration, highlighted the complexity of regional leadership under colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Saheb's Family |date=1939 |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/mankapur}}</ref>

Singh died in 1932, leaving behind a legacy that encompassed both traditional leadership and a commitment to India's independence. His contributions to the nationalist movement and the cultural landscape of Mankapur are remembered as pivotal in the region's history, with his descendants continuing to play influential roles in Uttar Pradesh's social and political spheres.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raja Raghuraj}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]

Rama Rao Pawar

2026-04-11T20:50:08Z

RockyHerz477: adding a biography...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
| successor =
| constituency =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Rama Rao Pawar''' (born 1954) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Mudhole Assembly constituency]] in Nirmal district. He represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhole assembly election results 2023: Mudhole Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/mudhole-assembly-result-29010 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Mudhole Election Result 2023 Live, Mudhole Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-mudhole-constituency-10.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pawar is from [[Mudhole]], [[Nirmal district]]. His father's name is Shyam Rav Patel Pawar. He is a businessman. He completed his B.Sc. in 1976 at Dharmavant Science and Arts College, [[Yakutpura]], [[Hyderabad]], which is affiliated with [[Osmania University]].He has two sons <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama Rao Patel Pawar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MUDHOLE(NIRMAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4618 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pawar won from [[Mudhole Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 98,252 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gaddigari Vittal Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 23, 999 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhole Constituency Election Results 2023: Mudhole Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/mudhole |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Mudhole Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mudhole-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687557.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election, he lost the Mudhole seat representing Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=In BJP Telangana wins, most gains in MP seats held by it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-telangana-wins-gains-mp-seats-9054443/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama Rao, Pawar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nirmal district]]

Om Namo Venkatesaya

2026-04-04T22:01:33Z

RockyHerz477: adding page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Om Namo Venkatesaya
| image = Om Namo Venkatesaya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = A. Mahesh Reddy
| story = [[J. K. Bharavi]]
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Pragya Jaiswal]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = AMR Sai Krupa Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|2|10|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|20 [[crore]]}}<ref name="ibtimes" />
}}

'''''Om Namo Venkatesaya''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language Hindu devotional [[Biographical film|biographical]] film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] and produced by A. Mahesh Reddy on AMR Sai Krupa Entertainments banner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-24 |title=Nagarjuna's next film is 'Om Namo Venkatesaya' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Nagarjuna%E2%80%99s-next-film-is-%E2%80%98Om-Namo-Venkatesaya%E2%80%99/article14399085.ece |access-date=2021-01-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as [[Hathiram Bhavaji]], alongside [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Saurabh Raj Jain]], and [[Pragya Jaiswal]]. [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Ashmita Karnani]], [[Brahmanandam]], and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] play supporting roles. It has music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Akhilandakoti Brahmandanayagan''. The film failed at the [[box office]].<ref name="ibtimes">{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2017-12-31 |title=Tollywood in 2017: 10 flop Telugu movies that incurred huge losses to distributors |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-10-worst-flop-telugu-movies-that-incurred-huge-losses-distributors-754982 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Rama, born in [[Maya Bazar, Faizabad|Dalpatpur Uparhar]] village in [[Ayodhya]], [[India]], in childhood leaves in God's quest and meets a saint Anubhavananda Swamy, who assures him that it will happen and he also plays with him. Swamy teaches Rama the dice game and later advises him to meditate. After 15 years, [[Venkateswara]] appears as a child and disturbs his meditation when Rama asks Him to leave. After that, he returns to his hometown, where his parents fix his alliance with his cousin Bhavani. Just before the marriage, Rama gets a call from his mentor in the dream that the time has arrived to play with God. He rushes to call off the wedding when Anubhavananda Swamy states that the boy who appeared before him is Lord Venkateswara.

Hence, Rama heads [[Tirumala]], where Krishnamma is another ardent devotee who believes in herself as the wife of the Lord and dedicates her life to his service. Besides, Govindarajulu, the temple administrator, performs illegal acts, misuses the temple funds, and makes the workers his slaves. Meanwhile, Rama reaches Tirumala and calls the Lord in the name of ''Balaji'' out of love and affection. But Rama is not allowed into the temple, so he sits outside for seven to eight days without having food or sleep. Govindarajulu orders his men to kick him, and they mishit him when the temple elephant rescues him. Later, Krishnamma treats him in her ''Ashram''. In her guidance, Rama learns about ''Sthala Puranam'' (History of the Temple) and decides to begin a new horizon at Tirumala by campaigning it to the pilgrims to make them aware of the true nature of the Lord. He also encounters Govindaraju by protecting pilgrims and employees from his atrocities.

Now, Rama constructs a new ''Ashram'' at the hilltop and starts cultivating their flowers and fruits and growing a cowshed (''Goshala'') for milk products to the temple. Here, Govindarajulu provokes Raaja Giridhara Rayalu against Rama, but he recognizes the fact and honesty of Rama. Giridhara Raaya allocates the temple authority to Rama and demotes Govindarajulu as a sweeper. In a short while, Rama makes many changes in the temple by introducing a new form of prayers (''Poojas''), services (''Seva'') such as offering [[Aarti]] with butter (''Navaneetha Aarti''), everyday marriage (''Nitya Kalyanam'') to the God, amenities for devotees, and making sure that the temple flourishes with all rituals as per the Holy Scriptures. Lord Venkateswara is impressed and lands on earth to play dice with Rama.

Henceforth, every day, the Lord visits to spend time with Rama. In the beginning, the Lord loses a ring in the bet [[Lakshmi]] gave as a token of love, but Rama is still under dichotomy whether the event occurred or not. Lakshmi gets angry with Venkateswara and leaves him, only to reside in Rama's house and bless him. Once, when Rama was fanning Lakshmi while she slept, a Tantrik attacked him. Lakshmi gets angry, assumes the form of [[Chamunda]], and kills the Tantrik. Lakshmi, pacified with Venkateswara, returns to him. Later on, Rama craves another glimpse of the Lord; at that exact moment, Venkateswara appears before him and plays the dice, in which the Lord loses all his jewelry. The next day, when priests open the temple doors, the Lord's main idol is found with no jewelry adorning, identified at Rama's Ashram.

At that point, Giridhara Raaya arrives to conduct an interrogation when Rama says that the Lord has given it to him. But no one believes it, so the King keeps a test on Rama to prove his innocence by locking him in a prison full of sugarcane and asking him to eat every bit before dawn; otherwise, he declares the death penalty. Soon, Lord Venkateswara appears in the form of an elephant and finishes it off, and disappears. In the morning, the King is surprised to learn the miracle in which the jewelry returns to Venkateswara. From there, the public nobilitates Rama as ''Hathiram Bhavaji,'' and the pilgrims visit him before seeing the God. Rama gets fed up and decides to leave Tirumala. Noticing this, Venkateswara follows and takes an oath that the former not leave the hill when Rama insists on being buried alive (''Sajeeva Samadhi'') at the hilltop, as per the vow the Lord has given him. At last, Venkateswara's wives Lakshmi & [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] blame him for the deed. Finally, the movie ends with the Lord proclaiming that ''Hathiram Bhavaji'' is immortal in his day-to-day services at the temple.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as [[Hathiram Bhavaji]]/Rama/Ramanujan
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Krishnamma
* [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] as [[Lord Venkateswara]]
* [[Vimala Raman]] as [[Lakshmi]]/ [[Padmavathi]]
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as King
* [[Pragya Jaiswal]] as Bhavani
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Govindarajulu
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Raaja Giridhara Rayalu
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Simhachalam
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Govinda Rajulu's assistant
* [[Sai Kumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] as Anubhavananda Swamy
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as [[Garuda]]
* [[Ashmita Karnani]] as [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Des Raj Baljot, Hathiram Bhavaji's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Hathiram Bhavaji's mother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Govinda Rajulu's assistant
* [[Sameer Hasan]] as [[Lord Shiva]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as [[Vakula Devi]]
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Govinda Rajulu's assistant
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
* [[Sudigali Sudheer]]
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* Karuna as Anjana
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Om Namo Venkatesaya
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|1|6}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 48:44
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Lacchimdeviki O Lekkundi]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and released on [[Lahari Music]] Company. The Audio launch held at Hitex N-Convention Centre, in [[Hyderabad]], on 8 January 2017, coinciding with [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Mukkoti Ekadasi]]. [[Akkineni Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Akhil Akkineni]] has launched the audio, Akkineni Nagarjuna, [[Amala Akkineni]], K. Raghavendra Rao, M.M.Keeravani, Jagapathi Babu, [[Dil Raju]], Anushka Shetty, Pragya Jaiswal and several other members of the film industry attended the event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Audio of Om Namo Venkatesaya released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/audio-of-om-namo-venkatesaya-released/articleshow/56419029.cms |access-date=2021-01-05 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 48:44
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Venkatesha Srinivasa
| lyrics1 = Vedavyas
| extra1 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 4:50

| title2 = Anandam
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Sarath Santosh, [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length2 = 4:05

| title3 = Akhilanda Koti Brahmanda Nayaka
| lyrics3 = Vedavyas
| extra3 = Sarath Santosh, [[T. Sreenidhi]]
| length3 = 4:22

| title4 = Brahmanda Bhandamula
| lyrics4 = Vedavyas
| extra4 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length4 = 1:16

| title5 = Kaliyuga Vaikuntapuri
| lyrics5 = Vedavyas
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], T. Sreenidhi, Ramya Behara
| length5 = 9:10

| title6 = Vayyari Kalahamsika
| lyrics6 = K. Siva Shakti Dutta, Dr. K. Rama Krishna
| extra6 = [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length6 = 3:25

| title7 = Anda Pinda
| lyrics7 = Vedavyas
| extra7 = Balaji, Muniraju, Sneha, [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length7 = 2:20

| title8 = Maha Padma Sadme
| lyrics8 = Vedavyas
| extra8 = Saketh
| length8 = 1:02

| title9 = Kamaneeyam Kaduramaneeyam
| lyrics9 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length9 = 5:04

| title10 = Brahmothsava
| lyrics10 = Vedavyas
| extra10 = T. Sreenidhi
| length10 = 3:11

| title11 = Pareeksha
| lyrics11 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra11 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length11 = 4:37

| title12 = Govindha Hari Govindha Gokula Nandana
| lyrics12 = Vedavyas
| extra12 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]], T. Sreenidhi
| length12 = 5:22
}}

==Critical reception==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Watch the film for Nagarjuna who comes up with another memorable performance. As you watch the story of a devotee who puts his love for the Lord above everything, it might make you go a little deeper and understand faith beyond rituals".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2017-02-10 |title=Om Namo Venkatesaya: Aesthetic devotional |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Om-Namo-Venkatesaya-Aesthetic-devotional/article17283058.ece |access-date=2021-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The grandeur on display is unquestionable and the film is certainly a visual treat. But the actors, in their fine splendour, seem to dully run through the motions and the film fails to strike a chord overall."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title='Om Namo Venkatesaya' Review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/feb/10/om-namo-venkatesaya-review-1569148.html |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6182372}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Om Namo Venkatesaya}}
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Supernatural films]]
[[Category:Paranormal films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Films set in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Films about Venkateswara]]

Godda railway station

2026-04-03T21:16:16Z

RockyHerz477: Put Up First Entry W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = GODDA
| native_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Godda railway station tion at night.jpg
| image_caption = Godda railway station
| address = Panjwara Road, [[Godda]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.83|87.22|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 88
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = * [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| other =
| structure = At-grade
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GODA
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-5'''
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| route_map = {{Dumka–Bhagalpur line}}
| map_type = India#India Jharkhand#
| map_dot_label = '''Godda'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Godda]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Godda
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| image_size =
}}
'''Godda railway station''' (station code: '''GODA''') is a railway station located in [[Godda]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It serves under [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line|Dumka-Bhagalpur line]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] (ER) under [[Malda railway division|Malda Railway Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Indian Railways launches Hansdiha-Godda new line in Jharkhand; starts Godda-New Delhi Humsafar special train |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-launches-hansdiha-godda-new-line-in-jharkhand-starts-godda-new-delhi-humsafar-special-train-2229850/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Trains ==
Godda station has 6 origin trains - 5 Mail Express and 1 Humsafar Express.

* [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Express]] (RNC - GODA){{Efn|runs only in Sunday, Wednesday and Friday}}
* [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section|Tatanagar Weekly Express]] (TATA - GODA){{Efn|runs only in Tuesday}}
* [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station|Rajendra Nagar Terminus Express]] (RJPB - GODA){{Efn|runs only on Saturday}}
* [[Gomti Nagar railway station|Gomtinagar Express]] (GTNR - GODA){{Efn|runs only on Saturday}}
* [[Godda-New Delhi Humsafar Express]] (NDLS - GODA){{Efn|runs on Wednesday only.}}

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="7" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|'''Track 2'''
|→
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], No- 3 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 | '''Track 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |
|-
|'''Track 4'''
|-
|
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] (Under construction)
|-
|}

==Further expansion==
As of 2025, work is under progress on Godda–Mahgama section, tender for which is released. The {{convert|32|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Hansdiha–Godda section was inaugurated on 8 April 2021 and a [[Humsafar Express]] runs weekly from Godda to New Delhi. This line is considered important to connect the [[Godda district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]] with the rest of India. The {{convert|80|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Godda–Pakur line is also planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आजादी के बाद पहली बार पोड़ैयाहाट पहुंची ट्रेन, पोड़ैयाहाट-हंसडीहा रेल लाइन शुरू-गोड्डा को मिला रेल का तोहफा Godda News - |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-new-train-start-for-godda-on-poreyahat-hansdiha-railway-root-of-indian-railways-19588779.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Redevelopment ==
In 2023, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] launched the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]. According to the scheme, the Ministry of Railways will redevelop railway stations across the country. It has been decided to transform 1309 stations to enhance the overall passenger experience including Godda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Indian Railways to redevelop 135 stations in West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra – Check full list here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-amrit-bharat-station-scheme-indian-railways-to-modernise-135-railway-stations-in-west-bengal-uttar-pradesh-and-maharashtra-check-full-list-3201269/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2021-04-09 |title=Railway Minister Piyush Goyal dedicates Hansdiha-Godda Rail Line, Jharkhand, to Nation - Elets eGov {{!}} Elets |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2021/04/railway-minister-piyush-goyal-dedicates-hansdiha-godda-rail-line-jharkhand-nation/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Elets eGov |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Malda railway division]]
* [[Godda]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/godda-goda/12116 Godda railway station - India Rail Info]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Kathoun|to-left=Hansdiha|right=|to-right=Terminus|type=[[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Godda district]]
[[Category:Eastern Railway zone]]

Satya Kumar Yadav

2026-04-01T14:14:07Z

RockyHerz477: Created bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satya Kumar Yadav
| image = Shri Satya Kumar Yadav.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|09|16}}
| birth_place = Gadekallu, [[Anantapur District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[List of health, family welfare and medical education ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Health, Family Welfare and Medical Education]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| tern_end =
| governor = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Vidadala Rajini]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Satya Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Minister of Health, Family Welfare and Medical Education in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Pawan Kalyan, Nara Lokesh among 24 ministers in Chandrababu Naidu’s Cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Pawan Kalyan, Nara Lokesh among 24 ministers in Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-ministers-list-2024-chandrababu-naidu-pawan-kalyan-ap-full-cabinet-ministers-list-9387219/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613162022/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-ministers-list-2024-chandrababu-naidu-pawan-kalyan-ap-full-cabinet-ministers-list-9387219/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He has been a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram Assembly Constituency]].<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Dharmavaram">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Dharmavaram |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01160.htm |access-date=12 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612051609/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01160.htm |archive-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Satyakumar Yadav was born in Gadekallu of Vidapanakallu mandal of [[Anantapur district]]. He completed his schooling in Proddutur, [[Kadapa District]] and [[Nagarkurnool]], [[Telangana]] and completed his engineering in Electronics Communications. He completed his master's degree in political science from Madurai Kamaraj University and Business Administration from ITM, Chennai.

== Political career ==
Satya Kumar joined as personal assistant to [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] in 1993 and worked as private secretary, additional private secretary and senior private secretary. He also served as OSD for a few days when [[M. Venkaiah Naidu|Venkaiah Naidu]] was the vice president, and returned to state politics in 2021. He joined BJP and was appointed party's National Secretary in 2018. He worked as party observer in [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] assembly elections and as joint in-charge of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman-Nicobar]] in-charge on behalf of BJP.

In 2024 he contested as BJP candidate from [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]] constituency of [[Anantapur district]] and won the election by narrow margin of just 3,734 votes<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Dharmavaram" /> and has taken oath as minister in [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]] on 12 July 2024.<ref name="Kalava And Sathya Kumar, Ministerial Candidates">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |first1= |date=6 June 2024 |title=Kalava And Sathya Kumar, Ministerial Candidates |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kalava-and-sathya-kumar-ministerial-candidates-883110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612060101/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kalava-and-sathya-kumar-ministerial-candidates-883110 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naidu’s Cabinet A Mix Of 17 Freshers, Eight Experienced Ministers">{{cite news |last1=News18 |date=12 June 2024 |title=Naidu's Cabinet A Mix Of 17 Freshers, Eight Experienced Ministers |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/naidus-cabinet-a-mix-of-17-freshers-eight-experienced-ministers-8930806.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613162640/https://www.news18.com/politics/naidus-cabinet-a-mix-of-17-freshers-eight-experienced-ministers-8930806.html |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] National General Secretary (2018 - Incumbent)
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] Party in-charge
* In-charge of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman Nicobar Islands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Satya}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

A. M. A. Zaman

2026-03-27T04:16:15Z

RockyHerz477: new the info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
[[Janab]] '''A.M.A. Zaman''' was an Indian politician and [[trade union]]ist. As of 1936 he served as councillor in the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r8JQ5zMEMoC|volume=24|year=1936|publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India|page=533}}</ref> He won the Hooghly labour seat in the 1936–1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref name="Basu1992">{{cite book|author=Nirban Basu|title=The Political Parties and the Labour Politics, 1937–47: With Special Reference to Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYqKAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|isbn=978-81-85195-48-3|pages=29, 79, 145}}</ref> At the time he belonged to the [[Congress Socialist Party]], but he was known for shifting party affiliations frequently.<ref name="Basu1992"/>

A.M.A. Zaman was involved in different trade unions. He was a leader of [[Jute]] mill workers during the struggle for independence.<ref name="HasanBhattacharya2008">{{cite book|first=Mushirul|last1=Hasan|first2=Sabyasachi|last2=Bhattacharya|author3=Indian Council of Historical Research|title=Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India 1939|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461770|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569651-6|page=1051}}</ref> Whereas many other leaders hailed from the ''[[bhadralok]]'', upper classes, A.M.A. Zaman hailed from a working-class background and had been a jute mill worker himself.<ref name="Cox2013">{{cite book|author=Anthony Cox|title=Empire, Industry and Class: The Imperial Nexus of Jute, 1840–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YP3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227|date=2 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-12730-5|page=227}}</ref> In the midst of the 1936–1937 labour unrest he founded a jute mill workers union, which was registered in 1936.<ref name="Chakrabarty2000">{{cite book|author=Dipesh Chakrabarty|title=Rethinking Working-class History: Bengal, 1890–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IFIc-mxTo0C&pg=PA139|year=2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-07030-X|pages=129, 139}}</ref> In July 1937 A.M.A. Zaman was convicted of rioting at a strike in the Wellington Jute Mills in [[Rishra]], but thousands of Hooghly workers turned to the streets to demand his release.<ref name="Chakrabarty2000"/> A.M.A. Zaman was one of the key speakers of the mass labour rally in Calcutta of 29 July 1937.<ref name="Chatterjee1991">{{cite book|author=Pranab Kumar Chatterjee|title=Struggle and Strife in Urban Bengal, 1937–47: A Study of Calcutta-based Urban Politics in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Das Gupta & Company|page=52}}</ref> In December 1937 he was elected general secretary of the Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress.<ref name="Basu1992"/> However, his influence in Hooghly decreased as ''sardars'' and ''babus'' disseminated a rumour that he had taken a bribe from mill management.<ref name="Haan1994">{{cite book|author=Arjan de Haan|title=Unsettled settlers: migrant workers and industrial capitalism in Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A7mRQ5kjLIC&pg=PA170|year=1994|publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren|isbn=90-6550-418-4|page=170}}</ref>

A.M.A. Zaman left the CSP in 1939, after which the party ceased to be influential in [[Hooghly District]].<ref name="Basu1994">{{cite book|author=Nirban Basu|title=The working class movement: a study of jute mills of Bengal, 1937–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU7tAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-148-0|page=258}}</ref> He belonged to the grouping that opposed [[Indrajit Gupta]]'s influence in the BPTUC.<ref name="Batabyal2005">{{cite book|author=Rakesh Batabyal|title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96_LRi9O06oC&pg=PA127|date=1 May 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9|page=127}}</ref>

A.M.A. Zaman was re-elected from the Hooghly-cum-Serampore Registered Factories, Labour seat in the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the 1946 election.<ref name="Chattopadhyay1984">{{cite book|author=Gautam Chattopadhyay|title=Bengal Electoral Politics and Freedom Struggle, 1862–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXEeAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|page=232}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] during this period.<ref name="DevLahiri1985">{{cite book|author1=Bimal J. Dev|author2=Dilip Kumar Lahiri|title=Assam Muslims: Politics & Cohesion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo10MkzU5DQC&pg=PA102|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=102|id=GGKEY:0HUQDGDS59Y}}</ref>

After Independence, A.M.A. Zaman won the [[Jalangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalangi constituency seat]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951 election]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=422}}</ref> As of 1956 he served as Parliamentary Secretary for the Labour Department.<ref name="Assembly1956">{{cite book|author=West Bengal (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly|title=Assembly Proceedings: official report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zVYAAAAMAAJ|date=3 July 1956|publisher=West Bengal Government Press|page=ii}}</ref>

He was the founding president of the Shiva Glass Employees Union during his tenure as legislator.<ref name="Court1950">{{cite book|author=India. Supreme Court|title=Supreme Court Labour Judgments, 1950–1976: Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (Contd.) to Industrial Disputes (Punjab Amendment) Act. 1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs5ZAAAAYAAJ|year=1950|publisher=Law Publishing House|page=2834}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaman, A.M.A.}}

[[Category:Mill workers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]

The Wall Street Journal

2026-03-26T20:30:46Z

RockyHerz477: added article per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|American business-focused daily newspaper}}
{{redirect|WSJ}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Wall Street Journal
| logo = [[File:WSJ Logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|250px]]
| logo_size =
| logo_border = yes
| logo_alt =
| image = The Wall Street Journal July 30, 2025.webp
| image_size = 250px
| image_border = yes
| image_alt = border
| caption = Front page of the ''Journal'' on July 30, 2025
| motto = It's Your Business
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1889|7|8|br=y}}
| owners = [[Dow Jones & Company]]
| founders = {{ubl|[[Charles Dow]]|[[Edward Jones (statistician)|Edward Jones]]|[[Charles Bergstresser]]}}
| chief_editor = [[Emma Tucker]]
| deputy_editor = [[Charles Forelle]]
| managing_editor = Liz Harris
| opinion_editor = [[Paul Gigot]]
| publisher = [[Almar Latour]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| headquarters = {{ubl|[[1211 Avenue of the Americas]]|New York City, [[New York (state)|New York State]] 10036, United States}}
| publishing_country = United States
| staff_writers =
| circulation = {{bulleted list|
4,538,000 news subscribers
* 4,126,000 digital-only
* 412,000 print + digital
}}
| circulation_date = June 2025
| circulation_ref = <ref name="circ-2025">{{cite web|url=https://investors.newscorp.com/node/18736/html|title=News Corporation 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K|date=August 6, 2025|publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref>
| ISSN = 0099-9660
| eissn = 1042-9840
| oclc = 781541372
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''''The Wall Street Journal''''' ('''''WSJ'''''), commonly known as '''the ''Journal''''', is an American newspaper based in [[Midtown Manhattan]], New York City. It provides extensive coverage of news, especially business and finance, and operates on a subscription model that requires readers to pay for access to most articles and other content. The ''Journal'' is published six days a week by [[Dow Jones & Company]], a division of [[News Corp]].

As of 2025, ''The'' ''Wall Street Journal'' is the [[List of newspapers in the United States|largest newspaper in the United States]] by [[print circulation]], with 412,000 print subscribers. It has 4.13 million digital subscribers, the second-most in the nation after ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="circ-2025" /> The newspaper is one of the United States' [[Newspaper of record|newspapers of record]].<ref name="caulfield1">{{Citation |last=Caulfield |first=Mike |title=National Newspapers of Record |date=January 8, 2017 |work=Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers |url=https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/chapter/national-newspapers-of-record/ |access-date=July 20, 2020 |publisher=Self-published |language=en |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002154749/https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/chapter/national-newspapers-of-record/ }}</ref><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172">{{cite book |author1=Corey Frost |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rGhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students |author2=Karen Weingarten |author3=Doug Babington |author4=Don LePan |author5=Maureen Okun |date=May 30, 2017 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55481-313-1 |edition=6th |pages=27– |access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> The first issue of the newspaper was published on July 8, 1889.<ref>{{cite press release |type=Press release |title=The Wall Street Journal Strengthens Its International Editions; Repositions To Better Serve Global Business Leaders and Advertisers |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050508005015/en/The-Wall-Street-Journal-Strengthens-Its-International-Editions-Repositions-To-Better-Serve-Global-Business-Leaders-and-Advertisers |website=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 8, 2005 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203023159/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050508005015/en/The-Wall-Street-Journal-Strengthens-Its-International-Editions-Repositions-To-Better-Serve-Global-Business-Leaders-and-Advertisers |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal|editorial page of the ''Journal'']] is typically [[center-right]] in its positions, while its news reporting is more centrist.<ref name="Benkler">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVRuDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22wall+street+journal%22+%22center-right%22+editorial&pg=PA353 |title=Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics |author1=Yochai Benkler |author2=Robert Faris |author3=Hal Roberts |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=353–354 |isbn=978-0-19-092364-8 |quote=One of our clearest and starkest findings is the near disappearance of center-right media. There is the ''Wall Street Journal'', with its conservative editorial page but continued commitment to journalistic standards in its reporting; and to some extent ''The Hill'' plays a center-right role. Both sites appear in the center of the partisan landscape according to our data because readers on the right did not pay attention to these sites any more than readers on the left did. |access-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118213425/https://books.google.com/books?id=MVRuDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22wall+street+journal%22+%22center-right%22+editorial&pg=PA353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ember |first=Sydney |title=Wall Street Journal Editorial Harshly Rebukes Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/business/media/wall-street-journal-editorial-trump.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322202247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/business/media/wall-street-journal-editorial-trump.html |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/424877-wall-street-journal-editorial-conservatives-could-live-to-regret-trump/ |title=Wall Street Journal editorial: Conservatives 'could live to regret' Trump emergency declaration |first=John |last=Bowden |date=January 11, 2019 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520053655/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/424877-wall-street-journal-editorial-conservatives-could-live-to-regret-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vernon 2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Shevon |title=Research Guides: "Fake News," Lies, and Misinformation: Where do news sources fall on the political bias spectrum? |url=https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=637508&p=4462444 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=guides.lib.umich.edu |language=en}}</ref> The newspaper has won 39 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.dowjones.com/products/wsj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209052436/https://www.dowjones.com/products/wsj/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |website=dowjones}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=National Reporting |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/209 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426232840/http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/209 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |quote=2019 – Staff of The Wall Street Journal: For uncovering President Trump's secret payoffs to two women during his campaign who claimed to have had affairs with him, and the web of supporters who facilitated the transactions, triggering criminal inquiries, and calls for impeachment.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Pulitzer Prizes Winners & Finalists |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511004021/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2023 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=www.pulitzer.org}}</ref>

==History==
===Founding and 19th century===
[[File:The Wall Street Journal first issue.jpg|thumb|Front page of the first issue of ''The Wall Street Journal'' on July 8, 1889]]
A predecessor to ''The Wall Street Journal'' was the Kiernan News Agency founded by [[John J. Kiernan]] in 1869.<ref name=Wells>{{cite journal|last=Wells|first=Rob|url=https://www.robswells.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Journalism-History-2020-John-J-Kiernan-Business-Journalism-Pioneer-1845-1893.pdf|title=John J. Kiernan: Business Journalism Pioneer, 1845-1893|journal=Journalism History|date=2020 |doi=10.1080/00947679.2020.1787780|volume=46|issue=4|pages=321–338}}</ref>{{rp|321, 324}} In 1880, Kiernan hired [[Charles H. Dow]] and [[Edward Jones (statistician)|Edward D. Jones]] as reporters. On a recommendation of [[Collis Potter Huntington]], Dow and Jones co-founded their own news service, [[Dow Jones and Company]], with fellow Kiernan reporter [[Charles Bergstresser]]. Dow Jones was headquartered in the basement of 15 Wall Street, the same building as Kiernan's company next to the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]].{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/2/mode/2up?q=%22john+j.+kiernan%22 2-3]}}

The first products of [[Dow Jones & Company]], the publisher of the ''Journal'', were brief news bulletins, nicknamed ''flimsies'', hand-delivered throughout the day to traders at the [[stock exchange]].<ref name="late 1800s">{{cite web|url=http://www.dowjones.com/TheCompany/History/History.htm|title=Dow Jones History: The Late 1800s|publisher=Dow Jones and Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227030114/http://www.dowjones.com/TheCompany/History/History.htm |archive-date=February 27, 2009|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> In 1883, they were aggregated in a printed daily summary called the ''Customers' Afternoon Letter'', sold for $1.50 per month compared to the $15 a month Dow Jones bulletin service.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22afternoon+letter%22 4]}} Dow Jones opened its own printing press at [[Empire Building (Manhattan)|71 Broadway]] in 1885.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22afternoon+letter%22 4]}}

Beginning July 8, 1889, the ''Afternoon Letter'' was renamed ''The Wall Street Journal''. The debut issue of the ''Journal'' was four pages long, with dimensions of 20 3/4 × 15 1/2 inches and cost of $0.02 per copy. In its early days, the ''Journal'' had "a tedious, blow-by-blow account of the day's business without benefit of editing," wrote Edward E. Scharff in 1986.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22afternoon+letter%22 4]}}

For nearly 40 years, the front page had a four-column format, with the middle two devoted to news briefs and the farther two filled with advertisements for brokerage services. The ''Journal'' focused on stories from news wires and listings of stocks and bonds, while occasionally covering sports or politics.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22afternoon+letter%22 4]}} One front-page story on the debut edition of ''The Wall Street Journal'' was a raw wire report about the boxing match between [[John L. Sullivan]] and [[Jake Kilrain]], with varying accounts of the fight citing ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', the ''[[Baltimore American]]'', and anonymous sources.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22sullivan+and+kilrain%22 5]}} Seldom did ''The Wall Street Journal'' publish analysis or opinion articles in its early decades.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/6/mode/2up?q=%22analysis+was+rare%22 6]}} In addition to a private wire to [[Boston]], the ''Journal'' had reporters communicate via telegraph from Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, Pittsburgh, [[Albany, New York|Albany]], and London.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/8/mode/2up?q=albany 8]}}

In 1896, the ''Journal'' began publishing two separate Dow Jones stock indicies, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] and [[Dow Jones Transportation Average|Dow Jones Railroad Average]].<ref name="late 1800s"/>{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/6/mode/2up?q=%22two+separate+indexes%22 7]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/8/mode/2up?q=%22one+for+industrials%22 8]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/may/djia-first-published|title= Dow Jones Industrial Average First Published |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> The first morning edition of the ''Journal'' was published on November 14, 1898. By the late 1890s, daily circulation reached 7,000.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/6/mode/2up?q=%22analysis+was+rare%22 6]}}

Charles Dow wrote the first "Review and Outlook" column on April 21, 1899, a front-page editorial column explaining stock prices in terms of human nature; Dow's thinking would later be known as the [[Dow theory]]. Scharff regarded Dow's essays from 1899 to 1902 as "stock market classics".{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/6/mode/2up?q=%22Human+nature%22 6- 7]}}

===20th century===
In the months before his death in 1902, Dow arranged to sell Dow Jones and the ''Journal'' to [[Clarence W. Barron]], the [[Boston]] correspondent for the ''Journal'' since 1889, for $130,000 ({{Inflation|US|130000|1902|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/8/mode/2up?q=%22in+1902+at%22 9]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/10/mode/2up?q=%22clarence+walker+barron%22 10]}} Because Barron had financial difficulties, his wife Jessie Waldron Barron made the $2,500 down payment to buy Dow Jones in 1902; Clarence would first own a Dow Jones share about ten years later.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22jessie+waldron%22 14]}}

Under Barron's ownership, [[Thomas F. Woodlock]] was editor of the ''Journal'' from 1902 to 1905.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn88086144/1903-10-22/ed-1/seq-12/|title=News of the Week|work=The Nebraska Independent|place=Lincoln|page=12|date=October 22, 1903|access-date=September 21, 2024|via=University of Nebraska–Lincoln}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.nd.edu/Scholastic/VOL_0078/VOL_0078_ISSUE_0009.pdf|title=Thomas F. Woodlock, Editor "Wall Street Journal" is 61st Laetare Medalist|work=The Notre Dame Scholastic|page=10|date=April 9, 1943|volume=78|issue=9|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> By the end of Woodlock's tenure, daily circulation for the ''Journal'' rose from 7,000 to 11,000.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22an+estimated+11%2C000%22 15]}} [[William Peter Hamilton]] became lead editorial writer in 1908, a time when the ''Journal'' began reflecting the views of Barron. Hamilton wrote what Scharff considered "daily sermons in support of free-market capitalism".{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22daily+sermons%22 16]}}

Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of [[business journalism]]. In 1921, ''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]'', the United States's premier financial weekly, was founded.<ref name="Crossen">{{cite news|last=Crossen|first=Cynthia|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118591182345183718|title=It All Began in the Basement of a Candy Store|date=August 1, 2007|website=The Wall Street Journal|page=B1|access-date=July 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215123521/https://online.wsj.com/article/SB118591182345183718.html|archive-date=December 15, 2007|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Scharff described the newspaper in the Barron era as "Wall Street's public defender" against regulatory efforts by the U.S. Congress.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/26/mode/2up?q=%22Wall+street%27s+public+defender%22 27]}} Circulation continued to rise, reaching 18,750 to 1920 and 52,000 briefly in 1928.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22an+estimated+11%2C000%22 15]}} Barron died in 1928, a year before [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Black Tuesday]], the stock market crash that greatly affected the [[Great Depression in the United States]]. Barron's descendants, the [[Bancroft family]], would continue to control the company until 2007.<ref name="Crossen"/>

The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] would be yet another challenge to the ''Journal'' on top of Barron's death. William Peter Hamilton died of pneumonia on December 9, 1929, aged 63.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/34/mode/2up?q=%22pacific+coast+edition%22 34]}} Circulation of the ''Journal'', having surpassed 50,000 in 1928, dropped below 28,000 in the 1930s, and the newspaper downsized from 28 to 16 pages in the 1930s as well.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/36/mode/2up?q=%22number+of+pages+would+also+fall%22 36]}} Dow Jones president [[Hugh Bancroft (attorney)|Hugh Bancroft]] retired in 1932; following his death in 1933, his widow Jane Waldron Bancroft appointed [[Kenneth C. Hogate|Kenneth Craven "Casey" Hogate]] as new company president.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/42/mode/2up?q=%22met+with+casey+hogate%22 43]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijhf.org/members/1976/kenneth-craven-hogate|title=Kenneth Craven Hogate|publisher=Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> Hogate envisioned expanding the scope of the ''Journal'' to a "more general business paper" beyond stock and bond numbers.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/50/mode/2up?q=%22more+general+business+paper%22 50]}}

Expanding westward, ''The Wall Street Journal'' debuted a West Coast edition on October 21, 1929, ''The Wall Street Journal Pacific Coast Edition''. The ''Pacific Coast Edition'' focused on California businesses and replicated some items from the regular ''Wall Street Journal''; however, its circulation never exceeded 3,000, and the Great Depression led numerous subscription cancellations.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/34/mode/2up?q=%22pacific+coast+edition%22 34], [https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/50/mode/2up?q=%22pacific+coast+edition%22 50]}}

By 1931, [[Bernard Kilgore]] became news editor for ''The Wall Street Journal'', having joined the ''Journal'' copy desk in 1929. He began writing a column for the ''Pacific Coast Edition'' called "Dear George", a feature explaining obscure financial topics in simpler, plain rhetoric. "Dear George" sharply contrasted with other ''Wall Street Journal'' articles that relied on jargon that was incomprehensible even to its own reporters. The Eastern edition of the ''Journal'' began carrying "Dear George", and beginning in 1932, Kilgore wrote "Dear George" three times a week from New York for the ''Journal''.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/50/mode/2up?q=%22bombay+straddle%22 51]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22Dear+george%22 52]}} Then in 1934, Kilgore began writing a daily news digest "What's News" for the ''Journal'' front page.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22the+major+stories+of+the+day%22 53]}} Kilgore's writings attracted the attention of the White House; President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] publicly recommended Kilgore's work about pension payments for World War I veterans and a Supreme Court decision on the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]].{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22read+kilgore%22 53]}} However, the ''Journal'' continued to struggle financially, with circulation stagnant at 32,000 in 1940. Most editions were only 12 to 14 pages long, and Dow Jones made only $69,000 of profits on $2 million of revenue, mostly due to its news ticker. Scharff observed a lack of coverage about a possible U.S. role in [[World War II]].{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/60/mode/2up?q=%22attention+was+riveted+on+europe%22 60]}}

In the 1940s, Dow Jones took steps to restructure the ''Journal''. Kilgore was named managing editor of the ''Journal'' in 1941 and Dow Jones CEO in 1945.<ref name="Crossen"/> Scharff described Kilgore's approach to journalism: "A ''Journal'' story had to satisfy its sophisticated readership, but it also had to be clear enough not to discourage neophytes."{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/62/mode/2up?q=%22satisfy+its+sophisticated%22 63]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/64/mode/2up?q=%22never+displace+the+hometown%22 64]}} Additionally, Kilgore aimed to have the newspaper appeal to a national audience, by making the East Coast and West Coast editions of the ''Journal'' more homogeneous.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/62/mode/2up?q=%22satisfy+its+sophisticated%22 63]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/64/mode/2up?q=%22never+displace+the+hometown%22 64]}} Until printing presses and reporting bureaus could be opened on location, photographs could not be included in the ''Journal''.<ref name="Crossen"/>

In [[1947 Pulitzer Prize|1947]], the paper won its first [[Pulitzer Prize]] for William Henry Grimes's [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing|editorials]].<ref name="Crossen"/> Also in May 1947, the ''Journal'' launched a Southwest edition based in [[Dallas]].{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/102/mode/2up?q=dallas 103]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/102/mode/2up?q=dallas 105]}} The newspaper also added a new slogan in 1949: "Everywhere, Men Who Get Ahead in Business Read ''The Wall Street Journal''."{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/102/mode/2up?q=dallas 103]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/102/mode/2up?q=dallas 105]}} Circulation grew by nearly four-fold, from 32,000 in 1940 to 140,000 in 1949; however, Kilgore's editorial reforms of the ''Journal'' had not yet entered popular understanding.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/60/mode/2up?q=%22attention+was+riveted+on+europe%22 60], [https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/104/mode/2up?q=%22over+140%2C000%22 104]}}

The first major journalism award for the ''Journal'' was a [[Society of Professional Journalists|Sigma Delta Chi]] public service award, for stories in late 1952 exposing links between Empire Mail Order and organized crime. These stories followed news that [[Howard Hughes]] sold [[RKO Pictures]] to Empire Mail Order.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/120/mode/2up?q=%22howard+hughes%22 121]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/122/mode/2up?q=rko 122]}} Circulation of the ''Journal'' continued increasing throughout the 1950s, to 205,000 in 1951, 400,000 in 1955, and over 500,000 by 1957.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/154/mode/2up?q=%22half+million+mark%22 154]}}

[[Warren H. Phillips]] became managing editor of ''The Wall Street Journal'' in 1957 after being promoted from Chicago bureau manager. Phillips was Jewish, in contrast to the largely midwestern, [[WASP]] management of the ''Journal'' at the time. Phillips, a former socialist, shifted his political views in the 1950s to reflect social liberalism and fiscal conservatism.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/166/mode/2up?q=%22warren+phillips+became%22 167]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/168/mode/2up?q=%22tragicomic+spectacle%22 169]}} Under Phillips, the ''Journal'' provided in-depth coverage of the [[civil rights movement]], on the grounds that it "was something that the average businessman needed to know about".{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/166/mode/2up?q=%22warren+phillips+became%22 167]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/168/mode/2up?q=%22tragicomic+spectacle%22 169]}} For instance, ''Journal'' coverage of the [[Little Rock Nine|Little Rock Central High School integration crisis]] went beyond the largely visual, emotional elements on newspapers and television, in depicting local citizens as supportive of integration in contrast to Governor [[Orval Faubus]] and other local politicians.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/170/mode/2up?q=%22governor+faubus+himself%22 170-171]}}

During the [[1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike]], the ''Journal'' was the only daily newspaper to continue printing in New York City; however, after the strike, Kilgore ordered the printing presses moved from New York to [[Chicopee, Massachusetts]] effective July 1, 1963. Although Kilgore did not publicly explain his rationale then, Scharff wrote in 1986 that the move resulted from feuds between Dow Jones and the printer's union.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/118/mode/2up?q=chicopee 118-119]}}

By Kilgore's death in 1967, ''Wall Street Journal'' circulation exceeded one million.<ref name="Crossen"/> In 1967, Dow Jones Newswires began a major expansion outside of the United States ultimately placing its journalists in every major financial center in [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Latin America]], [[Australia]], and [[Africa]]. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies and three Sunday newspapers. Later, the name was changed to [[Local Media Group|Dow Jones Local Media Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dowjoneslmg.com/|title=Dow Jones Local Media Group, Inc.|publisher=Local Media Group|access-date=July 25, 2013|archive-date=April 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412031909/https://www.dowjoneslmg.com/}}</ref> The first strike affecting a ''Journal'' printing plant was a three-day strike at [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], in 1967; that would be followed by a weeklong strike by truck drivers at the [[South Brunswick, New Jersey]], in 1970.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/118/mode/2up?q=chicopee 118-119]}}

[[File:President Reagan's Interview with the Wall Street Journal in the Oval Office on February 7, 1985.webm|thumb|upright=1|Video of U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] interviewed by ''WSJ'' in the [[Oval Office]] in February 1985]]

The period from 1971 to 1997 brought about a series of launches, acquisitions, and joint ventures, including "[[Factiva]]", ''[[The Wall Street Journal Asia]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal Europe]]'', the WSJ.com website, Dow Jones Indexes, [[MarketWatch]], and "WSJ Weekend Edition". In 2007, [[News Corporation|News Corp.]] acquired Dow Jones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pérez-Peña |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Pérez-Peña |title=News Corp. Completes Takeover of Dow Jones |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/media/14dow.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 14, 2024 |date=December 14, 2007}}</ref> ''[[WSJ.]]'', a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edgecliffe-Johnson|first=Andrew|url=http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto090320082104328499|title=WSJ magazine targets upscale market|date=September 3, 2008|work=[[Financial Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929154941/http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto090320082104328499|archive-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>

A complement to the print newspaper, ''The Wall Street Journal Online'', was launched in 1996 and has allowed access only by subscription from the beginning.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stulberg |first=Ariel |title=Testing news paywalls: Which are leaky, and which are airtight? |url=https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/news-paywalls-new-york-times-wall-street-journal.php |work=Columbia Journalism Review |date=May 23, 2017 |access-date=November 26, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525152518/https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/news-paywalls-new-york-times-wall-street-journal.php |url-status=live }}</ref> A weekly (later daily) crossword edited by [[Mike Shenk]] was introduced in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://observer.com/2015/09/cruciverbalists-rejoice-the-wall-street-journal-adds-a-daily-crossword-puzzle/|title=Cruciverbalists Rejoice! The Wall Street Journal Adds a Daily Crossword Puzzle|last=Kassel|first=Matthew|date=September 14, 2015|website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]]|access-date=November 9, 2023|archive-date=November 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110062016/https://observer.com/2015/09/cruciverbalists-rejoice-the-wall-street-journal-adds-a-daily-crossword-puzzle/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Vladimir Putin 11 February 2002-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Vladimir Putin]] with ''Wall Street Journal'' correspondent [[Karen Elliott House]] in 2002]]
In 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the ''Journal''{{'s}} print and online subscribers together in [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (North America)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] statements.<ref>"The Wall Street Journal Announces New Integrated Print and Online Sales and Marketing Initiatives". Press release. November 3, 2003.</ref> In 2007, it was commonly believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web, with 980,000 paid subscribers.<ref name="Crossen"/> Since then, digital subscription has risen to 1.3 million as of September 2018, falling to number two behind ''[[The New York Times]]'' with 3 million digital subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-11-newscorp-higher-profits-subscriptions.html|title=NewsCorp sees higher profits as subscriptions rise|website=phys.org|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413220253/https://phys.org/news/2018-11-newscorp-higher-profits-subscriptions.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2008, an annual subscription to the [[digital edition]] of ''The Wall Street Journal'' cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the online edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually, excluding introductory offers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://subscribe.wsj.com |title=Subscribing to the Wall Street Journal |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 17, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114212045/https://subscribe.wsj.com/ |archive-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> Digital subscription rates increased dramatically to $443.88 per year as its popularity increased over print, with first-time subscribers paying $187.20 per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://store.wsj.com/shop/us/us/wsjusasa0419/?inttrackingCode=aaqt86ty&icid=WSJ_ON_PHP_ACQ_NA&n2IKsaD9=n2IKsaD9&Pg9aWOPT=Pg9aWOPT&Cp5dKJWb=Cp5dKJWb&APCc9OU1=APCc9OU1%7Ctitle=The|access-date=August 6, 2021|website=store.wsj.com|archive-date=August 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806141222/https://store.wsj.com/shop/us/us/wsjusasa0419/?inttrackingCode=aaqt86ty&icid=WSJ_ON_PHP_ACQ_NA&n2IKsaD9=n2IKsaD9&Pg9aWOPT=Pg9aWOPT&Cp5dKJWb=Cp5dKJWb&APCc9OU1=APCc9OU1%7Ctitle=The|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 30, 2004, Oasys Mobile and ''The Wall Street Journal'' released an app that would allow users to access content from ''The Wall Street Journal Online'' via their mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=131111&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=807942&highlight=|title=Oasys Mobile, Inc. News Release|publisher=Phx.corporate|access-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://webcitation.org/65bLOoIHm?url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=131111|archive-date=February 20, 2012}}</ref>

In September 2005, the ''Journal'' launched a weekend edition, delivered to all subscribers, which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years. The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising.<ref name="Crossen"/>

In 2005, the ''Journal'' reported a readership profile of about 60 percent top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1{{nbsp}}million, and an average age of 55.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Bill|url=http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=89351|title=The Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition: Expectations, Surprises, Disappointments|work=[[Poynter Institute|Poynter Online]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816134815/http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=89351|date=September 21, 2005|archive-date=August 16, 2006}}</ref>

In 2007, the ''Journal'' launched a worldwide expansion of its website to include major foreign-language editions. The paper had also shown an interest in buying the rival ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wray|first=Richard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/feb/01/usnews.digitalmedia|title=How the word on Wall Street will spread around the world|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|date=February 1, 2007|access-date=February 3, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203082414/http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0%2C%2C2003063%2C00.html|archive-date=February 3, 2007}}</ref>

===Design changes===
The nameplate is unique in having a period at the end.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Carol E.|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577553020326811222|title=Punctuation Nerds Stopped by Obama Slogan, 'Forward.'|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 31, 2012|access-date=September 23, 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805075139/https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444840104577553020326811222.html|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref>

Front-page advertising in the ''Journal'' was re-introduced on September 5, 2006. This followed similar introductions in the European and Asian editions in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/pz/060718/102326.html|title=Wall Street Journal Introduces New Front Page Advertising Opportunity|date=July 18, 2006|access-date=August 19, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814030343/http://biz.yahoo.com/pz/060718/102326.html|archive-date=August 14, 2006}}</ref>

After presenting nearly identical front-page layouts for half a century{{snd}} always six columns, with the day's top stories in the first and sixth columns, "What's News" digest in the second and third, the "A-hed" feature story in the fourth (with 'hed' being jargon for [[headline]]) and themed weekly reports in the fifth column<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.wsj.com/college/guidedtour/pageone.html|title=WSJ.com Guided Tour: Page One|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101105307/http://info.wsj.com/college/guidedtour/pageone.html|access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-date=January 1, 2009}}</ref>{{snd}} the paper in 2007 decreased its [[broadsheet]] width from 15 to 12{{nbsp}}inches while keeping the length at 22{{frac|3|4}}{{nbsp}}inches, to save [[newsprint]] costs. News design consultant [[Mario García (designer)|Mario García]] collaborated on the changes. Dow Jones said it would save $18{{nbsp}}million a year in newsprint costs across all ''The Wall Street Journal'' papers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahrens|first=Frank|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/11/AR2005101101551.html|title=Wall Street Journal To Narrow Its Pages|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 12, 2005|access-date=August 19, 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724120700/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/11/AR2005101101551.html|archive-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref> This move eliminated one column of print, pushing the "A-hed" out of its traditional location (though the paper now usually includes a quirky feature story on the right side of the front page, sandwiched among the lead stories).

The paper uses ink dot drawings called [[hedcut]]s, introduced in 1979 and originally created by [[Kevin Sprouls]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/journal/|title=Picturing Business in America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105024706/http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/journal/|archive-date=November 5, 2005|website=[[Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery]]|access-date=August 19, 2006}}</ref> in addition to photographs, a method of illustration considered a consistent visual signature of the paper. the ''Journal'' still heavily employs the use of [[caricatures]], including those by illustrator [[Ken Fallin]], such as when [[Peggy Noonan]] memorialized then-recently deceased newsman [[Tim Russert]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Noonan|first=Peggy|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121390975307189781|title=A Life's Lesson|date=June 20, 2008|access-date=September 23, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624231715/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121390975307189781.html|archive-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizbash.com/orlando/content/editorial/12186_caricaturist_captures_the_corporate_market.php|title=Caricaturist Captures the Corporate Market|date=August 11, 2008|website=Biz Bash Orlando|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092509/http://www.bizbash.com/orlando/content/editorial/12186_caricaturist_captures_the_corporate_market.php|archive-date=September 24, 2009}}</ref> The use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more "lifestyle" sections.

The daily was awarded by the [[Society for News Design]] World's Best Designed Newspaper award for 1994 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Best-Designed winners (2006)|work=The Society for News Design - SND |url=http://www.snd.org/competitions/print/worlds-best-designed/|publisher=Society for News Design|access-date=October 8, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811101446/http://www.snd.org/competitions/print/worlds-best-designed/|archive-date=August 11, 2017|date=February 23, 2011}}</ref>

===News Corporation and News Corp===
On May 2, 2007, [[News Corporation]] made an unsolicited takeover bid for [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]], offering $60 per share for stock that had been selling for $36.33 per share.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulligan |first1=Thomas S. |last2=Menn |first2=Joseph |title=Murdoch offers $5 billion for Wall St. Journal owner |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-may-02-fi-dowjones2-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 15, 2024 |date=May 2, 2007}}</ref> The [[Bancroft family]], which controlled more than 60% of the voting stock, at first rejected the offer, but later reconsidered its position.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ellison |first1=Sarah |title=War at the Wall Street Journal: Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire |date=2010 |publisher=[[Mariner Books]] |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-547-15243-1}}</ref>

Three months later, on August 1, 2007, News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6923474.stm|title=Murdoch wins Control of Dow Jones|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=August 1, 2007|access-date=August 1, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805015221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6923474.stm|archive-date=August 5, 2007}}</ref> The $5{{nbsp}}billion sale added ''The Wall Street Journal'' to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s news empire, which already included [[Fox News Channel]], [[Fox Business Network]], London's ''[[The Times]]'', the ''[[New York Post]]'', and the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] [[flagship station]] [[WNYW]] (Channel 5) and [[MyNetworkTV]] flagship [[WWOR-TV|WWOR]] (Channel 9).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20032918|title=Murdoch clinches deal for publisher of Journal|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=August 1, 2007|access-date=August 9, 2007|archive-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023174208/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20032918/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 13, 2007, shareholders representing more than 60 percent of Dow Jones's voting stock approved the company's acquisition by News Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/top-5/2007/12/13/News-Corp-Dow-Jones-Deal-Done |title=News Corp Dow Jones Deal Done |publisher=Portfolio.com |date=September 11, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054943/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/top-5/2007/12/13/News-Corp-Dow-Jones-Deal-Done |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>

In an editorial page column, publisher [[L. Gordon Crovitz]] said the Bancrofts and News Corporation had agreed that the ''Journal''{{'}}s news and opinion sections would preserve their editorial independence from their new corporate parent.<ref name="Crovitz">[[L. Gordon Crovitz]], "A Report to Our Readers". ''The Wall Street Journal'' (New York), page A14, August 1, 2007.</ref>

A special committee was established to oversee the paper's editorial integrity. When the managing editor [[Marcus Brauchli]] resigned on April 22, 2008, the committee said that News Corporation had violated its agreement by not notifying the committee earlier. However, Brauchli said he believed that new owners should appoint their own editor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120949530982953531.html |title=WSJ Editor's Resignation Is Criticized By Committee |first=Steve |last=Stecklow |date=April 30, 2008 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=September 27, 2008|url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502202549/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120949530982953531.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008|page=B1}}</ref>

A 2007 ''Journal'' article quoted charges that Murdoch had made and broken similar promises in the past. One large shareholder commented that Murdoch has long "expressed his personal, political and [[business]] biases through his newspapers and television stations". Former ''Times'' assistant editor [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] remembers an incident when "Mr. Murdoch called him into his office in March 1982 and said he was considering firing ''Times'' editor [[Harold Evans]]. Mr. Emery says he reminded Mr. Murdoch of his promise that editors couldn't be fired without the independent directors' approval. 'God, you don't take all that seriously, do you?' Mr. Murdoch answered, according to Mr. Emery." Murdoch eventually forced out Evans.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Steve|last1=Stecklow|first2=Aaron O.|last2=Patrick|first3=Martin|last3=Peers|first4=Andrew|last4=Higgins|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118100557923424501.html|title=In Murdoch's Career, A Hand on the News|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 5, 2007|page=A1|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071213115324/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118100557923424501.html|archive-date=December 13, 2007|access-date=September 23, 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2011, ''[[The Guardian]]'' found evidence that the ''Journal'' had artificially inflated its European sales numbers, by paying Executive Learning Partnership for purchasing 16% of European sales. These inflated sales numbers then enabled the ''Journal'' to charge similarly inflated advertising rates, as the advertisers would think that they reached more readers than they actually did. In addition, the ''Journal'' agreed to run "articles" featuring Executive Learning Partnership, presented as news, but effectively advertising.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/oct/12/wall-street-journal-andrew-langhoff|title=Wall Street Journal circulation scam claims senior Murdoch executive|date=October 12, 2011|access-date=October 13, 2011|location=London|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Nick|last=Davies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019182535/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/oct/12/wall-street-journal-andrew-langhoff|archive-date=October 19, 2011}}</ref> The case came to light after a Belgian ''Wall Street Journal'' employee, [[Gert Van Mol]], informed Dow Jones CEO [[Les Hinton]] about the questionable practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/news-corp-wall-street-journal-phone-hacking-250764|title=News Corp Ignored Wall Street Journal Circulation Inflation (Report)|date=October 12, 2011|access-date=October 13, 2011|location=US|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|author=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411230654/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/news-corp-wall-street-journal-phone-hacking-250764|archive-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> As a result, the then ''Wall Street Journal Europe'' CEO and Publisher Andrew Langhoff was fired after it was found out he personally pressured journalists into covering one of the newspaper's business partners involved in the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/149205/wall-street-journal-europe-publisher-resigns-after-deal-suggested-outside-influence-over-editorial-content/|title=WSJ Europe publisher resigns after reports he 'personally pressured' journalists into covering paper's business partner|date=October 13, 2011|access-date=October 13, 2011|location=US|publisher=[[Poynter Institute]]|first=Steve|last=Meyers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114094516/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/149205/wall-street-journal-europe-publisher-resigns-after-deal-suggested-outside-influence-over-editorial-content/|archive-date=November 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203499704576625162816696954.html|title=Publisher of WSJ Europe Resigns After Ethics Inquiry|date=October 12, 2011|access-date=September 23, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Paul|last=Sonne|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013062055/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203499704576625162816696954.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011}}</ref> Since September 2011, all the online articles that resulted from the ethical wrongdoing carry a ''Wall Street Journal'' disclaimer informing the readers about the circumstances in which they were created.

The ''Journal'', along with its parent Dow Jones & Company, was among the businesses News Corporation spun off in 2013 as the new [[News Corp]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=June 18, 2013 |title=The New News Corp Launches as Global Media and Information Services Company |url=https://newscorp.com/2013/06/28/the-new-news-corp-launches-as-global-media-and-information-services-company/ |access-date=April 21, 2024 |website=News Corp |language=en-US |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421015745/https://newscorp.com/2013/06/28/the-new-news-corp-launches-as-global-media-and-information-services-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2016, in an effort to cut costs, the ''Journal''{{'s}} editor-in-chief, [[Gerard Baker]], announced layoffs of staff and consolidation of its print sections. The new "Business & Finance" section combined the former "Business & Tech" and "Money & Investing" sections. The new "Life & Arts" section took the place of "Personal Journal" and "Arena". In addition, the ''Journal''{{'s}} "Greater New York" coverage was reduced and moved to the main section of paper.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/02/wall-street-journal-layoffs-cuts-sections/|title=Wall Street Journal Begins Layoffs, Cuts Sections|date=November 2, 2016|access-date=November 2, 2016|location=New York|work=[[Forbes]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104012400/http://fortune.com/2016/11/02/wall-street-journal-layoffs-cuts-sections/|archive-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> The section was shuttered on July 9, 2021.<ref name="nyt-greater-ny">{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Katie |title=The Wall Street Journal will close its Greater New York section. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/business/wsj-greater-new-york-section.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/business/wsj-greater-new-york-section.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=July 29, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 17, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A 2018 survey conducted by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] and the [[Knight Foundation]] found that ''The Wall Street Journal'' was considered the third most-accurate and fourth most-unbiased news organization among the general public, tenth among [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], and second among [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] |author2=[[Knight Foundation]] |date=June 20, 2018 |title=Perceived accuracy and bias in the news media |url=https://knightfoundation.org/reports/perceived-accuracy-and-bias-in-the-news-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123044852/https://knightfoundation.org/reports/perceived-accuracy-and-bias-in-the-news-media/ |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> In an October 2018 [[Simmons Research]] survey of 38 news organizations, ''The Wall Street Journal'' was ranked the most trusted news organization by Americans. [[Joshua Benton]] of the [[Nieman Journalism Lab]] at [[Harvard University]] wrote that the paper's "combination of respected news pages and conservative editorial pages seem to be a magic formula for generating trust across the ideological spectrum."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benton |first=Joshua |author-link=Joshua Benton |date=October 5, 2018 |title=Here's how much Americans trust 38 major news organizations (hint: not all that much!) |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/10/heres-how-much-americans-trust-38-major-news-organizations-hint-not-all-that-much/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208001945/https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/10/heres-how-much-americans-trust-38-major-news-organizations-hint-not-all-that-much/ |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |website=[[Nieman Lab]]}}</ref>

From 2019 through 2022, the ''Journal'' partnered with [[Facebook]] to provide content for the social-media site's "News Tab". Facebook paid the ''Journal'' in excess of $10 million during that period, terminating the relationship as part of a broader shift away from news content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Sara |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Meta officially cuts funding for U.S. news publishers |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/28/meta-publishers-news-funding-cut |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803235841/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/28/meta-publishers-news-funding-cut |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 13, 2022, the ''Journal'' launched a [[Review site|product review website]] called ''Buy Side''.<ref name="axios220622">{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/11/wsj-new-commerce-site-buy-side |title=Exclusive: WSJ debuts new commerce site "Buy Side" |last=Fischer |first=Sara |date=June 11, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629155321/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/11/wsj-new-commerce-site-buy-side |url-status=live }}</ref> The website remains free and has a distinct team from the ''Journal'' newsroom.<ref name="axios220622" />

In February 2024, the ''Journal'' laid off about 20 employees, primarily economics reporters based in [[Washington, D.C.]] Moving forward, those beats will be covered by the newspaper's New York-based business team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Wall Street Journal shakes up D.C. bureau with big layoffs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/02/01/wall-street-journal-shakes-up-dc-bureau-with-big-layoffs/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202194847/https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/02/01/wall-street-journal-shakes-up-dc-bureau-with-big-layoffs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next month the paper laid off another five people from its standards and ethics team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roush |first=Chris |date=March 18, 2024 |title=WSJ lays off five on standards and ethics team |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/media-news/wsj-lays-off-five-on-standards-and-ethics-team/ |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=Talking Biz News |language=en-US |archive-date=March 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318234147/https://talkingbiznews.com/media-news/wsj-lays-off-five-on-standards-and-ethics-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April, the paper laid off at least 11 people from its video and social media desks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bolies |first=Corbin |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Wall Street Journal Has Yet Another Round of Layoffs |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/wall-street-journal-lays-off-staff-on-video-and-social-desks |access-date=April 21, 2024 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en |archive-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421015741/https://www.thedailybeast.com/wall-street-journal-lays-off-staff-on-video-and-social-desks |url-status=live }}</ref> In May, the ''Journal'' cut six editorial staff positions from its [[Hong Kong]] bureau and another two reporter jobs in [[Singapore]]. Moving forward the paper will shift its focus in the region from Hong Kong to Singapore with new the creation of several new jobs at that bureau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Erin |date=May 3, 2024 |title=Wall Street Journal cuts Hong Kong staff, shifts focus to Singapore |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/5/3/wall-street-journal-cuts-hong-kong-staff-shifts-focus-to-singapore |access-date=May 5, 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505013034/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/5/3/wall-street-journal-cuts-hong-kong-staff-shifts-focus-to-singapore |url-status=live }}</ref> More staff were laid off a few weeks later amid further restructuring, including at least eight reporters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=May 30, 2024 |title='Wall Street Journal' layoffs continue, despite lucrative AI deal and record profits |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/nx-s1-4986419/wall-street-journal-layoffs |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=NPR |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531145427/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/nx-s1-4986419/wall-street-journal-layoffs |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Recent milestones===
* ''WSJ Noted.'', a monthly digital magazine, launches on June 30, 2020, in a bid to attract younger readers.<ref name="noted-nieman" />
* Reaches 3 million subscribers in May 2020<ref name="biz-news-3m">{{cite news |title=News Corp CEO Thomson: WSJ reaches 3 million subscribers |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/news-corp-ceo-thomson-wsj-reaches-3-million-subscribers/ |last=Roush |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Roush |work=[[Talking Biz News]] |date=May 7, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715000421/https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/news-corp-ceo-thomson-wsj-reaches-3-million-subscribers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* WSJ Live became available on mobile devices in September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/wall-street-journal-adds-to-live-video-programming/|title=Wall Street Journal Adds to Live Video Programming|date=September 13, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804092439/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/wall-street-journal-adds-to-live-video-programming/?_r=0|archive-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''WSJ Weekend'', the weekend newspaper, expanded September 2010, with two new sections: "Off Duty" and "Review".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shafer|first=Jack|date=September 25, 2010|title=Weekend update: The Wall Street Journal remakes its Saturday edition.|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/09/weekend-update-the-wall-street-journal-remakes-its-saturday-edition.html|access-date=September 13, 2020|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116092731/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/09/weekend-update-the-wall-street-journal-remakes-its-saturday-edition.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=June 2, 2018|title=Introducing Exchange From The Wall Street Journal|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/introducing-exchange-from-the-wall-street-journal-1527912001|access-date=September 23, 2024|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=June 2, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180602155211/https://www.wsj.com/articles/introducing-exchange-from-the-wall-street-journal-1527912001|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* "Greater New York", a stand-alone, full-color section dedicated to the [[New York metropolitan area|New York metro]] area, ran from April 2010 until July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.de/ereignis/wall-street-journal-launches-ny-section-aiming-to-compete-with-ny-times-97735559#an-issue-of-the-wall-street-journal-is-viewed-beside-the-new-york-on-picture-id98674763|title=Wall Street Journal Launches NY Section, Aiming To Compete With NY Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182308/http://www.gettyimages.de/ereignis/wall-street-journal-launches-ny-section-aiming-to-compete-with-ny-times-97735559#an-issue-of-the-wall-street-journal-is-viewed-beside-the-new-york-on-picture-id98674763|archive-date=August 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-greater-ny" />
* ''The Wall Street Journal''{{'s}} San Francisco Bay Area Edition, which focuses on local news and events, launched on November 5, 2009, appearing locally each Thursday in the print ''Journal'' and every day online at WSJ.com/SF.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 5, 2009|title='Wall Street Journal' launches San Francisco edition|url=https://adage.com/article/btob/8216-wall-street-journal-8217-launches-san-francisco-edition/277225|access-date=September 13, 2020|website=adage.com|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126220058/https://adage.com/article/btob/8216-wall-street-journal-8217-launches-san-francisco-edition/277225|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''WSJ Weekend'', formerly called ''Saturday's Weekend Edition'': September 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 16, 2004|title=Journal to Start Weekend Edition Next September|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109526182995618560|access-date=September 13, 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=October 12, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231012182038/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109526182995618560|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Launch of ''Today's Journal'', which included both the addition of ''Personal Journal'' and color capacity to the ''Journal'': April 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Newswires|first=Dow Jones|date=May 13, 2003|title=Dow Jones Ad Linage Remained Soft in April|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105284668510262500|access-date=September 13, 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106162207/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105284668510262500|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Launch of ''The Wall Street Journal Sunday'': September 12, 1999. A four-page print supplement of original investing news, market reports and personal-finance advice that ran in the business sections of other U.S. newspapers. ''WSJ Sunday'' circulation peaked in 2005 with 84 newspapers reaching nearly 11 million homes. The publication ceased on February 7, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-from-the-wsj-sunday-1423359901|title=Goodbye From The WSJ Sunday|date=February 8, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-date=February 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208041727/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-from-the-wsj-sunday-1423359901|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* ''Friday Journal'', formerly called ''First Weekend Journal'': March 20, 1998.<ref name="wsjpro.com 2012">{{Cite web|date=January 2012|title=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://wsjpro.com/djcom/FactSheets/WallStreetJournalFactSheet.pdf|website=wsjpro.com|access-date=September 13, 2020|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162007/http://wsjpro.com/djcom/FactSheets/WallStreetJournalFactSheet.pdf}}</ref>
* WSJ.com launched in April 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-wsjlookback06.html|title=WSJ.com|website=online.wsj.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219233253/http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-wsjlookback06.html|archive-date=December 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* First three-section ''Journal'': October 1988.<ref name="wsjpro.com 2012" />
* First two-section ''Journal'': June 1980.<ref name="wsjpro.com 2012" />

==Features and operations==
Since 1980, the ''Journal'' has been published in multiple sections. The ''Journal'' increased its maximum issue length to 96 pages, including up to 24 color pages, in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barringer |first1=Felicity |last2=Manly |first2=Lorne |author1-link=Felicity Barringer |title=Wall Street Journal Is Set to Loosen Its Collar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/01/business/media-wall-street-journal-is-set-to-loosen-its-collar.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 15, 2024 |date=April 1, 2002}}</ref>

{{As of|2012}}, ''The Wall Street Journal'' had a global news staff of around 2,000 journalists in
85 news bureaus across 51 countries.<ref name="djfactsheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.dowjones.com/djcom/FactSheets/WallStreetJournalFactSheet.pdf|title=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 2012|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227131559/http://dowjones.com/djcom/FactSheets/WallStreetJournalFactSheet.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2013|access-date=July 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dowjones.com/bureaus.asp|title=Worldwide Bureaus|year=2011|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820024720/http://www.dowjones.com/bureaus.asp|archive-date=August 20, 2011|access-date=August 25, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, it had 26 printing plants.<ref name="djfactsheet" /> Its Asia headquarters is in Hong Kong, but will move to Singapore after it stated it would do so in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/wsj-moves-asia-headquarters-hong-kong-singapore|title=WSJ moves Asia headquarters from Hong Kong to Singapore|newspaper=[[The Business Times (Singapore)|The Business Times]]|place=[[Singapore]]|date=May 3, 2024|access-date=May 3, 2024|archive-date=May 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503114458/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/wsj-moves-asia-headquarters-hong-kong-singapore|url-status=live}}</ref>

Regularly scheduled sections are:
* Section One: Every day; corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting and the opinion pages
* Marketplace: Monday through Friday; coverage of health, technology, [[Mass media|media]], and [[marketing]] industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980)
* Money and Investing: Every day; covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988)
* Personal Journal: Published Tuesday through Thursday; covers personal investments, [[career]]s and cultural pursuits (the section was introduced April 9, 2002)
* Off Duty: Published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on fashion, food, design, travel and gear/tech. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
* Review: Published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on essays, commentary, reviews and ideas. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
* Mansion: Published Fridays, focuses on high-end real estate. The section was launched October 5, 2012.
* WSJ Magazine: Launched in 2008 as a quarterly, this luxury magazine supplement distributed within the U.S., European and Asian editions of ''The Wall Street Journal'' grew to 12 issues per year in 2014.

In addition, several columnists contribute regular features to the ''Journal'' opinion page:
* Mondays: Americas by [[Mary O'Grady]]
* Wednesdays: Business World by [[Holman W. Jenkins Jr.]]
* Thursdays: Wonder Land by [[Daniel Henninger]]
* Fridays: Potomac Watch by [[Kimberley Strassel]]
* Weekend Edition: Rule of Law, The Weekend Interview (variety of authors), Declarations by [[Peggy Noonan]]

In addition to editorials and columns from the printed newspaper, wsj.com carries two daily web-only opinion columns:
* ''Best of the Web Today'' by [[James Taranto]], the editor of the former OpinionJournal.com website (no subscription required).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/|title=Opinion, Editorials, Columns, Op-Ed, Letters to the Editor, Commentary|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604145713/http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/|archive-date=June 4, 2004}}</ref>
* ''Political Diary'' edited by [[Holman W. Jenkins Jr.]] and featuring [[John Fund]] (separate subscription required).

In addition to these regular opinion pieces, on Fridays the ''Journal'' publishes a religion-themed op-ed, titled "Houses of Worship", written by a different author each week. Authors range from the [[Dalai Lama]] to cardinals.

===''Style & Substance''===
'''''Style & Substance''''' is a monthly bulletin on [[English language]] usage. Each issue discusses specific language issues from the perspective of the WSJ's copyeditors according to the newspaper's internal [[Style guide|stylebook]]. The first issue of ''Style & Substance'' was published in 1987 under the direction of front page editor Paul R. Martin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Style & Substance|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|location=New York City|access-date=March 3, 2025|issn=((1054-7041))|oclc=22939544|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/styleandsubstance}}</ref> Front page editor Bill Power and online editor Jennifer Hicks succeeded him in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two WSJ editors named for Style & Substance blog|first=Chris|last=Roush|author-link=Chris Roush|work=[[Talking Biz News]]|date=July 31, 2013|access-date=March 3, 2025|url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/two-wsj-editors-named-for-style-substance-blog/}}</ref> The ''Journal'' announces major stylistic changes through the bulletin, such as the newspaper's abandonment of [[courtesy title]]s in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bye, Mister: Why (most) journalists turned against courtesy titles|first=Anne|last=Branigin|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=May 18, 2023|access-date=March 3, 2025|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/05/18/wall-street-journal-courtesy-titles/}}</ref>

===''WSJ.''===
{{main|WSJ Magazine|label1 = ''WSJ Magazine''}}

''WSJ.'' is ''The Wall Street Journal''{{'}}s luxury lifestyle magazine. Its coverage spans art, fashion, entertainment, design, food, architecture, travel and more. Sarah Ball is Editor in Chief and Omblyne Pelier is Publisher.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/wsj-publisher-050139987.html |title=WSJ.'s New Publisher |first=Kathryn |last=Hopkins |website=[[Yahoo News]] |date=February 2, 2022 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035518/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/wsj-publisher-050139987.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Launched as a quarterly in 2008, the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsjmediakit.com/wsjmagazine/|title=WSJ. Media Kit|first=Chukky|last=Nze|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071044/http://www.wsjmediakit.com/wsjmagazine/|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> The magazine is inserted into the weekend U.S. edition of ''The Wall Street Journal'' and is available on WSJ.com and in the newspaper's iPad app.

[[Penélope Cruz]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], [[Woody Allen]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Emilia Clarke]], [[Daft Punk]], and [[Gisele Bündchen]] have all been featured on the cover.

In 2012, the magazine launched its Innovator Awards program. An extension of the November Innovators issue, the awards ceremony, held in New York City at [[Museum of Modern Art]], honors visionaries across the fields of design, fashion, architecture, humanitarianism, art and technology.

In 2013, ''Adweek'' named ''WSJ.'' the "Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year" in its annual Hot List.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/news-gallery/check-out-all-winners-print-category-years-hot-list-154185#hottest-lifestyle-magazine-4/|title=Check Out All of the Winners in the Print Category From This Year's Hot List|work=[[Adweek]]|date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407055807/http://www.adweek.com/news-gallery/check-out-all-winners-print-category-years-hot-list-154185#hottest-lifestyle-magazine-4/|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>

===OpinionJournal.com===
{{Infobox website
| name = OpinionJournal.com
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|opinionjournal.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = News and opinion
| language = English
| registration = N/A
| owner = ''The Wall Street Journal''
| author = ''The Wall Street Journal''
| launch_date =
| current_status = Redirects to {{URL|wsj.com/news/opinion}}
| revenue = N/A
}}

'''OpinionJournal.com''' was a [[website]] featuring content from the editorial pages of ''The Wall Street Journal''. It existed separately from the news content at '''wsj.com''' until January 2008, when it was merged into the main website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119991634497578851 |title=Wsj.com/opinion |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 10, 2008 |page=A14 |access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116053851/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119991634497578851.html |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The editorials (titled "Review & Outlook") reflected ''The Journal''{{'}}s [[conservatism in the United States|conservative]] political [[#Editorial page and political stance|editorial line]], as did its regular [[columnist]]s, who included [[Peggy Noonan]], [[John Fund]], and [[Daniel Henninger]].

===''WSJ Noted.''===
On June 30, 2020, the ''Journal'' launched ''WSJ Noted.'', a monthly digital "news and culture" magazine for subscribers aged 18–34 in a bid to attract a younger audience to the ''Journal''. The magazine has a group of some 7,000 young adults who are invited to preview content, provide feedback, and join Q&As with Noted staff.<ref name="noted-nieman">{{cite news |last1=Laura Hazard |first1=Owen |title=The Wall Street Journal aims for a younger audience with Noted, an Instagram-heavy news and culture magazine |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/06/the-wall-street-journal-aims-for-a-younger-audience-with-noted-an-instagram-heavy-news-and-culture-magazine/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |publisher=Nieman Lab |date=June 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704031332/https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/06/the-wall-street-journal-aims-for-a-younger-audience-with-noted-an-instagram-heavy-news-and-culture-magazine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Editorial board==
{{Main|Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal|label1 = Editorial board at ''The Wall Street Journal''}}

''The Wall Street Journal'' editorial board members oversee the ''Journal''{{'}}s editorial page, dictating the tone and direction of the newspaper's opinion section. ''The Wall Street Journal'' does not provide details on the exact duties of board members.

Every Saturday and Sunday, three editorial page writers and host [[Paul Gigot]], editor of the editorial page, appear on [[Fox News Channel]]'s ''[[Journal Editorial Report]]'', where they discuss current issues with a variety of guests. As editors of the editorial page, [[Vermont C. Royster]] (1958–1971) and [[Robert Bartley]] (1972–2000) provided a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] interpretation of the news on a daily basis.<ref name=vetter>Richard Vetter, "Wall Street Journal", in Bruce Frohnen, ed. '' American Conservatism'' (2006), pp. 898–99.</ref>

Contrasts have been noted between the ''Journal''{{'}}s news reporting and its editorial pages.<ref name="Smith_10/25/2020" /> "While ''Journal'' reporters keep busy informing readers," wrote one reporter in 1982, "''Journal'' editorial writers put forth views that often contradict the paper's best reporting and news analysis."<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacDougall |first=A. Kent |date=November 1, 1982 |title=Books: Taking Stock of Dow Jones |pages=59–63 |work=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref> Two summaries published in 1995 by the progressive blog [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]], and in 1996 by the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1325|title=20 Reasons Not to Trust the Journal Editorial Page|last1=Naureckas|first1=Jim|last2=Rendall|first2=Steve|date=September–October 1995|work=[[Extra!]]|publisher=Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107135516/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1325|archive-date=November 7, 2008|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/96/4/wsj.asp|title=Bartley's Believe It Or Not!|last=Lieberman|first=Trudy|date=July–August 1996|work=Columbia Journalism Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129014101/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/96/4/wsj.asp|archive-date=January 29, 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> criticized the ''Journal''{{'s}} editorial page for inaccuracy during the 1980s and 1990s. One reference work in 2011 described the editorial pages as "rigidly neoconservative" while noting that the news coverage "has enjoyed a sterling reputation among readers of all political stripes".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scribner |first1=Todd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices |last2=Chapman |first2=Roger |date=2010 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2250-1 |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |page=587 |language=en |chapter=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114112810/https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2020, more than 280 ''Journal'' journalists and Dow Jones staff members wrote a letter to new publisher [[Almar Latour]] to criticize the opinion pages' "lack of [[fact-checking]] and transparency, and its apparent disregard for evidence", adding that "opinion articles often make assertions that are contradicted by ''WSJ'' reporting."<ref name="wsj-opinion-news">{{cite news |last1=Trachtenberg |first1=Jeffrey A. |title=WSJ Journalists Ask Publisher for Clearer Distinction Between News and Opinion Content |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-journalists-ask-publisher-for-clearer-distinction-between-news-and-opinion-content-11595349198 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217100403/https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-journalists-ask-publisher-for-clearer-distinction-between-news-and-opinion-content-11595349198 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Aidan |title=WSJ Reporters Call Out Misinformation and 'Disregard For Evidence' From Paper's Opinion Section in Scathing Letter |url=https://www.mediaite.com/print/wsj-reporters-call-out-misinformation-and-disregard-for-evidence-from-papers-opinion-section-in-scathing-letter/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |publisher=Mediaite |date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721215149/https://www.mediaite.com/print/wsj-reporters-call-out-misinformation-and-disregard-for-evidence-from-papers-opinion-section-in-scathing-letter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The editorial board responded that its opinion pages "won't wilt under cancel-culture pressure" and that the objective of the editorial content is to be independent of the ''Journal''{{'}}s news content and offer alternative views to "the uniform progressive views that dominate nearly all of today's media."<ref>{{cite news|author=The Editorial Board|title=A Note to Readers |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-note-to-readers-11595547898 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224075015/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-note-to-readers-11595547898|archive-date=December 24, 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The board's response did not address issues regarding fact-checking that had been raised in the letter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/508870-wsj-editorial-board-calls-employee-concerns-about-opinion-page-cancel-culture/|title=WSJ editorial board calls employee concerns about opinion page 'cancel culture'|first=J. Edward|last=Moreno|date=July 24, 2020|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=February 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206024140/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/508870-wsj-editorial-board-calls-employee-concerns-about-opinion-page-cancel-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Editorial positions===

====Economic====
In the 1900s, the ''Journal'' supported the [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] efforts of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. However, after the ownership change from Dow to Barron, the ''Journal'' became far more unequivocally supportive of free-market economics in the 1920s.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22daily+sermons%22 16]}} One editorial in March 1928 criticized Congressional efforts to regulate the securities industry: "People who know nothing about credit, surplus bank funds, collateral, call loans or anything else germane to the question profess to be terrified when the Stock Exchange loans attain the figure of $4 billion or more."{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/28/mode/2up?q=%22People+who+know+nothing%22 28-29]}}

On April 14, 1932, the ''Journal'' published a commentary by former editor [[Thomas F. Woodlock]] criticizing the [[Glass–Steagall legislation|Glass–Steagall]] banking regulation bill: "There are those who cannot endure the sight of autonomous securities markets beyond the control of legislatures, bureaucrats, and, in fact, of courts."{{sfn|Scharff|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/36/mode/2up?q=%22number+of+pages+would+also+fall%22 36]}}

In the 1980s, the newspaper's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for [[supply-side economics]]. Under the editorship of [[Robert L. Bartley]], it expounded at length on economic concepts such as the [[Laffer curve]], and how a decrease in certain marginal tax rates and the [[capital gains tax in the United States|capital gains tax]] could allegedly increase overall tax revenue by generating more economic activity.<ref name="bartley-obit">{{cite news |title=Bartley, Longtime Journal Editor And Thinker on Right, Dies at 66 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107107510671889000 |access-date=September 22, 2024|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=December 11, 2003 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022312/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107107510671889000 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the economic argument of [[exchange rate regime]]s (one of the most divisive issues among economists), the ''Journal'' has a tendency to support [[fixed exchange rate]]s over [[floating exchange rate]]s.<ref>{{cite report |last1=McCallum |first1=Bennett T. |title=Wall Street Journal Position on Exchange Rates |year=2002 |publisher=Bradley Policy Research Center |hdl=1802/510 }}</ref>

====Political====
[[File:Interview Wall Street Journal (6425462779).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Mark Rutte]] (on right), prime minister of the [[Netherlands]], being interviewed by The ''Journal'' in 2011]]
The ''Journal''{{'s}} editorial pages and columns, run separately from the news pages, have a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] bent and are highly influential in establishment conservative circles.<ref name="Vernon 2017">{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Vernon |date=March 22, 2017 |url=https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/wsj_trump_editorial_opinion.php |title=Unpacking ''WSJ''{{'}}s 'watershed' Trump editorial |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |issn=0010-194X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621040535/https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/wsj_trump_editorial_opinion.php |archive-date=June 21, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, the ''Journal'' refrains from endorsing candidates and has not endorsed a candidate since 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/19951/brief-history-newspaper-endorsements |first1=Ethan |last1=Trex |title=A Brief History of Newspaper Endorsements |date=October 23, 2008 |website=Mental Floss |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204012657/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/19951/brief-history-newspaper-endorsements |url-status=live }}</ref>

The editorial board has long argued for a pro-business [[Immigration policy of the United States|immigration policy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rutenberg |first=Jim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/washington/03immig.html |title=The editorial page commonly publishes pieces by U.S. and world leaders in academia, business, government and politics |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210559/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/washington/03immig.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1180807796-2rtP/ypH5CxbIhLG9/DQjg&oref=slogin |archive-date=May 13, 2011 }}</ref>

The ''Journal''{{'s}} editorial page was seen as critical of many aspects of [[Barack Obama]]'s presidency. In particular, it has been a prominent critic of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]] legislation passed in 2010, and has featured many opinion columns attacking various aspects of the bill.<ref>Wagner, Michael W., and Timothy P. Collins. "Does Ownership Matter? The case of Rupert Murdoch's purchase of the Wall Street Journal". ''Journalism Practice'' (2014) 8#6 pp: 1–14. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2014.882063#.VIhEWtLF9A0 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011121049/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2014.882063#.VIhEWtLF9A0 |date=October 11, 2018 }}</ref> The ''Journal''{{'s}} editorial page has also criticized the [[Energy policy of the Obama administration|Obama administration's energy policies]] and foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-solars-subsidy-bubble-1440975764|title=Big Solar's Subsidy Bubble|date=August 30, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150831171213/http://www.wsj.com/articles/big-solars-subsidy-bubble-1440975764|archive-date=August 31, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-tide-of-war-1476832244 |title=Obama's Tide of War |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 19, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161019043059/http://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-tide-of-war-1476832244 |archive-date=October 19, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-iran-missile-war-1476398945 |title=Obama's Iran Missile War |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161014043435/http://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-iran-missile-war-1476398945|archive-date=October 14, 2016 }}</ref>

On October 25, 2017, the editorial board called for Special Counsel [[Robert Mueller]] to resign from the investigation into [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]] and accused [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign]] of colluding with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-russians-and-the-fbi-1508971759 |title=Democrats, Russians and the FBI |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 2017 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |archive-date=October 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171031125932/https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-russians-and-the-fbi-1508971759 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bond|first=Shannon|title=US conservative media deflects from Mueller probe|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c9b90ab2-be59-11e7-b8a3-38a6e068f464|url-access=subscription|work=Financial Times|date=October 31, 2017|access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220420234422/https://www.ft.com/content/c9b90ab2-be59-11e7-b8a3-38a6e068f464|archive-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> In December 2017, the editorial board repeated its calls for Mueller's resignation.<ref name="Business Insider">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-journal-editorial-board-robert-mueller-resign-2017-12|title=Wall Street Journal editorial board calls on special counsel Robert Mueller to resign again|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210074003/https://www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-journal-editorial-board-robert-mueller-resign-2017-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Frej 2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/wall-street-journal-attacks-mueller_us_5a26540de4b07324e840359e|title=Wall Street Journal Editorial Board Goes To Bat Against FBI And Robert Mueller For Trump|last=Frej|first=Willa|date=December 5, 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726051430/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/wall-street-journal-attacks-mueller_us_5a26540de4b07324e840359e|url-status=live}}</ref> The editorials by the editorial board caused fractures within ''The Wall Street Journal'', as reporters say that the editorials undermine the paper's credibility.<ref name="Business Insider" /><ref name="Frej 2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/the-wall-street-journal-editorial-board-coverage-of-mueller|title="A Different Level of Crazy": Inside The Wall Street Journal's Civil War|last=Pompeo|first=Joe|work=The Hive|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119033551/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/the-wall-street-journal-editorial-board-coverage-of-mueller|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2021, the Journal published a letter from former President Donald Trump in the Letters to the Editor section of the editorial pages. Other news sources described the contents of the letter as false and debunked claims about the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/28/media/rupert-murdoch-january-6-insurrection-election/index.html|title=Rupert Murdoch is letting his media empire spread January 6 and election conspiracy theories|author=Oliver Darcy|website=[[CNN]]|date=October 28, 2021|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=November 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101014344/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/28/media/rupert-murdoch-january-6-insurrection-election/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/oct/28/trump-election-letter-wall-street-journal-lie-criticism|title=Wall Street Journal criticized for Trump letter pushing election lie|date=October 28, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726122140/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/oct/28/trump-election-letter-wall-street-journal-lie-criticism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2021/10/27/wall-street-journal-hit-for-publishing-letter-from-trump-with-litany-of-election-fraud-claims/|title=Wall Street Journal Hit For Publishing Letter From Trump With Litany Of Election Fraud Claims|first=Derek|last=Saul|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129072703/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2021/10/27/wall-street-journal-hit-for-publishing-letter-from-trump-with-litany-of-election-fraud-claims/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, the editorial board published their own critique of Trump's letter.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Facts on Trump's Fraud Letter |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-facts-on-donald-trumps-fraud-letter-2020-election-11635449578 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 28, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221164906/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-facts-on-donald-trumps-fraud-letter-2020-election-11635449578|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Scientific====
The ''Journal'' editorial pages were described as a "forum for [[climate change denial]]" in 2011 due to columns that attacked climate scientists and accused them of engaging in fraud.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=J. |last2=Nuccitelli |first2=D. |last3=Green |first3=S.A. |last4=Richardson |first4=M. |last5=Winkler |first5=B.R. |last6=Painting |first6=R. |last7=Way |first7=R. |last8=Jacobs |first8=P. |last9=Skuce |first9=A. |title=Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature |journal=Environmental Research Letters |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=024024 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 |bibcode=2013ERL.....8b4024C |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite news |last=Nordhaus |first=William D. |date=March 22, 2012 |title=Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong |language=en |work=New York Review of Books |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/03/22/why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/ |access-date=August 4, 2022 |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804021042/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/03/22/why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Supran |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Oreskes |first2=Naomi |author-link2=Naomi Oreskes |title=Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014) |journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]] |year=2017 |volume=12 |number=8 |page=084019 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f |bibcode=2017ERL....12h4019S |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=The Inquisition of Climate Science |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-inquisition-of-climate-science/9780231157193 |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-231-52784-2 |access-date=January 1, 2019 |archive-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525020933/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-inquisition-of-climate-science/9780231157193 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Vardy|first1=Mark|last2=Oppenheimer|first2=Michael|last3=Dubash|first3=Navroz K.|last4=O'Reilly|first4=Jessica|last5=Jamieson|first5=Dale|date=October 17, 2017|title=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=55–75|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-061053|issn=1543-5938|quote=One of the tactics successfully used to discredit climate science is typified by Frederick Seitz's 1996 commentary in ''The Wall Street Journal'' in which he argued that the IPCC did not follow its own rules for peer review. Subsequent analysis showed that the IPCC did not transgress any of its rules of peer review, which in fact are more rigorous than the standards of peer review that academic journals typically try to uphold|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ARER...42...55V }}
* Karen Akerlof et al.: ''Communication of climate projections in US media amid politicization of model science''. [[Nature Climate Change]] 2, 2012, 648–654 {{doi|10.1038/nclimate1542}}.
* {{cite web |last=Nuccitelli |first=Dana |title=The Wall Street Journal denies the 97% scientific consensus on human-caused global warming |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 28, 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2014/may/28/wall-street-journal-denies-global-warming-consensus |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804012756/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2014/may/28/wall-street-journal-denies-global-warming-consensus |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Nuccitelli |first=Dana |title=The Wall Street Journal keeps peddling Big Oil propaganda |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 11, 2018 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jun/11/the-wall-street-journal-keeps-peddling-big-oil-propaganda |access-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124184804/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jun/11/the-wall-street-journal-keeps-peddling-big-oil-propaganda |url-status=live }}
* Shaun W. Elsasser, Riley E. Dunlap: ''Leading Voices in the Denier Choir: Conservative Columnists' Dismissal of Global Warming and Denigration of Climate Science''. [[American Behavioral Scientist]] 57, No. 6, 2013, 754–776, {{doi|10.1177/0002764212469800}} "... and clearly Fox, leading conservative newspapers such as the WSJ ... provide powerful provide powerful fora for the promotion of climate change denial."
* {{cite web |last=Cassella |first=Carly |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/major-news-outlets-wall-street-journal-climate-denial-opinion-piece |title=The Wall Street Journal Still Treats Climate Change as "Opinion", And This Practice Needs to Stop |website=ScienceAlert |date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |quote=For years, the WSJ has run opinion piece after opinion piece, questioning the reality of anthropogenic climate change. Too often, these "opinions" are written by authors with strong ties to the fossil fuel industry. In May of 2018, for example, the WSJ published an article that proclaimed, "Sea levels are rising, but not because of climate change." |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812094045/https://www.sciencealert.com/major-news-outlets-wall-street-journal-climate-denial-opinion-piece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199566600 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society |date=August 18, 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-173527-1 |editor1-last=Dryzek |editor1-first=John S |page=125 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.001.0001 |access-date=November 24, 2021 |editor2-last=Norgaard |editor2-first=Richard B |editor3-last=Schlosberg |editor3-first=David |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627112433/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199566600 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2011 study found that the ''Journal'' was alone among major American print news media in how, mainly in its editorial pages, it adopted a [[false balance]] that overplayed the uncertainty in climate science or denied anthropogenic climate change altogether.<ref name="Feldman">{{Cite journal |last1=Feldman |first1=Lauren |last2=Hart |first2=P. Sol |last3=Milosevic |first3=Tijana |date=May 2017 |title=Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers' coverage of climate change |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662515595348 |journal=Public Understanding of Science |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=481–497 |doi=10.1177/0963662515595348 |pmid=26229010 |hdl=10852/59799 |s2cid=32171406 |issn=0963-6625 |hdl-access=free |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412002735/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662515595348 |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, the [[Associated Press]] described the ''Journal''{{'}}s editorial pages as "a place friendly to climate change skeptics".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/171649/skeptics-own-study-finds-climate-change-real-but-says-scientists-should-be-more-critical/ |title=Skeptic's own study finds climate change real, but says scientists should be more critical |agency=Associated Press |first=Seth |last=Borenstein |date=October 30, 2011 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221235/https://globalnews.ca/news/171649/skeptics-own-study-finds-climate-change-real-but-says-scientists-should-be-more-critical/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, the editorial board and other opinion writers vocally criticized President [[Barack Obama|Obama]]'s plan to address climate change, mostly without mentioning climate science.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corneliussen |first=Steven T. |date=July 8, 2013 |title=Wall Street Journal opinion writers target President Obama's climate plan |url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.4.2500/full |journal=Physics Today |issue=7 |article-number=18350 |language=en |doi=10.1063/PT.4.2500 |bibcode=2013PhT..2013g8350C |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803174729/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.4.2500/full/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 2015 study found ''The Wall Street Journal'' was the newspaper that was least likely to present negative [[effects of global warming]] among several newspapers. It was also the most likely to present negative economic framing when discussing [[climate change mitigation]] policies, tending to take the stance that the cost of such policies generally outweighs their benefit.<ref name="Feldman" />

[[Climate Feedback]], a fact-checking website on media coverage of climate science, determined that multiple opinion articles range between "low" and "very low" in terms of scientific credibility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.feedback.org/outlet/the-wall-street-journal/?_topic=climate |title=Reviews of content from The Wall Street Journal |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |access-date=September 16, 2024|archive-date=September 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916024624/https://science.feedback.org/outlet/the-wall-street-journal/?_topic=climate |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 3, 2021 |author=Boris Bellanger |title=Wall Street Journal article repeats multiple incorrect and misleading claims made in Steven Koonin's new book 'Unsettled'|url=https://science.feedback.org/review/wall-street-journal-article-repeats-multiple-incorrect-and-misleading-claims-made-in-steven-koonins-new-book-unsettled-steven-koonin/ |access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |archive-date=September 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916024819/https://science.feedback.org/review/wall-street-journal-article-repeats-multiple-incorrect-and-misleading-claims-made-in-steven-koonins-new-book-unsettled-steven-koonin/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Partnership for Responsible Growth]] stated in 2016 that 14% of the guest editorials on climate change presented the results of "mainstream climate science", while the majority did not. The Partnership also determined that none of the 201 editorials concerning climate change that were published in ''The Wall Street Journal'' since 1997 conceded that the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s is the main [[cause of climate change]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/wall-street-journal-accepts-environmentalist-ad-but-charges-extra/2016/06/13/422cd8e2-3199-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html|title=Wall Street Journal accepts environmentalist ad but charges extra|date=June 14, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615120938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/wall-street-journal-accepts-environmentalist-ad-but-charges-extra/2016/06/13/422cd8e2-3199-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html|archive-date=June 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1980s and 1990s, the ''Journal'' published numerous opinion columns opposing and misrepresenting the scientific consensus on the harms of [[Passive smoking|second-hand smoke]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bayer|first1=Ronald|last2=Colgrove|first2=James|date=2002|title=Science, Politics, and Ideology in the Campaign Against Environmental Tobacco Smoke |journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=92|issue=6|pages=949–954|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1447493|pmid=12036788 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.6.949}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lerbinger|first=Otto|title=Corporate Public Affairs: Interacting With Interest Groups, Media, and Government|date=August 15, 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59999-7|page=161|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenstock |first1=Linda |last2=Lee |first2=Lore Jackson |date=January 2002 |title=Attacks on Science: The Risks to Evidence-Based Policy |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=14–18 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.1.14 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1447376 |pmid=11772749}}</ref> [[acid rain]], and [[ozone depletion]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taubes|first=Gary|date=June 11, 1993|title=The Ozone Backlash|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5114.1580|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5114|pages=1580–1583|doi=10.1126/science.260.5114.1580|pmid=17810191|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1580T|access-date=November 23, 2021|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123181846/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5114.1580|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> in addition to public policy efforts to curb pesticides and asbestos.<ref name="handful">{{Cite book|last1=Oreskes|first1=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|last2=Conway|first2=Erik M.|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-60819-293-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores/page/94 94], 126, 135, 146, 208–213|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleischer |first=Doris Z. |date=August 1993 |title=Silent Spring: Personal Synthesis of Two Cultures |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/027046769301300403 |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=200–202 |doi=10.1177/027046769301300403 |s2cid=144455619 |issn=0270-4676|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fagin |first1=Dan |title=Toxic Deception |last2=Lavelle |first2=Marianne |date=1999 |publisher=Common Courage Press |isbn=1-56751-163-5 |edition=2nd |location=Monroe, Me. |pages=vii-viii |oclc=40776758 |author-link=Dan Fagin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Benjamin I. |date=July 1, 1995 |title=Speedy deliberation: Rejecting "1960s programs" as causes of the Los Angeles riots |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963072 |journal=Political Communication |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1080/10584609.1995.9963072 |issn=1058-4609 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114112810/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963072 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McCulloch |first1=Jock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1cVDAAAQBAJ |title=Defending the Indefensible: The Global Asbestos Industry and Its Fight for Survival |last2=Tweedale |first2=Geoffrey |date=July 24, 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953485-2 |page=183 |language=en}}</ref> The ''Journal'' later recognized that efforts to curb acid rain through cap-and-trade had been successful, a decade after the Clean Air Act Amendments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2012/08/02/the-wall-street-journal-dismissing-environmenta/189063|title=The Wall Street Journal: Dismissing Environmental Threats Since 1976|date=August 1, 2012|website=Media Matters for America|access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050556/https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2012/08/02/the-wall-street-journal-dismissing-environmenta/189063|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political views==
{{conservatism US|media}}
The ''Journal''{{'}}s reporting has been described as "[[small-c conservatism]]".<ref name="Smith_10/25/2020">{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Ben |title=Trump Had One Last Story to Sell. The Wall Street Journal Wouldn't Buy It. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 25, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/business/media/hunter-biden-wall-street-journal-trump.html |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |author-link=Ben Smith (journalist) |access-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030084330/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/business/media/hunter-biden-wall-street-journal-trump.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the ''Journal''{{'s}} former editors and reporters, such as [[Sarah Ellison]] (a ''Washington Post'' reporter as of October 2025),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ellison - The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/sarah-ellison/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Sarah Ellison |language=en}}</ref> say that the paper has adopted a more conservative tone since [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/media/14carr.html |title=The Media Equation: Under Murdoch, Tilting Rightward at The Journal |first=David |last=Carr |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 13, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223011945/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/media/14carr.html |archive-date=February 23, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Graves |first=Lucia |date=2017-09-10 |title=The Wall Street Journal's Trump problem |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/10/the-wall-street-journals-trump-problem |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=2017-02-13 |title='Wall Street Journal' Editor Defends Trump Coverage At Staff Meeting |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/02/13/515043661/wall-street-journal-editor-defends-trump-coverage-at-staff-meeting |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

===Bias in news pages===
====Pre-Murdoch ownership====
Its editors stress the independence and impartiality of their reporters.<ref name="Crovitz" /> According to CNN in 2007, the ''Journal''{{'}}s "newsroom staff has a reputation for non-partisan reporting."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/07/31/news/companies/dowjones_newscorp/index.htm |title=News Corp.-Dow Jones finally a done deal |date=August 1, 2007 |first=Paul R. |last=La Monica |publisher=CNN/Money |access-date=May 25, 2025 |archive-date=November 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105045435/http://money.cnn.com/2007/07/31/news/companies/dowjones_newscorp/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ben Smith of the ''New York Times'' described the ''Journal''{{'}}s news reporting as "small-c [conservative]", and noted that its readership leans further to the right than that of other major newspapers.<ref name="Smith_10/25/2020"/>

Under the ownership of Clarence W. Barron, the ''Journal'' generally restricted editorializing to its opinion pages, but a 1922 series of news articles described the [[organized labor]] movement as having "one of the most sordid records of humanity".{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22daily+sermons%22 16-17]}}

In a 2004 study, Tim Groseclose and [[Jeffrey Milyo]] argue the ''Journal''{{'s}} news pages have a pro-liberal bias because they more often quote liberal think tanks. They calculated the ideological attitude of news reports in 20 media outlets by counting the frequency they cited particular [[think tank]]s and comparing that to the frequency that legislators cited the same think tanks. They found that the news reporting of the ''Journal'' was the most liberal (more liberal than [[NPR]] or ''[[The New York Times]]''). The study did not factor in editorials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Groseclose |first1=T. |last2=Milyo |first2=J. |doi=10.1162/003355305775097542 |title=A Measure of Media Bias |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=120 |issue=4 |page=1191 |year=2005 |s2cid=54066953 |doi-access= }}</ref> [[Mark Liberman]] criticized the model used to calculate bias in the study and argued that the model unequally affected liberals and conservatives and that "the model starts with a very peculiar assumption about the relationship between political opinion and the choice of authorities to cite." The authors assume that "think tank ideology ... only matters to liberals."<ref>{{cite web| last=Liberman| first=Mark| title=Linguistics, Politics, Mathematics| publisher=Language Log| date=December 22, 2005| url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002723.html| access-date=November 6, 2006| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910105642/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002723.html| archive-date=September 10, 2006}}</ref>

The company's planned and eventual acquisition by [[News Corp]] in 2007 led to significant media criticism and discussion
about whether the news pages would exhibit a rightward slant under [[Rupert Murdoch]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Shafer | first = Jack| title = The Murdoch Street Journal| work = Slate| date = May 7, 2007| url = https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2007/05/the-murdoch-street-journal-not-for-me-thanks.html| access-date = September 7, 2008| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918203139/http://www.slate.com/id/2165749/| archive-date = September 18, 2008}}</ref> An August 1, 2007, editorial responded to the questions by asserting that Murdoch intended to "maintain the values and integrity of the ''Journal''".<ref>
{{cite news| title = A New Owner| work = The Wall Street Journal| date = August 1, 2007| url = http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110010409| access-date = September 7, 2008| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154530/http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110010409| archive-date = June 25, 2009}}</ref>

====During Trump presidency====
In 2016 and 2017, the ''Journal'' leadership under Baker came under fire from critics{{who|date=February 2024}}, who viewed the paper's coverage of President [[Donald Trump]] as too timid.<ref name="Ember">{{cite news |last1=Ember |first1=Sydney |title=Top Wall Street Journal Editor Defends Trump Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/media/wall-street-journal-wsj2020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213210535/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/media/wall-street-journal-wsj2020.html |archive-date=February 13, 2017 |url-access=limited|url-status=live |access-date=July 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 13, 2017}}</ref> Particularly controversial was the ''Journal''{{'}}s November 2016 front-page headline that repeated Trump's false claim that "millions of people" had voted illegally in the [[United States elections, 2016|election]], only noting that the statement was "without corroboration".<ref name="Ember"/>

Also controversial was a January 2017 note from Baker to ''Journal'' editors, directing them to avoid using the phrase "seven majority-Muslim countries" when writing about [[Executive Order 13769|Trump's executive order on travel and immigration]]; Baker later sent a follow-up note "clarifying that there was 'no ban{{'"}} on the phrase, "but that the publication should 'always be careful that this term is not offered as the only description of the countries covered under the ban.{{'"}}<ref name="Ember"/>

At a town-hall-style meeting with ''Journal'' staff in February 2017, Baker defended the paper's coverage, saying that it was objective and protected the paper from being "dragged into the political process" through a dispute with the Trump administration.<ref name="Ember"/>

On February 19, 2020, China announced the revoking of the press credentials of three ''Wall Street Journal'' reporters based in Beijing. China accused the paper of failing to apologize for publishing articles that criticized China's efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and failing to investigate and punish those responsible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wen |first1=Xin |title=China revokes the press credentials of three Wall Street Journal reporters based in Beijing |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-02/19/c_1125597355.htm |access-date=October 3, 2020|website=Xinhua News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004061339/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-02/19/c_1125597355.htm| archive-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref>

In June 2020, following the [[murder of George Floyd]] and [[George Floyd protests|subsequent protests]], journalists at the ''Journal'' sent a letter to editor in chief [[Matt Murray (journalist)|Matt Murray]] demanding changes to the way the paper covers race, policing and finance. The reporters stated that they "frequently meet resistance when trying to reflect the accounts and voices of workers, residents or customers, with some editors voicing heightened skepticism of those sources' credibility compared with executives, government officials or other entities".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tracy |first1=Marc |title=Wall Street Journal Staff Members Push for Big Changes in News Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/business/media/wall-street-journal-staff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711004014/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/business/media/wall-street-journal-staff.html |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=July 14, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Notable stories==
The ''Journal'' has won 39 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s in its history. Staff journalists who led some of the newspaper's best-known coverage teams have later published books that summarized and extended their reporting.

===1939: World War I battleships===
In 1939, [[Vermont C. Royster]] wrote a series of articles showing the length of time required for [[List of battleships of World War I|World War I battleships]] to be ready for duty. One story summarized the process of manufacturing armor plates. The U.S. Navy accused Royster, then a Naval Reserve officer, of using classified information for his reporting. Royster said that he obtained the information from ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/58/mode/2up?q=%22world+war+i+battleship%22 59]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/60/mode/2up?q=britannica 60]}}

===1952: Empire Mail Order===
In October 1952, the Chicago bureau of the ''Journal'' received a press release announcing that [[Howard Hughes]] sold his controlling interest in [[RKO Pictures]] to the Empire Mail Order Company. Managing editor Henry Gemmill led reporting efforts that resulted in articles in late 1952 exposing links between Empire Mail Order and organized crime. Following these stories, Hughes canceled the RKO sale. These stories also led to the first major industry award for the ''Journal'', a [[Society of Professional Journalists|Sigma Delta Chi]] public service award for these stories.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/120/mode/2up?q=%22howard+hughes%22 121]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/122/mode/2up?q=rko 122]}}

===1954: Automobile models===
On May 28, 1954, the ''Journal'' published a front-page story by John Williams revealing designs of 1955 automobiles by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], and other auto makers. Williams had talked to factory workers and auto executives for several weeks. The story revealed that the cars would have larger engines and wrap-around windshields. The inclusion of drawings was notable for being a rare use of graphics by the ''Journal'' of the time. Nearly a week later, [[General Motors]] canceled its nearly $250,000 in advertising with the ''Journal''; GM president [[Harlow Curtice]] accused the ''Journal'' of copyright infringement and breach of confidentiality.{{sfn|Scharff|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/126/mode/2up?q=%22Williams+did+not+attempt%22 126]-[https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha/page/126/mode/2up?q=%22may+28+1954%22 127]}} [[Richard Tofel]] of [[ProPublica]] commented on this story in 2015: "The little-remembered incident helped establish the notion that news organizations could and should preserve their independence from advertisers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tofel|first=Richard|title=The Time a Newspaper Stared Down the Country's Largest Advertiser|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/the-time-a-newspaper-stared-down-the-countrys-largest-advertiser|publisher=ProPublica|date=April 22, 2015|access-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507155833/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-time-a-newspaper-stared-down-the-countrys-largest-advertiser|archive-date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>

===1973: Spiro Agnew bribery===
On August 7, 1973, in an article by [[Jerry Landauer]], the ''Journal'' was the first publication to report that U.S. Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] was under federal investigation on bribery, extortion, and tax fraud charges. Agnew released a statement confirming the investigation on the night before the ''Journal'' article was published.<ref>{{cite news|last=Apple|first=R.W. Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/07/archives/a-gne-w-is-under-us-investigation-in-possible-criminal-violations.html|title=Agnew is under U.S. investigation in 'possible' criminal violations; innocent of wrongdoing, he says|work=The New York Times|date=August 7, 1973|access-date=September 6, 2024|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/12/archives/thunderbolt-from-the-early-days-now-agnew.html|title=Thunderbolt From the Early Days|work=The New York Times|date=August 12, 1973|access-date=September 6, 2024|url-access=limited}}</ref> After pleading no contest to one charge of income tax evasion, Agnew was sentenced to a $10,000 fine and three-year suspended jail sentence. On the same day of his sentencing, Agnew resigned as vice president on October 10, 1973.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greene|first=John Robert|chapter='I'll Continue to Speak Out': Spiro T. Agnew as Vice President|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc/page/124/mode/2up?q=%22continue+to+speak+out%22|title=At the President's Side: The Vice Presidency in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc|editor-last=Walch|editor-first=Timothy|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc/page/130/mode/2up?q=131 131]-[https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc/page/132/mode/2up?q=132 132]|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0-8262-1133-X|via=Internet Archive|url-access=registration}}</ref>

===1984: CIA mining in Nicaragua===
{{see also|CIA activities in Nicaragua}}
On April 6, 1984, the ''Journal'' first revealed, in a story by David Rogers, that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] had placed [[acoustic mine]]s on harbors in Nicaragua, following initial belief that opponents of the [[Sandinista]] government had been responsible.<ref name=Cannon>{{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Lou|author-link=Lou Cannon|title=President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentreaganr00cann/|place=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-54294-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/presidentreaganr00cann/page/380/mode/2up?q=%22david+rogers%22 380]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=David|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00552R000202230034-7.pdf|title=U.S. Role in Mining Nicaraguan Harbors Reported Is Larger Than First Thought|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=April 6, 1984|access-date=July 13, 2025|via=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> As [[Lou Cannon]] recounted in his 1991 book ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime'', this story led to "an international outcry".<ref name=Cannon /> Nearly week after this ''Journal'' story, in a speech on the Senate floor and a stern letter to CIA director [[William J. Casey]], U.S. Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] (Republican of Arizona) condemned the lack of disclosure by the Reagan administration about the mining actions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/12/world/us-aide-defends-mining-without-acknowledging-it.html|title=U.S. Aide Defends Mining Without Acknowledging It|work=The New York Times|last=Tolchin|first=Martin|date=April 12, 1984 |page=A10|access-date=July 13, 2025|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Glass|first=Andrew|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/04/goldwater-condemns-cia-april-10-1984-009491|title= Goldwater condemns CIA April 10, 1984|publisher=Politico|date=April 10, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref> By an 84–12 margin, the Senate passed a "sense of the Congress" resolution introduced by Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] (Democrat of Massachusetts) "against the mining of Nicaraguan ports and the withdrawal of World Court jurisdiction over Central America."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/amendment/98th-congress/senate-amendment/2905/all-info|title=S.Amdt.2905 to H.R.2163|publisher=U.S. Congress|date=April 9, 1984|access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref>

===1987: RJR Nabisco buyout===
In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant [[RJR Nabisco]]. Bryan Burrough and John Helyar documented the events in more than two dozen ''Journal'' articles. Burrough and Helyar later used these articles as the basis of a bestselling book, ''[[Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco]]'', which was turned into a [[Barbarians at the Gate (film)|film]] for HBO.

===1988: Insider trading===
In the 1980s, then-''Journal'' reporter [[James B. Stewart]] brought national attention to the illegal practice of [[insider trading]]. He was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize]] in explanatory journalism in 1988, which he shared with [[Daniel Hertzberg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/cgi-bin/year.pl?type=w&year=1988&FormsButton2=Retrieve|title=The Pulitzer Prizes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925063457/http://www.pulitzer.org/cgi-bin/year.pl?type=w&year=1988&FormsButton2=Retrieve|archive-date=September 25, 2006}}</ref> who went on to serve as the paper's senior deputy managing editor before resigning in 2009. Stewart expanded on this theme in his 1991 book, ''[[Den of Thieves (Stewart book)|Den of Thieves]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 1991 |title=Den of Thieves |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/james-b-stewart/den-of-thieves/ |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=Kirkus Reviews |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803224801/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/james-b-stewart/den-of-thieves/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1997: AIDS treatment===
David Sanford, a Page One features editor who was infected with [[HIV]] in 1982 in a bathhouse, wrote a front-page personal account of how, with the assistance of improved treatments for HIV, he went from planning his death to planning his retirement.<ref>Sanford, David. "[http://www.pulitzer.org/year/1997/national-reporting/works/7.html Back to the Future: One Man's AIDS Tale Shows How Quickly Epidemic Has Turned] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630113448/http://www.pulitzer.org/year/1997/national-reporting/works/7.html |date=June 30, 2007 }}". ''The Wall Street Journal'' (New York), November 8, 1997.</ref> He and six other reporters wrote about the new treatments, political and economic issues, and won the 1997 [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting]] about [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]].<ref>[http://www.pulitzer.org/year/1997/national-reporting/works/ Pulitzer Prize Winners: 1997 – National Reporting], retrieved August 8, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711062822/http://www.pulitzer.org/year/1997/national-reporting/works/ |date=July 11, 2007 }}</ref>

===2000: Enron===
[[Jonathan Weil]], a reporter at the Dallas bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'', is credited with first breaking the story of financial abuses at [[Enron]] in September 2000.<ref>Gladwell, Malcolm. "[https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/01/08/070108fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=2 Open Secrets] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929153018/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/01/08/070108fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=2 |date=September 29, 2007 }}". ''The New Yorker'', January 8, 2007.</ref> [[Rebecca Smith (journalist)|Rebecca Smith]] and [[John R. Emshwiller]] reported on the story regularly,<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/enron/exhibit/03-08/BBC-0001/Images/EXH023-00201.PDF Enron CFO's Partnership Had Millions in Profit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823080958/http://www.usdoj.gov/enron/exhibit/03-08/BBC-0001/Images/EXH023-00201.PDF |date=August 23, 2006 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'' (New York), October 19, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2006. (PDF).</ref> and wrote a book, ''24 Days''. In October 2021, the ''Journal'' released Bad Bets, a podcast that recounted the papers reporting on Enron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing: Bad Bets – Bad Bets – WSJ Podcasts|url=https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/bad-bets/introducing-bad-bets/d26a97c0-79f4-4d71-9378-f8b486f7b6e5|access-date=December 7, 2021|website=The Wall Street Journal|language=en|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207030907/https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/bad-bets/introducing-bad-bets/d26a97c0-79f4-4d71-9378-f8b486f7b6e5|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2001: 9/11===
The ''Journal'' claims to have sent the first news report, on the Dow Jones wire, of a plane crashing into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediaweek.co.uk/news/662527/Raymond-Snoddy-Media-Logic-says-WSJ-safe-Murdoch/ |title=Raymond Snoddy on Media: Logic says WSJ is safe with Murdoch |publisher=Mediaweek.co.uk |date=June 6, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222143923/http://mediaweek.co.uk/news/662527/Raymond-Snoddy-Media-Logic-says-WSJ-safe-Murdoch/ |archive-date=December 22, 2012 }}</ref> Its headquarters, at [[One World Financial Center]], was severely damaged by the collapse of the World Trade Center just across the street.<ref name="The Eye of the Storm">{{cite news|last=Bussey|first=John|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000265058230898329|title=The Eye of the Storm: One Journey Through Desperation and Chaos|work=The Wall Street Journal|page=A1|date=September 12, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142246/http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6536 |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=September 27, 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Top editors worried that they might miss publishing the first issue for the first time in the paper's 112-year history. They relocated to a makeshift office at an editor's home, while sending most of the staff to Dow Jones's [[South Brunswick Township, New Jersey]], corporate campus.<ref name="Harris 2011">{{cite web|last=Harris|first=Roy J. Jr.|title=How The Wall Street Journal's improvised 9/11 battle plan helped it to a Pulitzer|url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2011/how-the-wall-street-journals-improvised-911-battle-plan-helped-it-to-a-pulitzer/|publisher=Poynter Institute|date=September 6, 2011|access-date=September 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706192242/http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/040802pulitzer5.htm|archive-date=July 6, 2008}}</ref> The paper was on the stands the next day, albeit in scaled-down form. The front page included a first-hand account of the Twin Towers' collapse written by then-Foreign Editor John Bussey.<ref name="The Eye of the Storm"/> Holed up in a ninth-floor office next to the towers, he phoned in live reports to [[CNBC]] as the towers burned.<ref name="The Eye of the Storm"/> He narrowly escaped serious injury when the first tower collapsed, shattering all the windows in the ''Journal''{{'s}} offices and filling them with dust and debris. The ''Journal'' won a [[2002 Pulitzer Prize]] in [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting|Breaking News Reporting]] for that day's stories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/works/2002-Breaking-News-Reporting|title=The Pulitzer Prizes – Works|work=pulitzer.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004601/http://www.pulitzer.org/works/2002-Breaking-News-Reporting|archive-date=December 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Harris 2011"/>

The ''Journal'' subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9/11, using contacts it had developed while covering business in the Arab world. In [[Kabul, Afghanistan]], reporters Alan Cullison and Andrew Higgins bought a pair of looted computers that [[Al Qaeda]] leaders had used to plan assassinations, chemical and biological attacks, and mundane daily activities. The encrypted files were decrypted and translated.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cullison|first1=Alan|last2=Higgins|first2=Andrew|title=Computer in Kabul holds chilling memos|url=http://www.msnbc.com/news/679996.asp|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=December 31, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020109163051/http://www.msnbc.com/news/679996.asp?pne=msn&cp1=1|archive-date=January 9, 2002|access-date=September 27, 2024|via=MSNBC.com|url-status=live}} Originally published on ''WSJ.com'' as "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100975171479902000 Forgotten Computer Reveals Thinking Behind Four Years of al Qaeda Doings]".</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgYo05-2F7EC|last=Gerges|first=Fawaz A.|title=The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global|place=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|pages=332–333|isbn=978-0-521-51935-9}}</ref> It was during this coverage that terrorists kidnapped and killed ''Journal'' reporter [[Daniel Pearl]].

===2007: Stock option scandal===
In 2007, the paper won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Public Service]], for exposing companies that illegally [[Options backdating|backdate stock options]] they awarded executives to increase their value.

===2015–present: Theranos investigation===
In 2015, a report written by the ''Journal''{{'s}} [[John Carreyrou]] alleged that blood testing company [[Theranos]]' technology was faulty and founder [[Elizabeth Holmes]] was misleading investors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901|title=Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology|last=Carreyrou|first=John|date=October 16, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 22, 2017|issn=0099-9660|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421220545/https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bilton">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-exclusive|title=Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down|last=Bilton|first=Nick|work=The Hive|access-date=April 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410172642/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-exclusive|archive-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/15/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-wsj/|title=Are The Wall Street Journal's Allegations About Theranos True|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=April 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111090439/http://fortune.com/2015/10/15/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-wsj/|archive-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', "a damning report published in ''The Wall Street Journal'' had alleged that the company was, in effect, a sham—that its vaunted core technology was actually faulty and that Theranos administered almost all of its blood tests using competitors' equipment."<ref name="Bilton"/> The ''Journal'' has subsequently published several more reports questioning Theranos' and Holmes' credibility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/second-theranos-lab-failed-u-s-inspection-1484708428|title=Second Theranos Lab Failed U.S. Inspection|last1=Weaver|first1=Christopher|date=January 18, 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 22, 2017|last2=Carreyrou|first2=John|issn=0099-9660|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421122207/https://www.wsj.com/articles/second-theranos-lab-failed-u-s-inspection-1484708428|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-secretly-bought-outside-lab-gear-ran-fake-tests-court-filings-1492794470|title=Theranos Secretly Bought Outside Lab Gear, Ran Fake Tests: Court Filings|last=Weaver|first=Christopher|date=April 22, 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 22, 2017|issn=0099-9660|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421221930/https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-secretly-bought-outside-lab-gear-ran-fake-tests-court-filings-1492794470|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> In May 2018, Carreyrou released a book about Theranos, ''[[Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup|Bad Blood]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |date=May 21, 2018 |title='Bad Blood' explores the culture inside disgraced startup Theranos |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/21/technology/theranos-bad-blood/index.html?iid=EL |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=[[CNNMoney]]|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190821142831/https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/21/technology/theranos-bad-blood/index.html?iid=EL|archive-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>

[[Rupert Murdoch]]—at the time a major investor in Theranos and owner of the ''Journal''—lost approximately $100 million in his investments in Theranos.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rupert|last=Neate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/29/rupert-murdoch-theranos-investment-wall-street-journal|title=Rupert Murdoch set to lose $100m Theranos investment |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 29, 2016|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>

===2018–present: Investigation into Stormy Daniels payment===
{{Main|Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal}}

On January 12, 2018, [[Michael Rothfeld]] and [[Joe Palazzolo]] reported in ''The Wall Street Journal'' that during the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential campaign]], then-candidate [[Donald Trump]]'s personal lawyer, [[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]] coordinated a $130,000 payment to [[Stormy Daniels]] for her silence regarding an alleged affair. In subsequent reports, the method of payment and many other details were extensively covered. In April of that year, [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents stormed Cohen's home, seizing records related to the transaction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline of the Donald Trump-Stormy Daniels Saga |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/timeline-of-the-donald-trump-stormy-daniels-saga-1525373930 |access-date=April 8, 2019 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408030731/https://www.wsj.com/articles/timeline-of-the-donald-trump-stormy-daniels-saga-1525373930 |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 21, 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to eight counts including campaign finance violations in connection with the Daniels payment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mangan |first1=Dan |title=Trump's ex-lawyer and fixer Michael Cohen sentenced to 3 years in prison after admitting 'blind loyalty' led him to cover up president's 'dirty deeds' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/12/trumps-ex-lawyer-and-fixer-michael-cohen-sentenced-to-3-years.html |access-date=April 8, 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=December 12, 2018 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212171703/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/12/trumps-ex-lawyer-and-fixer-michael-cohen-sentenced-to-3-years.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The coverage earned the ''Journal'' the 2019 [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |title=Pulitzer Prizes Focus on Coverage of Trump Finances and Parkland Shooting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/business/media/pulitzer-prizes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415194445/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/business/media/pulitzer-prizes.html |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=April 16, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>

===2021: Facebook company files leak===
{{Excerpt|2021 Facebook leak}}

==Controversies==
=== Hong Kong Journalists Association ===
In June 2024 ''Wall Street Journal'' editors learned that ''WSJ'' journalist [[Selina Cheng]] was a candidate for the leadership of the [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]], a local press union. Cheng's editor demanded that she withdraw from the election and from participation in the union. However, the right to stand for election and participate in a union without employer consent are established under Hong Kong employment law. Cheng did not withdraw and was elected to the leadership role.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/china/2024/07/24/the-noose-around-the-press-in-hong-kong-tightens | title=The noose around the press in Hong Kong tightens | newspaper=The Economist }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ex-wsj-reporter-says-fired-over-role-in-hong-kong-press-union-002d09da | title=Ex-WSJ Reporter Says Fired over Role in Hong Kong Press Union }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/article/2024/jul/17/wall-street-journal-fires-new-chair-of-hong-kong-journalists-association | title=Wall Street Journal fires new chair of Hong Kong Journalists Association | newspaper=The Guardian | date=July 17, 2024 | last1=Hawkins | first1=Amy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hongkongfp.com/2024/07/17/breaking-chair-of-hong-kong-journalists-association-selina-cheng-fired-by-wall-street-journal-weeks-after-election/ | title=Wall Street Journal fires Hong Kong reporter Selina Cheng | date=July 17, 2024 }}</ref> In July 2024, the paper's chief editor Gordon Fairclough travelled to Hong Kong and fired her from her role at the ''WSJ''. In response to press queries, the ''WSJ'' declined to comment on Cheng's case except to acknowledge there had been "restructuring". Cheng responded that the restructuring was a layoff of one person.<ref name="Cheng2024"/>

The paper's action against Cheng attracted criticism from media organisations, press unions and human rights proponents across the globe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/07/19/code-of-silence/ | title=Code of Silence | first=Ryan Ho |last=Kilpatrick | website=chinamediaproject.org | date=July 19, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Walden 2024">{{cite web | last1=Walden | first1=Max | last2=Cai | first2=Jenny | title=Wall Street Journal accused of double standards after sacking Hong Kong journalist | date=July 19, 2024 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-19/wall-street-journal-sacks-selina-cheng-press-freedom-concerns/104117976 | work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3271052/overseas-groups-step-support-hong-kongs-selina-cheng-over-wall-street-journal-sacking | title=Global press groups support Hong Kong reporter over Wall Street Journal sacking | first=Connor | last=Mycroft | date=July 19, 2024 | access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Chinese state media, meanwhile, celebrated her sacking, with the ''[[Global Times]]'', a tabloid owned by the [[Chinese Communist Party]], calling the press union "a malignant tumour that harms the city's safety and security".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cpj.org/2024/08/cpj-calls-for-support-for-hong-kong-journalists-amid-growing-pressure-trial-delays/ | title=CPJ calls for support for Hong Kong journalists amid growing pressure, trial delays | date=August 12, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Walden 2024"/> Asked by the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' about his views about the reason for the dismissal, Hong Kong's security minister [[Chris Tang]] mentioned what he saw as the possibility that the journal might have wanted not to be associated with the press union, the latter being in his view "not a well-recognized association".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The Wall Street Journal told staff to 'avoid press freedom advocacy in Hong Kong' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3272069/wall-street-journal-firing-over-press-freedom-stance-hong-kong-selina-cheng-says |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108011002/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3272069/wall-street-journal-firing-over-press-freedom-stance-hong-kong-selina-cheng-says |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cheng said that the ''Wall Street Journal'' had fired her to avoid being seen as advocating press freedom in the city.<ref name="Cheng2024">{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Selina |title=I pushed for press freedom in Hong Kong. The Wall Street Journal fired me. |url=https://www.cjr.org/first_person/selina-cheng-wall-street-journal-gershkovich-evan-china-hong-kong-apple.php |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[NewsGuild-CWA]] and Independent Association of Publishers' Employees, the union for [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]], expressed their support for Cheng.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%e6%b8%af%e8%81%9e/article/20240724/s00001/1721787451949 |title=IAPE發起聯署籲《華爾街日報》讓鄭嘉如復職指美加早禁解僱支持工會者 |trans-title=IAPE Initiates Joint Petition Calling on ''The Wall Street Journal'' to Reinstate Selina Cheng; Pointing Out That the United States and Canada Had Long Banned The Firing of Union Supporters. |date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Ming Pao]] |access-date=December 28, 2025 |language=zh}}</ref> The latter launched a petition calling on ''WSJ'' to reinstate Cheng, which has garnered 335 employee signatures in support.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20240828-%E9%80%BE%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E9%9F%BF%E6%87%89%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83%E8%81%AF%E7%BD%B2-%E4%BF%83-%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%A5-%E8%AE%93%E8%A8%98%E5%8D%94%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E9%84%AD%E5%98%89%E5%A6%82%E5%BE%A9%E8%81%B7 |title=逾三百人響應美國工會聯署促《華日》讓記協主席鄭嘉如復職 |trans-title=Over 300 Respond to U.S. Union Petition, Urging ''The Wall Street Journal'' to Reinstate Journalist Association Chairperson Selina Cheng. |date=August 28, 2024 |website=[[Radio France Internationale]] |last=Mak |first=Yin-ting |access-date=December 28, 2025 |language=zh}}</ref> In November 2024, Cheng filed a civil lawsuit in Hong Kong against the newspaper over her firing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 12, 2024 |title=Hong Kong journalist to sue Wall Street Journal over sacking |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/china/2024/11/12/china-hong-kong-wsj-journalist-sues-dismissal/ |access-date=November 13, 2024 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Kanis |date=November 12, 2024 |title=Hong Kong reporter says she'll sue Wall Street Journal for dismissal because of her union role |url=https://apnews.com/article/selina-cheng-wsj-dismissal-hong-kong-65c74d2fd85b90bf63678238522cd8c3 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, criminal proceedings against the ''WSJ'' began in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chow |first1=Fiona |title=Hong Kong press union head sues former employer Wall Street Journal over firing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3298495/hong-kong-press-union-head-launches-private-prosecution-against-ex-employer |website=[[South China Morning Post|SCMP]] |access-date=February 14, 2025 |date=February 13, 2025}}</ref>

[[Centrist camp|Centrist]] lawmaker [[Tik Chi-yuen]] criticized the ''Wall Street Journal'' for [[self-censorship]] and fear of offending the authorities, which seriously impacts press freedom in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hk01.com/政情/1039196 |title=記協主席鄭嘉如被《華爾街日報》辭退狄志遠：衝擊香港核心價值 |trans-title=Journalists Association Chairperson Selina Cheng Dismissed by ''The Wall Street Journal''; Tik Chi-yuen: This Impacts Hong Kong's Core Values. |date=July 17, 2024 |website=[[HK01]] |last=Cheng |first=Bo-sheng |access-date=December 28, 2025 |language=zh}}</ref> Former district councillor [[Ben Lam (politician)|Ben Lam]] described ''WSJ''{{'s}} actions as supporting authoritarianism and compared their chief editor to [[Walter Duranty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechasernews.co.uk/%E4%BE%86%E8%AB%96%EF%BD%9C%E6%B7%AA%E7%82%BA%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E5%B9%AB%E5%85%87%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85/ |title=來論｜淪為極權幫兇的外國記者 |trans-title=To Comment｜Foreign Journalists Reduced to Aiding Authoritarianism. |date=July 18, 2024 |website=[[Photon Media|Chaser News]] |last=Lam |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Lam (politician) |access-date=December 28, 2025 |language=zh}}</ref>

In a series of articles about News Corp, Australian online news outlet [[Crikey]] described Cheng's firing as part of "turmoil" at the ''WSJ'' and that "the global purging of newsrooms is as much about creating a politically correct workforce of reliable journalistic cadres as it is about simply saving costs."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Christopher |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Watch Hong Kong (not Reno) to understand what News Corp is really up to |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/07/31/news-corp-lachlan-james-hong-kong/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Crikey |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission|U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] annual report noted the significance of the event as demonstrating "the pressures on foreign media to self-censor in line with the [[CCP]]'s requirements". It concluded that the ''WSJ''{{'}}s action "calls into question claims that foreign businesses have been unaffected by the new atmosphere following the passage of the [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|NSL]] and [[Safeguarding National Security Ordinance|Article 23 Ordinance]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=2024 REPORT TO CONGRESS |date=Nov 2024 |publisher=U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION |page=698 |url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/2024_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf |chapter=10}}</ref>

=== President Trump feud ===
{{See also|Relationship of Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein|Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions}}
On July 17, 2025, the newspaper reported that, in 2003, Donald Trump had sent convicted child sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]] a 50th birthday card.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palazzolo |first=Khadeeja Safdar and Joe |title=Exclusive {{!}} Jeffrey Epstein's Friends Sent Him Bawdy Letters for a 50th Birthday Album. One Was From Donald Trump. |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/trump-jeffrey-epstein-birthday-letter-we-have-certain-things-in-common-f918d796 |access-date=August 2, 2025 |website=WSJ |date=July 17, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The next day, Trump (then a sitting president) sued the newspaper, alleging two counts of defamation and seeking at least $10 billion for each count. It was believed to be the first time a sitting president had ever sued a journalist or media outlet for personal defamation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Michael |last2=Berman |first2=Dan |last3=Stelter |first3=Brian |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Trump files libel lawsuit over Wall Street Journal report on Jeffrey Epstein's birthday letters |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/18/politics/trump-wall-street-journal-jeffrey-epstein |access-date=July 20, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The case was assigned to Judge [[Darrin P. Gayles|Darrin Gayles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Alex |date=July 21, 2025 |title=Obama-appointed Florida judge to preside over Trump's $10B suit against Murdoch and WSJ |url=https://www.inkl.com/news/obama-appointed-florida-judge-to-preside-over-trump-s-10b-suit-against-murdoch-and-wsj |access-date=July 21, 2025 |website=inkl |language=en}}</ref> On July 21, the ''Journal'' was also removed from the White House press pool for Trump's trip to Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Brian Stelter, Liam |date=July 21, 2025 |title=Trump White House removes Wall Street Journal from Scotland trip press pool over Epstein report {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/21/media/trump-bans-wsj-wall-street-journal-scotland-press-pool-epstein |access-date=August 2, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Two days later, the ''Journal'' reported that Trump was informed by the Justice Department in May that his name was found in the [[Epstein Files]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leary |first=Sadie Gurman, Annie Linskey, Josh Dawsey and Alex |title=Exclusive {{!}} Justice Department Told Trump in May That His Name Is Among Many in the Epstein Files |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/justice-department-told-trump-name-in-epstein-files-727a8038 |access-date=August 2, 2025 |website=WSJ |date=July 23, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Misinformation on the assassination of Charlie Kirk ===
{{Excerpt|Assassination of Charlie Kirk#"Transgender ideology" misinformation}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Journalism|New York City}}
* [[William Peter Hamilton]]
* ''{{anl|The Economic Times}}''
* ''{{anl|Far Eastern Economic Review}}''
* ''[[Index of Economic Freedom]]'' – an annual report published by the ''Journal'' together with [[The Heritage Foundation]]
* [[List of financial market information services]]
* [[Lucky duckies]]
* [[Media in New York City]]
* ''[[On the Money (2013 TV series)]]'' – the current title of a CNBC-produced program known as ''The Wall Street Journal Report'' from 1970 until the CNBC/Dow Jones split in January 2013.
* ''[[The Wall Street Journal Special Editions]]''
* [[Wall Street Journal Radio Network]]
* [[Worth Bingham Prize]]
* [[Billion Dollar Whale (book)|Billion dollar whale]]

==References==
;Works cited
* {{cite book|last=Scharff|first=Edward E.|title=Worldly Power: The Making of The Wall Street Journal|url=https://archive.org/details/worldlypowermaki0000scha|url-access=registration|place=New York|publisher=Beaufort Books Publishers|year=1986|isbn=0-8253-0359-1|via=Internet Archive}}

;Notes
{{reflist|30em|refs=


}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dealy | first1 = Francis X. | date = June 1, 1993 | chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | title = The Power and the Money: Inside the Wall Street Journal | url = https://archive.org/details/powermoneyinside00deal | language = en | edition = 1st | publisher = [[Carol Publishing Group|Birch Lane Press]] | isbn = 978-1-55972-118-9 | lccn = 92035893 | oclc = 468517852 | ol = OL1731385M | via = [[Internet Archive]] | quote = | quote-page = | df = dmy-all }}
* Douai, Aziz, and Terry Wu. "News as business: the global financial crisis and Occupy movement in the Wall Street Journal". ''Journal of International Communication'' 20.2 (2014): 148–167.
* Merrill, John C., and Harold A. Fisher. ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980), pp. 338–41.
* Rosenberg, Jerry M. ''Inside The Wall Street Journal: The History and the Power of Dow Jones & Company and America's Most Influential Newspaper'' (1982) [https://www.questia.com/library/98720012/inside-the-wall-street-journal-the-history-and-the online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121711/https://www.questia.com/library/98720012/inside-the-wall-street-journal-the-history-and-the |date=January 11, 2019 }}
* Sakurai, Takuya. "Framing a Trade Policy: An Analysis of The Wall Street Journal Coverage of Super 301". ''Intercultural Communication Studies'' 24.3 (2015). [https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/Takuya-Sakurai.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308071407/https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/Takuya-Sakurai.pdf |date=March 8, 2021 }}
* Steinbock, Dan. "Building dynamic capabilities: The Wall Street Journal interactive edition: A successful online subscription model (1993–2000)". ''International Journal on Media Management'' 2.3-4 (2000): 178–194.
* Yarrow, Andrew L. "The big postwar story: Abundance and the rise of economic journalism". ''Journalism History'' 32.2 (2006): 58+ [http://www.publicagenda.com/files/The_Big_Postwar_Story_final%20_Journalism_History_article.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181113022641/http://www.publicagenda.com/files/The_Big_Postwar_Story_final%20_Journalism_History_article.pdf |date=November 13, 2018 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

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Barun Sengupta metro station

2026-03-26T05:54:39Z

RockyHerz477: general refined structure to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Metro station in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Barun Sengupta
| native_name = {{nobold|বরুণ সেনগুপ্ত}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| image = Barun Sengupta metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.54393606917106|88.40015595354645|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| address = Dhapa, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700105
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Ajanta |title=Rail Vikas Nigam Limited plans 4 km extension from Ruby Metro to Beliaghata by puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rvnl-plans-4km-extension-from-ruby-metro-to-beliaghata-by-puja/articleshow/98076538.cms |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222025527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rvnl-plans-4km-extension-from-ruby-metro-to-beliaghata-by-puja/articleshow/98076538.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible =
| status = Operational
| code = KBST
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| other_name = Science City
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Orange|left=Ritwik Ghatak|right=Beleghata}}
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India Kolkata#India Kolkata Metro
}}[[File:Barun Sengupta Metro Station 3.jpg|thumb|300px|Barun Sengupta Metro Station]]

'''Barun Sengupta''' (also known as '''Science City'''), is a metro station of [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]] located at Parama Island in the [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]] area of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], serving Dhapa, [[ITC Royal Bengal]], [[JW Marriott Hotels|JW Marriott]] and [[Science City, Kolkata|Science City]] areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Ajmal |title=First phase of Kolkata Metro's Orange Line all set for launch; covers Kavi Subash to Hemanta Mukherjee in 7 minutes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/first-phase-of-kolkata-metros-orange-line-all-set-for-launch-covers-kavi-subash-to-hemanta-mukherjee-in-7-minutes-article-97438188 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=TimesNow |date=30 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130090911/https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/first-phase-of-kolkata-metros-orange-line-all-set-for-launch-covers-kavi-subash-to-hemanta-mukherjee-in-7-minutes-article-97438188 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta Metro to start trial runs along Ruby-Beleghata stretch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata-metro-to-start-trial-runs-along-ruby-beleghata-stretch/cid/2015759 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The station is named in honour of the founder of ''[[Bartaman]]'', [[Barun Sengupta]]. The station is elevated above the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTRUCTION WORK OF BARUN SENGUPTA STATION (ORANGE LINE) GOING on IN FULL SWING |date=13 September 2023 |url=https://ibgnews.com/2023/09/13/construction-work-of-barun-sengupta-station-orange-line-going-on-in-full-swing/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-04-25 |title=Kolkata Orange Line Metro Extension Awaits Safety Clearance; Test Runs To Begin - Metro Rail News |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kolkata-orange-line-metro-extension-awaits-safety-clearance-test-runs-to-begin/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Location ==
This station is located in [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]] across the [[service road]] and [[footpath]] on the eastern side of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] at Parama Island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Beleghata-Ruby Section of Kolkata Metro Undergoes Inspection, Here's Why |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/beleghata-ruby-section-of-kolkata-metro-undergoes-inspection-heres-why-8833331.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3096&did=168397124068709B2CE64133D36799B20E6EA8937647B |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The main [[elevated railway|elevated]] structure of the station is situated along the [[service road]] and [[footpath]] adjacent to the [[New Garia]]-bound [[lane]] of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] near [[Maa Flyover]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro: বাইপাসের উপর 'প্রায় তৈরি' নয়া মেট্রো স্টেশন, কবে জুড়বে গড়িয়া-এয়ারপোর্ট রুট? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/the-construction-work-of-barun-sengupta-metro-station-of-orange-line-is-going-on-in-full-swing-sud-677055-2023-09-12 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> It is geographically located at {{Coord|22.543986|N|88.399274|E}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Rail Vikas Nigam Limited plans 4 km extension from Ruby Metro to Beliaghata by puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rvnl-plans-4km-extension-from-ruby-metro-to-beliaghata-by-puja/articleshow/98076538.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The previous station of the station is [[Ritwik Ghatak metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|1.4|km}} and the next station is [[Beleghata metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|0.9|km}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

==History ==
This project was sanctioned in the budget of 2010–11 by [[Mamata Banerjee]] with a project deadline of six years.<ref name="airport_link_station_names">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213055942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2011|title=Rail set to take over East-West|date=8 February 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The execution of this project has been entrusted to RVNL at a cost of Rs 3951.98 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Seven projects meant to change the face of Calcutta are entangled in a web of land politics and pandering. Metro explores the tunnel vision" |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/stuck/cid/1287657 |website=Telegraph india}}</ref> It will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of [[Kolkata]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]. In October 2011, [[RVNL]] awarded [[Gammon India Limited]], the tender for the construction of the [[Kolkata Metro|metro]] corridor from [[VIP Bazar metro station|VIP Bazar Metro Station]] to [[Nicco Park|Nikko Park]] ([[Nalban metro station]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=বরুণ সেনগুপ্ত মেট্রো স্টেশনের নির্মাণ কাজ তুঙ্গে, অন্দরমহলটা দেখে নিন |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/news/kolkata-metro-new-garia-airport-metro-corridor-barun-sengupta-metro-station-construction-work-update/photoshow/105019644.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Eisamay |date=6 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> including stations, as part of Package-II of Orange Line. Amongst those metro stations, one in Dhapa was also sanctioned, i.e., Barun Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of tenders/contracts |url=https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |access-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319185621/https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Road Ahead….. Projects sanctioned" |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="airport_link_station_names" /> In January 2012, the construction of the metro station along with the metro line started. The construction of the station was stopped in 2015 due to land dispute at Tagore Park [[culvert]] and a pair of [[Foot Over Bridge|footover bridges]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Construction of VIP Bazar station begins after two years" |url=https://ebela.in/state/work-begins-on-vip-bazar-metro-station-after-two-years-1.614294}}</ref> The construction of the station started again in May 2017<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-12 |title=Airport-New Garia Metro: Site visit next week to bridge VIP Bazar gap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-new-garia-metro-site-visit-next-week-to-bridge-vip-bazar-gap/articleshow/98574252.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Man electrocuted at construction site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/man-electrocuted-at-construction-site-in-kolkata-38-year-old-subrata-biswas-suffers-burn-injuries/articleshow/107806404.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=শেষের মুখে কলকাতা মেট্রোর আরও ১ স্টেশনের কাজ! ভিতরটা কেমন হল? রইল 'ফার্স্ট লুক' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329172725/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মেট্রোর পথ করতে নোনাডাঙায় সরছে পুরোনো ভিআইপি বাজার |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/for-metro-turminal-old-vip-market-will-bo-move-on-nonabazar/articleshow/57231236.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Eisamay |date=19 February 2017 |language=bn}}</ref> and was fully completed in early 2023.<ref name=":324">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=CRS check till Metropolitan: No Ruby ops on Thurs, Fri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/crs-check-till-metropolitan-no-ruby-ops-on-thurs-fri/articleshow/108802191.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-15 |title=Kolkata: Pipe bridge lifted out of Metro alignment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pipe-bridge-lifted-out-of-metro-alignment/articleshow/76968240.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> But the metro couldn't be started due to a viaduct gap over Tagore Park culvert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশনের কাজ শেষ পর্যায়ে, ফাস্ট লুকেই হাঁকাল ছক্কা! » Najarbandi 24X7 |url=https://najarbandi.in/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-first-look-is-out/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=najarbandi.in |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Hanging bridge on Bypass solves Metro problem at Tagore Park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hanging-bridge-on-bypass-solves-metro-problem-at-tagore-park/articleshow/104929776.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A week later after inauguration and a day after commercial run started on [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]-[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] section, in March 2024, RVNL announced the completion of that 76 m viaduct gap after construction of a single-span hanging [[steel]] [[bridge]] over the disputed Tagore Park [[culvert]]. This completed the viaduct upto [[Beleghata metro station]], clearing the way for commercial operations at Barun Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Traffic starts moving along Tagore Park western flank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tagore-park-kolkata-traffic-movement-resumes-after-5-months/articleshow/108505984.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Trial runs have started in the same month. The station was opened on 22 August 2025 as a part of [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]–[[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]] [[Kolkata Metro Line 6|Orange Line extension]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station ==

===Structure ===
Barun Sengupta Metro Station is an elevated metro station and has a total of 3 levels. Station entrances and exits begin or end at the first level or [[Ground floor|ground level]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3386&did=16946077532174862B31B38E23B035A9B34248F0482D0 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Second-level or L1 or intermediate level houses station [[fare control]], station agents, metro [[Ticket machine|vending machines]], crossovers, etc. The third level or L2 or the final level houses the [[Railway platform|platforms]] and [[Railway track|rail tracks]]. The station is 200 meters long and 25 meters wide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-09-30 |title=Concreting work of Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station nears completion |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/concreting-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-stn-nears-completion-534865 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশন চোখ ধাঁধানো, কাজ প্রায় শেষ, কেমন হল? দেখুন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-hrithik-ghatak-metro-station-eye-catching-work-is-almost-over-how-is-it-see-rjk-685778-2023-09-28 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=railanalysis3 |date=2023-10-13 |title=Kolkata Metro Update: The construction work of Ritwik Ghatak metro station of Kavi Subhash-Biman Bandar corridor going on in full swing |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/kolkata-metro-update-the-construction-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-of-kavi-subhash-biman-bandar-corridor-going-on-in-full-swing/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Rail Analysis India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The station has four entrances and exits. The station is being built with [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] technology. In addition to staircases, it will be equipped with [[Elevator|lifts]] and [[escalator]]s. The station also has [[drinking water]] and [[toilet]] facilities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=নিউ গড়িয়া-বিমানবন্দর মেট্রো করিডোরে বড় খবর, নতুন স্টেশনের ছবি দেখুন |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/news/kolkata-metro-new-garia-airport-corridor-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-work-almost-complete/photoshow/104012175.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Eisamay |date=28 September 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

===Layout ===
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|orange|Right}} (terminus) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|orange|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Ritwik Ghatak}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Power and signal systems ==
Like other stations and lines of [[Kolkata Metro]], this station has 750 volt [[Direct current|DC]] [[DC motor|powered]] [[third rail]]. The [[electricity system]] will be used to operate the train.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3822&did=1705999999593CFC2163E0CC36FDC7712299FBF8432D4 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Train movement at this station will be managed by [[CBTC|communication based train control signaling]] system. With this signal system, trains can be operated at intervals of 90 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3960&did=1711434226034173F1A0F14BC36381633091FEA2E7CD6 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Trial run extended beyond Ruby to Metropolitan on Kolkata Metro's Airport Line {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/trial-run-extended-beyond-ruby-to-metropolitan-on-kolkata-metros-airport-line |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref name=":324" />

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Kolkata Metro|orange line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations]]

Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan

2026-03-25T19:00:29Z

RockyHerz477: Created new stub!

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by A. L. Abanindran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan
| image = Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = A. L. Abanindran
| producer = Devanshu Arya Vachan Shetty [[Ravi Varman]]
| writer = A. L. Abanindran
| starring = Praveen Kumar [[Sanam Shetty]] [[Shalini Vadnikatti]]
| music = [[Joshua Sridhar]] Timothy Madhukar
| cinematography = Sarangarajan
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Ignite Films
| distributor = [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|12|24}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan''''' ({{translation|A white man never lies}}) is a 2015 [[Tamil language]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by newcomer A. L. Abanindran. The film features an ensemble cast of Praveen Kumar, [[Sanam Shetty]], [[Shalini Vadnikatti]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Aruldoss]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Karthik Kumar]], and [[Aadukalam Naren]]. The film released on 24 December 2015.

== Plot ==
Karthik is an IT professional in dire need of money for his father Ramalingam's cancer treatment. Finding no other way, he resorts to blackmail as a means of acquiring the necessary funds. It eventually leads him all the way to blackmailing a prominent politician.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* Praveen Kumar as Karthik
* [[Sanam Shetty]] as Aruna
* [[Shalini Vadnikatti]] as Pooja
* [[Karthik Kumar]] as Dr. Raghu
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Mani
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ramalingam, Karthik's father
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Periyavar
* [[Aruldoss]] as Rajagopal
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Sharma
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Varma
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Pradeep Kumar IAS
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Lawyer Krishnamoorthy
* [[Poo Ramu]] as Pandian
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Selvarathnam
* Natarajan (Nat Narayanasamy) as Periyavar's advisor
* Gnanavel as Shanmugam
* Pazhani as Thiruvengadam
* Ilankainathan as Gnanam
* Raja Rishi as Subbaiah
* Aroul D. Shankar as Prakash
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The project was announced by Devanshu Arya of Ignite Films and director Abanindran in late 2014, and marked the director's feature film debut after he and Devanshu Arya had previously assisted during the making of [[Rajiv Menon]]'s ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997) and ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000). The film stars newcomer Praveen Kumar, who played a supporting role in ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' (2013) in the lead role alongside [[Shalini Vadnikatti]], a model from Hyderabad. Abanindran had worked with Praveen Kumar and the producers, Ignite Films, before, when the trio worked on the television serial, ''[[Dharmayutham]]'' for [[Vijay TV]] during 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |title=Director Abanindran on his film Vellaya Irukkaravan Poi Solla Maattan |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/director-abanindran-on-his-film-vellaya-irukkaravan-poi-solla-maattan.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Ravi Varman]] also worked as a co-producer for the film, marking his maiden production. The ensemble cast was also revealed to feature [[Sanam Shetty]], [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] and [[Bala Saravanan]], while [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] was announced as the film's editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Half-baked Opinions Can Put You in a Spot' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Half-baked-Opinions-Can-Put-You-in-a-Spot/2015/11/26/article3146502.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Half-baked-Opinions-Can-Put-You-in-a-Spot/2015/11/26/article3146502.ece |archive-date=8 December 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was named after a dialogue spoken by [[Vadivelu]] in the film ''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Dharmik |date=2017-05-16 |title=வடிவேலுவின் ஃபேமஸ் டயலாக்குகள்தான் இந்தப் படங்களின் டைட்டில்ஸ்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/89469-vadivelus-dialog-as-movies-title.html |access-date=2018-04-27 |work=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

The team shot the film around Chennai in forty days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maattan: Looking to Hit Out at Society's Prejudices |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vellaiya-Irukiravan-Poi-Solla-Maattan-Looking-to-Hit-Out-at-Societys-Prejudices/2015/08/25/article2991387.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828034623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vellaiya-Irukiravan-Poi-Solla-Maattan-Looking-to-Hit-Out-at-Societys-Prejudices/2015/08/25/article2991387.ece |archive-date=28 August 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> After the film was completed, [[S. Thanu]] of Kalaipuli International bought the film's worldwide distribution rights.

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Joshua Sridhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/vellaiya-irukiravan-poi-solla-maatan/16867641/ |via=www.hungama.com |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175135/https://www.hungama.com/album/vellaiya-irukiravan-poi-solla-maatan/16867641/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vellaiya-irukiravan-poi-solla-maatan/wbAf8KPFTRU_ |via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
*"Gappu La Aappu" - Santhosh Hariharan
*"Nizhala Nijama" - Saicharan

== Release ==
The film released to mixed reviews in December 2015, having been delayed for three weeks as a result of the [[2015 South Indian floods]]. A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted that "it was an impressive debut".<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Impressive Debut That Lacks Style |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/dec/24/an-impressive-debut-that-lacks-style-859922.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "There is a wonderful screwball vibe to Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan (VIPSM), a black comedy that is a confident debut by Abanindran. The director manages to keep things relatable and even when things get out of hand for the hapless protagonist, they do not feel improbable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vellaiya-irukiravan-poi-solla-maatan/movie-review/50332774.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|5079858}}
*[http://www.vipsmmovie.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809172945/https://www.vipsmmovie.com/ |date=9 August 2020 }}
*[https://www.facebook.com/VIPSMthemovie/ Facebook Page] Official Facebook

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joshua Sridhar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of earthquakes in India

2026-03-23T01:38:47Z

RockyHerz477: basic correct content for consistency further to improve readability

{{Short description|None}}
The Indian subcontinent has a history of [[earthquake]]s. The reason for the intensity and high frequency of earthquakes is the Indian plate driving into [[Asia]] at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.<ref>{{citation|title=Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia|url=http://cires1.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html|first1=R.|last1=Bendick|first2=R.|last2=Bilham|first3=F.|last3=Blume|first4=G.|last4=Kier|first5=P.|last5=Molnar|first6=A.|last6=Sheehan|first7=K.|last7=Wallace|year=2002|series=NOAA Science Review, 2002|publisher=Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science}}</ref> The following is a list of '''major earthquakes which have occurred in India''', including those with epicentres outside India that caused significant damage or casualties in the country.

==Earthquakes==

The list pertains to the [[Indian Republic]] since [[Partition of India|1947]], and the [[Indian subcontinent]] before that.

{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! Date
! Location
! [[Seismic magnitude scales|Mag.]]
! [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]
! Deaths
! Injuries
! {{nobr|Total damage / notes}}
! Ref
|-
|2026-02-27
|Bangladesh, West Bengal
|5.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]] 
|VI
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title="M 5.3 - 26 km SE of Tāki, India". earthquake.usgs.gov." |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000s0pc/executive |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Bangladesh earthquake|2025-11-21]]
|[[Bangladesh]], [[West Bengal]]
|5.4 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|III
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title="M 5.5 - 14 km WSW of Narsingdi, Bangladesh". earthquake.usgs.gov. 2025-11-22. |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000rpht/executive |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref>
|-
| 2025-09-14
| [[Assam]]
| 5.5 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
|
| 2
| Many buildings damaged in [[Central Assam division|Central]] and [[North Assam division]].
|<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.5 - 10 km NNE of Khārupatia, India|2025|us7000qw56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Earthquake of 5.8 magnitude hits Assam, 2 girls injured|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-of-5-8-magnitude-hits-assam-2-girls-injured-101757866594158.html|author=Biswa Kalyan Purkayastha}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=[[Times Now]]|date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Earthquake in Assam Today: From Guwahati to Siliguri - List of Places Where Tremors Were Felt
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/earthquake-near-me-today-assam-guwahati-dhekiajuli-places-tremors-northeast-news-videos-article-152800569|author=Arpita Ghosh}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Nepal earthquake|2023-11-03]]
| North India, Nepal
| 5.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 153
| 375
| Buildings damaged, all casualties in Nepal
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=Earthquake Today {{!}} Nepal Earthquake News Live: Death toll rises to 69 as strong quake rocks northwestern Nepal, termors felt in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/earthquake-in-nepal-live-updates-dead-toll-rise-several-injured-rescue-search-operation-jajarkot-village-kathmandu/liveblog/104954627.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-04 |title=Magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes Nepal; tremors felt in Delhi, NCR |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/magnitude-6-4-earthquake-strikes-nepal-tremors-felt-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/104951720.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| 2022-07-28
| [[Baikunthpur, Koriya|Baikunthpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 4.6 {{M|w|link=y}}
| IV
|
| 5
| Minor
| <ref>{{cite web |title=M 4.6 – 16 km NNW of Baikunthpur, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000i69p/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=28 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=8 November 2022 |title=M 5.6 – 21 km E of Dipayal, Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000incn/executive}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Assam earthquake|2021-04-28]]
| [[Assam]]
| 6.0 {{M|w|link=y}}
| VII
| 2
| 12
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000dy3b/executive|title=M 6.0 – 9 km NNW of Dhekiajuli, India|access-date=2021-04-28|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Earthquake: 6.4 magnitude quake, 7 aftershocks jolt Northeast, tremors felt in Bengal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/earthquake-in-northeast-tremors-felt-in-assam-north-bengal-arunachal-pradesh-1795696-2021-04-28|access-date=2021-04-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019-07-24
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 4.1 {{M|w|link=y}}
| IV
| 1
| 1
| Minor
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-earthquakes-hit-maharashtra-s-palghar-in-12-minutes/story-46ihDB4tlmemsXq6kNzz1J.html|title=1 killed as 4 earthquakes hit Maharashtra's Palghar in 12 minutes|date=2019-07-25|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us600055sf/executive|title=M 4.1 – 25 km WSW of Shirgaon, India|publisher=United States Geological Survey|language=en|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>
|-
|2018-09-12
| [[Assam]]
| 5.3 {{M|w|link=y}}
| VI
| 1
| 25
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000hd8v#executive|title=M 5.3 – 5 km NE of Sapatgrām, India|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017 Tripura earthquake|2017-01-03]]
| India, Bangladesh
| 5.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
| 3
| 8
|
|
|-
| [[2016 Imphal earthquake|2016-01-04]]
| India, Myanmar, Bangladesh
| 6.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
| 11
| 200
|
|
|-
| [[October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake|2015-10-26]]
| [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
| 399
| 2,536
|
|
|-
| [[May 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015-05-12]]
| [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| 7.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 218
| 3,500+
|
|
|-
| [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015-04-25]]
| [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| 7.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| X
| 8,964
| 21,952
| $10 billion
|
|-
| 2014-05-21
| offshore [[Odisha]]
| 6.0 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| IV
| 2
| 250
| Buildings damaged / Power outages
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000qy82/executive|title=M 6.0 – 276 km SE of Kon?rka, India|publisher=United States Geological Survey|language=en|access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref>
|-
| 2013-05-01
| [[Kashmir]]
| 5.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 3
| 90
| $19.5 million
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 2012-03-05
| [[Delhi]]
| 5.2 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
|
| 5
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/quake-jolts-delhi-and-surrounding-areas-5-injured-234482.html | title=Quake jolts Delhi and surrounding areas, 5 injured | date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011-10-29
| [[Sikkim]]
| 3.5 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| III
| 2
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ja25/executive|title=M 3.5 – 15 km NNE of Gangtok, India|publisher=United States Geological Survey|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011 Sikkim earthquake|2011-09-18]]
| [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
| 6.9 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
| >111
|
|
|
|-
| 2011-09-07
| [[Delhi]]
| 4.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
|
| 1
| Minor damage
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000j7rt/executive|title=M 4.3 – 6 km NE of Pitampura, India|publisher=United States Geological Survey|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2010-03-30
| [[Diglipur]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VI
|
| 10
| Buildings damaged
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20100330-andamans.htm|title= ASC: 30 March 2010, M6.6 West Island (Andaman Islands) India Earthquake|website=asc-india.org|language=en-IN|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ha59/executive|title=M 6.6 – 217 km N of Bamboo Flat, India|date=2010-03-30|publisher=United States Geological Survey|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Andaman Islands earthquake|2009-08-10]]
| [[Andaman Islands]]
| 7.5 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
|
|
| Tsunami warning issued
|
|-
| 2009-03-26
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 4.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
|
| 5
| Buildings damaged
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000gveb/executive|title=M 4.1 – 19 km SSE of Ch??b?sa, India|website=asc-india.org|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2008-09-16
| [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| 5.0 {{M|w|link=y}}
| VI
| 1
| 20
|1,500 buildings damaged.
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=M 5.0 – 7 km NNE of Patan, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000gh63/executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 2008-02-06
| [[West Bengal]]
| 4.3 [[Body wave magnitude|Mb]]
|
| 1
| 50
| Buildings damaged
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 2007-11-06
| [[Gujarat]]
| 5.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
| 1
| 5
| Buildings damaged
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.1 – Gujarat, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000fs1z#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 2006-11-29
| [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| 4.0 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 1
| 2
| Minor damage to property
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M4.0 Alwar Earthquake (Rajasthan), India|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20061129-alwar.htm|author=ASC|access-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610112412/http://asc-india.org/lib/20061129-alwar.htm|archive-date=2008-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2006-03-07
| [[Gujarat]]
| 5.5 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VI
|
| 7
| Buildings damaged
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.5 – Gujarat, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ebma#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 2006-02-14
| [[Sikkim]]
| 5.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
| 2
| 2
| Landslide
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.3 – Sikkim, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ea1q#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 2005-12-14
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 5.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VI
| 1
| 3
| Building destroyed
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.1 – Uttaranchal, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e647#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|2005-10-08]]
| [[Kashmir]]
| 7.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 86,000–87,351
| 69,000–75,266
| 2.8 million displaced
|
|-
| 2002-09-13
| Andaman Islands
| 6.5 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 2
|
| Destructive tsunami
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 2001-09-25
| {{nobr|offshore [[Tamil Nadu]]}}
| 5.2 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| V
| 3
|
| Minor damage
| <ref>{{cite web|title= ASC: 25 September 2001, M5.5 Puducherry (Pondicherry) Earthquake|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010925-pondicherry.htm|author=ASC|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.2 – 39 km SE of Marakkanam, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000apsa/executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|2001-01-26]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| X
| 13,805–20,023
| ~166,800
| $10 billion
|
|-
| [[1999 Chamoli earthquake|1999-03-29]]
| [[Chamoli district]]-[[Uttarakhand]]
| 6.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| ~103
|
|
|
|-
| [[1997 Chittagong earthquake|1997-11-21]]
| Bangladesh, India
| 6.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 23
| 200
|
|
|-
| [[1997 Jabalpur earthquake|1997-05-22]]
| [[Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]]
| 5.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 38–56
| 1,000–1,500
| $37–143 million
|
|-
| [[1993 Latur earthquake|1993-09-30]]
| [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| 6.2 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 9,748
| 30,000
|
|
|-
| [[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake|1991-10-20]]
| [[Uttarkashi]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| 6.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| 768–2,000
| 1,383–1,800
|
|
|-
| [[1988 Nepal earthquake|1988-08-21]]
| Udayapur, Nepal
| 6.9 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 709–1,450
|
|
|
|-
| [[1988 Myanmar–India earthquake|1988-08-06]]
| Myanmar, India
| 7.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
| 3
| 12
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 7.3 – Myanmar|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0003jpw#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 1988-02-06
| Bangladesh, India
| 5.9 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 2
| 100
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=M 5.9 – India-Bangladesh border region|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0003ct7#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
|-
| 1986-04-26
| India, Pakistan
| 5.3 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
| 6
| 30
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1984 Cachar earthquake|1984-12-30]]
| [[Cachar district]]
| 5.6 [[Body wave magnitude|Mb]]
|
| 20
| 100
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1982-01-20
| [[Little Nicobar]]
| 6.3 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
|
| Some
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1980-08-23
| Kashmir
| 4.8 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
| Few
|
| Limited damage / doublet
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1980-08-23
| Kashmir
| 4.9 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
| 15
| 40
| Moderate damage / [[Doublet earthquake|doublet]]
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1980 Nepal earthquake|1980-07-29]]
| [[Pithoragarh district]] (Nepal)
| 6.5 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
| 200
| Many
| $245 million
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake|1975-01-19]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 6.8 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| 47
|
|
|
|-
| 1970-03-23
| [[Bharuch district]]
| 5.4 [[Body wave magnitude|Mb]]
|
| 26
| 200
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Koynanagar earthquake|1967-12-11]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VIII
| 177–180
| 2,272
| $400,000
|
|-
| 1966-08-15
| North India
| 5.6
|
| 15
|
| Limited damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1966-06-27
| Nepal, India
| 5.3 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
| VIII
| 80
| 100
| $1 million
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1963-09-02
| Kashmir
| 5.3
|
| 80
|
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1960-08-27
| North India
|
|
|
|
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1956 Anjar earthquake|1956-07-21]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 6.1 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| 115
| 254
|
|
|-
| 1954-03-21
| India, Myanmar
| 7.4 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
|
|
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake|1950-08-15]]
| [[Assam]], [[Tibet]]
| 8.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| XI
| 1,500–3,300
|
|
|
|-
| [[1947 Assam earthquake|1947-07-29]]
| India, China
| 7.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[1941 Andaman Islands earthquake|1941-06-26]]
| [[Andaman Islands]]
| 7.7–8.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|
| 8,000
|
| Destructive tsunami
|
|-
| [[1935 Quetta earthquake|1935-05-31]]
| [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan]]
| 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| X
| 30,000–60,000
|
|
|
|-
| [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|1934-01-15]]
| [[Bihar-Nepal]]
| 8.0 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| XI
| 6,000–10,700
|
|
|
|-
| 1932-08-14
| [[Assam]], Myanmar
| 7.0 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
|
|
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1930 Dhubri earthquake|1930-07-02]]
| [[Assam]]
| 7.1 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[1905 Kangra earthquake|1905-04-04]]
| [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
| 7.8 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| >20,000
|
|
|
|-
| [[1897 Assam earthquake|1897-06-12]]
| [[Shillong]], [[India]]
| 8.0 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| X
| 1,542
|
|
|
|-
| 1885-06-06
| [[Kashmir]]
|
|
|
|
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1885 Kashmir earthquake|1885-05-30]]
| [[Srinagar]]
|
|
| 3,000
|
| Extreme damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake|1881-12-31]]
| [[Andaman Islands]]
| 7.9 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
|
|
| Significant in seismology
|
|-
| [[1869 Cachar earthquake|1869-01-10]]
| [[Assam]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| 7.4 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| VII
| 2
|
| Severe damage
|
|-
| 1845-06-19
| [[Rann of Kutch]]
| 6.3 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
| VIII
| Few
|
| Limited damage / tsunami
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1843-04-01
| [[Deccan Plateau]]
|
|
|
|
| Moderate damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake|1833-08-26]]
| Bihar, Kathmandu
| 8.0 [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]]
|
|
|
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1828-06-06
| [[Kashmir]]
|
|
| 1,000
|
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|1819-06-16]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| {{nobr|7.7–8.2 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]}}
| XI
| >1,543
|
| Formed the Allah Bund
|
|-
| [[1803 Garhwal earthquake|1803-09-01]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 7.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| 300
|
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| 1618-05-26
| [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
|
| data-sort-value=VIIII|IX
| 2,000
|
| Severe damage
| <ref>{{harvnb|NGDC|1972}}</ref>
|-
| [[1555 Kashmir earthquake|1555-09-??]]
| [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Kashmir]]
| 7.6–8.0
|
| 600–60,000
|
|
|
|-
| [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake|1505-06-06]]
| Saldang, [[Karnali zone]]
| 8.2–8.8
|
| 6,000
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="8" style="text-align: centre;" | Note: The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on [[Wikipedia: WikiProject Earthquakes|WikiProject Earthquakes]]' [[Wikipedia: WikiProject Earthquakes/notability guidelines|notability guideline]] that was developed for stand-alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, detrimental, or deadly events should be recorded.
|}

==See also==
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[Geology of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

''Sources''
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation|title=Search Results: Country=India|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-data?country=INDIA|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K |ref={{sfnref|NGDC|1972}} }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|doi=10.3197/096734019X15755402985550|title=Earthquakes and the Environmental Transformation of a Floodplain Landscape: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950|year=2020|last1=Saikia|first1=Arupjyoti|journal=Environment and History|volume=26|pages=51–77|s2cid=212872219 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120428025800/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/signif.htm Earthquake Reports, India Meteorological Department (on line)]

{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Asia topic|List of earthquakes in}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Earthquakes in India| ]]
[[Category:India geography-related lists|Earthquake]]
[[Category:Lists of earthquakes by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of disasters in India|Earthquakes]]
[[Category:Tsunamis in India]]

Aakrosh (1980 film)

2026-03-18T13:48:00Z

RockyHerz477: minor cleanup

{{Short description|1980 film by Govind Nihalani}}
{{About||the 2010 Ajay Devgn film|Aakrosh (2010 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aakrosh
| image = Aakrosh80.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| producer = Devi Dutt [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| writer = [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Amrish Puri]] [[Om Puri]]
| music = [[Ajit Varman]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| editing = Keshav Naidu
| distributor = Krsna Movies Enterprise
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|80 [[lakh]]}}
| gross = {{INR|1.22 [[crore]]}}
}}
'''''Aakrosh''''' ({{translation|'''''Outrage'''''}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by [[Govind Nihalani]] in his debut<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=Govind Nihalani {{!}} Art House Cinema |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/people/govind-nihalani/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>, and written by [[Vijay Tendulkar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Anuj|title=Blast from the past - Aakrosh (1980)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aakrosh-1980/article5894708.ece|work=The Hindu|date=10 April 2014}}</ref> Starring [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Amrish Puri]] in pivotal roles, the film was released to widely positive reviews, winning the [[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]] at the [[8th International Film Festival of India]], as well as the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] and several other honors.<ref>{{cite web|title=NFDC films |url=http://www.geocities.com/curlybraces/movies/hindimovies.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019200018/http://geocities.com/curlybraces/movies/hindimovies.htm |archivedate=19 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nihalani went on to be known for his dark and frighteningly real depictions of human angst in other landmark alternative films such as ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' and ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2007-weekly/nos-09-12-2007/enc.htm#2 |title=Govind Nihalani profile|work=Jang.com.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214021016/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2007-weekly/nos-09-12-2007/enc.htm#2 |date=14 December 2007|archive-date=14 December 2007 }}</ref> ''Aakrosh'' is listed among the 60 films that shaped the Indian film industry over a period of six decades.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/six-decades-of-dynamic-filmmaking-in-india/story-gVQkpXKtDBrJfQAhVmXdfP.html|title=Six decades of dynamic filmmaking in India|last=Ganguly|first=Prithwish|date=10 August 2007|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605133525/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/Six-decades-of-dynamic-filmmaking-in-India/Article1-241665.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows a peasant who faces oppression from landowners and foremen while working as a daily laborer to make ends meet. His wife (Smita Patil), is raped by the foreman, who then frames him for a crime he did not commit. Overwhelmed by shame, his wife commits suicide.

Following his father's death, the police escorts him to the funeral grounds in restraints to perform the last rites. As he stands by the burning funeral pyre, he notices the foreman casting lustful glances at his prepubescent sister. Anticipating her inevitable fate as a perpetual victim, he seizes an axe and beheads his sister to prevent her from suffering as he and his wife did. In the aftermath of this desperate and tragic act, the downtrodden man screams repeatedly into the sky.

== Themes and influences ==
Allegedly based on a true incident reported on page 7 of a local newspaper, the film was a scathing satire on the [[corruption]] in the judicial system and the victimization of the underprivileged by the able and the powerful.<ref>{{Cite web |title=a study of Aakrosh at filmreference |url=http://www.filmref.com/directors/dirpages/nihalani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195304/http://www.filmref.com/directors/dirpages/nihalani.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=9 December 2007}}</ref>

''Aakrosh'' forms a part of the series of works, based around explorations in violence, written by noted playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]], who had earlier written [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' (1974) and went on to write Govind Nihalani's next surprise breakaway hit, ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983).

Here the victim is shown so traumatized by excessive oppression and violation of his humanity, that he does not utter a single word almost for the length of the film and only bears a stunned look,<ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2007 |title=Om Puri at freshnews |url=http://www.freshnews.in/om-puri-444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020223703/http://www.freshnews.in/om-puri-444 |archive-date=20 October 2007 |work=Fresh News}}</ref> though later he uses the same violence as a tool to express his own sense of violation and rage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Nandy on Violence in Vijay Tendulkar's works |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/02/stories/1302017i.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405191222/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/02/stories/1302017i.htm |archive-date=5 April 2008 |access-date=10 December 2007 |work=Hindu}}</ref>

At the end of the film we hear the victim's voice for the second time (the first is in a flashback, as he vainly attempts to rescue his wife), which is a device similar to [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]'s showing of the icons in brilliant color at the end of his three-hour black-and-white film ''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]''.

== Cast ==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Bhaskar Kulkarni, Lawyer
* [[Om Puri]] as Lahanya Bhiku
* [[Smita Patil]] as Nagi Bhiku
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Dusane, Public Prosecutor
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Bhonsle, chairman, Zilla Parishad
* [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] as Social worker
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Bhiku's father
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as More, forest contractor
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as ruffian
* Bhagyashree Kotnis as Bhiku's sister
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as lavni dancer
* [[Arvind Deshpande]] as Dr Vasant M. Patil

==Songs==
# "Kanha Re" - Vandana Khandekar - 7.33, Music : [[Ajit Varman]], Lyrics : Vasant Deo
# "Sanson Mein Dard" - Madhuri Purandare - 5.44, Music: Ajit Varman, Lyrics: Suryabhanu Gupta
# "Tu Aisa Kaisa Mard" - Madhuri Purandare - 3.10, Music: Ajit Varman, Lyrics: Vasant Deo

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee(s)
!Result
|-
! [[28th National Film Awards|1980]]
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| Devi Dutt and [[Govind Nihalani]]
| {{won}}
|-
! [[8th International Film Festival of India|1981]]
| [[8th International Film Festival of India|8th IFFI]]
| [[IFFI Best Film Award]]
| Devi Dutt and [[Govind Nihalani]]
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="7"|[[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| Devi Dutt
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Govind Nihalani]]
| rowspan="6"{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Om Puri]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Tendulkar]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| C.S. Bhatti
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0080322|Aakrosh}}
* [https://parallelcinema.blogspot.com/2005/10/aakroshcry-of-wounded-1980.html An insightful study of the film, Aakrosh]
* [http://roshnai.wordpress.com/2007/11/03/movie-review-aakrosh/ A Movie Review]

{{IFFI Best Film Award}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Govind Nihalani}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 drama films]]
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Govind Nihalani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajit Varman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vijay Tendulkar]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1980 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Tyagaraja

2026-03-18T10:36:40Z

RockyHerz477:

{{short description|Composer in Carnatic Classical Music (1767-1847)}}
{{redirect|Tyagayya|the films|Tyagayya (1946 film)|and|Tyagayya (1981 film)}}
{{For|the raga on Tyagaraja|Sri Tyagaraja}}
{{similar names|Thiagarajah}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tyāgarāja
| image = Sri Tyagabrahmam.png
| caption = A painting of Tyāgarāja from the [[Jaganmohan Palace]] in [[Mysore]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=M. S. Ramaswami |title=Thiagaraja: A Great Musician Saint |date=1927 |page=62 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34174 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name = Kākarla Tyāgabraḥmaṁ
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1767|5|4}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruvarur]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1847|1|6|1767|5|4}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvaiyaru]],<ref name="Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana">{{cite web|title=Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana|url=http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114185914/http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]
| resting_place = [[Thiruvaiyaru]], [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] composer
| website = {{URL|thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org}}
}}

'''Sadguru Sri Tyāgarāja Swāmi''' (4 May 1767 – 6 January 1847), also known as '''Tyāgayya''', and in full as '''Kākarla Tyāgabraḥmaṁ''', was a composer of [[Carnatic Music]], a form of [[Indian Classical Music]]. Tyāgarāja and his contemporaries, [[Śyāma Śāstri]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar|Muthuswāmi Dikshitar]], are regarded as the [[Trinity of Carnatic Music]]. Tyāgarāja composed hundreds of devotional [[Kriti (music)|kṛti]] ({{translation}} compositions), mostly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and in praise of [[Rama|Rāma]]. Many of them remain popular to this day. Of special mention are five of his compositions called the ''[[Pancharatna Kriti|Pañcaratna Kṛti]]'' ({{translation}} five gems), which are often sung in programs held in his honor. Tyāgarāja composed many ''Utsava Sāmpradāya Kṛti'' ({{translation}} festive ritual compositions), meant to be sung in temple rituals/festivities and ''Divya Nāma Saṅkīrtana'' ({{translation}} divine compositions on the Lord's various names), sung as a part of concerts and daily life.

Tyāgarāja lived through the reigns of four kings of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha rule]] – [[Thuljaji]] (1763–1787), [[Amar Singh of Thanjavur|Amarasimha]] (1787–1798), [[Serfoji II]] (1798–1832) and [[Shivaji of Thanjavur|Shivaji II]] (1832–1855),<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Legend-has-been-rather-cruel-to-Serfoji-when-it-concerns-Tyagaraja./article17394011.ece The saint and the king: on the Serfoji-Tyagaraja relationship]. The Hindu (2 March 2017). Retrieved on 2018-12-25.</ref> although he served none of them.

== Biography ==
Tyāgarāja was born Kākarla Tyāgabraḥmaṁ in 1767<ref group="Note">His birth date according to the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]] Sarvajit 27th Soma, the Chaitra Śukla Saptami day (the seventh day of the bright half of the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]]), under the ''Puṣya'' star.</ref> to a [[Telugu Brahmins|Telugu]] Vaidiki [[Mulukanadu Brahmin|Mulakanādu Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/8X9U3Zb2VypY3evBvLFoBO/The-timelessness-of-Tyagaraja.html |title=The timelessness of Tyagaraja |last=Sai |first=Veejay |date=2017-05-26 |website=Livemint |language=en |access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> in [[Thiruvarur]], present-day [[Thiruvarur District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. There is a school of thought led by the musicologist B.M.Sundaram that contests this and proposes [[Thiruvaiyaru]], also in [[Thiruvarur District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], as his birth place, though there is little evidence for this. His family name ''Kākarla'' indicates that his family had their roots in the village of the same name in [[Cumbum mandal|Kambham]], [[Markapuram revenue division|Mārkapuraṁ division]] of [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (called the Kurnool region of Prakasam district) and migrated to present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] after the fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. His family belonged to the [[Smarta|Smārta]] tradition and [[Bharadvaja|Bharadwāja]] [[gotra]]. Tyāgarāja was the third son of his parents, Kākarla Rāmabraḥmaṁ and Sītamma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200809/1337.html |title= Manaku Teliyani Mana Tyagaraju |last=Gorti |first=Sai Brahmanandam |date=September 2008 |work=Ee Maata |language=te-IN}}</ref> Pañchanada Braḥmaṁ and Pañchāpakeśa Braḥmaṁ were his two older brothers. He was named Tyāgabraḥmaṁ after [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Lord Tyāgarāja]], the presiding deity of the temple at Thiruvarur, the place of his birth. He was fondly called Tyāgarāja and the name stuck.

Tyāgarāja's paternal grandfather was Kākarla Girirāja Braḥmaṁ/Girirāja Kavi (not the name-sake [[Giriraja Kavi]]).<ref>{{Cite book
| last = S
| first = Seetha
| title = "Tanjore as a Seat of Music (During the 17th, 18th and 19th Centuries)"
| publisher = MusicResearchLibrary
| year = 2001
| url=https://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3421
| access-date= March 8, 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book
| title = "సమగ్ర ఆంధ్ర సాహిత్యం ఆరుద్ర"
| publisher = Telugu Akademi
| year = 2012
| url= https://archive.org/details/SamagrandhraSahityam/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%20%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%20%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%20-%202-%20%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0/
| access-date= March 8, 2025}}</ref>
Girirāja Braḥmaṁ was a poet, scholar and a musician. He was born in Kākarla village, [[Cumbum mandal|Kambham]] mandal, [[Markapuram revenue division|Mārkapuraṁ division]] of [[Prakasam District]], in present-day Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200809/1337.html |title= Manaku Teliyani Mana Tyagaraju |last=Gorti |first=Sai Brahmanandam |date=September 2008 |work=Ee Maata |language=te-IN}}</ref> Tyāgarāja's maternal grandfather was Kāḷahastayya, popularly addressed as Vīṇa Kāḷahastayya as he was a noted [[Veena|Vīṇa]] player. Tyāgarāja was said to have learnt to play the vīṇa in his childhood from Kāḷahastayya. After Kāḷahastayya's death, Tyāgarāja was said to have found ''Nāradīyam'', a book on music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tiruvaiyaru-gears-up/article3216630.ece |title=Tiruvaiyaru gears up |date=6 January 2006 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.eemaata.com/em/issues/200809/1337.html/3/ |title= Manaku Teliyani Mana Tyagaraju |last=Gorti |first=Sai Brahmanandam |work=Ee Maata |language=te-IN}}</ref> Tyāgarāja mastered [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavataṁ]], and [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] at an early age and often accompanied his father to the Thanjavur royal court, where his father sermoned on the Hindu scriptures.

Tyāgarāja spent most of his life in Thiruvaiyaru in the single room house (No. 31, Thirumanjana Veedhi) that was donated to his father Rāmabraḥmaṁ by [[Thuljaji]], in whose court Rāmabraḥmaṁ worked.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Jackson
| first = William J
| title = "Tyagaraja Life and Lyrics"
| publisher = Oxford University Press, Madras
| year = 1991
| url=https://archive.org/details/tyagarajalifeandlyricswilliamjjackson1991oup/mode/2up
| access-date= March 8, 2025}}</ref> This house has since been renovated and opened to music lovers after years of neglect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renovated house of St. Thyagaraja to be inaugurated shortly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Renovated-house-of-St.-Thyagaraja-to-be-inaugurated-shortly/article16301942.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |website= The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> There are records of his pilgrimage to [[Srirangam|Sri Raṅgaṁ]], [[Tirumala]] and [[Kanchipuram|Kāñcipuraṁ]]. On his Kāñcipuraṁ pilgirmage, records mention him meeting the seer [[Upanishad Brahmayogin]] at the Braḥmendraḷ Maṭha<ref>[http://sreenivasaraos.com/tag/upanishad-brahmendra/ Upanishad Brahmendra | Sreenivasarao's blogs]. Sreenivasaraos.com (22 February 2015). Retrieved on 2018-12-25.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviewing the Film – Thyagaiah - The Verandah Club |url=https://theverandahclub.com/article/reviewing-the-film-thyagaiah-456 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=theverandahclub.com |language=en}}</ref>

Tyāgarāja took siddhi ({{translation}} attained liberation) on Puṣya Bahuḷa Pañcami - 6 January 1847, at the age of 79, a day after he took the vow of [[Sannyasa|sanyāsa]] and was initiated into the order of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advāita]] [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Daśanāmi Saṁpradāya]] of sainthood.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| date = 2018-04-12
| title = The last five days of Tyagaraja
| language = en-IN
| work = The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-last-five-days-of-tyagaraja/article23512441.ece
| access-date= 2023-01-19
| issn = 0971-751X
}}</ref> His last composition was ''Giripai Nelakonna'' (గిరిపై నెలకొన్న) in [[Raga|Rāga]] [[Sahana (raga)|Sahānā]], set to [[Adi tala|Ādi]] [[Tala (music)|Tāḷa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sai |first1=Veejay |title=Remembering Tyagaraja guardian saint Carnatic music his 250th birth anniversary |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-tyagaraja-guardian-saint-carnatic-music-his-250th-birth-anniversary-55754 |website=The News Minute |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> He was interred on the banks of the river [[Kaveri|Kāveri]] river at [[Thiruvaiyaru]] the very next day.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Velcheru |editor1-first=Narayana Rao |editor2-last=David |editor2-first=Shulman |title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/classicaltelugup00shul |url-access=limited |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/classicaltelugup00shul/page/n312 298] |isbn=9780520225985}}</ref>

==Musical career==
[[File:Tyagaraja 1961 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Tyagaraja on a 1961 Indian stamp]]

Tyagaraja began his musical training at an early age under Sonthi Venkata Ramanayya, the chief vidwan in the court of Thanjavur ruler [[Thuljaji]], where Tyagaraja's father Ramabrahmam also worked.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Raghavan
| first = V
| title = "The Spiritual Heritage of Thyagaraja"
| publisher = The Ramakrishna Mission Students' Home
| year = 1957
| url=https://archive.org/details/SpiritualHeritageOfThyagarajaByVRaghavan/mode/2up
| access-date= March 8, 2025}}</ref> Tyagaraja hero-worshipped the celestial sage [[Narada]]; a reference to this is Tyagaraja's krithi ''Vara Nārada'' (rāga Vijayaśrī, Ādi tāḷam). Legend has it that a hermit taught him a mantra invoking Narada, and Tyagaraja, meditating on this mantra, received a vision of Narada and was blessed with the book ''Svarārnavam'' by the sage. Tyagaraja was said to have mastered the nuances of music from this book. Tyagaraja regarded music as a way to experience divinity. His compositions focused not only on the technicalities of classical music, but also on the expression (bhāva). He composed his first kriti, "Namo Namo Raghavaaya" in Sanskrit, in the Desika Todi [[raga]] and inscribed it on the walls of his house. His compositions are mainly of a devotional (''bhakti'') and philosophical nature. His songs feature himself usually either in an appeal to his deity of worship (primarily [[Rama]]), in musings, in narratives, giving a message to the public. He introduced the concept of saṇgati into the sāhityaṃ of a krithi, that was seen as a paradigm shift in Carnatic Classical Music. He is also known for composing kritis that depict ninda stuti (lovingly/flatteringly scolding the divine (also seen in compositions of [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]). He has also composed krithis in praise of Krishna, Shiva, Devi, Ganesha, Muruga, Saraswati, and Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=T.K.R |first=Sridharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs91EAAAQBAJ&dq=tyagaraja++also+composed+krithis+in+praise+of+Krishna%2C+Shiva%2C+Shakti%2C+Ganesha%2C+Muruga%2C+Saraswati%2C+and+Hanuman.&pg=PT141 |title=God and Science |date=2022-07-12 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88704-354-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Tyagaraja's musical genius spread all across Thanjavur and its principalities (of which Thiruvarur and Thiruvaiyaru were also a part of) until it reached the king of Thanjavur, [[Serfoji II]] (also called Sarabhoji II). The king sent an invitation, along with many gifts, inviting Tyagaraja to attend the royal court. Tyagaraja, however, was not inclined towards a career at the court, as he felt it would chain his creativity and also his pursuit of the divine and rejected the invitation outright. He was said to have composed the krithi ''Nidhi Chala Sukhama'' (నిధి చాల సుఖమా) ({{translation}} "Does wealth bring happiness?") on this occasion.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jackson
| first = William J.
| title = ''Tyagaraja and the Renewal of Tradition''
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
| year = 1994
| ISBN = 978-8120811461 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/the-musical-triumvirate/article1119668.ece |title=The musical triumvirate |date=24 January 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/atop-a-hill-a-historic-temple/article4452895.ece |title=Atop a hill, a historic temple |date=26 February 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{Carnatic}}
Tyagaraja was always immersed in his devotion to Rama and led a spartan way of life. Tyagaraja willingly taught music to anyone who approached him, thus earning him many disciples across various stages of his life. Prominent ones among them include [[Venkataramana Bhagavathar]] and Krishnaswamy Bhagavathar (the father-son duo of [[Walajapet]]), Thanjavur S Ramarao (who also happened to be his cousin; not to be confused with the namesake, [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)]]), [[Veena Kuppayyar]], [[Manambuchavadi Venkatasubbayyar]], [[Subbaraya Sastri]] (son of [[Shyama Sastri]]). Some of these disciples carefully codified his compositions on palm leaves and copper plates. Most of Tyagaraja's kritis are in vernacular language and thus gained immense popularity because of the ease with which they could be learnt and sung. Tyagaraja also composed many kritis in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite news
| author = The Hindu Bureau
| date = 2023-01-12
| title = Thyagaraja Aradhana held amid religious fervour at Ongole
| language = en-IN
| work = The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thyagaraja-aradhana-held-amid-religious-fervour-at-ongole/article66369951.ece
| access-date = 2023-03-01
| issn = 0971-751X
}}</ref>

==Preservation of compositions==
The codification, documentation and preservation of Tyagaraja's compositions by his disciples during his lifetime was not streamlined due to many reasons. The primary reason being, certain groups of Tyagaraja’s disciples studied under him only during specific periods of his life, limiting their exposure to compositions created outside their own tutelage years. Consequently, the entirety of his compositions was not compiled into a unified corpus, and his compositions kept changing hands as the disciples/groups were scattered geographically.
One of the earliest compilations of Tyagaraja's kritis was done by A. M. Chinnaswami Mudaliar, who, in 1893, published a volume titled, Oriental Music In European Notation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mudaliar |first1=A. M. Chinnaswami|title=Oriental Music In European Notation|date=1893|url=https://archive.org/details/orientalmusicineuropeannotationchinnaswamimudaliara.m.1893_202002|language=en}}</ref> Mudaliar lavished rich praise on Tyagaraja's profound musical legacy in his work. It was only in the early 20th century that serious efforts were made to compile the compositions into a single collection. T. S. Parthasarathy, a leading scholar and critic on Carnatic Classical Music, published a text containing Tyagaraja's kritis and their meaning, after carefully reviewing the original manuscripts that were in possession of the families of Tyagaraja's disciples. These manuscripts are now preserved in the [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]] in Thanjavur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200809/1337.html?allinonepage=1 |title= Manaku Teliyani Mana Tyagaraju |last=Gorti |first=Sai Brahmanandam |date=September 2008 |work=Ee Maata |language=te-IN}}</ref> Also, musicologists like K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar and Rangaramanuja Iyengar made enormous efforts to compile Tyagaraja's compositions into volumes by contacting the families and descendents of Tyagaraja's disciples who possessed the palm leaves. K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar brought out ''Adi Sangita Ratnavali'' and ''Adi Tyagaraja Hridhayam'' in three volumes. Rangaramanuja Iyengar published ''Kriti Mani Malai'' in two volumes. Furthermore, Musiri Subramania Iyer, the doyen of Bhava Sangitam, had a vast collection of books in his library. T. K. Govinda Rao, his disciple, brought out a volume of Tyagaraja's compositions in English and [[Devanagari script]]. In Telugu, [[veena]] vidwan Manchala Jagannadha Rao compiled Tyagaraja's kritis in Telugu script and published it with the help of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] in seven volumes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manchala |first1=Jagannadha Rao|title=Tyagaraja Keertanalu |date=1981|url=https://archive.org/details/tyagaraja_keerthanalu_modati_bhagamu-onwards-by-mj-rao|language=te}}</ref>

There are about 720 compositions available today, though there are claims that Tyagaraja composed 24,000 pieces. However, scholars are skeptical about these numbers, as there is no biographical evidence to support such claims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/the-bhaktha-who-craved-more-bhakthi/article4363222.ece |title=The bhaktha who craved more bhakthi |date=31 January 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
In addition to nearly 720 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu, the ''[[List of compositions by Tyagaraja#Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam|Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam]]'' and the ''[[List of compositions by Tyagaraja#Nouka Charitram|Nauka Charitam]]''. ''Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam'' is in five acts with 45 ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]s'' set in 28 [[raga]]s and 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. ''Nauka Charitam'' is a shorter play in one act with 21 ''kritis'' set in 13 ''ragas'' and 43 verses. The latter is the most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation of the composer's own imagination and has no basis in the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. Tyagaraja also composed a number of simple devotional pieces appropriate for choral singing.<ref>[https://artiumacademy.com/blogs/tyagaraja-the-eternal-voice-of-carnatic-music/]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature: Tyagaraja – The Exemplary Poet-Saint – Jan 2006 |url=https://archive.sssmediacentre.org/journals/Vol_04/01JAN06/tyagaraja.htm |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=archive.sssmediacentre.org}}</ref>

The 20th-century Indian music critic [[K. V. Ramachandran]] wrote: "Tyagaraja is an indefatigable interpreter of the past... but if with one eye he looks backward, with the other he looks forward as well. Like [[Prajapati]], he creates his own media and adores his Rama not alone with jewel-words newly fashioned, but also with jewel-[like]-music newly created. It is this facet of Tyagaraja that distinguishes him from his illustrious contemporaries."{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} In other words, while Tyagaraja's contemporaries were primarily concerned with bringing to audiences the music of the past, Tyagaraja also pioneered new musical concepts at the same time.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=T. M. |date=2017-05-04 |title=Tyagaraja's musical span and insight reiterates his genius |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/tyagarajas-musical-span-and-insight-reiterates-his-genius/article18384186.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Remembrance==
''[[Tyagaraja Aradhana]]'', the commemorative music festival, is held every year in [[Thiruvaiyaru]], in [[Thanjavur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], during the months of January to February in Tyagaraja's honor. This is a week-long music festival where various Carnatic musicians from all over the world converge at his resting place. On Pushya Bahula Panchami,<ref group=Note>''Pushya Bahula Panchami'' – the fifth day of the dark half of the month of ''Pushya'', in the Hindu calendar every year.</ref> thousands of people and hundreds of Carnatic musicians sing the five Pancharatna Kritis in unison, accompanied by a large ensemble of performers on [[Saraswati veena|veenas]], violins, [[flute]]s, [[nadasvaram]]s, [[mridangam]]s, and [[ghatam]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/musicians-pay-homage-to-saint-thyagaraja/article4367662.ece|title=Musicians pay homage to Saint Thyagaraja|work=The Hindu|date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

A sports complex in [[New Delhi]], [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]], was named after him. An [[impact crater|crater]] on the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] was named [[Tyagaraja (crater)|Tyagaraja]] in 1976.<ref name="JHUAPL">{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?image_id=861 |title=The Hollowed Halls of Tyagaraja|date=24 May 2012 |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406013843/http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?image_id=861 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory }}</ref>

==In popular culture==

===Films on Tyagaraja (biographical)===
Apart from references to his works, using the ''kirtanas'' as songs, two films were made on his life. [[V. Nagayya]] made a biographical epic on Tyagaraja titled ''[[Tyagayya (1946 film)|Tyagayya]]'' in 1946 which is still treated as a masterpiece of [[Telugu cinema]]. In 1981, Bapu–Ramana made ''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]'' with [[J. V. Somayajulu]] in the lead role. Another attempt is being made by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] to picturise Tyagaraja's life. Apart from these, ''Bombay Gnanam'' made a short film known as ''Endaro Mahanubavulu'' on Tyagaraja. The short film was released on 27 February 2021, on the 174th Tyagaraja Aradhana festival.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=H. |date=2021-02-11 |title=A biopic on the bard of Tiruvaiyaru |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/entharo-mahanubhavulu-a-biopic-on-the-bard-of-tiruvaiyaru/article33811091.ece |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Raga on Tyagaraja (Musical scale) ===
Carnatic kriti 'Sri Ramachandram Bhajami' in [[Raga]] '[[Sri Tyagaraja]]' created and composed by {{Interlanguage link|Mahesh Mahadev|kn|ಮಹೇಶ್ ಮಹದೇವ್}} named after Saint Tyagaraja <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=New raga named after Thyagaraja |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/classical-musician-and-composer-mahesh-mahadev-creates-sri-tyagaraja-raga-as-a-tribute-to-the-saint-poet/article66559391.ece |access-date=2023-03-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> sung by [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=SamyukthaKarnataka ePaper |url=http://samyukthakarnataka.com//articlepage.php?articleid=SMYK_BANG_20230123_03_4&width=174px&edition=Bangalore&curpage=3 |access-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125062229/http://samyukthakarnataka.com//articlepage.php?articleid=SMYK_BANG_20230123_03_4&width=174px&edition=Bangalore&curpage=3 |archive-date=25 January 2023 }}</ref> was released on 10 January 2023 at Sri Tyagaraja Samadhi during 176th [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] festival<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Arun |date=2023-01-19 |title=Sri Tyagaraja – a New Raga in Carnatic Music by Mahesh Mahadev |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/sri-tyagaraja-a-new-raga-in-carnatic-music-by-mahesh-mahadev/19012023 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Tyagaraja - a new creation |url=https://www.sruti.com/articles/newsnotes/sri-tyagaraja-a-new-creation |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.sruti.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Compositions==
{{main|List of compositions by Tyagaraja}}

The name of Tyagaraja's compositions, the ''Pancharatnas,'' means "five gems" in Sanskrit. All of the Pancharatnas are set to the [[adi tala]]m. A stable text has been handed down from the earlier musicians to the present day. All the compositions of Tyagaraja show the way for the systematic development of the respective ragas. In the Pancharatnas, Tyagaraja offers parameters as to how to systematically and scientifically develop a raga. The two fundamental conditions that must be satisfied for the systematic development of a raga are the arrangement of the svaras in the natural order of [[arohana]]m, and the [[avarohana]]m of the ragas so as to satisfy the sound principles of harmony and continuity. Pancharatnas satisfy these scientific principles. The Pancharatnas are composed in perfect sarvalaghu svaras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyāgarāja |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0WzAAAAIAAJ |title=The Pancha Ratna Kritis of Sri Tyagaraja: Text in Deva Nagari Script with an English Translation by T.S. Parthasarathy. Supplement: Notations in Tamil Script by V.S. Parthasarathy Iyengar |date=1969 |publisher=Music Club |language=ta}}</ref>

* The first Pancharatna kriti is Jagadanandakaraka, sung in the raga Nata. It is composed in Sanskrit. It praises Rama as the source of all joy in the universe. Originally, there were only six charanams for this song. When the disciples examined the song, it contained ninety names of Rama in Sanskrit. The disciples requested Tyagaraja to slightly expand the song by adding two charanas containing eighteen more names of Rama. The saint acceded to the request of the disciples and that is the reason why the song Jagadanandakaraka contains three mudras containing the name of Tyagaraja while Endaro Mahanubhavulu contains two mudras containing the name Tyagaraja while the other three songs contain only one mudra each.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Suryanarayan |first=Renuka |date=2021-02-11 |title=The story behind the Pancharatnam rendition |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-story-behind-the/article33810924.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The next is Duduku Gala in the raga [[Gowla|Gowla]] set to Adi Talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja takes the blame upon himself for all the misdeeds of men and ruminates on who would come and save him from this deplorable situation.
* The third is Saadhinchene in the raga Arabhi, set to Adi Talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja lovingly criticizes Krishna for his cleverness in getting what he wants to be done.
* The fourth kriti, Kana Kana Ruchira is in the raga Varaali set to Adi Talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja describes the infinite beauty of Rama.
* The fifth Pancharatna kriti, Endaro Mahanubhavulu, is in Sri Ragam. Contrary to popular beliefs that Tyagaraja instantaneously sang this krithi in a sabha conducted in the honour of his guru Sonthi Venkataramanayya in the presence of doyens of vidwans, Tyagaraja composed this krithi at the behest of Thanjavur S Ramarao. This definitive version is available in Tyagaraja's life history written by Venkataramana Bhagavathar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200811/1279.html?allinonepage=1 |title= Manaku Teliyani Mana Tyagaraju |last=Gorti |first=Sai Brahmanandam |date=September 2008 |work=Ee Maata |language=te-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[Kancherla Gopanna]] (Bhadrachala Ramadasu)
* [[Purandara Dasa]]
* [[Annamacharya]]
* [[Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival]]
* [[Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Spiritual Heritage of Tyagaraja'', by C. Ramanujachari with an introduction by Dr. V. Raghavan, Ramakrishna Math, Chennai.
* ''Tyagaraja Kritigal'' (in Malayalam) by Prof P. R. Kumara Kerala Varma, Dept of Cultural Publications, Govt of Kerala, Trivandrum, 2000.
* ''Tyagaraja Kirtanalu'' (in Telugu) by Smt Dwaraka Parthasarathy and Sri N.C. Parthasarathy, Tagore Publishing House, Kachiguda, Hyderabad, 1995 (Balasaraswati Book Depot, Kurnool).
* Ramachandran, K.V., "The Melakarta: A Critique", ''The (Madras) Music Academy Platinum Jubilee Commemoration Volume'', Vol. I, 1930–1940. (Original publication in the ''Journal of the Music Academy'' in 1938.)
* ''Thyagaraju – Rama Darsanamu'' (In Telugu) by Dr. Mulukutla Brahmananda Sastry (part of the thesis approved by Andhra University, 1985.)
* Shree Tyagaraja Keerthnai – Parthasarathy TS ( Tamil ) Paperback – 1 January 1970 by KMBC; 2010th edition (1 January 1970), ASIN : B00CBQBXMU

==External links==
{{commons category|Tyagaraja}}
* [http://www.thyagaraja.org Website dedicated to Tyagaraja]
* [https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.34174/2015.34174.Thigaraja-A-Great-Musician-Saint.pdf Thiagaraja A Great Musician – M.S. Ramaswamy Aiyar]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bcBbRQ7VDQ Endaro Mahanubhavulu] performed by [[Uthara Unnikrishnan|Uthara]] and [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* {{IMSLP|id=Tyāgarāja}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagaraju}}
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:People from the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]

Dheghom

2026-03-17T23:51:08Z

RockyHerz477: stub

{{short description|Earth-goddess in Proto-Indo-European mythology}}
{{italic title}}
{{cleanup lang|date=July 2025}}
{{infobox deity
|type=indo-European
|Hinduism_equivalent=[[Prithvi]]
|greek_equivalent=[[Gaia]]
|equivalent1_type=Germanic
|equivalent1=[[Jörd]]
|equivalent2_type=Lithuanian
|equivalent2=[[Žemyna]]
}}
'''Dheghom''' ({{langx|ine-x-proto|dʰéǵʰōm}} or {{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰǵʰōm}}; lit. 'earth'),{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=99}}{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=292}} or '''{{lang|ine-x-proto|*Pl̥th₂éwih₂}}''' (PIE: {{lang|ine-x-proto|pl̥th₂éwih₂}}, lit. the 'Broad One'),{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=80–81}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}} is the reconstructed name of the [[Earth goddess|Earth-goddess]] in the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology]].

The Mother Earth ({{lang|ine-x-proto|Dʰéǵʰōm Méh₂tēr}}) is generally portrayed as the vast ({{lang|ine-x-proto|pl̥th₂éwih₂}}) and dark ({{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰengwo-}}) abode of mortals, the one who bears all things and creatures. She is often paired with [[Dyeus|Dyēus]], the daylight sky and seat of the never-dying and heavenly gods, in a relationship of contrast and union, since the fructifying rains of Dyēus might bring nourishment and prosperity to local communities through formulaic invocations. Dheghom is thus commonly associated in Indo-European traditions with fertility, growth, and death, and is conceived as the origin and final dwelling of human beings.

== Name and etymology ==
{{Wiktionary|Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm}}The [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) word for 'earth', Dheghom ([[Accusative case|acc.]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰǵʰ-ém-m}}, [[Genitive case|gen.]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰǵʰ-mós}}), is among the most widely attested words in Indo-European languages (cf. [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|dhé}} and {{lang|sq|toka}}; [[Hittite language|Hittite]] {{lang|hit-Latn|tēkan}}, {{lang|hit-Latn|tagān}}; [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa-Latn|kṣám}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|khthṓn}}; [[Latin]] {{lang|la|humus}}; [[Avestan]] {{lang|ae-Latn|zam}}; [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] {{lang|mis|tkaṃ}}; [[Old Irish]] {{lang|sga|dú}}, [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|žẽmė}}; [[Old Slavonic]] {{lang|cu|zemlja}}), which makes it one of the most securely reconstructed PIE terms.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=99}} On the other hand, the linguistic evidence for the ritualization of the name {{lang|ine-x-proto|*dʰéǵʰōm}} is not systematically spread across the inherited traditions, as she also appears under other names and epithets, principally {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pl̥th₂éwih₂}} (the 'Broad One').{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=80–81}}

If the PIE Earth-goddess is reliably reconstructed under the name Dheghom, with {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pl̥th₂éwih₂}} being one of her epithets, she was most likely the ''Earth herself'' conceived as a divine entity, rather than a goddess ''of the earth'',{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}} Proto-Indo-European mythology still relying on a strong [[animistic]] substrate.{{sfn|West|2007|pp=135–136, 138–139}}

== Epithets ==
Based on comparative analysis of textual and epigraphic evidence, [[Historical linguistics|historical linguists]] and [[philologists]] have been able to reconstruct with a comfortable level of certainty several epithets and expressions that were associated with Dheghom in Proto-Indo-European times: {{lang|ine-x-proto|*Pl̥th₂éwih₂}} (the 'Broad One'), {{lang|ine-x-proto|*Dʰéǵʰōm Méh₂tēr}} ('Mother-Earth'), and, in this form or a similar one, {{lang|ine-x-proto|*Dʰéǵʰōm Dʰengwo-}} ('Dark Earth').{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}}{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}

=== The Broad One ===
The commonest epithet applied to the earth in Indo-European poetic traditions is {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pl̥th₂éwih₂}} (the 'Broad One'), which is the feminine form of {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pléth₂-us}}, meaning 'flat, vast, broad'. A group of [[cognate]]s appear in various divine names, including the Vedic earth-goddess {{lang|vsn-Latn|[[Prithvi|Pṛth(i)vī]]}}, the Greek nymph ''Plataia'', the Gaulish goddess ''[[Litavis|Litavī]]'', and Norse Fold (a name of [[Jörð]]).{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=204-205}} The epithet is also attested in nearly identical poetic expressions associating {{lang|ine-x-proto|*dʰéǵʰōm}} and {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pl̥th₂éwih₂}}: [[Avestan]] {{lang|ae-Latn|ząm pərəθβīm}} ('broad earth'), [[Vedic Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] {{lang|vsn-Latn|kṣā́m ... pṛthivī́m}} ('broad earth'), and [[Old Hittite]] {{lang|oht|palḫiš ... dagan(-zipaš)}} ('broad ... earth[-genius]').{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=159}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=177–178}}

Another similar epithet is the 'All-Bearing One', the one who bears all things and creatures.{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=178–179}} She was also referred to as 'much-nourishing' or 'rich-pastured' in Vedic, Greek, and Old Norse ritual expressions sharing the root {{lang|ine-x-proto|*plh₁u-}} ('much').{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=80–81}}

In the Proto-Indo-European cosmology, the earth {{lang|ine-x-proto|Dʰéǵʰōm}} was likely perceived as a vast, flat and circular continent surrounded by waters ('The Ocean').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=204-205}}

=== Mother Earth ===
The Earth-goddess was widely celebrated with the title of 'mother' ({{lang|ine-x-proto|méh₂tēr}}), and often paired with {{lang|ine-x-proto|*[[Dyēus|Dyḗus ph2tḗr]]}}, the 'sky-father'. She is called {{lang|hit-Latn|annas Dagan-zipas}} ('Mother Earth-genius') in [[Hittite language|Hittite]] liturgy, and paired with the Storm-god of heaven, as well as {{lang|ru-Latn|Mat' Syra Zemlya}} ('Mother Moist Earth') in the [[Bylina|Russian epic poems]].{{efn|Professor Małgorzata Oleszkiewicz-Peralba states the character of "Mother Moist Earth" was worshipped by the [[Eastern Slavs|Eastern Slavs]], while a deity called ''Holy Earth'' was venerated by the [[Western Slavs|Western Slavs]].<ref>Oleszkiewicz-Peralba, Małgorzata. ''The Black Madonna in Latin America and Europe: Tradition and Transformation''. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press. 2007. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-0-8263-4102-0}}</ref>}} To the Vedic goddess of the earth [[Prithvi]] is often attached the epithet {{lang|vsn-Latn|Mata}} ('mother') in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', especially when she is mentioned together with [[Dyaus]], the sky-father.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=176}}
{{Poemquote|text={{lang|vsn-Latn|úpa sarpa mātáram Bhū́mim etā́m uruvyácasam Pṛthivī́ṃ suśevām}}
Slip in to this Mother Earth, the wide-extending Broad One, the friendly...|char=10.18.10|sign=|title=''The [[Rigveda]]''|source=translated by M. L. West.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180–181}}}}The Baltic earth-goddess [[Zemyna]] is likewise associated with the epithets 'Mother of the Fields' and 'Mother of the Forests'.<ref>Dixon-Kennedy, Mike. ''Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic myth and legend''. ABC-CLIO. 1998. p. 320. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-130-4}}.</ref> She is also treated respectfully as mother of humans.{{efn|"According to Lithuanian myths, the god Perkunas is the brilliant son of Zemyna, Mother Earth (Zeme in Lithuanian is 'Earth'). She is the beginning of all: waters come from her depths, plants are rooted in her, animals have their existence, their lives and their support from her; men, too, call her their mother. 'Whoever hits earth with a stick, hits
his own mother.'."<ref>Vycinas, Vincent. ''Search for Gods''. Springer, Dordrecht. 1972. p. 48. {{ISBN|978-94-010-2816-5}}</ref>}} Similarly, the cult of the "Earth Mother" in old Slavic religion and traditions associated the earth with the progenetrix's role.{{efn|"(...) In Ancient Russia, as V. L. Komarovic has convincingly demonstrated, the cult of the Earth, Mother Earth, was very narrowly linked to the cult of the ancestors, of the clan ('rod'). The earth was the mother of the family and of the clan. She was seen as a motherly body that brings forth and nurtures children. Sometimes, she is described as a person: stones were her body, roots her bones; trees and grass her hair. (...) Both for the Slavs and for the [[Varangians]], she was the source of fertility and prosperity, and of political authority. (...)"<ref>Vereecken, Jeannine. "Jaroslavna, Voice of the Russian Earth. A Contribution to the Interpretation of the Igor Tale". In: ''Russian Literature''. Volume 66, Issue 4, 15 November 2009. p. 490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2009.11.007</ref>}}{{efn|"[Mother Earth] was also the maternal breast and womb; the black and fruitful soil. As such she was thought to carry the family, the village, and the nation, which she nurtured and protected - and ruled - like a mother. 'Mother Earth,' wrote [[Georgy Fedotov|Fedotov]], 'becomes clearer to us against the background of the ''gens'' religion.' Through her the individual and the tribal ancestors were united and made whole; she conferred identity upon each person: 'The sacred motherhood of the earth is intimately akin to the worship of the parents. (...)' She was also the genetrix of the family and the clan."<ref name="Hubbs, Joanna 1993. p. 55">Hubbs, Joanna. ''Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture''. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. p. 55. {{ISBN|978-0-253-11578-2}}</ref>}}<ref>Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. "In the Beginning, God Was a Woman". In: ''Journal of Social History'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 334-335. Accessed April 11, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3786544.</ref> In a legend from [[Smolensk]], it is told that a human has three mothers: a birth mother ({{lang|ru-Latn|rodna}}) and two great ({{lang|ru-Latn|velikih}}) mothers, Mother Moist Earth and the Mother of God.<ref>Ingerflom, Claudio-Sergio; Kondratieva, Tamara. "«Bez carja zemlja vdova»: Syncrétisme dans le Vremennik d'Ivan Timofeev". In: ''Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique'', vol. 34, n°1-2, Janvier-Juin 1993. Noblesse, État et société en Russie XVIe - début du XIXe siècle. pp. 262. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/cmr.1993.2352]; www.persee.fr/doc/cmr_0008-0160_1993_num_34_1_2352</ref> Additionally, the Anglo-Saxon goddess Erce (possibly meaning 'bright, pure') is called the 'mother of Earth' ({{lang|ang|eorþan modor}}) and likely identified with Mother Earth herself in a [[Æcerbot|ritual]] to be performed on an unfruitful plough-land.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=176}} She is also called {{lang|ang|Fīra Mōdor}} ('Mother of men') in Old English poetry.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}

A similar epithet, ''Mother of All'' ({{lang|grc|Μητηρ Παντων}}), is ascribed to the Greek earth-goddess Gaia, as recorded for instance in [[Aeschylus]]' ''Prometheus Unbound'' ({{lang|grc|παμμῆτόρ τε γῆ}}; "Oh! universal mother Earth"),<ref>Aeschylus (1926). Herbert W. Smyth (transl.) ''Prometheus Bound''. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aesch.+PB+88&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010 '''88''']. Harvard University Press.</ref> and in ''The Libation Bearers'' ({{lang|grc|ἰὼ γαῖα μαῖα}}; ''Mother Gaia'').<ref>Aeschylus (1926). Herbert W. Smyth (transl.) ''The Libation Bearers''. '''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aesch.+Lib.+45&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0008 45]'''. Harvard University Press.</ref> Likewise, several of the ''[[Orphic Hymns]]'' attach the epithet 'mother' to Earth ({{lang|grc|γαῖα θεὰ μήτηρ}}).<ref>Macedo, José Marcos; Kölligan, Daniel; Barbieri, Pedro. ''Πολυώνυμοι. A Lexicon of the Divine Epithets in the Orphic Hymns''. Würzburg University Press, 2021. p. 127. {{ISBN|9783958261556}}.</ref> In a ''[[Samaveda]]'' hymn dedicated to the [[Vedic]] fire god [[Agni]], he is described as "rapidly ... [moving] along his mother earth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sv.htm|title=Hymns of the Samaveda|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> In an ''[[Atharva Veda]]'' hymn (12.1) (''Pṛthvī Sūkta'', or ''Bhūmī Sūkta''), the celebrant invokes [[Prithvi]] as his Mother, because he is "a son of Earth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av12001.htm|title=Atharva Veda: Book 12: Hymn 1: A hymn of prayer and praise to Prithivī or deified Earth|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> The word ''bhūmi'' is also used as an epithet of Prithvi meaning 'soil' and in reference to a threefold division of the universe into heavens, sky, and earth.<ref>Soiver, Deborah A., State University of New York Press (Nov 1991), {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0799-8}} p. 51, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC&pg=PA51 The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 40457085|title = The Hindu Trinity|last1 = Gonda|first1 = J.|journal = Anthropos|year = 1968|volume = 63/64|issue = 1/2|pages = 212–226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stutley|first1=Margaret|last2=Stutley|first2=James|title= A Dictionary of Hinduism|date=1977|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000stut/page/46/mode/2up 46] and [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000stut/page/84/mode/2up 84-85]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-429-62754-5|ol=35543927M}}</ref> On her own, [[Bhūmi]] is another Vedic deity with Mother-Earth attributes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crooke|first=W.|date=1919|title=The Cults of the Mother Goddesses in India|journal=Folklore|volume=30|issue=4|pages=282–308|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1919.9719110|jstor=1255109|issn=0015-587X|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429985|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patil|first=Sharad|date=1974|title=Earth Mother|journal=Social Scientist|volume=2|issue=9|pages=31–58|doi=10.2307/3516111|jstor=3516111|issn=0970-0293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|date=1975|title=The Indian Great Goddess|journal=History of Religions|volume=14|issue=4|pages=235–265|doi=10.1086/462728|jstor=1062045|s2cid=162164934|issn=0018-2710}}</ref>

The Greek goddess of the harvest and agriculture [[Demeter]] could also be a [[cognate]], possibly deriving from an [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]] root ''dā-'' (from {{lang|xil|*dʰǵʰ(e)m-}}) attached to ''māter'' ('mother'), although this proposition remains controversial in scholarship.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=176}} The Roman evidence for the idea of Earth as a mother is doubtful, as it is usually associated with the name [[Terra (mythology)|''Terra'']] rather than ''Tellus'' (the pre-Imperial earth-goddess), and the attested tradition may have been influenced by Greek motifs.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=177}}

In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] the Earth Mother Goddess or Great Mother ([[Magna Mater]]) is simply referred to as ''[[Zonja e Dheut|Dhé]]'' "Earth", and traces of her worship have been preserved in [[Albanian folk beliefs|Albanian tradition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Poghirc|1987|p=178}}; {{harvnb|Pipa|1993|p=253}}; {{harvnb|Tirta|2004|pp=189–190}}.</ref>

=== Dark Earth ===
Another [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] epithet, ''*dʰéǵʰōm dʰengwo-'' or ''*dʰéǵʰōm dʰṇgu-'' ('dark earth'), can be reconstructed from the Hittite formulae ''dankuiš dagan-zipaš'' ('dark genius of the earth') and ''dankuš tēkan'', which were frequently used to name the underworld, but sometimes also the earth's surface, and partially from the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Proto-Slavic|Slavonic]] expressions ''dhe të zi'' ('black earth') and ''*črnā(yā) zemyā'' ('dark earth'), which have retained the term ''*dʰéǵʰōm''.{{Sfn|Puhvel|2004|pp=194–196}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=178–179}}{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}} Other reflexes can be found in Greek ''Gaia Melaina'' (γαîα μέλαινα; 'black earth'), or in [[Old Irish]] ''domun donn'' ('brown earth').{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=178–179}}{{sfn|Calin|2017|p=75}} A Lithuanian expression takes the form "may the black earth not support me".{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180}}

{{Poemquote|text=''ištamašta=an=ma palḫiš dankuiš daganzipaš''
...the broad dark earth heard him...|char=4.4 Rs. 12ff|sign=|title={{ill|Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi|de}}|source=translated by J. L. García Ramón.{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}}}

In Latvian ''dainas'' about plant fertility, the color black symbolized a good and abundant harvest, and the black soil was considered the most fertile.<ref>Ūsaitytė, Jurgita. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/12971 Žemės epitetas: tradicijos kaita]" [The Epithet of the Earth: The Change of Tradition]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies]. 2000, 19. pp. 58-59, 61. {{ISSN|1392-2831}}</ref> In a [[Russian fairy tale]], the maiden is buried "under a blanket of black earth".<ref>Ransome, Arthur. ''Old Peter's Russian Tales''. London and Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, Ltd., 1916. pp. 32-36.</ref>

A formula *''čṛnā(jā) zemjā'' ('dark earth') can be reconstructed based on expressions found in the southern [[Slavic languages|Slavic-speaking]] area, in ritual and burial contexts, like Ukrainian ''čorna zemlicja'' (in a Christmas carol); Slovene ''černa zemlja'' (in incantations); Bulgarian ''černata'' (in relation to the Earth, in curses), ''oženich se zadevojka černozemka'' (metaphor for 'to die young'), "черна земя" ('black earth');<ref>ДЯБЕВЯ, МЯРИЯНД ЕВ. "ЕПИТЕТИ въ БЪЛГЯРСКЯТЯ НДРОДНЯ ПЪСЕНЬ". СОФИЯ: Печатница "Култура". 1939. pp. 124, 203, 270.</ref> Serbo-Croatian ''zagrlila (poljubila) ga je (crna) zemlja'' (meaning 'he has died'); Serbian ''crna zemlja''.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Der leuchtende Himmel und die dunkle Erde. Ergänzungen zur Etymologie eines indoeuropäischen Mythologems |trans-title=The Shining Sky and the Dark Earth. Additions to the Etymology of Indo-European mythologems |first=Ute |last=Dukova |journal=ORPHEUS. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies |date=1994 |issue=4 |page=9 |language=DE |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=752569}}</ref>

In another line of scholarship, the formula of the dark earth seems to be related to invocation or oaths, where the announcer summons the Earth as an observer or witness, as seen by [[Solon]]'s elegiac ''Fragment'' 36.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theoi.com/Protogenos/Gaia3.html | title=GAEA Page 3 - Greek Mythology}}</ref> The Slavic deity 'Moist Earth' (''Syra Zemlya'') was similarly invoked during oaths and called to witness in land disputes.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}

== Role ==

=== Mating with the Sky Father ===

The Earth goddess was conceived as the dark dwelling of mortals, in contrast with [[Dyeus|Dyēus]], the bright diurnal sky and the seat of the gods.{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=178–179}}{{efn|According to Gritsay, Russian scholars E. V. Antonova and O. G. Radchenko mention that the sky is associated with a paternal figure and the elements of light and fire (e.g, epithet "свет-батюшка" 'luminous father'), in contrast with a Mother-type character, associated with water (moisture) and earth, and also called "темная" and "черная" ('dark', 'black').<ref name="ReferenceA">Грицай, Л. А. «Сопоставление мифологем „мать" и „отец" в русской и карельской фольклорной традиции» [Comparison of the mythological archetypes "mother" and "father" in the Russian and the Karelian folk traditions]. Научно-образовательное электронное периодическое издание «Грани познания». 2013. № 6. (26). p. 119.</ref>}} Both deities often appear as a pair, the Sky Father (''*Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr'') uniting with Mother Earth (''*Dʰéǵʰōm Méh₂tēr'') to bring fertility and growth.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180–181}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=432}} The Earth is thus often portrayed as the giver of good things: she is exhorted to become pregnant in an [[Old English]] prayer, and Slavic peasants described Zemlja as a prophetess that shall offer favourable harvest to the community.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}} The unions of Zeus with Semele and Demeter is similarly associated with fertility and growth in [[Greek mythology]].{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}} According to Jackson, however, ''Dʰéǵʰōm'' is "a more fitting partner of [[Perkwunos|Perk''w''unos]] than of Dyēus", since the former is commonly associated with fructifying rains as a [[weather god]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=80–81}}

The Earth–Heaven couple was probably not at the origin of the other heavenly gods. The [[Divine twins|Divine Twins]] and [[H2éwsōs|H2éwsōs]] seem to have been conceived by [[Dyeus|Dyēus]] alone,{{Sfn|West|2007|p=191}} since they are mentioned through the formulaic expressions ''*Diwós Népoth1e'' ('Descendants of Dyēus') and *''Diwós Dhuǵh2tḗr'' ('Daughter of Dyēus), respectively.{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|pp=67, 79}}

==== Anatolian ====
In [[Hittite mythology]], the Storm God of Heaven, one of the most important in the Hittite pantheon,<ref>Singer, Itamar. ''Hittite Prayers''. Leiden: Brill. 2002. p. 82. {{ISBN|90-04-12695-3}}</ref> has been syncretized with local [[Anatolia]]n or [[Hattians|Hattian]] deities, merging with a local storm god with terrestrial characteristics. At a later point, the Storm God of Heaven was paired with local goddess Wurulemu, with chthonic traits.<ref>Green, Alberto Ravinell Whitney. ''The Storm-god in the Ancient Near East''. Published for Biblical and Judaic Studies - The University of California, San Diego. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbraus. 2003. pp. 144-152. {{ISBN|1-57506-069-8}}</ref>

==== Indo-Iranian ====

In the Vedic texts, [[Prithvi]] the mother is usually paired with [[Dyaus]] the father,<ref>"O Heaven (our) father, Earth (our) guileless mother", the ''[[Rigveda]]'', 6.51.5, trans. West (2007).</ref>{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180–181}} as shown for instance in [[Samaveda]] hymns.<ref>Samaveda. Book IV, Chapter I, Decade IV.</ref><ref>Samaveda. Book VII, Chapter III, Hymn XIV.</ref> Due to their complementary relationship, they are celebrated as universal parents.<ref name="jstor.org">Kinsley, David R. "Goddess in Vedic Literature". In: ''Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition''. University of California Press, 1986. p. 8. Accessed May 10, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp3m5.5.</ref> However, other texts of sacred literature attribute different partners to the Earth goddess: in an Atharveda Hymn (12.1), Prithvi is coupled with [[Parjanya]] ([[Sanskrit]]: पर्जन्य, ''parjánya''), a deity of rain and fertilizer of earth.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacDonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&q=parjanya+lightning+thunder&pg=PA84|title=Vedic Mythology - Arthur Anthony Macdonell - Google Książki|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120811133}}</ref><ref name="urlAspects of Early Viṣṇuism - Jan Gonda - Google Książki">{{cite book|last1=Gonda|first1=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC&q=parjanya+lightning+thunder&pg=PA39|title=Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism - Jan Gonda - Google Książki|year=1969|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120810877}}</ref> In the same hymn, verse 6 (12.1.6), [[Indra]], another Vedic deity of thunder and rain, is described as "consort" and protector of Earth.<ref>Kinsley, David R. "Goddess in Vedic Literature". In: ''Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition''. University of California Press, 1986. p. 9. Accessed May 10, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp3m5.5.</ref>

According to [[Herodotus]], the [[Scythians]] considered Earth to be the wife of Zeus.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}}

==== Graeco-Roman ====
Zeus is associated with [[Semele]], a possible descendant of ''Dʰéǵʰōm'', but also with Demeter, which could be another cognate stemming from the Mother Earth.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}} In the ''Danaids,'' [[Aeschylus]] describes how Ouranos and Chthôn are seized by a mutual desire for sexual intercourse: the rain falls, then Earth conceives and brings forth pasture, cereal crops, and foliage.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}} Likewise, "Heaven and Earth" regularly appear as a duo among deities invoked as witnesses to Hittite treaties, and the Roman [[Tellus Mater]] is paired with [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] in [[Macrobius]]'s ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]].{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180–181}}''

The mating of Zeus and female characters with chthonic elements (Démeter) or associated with earth (such as Semele, Plataia and Themis) may be a remnant of the Sky/Earth coupling.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=182–183}} Other religious expressions and formulas in [[Greek people|Greek]] cultic practice attest to a wedding or union between a sky-god and an earth-mother: the Homeric Hymn to Gaia calls her "Wife of Starry Ouranos";<ref>Palaima, Thomas G. ''Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in Translation''. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2004. p. 209. {{ISBN|0-87220-722-6}}</ref> weddings in [[Athens]] were dedicated to both Ouranos and Gaia;<ref>Benko, Stephen. ''The Virgin Goddess: Studies in the Pagan and Christian Roots of Mariology''. Leiden: Brill. p. 90. {{ISBN|90-04-13639-8}}</ref> an ''[[Orphic Hymn]]'' tells that the cultist is both "a child of Earth and starry Sky";<ref>Numerous tablets contain this essential formula with minor variations; for the Greek texts and translations, see Fritz Graf and Sarah Iles Johnston, Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets (Routledge, 2007), pp. 4–5 (Hipponion, 400 BC), 6–7 (Petelia, 4th century BC), pp. 16–17 (Entella, possibly 3rd century BC), pp. 20–25 (five tablets from Eleutherna, Crete, 2nd or 1st century BC), pp. 26–27 (Mylopotamos, 2nd century BC), pp. 28–29 (Rethymnon, 2nd or 1st century BC), pp. 34–35 (Pharsalos, Thessaly, 350–300 BC), and pp. 40–41 (Thessaly, mid-4th century BC)</ref> in Athens, there was a statue of Gaia on the Acropolis depicting her beseeching Zeus for rain;<ref>Pausanias. ''Description of Greece, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.24.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=24&highlight=Earth 1.24.3 ff.]''</ref>{{efn|On that note, the epithet ὀμβροχαρής ('delighting in rain') - a ''[[Hapax legomenon]]'' - is attached to the Earth in an ''Orphic Hymn''.<ref>Macedo, José Marcos; Kölligan, Daniel; Barbieri, Pedro. ''Πολυώνυμοι. A Lexicon of the Divine Epithets in the Orphic Hymns''. Würzburg University Press, 2021. p. 135. {{ISBN|9783958261556}}.</ref>}} Zeus Chthonios and Gê Chthonia form a cultic pair in [[Mykonos]];<ref>[[Aleksandar Loma|Loma, Aleksandar]]. "Dalje od reči: Rekonstrukcija prajezičkih leksemskih spojeva kao perspektiva slovenske i indoevropske etimologije. I. O slovenskom i dačkom nazivu biljke ‘Verbascum’; II. Neki refleksi ie. korena *dereu‑ u slovenskim jezicima" In: ''Јужнословенски филолог'' 51. Beograd. 1995. p. 33. [Zusammenfassung: Die Rekonstruktion ursprachlicher Fügungen als Perspektive der slavischen und indogermanischen Etymologie]</ref><ref>Larson, Jennifer Lynn. ''Greek Heroine Cults''. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1995. p. 78. {{ISBN|0-299-14370-8}}.</ref> Zeus is invoked with an Earth Mother partner by their priestesses in [[Dodona]];<ref name="Jones, Prudence 1995 p. 17">Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). ''A History of Pagan Europe''. Routledge. p. 17. {{ISBN|978-1-136-14172-0}}.</ref><ref>Zolotnikova, Olga A. "[https://www.academia.edu/40265365/The_sanctuary_of_Zeus_in_Dodona_Evolution_of_the_religious_concept_Journal_Of_Hellenic_Religion_2019_Vol_12_85_132 The sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona: Evolution of the religious concept]". In: ''Journal Of Hellenic Religion'', 2019, Vol. 12. pp. 89-90. {{ISSN|1748-782X}}.</ref> a funerary epigram of one Lycophron of Pherai, son of Philiskos, states he shall live "among the stars uplifted by his father" (Zeus), while his body "occupies mother earth".<ref>Aphrodite A. Avagianou. "Physiology and Mysticism at Pherai. The Funerary Epigram for Lykophron". In ''Kernos'' [Online], 15 | 2002, p. 75. Online since 21 April 2011, connection on 20 April 2019. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1368 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1368</ref>

In the cosmogony of [[Pherecydes of Syros]], male deity ''Zas'' (identified with Zeus and the celestial/heavenly heights) unites with female character ''Chthonie'' (associated with the earth and the subterranean depths) in sacred rites of marriage, a union that appears to hark back to "the theology of the rites of fertility-fecundity"<ref>Marmoz, Julien. "La Cosmogonie de Phérécyde de Syros". In: ''Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée'' n. 5 (2019-2020). p. 12.</ref> and lays the foundation of the cosmos;<ref>Marmoz, Julien. "La Cosmogonie de Phérécyde de Syros". In: ''Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée'' n. 5 (2019-2020). pp. 5-41.</ref>

Ancient Roman scholar [[Varro]], in his book ''De re rustica'', listed five divine pairs, among which Juppiter, "father", and Tellus, "the Earth mother", both responsible for the fruitfulness of agriculture.<ref>Trevizam, Matheus. 2009. "Religião Romana Nos Livros Iniciais Do De Re Rustica Varroniano". In: ''Nuntius Antiquus'' 4 (dezembro): 58-59. {{doi|10.17851/1983-3636.4}}.</ref>

==== Norse ====
In [[Norse mythology]], the goddess [[Jörd]], a [[jötunn]] (giantess) whose name means 'earth' (from Proto-Germanic ''*erþō''-, 'earth, [[soil]], land'), begets the thunder-god [[Thor]] (Donar) with [[Odinn]]–not a sky-god, although a chief god of the Norse pantheon.<ref>Fee, Christopher R. ''Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain''. Oxford University Press. 2001. pp. 77–78. {{ISBN|0-19-513479-6}}</ref> A line in the ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' by Norse poet [[Snorri Sturluson]] mentions that the Earth is both daughter and wife ("Jörðin var dóttir hans ok kona hans") of the All-Father,<ref>''The Viking Age: A Reader. Second Edition''. Edited by Angus A. Somerville and R. Andrew McDonald. University of Toronto Press. 2014. p. 45. {{ISBN|978-1-4426-0867-2}}</ref> identified as Odinn.

==== Slavic ====
Russian scholar O. G. Radchenko points that remnants of the coupling exist in East Slavic riddles, incantations and herb charms.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> As pointed by scholarship, Croatian historian [[Natko Nodilo]] saw an occurrence of the Masculine Heavens and Feminine Earth in the riddle ''Visok tata, plosna mama, bunovit zet, manita devojka'' ("Tall father, fat mother, rebellious son-in-law, frenzied maiden"), about the components of the world, and whose answer is "Sky, Earth, Wind and Fog".<ref>Marjanić, Suzana. 2003. "The Dyadic Goddess and Duotheism in Nodilo's ''The Ancient Faith of the Serbs and the Croats''" [Dijadna Boginja I Duoteizam U Nodilovoj ''Staroj Vjeri Srba I Hrvata'']. In: ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 6 (May). Ljubljana, Slovenija. pp. 189-190. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v6i0.1783}}.</ref> In a Russian incantation (''Beschwörungsformel''), heaven and earth are referred to as a father/mother pair: ''Ty nebo otec; ty zemlja mat'.'' ("You Heaven are father; you Earth are mother").<ref>Eckert, Rainer (1999). "Eine Slawische Une Baltische Erdgottheit". ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 2 (May/1999). Ljubljana, Slovenija. p. 208. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v2i0.1850}}.</ref>{{efn|"Some remnants of fertilizing rites still point in the direction that there might have been a marriage between earth and heaven in the primitive mythology of Eastern Slavs".<ref>Bilaniuk, Petro B. T. "The Ultimate Reality and Meaning in the Pre-Christian Religion of the Eastern Slavs". In: ''Ultimate Reality and Meaning''. Volume 11 Issue 4, December 1988. p. 260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/uram.11.4.247</ref>}} A folk expression "plaskófka matka, vysoki tatka" refers to "the low, flat earth" in contrast with "the highest sky".<ref>Іванова, Лілія. "Порівняльна характеристика фразеологізмів із значенням "п’яний, п’янство, напитися" в українській і сербській мовах". In: Українсько-сербський збірник "Украс". випуск 1 (6). Київ: «Темпора», 2012. p. 126.</ref>

Polish scholarship also indicates some holdover of the idea exists in the folklore of [[Poland]], for instance, in folk riddle ''Matka nisko, ojciec wysoko, córka ślepa, syn szalony'' ("A mother low down, a father high up, a blind daughter and a mad son"), whose answer is "earth, heaven, night, wind".<ref>Maslowska, Ewa. ''Mediating the Otherworld in Polish Folklore: A Cognitive Linguistic Perspective''. Bern: Peter Lang, 2020. p. 149. {{ISBN|9783631796849}}.</ref>{{efn|"In folk cosmogonic myths, the male sky fertilises the earth (SSSL 1(2): 17–56), the act being described as "the sacred union (hierogamy) between the Sky-God and the Earth-Mother" (Eliade 1961, after Cummings n.d.). (...) Echoes of the hierogamy can be found in a Polish folk riddle: "Father shoots but doesn't kill; mother eats, though it has no mouth", which stands for the heaven–rain–earth complex. In peasant poems, heaven embraces the earth with love: at the crossroads, where Christ dies, heaven embraces the earth and presents the Mother of Bread with a herb-and-wheat wreath."<ref>Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska, Stanisława. "Symbolism of fertility in Polish folklore". In: ''Ethnolinguistic'' 28. Lublin: 2017. p. 207. Translated by Agnieszka Mierzwińska-Hajnos. DOI: 10.17951/et.2016.28.207</ref>}}

In a charm collected in Arkhangelsky and published in 1878 by historian Alexandra Efimenko ([[:ru:Ефименко, Александра Яковлевна|ru]]), the announcer invokes "Mother-Earth" (Земля мать) and "Father Heaven" (небо отец).<ref>Toporkov, Andrei (2018). [https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol71/toporkov.pdf#page=4 "'Wondrous Dressing' with Celestial Bodies in Russian Charms and Lyrical Poetry]" (PDF). In: ''Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore''. 71: 208-209. doi:10.7592/FEJF2018.71.toporkov. {{ISSN|1406-0949}}. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2021.</ref> According to researcher Natalya Polyakova, there was among the Slavs an old belief that earth was fertilized by the heavenly rains and that it was a sin to profane her. If this happened, the heavenly father would no longer send her rains, and thus would cause drought.<ref>Polyakova, Natalya V. (2011). Вербализация концепта «Земля» в селькупском и русском языках [Verbalization of the Concept "Earth" in the Selkup and Russian languages]. In: Вестник Томского государственного педагогического университета, (9): 135. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/verbalizatsiya-kontsepta-zemlya-v-selkupskom-i-russkom-yazykah (дата обращения: 21.04.2021).</ref>

==== Baltic ====
Baltic scholarship recognizes in ancient Baltic beliefs a division of the world into a heavenly half, with masculine and dynamic attributes and associated with light and celestial bodies, and an earthly half, feminine and static, related to plants and waters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Čepienė |first1=Irena |title=Kai kurie mitinės pasaulėkūros aspektai lietuvių tradicinėje kultūroje |journal=Geografija ir edukacija [Geography and education] |date=2014 |issue=2 |pages=56–65 |url=https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/59891 |trans-title=Certain aspects of mythical world building in Lithuanian traditional culture |issn=2351-6453}}</ref>

According to Lithuanian ethnologue {{ill|Nijolė Laurinkienė|lt|Nijolė Laurinkienė}}, in Baltic tradition, it was said that the earth closed off (as in "sleeping" or "hibernating") near the end of autumn/beginning of winter, and "opened up" with the coming of the spring - a season when the first rains begin to fall. For this reason, it was believed that Baltic thunder god [[Perkūnas]] acted as the "opener" of the earth with his rains, making the grass grow and bringing life anew. In later tradition, it seems this deity was replaced by [[Saint George]] (Jurgis, Yurja, Sveti Juraj), who, in folksongs, was described as opening the earth in the spring with a key.<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2015). "Koncepcija Sezonnogo Otmykanija I Zamykanija Zemli V Baltijskoj tradicii" [The Concept of Earth's Opening in Spring and Closing in Autumn]. In: ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 18 (July). Ljubljana, Slovenija, 51-60. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v18i0.2830}}.</ref>{{efn|The worship of Saint George with the coming of springtime also occurs in [[Saint George's Day#South Slavic tradition and Balkan spring festival|South Slavic tradition]].<ref>Lulić-Štorić, Jasenka. "Magija u seoskoj tradicijskoj kulturi Bukovice" [Magic in Rural Folk Culture of Bukovica]. In: ''Ethnologica Dalmatica'' br. 9 (2000): 67. https://hrcak.srce.hr/108487</ref><ref>Hiiemäe, Mall. "[https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/nr1/georg.htm Some Possible Origins of St. George's Day Customs and Beliefs]". In: ''Folklore'', Vol. 1, June 1996, published by the Institute of Estonian Languages, Tartu.</ref>}}

=== Final dwelling of mortals ===

''Dʰéǵʰōm'' had a connection with both death and life: the deceased are made from her and shall eventually return to her, but the crop also grows from her moist soil fertilized by the rain of Dyēus.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=180–181, 191}} This points to a hierarchical conception of the status of mankind regarding the heavenly gods, confirmed by the widespread use of the term 'mortal' as a synonym of 'human' rather than 'living species' in Indo-European traditions.{{sfn|Fortson|2004|p=22–24}} In a Hittite military oath, the earth is said to drink the blood of the fallen ("This not wine, it is your blood, and as the earth has swallowed this..."), as in Aeschylus' ''[[Seven Against Thebes]]'' (736) and in the Indian ''[[Mahabharata]]'' ("... the earth shall drink today the blood of their king").{{Sfn|West|2007|p=491}}

The word for 'earth' underlies the many formations for designating humans, because they are seen as 'earthly' or fashioned from the earth itself.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=120}} It is reconstructed in the derivative forms ''*dʰǵʰ(e)-mōn'' and ''*dʰǵʰom-yos'', which underwent a [[semantic shift]] from 'earthling' to 'human': Sanskrit ''jmán'' ('from the earth') and ''kṣámyaḥ'' ('earthly'), Latin ''[[homo|homō]]'' ('man'), Gothic ''guma'' ('man'), Old Lithuanian ''žmuõ'' ('man') and Old Prussian ''smoy'' ('man'), [[Old Irish]] ''duine'' ('man'), and [[Gaulish]] ''-xtonio'' ({{lang|xtg|*gdonios}} 'man'?).{{Sfn|Wodtko|Irslinger|Schneider|2008|pp=86–88|p=}} The [[Phrygian language|Neo-Phrygian]] term ''zemelōs'' (ζεμελως) is interpreted as meaning 'men', or 'terrestrial' as opposed to 'heavenly'.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chantraine |first=Pierre |title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque |publisher=Klincksieck |year=1968 |isbn=978-2-252-03681-5 |pages=1258–1259 |author-link=Pierre Chantraine}}</ref>''<ref>Lubotsky, Alexander.''New Phrygian Metrics and the δεως ζεμελως Formula''. Mír curad: Studies in Honor of Calvert Watkins (eds. Jasanoff, Jay, Melchert, H. Craig, Oliver, Lisi). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. 1998. pp. 413–421.</ref> In the words of linguist [[Antoine Meillet]], those [[metaphor]]s go back to a time when it was "natural to designate 'humans' by the distinctive features that distinguish them from the gods: mortality, life on earth".<ref>[[Antoine Meillet|Meillet, Antoine]] (1982). "Le nom de l'homme", in ''Linguistique historique et linguistique générale'', Champion, pp. 272–280.</ref>

====Albanian====
[[File:Gjama.jpg|thumb|Practicing of [[Gjâma]], the Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead, by the men of [[Theth]] ([[Shala (tribe)|Shala]]) in the funeral of Ujk Vuksani, 1937.]]
In Albanian tradition the Earth – {{lang|sq|[[Zonja e Dheut|Dheu]]}} or {{lang|sq|Toka}} – is deeply respected so that she would carefully receive the dead in her chest.{{sfn|Tirta|2004|pp=230–231}} For instance, during the last phase of the Albanian traditional mourning practice – [[Gjâma]] – after a usual lament, the mourners sit on their knees in a row and continuing the last call of the dead person, they sit on the ground, put their foreheads upon the earth and caress the earth with their hands, as if they want to express love and care for the earth. They stay like this until someone of the house, specifically charged with this task, goes and lifts them up.{{sfn|Tirta|2004|pp=220–221}}

In all Albanian lands the burial custom required to put a metal coin in the grave, inserting it in the dead's hand or mouth, or on one side of the body. A general explanation was that it served "to pay for the place of the grave" or "to pay the Earth so that she keeps the dead inside her". This is a reflection of the cult of the Earth, associated "with the place of the new dwelling in the [[afterlife|eternal life]]", with the coin representing a symbolic gift to the Earth. Coins of this type have also been found by archaeologists in the graves of the Albanians in the Middle Ages and in those of the [[Illyrians]] in antiquity.{{sfn|Tirta|2004|pp=230–231}}

====Greek====
In a religious context, Chthôn (Χθών) was conceived as the nether land of the underworld deities and the dead (''Iliad'' 6,411; 8,14; ''Theogony'' 119; etc.), and often as the world itself as opposed to the sky.<ref name=":3" />

Another reflex of ''Dʰéǵʰōm'' as the mother of mortals and their final resting place may also be found in ''Demetrioi'' ('of Demeter'), an Athenian designation for the dead,<ref>Harrison, Jane Ellen. ''[https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mgr/mgr14.htm Myths of Greece and Rome]''. 1928. p. 65</ref> and in [[Aeschylus]]'s verses in ''Choephori'' 127: "Yea, summon Earth, who brings all things to life, / And rears and takes again into her womb."<ref name="Jones, Prudence 1995 p. 17"/><ref>Harrison, Jane Ellen. [https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mgr/mgr14.htm ''Myths of Greece and Rome'']. 1928. pp. 63-64.</ref> In addition, Demeter was worshipped in some Greek cities in relation to her connection to the Underworld (cf. epithet ''[[Chthonia]]'', 'of the earth, underworld'), besides her typical association with grains and crops.<ref>Fairbanks, Arthur. "The Chthonic Gods of Greek Religion". In: ''The American Journal of Philology'' 21, no. 3 (1900): 247-248. doi:10.2307/287716.</ref><ref>Johnston, Sarah Iles. "Demeter in Hermione: Sacrifice and Ritual Polyvalence". In: ''Arethusa'' 45, no. 2 (2012): 211-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26322731.</ref> Demeter was also associated with the role of ward<ref>Rigoglioso, Marguerite. ''Virgin Mother Goddesses of Antiquity''. Palgrave Macmillan. 2010. p. 104. {{ISBN|978-0-230-11312-1}} https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230113121</ref> or mother of the dead:<ref>[[Marija Gimbutas|Gimbutas, Marija]]; Miriam Robbins Dexter (1999). ''The Living Goddesses''. University of California Press. p. 160. {{ISBN|0-520-22915-0}}.</ref> according to [[Plutarch]]'s ''On the Face in the Moon's Orb'', Demeter, who rules over the earth and all earthly things, separates the soul from the body after a human dies.<ref>"XXVII. (...) For instance, about Demeter and Cora, they are right in their names, but wrong in supposing that they both belong to the same region; for the latter is on earth, and has power over earthly things (...) XXVIII. (...) When these three principles [union of mind, soul and body] have been compacted, the earth contributes body to the birth of man, the moon soul, the sun reason (...) The death which we die is of, Sylla, two kinds (...) the one takes place in the earth which is the realm of Demeter, and is initiation unto her (...) Demeter parts soul from body quickly and with force (...)". In: Plutarch; Prickard, Arthur Octavius. ''Plutarch on the face which appears on the orb of the Moon''. Translation and notes, with appendix. Winchester: Warren and Son; London: Simpkin. 1911. pp. 44-45.</ref>

A similar imagery is described by poet [[Euripides]], in his play ''[[The Suppliants (Euripides)|The Suppliants]]'', lines 530–536: "Let the dead now be buried in the earth, / and each element return to the place from where it came to the body, / (...) the body to the ground; / for in no way did we get it / for our own, but to live our life in, and after that its mother earth must take it back again".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg008.perseus-eng1|title = PerseusCatalog}}</ref><ref>"Let the corpses now be covered with the earth, / From which each of them came forth to the light / Only to go back thither: (...) / And body to the earth". In: Lincoln, Bruce. ''Myth, Cosmos, and Society: Indo-European Themes of Creation and Destruction''. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2013. p. 120. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674864290</ref> A funerary epigram of one Lycophron of Pherai, son of Philiskos, states his body, given by mother, now "occupies mother earth" (μητέρα γἥν).<ref>Aphrodite A. Avagianou. "Physiology and Mysticism at Pherai. The Funerary Epigram for Lykophron". In ''Kernos'' [Online], 15 | 2002, p. 75, 86-88. Online since 21 April 2011, connection on 20 April 2019. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1368 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1368</ref>

====Baltic====
Moreover, historical sources on [[Baltic mythology]], specially on Lithuanian and Latvian religions and practices, describe the dual role of goddesses Zemyna and Zemes Mate: while they were connected to the fertility of the land, they were also associated with receiving the dead and acting as their ruler and guardian.<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė. "Požemio ir mirusiųjų karalystės deivė" [Goddesses of the Kingdom of the Dead and the Underworld]. In: ''Metai'' n. 1 2010. pp. 116-127.</ref>{{efn|"Zemyna (otherwise Zemlja or Perkunatelé) is the earth-goddess and psychopomp of the dead."<ref>Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). ''A History of Pagan Europe''. Routledge. p. 175. {{ISBN|978-1-136-14172-0}}.</ref>}}

In Latvian ''dainas'', Zemes Mate is associated with fellow ''[[Mahte]]'' ("Mothers") ''Velu Mate'' ('Mother of Dead Souls') and ''Kari Mate'' ('Mother of Graves'). According to researcher Elza Kokare, Zemes Mate and Kari Mate act as the resting places of the dead, guarding its body and holding the key to their graves.<ref>Kokare, Elza. "[http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/bif/bif1/kokare.html A survey of the basic structures in Latvian mythology]. In: ''Journal of the Baltic Institute of Folklore'' (Tallinn), 1996, Nr.1, pp. 65-91.</ref> As an individual character, Zemes mate is invoked as a person's final resting place.{{efn|Best exemplified by mythologist [[Lotte Motz]]: "The chthonic goddess ''zemes mate'' (Mother Earth) receives the dead within her realm. In ''dainas'' addressed to her, she provides the eternal resting place: "Rock me mother, hold me mother! / Short is the time spent at your breast. / Mother Earth will hold me longer, / beneath her turf, a welcome guest." (J1209)".<ref>Mottz, Lotte. ''The Faces of the Goddess''. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997. pp. 72-73. {{ISBN|0-19-508967-7}}</ref> She also stated that "In Latvian society ... Mother Earth - ''zemes mate'' - is chiefly the resting place of the departed, ..."<ref>Mottz, Lotte. ''The Faces of the Goddess''. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997. p. 83. {{ISBN|0-19-508967-7}}</ref>}}{{efn|"In the next quatrain folksong it concerns about death, the sleeping (slumbering) in the grave. The Mother Earth is the goddess, from whom are coming all living beings and to whom after death they go back: (25) Ar Dieviņu, mâmulïte, / Labvakar, zemes mate!/ Labvakar, zemes mate, / Vai büs laba dusesanal [Good bye, Mother, / Good evening, Mother Earth! / Good evening, Mother Earth, / Shall I slumber well?]".<ref>Eckert, Rainer. "A Tendency of Nominalization in the Language of Latvian Folksong". In: ''Zeitschrift für Slawistik'' 45, no. 3 (2000): 324 https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.2000.45.3.318</ref>}}{{efn|"Ar Dieviņu, tēvs, māmiņa,/ Labvakaru, Zemes māte (x2)/ Glabā manu augumiņu". [Farewell, father and mother, / Good evening, Earth mother (x2) / Take my body in your keeping].<ref>VĪĶE-FREIBERGA, Vaira (1980). "[https://jaunagaita.net/jg127/JG127-128_VVF.htm Dzejiskā iztēle latvju dainās]" [The poetic imagination of the Latvian dainas]. In: ''Jaunā Gaita'' (Hamilton, Ont), 25, Nr. 127, 7-11; Nr. 128 (continued), 15-18.</ref><ref>Vikis-Freibergs, Vaira. "The Poetic Imagination of the Latvian "dainas"". In: ''Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature'' 6, no. 4 (1973): 209-21. Accessed May 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24776924.</ref>}} Pieces of Lithuanian folklore also make references to Earth as mother of humans and their final abode after death.<ref>Ūsaitytė, Jurgita. "Motina Žemė: Moteriškumo reprezentacija" [Mother Earth: representation of femininity]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies]. 2002, 23, p. 148. {{ISSN|1392-2831}} [https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/40025]</ref>{{efn|"Archeological findings witness that the most ancient phase of Lithuanian culture was definitely Zemyna's culture. The distinguishing factor in these findings was the burial rites. In the oldest cultural phase, the dead were buried - given back to Zemyna, Mother Earth."<ref>Vycinas, Vincent. ''Search for Gods''. Springer, Dordrecht. 1972. p. 32. {{ISBN|978-94-010-2816-5}}</ref>}}{{efn|Researcher Nijole Laurinkiene, at the end of her book on Zemyna, writes thus: "Žemyna was also imagined as the giver and supporter of human life, because like flora and fauna, humanity is a part of nature. (...) The newborn would immediately be laid down on Mother Earth as if she were its biological mother, so that she could ‘accept’ and ‘embrace’ the infant as her own earthly creation and give it vegetative power and vitality on a cosmic plane. (...)".<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė. ''Žemyna ir jos mitinis pasaulis'' [Žemyna and her mythical world]. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2013. p. 494.{{ISBN|9786094251092}}</ref>}}{{efn|"Žeme, motina mano, aš iš tavęs esu, tu mane šeri, tu mane nešioji, tu mane po smerčio pakavosi" [Earth, my mother, I am from you, you feed me, you support me, you embrace me after death].<ref>Jonas Balys ''apud'' Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. ''Ugnies metaforos: Lietuvių ir latvių mitologijos studija''. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. 2001. p. 67. {{ISBN|9955-475-13-7}}</ref>}}

Funeral lamentations, such as some collected in Veliouna in the 19th and 20th centuries, attest the expression "sierą žemelę" as the destination of the deceased to whom the lament is dedicated.<ref> Žičkienė, Aušra. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/40107 Veliuonos raudos XIX ir XX amžiuje]" [Lamentations from Veliuona district recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies] 25, 2003. pp. 33, 35. {{ISSN|1392-2831}}</ref><ref>Černiauskaitė, Dalia. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/9984 Metaforinis mirties temos kodavimas lietuvių laidotuvių raudose]" [Metaphor Encoding of Death Theme in the Lithuanian Funeral Laments]. In: ''Filologija'' Nr. 11, 2006, pp. 20. {{ISSN|1392-561X}}.</ref><ref>Vaitkevičienė-Astramskaitė, Daiva. "Vestimentarinis kodas lietuvių mitologijoje: linai ir lėmimai". In: ''Baltos lankos'', 1993, t. 3, p. 127.</ref><ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė. "Žemė motina". In: ''Žmogus ir jo gyvenamoji aplinka: konferencijos medžiaga''. Vilnius: Lietuvos liaudies kultūros centras, 2007. pp. 69–70.</ref> In a later military death lament, the "sierą žemelę" is said to drink the blood of the fallen soldier, after being shot.<ref>Ivanauskaitė, Vita. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/8301 Mirtis ir laidotuvės vėlyvosiose karinėse-istorinėse dainose: folkloriniai naujos istorinės patirties atspindžiai]" [Death and funerals in late Lithuanian military historic songs: folklore reflections of new historical experience]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies] 32, 2006. p. 169. {{ISSN|1392-2831}}.</ref> An issue of Lithuanian newspaper ''[[Draugas]]'' published a ''dainas'' wherein the person invokes the earth as "žeme, žeme, siera žemele", and asks it to take her, a maiden, having already taken father and mother ("Atėmei tėvą ir motinėlę"), but the earth scolds her.<ref>GAŽSNA KRIVICKIENfE. "Santykiavimas su mirusiais mūsų tautosakoje". ''[http://www.draugas.org/archive/1979_reg/1979-10-27-PRIEDAS-DRAUGAS-i5-8.pdf Draugas]''. Publication date: October 27, 1979. Retrieved: April 23, 2021.</ref>

====Slavic====
Old Slavic beliefs seem to attest some awareness of this ambivalent nature of the Earth: it was considered men's cradle and nurturer during one's lifetime, and, when the time of death came, it would open up to receive their bones, as if it were a "return to the womb".<ref>Васільчук, А. А.. "СЛАВЯНСКІЯ НАРОДНЫЯ УЯЎЛЕННІ ПРА ЗЯМЛЮ" [Slavic folk beliefs about the Earth]. In: ''МОВА–ЛІТАРАТУРА–КУЛЬТУРА''. Матэрыялы VI Міжнароднай навуковай канферэнцыі г. Мінск, 28-29 кастрычніка 2010 года [LANGUAGE–LITERATURE–CULTURE. Proceedings of the VI International Scientific Conference in Minsk, October 28–29, 2010]. Minsk: БДУ. 2011. pp. 52-53.</ref>{{efn|For instance: "the Russian peasant envisioned the underworld of the ancestors as a house heated against the dampness of Mother Moist Earth by a ''pech'' [''pečʹ'', 'stove'].";<ref name="Hubbs, Joanna 1993. p. 55"/> "Among the peasantry in Vladimir Province, as in other places, it was customary for the dying to ask earth permission to reenter her body with the ritual invocation: 'Mother Moist Earth, forgive me and take me'."<ref>Hubbs, Joanna. ''Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture''. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. p. 60. {{ISBN|978-0-253-11578-2}}</ref>}}{{efn|"The peasant child who died left its natal mother and went back to 'mother earth'. (...) That Russians did (and still do) personify the earth as a mother is well known. The peasant topos 'mother moist earth' ('mat' syra zemlia') refers to the mother specifically as a place one goes after dying, or in order to die (as opposed to a fertile place which gives birth to a harvest - for which there are other topoi). Ransel speaks of peasant beliefs about the earth pulling the child back to itself, inviting death. (...) To resist death too much is to resist 'mother moist earth'."<ref>Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel. ''[https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814769409/ The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of Suffering]''. New York and London: New York University Press. 1995. pp. 74-75. {{ISBN|0-8147-7458-X}}</ref>}}{{efn|"According to a Polish legend, "God ordered the Earth: ‘You will give birth to people and you will devour them; whatever you give birth to, you will eat, as it is yours’" (Szyjewski 211, 130).".<ref>Oleszkiewicz-Peralba, Małgorzata. ''Fierce Feminine Divinities of Eurasia and Latin America: Baba Yaga, Kālī, Pombagira, and Santa Muerte''. Palgrave MacMillan. 2015. p. 19. {{ISBN|978-1-137-53500-9}}</ref>}}{{efn|"Mother Earth stands at the core of the Eastern Slavic religiosity. In her converge the most secret and profound religious feelings. With awe, the people venerate the black, moist depths - the womb which is the source of all fertilized powers, the nourishing breast of nature, the definitive resting place of all in death. Mother Earth is covered by a veil of grass, flowers, forests, trees, vegetables and grain. Thus both beauty and fertility are her choice virtues and powers. As a mother who nourishes living human beings, the earth is the embodiment of kindness and mercy; she also embraces them for rest after death."<ref>Bilaniuk, Petro B. T. "The Ultimate Reality and Meaning in the Pre-Christian Religion of the Eastern Slavs". In: ''Ultimate Reality and Meaning''. Volume 11 Issue 4, December 1988. pp. 259-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/uram.11.4.247</ref>}}{{efn|"Symbolically, funeral rites provide the belief that the deceased will return to mother earth to live a new life in a new abode (the coffin and grave). According to Russian folk belief, the deceased no longer lives in its former home but continues a liminal existence in a new "dwelling-place," that is the coffin, which in some parts of Russia even had windows (Vostochnoslavianskaia 348). (...) In this context, the motif of life in the funeral lament is similar to the archetypal figure of the Moist Mother Earth (''Mati syra zemlia'') in its representation of rebirth. In these laments, the deceased is portrayed as being returned to the Moist Mother Earth, but before settling in her "permanent nest" it is carried into its new room—the coffin.
С попом—отцом духовныим / Да с петьем божьим церковныим! / Как схороним тебя, белая лебедушка, / Во матушку сыру землю / И во буеву холодную могилушку, / В вековечну, бесконечну тебя жирушку, / Закроем тебя матушкой сырой землей, / Замуравим тебя травонькой шелковою! (Chistov 237) [With a priest, with a spiritual father / And with the swimming of God's Church / How will we bury you, little white swan / In the Damp Mother Earth / In the cold little grave / In the eternal, heavenly home / We will cover you with the Damp Mother Earth / We will cover you with silk grass]. (...) Funeral rituals, thus, reinforced the link between the living and the departed while allowing the deceased to rest permanently in its new domicile—the cosmic womb that is the [[Mokosh|Moist Mother Earth]]."<ref>Sang Hyun Kim. "''Prichitaniia'' and Rituals as Symbolic Representations of Russian Peasants’ Collective Memory: A Comparative Study of Wedding and Funeral Ceremonies". In: ''Studies in Slavic Culture'' issue V, May 2006. pp. 46-48, 52-53 (footnote nr. 29).</ref>}}{{efn|"[[East Slav]]ic [[slavic paganism|paganism]] was the product of a landlocked agricultural empire. Gods of sun, moon, stars, and wind did exist, but prayers were directed down to the life-giving black soil rather than up to celestial deities. Bodies did not "rise" after death but were reabsorbed into the womb of [[Mat Zemlya|Mat'-syra-zemlya]], Moist Mother Earth".<ref>Emerson, Caryl. ''The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature''. Cambridge University Press. 2008. p. 61. {{ISBN|978-0-511-41376-6}}</ref>}}

In Polish curses, the malediction is aimed towards "the Holy Earth" (''święta ziemia'') not receiving the remains of the person cursed (as in, ''Bodaj cię święta ziemia nie przyjęła!'' and ''Oby cię święta ziemia nie przyjęła!'').<ref>Engelking, Anna. ''The Curse - On Folk Magic of the Word ''. Translated by Anna Gutowska. Monographs. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. 2017 [2000]. pp. 152, 217, 251. {{ISBN|978-83-64031-63-2}}</ref> Researcher Anna Engelking cited that scholar Boris Uspensky wrote "a comprehensive analysis of the mythical trope of holy earth: the mother of humankind, which gives birth to people and accepts their bodies after death".<ref>Engelking, Anna. ''The Curse - On Folk Magic of the Word ''. Translated by Anna Gutowska. Monographs. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. 2017 [2000]. p. 355 (footnote nr. 65). {{ISBN|978-83-64031-63-2}}.</ref> Similarly, the imagery appears in "funeral hymns and speeches", e.g., ''Powracasz w ziemię, co twą matką była,/ Teraz cię strawi, niedawno żywiła'' ("You return to earth that has been your mother,/ She has fed you so far, now you’ll be devoured").<ref>Maslowska, Ewa. ''Mediating the Otherworld in Polish Folklore: A Cognitive Linguistic Perspective''. Bern: Peter Lang, 2020. p. 165. {{ISBN|9783631796849}}.</ref>

The imagery of the ''terre humide'' ("moist earth") also appears in funeral lamentations either as a geographical feature (as in Lithuanian and Ukrainian lamentations)<ref>Nevskaja, Lidija; Toucas-Bouteau, Michèle (traduceur). "Les lamentations balto-slaves: sémantique et structure". In: ''Cahiers slaves'', n°3, 2001. La mort et ses représentations (Monde slave et Europe du Nord) pp. 201-202. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/casla.2001.904]; www.persee.fr/doc/casla_1283-3878_2001_num_3_1_904.</ref> or invoked as ''Mère-Terre humide'' ("Mother Moist Earth").<ref>Adon'eva, S.B.; Kabakova, Galina (traducteur). "Lamentation dans le Nord de la Russie: texte et rituel". In: ''Cahiers slaves'', n°6, 2002. Les études régionales en Russie (1890-1990). Origines, crise, renaissance. pp. 434. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/casla.2002.962]; www.persee.fr/doc/casla_1283-3878_2002_num_6_1_962</ref><ref>Labriolle, François de; Sériot, Patrick. "Lise Gruel-Apert, La tradition orale russe (compte-rendu)". In: ''Revue des études slaves'', tome 68, fascicule 1, 1996. p. 138. www.persee.fr/doc/slave_0080-2557_1996_num_68_1_6318_t1_0137_0000_1</ref>{{efn|For example: "The maiden fair is dead (...) Split open, damp Mother Earth! / Fly asunder, ye coffin planks!";<ref>Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 27.</ref> "A young sergeant prayed to God, / Weeping the while, as a river flows,/ For the recent death of the Emperor, / The Emperor, Peter the First. / And thus amid his sobs he spake, - / 'Split asunder, O damp mother Earth / On all four sides - / Open, ye coffin planks (...)'";<ref>Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. pp. 53-54.</ref> "All on my father's grave / A star has fallen, has fallen from heaven ... / Split open, O dart of the thunder, The moist mother Earth!";<ref>Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 334.</ref> "I will take my dear children [and see], / Whether moist Mother Earth will not split open. / If moist Mother Earth splits open, / Straightway will I and my children bury ourselves in it (...) Split open, moist Mother Earth, /
And be thou open, O new coffin-planks (...) (a widow's lament)";<ref name="Ralston, William Ralston Shedden 1872. p. 340">Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 340.</ref> "Arise, O ye wild winds, from all sides! Be ye borne, O winds, into the Church of God! Sweep open the moist earth! Strike, O wild winds, on the great bell! Will not its sounds and mine awaken words of kindness" (an orphan's lament).<ref name="Ralston, William Ralston Shedden 1872. p. 340"/>}}{{efn|The expression is also mentioned in a saying from Olonets: the master of the house invites his ghostly visitor to warm itself by the fire of the ''pech'', since it must have been cold for him staying "in the moist earth".<ref>Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 322.</ref>}}{{efn|In an adjuration by a [[Raskol]], the supplicant invokes her to forgive them: "Forgive me, O Lord; forgive me, O holy Mother of God; (...) forgive, O damp-mother-earth; (...)".<ref>Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. ''The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life''. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. pp. 364-365.</ref>}}{{efn|In a funeral lament collected in the Olonets region by scholar Barsov, the mourner cries for a man struck by lightning sent by "thunderous" Saint Ilya, when said man was supposed to perform his Christian duties: "They lit candles of bright wax, / They prayed to God diligently, / They bowed low to moist mother earth / (...) The sinful soul departed without repentance/ (...)/ [His body] will not be committed to moist mother earth."<ref>Warner, Elizabeth A. "Death by Lightning: For Sinner or Saint? Beliefs from Novosokol'niki Region, Pskov Province, Russia". In: ''Folklore'' 113, no. 2 (2002): 255-256. Accessed April 11, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1260679.</ref>}}{{efn|"Were you not afraid, had you no fear of entering mother-moist-earth? For it is cold there, and there is hunger there.".<ref>WARNER, ELIZABETH, and SVETLANA ADONYEVA. "Ritual Feeding and the Cult of Ancestors." In We Remember, We Love, We Grieve: Mortuary and Memorial Practice in Contemporary Russia. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2021. p. 94. Accessed April 27, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1g245zd.10.</ref>}} The imagery and expression of "Mother Moist Earth" seem to have persisted well into the 21st century, although divorced from its sacral aspect.{{efn|Professors Elizabeth Warner and Svetlana Adonyeva published in 2021 a book with the results of a joint research on funeral laments in modern Russian rural places. Their findings show that the laments still contained the poetical expression. For instance: "(...) Well, I know myself, little orphan girl, / Where you are going, all dressed up,/ You are on your way into mother-moist-earth..."; "(...) Break asunder, mother-moist-earth./ (...)/Stand up, my darling child. / Hear me, your grieving mother, (...)".<ref>ADONYEVA, SVETLANA, and ELIZABETH WARNER. "The Lament: A Language for Communicating with the Dead". In: ''We Remember, We Love, We Grieve: Mortuary and Memorial Practice in Contemporary Russia''. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2021. pp. 102, 104-105. Accessed April 27, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1g245zd.11.</ref>}}

In a Ukrainian lamentation, the mourner invokes earth as his "damp mother" ("Земле ж моя земле, мать сирая"), and asks it to take him, the mourner ("a young one"), since it has already taken father ("отця") and mother ("неньку", endearing or diminutive form of "не́ня").<ref>Українська мала енциклопедія [A little encyclopedia of Ukraine]. У 8 т.[uk]. Тom 2: Книжка IV. Літери Ж-Й. Буенос-Айрес, 1959. p. 512.</ref>

In [[Belarus]]ian folk songs, the earth is invoked as "syroj ziamli-matušcy" ('damp earth-mother'), and even referred to as the resting place of the mourner's loved one ("Žoŭcieńki piasok, syraja ziamlia, Tut pachavana milaja maja"; [[English language|English]]: 'Yellow sand, damp earth: here my dear is buried').<ref>Hrynevich, Yanina. "[https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol72/hrynevich.pdf Worldview of Belarusian Folk Song Lyrics]". In: ''Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore'' 72 (2018): 115, 136.</ref> In addition, phraseological studies by linguist Olga A. Lyashchynskaya ([[:be:Вольга Аляксееўна Ляшчынская|be]]) recognize the incidence of the expression in [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: expression "спаць у сырой зямлі" ('to sleep in the damp earth') is a metaphor for death;<ref>Ляшчынская, В.А. "[http://elib.gsu.by/jspui/handle/123456789/19670 Канцэпт "зямля" ў фразеалагічнай карціне свету беларусаў]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}". In: ''Весці БДПУ''. Серыя 1: Педагогіка. Псіхалогія. Філалогія. 2015. № 1 (83). p. 38.</ref> expression "ляжаць у сырой зямлі/зямельцы" ("to lie in the damp earth/ground") denotes a burial ("to be interred");<ref>Ляшчынская, В.А.; Шведава, З.У. "[http://elib.gsu.by/handle/123456789/7443 Семантычныя мадэлі і асноўныя матывы беларускіх фразеалагізмаў пра смерць]". In: Известия Гомельского государственного университета имени Ф. Скорины. Сер.: Гуманитарные науки. 2013. № 1 (76). pp. 24-26.</ref> "ажаніцца з <сырою> зямлёй" ("to marry the [moist] earth") means "to die".<ref>Ляшчынская В. А. "Канцэптуалізацыя заканчэння жыцця чалавека ў беларускай фразеалогіі". In: Вісник Дніпропетровського університету. Серія: Мовознавство. 2013. Т. 21, вип. 19(1). pp. 190-200. Режим доступу: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/vdumo_2013_21_19(1)__32.</ref>

[[Serbian language|Serbian]] idiomatic expressions also associate the earth with the grave, and the formula "dark earth" ("crna zemlja") appears in reference to the resting place of the dead.<ref>Đapović, Lasta S. ''[https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4506 Zemlja u ritualima i verovanjima Srba]'' [Earth in beliefs and rituals of Serbs]. Beograd: Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факулте, 1994. pp. 113-115. Doctoral Thesis.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Мандић |first=Марија |chapter=Црна земља у епској формули |trans-chapter=Black Earth in Epic Formula |title=Towers and Cities |editor1=Lidija Delić |editor2=Snežana Samardžija |location=Belgrade |publisher=Serbian Folklore Association, Institute for Balkan Studies SASA |date=2021 |pages=48, 64–68 |language=SR |url=https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/13609}}</ref>

Mat' Syra Zemlya is also invoked in wedding songs by the orphan bride for her parents to bless her journey to the new household.<ref>"Should Mother Wet Ground crack, / Should the coffin cover open / (...) / Of my father and mother / And will they pray for me, miserable one, / A great blessing / To [go to] the far strange lands," Avilova, Liudmila I., and Alexey V. Chernetsov. "Magical Practices in Russia Today: An Observer's Report". In: ''Russian History'' 40, no. 3/4 (2013): 566. Accessed April 27, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24667227.</ref>

====Indo-Aryan====
In Book 10 of the ''Rigveda'', Hymn XVIII (a funeral hymn), verses 10-13, the earth is invoked to receive the body of the departed and to cover him gently, as a mother does a child: "10. Betake thee to the lap of Earth the Mother, of Earth far-spreading, very kind and gracious. (...) 11. Heave thyself, Earth, nor press thee downward heavily: afford him easy access, gently tending him. Cover him, as a mother wraps her skirt about her child, O Earth."<ref>Griffith, Ralph T. H. "[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10018.htm The Rig Veda]". [1896].</ref><ref>Whitney, William Dwight. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924091865745/page/n67/mode/2up?q=%22the+lap%22 Oriental and linguistic studies]''. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Company. 1873. p. 54.</ref><ref>Brereton, Joel P.; [[Stephanie W. Jamison|Jamison, Stephanie W.]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gXLKDwAAQBAJ&dq=veda+hymn+%22receive+the+dead%22&pg=PA110 The Rigveda: A Guide]''. Guides to Sacred Texts. Oxford University Press. 2020. p. 110. {{ISBN|9780190633400}}.</ref> A second hymn in Vedic sacred literature requests Earth to open up and explicitly receive the dead, while also mentioning the "two kings", Yama and Varuna: "Open thy arms, o Earth, receive the dead/ With gentle pressure and with loving welcome / Embrace him tenderly, e'en as a mother / Folds her soft vestment round the child she loves. / Soul of the dead, depart (...)".<ref>Poor, Laura Elizabeth. ''[https://archive.org/details/sanskritanditsk00poorgoog/page/n40/mode/2up Sanskrit and Its Kindred Literatures: Studies in Comparative Mythology]''. Kegan Paul. 1881. p. 80.</ref><ref name="jstor.org"/>

In the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]], written by Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]], there is reference to a ritual of the placement of the bones of the deceased in the earth after cremation.<ref>Bodewitz, Henk. "Classifications and Yonder World in the Veda". In: ''Vedic Cosmology and Ethics''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. p. 190 (footnote nr. 60). doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004400139_015</ref> According to the Kanda XIII,8,3,3, the text says that "May Savitri deposit thy bones in the mother's lap [māturupastha].' Savitri thus deposits his bones in the lap of the mother [māturupastha], this earth [pṛthivyai]; 'O Earth, be thou propitious unto him!'".<ref>''[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44115.htm Satapatha Brahmana Part V]''. Sacred Books of the East Vol. 44. [[Julius Eggeling]] (translator). Oxford: the Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 433.</ref>

== Evidence ==

=== ''*Dʰéǵʰōm'' ===
Cognates stemming from ''*dʰéǵʰōm'' are attested in the following mythologies:

* [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]]: *''dʰ(é)ǵʰ-ōm'' ([[Accusative case|acc.]] ''dʰǵʰ-ém-m'', [[Genitive case|gen.]] *''dʰǵʰ-mós''), the 'earth',{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=99}}{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=292}}{{Sfn|Kloekhorst|2008|p=859}}
**[[Proto-Anatolian language|Anatolian]]: ''*déǵ-m'',{{Sfn|Kloekhorst|2008|p=859}}
***[[Hittite mythology and religion|Hittite]]: ''Tagān-zepa-'' ('Genius of the Earth; later ''dagān-zipa''-), a chthonic deity also serving as a witness in treaties (composed of the stem ''dagan-'', 'earth', attached to ''šipa,'' 'genius'),{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}{{Sfn|Puhvel|2004|pp=194–196}}{{Sfn|Kloekhorst|2008|p=812}}
**[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]]: ''*kʰtʰōn'', 'earth' (the initial [[consonant cluster]] ''*dʰǵʰ-'' evolved into ''*kʰtʰ-'' via [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]; the final -''m'' turned into -''n'' through regular [[sound laws]]),''{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|pp=1632–1633}}''
***[[Greek mythology|Greek]]: Chthonie, attested in fragmentary passages of [[Pherecydes of Syros]] as a primordial goddess of earth who changed her name to [[Gaia]] after Zeus married her;{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=182, 373}} she is depicted as Chthôn (Χθών), the partner of [[Uranus (mythology)|Ouranos]] in [[Aeschylus]]' ''Danaids''; the same name is also used as an epithet of Poseidon by [[Homer]];<ref name=":3" /> the epithets ''[[Chthonia|Chthonía]]'' (Χθωνία; 'belonging to the earth, the ground, the underworld'), associated with the grain goddess [[Demeter]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perlman|first=Paula J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkkLxCCebPYC|title=City and Sanctuary in Ancient Greece: The Theorodokia in the Peloponnese|date=2000|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-525-25218-5 |pages=164–166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Graf|first1=Fritz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtFxpt6u1_kC|title=Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets|last2=Johnston|first2=Sarah I. |date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75079-3 |pages=200–201}}</ref> and ''Chtónios'' (Χθόνιος; id.), attached to [[Zeus]] or [[Hermes]] as those who go to the underworld;''{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|pp=1632–1633}}''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bailly |first1=Anatole |title=Dictionnaire grec–français |last2=Chantraine |first2=Pierre |date=1969 |publisher=Hachette |pages=2137–2138}}</ref> another cognate appears in the name of the ''[[chthonic]] deities'' (χθόνιοι θεοί) of the underworld,{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 182–183}}
**[[Avestan|Old Avestan]]: [[Zam|''Zām'']] ('Earth'), a sanctified being in the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian tradition]] that embodies the concept of Earth,{{Sfn|Boyce|1996|p=78}}<ref>Lurker, Manfred. ''The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons''. Routledge. 2004. p. 207. {{ISBN|0-415-34018-7}}</ref>{{efn|Sometimes Zam is paired with other Zoroastrian deity, [[Spenta Armaiti|Armaiti]], another being associated with the Earth,<ref>de Jong, Albert F. ''Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature''. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. 1997. p. 100. {{ISBN|90-04-10844-0}}</ref> thus forming a [[Dvandva|compound]] ''Zam-Armaiti'' or ''Zam-Armatay''.<ref>Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities]''. McFarland/Routledge. p. 520. {{ISBN|1-57958-270-2}}</ref>}}
***Young Avestan: Zamyād (a contraction of *''zām huδād [[yazata|yazad]]''), divinity of the Munificent Earth in the ''Zamyād [[Yasht|Yašt]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anklesaria|first=B. T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-RjAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute|date=1999|publisher=K. R. Cama Oriental Institute|pages=56|issue=63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Corbin|first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feE9DwAAQBAJ|title=Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran|date=1977|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01883-6 |pages=9, 13, 24–25, 27, 46|translator-last=Pearson|translator-first=Nancy|trans-title=Corps spirituelle et terre céleste, de l'Iran Mazdean à l'Iran shî'ite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ichaporia|first=Pallan R. |date=2006|title=Zamyād Yašt |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zamyad-yast|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref>
**[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Balto-Slavic]]'': *źem-'' (from''*dʰǵʰ-em-''),{{Sfn|Derksen|2007|p=542}}
***[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Baltic]]: ''*žeme'',{{Sfn|Derksen|2015|p=516}}
****[[Lithuanian mythology|Lithuanian]]: ''[[Žemyna]]'' (also ''Žemynėlė'' and ''Žemelė''),<ref>Laurinkiene, Nijole. "Gyvatė, Žemė, Žemyna: vaizdinių koreliacija nominavimo ir semantikos lygmenyje". In: ''Lituanistika šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje''. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2004. pp. 285–286.</ref> a goddess celebrated as the bringer of flowers, and a recipient of prayers and sacrifices;{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2008). "Lietuvių žemės deivės vardai" [The Lithuanian names of the Goddess of the Earth]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'', XXXVI, pp. 73-85. {{ISSN|1392-2831}}</ref> expression ''sierà žěmė'' ('wet/humid earth');<ref>Eckert, Rainer (1999). "Eine Slawische Une Baltische Erdgottheit". ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 2 (May/1999). Ljubljana, Slovenija. pp. 210-212. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v2i0.1850}}.</ref>{{efn|The word ''sierà'' means the color 'gray' in Lithuanian, and scholarship suggests it is phonetically - not semantically - close to Russian ''syra'' 'wet, moist'. However, it is also acknowledged that the expression "gray earth" may still indicate the fertility of the land by referring to a combination of the elements of earth and water (humidity). Works that contain this expression have been collected from eastern and southern Lithuania.<ref>Ūsaitytė, Jurgita. "Žemės epitetas: tradicijos kaita" [The Epithet of the Earth: The Change of Tradition]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies]. 2000, 19. pp. 56-58, 71. {{ISSN|1392-2831}} [https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/12971]</ref> On the other hand, historian Rainer Eckert claimed the word ''sierà'' 'damp' is a borrowing from [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] ''syra''.<ref>Eckert, Rainer. "Different Ways of Borrowing from Slavic into Old Lithuanian". In: ''Zeitschrift für Slawistik'' 46, no. 4 (2001): 413. https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.2001.46.4.413</ref>}}
****[[Latvian mythology|Latvian]]: ''Zemes Māte'' ('Mother Earth'), one of the goddesses of death in Latvian mythology,{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPRAAQAACAAJ |title=Latviešu galvenie mitolog̦iskie tēli folkloras atveidē|last=Kokare|first=Elza|date=1999|publisher=Mācību apg. NT|isbn=9789984617558|location=Riga|language=lv}}</ref>
***[[Proto-Slavic|Slavic]]: {{lang|mis|*zeml'à}},{{Sfn|Derksen|2007|p=542}}{{efn|A common epithet that accompanies 'earth' in Slavic languages is ''syra'' 'moist, damp'. Claire Le Feuvre suggests that the word is etymologically related to [[Old Icelandic]] ''saurr'' and [[Greek language]] 'eúroeis', used to describe the Underworld and the burial place of mortals, and all three words derive from a [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] poetical expression that means "damp earth".<ref>Le Feuvre, Claire. (2007). "Grec γῆ εὐρώεσσα, russe syra zemlja, vieil islandais saurr, «la terre humide»". ''Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris''. 102. pp. 101-129. 10.2143/BSL.102.1.2028200.</ref>}}
****[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]:
*****[[Old Russian]]: ''[[Mat Zemlya|Mat' Syra Zemlya]]'' ('Mother Moist Earth'), in the ''[[Bylina|byliny]]'' (epic poems), and ''Matushka zeml'ja'' ('Little Mother Earth')<ref>[[Marija Gimbutas|Gimbutas, Marija]]. "The Earth Fertility of old Europe". In: ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', vol. 13, 1987. p. 24. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1987.1750]; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1987_num_13_1_1750</ref> in folk incantations to ensure a good harvest;<ref>Rybarczyk-Dyjewska, Joanna. "БЕЗ ЧЕТЫРЕХ УГЛОВ ДОМ НЕ СТРОИТСЯ – ROSYJSKIE LUDOWE PRAKTYKI MAGICZNE ZWIĄZANE Z GOSPODARSTWEM DOMOWYM" [Без четырех углов дом не строится – Russian folk magical practices connected with home keeping]. In: ''Przegląd: Wschodnioeuropejski'' [East European Review] VIII/2. Wydawnictwo: Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie [UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN]. 2017. pp. 324-325. {{ISSN|2081-1128}}</ref>
*****[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: ''Syraja zemlja'' and ''mati - syra zemlja'';<ref name="Laurinkienė, Nijolė 2007. p. 69">Laurinkienė, Nijolė. "Žemė motina". In: ''Žmogus ir jo gyvenamoji aplinka: konferencijos medžiaga''. Vilnius: Lietuvos liaudies kultūros centras, 2007. p. 69.</ref>{{efn|Invoked as the celebrant's mother: ''Syraja zemlja, - ty ž maty moja'' ("Moist Earth, you are my mother").<ref name="doi.org">Eckert, Rainer (1999). "Eine Slawische Une Baltische Erdgottheit". ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 2 (May/1999). Ljubljana, Slovenija. p. 207. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v2i0.1850}}.</ref> The original text is thus: "Сира земля — то ж мати моя. / То ж то мати моя мене прийняла".<ref>Українська мала енциклопедія [A little encyclopedia of Ukraine]. У 8 т.[uk]. Тom 2: Книжка IV. Літери Ж-Й. Буенос-Айрес, 1959. p. 491.</ref>}}
*****[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: ''Maci syra zjamlja'' ("Маці сыра зямля"),<ref name="doi.org"/><ref name="Laurinkienė, Nijolė 2007. p. 69"/> and expression "The Sacred Earth, it is our mother" ("Зямля святая, яна наша маці");<ref name="Laurinkienė, Nijolė 2007. p. 69"/><ref>Ляшкевіч Т.К. "ДА ПРАБЛЕМЫ МІФАСЕМАНТЫКІ ВОБРАЗА ЗЯМЛІ Ў СЛАВЯНСКАЙ ТРАДЫЦЫЙНАЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ". In: Фальклор, гісторыя і літаратура беларусаў у кантэксце культурнай
спадчыны славян : матэрыялы рэсп. студэнц. навук.-практ. канф. (Брэст,
19 кастрычніка 2011 г.). Brest: 2012. pp. 60-61. {{ISBN|978-985-521-345-2}}.</ref>
****[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]:
*****[[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Mateczka Ziemia'' ("Little mother earth");{{efn|Professor Małgorzata Oleszkiewicz-Peralba stated that Polish and Russian languages refer to the earth and the rivers with this feminine epithet "little mother".<ref>Oleszkiewicz-Peralba, Małgorzata. ''The Black Madonna in Latin America and Europe: Tradition and Transformation''. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press. 2007. p. 32. {{ISBN|978-0-8263-4102-0}}</ref>}} ''matka ziemia'', ''ziemicka mamicka'' and ''do ziemi matusi''.<ref name="Laurinkienė, Nijolė 2007. p. 69"/>
****[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]:
*****[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''Sura Zemya'' ('Moist Earth'), in folk songs,{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174, 232}}{{efn|According to Russian scholarship, Bulgarian folkloric tradition uses the adjective "сура" (''syra'') "as a permanent epithet" of "земя" (''earth'').<ref>Ф. Бадаланова Геллер. "Книга сущая в устах: Фольклорная Библия бессарабских и таврических болгар". М.: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2017. p. 146 (footnote nr. 647). {{ISBN|978-5-91244-174-5}}</ref>}} and ''surova zemya'' ("Сурова земя");<ref>ДЯБЕВЯ, МЯРИЯНД ЕВ. "ЕПИТЕТИ въ БЪЛГЯРСКЯТЯ НДРОДНЯ ПЪСЕНЬ". СОФИЯ: Печатница "Култура". 1939. p. VIII and 229.</ref><ref>"СБОРНИКЪ 8А НАРОДН И УМОТВОРЕНИЯ, НАУКА И КНИЖНИНА". КНИГА VII. СОФИЯ: ДЪРЖАВНА ПЕЧАТНИЦА. 1892. p. 318 (footnote nr. 1)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Der leuchtende Himmel und die dunkle Erde. Ergänzungen zur Etymologie eines indoeuropäischen Mythologems |trans-title=The Shining Sky and the Dark Earth. Additions to the Etymology of Indo-European mythologems |first=Ute |last=Dukova |journal=ORPHEUS. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies |date=1994 |issue=4 |page=10 |language=DE |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=752569}}</ref>
*****[[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''mother Earth'' ("маjка-земља"), in an [[idiomatic expression]];<ref>Štrbac, Gordana. "ЛЕКСЕМA ЗЕМЉА КАО ОДРАЗ ЈЕЗИЧКЕ СЛИКЕ ПРИРОДЕ" [Lexeme Earth as Reflection of the Language Picture of the Nature]. In: ''Annual Review of the Faculty of Philosophy'' [Godisnjak Filozofskog Fakulteta]. Vol. 45 Issue 2, 2020. pp. 191-205. {{doi|10.19090/gff.2020.2.191-205}}.</ref><ref>Vladimirovna, Pautova Ul'yana Vladimirovna. "РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА "ЖЕНА" (ЖЕНЩИНА) В СЕРБСКИХ И ХОРВАТСКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМАХ И УСТОЙЧИВЫХ НЕМЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИХ СОЧЕТАНИЯХ" [Representation of the Concept "Wife" (Woman) in the Serbian and Croatian Phraseological Units and Stable Non-metaphorical Collocations]. In: ''Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики (входит в перечень ВАК)''. Тамбов: Грамота, 2014. № 9. Ч. 2. p. 120.</ref><ref>Ristich, Stana. "ОСОБИНЕ СТЕРЕОТИПА МАЈКА НА МАТЕРИЈАЛУ ТЕЗАУРУСНОГ РЕЧНИКА САВРЕМЕНОГ СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА" [Features of the Stereotype „mother" Based on the Thesaurus Dictionary of the Contemporary Serbian Language]. In: "УКРАЇНСЬКА І СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКА ТЛУМАЧНА І ПЕРЕКЛАДНА ЛЕКСИКОГРАФІЯ: ЛЕОНІДОВІ СИДОРОВИЧУ ПАЛАМАРЧУКОВІ". КИЇВ: Національна академія наук України, Інститут української мови. 2013. pp. 383, 388.</ref>{{efn|The idiom is "drunken as mother Earth", speculated to be of [[Proto-Slavic]] origin and presumed to relate to Earth as a passive element, that receives the frutifying rains of Heaven.<ref>Іванова, Лілія. "Порівняльна характеристика фразеологізмів із значенням "п’яний, п’янство, напитися" в українській і сербській мовах". In: Українсько-сербський збірник "Украс". випуск 1 (6). Київ: «Темпора», 2012. pp. 126, 134.</ref>}}
**[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]]: ''*dzō'',{{Sfn|Orel|1998|p=80}}
***[[Albanian folk beliefs|Albanian]]: ''dhe'' ('earth'), appearing in [[Zonja e Dheut|''Dhé'', ''Zonja e Dheut'']] "Earth Great Mother", "Earth Goddess" respectively,<ref>{{harvnb|Ushaku|1988|pp=92, 97}}; {{harvnb|Mann|1948|pp=583–584}}.</ref> and ritualized in the cult of the earth and [[besa (Albanian culture)|oath swearings]] (''beja me dhe)'',{{sfn|Tirta|2004|pp=96–100}}{{sfn|Poghirc|1987|pp=178–179}} also appears in euphemisms like ''Dhetokësi'', ''Dheu'' or ''Përdhesi'' used to refer to the serpent as an earth-deity,{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=409}} and ''[[E Bukura e Dheut]]'' ('Beauty of the Earth'), a chthonic goddess.{{sfn|Çabej|1975|p=120}}{{sfn|Elsie|2001|p=80}}{{sfn|York|1993|p=247}}
Two parallel terms meaning 'human, earthling' are also attested as derivatives of the stem *''dʰ(é)ǵʰ-'':

* PIE: *''dʰǵʰom-yo-'', 'human, earthling',{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=156}}
** [[Sanskrit]]: ''kṣámyaḥ'', 'terrestrial',<ref name=":3" />
** Proto-Greek: ''*kʰtʰōnyos'',
*** [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''chtónios'' (χθόνιος), 'belonging to the earth',''{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|pp=1632–1633}}<ref name=":3" />''
** [[Proto-Celtic|Celtic]]: *''gdonyo''-, 'human, person',{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=156}}
*** [[Gaulish]]: ''-xtonio-'' ({{lang|xtg|*gdonios}}), 'human', in the expression ''deuogdonioi'', 'gods-and-men',{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=176}}{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=156}}
*** {{langx|sga|duine}}, 'human',{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=156}}
*** [[Middle Welsh]]: ''dyn'', 'human',{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=156}}
* PIE: ''dʰǵʰ(e)-mōn'' (acc. *''dʰǵʰ-m-on-m''), 'human, earthling',{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|pp=287–288}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=195}}{{Sfn|Derksen|2015|p=521}}
** [[Proto-Italic|Italic]]: *''χem-ō-'', *''χe/om-on-m'',{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|pp=287–288}}
*** [[Latin]]: ''homō'', ''hominis'', 'human, man',{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|pp=287–288}}
*** [[Oscan language|Oscan]]: ''humuns'', [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]: ''homonus'', 'man',{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|pp=287–288}}
** [[Proto-Germanic|Germanic]]: *''guman''-, 'man',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=195}}
*** [[Gothic language|Gothic]]: ''guma'', 'man',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=195}}
*** [[Old Norse]]: ''gumi'', 'man',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=195}}
*** [[Old English]]: ''guma'', [[Old Saxon]]: ''gumo'', [[Old High German]]: ''gomo'', 'man',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=195}}
** [[Proto-Baltic|Baltic]]:
*** [[Old Lithuanian]]: ''žmuō'', 'man'; Lith.: ''žmónės'', 'people', ''žmonà'', 'wife, woman',{{Sfn|Derksen|2015|p=521}}
*** [[Old Prussian]]: ''smoy'', 'man', ''smūni'', 'person',{{Sfn|Derksen|2015|p=521}}

Additionally, remnants of the noun ''*dʰéǵʰōm'' can be found in formulaic phrases and religious epithets:{{efn|As an aside, Serbian philogist [[Aleksandar Loma]] once suggested that the Slavic name for the ''[[Verbascum]]'', ''divizna'' ([[:cs:Divizna|cs]]), is a [[dvandva]] compound of "*div" 'sky' and "*zma" (> zna) 'earth', harking back to the sacred mythological Sky-Earth pair.<ref>[[Aleksandar Loma|Loma, Aleksandar]]. "Dalje od reči: Rekonstrukcija prajezičkih leksemskih spojeva kao perspektiva slovenske i indoevropske etimologije. I. O slovenskom i dačkom nazivu biljke ‘Verbascum’; II. Neki refleksi ie. korena *dereu‑ u slovenskim jezicima" In: ''Јужнословенски филолог'' 51. Beograd. 1995. pp. 31-42. [Zusammenfassung: Die Rekonstruktion ursprachlicher Fügungen als Perspektive der slavischen und indogermanischen Etymologie]</ref>}}

* [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]: the compound ''Dyāvākṣamā,'' ('heaven and earth'), with ''kṣamā'' associated with the earth goddess [[Prithvi]] (the 'Broad One').{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}
* [[Greek Mythology|Greek]]: the epithets χαμύνη (''khamyne'' ([[:de:Chamyne|de]]), 'of the land'), in reference to Deméter{{efn|Another possibility is that Khamyne was herself, in fact, a separate deity who was syncrethized with Demeter in later times. Her temple was discovered in 2006, 150 metres away from the main stadium.<ref>Liagkouras, Christos; Wasenkhoven, Maria Evdokia. "[https://www.academia.edu/41857292/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1 Αποκαθιστώντας την ενότητα του αρχαιολογικού τοπίου: Το ιερό της Δήμητρας Χαμύνης στην αρχαία Ολυμπία]". In: ''Εταιρεία Έρευνας και Προώθησης της Επιστημονικής Αναστήλωσης των Μνημείων-5ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Αναστηλώσεων, Πρακτικά, Ιανουάριος 2019''. Αθήνα: 2020. pp. 1077-1079.</ref>}} (in [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 6.21.1),{{Sfn|Sansalvador|1992|p=}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schaus|first1=Gerald P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNvfAgAAQBAJ|title=Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games|last2=Wenn|first2=Stephen R.|date=2009|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-1-55458-779-7 |pages=149}}</ref><ref>Stallsmith, Allaire B. ''The name of Demeter Thesmophoros''. GRBS, v. 48. 2008. p. 117.</ref> and Χαμοναῖα (''khamynaia'', 'on the ground').<ref>Vallois, René. "Les origines des jeux olympiques, mythes et réalités". In: ''Revue des Études Anciennes''. Tome 31, 1929, n° 2. p. 116. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1929.2523]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1929_num_31_2_2523</ref><ref>Vegas-Sansalvador, Ana. "Χαμύνη: an Elean surname of Demeter". In: ''Achaia und Elis in der Antike: des 1 Internationalen symposiums, Athen 19-21, Mai 1989''. Atene: 1991. pp. 145-150. [http://hdl.handle.net/10442/376]</ref> A designation Χαμοναῖος (''khamonaïos'', 'of the ground'; 'of the earth') in reference to Zeus, is also attested.<ref>Τα Χρηστήρια Ελάσματα της Δωδώνης των Ανασκαφών του Δ. Ευαγγελίδη. 2 vols. Dakaris, Sotiris; Vokotopoulou, Ioulia, and Christidis, Tasos. Athens, 2013. no. 1552 (4th century B.C)</ref><ref>Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2013 (EBGR 2013). Angelos Chaniotis. p. 269-316.</ref> These epithets are considered cognates to χαμαί (''khamaí'', 'pertaining, belonging to the earth').{{Sfn|Sansalvador|1992|p=}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pomeroy|first=Sarah B.|author-link=Sarah B. Pomeroy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsUJS9g6qHgC|title=The Murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity|date=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04220-9 |pages=87–88}}</ref><ref>Zolotnikova, Olga A. "The sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona: Evolution of the religious concept". In: ''Journal Of Hellenic Religion'', 2019, Vol. 12. pp. 89, 108. {{ISSN|1748-782X}}</ref>

====Possible reflexes====
Other mythologies may show the presence of characters and expressions that are etymologically cognate to ''*Dheghom''. However, these cognates are less secured:

[[File:Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_(1695).jpg|right|thumb|266x266px|''[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jove]] and [[Semele]]'' (1695) by [[Sebastiano Ricci]].]]

*[[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]:
** [[Lydian language|Lydian]]: references to a cult of ''[[Men (deity)|Men]] Tiamou'' ('of Tiamos') led scholars to believe ''Tiamou'' is an epithet that means 'of the Earth' or 'of the Netherworld', possibly connected to [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''tiyamm(i)'' 'earth'.<ref>Rutherford, Ian. ''Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison''. Oxford University Press. 2020. p. 54. {{ISBN|978-0-19-959327-9}}</ref> This expression would be equivalent to a common epithet of Men: καταχθονιος ('of the Underworld'; 'subterranean').<ref>Parker, Robert. ''Greek Gods Abroad: Names, Natures, and Transformations''. University of California Press. 2017. pp. 116-117 (also footnote nr. 19). {{ISBN|9780520293946}}</ref><ref>Woudhuizen, Fred C. "Two Notes on Lydian". In: ''TALANTA'' XLII - XLIII (2010-2011). p. 211.</ref><ref>Ricl, Marijana. "OBSERVATIONS ON A NEW CORPUS OF INSCRIPTIONS FROM LYDIA". In: ''Epigraphica Anatolica'' 44 (2011). Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2011. pp. 146-147 (also footnotes nr. 11 and 13)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pisaniello |first=Valerio |title=The epithet Τιαμου of the Moon-god in Lydia |journal=Kadmos |volume=60 |issue=1–2 |date=2021 |pages=126–131 |doi=10.1515/kadmos-2021-0009|s2cid=247979960 }}</ref>
*[[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]:
** [[Doric Greek|Doric]]: linguist Krzysztof Witczak suggests the dialectal Doric word "δηγῆ" ''dēgê'', in the expression "δηγῆ και σιωπᾷ" ("earth and keeps silence"), is a possibly ancient loanword from [[Proto-Albanian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witczak|first=Krzysztof|date=2016|title=The earliest Albanian loanwords in Greek|url=https://www.academia.edu/31212816|journal=International Conference on Language Contact in the Balkans and Asia Minor|publisher=Institute of Modern Greek Studies|volume=1|pages=40–42}}</ref>
** [[Greek Mythology|Greek]]: Damia, one of the ''[[Horae]]'', a minor deity related to spring, growth and vegetation, and usually paired with fellow Horae Auxesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bachofen|first=Johann J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rS6RKgAACAAJ|title=Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings of J.J. Bachofen|date=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09799-2 |pages=167|author-link=Johann Jakob Bachofen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Polinskaya|first=Irene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FqNAgAAQBAJ|title=A Local History of Greek Polytheism: Gods, People and the Land of Aigina, 800-400 BCE.|date=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-26208-9 |pages=275–278}}</ref> Ancient literature suggests it might have been another name for Demeter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Figueira|first=Thomas J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWzjMXir8yIC|title=Excursions in Epichoric History: Aiginetan Essays|date=1993|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-7792-4 |pages=57–58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calame|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhfmgSz1eR4C|title=Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece: Their Morphology, Religious Role, and Social Functions|date=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1525-3 |pages=139}}</ref>
*[[Iranian languages|Iranian]]:
**[[Saka language|Khotanese]]: evidence suggests that the Khotanese preserved some relics of an Indo-Iranian worship of the earth, as seen in the Saka roots ''{{Transliteration|kho|ysam-}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|kho|ysama-}}'', both meaning 'earth' and cognate to Avestan ''zam-''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dani|first=Ahmad H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=1999|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |pages=413, 415}}</ref> The word is also attested in the personal name ''Ysamotika'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lévi|first=Sylvain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vcWQ6K-598C|title=Mémorial Sylvain Lévi |date=1996|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1343-4 |pages=355|language=fr}}</ref> and in the religious expression {{Transliteration|kho|ysamaśśandaā}}, meaning 'world'.{{Sfn|Boyce|1996|p=207}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peyrot|first=Michaël|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzEBvwEACAAJ|title=Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky|publisher=Beech Stave Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0989514248 |pages=279 |chapter=Tocharian B etswe 'mule' and Eastern East Iranian}}</ref><ref>''Indo-Scythian Studies - Khotanese Texts''. Vol. VI: Prolexis to the Book of Zambasta. Edited by H. W. Bailey. Cambridge University Press. 1967. pp. 288.</ref>
*[[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]]: the expression ''tkamñkät'' (Tocharian A) and ''keṃ-ñäkte'' (Tocharian B) are used in religious Buddhist texts written in the Tocharian languages, where it denotes the earth or an 'earth-god' of some sort.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lubotsky|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WJiAAAAMAAJ|title=TIES, Suppl. 4 - Tocharisch: Akten der Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, September 1990|date=1994|publisher=Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands|location=Reykjavík|pages=66–72|chapter=The original paradigm of the Tocharian word for 'king'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ji|first=Xianlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwJ0nUe9wokC|title=Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nataka of the Xinjiang Museum, China|collaboration=Werner Winter and George-Jean Pinault|date=1998 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081649-5 |pages=60–62, 288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Peyrot|first=Michaël|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8wiMY4aKYoC|title=The Tocharian Subjunctive: A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation |date=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-24879-3 |pages=270}}</ref>
*[[Italic languages|Italic]]:
**Hunte, an [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] deity, possibly stemming from *''ǵʰom-to-'' 'who is below'.{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=292}}
**[[Semonia]], obscure deity associated with crops and sowing,<ref>Yancey, P. H. ''Origins from Mythology of Biological Names and Terms: Part III, O-Z''. In: ''Bios''. Vol. 16, No. 4 (Dec., 1945). pp. 268-282. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4604905?seq=1]</ref> of possible [[Roman people|Roman]] or [[Sabine]] origin and worship, usually attested with the epithet ''[[Salus]] Semonia''.<ref>Axtell, Harold Lucius. ''The deification of abstract ideas in Roman literature and inscriptions''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1907. p. 13.</ref> A possible male counterpart is [[Semo Sancus]],<ref>Woodard, Roger D. ''Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult''. University of Illinois Press. 2006. p. 184. {{ISBN|978-0-252-02988-2}}</ref> god of Sabine provenance whose traits merged with Dius Fidius's. Semonia and Sancus appear with other agricultural/crop deities Seia and Segetia.<ref>Woodard, Roger D. ''Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity''. Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 212-213. {{ISBN|978-1-107-02240-9}}</ref>
*[[Celtic language|Celtic]]:
**[[Old Irish]]: goddess [[Danu (Irish goddess)|Dana]], taken by some Indo-Europeanist scholars to be an Irish earth goddess.{{Sfn|Delamarre|1984|p=72}}{{Sfn|Coulter|Turner|2013|pp=142, 155}}
**[[Welsh mythology]]: linguist [[John T. Koch]] interprets the family known as ''Children of Dôn'' (''Plant Dôn'') as "Children of the Earth", since the name of their matriach, [[Dôn]], would derive from Celtic ''*gʰdʰonos'' ('the earth', [[genitive case|gen]].).<ref>Koch, John T. "Some Suggestions and Etymologies Reflecting upon the Mythology of the Four Branches". In: ''Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium'' 9 (1989): 4-5. Accessed March 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557203.</ref>
*[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]:
**[[Lithuanian mythology|Lithuanian]]: ''Žemėpatis''<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2008). "Lietuvių žemės deivės vardai" [The Lithuanian names of the Goddess of the Earth]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'', XXXVI, pp. 77-78. {{ISSN|1392-2831}}</ref><ref>Eckert, Rainer (1999). "Eine Slawische Une Baltische Erdgottheit". ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 2 (May/1999). Ljubljana, Slovenija. pp. 214, 217. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v2i0.1850}}.</ref> ('Earth Spouse')<ref name="Borissoff, Constantine L. 2014 p. 22">Borissoff, Constantine L. (2014). "Non-Iranian Origin of the Eastern-Slavonic God Xŭrsŭ/Xors" [Neiranskoe proishoždenie vostočnoslavjanskogo Boga Hrsa/Horsa]. In: ''[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]'' 17 (October). Ljubljana, Slovenija. p. 22. {{doi|10.3986/sms.v17i0.1491}}.</ref> and ''Žemininkas'',<ref>Laurinkiene, Nijole. "Gyvatė, Žemė, Žemyna: vaizdinių koreliacija nominavimo ir semantikos lygmenyje". In: ''Lituanistika šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje''. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2004. p. 285.</ref> male deities associated with cattle, agriculture and the fertility of the land.<ref>Doniger, Wendy. ''Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions''. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 1999. p. 1161. {{ISBN|0-87779-044-2}}</ref> Their names are present in historical records of the Lithuanian non-Christian faith by foreign missionaries.<ref>Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. "Nuliejimas žemei: gėrimo apeigos adresato klausimu" [Libation to earth: regarding an addressee of the drinking ritual]. In: ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies]. 2004, 28. pp. 104-117. {{ISSN|1392-2831}} [https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/33846]</ref> A male divinity with the name ''Zemeluks'', ''Zamoluksei'',<ref>Beresnevičius, Gintaras. "Aisčių ''mater deum'' klausimu". In: ''Liaudies kultūra'' 2006, Nr. 2, pp. 8-9. {{ISSN|0236-0551}} https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/4244</ref> ''Zameluks'' or ''Ziameluks''<ref>[[Sorin Paliga|Paliga, Sorin]]. "La divinité suprême des Thraco-Daces". In: ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', vol. 20, n°2, 1994. pp. 143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1994.2182; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1994_num_20_2_2182</ref><ref>Trynkowski, Jan. "Problemy religii Getów w korespondencji Godfryda Ernesta Groddecka i Joachima Lelewela". In: ''Przegląd Historyczny'' 71/2 (1980): 325-331.</ref> is also said to be attested. An account tells he is a ''DEUS TERRAE'' ('earth god'),<ref>Trynkowski, Jan. "Problemy religii Getów w korespondencji Godfryda Ernesta Groddecka i Joachima Lelewela". In: ''Przegląd Historyczny'' 71/2 (1980): 328.</ref> while in other he is "a lord or god of earth who was buried in the earth" by the Prussians.<ref>W. M. Flinders Petrie. "104. Links of North and South". In: ''Man'' 17 (1917): 158-62. Accessed February 1, 2021. doi:10.2307/2788049.</ref>
*[[List of Indo-European languages#Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)|Unclassified Indo-European languages]]:
**[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]: the epithet ΓΔΑΝ ΜΑ (''Gdan Ma''), taken to mean 'Earth Mother',<ref name="Woudhuizen, Fred 2009 pp. 181-217">Woudhuizen, Fred. C. "Phrygian and Greek (Supplementum Epigraphicum Mediterraneum 33)". In: ''Talanta'' XL-XLI (2008-2009). pp. 181-217.</ref> or a loan from [[Anatolian languages]].{{Sfn|Delamarre|1984|p=72}}<ref>Pokorny, Julius. ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke: 1959. p. 414.</ref> However, the name appears as a compound in names of [[Asia Minor]] written in the [[Greek alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robert|first1=Jeanne|last2=Robert|first2=Louis|date=1980|title=Bulletin épigraphique|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1980_num_93_442_4289|journal=Revue des Études Grecques|language=fr|volume=93|issue=442–444|pages=382|doi=10.3406/reg.1980.4289}}</ref> Phrygian also attests the word ''KTON'' as referring to the earth.<ref name="Woudhuizen, Fred 2009 pp. 181-217"/>
** [[Thracian religion|Thracian]]: Zemelā (possibly from ''*gʰem-elā''); with a cognate in the Greek goddess [[Semele]],{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}{{efn|Etymological connections of "[[Thraco-Phrygian]]" ''Semele'' with ''Žemele'' and ''Žemyna'' have been noted.<ref>Laurinkienė, Nijolė. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/7871 Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste]: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja" [Mother-Goddess Žemyna in the context of Baltic deities]. In: ''Liaudies kultūra'' Nr. 2 (2007). p. 12. {{ISSN|0236-0551}}.</ref> Thus, according to Borissoff, "she could be an important link bridging the ancient Thracian and Slavonic cults (...)".<ref name="Borissoff, Constantine L. 2014 p. 22"/>}}{{efn|Ivan Duridanov pointed out that the [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] word ''zemelō'' also meant "Mother Earth".<ref>{{cite book|first=Ivan|last=Duridanov | title=Die Sprache der Thraker | series=Bulgarische Sammlung | volume= 5 | publisher=Hieronymus Verlag | year=1985 | page = 69 | isbn=3-88893-031-6 | language= de}}</ref>}} and the obscure [[Dionysus|Dionysian]] epithet ''Semeleios''<ref>Opsomer, Jan. "La démiurgie des jeunes dieux selon Proclus". In: ''Études Classiques'' Tome 71, Nº. 1: Le "Timée" au fil des âges: son influence et ses lectures. 2003. pp. 18-19 (footnote nr. 47), 25 and 37-38 (footnote nr. 124). {{ISSN|0014-200X}}</ref> (''Semeleius'' or ''Semelēus''),<ref>[[Karl Ernst Georges|Georges, Karl Ernst]]. ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch''. Hannover: August, 1918 (Nachdruck Darmstadt 1998). Band 2. Sp. 2582.</ref> meaning 'He of the Earth', 'son of Semele'.<ref>Harrison, Jane Ellen. ''Themis''. Cambridge University Press. 1912. p. 421.</ref><ref>Naylor, H. Darnley. ''Horace Odes and Epodes: A study in word-order''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1922. p. 37.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2307/4351533|jstor = 4351533|title = Structure and Design in Horace "Odes" 1. 17|year = 1994|last1 = Putnam|first1 = Michael C. J. |journal = The Classical World|volume = 87|issue = 5|pages = 357–375}}</ref><ref>Papaioannou, Sophia (2013). "Embracing Vergil's ‘Arcadia’: Constructions and representations of a literary topos in the poetry of the Augustans". In: ''Acta Antiqua'' 53: 160-161. DOI: 10.1556/AAnt.53.2013.2-3.2.</ref>{{efn|The epithet also appears associated with minor deity [[Iacchus]], as in the expression ''Semeleios Iakchus plutodotas'' ("Son of Semele, Iakchus, wealth-giver").<ref>Humphreys, S. C. ''The Strangeness of Gods: Historical perspectives on the interpretation of Athenian religion''. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 235 (footnote nr. 34). {{ISBN|0-19-926923-8}}</ref>}}
** [[Illyrian mythology|Messapic]]: Damatura, from ''dā-'' (possibly from {{lang|xil|*dʰǵʰ(e)m-}}) attached to ''matura'' ('mother'); maybe at the origin of the Greek goddess [[Demeter]].<ref>{{harvnb|West|2007|p=176|ps=...The ∆α-, however, cannot be explained from Greek. But there is a Messapic Damatura or Damatira, and she need not be dismissed as a borrowing from Greek; she matches the Illyrian Deipaturos both in the agglutination and in the transfer to the thematic declension (-os, -a). (It is noteworthy that sporadic examples of a thematically declined ∆ημήτρα are found in inscriptions.) Damater/Demeter could therefore be a borrowing from Illyrian. An Illyrian Dā- may possibly be derived from *Dʰǵʰ(e)m-}}</ref>

=== ''*Pl̥th₂éwih₂'' ===
Cognates stemming from the epithet ''*Pl̥th₂éwih₂'' (the 'Broad One') are attested in the following traditions:

*[[Hittite language|Old Hittite]]: ''palḫiš dankuiš daganzipaš'', 'broad dark earth-genius',{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian]]: *''pṛtH-uiH-'',<ref name=":0">Lubotsky, Alexander. "Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon". ''Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project''. [[Leiden University]]. See entry ''pṛthvī-'' (online database).</ref>
**Vedic: [[Prithvi|''Pṛithvī'']] ''Mātā'' (पृथ्वी) ('Mother Earth, the Vast One'), the most frequent Vedic word for both the earth and the Earth-goddess;''{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|page=174}}''{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}} and the poetic formula ''kṣā́m ... pṛthivī́m'' ('broad earth'),{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=177–178}} cf. also ''[[Prithu]]'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: पृथु, ''Pṛthu''), a mythological sovereign who chases the goddess Prthvi, shapeshifted as a cow; his name means 'far, wide, broad'.<ref>Doniger, Wendy. ''On Hinduism''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014. pp. 439-440. {{ISBN|978-0-19-936007-9}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first= Michael|last= Meier-Brügger| author-link= Meier-Brügger| title= Indo-European Linguistics| location= New York | publisher = de Gruyter |year=2003|page = 117| isbn=3-11-017433-2}}</ref>
**[[Avestan|Young Avestan]]: ''ząm pərəθβīm'', 'broad earth',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=159}}{{Sfn|García Ramón|2017|pp=5–6}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=177–178}}
*[[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''Plátaia'' (Πλάταια), a naiad described as consort of Zeus and the daughter of the river [[Asopos (Boeotia)|Asopos]]; also the name given to the city of [[Plataea]] in [[Boeotia|Beotia]],{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}}
*[[Celtic mythology|Celtic]]: [[Litavis|''Litavī'']], probably an earth-goddess; also the divine name given to the peninsula of [[Brittany]] in medieval Celtic languages,{{Sfn|West|2007|p=174–175, 178–179}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|pp=204–205}}
The word also survived in common terms for 'land, field':
*[[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]]: ''*fuldō'', 'earth, ground, field, the world',{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=159}}
**[[Old Norse]]: ''fold''; [[Old English]]: ''folde'', same meaning.{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=177–178}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=159}}{{efn|Another Germanic reflex of "fold" is present in compound ''[[Feldgeister]]'' ('spirits of the fields'), creatures of [[Germanic folklore]].}}
*[[Proto-Slavic]]: *''pȍļe'', 'field',{{Sfn|Derksen|2007|p=411}}
**[[Slavic mythology]]: ''Polevoi'' or ''[[Polevik]]'', male deity of the fields;<ref>Ivanits, Linda J. (1992) [1989]. ''Russian Folk Belief''. Armonk, New York and London, England: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 64–82.</ref> ''Polianitsa'', name of a female [[bogatyr]] related to *''pȍļe'';<ref>Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). ''Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic myth and legend''. p. 226. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-130-4}}.</ref><ref>Hubbs, Joanna. ''Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture''. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. p. 149. {{ISBN|978-0-253-11578-2}}</ref> ''Byely Polianin'' ('White Field-Dweller'), a folktale character;<ref>Johns, Andreas. ''Baba Yaga: The Ambiguous Mother and Witch of the Russian Folktale''. New York: Peter Lang. 2010 [2004]. p. 225. {{ISBN|978-0-8204-6769-6}}</ref>
**[[Old Church Slavonic]]: ''[[Polje#The term and its origin|polje]]'', 'field'.{{Sfn|Derksen|2007|p=411}}
[[File:Statue of Goddess or Queen at Monas.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Statue of [[Ibu Pertiwi]], whose name, though in a non-Indo-European language, is a descendant of the root ''*Pl̥th₂éwih₂'']]
In non-Indo-European traditions, a notable descendant of ''*Pl̥th₂éwih₂'' occurs as [[Ibu Pertiwi]]; her name borrowed from Vedic ''Pṛithvī'', she is a [[national personification]] of [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916070718/http://www.ykip.org/index.asp| archive-date=2009-09-16 |url=http://www.ykip.org/index.asp| title=Yayasan Kemanusiaan Ibu Pertiwi (YKIP)|date=September 16, 2009}}</ref>

Other cognates are less secured:

*[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]:
**[[Latvian language|Latvian]]: expression ''plata māte'' ('wide mother'), present in Latvian riddles about natural features and whose answer is "žeme" ('earth').<ref>Razauskas, Dainius. "К реконструкции индоевропейской формулы «Широкая земля»: др.-инд. pṛthivī, kṣаm- (и др.) ‘земля’ – лит. plati, лтш. plata ‘широкая’ & лит. žemė, лтш. zeme ‘земля’". ''Топоровские чтения I–IV: Избранное''. Москва, 2010, pp. 127–135.</ref><ref>[[Dainius Razauskas|Razauskas, Dainius]]. "Maironio Dievas, pomirtinis likimas, sapnai ir veršio malda. Maironis – praamžės tradicijos dainius: §12–14, 20, 29–31, 37". In: ''Liaudies kultūra'', 2015, Nr. 6 (165). p. 14.</ref>
*[[Italic languages|Italic]]:
**[[Venetic language|Venetic]]: ''pletuvei'', attested in a funerary monument;<ref>Marinetti, Anna. "Aspetti della romanizzazione linguistica nella Cisalpina Orientale". In: Gianpaolo Urso (ed.), ''Patria diversis gentibus una? Unità politica e identità etniche nell’Italia antica''. Pisa: Fondazione Canussio. 2008. pp. 156–157.</ref> and ''Pultovia''.<ref>Repanšek, Luka (2015). Καλαμαντία (PTOL. II, 11, 15). Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология, XIX. pp. 780-790.</ref><ref name=":1">Prósper, Blanca Maria. "Celtic and Venetic in contact: the dialectal attribution of the personal names in the Venetic record". In: ''Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie'', 2019. p. 18.</ref>
**[[Vestinian language|Vestinian]]: ''[[Peltuinum]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
**[[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]: ''Pletinas'', an epithet assigned to Italic goddess [[Cupra (goddess)|Cupra]].<ref name=":2">Neri, Sergio. "Lat. Plestia und Umbr. Pletinas". In: Sergio Neri, Roland Schuhmann & Suzanne Zeilfelder. ''Datih dirit nubi huldi gibu. Linguistische, germanistische und indogermanistische Studien Rosemarie Lührgewidmet''. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2016. pp; 307–316.</ref><ref>Palestini, Francesco. ''Studi sulle origini e sulla protostoria dell'odierna San Benedetto del Tronto''. 2016. pp. 314-321. {{ISBN| 978-8-893328-135}}</ref>
*[[Celtic languages|Celtic]]:
**[[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]]: ''letontu''; ''Letondonis'' (attested as a personal name);<ref>Villar Liébana, Francisco y Prósper, Blanca María. ''Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas''. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 2005. p. 208.</ref> ''leitasama'' (superlative form of adjective, attested on a coin).<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011| chapter=Language and writing among the Lusitanians| title=Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies| year=2019| last1=Luján| first1=E. R.| pages=304–334| isbn=9780198790822}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordán Cólera|first=Carlos|title=Celtiberian|journal=E-Keltoi|date=March 16, 2007|volume=6|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624081159/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|url-status=dead}} p. 757.</ref>
**[[Gallaecian language|Gallaecian]]: {{lang|mis|Bletisam(a)}} (modern [[Ledesma, Castile and León|Ledesma, Salamanca]]),<ref>Prósper, Blanca María. "El topónimo hispano–celta Bletisama: Una aproximación desde la lingüística". In: I. Sastre y F. J. Sánchez Palencia (eds.). ''El bronce de Pino del Oro'' Valladolid. 2010. pp. 217–23.</ref> attested in a rock carving inscribed in a tombstone.
**[[Hispano-Celtic]]: the toponym ''[[Ledaña]]'' ([[:es:Ledaña#Toponimia|es]]) (in [[Cuenca, Spain]]), thought to derive from *{{lang|mis|(p)litanya}}.<ref>Prósper Pérez, Blanca María (2010). "El topónimo hispano-celta Bletisama: una aproximación desde la lingüística'. In: Sastre Prats, Inés; Beltrán Ortega, Alejandro, eds. ''El bronce de El Picón (Pino del Oro): procesos de cambio en el Occidente de Hispania''. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, pp. 218.</ref>
**[[Gaulish]]: ''Litana'',<ref>Kapovic, Maté. ''The Indo-European Languages''. 2nd Edition. New York and London: Routledge. 2017. p. 35. {{ISBN|978-0-415-73062-4}}</ref> toponym describing "a vast forest"<ref>Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Vol. 4, p. 1611. {{OCLC|635198201}}</ref> located in North Italy, which, according to historiographer [[Titus Livius]], "was named Litania by the Gauls"; the site of the historical [[Battle of Silva Litana]].
**[[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]]: ''Litanobriga'',<ref>Abascal, Juan Manuel. "Téseras y monedas, iconografía zoomorfa y formas jurídicas de la Celtiberia". In: ''Palaeohispanica'', 2 (2002): 14.</ref><ref>Lebel, Paul. "Sur quelques toponymes gaulois". In: ''Revue Internationale d'Onomastique'', 14e année N°3, Septembre 1962. p. 180. [www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1962_num_14_3_1775]</ref> a Celtic settlement of unknown location.

==Parallels==
Although not considered a cognate to either ''Dʰéǵʰōm'' or ''Pl̥th₂éwih₂'', deity [[Spenta Armaiti]], of [[Zoroastrism]] religion, is associated with the earth,<ref>Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "Ahura Mazdā and Ārmaiti, Heaven and Earth, in the Old Avesta". In: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 122, no. 2 (2002): 404-409. doi:10.2307/3087636.</ref><ref>Safaee, Yazdan (2020). "Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti". In: Niknami, K. A., Hozhabri, A. (eds). ''Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period''. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. pp. 65-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6</ref> with fertility<ref>"[Armaiti] was the cornucopia of the fruits of the land ... the personification of the land itself, and the earth was, thus, her proper realm ... [She was also] responsible for its growth". Dexter, Miriam Robbins. ''Whence the goddesses: a source book''. The Athene Series. New York and London: [[Teachers College Press]], Teachers College, Columbia University. 1990. p. 72. {{ISBN|0-8077-6234-2}}.</ref> and farmers{{efn|She is "the [[Old Iranian]] goddess of cultivated land, vegetation and fertility, having a link with the rite of [[inhumation]]" and to whom "the material earth belongs".<ref>Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria. ''The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World''. Routledge. 2014. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-1-84465-761-2}}</ref>}}{{efn|"In the realm of the material world, Spenta Armaiti is the guardian spirit of the earth (Vendidad 3.35), the symbol of bountifulness ... as well as the protector of herdsmen and farmers. Frequently, however, she is spoken of as the earth itself rather than as the genius of the earth (Yasna 16.10; Yasht 24.50; Vendidad 2.10, 2.14, 2.18, 18.51, 18.64). ... in the physical realm she represents, and later becomes, the earth."<ref>Nigosian, Solomon Alexander. ''The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research''. Montreal & Kingston; London; Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1993. p. 79. {{ISBN|0-7735-1133-4}}</ref>}} as well as the dead.<ref>Boyce, Mary. ''A History of Zoroastrianism''. Volume One: The Early Period. Third impression with corrections. Leiden, New York, Cologne: E. J. Brill. 1996. p. 206. {{ISBN|90-04-10474-7}}</ref>

A counterpart exists in pre-Christian [[Armenian mythology]], named [[Spandaramet]] or [[Sandaramet]], whose role is connected to earth and the underworld.<ref>Flattery, David Stophlet; Schwartz, Martin. ''Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogenic "Soma" and its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle Eastern Folklore''. Near Eastern Studies Volume 21. University of California Press. 1989. p. 141. {{ISBN|0-520-09627-4}}</ref> Namely, she was the "Armenian earth-goddess" of vineyards,<ref name="Coulter, Charles Russell 2012 p. 438">Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2012). ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities''. McFarland/Routledge. p. 438. {{ISBN|1-57958-270-2}}.</ref> but also ruled over {{"'}}those that are asleep', i.e. the dead".<ref>Lurker, Manfred (2004). ''A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons''. Routledge. p. 328. {{ISBN|0-415-03943-6}}</ref> She is considered to have been developed from her Zoroastrian counterpart, [[Spenta Armaiti]], a ''female'' being in that tradition. Spandaremet was transformed into a ''male'' god of the Underworld in later Armenian tradition,<ref>De Jong, Albert F. ''Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature''. Leiden; New York; Cologne: Brill. 1997. p. 56. {{ISBN|90-04-10844-0}}.</ref> and, under Christian influence, lent her name to an underworld realm where evil spirits are said to dwell.<ref name="Coulter, Charles Russell 2012 p. 438"/><ref>Jordan, Michael. ''Dictionary of gods and goddesses''. 2nd Edition. New York: Facts On File. 2004. p. 292. {{ISBN|0-8160-5923-3}}.</ref>

Both deities are seen, in their respective religions, as the wife or companion of a sky-god, [[Ahura Mazda]]<ref>Safaee, Yazdan (2020). "Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti". In: Niknami, K. A., Hozhabri, A. (eds). ''Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period''. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. p. 70. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6}}.</ref><ref>Johnston, Sarah Iles. ''Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2004. p. 99. {{ISBN|0-674-01517-7}}</ref><ref>Okada Akinori. "The Great Goddesses of Zoroastrianism – Armaiti, Aši and Anahita". In ''Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan'' (1996) Volume 39, Issue 1, pp. 85, 94-97. {{ISSN|0030-5219}}. {{doi|10.5356/jorient.39.85}} {{in lang|ja}}</ref>{{efn|In Ahura Mazda's case, he is described as creator (or father) of Armaiti.<ref>Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "The Avestan Yasna: Ritual and Myth". In: ''Religious Texts in Iranian Languages: Symposium held in Copenhagen May 2002''. Edited by Fereydun Vahman & Claus V. Pedersen. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 2007. pp. 59–61. {{ISBN|978-87-7304-317-2}}</ref>}} or [[Aramazd]]. He, in turn, is said to be the deity of rains in some accounts.<ref>Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities]''. McFarland/Routledge. p. 65. {{ISBN|1-57958-270-2}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Earth goddess]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|25em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |jstor = 10.1163/j.ctvrxk42v.9|chapter = The Waters in Vedic Cosmic Classifications|last1 = Bodewitz|first1 = Henk|title = Vedic Cosmology and Ethics|year = 2019|volume = 19|pages = 37–45|publisher = Brill|isbn = 9789004398641}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/595849|jstor=595849|title=On the Phonological History of Sanskrit kṣám- 'Earth,' ṛ́kṣa- 'Bear' and likṣá̄ 'Nit'|year=1959|last1=Burrow|first1=T.|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=79 |issue=2|pages=85–90}}
* Dundulienė, Pranė (1976). "[https://www.vdu.lt/cris/handle/20.500.12259/110213 Žemė lietuvių tikėjimuose ir liaudies mene]. In: ''Istorija'' 16.1: 129-153.
*{{cite journal |jstor=40848998|title=Albanian dhē 'earth'|last1=Hamp|first1=Eric P.|journal=Historische Sprachforschung|year=1990|volume=103|issue=2|pages=289–292}}
* Hamp, Eric P. "On the Paradigm of OIr. dú". In: ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie'' 44, no. 1 (1991): 76-78. [https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph.1991.44.1.76 On the Paradigm of OIr. dú]
*{{cite journal |jstor=40265301|title=Χθών|last1=Kretschmer|first1=Paul|journal=Glotta|year=1931|volume=20|issue=1/2|pages=65–67}}
*{{cite journal |jstor=40848521|title=Lateinisch humī und domī|last1=Meier-Brügger|first1=Michael|journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung|year=1977|volume=91|issue=1|pages=159–165}}
* Oettinger, Norbert. "Die 'dunkle Erde' Im Hethitischen Und Griechischen: Alfred Heubeck Zum Gedächtnis (20.7. 1914–24.5. 1987)". In: ''Die Welt Des Orients'' 20/21 (1989): 83-98. Accessed April 27, 2021. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25683330 Die 'dunkle Erde' im Hethitischen und Griechischen: Alfred Heubeck zum Gedächtnis (20.7. 1914–24.5. 1987)].
* Rico, Christophe. "L'équivalence χθών: sk. kşám. Nouvelle approche d'un vieux débat". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'' 109, issue 2004 (2004): 61-111. [https://doi.org/10.1515/16130405.61 Léquivalence χθών: sk. kṣsám-Nouvelle approche dun vieux débat]
* Steer, Thomas. "Uridg. *dh(e)ǵhōm 'Erde' und *ǵʰ(e)i̯ōm 'Winter'". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'' 118, no. 2013 (2013): 55-92. [https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.55 Uridg. *dh(e)ǵhōm ‚Erde‘ und *ǵʰ(e)i̯ōm ‚Winter: Eine kurze Revision der Stammbildung]
* [[Vladimir Toporov|Toporov, Vladimir N.]] "К реконструкции балто-славянского мифологического образа Земли-Матери *Zemi̯a & *Mātē (Mati)" [Towards a reconstruction of the Balto-Slavic mythological image of Earth Mother *Zemia & *Mate (Mati)]. In: Балто-славянские исследования. 1998–1999. ХIV. Москва: 2010 [2000]. pp. 241–371. {{ISBN|978-5-9551-0388-4}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Willi|first=Andreas|date=2007|title=Demeter, Gê, and the Indo-European word(s) for 'earth'|journal=Historische Sprachforschung|volume=120|pages=169–194|doi=10.13109/hisp.2007.120.1.169|jstor=40849297|issn=0935-3518}}
{{refend}}

{{Indo European Mythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dheghom}}
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European goddesses]]
[[Category:Earth goddesses]]
[[Category:Etymologies]]
[[Category:Reconstructed words]]
[[Category:European mythology]]
[[Category:Paganism]]
[[Category:Religious studies]]

Gritte Agatha

2026-03-13T18:56:44Z

RockyHerz477: brief adjust intro after review and added references per sources

{{short description|Indonesian actress}}
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{infobox person
| name = Gritte Agatha
| image = Gritte Agatha Lintas Imaji.jpg
| caption = Gritte Agatha in 2017
| alt =
| birth_name = Griselda Agatha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|3|9}}
| birth_place = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| education = [[Gandhi School Ancol]]
| alma_mater = [[Multimedia Nusantara University]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Putri|first=Vindiasari|date=28 December 2017|title=10 Seleb ini sukses tuntaskan studinya di 2017, intip busana wisudanya|url=https://www.brilio.net/selebritis/10-seleb-ini-sukses-tuntaskan-studinya-di-2017-intip-busana-wisudanya-171228y.html|website=[[Brilio.net]]|language=id|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-date=2022-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326121939/https://www.brilio.net/selebritis/10-seleb-ini-sukses-tuntaskan-studinya-di-2017-intip-busana-wisudanya-171228y.html}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Celebrity]]|[[Film director|Director]]|[[Film producer]]|[[YouTuber]]|[[Writer]]
}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| employer =
| agent = 
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| height =
| television =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Arif Hidayat|2023}}
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Griselda Agatha''' (born 9 March 1996), known as '''Gritte Agatha''', is an Indonesian actress, director, film producer, [[YouTuber]], and writer.

== Career ==
Gritte Agatha started her career as a supporting actress on the soap opera {{Ill|Ratapan Anak Tiri |id|Ratapan Anak Tiri (sinetron_2006)}} in 2006. However, she became famous after acting as Mae on {{Ill|Get Married the Series|id|Get Married the Series}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 March 2012|title=Gritte, Prilli, dan Gina Mandi Air Terjun|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/384141/gritte-prilli-dan-gina-mandi-air-terjun|website=[[Liputan6]]|language=id|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-date=2022-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326123442/https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/384141/gritte-prilli-dan-gina-mandi-air-terjun}}</ref> As a YouTuber, Gritte Agatha is known for her content in a podcast titled ''Gritte Buka Praktek''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rismoyo|first=Mauludi|date=23 November 2016|title=Awalnya Isi Waktu Luang, Gritte Agatha Jadi Selebriti di YouTube|url=https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-3352620/awalnya-isi-waktu-luang-gritte-agatha-jadi-selebriti-di-youtube|website=[[Detik.com|Detik]]|language=id-ID|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-date=2022-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831074508/https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-3352620/awalnya-isi-waktu-luang-gritte-agatha-jadi-selebriti-di-youtube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 January 2021|title=Jadi YouTuber, Gritte Agatha Punya Studio YouTube dengan Peralatan Mahal Lho!|url=https://lifestyle.sindonews.com/read/302272/187/jadi-youtuber-gritte-agatha-punya-studio-youtube-dengan-peralatan-mahal-lho-1610690486|website=[[Sindonews.com|Sindo News]]|language=id-ID|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-date=2022-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326121941/https://lifestyle.sindonews.com/read/302272/187/jadi-youtuber-gritte-agatha-punya-studio-youtube-dengan-peralatan-mahal-lho-1610690486}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
|2008
|''{{Ill|Rahasia Bintang|id|Rahasia Bintang}}''
|Sheila
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2012
|''{{Ill|Brandal-Brandal Ciliwung|id|Brandal-Brandal Ciliwung}}''
|Sisi
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2016
|''{{Ill|Surat Untukmu|id|Surat Untukmu}}''
|Esti
|
| align="center" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''{{Ill|The Underdogs (film)|lt=The Underdogs|id|The Underdogs}}''
|Aci
|
| align="center" |
|-
|''[[Posesif]]''
|Ega
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2022
|''{{Ill|Ashiap Man|id|Ashiap Man}}''
|Diana
|
| align="center" |
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Buk..?''
|{{na}}
| rowspan="2" |as a director and writer
| align="center" |
|-
|''Love, Dandelion''
|Luna
| align="center" |
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''Color of my Life''
|rowspan="5" {{na}}
| rowspan="2" |as a producer
| align="center" |
|-
|''Pertama Kali''
| align="center" |
|-
|''Sebentar Saja''
|
| align="center" |as a director and writer
|-
|''Selalu Cantik''
|
| align="center" |as a producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''{{Ill|Matchalatte|id|Matchalatte}}''
|
| align="center" |as a producer and writer
|-
|''{{Ill|Matchalatte 2|id|Matchalatte 2}}''
|Drawer tea girl
|
| align="center" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Terus Didekatmu''
|{{na}}
| rowspan="2" |as a producer
| align="center" |
|-
|''Kembali Ke Fitri?''
|Gian
| align="center" |
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Unseen''
|Kimmy
|
| align="center" |
|-
|''Check In''
|Ayu
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2020
|''Julid Oh Julid''
|Dina
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2022–2023
|''Ketua BEM and His Secret Wife''
|Karina
|
| align="center" |
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
|2006
|''{{Ill|Ratapan Anak Tiri|id|Ratapan Anak Tiri (sinetron_2006)}}''
|
|Figuran; Episode 1
| align="center" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
| rowspan="2" |''{{Ill|Dongeng|id|Dongeng_(seri_televisi)}}''
|Fina
|Episode: "Anak-Anak Pembuat Kue"
| align="center" |
|-
|Nanan
|Episode: "Pinokio"
| align="center" |
|-
|2010–2011
|''{{Ill|Get Married the Series|id|Get Married the Series}}''
|Maemunah (Mae)
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2012–2013
|''{{Ill|Kutunggu Kau Dipasar Minggu|id|Kutunggu Kau Dipasar Minggu}}''
|Ayuni
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2013
|''{{Ill|Tendangan Si Madun season 3|id|Tendangan Si Madun (musim 3)}}''
|Siti
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2014
|''{{Ill|Oh Ternyata|id|Oh Ternyata)}}''
|Luna
|Episode: "Bukan Cewek Biasa"
| align="center" |
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Bidadari Takut Jatuh Cinta]]''
|Bintang
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2015
|''{{Ill|Madun|id|Madun (seri televisi)}}''
|Anisa Ayunda
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[The East (TV series)|The East]]''
|Silvi
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2017
|''Seribu Kisah''
|
|Episode: "Terdampar Di Masa Depan"
| align="center" |
|-
|2018
|''{{Ill|Jodoh Wasiat Bapak|id|Jodoh Wasiat Bapak)}}''
|Prisil
|
| align="center" |
|}

=== Television films ===

* ''Pemulung Jadi Sarjana (2016) as Azizah''
* ''Aku Hanya Seorang Anak Pancingan (2016) as Devi''
* ''Ayah Pergi dan Tak Kembali (2016)''

=== TV shows ===

* ''Malam Jumat (Usee Prime, 2023)''

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
|2008
|"Tersenyumlah"
|Tere
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2020
|"Tentang Kamu"
|[[Lyodra Ginting]]
|
| align="center" |
|}

== Discography ==

=== Single ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
|+Main Single
!Year
!Title
!Album
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}}
|-
|2021
|"Masih Mencinta"
|{{Non-album single}}
|
| align="center" |
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2012]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Indonesian film directors]]
[[Category:Indonesian film producers]]
[[Category:Indonesian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indonesian actresses]]
[[Category:Indonesian women film directors]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1958

2026-03-10T20:44:22Z

RockyHerz477: Started The Bio More To Come.

{{Short description|none}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1958'''.

==A-Z of films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Ajantrik]]''||[[Ritwik Ghatak]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2025-11-08 |title=Ritwik Ghatak: Shooting star who lit up screens and lives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2025/Nov/08/ritwik-ghatak-shooting-star-who-lit-up-screens-and-lives |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>||[[Kali Banerjee]], [[Ganga Pada Basu]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]||Drama||
|-
|''Bandhu''||Chitta Bose||Chhabi Biswas, Uttam Kumar, Mala Sinha|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhanu Pelo Lottery]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want a good laugh? Watch these 6 Bengali comedies of Bhanu Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/want-a-good-laugh-watch-these-6-bengali-comedies-of-bhanu-bandyopadhyay/cid/1897725 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221112145344/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/want-a-good-laugh-watch-these-6-bengali-comedies-of-bhanu-bandyopadhyay/cid/1897725 |archive-date=2022-11-12 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>|| ||[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]||Comedy||
|-
|''[[Indrani (film)|Indrani]]''||[[Niren Lahiri]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''[[Jalsaghar]]'' || [[Satyajit Ray]] || [[Chhabi Biswas]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]''||Prafulla Chakraborty||[[Bhanu Banerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]||Mythological||
|-
|''Joutuk''||Jiban Ganguly||Jiben Bose, Tulsi Chakraborty, Molina Devi|| ||
|-
|''Manmoyee Girls' School''||Hemchandra Chunder||Bhanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Dhiraj Bhattacharya|| ||
|-
|''[[Parash Pathar]]''||[[Satyajit Ray]]||[[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Kali Banerjee]], [[Jahor Roy]]||Fantasy Comedy||
|-
|''[[Rajlakshmi O Srikanta]]''||Haridas Bhattacharya||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]||Drama||
|-
|''Sadhak Bamakhyapa''||Narayan Ghosh||[[Gurudas Banerjee]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Molina Devi]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]||Devotional||
|-
|''Suryatoran''||Agradoot||Bhanu Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Chhabi Biswas|| ||
|-
|''Swarga Martya''||Ashim Pal||[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Manju Dey]], [[Jiben Bose]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]||Comedy||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1958 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1958}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1958]]
[[Category:Lists of 1958 films by language]]
[[Category:1958 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Meda Raghunath Reddy

2026-03-08T20:58:06Z

RockyHerz477: details

{{Short description|Indian businessman and politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| predecessor = [[C. M. Ramesh]] | constituency=[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| birth_date = 1965
| birth_place = [[Chinnaiahgaripalli]], [[Nandalur|Nandalur Mandal]], [[Kadapa District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| relations = [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]] (brother)
}}
'''Meda Raghunath Reddy''' is an Indian businessman and politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. On 8 February 2024, the [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] announced him as their [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Rajya Sabha candidate from Andhra Pradesh]], he was subsequently elected to [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థుల ఎంపిక.. జగన్ వ్యూహం ఇదేనా?">{{Cite news |last=Bigtv |date=8 February 2024 |title=రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థుల ఎంపిక.. జగన్ వ్యూహం ఇదేనా? |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/andhra-pradesh/ycp-finalizes-rajya-sabha-candidates-reasons-behind-their-selection-by-cm-jagan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209060057/https://www.ntnews.com/andhrapradesh-news/ycp-has-finalized-the-names-of-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-ap-1466374 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="ఏపీలో రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థుల పేర్లను ఖరారు చేసిన వైసీపీ">{{Cite news |last=Namaste Telangana |first= |date=8 February 2024 |title=ఏపీలో రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థుల పేర్లను ఖరారు చేసిన వైసీపీ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/andhrapradesh-news/ycp-has-finalized-the-names-of-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-ap-1466374 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209060057/https://www.ntnews.com/andhrapradesh-news/ycp-has-finalized-the-names-of-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-ap-1466374 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work= |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref name="వైఎస్సార్‌సీపీ రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థులు వీరే.. మూడో స్థానానికి కూడా పోటీతో ఎన్నికలు రసవత్తరం">{{Cite news |last=Zee News Telugu |date=8 February 2024 |title=వైఎస్సార్‌సీపీ రాజ్యసభ అభ్యర్థులు వీరే.. మూడో స్థానానికి కూడా పోటీతో ఎన్నికలు రసవత్తరం |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/ap/ys-jagan-announced-yv-subba-reddy-golla-babu-rao-meda-raghunath-reddy-as-rajya-sabha-candidates-rv-123032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209060855/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/ap/ys-jagan-announced-yv-subba-reddy-golla-babu-rao-meda-raghunath-reddy-as-rajya-sabha-candidates-rv-123032 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |language=te}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Meda Raghunath Reddy was born in 1965 to Meda Ramakrishna Reddy and Lakshminarasamma in the village of Chennaiyyagaripalle in Nandaluru Mandal, [[Kadapa district]], Andhra Pradesh. He completed his degree in [[Tangutur|Tanguturu]].<ref name="రాజ్యసభ పోటీలో ముగ్గురు అభ్యర్థులు వీరే..">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=8 February 2024 |title=రాజ్యసభ పోటీలో ముగ్గురు అభ్యర్థులు వీరే.. |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/politics/ysrcp-anounced-three-rajya-sabha-members-1946787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209061101/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/politics/ysrcp-anounced-three-rajya-sabha-members-1946787 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work= |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Meda Raghunath}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hum Dono (1985 film)

2026-03-03T23:55:01Z

RockyHerz477: quick fix

{{Short description|1985 Indian film}}
{{about|the 1985 film|the 1961 film|Hum Dono (1961 film)|the 1995 film|Hum Dono (1995 film)|the television series|Hum Dono (2000 television series)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hum Dono
| image = Hum Dono (1985 film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = B.S. Glaad
| story = S. L. Kalyani
| producer = Tony Glaad Fruitee Glaad Manmohan Glaad Preeti Glaad Smt. Satwant Glaad
| screenplay = B.S. Glaad
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Reena Roy]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = G. Or. Nathan
| editing = B. S. Glaad
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|03|22}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hum Dono''''' ({{Translation|Both of Us}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by B. S. Glaad, starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Reena Roy]] in lead roles, along with [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Prem Nath|Premnath]] and [[Om Shivpuri]] in supporting roles. The music is by [[R. D. Burman]], lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]] and the songs are sung by [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Anuradha Paudwal]]. The movie ran silver jubilee at many centers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-29 |title=Happy birthday Rajesh Khanna: His top 15 films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-rajesh-khanna-his-top-15-films/story-xZ8WYc2v7LYVftj6D7lWHP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212070014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-rajesh-khanna-his-top-15-films/story-xZ8WYc2v7LYVftj6D7lWHP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most popular song from the film on its release was "Sunle Zameen Aasmaan". The film was a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=574}}</ref>

In the film, a successful doctor is replaced by his [[lookalike]]. The two men eventually realize that they are twin brothers, and cooperate against the doctor's kidnappers.

==Plot==
Raja discovers that his face is similar to that of Dr. Shekhar, one of the top earning doctors of [[Bombay]]. He somehow manages to take his place, but discovers that even Dr. Shekhar has problems of his own. Dr. Shekar also discovers that he has a lookalike and goes to find him at his home. When he visits Raja's home, Dr. Shekar falls in love with a girl. Shekhar and Raja are revealed to be identical twins who were separated at birth. Some goons kidnap Shekhar for money, but the brothers defeat the villains and are reunited.

==Cast==
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Raja / Dr. Shekhar (double role)
*[[Hema Malini]] as Lata
*[[Reena Roy]] as Rani
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Micheal
*[[Shiv Raj]] as Lata's Father
*[[Iftekhar]] as Seth Mathura Das
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Blackbird "Boss"
*[[Prem Nath]] as Iftekhar's friend
*[[Yunus Parvez]]
* [[Keshto Mukharji]] Rani's Father

==Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Josh-E-Jawani Tauba
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Tu Lajawab, Bemisal, Dilbar Yaar, Dilbar Jani
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Sunle Zameen Aasman, Sunle Yeh Sara Jahan
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
| length3 =

| title4 = Doctorbabu Doctorbabu
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle
| length4 =

| title5 = O Raja, Aaja Mere Paas
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
[[Rupesh Kumar]]
[[SUdha Shivpuri]]
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0087434|title=Hum Dono}}

[[Category:1985 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1985 romance films]]
[[Category:1980s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jery (film)

2026-03-03T04:36:02Z

RockyHerz477: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jery
| image = Jerry 2006.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. B. Khanthan]]
| writer = [[Crazy Mohan]]
| producer = V. Vishwanathan
| starring = [[Jithan Ramesh]] [[Shruthi Raj]] [[Mumtaj]] [[Meera Vasudevan]]
| editing = Krishnakumar
| cinematography = Arul Vincent
| studio = L. V. Creations
| music = [[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|05|19}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Jery''''' ({{IPA|ta|dʑeɾːi}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[S. B. Khanthan]], produced by V. Vishwanathan, and written by [[Crazy Mohan]]. The film stars [[Jithan Ramesh]] as the titular character, while [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Mumtaj]], and [[Meera Vasudevan]] play the female leads. The music was composed by [[Ramesh Vinayakam]] with editing done by Krishnakumar. The film was released on 19 May 2006.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}
Jayaram alias Jery ([[Jithan Ramesh]]) is a man who takes risks and hates love. He is challenged by his friends to make three women love him. He makes his classmate Janaki ([[Shruthi Raj]]), an actress Janani ([[Mumtaj]]), and a police officer Jeeva ([[Meera Vasudevan]]) fall in love with him. Whether the three girls find out and whom he unites with forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jithan Ramesh]] as Jayaram alias Jery
*[[Shruthi Raj]] as Janaki
*[[Mumtaj]] as Janani
*[[Meera Vasudevan]] as Jeeva
*[[Raaghav]] as Gausik
*[[Crazy Mohan]] as Rukku
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Jerry's father
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Janaki's father
*[[Maadhu Balaji]] as Master Maadhu
*[[Cheenu Mohan]] as Film Director
*[[Sachu]] as College Principal
*[[Neelu]] as Jerry's grandfather
*[[Chaams]] as Dhandapani
*[[Sathish]] as Farooque
}}

== Production ==
The film's script was written by Crazy Mohan and he described the film as his "pet project" as he wanted to do create similar to ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=6 January 2006 |title='Crazy' comedy in the making |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/crazy-comedy-in-the-making/article3216637.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411142411/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/crazy-comedy-in-the-making/article3216637.ece |archive-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> The film was earlier titled ''Idhuthan Kadhal Enbathaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2005 |title=Jithan Ramesh in Idhuthan Kadhal Enbathaa |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/8-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-ramesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105233211/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/8-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-ramesh.html |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Arul Vincent who earlier assisted P. C. Sreeram made his debut as cinematographer with this film.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=பி.சி.ஸ்ரீ ராம் அசிஸ்டெண்ட்... ஆனா, 16 வருஷங்களுக்குப் பிறகு இப்பதான் என் ஒர்க் வெளியில தெரிய ஆரம்பிச்சிருக்கு! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=19131&id1=3&issue=20220227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715140557/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=19131&id1=3&issue=20220227 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> A dance number picturised on Ramesh and the three actresses were shot at a beach resort near Mahabalipuram.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2006 |title=Jerry |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/02jerry.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015010608/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/02jerry.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ramesh Vinayakam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerry (2006) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/jerry-songs-T0000793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044717/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Jerry-songs-T0000793 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

*"Hollywood" – Sharreth, Subiksha
*"Kanava" – Sujatha
*"En Swasathil" – [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
*"Kapildevda" – David Bhaskar
*"Naan Pudicha" – Ramesh Vinayagam, Vidya

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "'Jerry' is more like a Crazy Mohan play gone bad. A laugh riot gone awry. A film that is an insult to audience {{Sic|inelligence}}".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=29 May 2006 |title=Jerry |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05jerry.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014120803/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05jerry.asp |archive-date=14 October 2006 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Crazy Mohan and Kamalhassan have given us some great comedies in the past. But this time, the writer disappoints as the comedy in Jery fails to evoke any laughter. The film falls flat as Crazy is clueless, debutant director Kanthan is helpless and hero Ramesh is pure teakwood!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jery |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14213903&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117063017/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14213903&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=17 November 2007 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it is surprising that director Kanthan stumbled despite having a great plot for comedy. She added that it is disappointing that the film was made like a drama without setting the scenes for cinema.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=18 June 2006 |title=ஜெர்ரி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-18/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240326151006/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-18/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "Many scenes may remind one of dramas, but one feels happy about the festival of comedy".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jery |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/cherry.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018082348/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/cherry.shtml |archive-date=18 October 2006 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Vinayakam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rana Raimal

2026-02-25T06:00:40Z

RockyHerz477:

{{Short description|Rana of Mewar from 1473 to 1509}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rana Raimal
| title = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Rana of Mewar]]
| reign = 1465 – 1500{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=12-13}}
| predecessor = [[Udai Singh I]]
| successor = [[Rana Sanga]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles ={{tree list}}[[Mewar–Malwa conflicts]]
**Siege of Chittor
**[[Battle of Mandalgarh]]
**Battle of Chittor {{tree list/end}}
{{tree list}}Civil War
**[[Rana Raimal#Fight at Sadri|Battle of Sadri]]{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list}} [[List of Mewar–Delhi conflicts|Mewar-Delhi Conflicts]]
**Battle of Mewar {{tree list/end}}
}}
| death_date = 24 May 1509
| death_place = [[Chittor]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| spouse = {{collapsible list|Jhaliji Ratan Deiji of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]] Rathorji Shringar Deiji of [[Marwar]] Devadiji Champa Deiji of [[Sirohi]] Rathorji (Mahechiji) Indra Deiji of Malani Rathorji (Mertaniji) Kumkum Deiji of [[Merta City|Merta]]
}}
| issue = {{collapsible list|
*Prithvirajji
*Jaimalji
*[[Rana Sanga]]
*Kalyanmalji
*Fateh Singh
*Rai Singh
*Bhawani Das
*Kishan Das
*Narayan Das
*Shankar Das
*Devi Das
*Sundar Das
*Ishwar Das
*Beni Das
*Damodar Deiji m.to [[Raja]] [[Prithviraj Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]
*Har Deiji m.to Rao Viramdev of [[Merta City|Merta]]
*Anand Deiji m.to Rao Jagmal of [[Sirohi]]
*Sisodiniji (name unknown) m.to [[Rao (title)|Rao]] [[Lunkaran]] of [[Bikaner]]
*Roop Deiji m.to [[Rana (title)|Rana]] Ajja Jhala of [[Bari Sadri]]}}
| father = [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]
| mother = Gaurji Kanak Deiji d.of Rao Motraj and granddaughter of Rao Narsinghdas of [[Maroth]]
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
'''Rana Raimal Singh''', also known as '''Rana Raimal''', (r. 1473–1509) was a [[Hindu|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] ruler of the [[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]]. Rana Raimal was the younger son of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]] and younger brother of his predecessor [[Udai Singh I|Rana Udai Singh I]] and father of [[Rana Sanga]].

He came to power by defeating his patricide predecessor [[Udai Singh I|Rana Udai Singh I]] in battles at [[Jawar]], Darimpur and Pangarh.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=146}} Early in Rana Raimal's reign, Sultan [[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas Shah]] of the [[Malwa|Malwa Sultanate]] [[Battle of Mandalgarh|unsuccessfully attacked the Mewar capital]], Chittor.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=147}} Soon after Ghiyas Shah's general, Zafar Khan attacked Mewar and was defeated at [[Mandalgarh]] and Kairabad in north east of Mewar. By marrying Rathorji Shringar Deiji (daughter of [[Rao Jodha]]) Rana Raimal ended the long standing conflict with [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] [[Rajputs]]. During Raimal's reign, Godwar, Toda and [[Ajmer]] were recaptured by his eldest son [[Prithviraj_Sisodia|Prithviraj]]. Raimal also strengthened the state of Mewar and repaired the temple of [[Eklingji]] in Chittor. <ref name=":0" />

== Ascent to the throne ==
Raimal was not the heir-apparent as he was younger to [[Udai Singh I]]. But as fate would have it, [[Udai Singh I]] killed his father, the legendary [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]], while he was praying to Lord Eklingji ([[Shiva]]) and ruled for five years.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=146}} Under his reign [[Mewar]] took back [[Mount Abu#History|Abu]] and [[Ajmer]].{{cn|date=October 2015}}

== Raimal fights the sultan and his nephews ==
Sultan of Delhi, [[Sikander Lodi]] fought against Rana Raimal of Mewar, allying with Surajmal and Sahasmal in which the Sultan was defeated. Surajmal survived and was pardoned by Rana Raimal. He was a conspirator and ensured that sons of Raimal fought with each other in order to make his way clear to the throne. He was a brave fighter and possessed all the great qualities of his clan.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

== Fight at Sadri ==
Surajmal and Raimal's armies met at Sadri, a town that Surajmal had captured. Raimal's son [[Prithviraj_Sisodia|Prithviraj]] joined his father at a crucial time in the war and directly attacked Surajmal. Many such skirmishes occurred till Surajmal finally left Mewar and settled at Pratapgarh where his descendants still flourish and keep up the name of Sisodia clan.

== Last years ==
The last years of Raimal's rule were marked by conflict between his sons, with Prince Sanga (later [[Rana Sanga]]) having to flee Mewar. Raimal's elder sons, [[Prithviraj_Sisodia|Prithviraj]] and Jaimal were both killed. At this difficult juncture, the Rana was informed that Sanga was still alive. Raimal summoned Sanga back to Chittor and died soon afterwards.<ref name=":0">[[Sharma, Dasharatha]](1970) Lectures on Rajput History and Culture, pp 79-84 Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi</ref>{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=152}}
==See also==
* [[Battle of Mandalgarh]]

==References==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite web |title=Medieval Malwa: A Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 |page=257 |last=Day |first=Upendra Nath |publisher=Delhi University, History Department |url= https://archive.org/stream/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp_djvu.txt}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gopi Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Clan]]||1473||1508}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Udai Singh I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Ruler]]
|years=1473–1508}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Rana Sanga]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raimal, Rana}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1509 deaths]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Najib ad-Dawlah

2026-02-21T12:16:29Z

RockyHerz477: page updated

{{short description|Afghan Rohilla Chief and Mughal serviceman (1707/1708–1770)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Najib-ud-Daula
| title = ''Nawab'' ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' ''Mukhtar Khas'' ''"Excellence of the State"'' ''"Noble one of the State"''
| birth_date = {{circa|1707–1708}}
| death_date = 30 October 1770
| birth_place = Nazaŕ Khēl, [[Kabulistan|Kabul Subah]] {{small|(present-day [[Swabi District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]])}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]][[Mughal Empire]] (''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' of [[Alamgir II]]) [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]] [[Mughal Empire]] (in service of [[Shah Alam II]]) {{flagicon image|Abdali flag.png|border=}} [[Durrani Empire]]
| branch = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]][[Mughal Army]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|24px]]
[[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
| rank = [[Ispahsalar]], [[Plenipotentiary]]
| battles = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]] [[Third Battle of Panipat]] [[Capture of Agra Fort]] [[Battle of Delhi (1764)]]
}}
| image = Equestrian painting of Nawab Najib-ud-Daula, circa 18th century.png
| caption = Equestrian painting of Nawab Najib-ud-Daula, circa 18th century
| succession = [[Mughal Army|Commander-in-Chief of The Mughal Empire]]
| CoA =
| reign-type = Office holding
| reign = 1756{{snd}}1759
| years_active = 1740{{snd}}1770 (30 years)
| suc-type = [[Mughal Emperor|Padishah]]
| successor = [[Alamgir II]]
| child = [[Zabita Khan]]
| issue = [[Zabita Khan]]
| issue-type = Children
| predecessor = [[Mirza Najaf Khan]]
| tenure =
| pre-type = Successor
}}

[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[Third Battle of Panipat]], 13 January 1761, Najib ad-Dawlah and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], standing left to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], shown on a brown horse, inflicting the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.]]

'''Najib ad-Dawlah''' ({{langx|ps|نجيب الدوله}}), also known as {{nowrap|'''Najib Khan Yousafzai'''}} ({{langx|ps|نجيب خان}}), was an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] [[Yousafzai]] [[Rohilla]] who earlier served as a [[Mughals|Mughal]] serviceman but later deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|attack on Delhi]]. He was also a House Chief of [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]], and in the 1740s founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[India]]. He was instrumental in winning the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and has been regarded as one of the greatest generals of [[Indian subcontinent|India]] in the 18th century.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1932) ''Fall of the Mughal Empire''</ref>

He began his career in 1743 as an immigrant from Nazar Khel, [[Swabi]] (of the [[Umar Khel|Umarkhel]] subbranch of [[Mandanr]] Yousafzais) as a soldier. He was an employee of [[Imad-ul-Mulk]] but got alerte from going influence of Marhattas and by advise of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]], he invited [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] in 1757 to attack on Delhi and secure the Muslims place in India. He was then appointed as ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' of the Mughal emperor by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali|Abdali]]. Later in his career he was known as '''Najib ad-Dawlah, Amir al-Umra, Shuja ad-Dawlah'''.<ref>[http://etawah.nic.in/history2.htm History of Etawah] [[Etawah]] Official website.</ref> From 1757 to 1770, he was governor of [[Saharanpur]], ruling over [[Dehradun]]. Many architectural relics of the period of Rohilla, the remains in Najibabad, were overseen by him, which he founded at the height of his career as a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] minister.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Najibabad |volume=19 |page=156 }}.</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Najib Khan Yousafzai.png|thumb|Depiction of Najib ad-Dawlah, from ''Itihāsa Saṁgraha'' (1908) by [[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis|Dattatraya Balavant Parasanis]]]]
Najib Khan belonged to the Umar Khel section of the [[Mandanr]] [[Yousafzai]]. He migrated from Nazar Khel village Swabi, now in the [[Swabi District|Swabi]] district of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. His father was Ajam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USVuAAAAMAAJ&q=swabi |title= The Mughals, the English & the Rulers of Awadh, from 1722 A.D. to 1856 A.D.: A Kaleidoscopic Study |author= Hamid Afaq Qureshi · |date= 2003 |page=51 |quote=He belonged to the Umar Khail Yusufzai tribe of the Afghans and was a resident of Nazar Khel, Swabi. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k8YRDyRKZgYC&q=Najib+Khan+swabi|title= An Account of Najibuddaulah |page=LIII |author= Nuruddin Husain |date=1952|quote=in the year 1708 in the village of swabi about 100km from Peshawar. }}</ref> He migrated in 1739 to join his uncle Bisharat Khan, who had settled with his families of [[Pashtuns|Pakhtuns]] at Bisharatnagar, near [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In 1749, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], who had captured most of [[Rohilkhand]] by 1740, gave Najib Khan a northern portion,<ref name=bij/> where he established the present day town of [[Najibabad]], a state of [[Najibabad]] independent from other Rohilla tribes, and received the title, ‘'''Najib-ud-Daula'''’.
[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], built by Najib ad-Dawlah in 1755. 1814-15 painting.]]
[[File:Najibabad, 19th century.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Najibabad]], {{circa}} 1784–94, the triple-domed Jami Mosque and the entrance gate to the [[Rohilla]] palace]]

Imad-ul-Mulk appointed Najib ad-Dawlah as the governor of [[Saharanpur]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma {{ISBN|9788180903397}} Bharatiya Kala Prakashan</ref> In 1757, Najib ad-Dawlah, who was then the governor of [[Saharanpur]] under [[Mughal Empire]], invaded the city of [[Dehradun]], with his army of [[Rohilla|Rohillas]], and ruled the area for the next decade. His rule was known for its administration, and development of land resources, leading to widespread development and prosperity in the area, with emphasis on agriculture and irrigation. Many mango groves in the region created during the era still exist today.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC] p. 57</ref>

==Conflict against the Marathas==
===Battle of Delhi (1757)===
[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]'s [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|invasion of 1757]] left Najib in effective control of Delhi who was appointed to the post of [[Mir Bakhshi]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He had become the de facto ruler of Delhi, while the [[Mughal emperor]] was left with no actual power. Najib's religious precept, [[Mian Qutb Shah]], who was not a [[Rohilla]] by caste and was the ruler of [[Saharanpur]], was in charge of the defence of the Red Fort of Delhi from the Marathas, while Najib commanded the artillery to stop the entry of the Marathas into the city.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=qutb+khan+rohilla+najib&pg=PA230 |title= Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |author= Jaswant Lal Mehta |date=2005 |page=230 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGwwAQAAIAAJ&q=qutb+khan+rohilla+najib |title= History of the Sikhs |author= Hari Ram Gupta |page=339 |date=1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=Qutb Shah Rohilla, Najib's religious precept |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ&q=qutb+shah+religious+precept |title=Marathas and Panipat |date=1961 |publisher=Panjab University |author= Hari Ram Gupta }}</ref> His forces had to clash with the advancing Marathas in Delhi in the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)]]. Delhi was captured by Marathas and he was allowed safe exit from Delhi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+control+of+delhi&pg=PA229 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813]</ref>

===Third Battle of Panipat===

In the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], during the Maratha conquests, he allied himself with the [[Durrani Empire]] led by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (also known as [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]],<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> against the [[Maratha]]s. Najib Khan was clever enough to understand the changed realities after Panipat.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} His brilliant political acumen was used by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] to isolate Marathas & preventing them from getting even single ally during their conflict with Durrani's power.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} His refusal to sign treaty with Marathas, was the main cause of battle at Panipat. He provided, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], with 40,000 [[Rohilla]] troops and 70 guns to the combined forces. He also convinced [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Oudh]], to join Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the Maratha's were defeated and as a consequence the [[Rohilla]] increased in power. Marathas had some recovery after 10 years and under Mahadji Schinde had [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|recaptured]] Delhi in 1771, reinstalling the weakened Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] to the throne, under Maratha suzerainty.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

After the war, he was made ''[[Mir Bakshi]]'' of Mughal emperor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&pg=PA19 History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> He had to become ruler of Delhi state with empty treasury & territory confining to boundaries of Delhi city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Najib Khan was a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldier of fortune; he attained the hand of the daughter of Dunde Khan Barech, one of the chieftains of the [[Rohilkhand]] [[Pathans]]. Rewarded by this ruler with the charge of a district, now [[Bijnor]], in the North-west corner of [[Rohilkhand]], he had joined the cause of [[Safdarjung]], when that minister occupied the country; but on the latter's disgrace had borne a part in the campaigns of Ghazi-ud-din. When the Vizier first conceived the project of attacking the government, he sent Najib in the command of a Mughal detachment to occupy the country, about Saharanpur, then known as the Bawani Mahal, which had formed the jagir of the Ex-Vazir Khan Khanan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

This territory thus became in its turn separated from the Empire and continued for two generations in the family of Najib. He ruled the dwindled Empire for nine years, and died a peaceful death, leaving his charge in an improved and strengthened condition, ready for its lawful monarch.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Administrator of Delhi==
{{Main|Capture of Agra Fort}}
[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Najib had much to do with the return of Mughal power in India after Panipat; note: the territories of those loyal to the [[Great Mogul]] in ''(Green)''.]]

As the Administrator of [[Delhi]] and the imperial heartlands including [[Agra]], Najib ad-Dawlah, was unsuccessful in halting the [[Jat people|Jat]] uprisings led by Raja [[Suraj Mal]]. During one massive assault, the Jats and their leaders overran the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal]] garrison at [[Agra]], plundering the city and looting the two silver gates to the entrance of the famous [[Taj Mahal]] in 1764.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006091033/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 1999|title = MANAS | UCLA Social Sciences Computing}}</ref>

==Death==
After protecting [[Rohilkhand]], [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]] for nearly ten years as regent of the [[Mughal Empire]], he fell ill and died on 30 October 1770.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_446.gif Rule of Shah Alam, 1759-1806] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, p. 411.</ref>

==Successor==
After his death he was succeeded by his son [[Zabita Khan]]. Zabita Khan's step-brother, Kallu Khan was born from the daughter of Dundi Khan and Najib Khan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MGdXAAAAMAAJ&q=Dundey+Khan+brother |title=Life of Hafiz Rahmat Khan |page=174 |author=Altaf Ali Brelvi |date=1966}}</ref> His cemetery is still in present-day [[Najibabad]], where the [[Pathargarh Fort]] still exists.

==Desecration of his tomb==
His son [[Zabita Khan]] was defeated by a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-[[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] force,<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijnor |volume=3 |page=928}}</ref> led by [[Mahadji Sindhia]] (Shinde) ordered by Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] in 1772 and the [[Pathargarh Fort|fort of Pathargarh]] was completely looted of horses, elephants, guns and other valuable things by the Marathas. This was done to avenge the deaths of Maratha warriors who fell in the Battle of Delhi and [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]]. Marathas also destroyed the grave of Najib and scattered his bones.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=1771+scindia&pg=PA8 | title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia| isbn=9788185431529| last1=Rathod| first1=N. G.| year=1994}}</ref>

A few years later, in the subsequent [[Rohilla War]], the Rohillas were attacked by [[Awadh]] with help from [[British East India Company]] forces. When [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan|Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]] was killed in battle in April 1774, they were defeated, and Rohilkhand was plundered; and later, the Rohilla power east of the Ganges was ended, and the final treaty by which the territory was incorporated in [[Awadh]] was concluded at [[Lal Dhang]]. The district was ceded to the British by the [[Nawab of Awadh]], [[Saadat Ali Khan II]] in 1801.<ref name=bij>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_201.gif History of Bijnor District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 8, p. 194-195.</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Najib's character was portrayed by [[Irrfan Khan]].
* In the 2019 [[Bollywood]] film [[Panipat]], Najib, portrayed by [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]], appears as one of the primary antagonists.

==See also==
*[[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Shah Alam II]]
*[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.freeonlinebooks.org/displaybook1.php?chapter_id=4&id=792 Najib-ud-Daula at Dehli] ''The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan'', by [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|H. G. Keene]]. 1887, Part II, Chapter II, 1764.
* ''The Fall of the Mughal Empire'' by [[Jadunath Sarkar]]
☆
Azad Patan Qabayel by Allabakhash Yousafi.
☆
Yousafzai Sardar Awr Hukamraan, Prof.Bakhtiar, Arshad Publishers, Swabi, 2012.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ad-Dawlah, Najib}}
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Swabi District|Daula, Najib]]
[[Category:People from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]

Vishnu Vinay

2026-02-12T06:17:08Z

RockyHerz477: Created a pg!

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1987)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Vishnu|Vinay}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2018}}
{{COI|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Vinay
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|04|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Film director|Scriptwriter}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dr. Vidhu Sreedharan|2019}}
| parents = [[Vinayan]] Neena

}}

'''Vishnu Vinay''' (born 8 April 1987) is an Indian actor who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151118/entertainment-mollywood/article/vinayan%E2%80%99s-son-vishnu-debuting-actor |title=Vinayan's son Vishnu debuting as actor |work=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=2022-08-17}}</ref> He is the son of Malayalam film director [[Vinayan]].<ref name="onlookersmedia">{{cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/director-vinayans-son-vishnu-vinay-turns-an-actor-oru-mexican-aparatha-fame-vishnu-govindan-to-direct-the-movie/|website=onlookersmedia.in|title=Director Vinayan's son Vishnu Vinay turns an actor; Oru Mexican Aparatha fame Vishnu Govindan to direct the movie|date=12 March 2017 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> Vishnu made his debut in Malayalam through the film ''[[History of Joy (2017)|History of Joy]]'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oru-mexican-aparatha-actor-vishnu-govindan-turns-a-director/articleshow/57671454.cms | title=Oru Mexican Aparatha actor Vishnu Govindan turns a director – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> directed by Vishnu Govindan. Vishnu has also written the story for ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' (2007) directed by his father Vinayan.

==Early life==
Vishnu lives in [[Palarivattom]], [[Ernakulam]]. He did schooling from [[Rajagiri High School|Rajagiri]], [[Kalamassery|Kalamasserry]] and later Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Kochi.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He then graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace Engineering]] from [[Virginia Tech]], US and later pursued masters in Aeronautics from [[Purdue University|Purdue University, US]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

His father [[Vinayan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/201117/cinema-is-in-his-blood.html | title=Cinema is in his blood | date=20 November 2017 }}</ref> is a veteran filmmaker from the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] and his mother Neena is a homemaker. He has a younger sister Nikhila who is married and settled in the [[United States]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Vishnu started his career in the film industry in 2007 when he wrote the story for ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' which was turned into a film by his father. Vishnu is a trained [[percussionist]] and also has a keen interest in singing. On 19 January 2019, he married Dr. Vidhu Sreedharan, a dentist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vinayan's son ties the knot: See pics |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/vinayan-s-son-ties-the-knot-see-pics-1.3504079 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=22 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
|2017 ||''[[History of Joy (2017)|History of Joy]]''|| Joy||Debut Film||<ref name="filmibeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/history-of-joy.html|title=History Of Joy (2017) | History Of Joy Malayalam Movie | History Of Joy Review, Cast & Crew, Release Date, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019|| ''[[Oru Caribbean Udayippu]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-caribbean-udayippu/amp_movie_review/67485815.cms|title=Oru Caribbean Udayippu film review|date=11 January 2019 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Gambinos]]''|| Musthafa|| ||<ref>{{cite news |title='The Gambinos' movie review: A remake that could've been so much better |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/09/a-remake-that-couldve-been-so-much-better-1948569.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aakasha Ganga 2]]''||Gopikrishnan|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Jun/21/akashaganga-2-shoot-wrapped-up-1993027.html|title=Akashaganga 2 shoot wrapped up|date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Inspector Kannan Kurup|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/vishnu-vinay-charactor-poster-news.html |title=എന്റെ മകനായതു കൊണ്ട് വിഷ്ണുവിന് ആ വേഷം |date=18 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=Vanitha Magazine}}</ref>
|}

=== As writer/director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="2"|Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
! Director
! Writer
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Directed by [[Vinayan]] |||<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/harindran-oru-nishkalangan-malayalam-movie-review-9660| title = Harindran Oru Nishkalangan review. Harindran Oru Nishkalangan Malayalam movie review, story, rating – IndiaGlitz.com| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 6 July 2025| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250706015313/https://www.indiaglitz.com/harindran-oru-nishkalangan-malayalam-movie-review-9660| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Anand Sreebala]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Written by Abhilash Pillai ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Ashokan and Aparna Das-starrer Anand Sreebala launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/12/arjun-ashokan-and-aparna-das-starrer-anand-sreebala-to-go-on-floors-soon-51974.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212161540/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/12/arjun-ashokan-and-aparna-das-starrer-anand-sreebala-to-go-on-floors-soon-51974.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9355289}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu Vinay}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Gobinda Chandra Majhi

2026-02-11T09:35:02Z

RockyHerz477: Put Up The Entry Added Tags!

{{Short description|Santali language writer (1956–2020)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gobind Chandra Majhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bahalda]], [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| education = BA, [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]],(BJB College)[[Bhubaneswar]] Madhusudan Law College, [[Cuttack]]
| occupation = Sr. manager [[syndicate bank]](retd.), writer, poet
| parents = Bhilu Soren, Aarsu Soren
| spouse = Bijaylaxmi Majhi
| children = Arati Soren, Meenati Manjari Soren, Bhairab Singh Soren, Sumati Baha Soren, Mansingh Soren
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] New Delhi, Dr. [[B.R. Ambedkar]] fellowship by Dalit Sahiyta Academi New Delhi, Sadhu Ramchand Murmu Award by All India Santali Writers' Association, SyndRatna Award by Corporate Office [[Syndicate Bank]] Bengaluru.
}}

'''Gobind Chandra Majhi''' (born 17 May 1956) is a [[Santali language]] writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/vannadasan-jerry-pinto-nasira-sharma-among-24-authors-named-for-sahitya-akademi-award-3167448.html|title=Vannadasan, Jerry Pinto, Nasira Sharma among 24 authors named for Sahitya Akademi award|date=21 December 2016|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222093922/https://www.firstpost.com/living/vannadasan-jerry-pinto-nasira-sharma-among-24-authors-named-for-sahitya-akademi-award-3167448.html | archivedate= 2016-12-22 | publisher=firstpost.com}}</ref> He was nominated for the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindi.pradesh18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi/sahitya-akademi-award-1523474.html|title=गोविंद चंद्र मांझी और श्याम दरिहरे को साहित्य अकादमी का पुरस्कार– News18 हिंदी|publisher=|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108002238/http://hindi.pradesh18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi/sahitya-akademi-award-1523474.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his retirement from his banking job, Majhi began working as the vice president of Odisha chapter of All India Santali Writers Association.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ଅପରିମିତା ପାରମିତା ଓ ଅର୍ପିତ ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ|newspaper=ସମାଜ ୦୬/୦୧/୨୦୧୭ କଲିକତା ସଂସ୍କରଣ}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Gobinda Chandra was born in 1956 at [[Bahalda|Bahalada]] in the [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]] to father Bhilu Soren and mother Aarsu Soren. He passed his matriculation from Bahalda Govt High School. He then graduated from [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and attained LLB from [[Madhusudan Law College]], Cuttack. He worked with [[Syndicate Bank]] and retired as a Senior Manager. Post retirement he has been busy pursuing his literary activities.<ref name="sambad">{{cite web|url=http://www.sambad.in/news/mayurbhanj/24548.html|title=ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ କବି ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ମାଝୀଙ୍କୁ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଅକାଦେମି ପୁରସ୍କାର|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185924/http://www.sambad.in/news/mayurbhanj/24548.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Literary life ==
Majhi has been active both in Santali literature and films. "Bapla" and "Jolon" are two Santali movies he has been involved with.

=== Major works ===
* Nalha – 2014
* Mid Tidag Sindur
* Hams Hamsali
* Sagen Sakam
* Nawa Sagen Sakam
* Sobonakha
* Jahergarh
* Karam Siram
* Sari Saarajom
* Maantar
* Sondhyani
* Sabata Aadang Sarikhe

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] – 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vannadasan-jerry-pinto-among-24-authors-named-for-sahitya-akademi-award-1326247.html|title=Vannadasan, Jerry Pinto Among 24 Authors Named For Sahitya Akademi Award|date=22 December 2016| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190228024248/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vannadasan-jerry-pinto-among-24-authors-named-for-sahitya-akademi-award-1326247.html|archivedate=2019-02-28 |publisher=news18.com}}</ref>
* Dalit Sahitya Academy Award
* BBR Ambedkar Fellowship<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-santali-sahitya-academi-award-to-govind-chandra-majhi-15248351.html|title=santali sahitya academi award to Govind chandra Majhi.|date = 2016-12-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228023604/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-santali-sahitya-academi-award-to-govind-chandra-majhi-15248351.html| archive-date= 2019-02-28 |url-status=live|publisher=Jagran Josh}}</ref>
* SyndRatna Award by Corporate Office [[Syndicate Bank]] Bengaluru

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Gobinda Chandra}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]

Kharaj Mukherjee

2026-02-07T23:35:25Z

RockyHerz477: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Bengali actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kharaj Mukherjee
| image = File:Kharaj Mukherjee interview photo.png
| alt =
| caption = Kharaj Mukherjee, in an interview, in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|07|07}}
| birth_place = [[Rampurhat]], [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Kharaj Mukhopadhyay
| known_for = Acting and Singing
| occupation = Actor, Singer
| children = 1
}}

'''Kharaj Mukherjee''' or '''Kharaj Mukhopadhyay''' is an Indian actor, comedian and singer. He won the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award]] in 2004 for the film ''[[Patalghar]]''. Over the years, he has established himself as one of the finest actors in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]] due to his versatility in various roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2020 |title=Why Kharaj Mukherjee was chosen as Maganlal Meghraj, explains Srijit - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-kharaj-mukherjee-was-chosen-as-maganlal-meghraj-explains-srijit/articleshow/73657741.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Utkarsh India Limited ropes in noted Bengali Actor Kharaj Mukherjee as their Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.apnnews.com/utkarsh-india-limited-ropes-in-noted-bengali-actor-kharaj-mukherjee-as-their-brand-ambassador/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Porey Paoa Sholo Ana is a rural take on small pleasures of life, says actor Kharaj Mukherjee |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/theater/2018/jun/27/porey-paoa-sholo-ana-is-a-rural-take-on-small-pleasures-of-life-says-actor-kharaj-mukherjee-8441.html |website=indulgexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2019 |title=Kharaj Mukherjee remembers his close association with Chinuda - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kharaj-mukherjee-remembers-his-close-association-with-chinuda/articleshow/68461781.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
He completed his education from [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]]<ref name="Kharaj Mukherjee interview">{{cite web |title=Kharaj Mukherjee interview |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6897610-interview-kharaj-mukherjee-bengali-movie-actor-le-chakka-cha-e-chuti-patalghar-singe |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612153324/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6897610-interview-kharaj-mukherjee-bengali-movie-actor-le-chakka-cha-e-chuti-patalghar-singe |archive-date=12 June 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |publisher=WBRi}}</ref> and completed his graduation in B.A from University of calcutta . Before starting his film career, he worked in the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Susmita |title=রেলের চাকরি ছেড়ে এসেছিলেন টলিউডে, কীভাবে অভিনেতা হয়ে উঠলেন খরাজ মুখার্জী?|url=https://ichorepaka.in/how-kharaj-mukherjee-became-tollywood-actor-even-he-got-government-job-in-indian-rail/|website=ichorepaka.in|date=7 July 2023|access-date=1 September 2025 }}</ref> He made his debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] with the film ''Hulusthul'' in 1980. In the last 32 years, he has worked in many films like ''[[Patalghar]]'', ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'', ''[[Kahani]]'', ''[[Namesake]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharaj Mukherjee - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kharaj-mukherjee/16716 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref> ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'', ''[[Muktodhara]]'', ''[[Special 26]]'', ''[[Lafangey Parindey]]'',<ref name="four films">{{cite news |author=Ruman Ganguly |date=8 August 2013 |title=Kharaj in Bollywood flick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kharaj-in-Bollywood-flick/articleshow/21680113.cms |access-date=5 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> ''[[Yuva]]'',<ref name="four films"/> ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'',<ref name="four films"/> ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag|Laga Chunari Mein Daag]]'',<ref name="four films"/> ''[[Chha-e Chhuti]]'', ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' etc. He is known for his excellence in both Commercial and natural acting. In 2012 film ''[[Kahaani]]'', Mukherjee played the role of Inspector Chatterjee. His son, Bihu Mukherjee debuted in the film ''[[Abar Basanta Bilap]]''.

==Filmography==
{{cleanup section|reason=Films should be listed in chronological order, not in reverse|date=August 2024}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" bgcolor="#F5F5F5"
! Year
! Films
! Role !! Language
!Note
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|[[Projapati 2]]
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''
|DM Avik Sen gupta
|Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Dabaru]]''
|A moneylender
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Boomerang (2024 film)|Boomerang]]''
|Chang Lee
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Shedin Kuasha Chilo''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
|''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]''
|opposition leader
|Bengali
|Mission Raniganj 2023 HINDI
|-
|''Sudama The Half Man''
|For Progga Mittir character actor and singer of the song
|Bengali
|Directed By Indo-Australian Film Director Rajib Ball
|-
|''[[Bogla Mama Jug Jug Jiyo]]''
|Bogla Mama
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Sudama Bahrupi Ka Kahani''
|Progga Mittir character
|Hindi
|Directed By Indo-Australian Film Director Rajib Ball
|-
|''[[Shibpur (film)|Shibpur]]''
|Tapan
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Dilkhush]]''
|Shakti
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Manobjomin]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|Bhubanbabur Smart Phone
|Police Officer Bhujanga Dutta
|Bengali
|Directed by Pranabes Chandra and Santanu Basu
|-
| ''[[Belashuru]]''
| Jyotirmoy
|Bengali
|
|-
|[[Raavan (2022 film)|''Raavan'']]
|
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Lakadbaggha]]''
|Arjun's uncle
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|''[[Kishmish]]''
|Goblu Chatterjee
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[8/12 (film)|8/12]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri]]''
|Gobu Chandra Montri
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]''
| [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
| Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Cholo Potol Tuli]]'' || Binod || Bengali ||
|-
|[[Tiki-Taka (film)|''Tiki-Taka'']]
|
|Bengali
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]''
|Tuku's father
|Bengali
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='Sweater' first-look: Introducing Ishaa Saha as Tuku! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sweater-first-look-introducing-ishaa-saha-as-tuku/articleshow/68034967.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=18 February 2019 |number=1097462383285460992 |title=Ishaa Saha, Sreelekha Mitra, Kharaj Mukherjee, June Maliah and Saurav Das... First look poster of #Bengali film #Sweater... Directed by Shieladitya Moulik... Produced by PSS Entertainments and Pramod Films... Distribution by SSR Cinemas P Ltd... Summer 2019 release. https://t.co/NVdcLYJiBT}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]''
| Aparup Chanda (Apu da)
|Bengali
|
|-
|rowspan="17"|2018||''Oskar''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/oskar/ET00078041 |title=Oskar (2018) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolkata - BookMyShow |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|Fraud Director
|Bengali
|
|-
|{{dagger}}''Hullusthullu''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Sujit Chakrabarty's 'Hullusthullu' promises to be a laughing riot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sujit-chakrabartys-hullusthullu-promises-to-be-a-laughing-riot/articleshow/63971352.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>||{{TBA}} ||Bengali||
|-
|''[[Rosogolla (film)|Rosogolla]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Kharaj Mukherjee heaps praise on Tollywood's next generation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kharaj-mukherjee-heaps-praise-on-tollywoods-next-generation/articleshow/63362430.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Haami]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=U certificate for Haami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/u-certificate-for-haami/articleshow/63610630.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|Councillor Dilip Rakshit
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Flat No 609''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Abar Basanta Bilap]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Paran Bandyopadhyay and Kharaj Mukherjee to romance Moonmoon Sen in 'Abar Basanta Bilap'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paran-bandyopadhyay-and-kharaj-mukherjee-to-romance-moonmoon-sen-in-abar-basanta-bilap/articleshow/62929292.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 February 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>|| || Bengali||
|-
| ''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='Rong Beronger Kori' trailer introduces Soham Chakraborty in a never seen before look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rong-beronger-kori-trailer-introduces-soham-chakraborty-in-a-never-seen-before-look/articleshow/63301768.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> ||Khagen Chandra Banerjee, Government Clerk|| Bengali||
|-
|''[[Goyenda Tatar]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Meet Kharaj Mukherjee as a big-bellied police officer! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/meet-kharaj-mukherjee-as-a-big-bellied-police-officer/articleshow/63533959.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> ||Police Officer||Bengali||
|-
|''[[Hoichoi Unlimited]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Dev to play a 'ghwar jamai' in 'Hoichoi Unlimited'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-to-play-a-ghwar-jamai-in-hoichoi-unlimited/articleshow/63845603.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>||Bijon Chirimar||Bengali||
|-
|''Bhaijaan''{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} {{dagger}}||{{TBA}}||Bengali||
|-
|''[[Naqaab (2018 film)|Naqaab]]'' {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}||Doctor||Bengali||Bangladesh and India Joint Film
|-
|''[[Dhadak]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Kharaj Mukherjee to star in Janhvi Kapoor's debut film 'Dhadak' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kharaj-mukherjee-to-star-in-janhvi-kapoors-debut-film-dhadak/articleshow/63302239.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>||Sachin Bhowmick (Sachin Dada)||[[Hindi]]||
|-
|''The Blackbelt''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=The Blackbelt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/black-belt/movieshow/63409674.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 April 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> ||||Bengali||
|-
| ''[[Chalbaaz]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='Chaalbaaz' new song: Enjoy the tune of love with 'Tor Premer Brishtite' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chaalbaaz-new-song-enjoy-the-tune-of-love-with-tor-premer-brishtite/articleshow/63568424.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 April 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Chaalbaaz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/chaalbaaz/movieshow/63200347.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|
|Bengali
|Bangladesh India Join Film
|-
|''Nabajiban Bima Company''{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} {{Dagger}}||{{TBA}}||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||
|-
|''[[Inspector Notty K]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Inspector Notty K Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |author=Shamayita Chakraborty |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/inspector-notty-k/movie-review/62603802.cms |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|[[Police Inspector]]
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Wrong Route''
| Bonny's uncle<ref>{{cite news |author=Shamayita Chakraborty |title=WRONG ROUTE MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/wrong-route/movie-review/62566333.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|Bengali
|Released On 12 January 2018
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
|''[[Curzoner Kalom]]''<ref>{{cite news |author=Debolina Ghosh Mukhopadhay |title=movie-review-Curzoner-Kalom (কার্জনের কলম মুভি রিভিউ) |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/film-review/movie-review-Curzoner-Kalom/moviereview/61574182.cms |language=bn |newspaper=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
| Manohar
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Dhimaner Dinkaal]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=TOLLYWOOD |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tollywood-188536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430181423/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tollywood-188536 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2018 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 November 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|Khoraj
|Bengali
|TV Series
|-
|''72 Ghanta''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=72 Ghanta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/72-ghanta/movieshow/61982063.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date= |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|Pulin
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Anukul]]''<ref>{{cite news |author=Zinia Sen |title=Parambrata, Saurabh Shukla in Sujoy Ghosh's short, Anukul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-saurabh-shukla-in-sujoy-ghoshs-short-anukul/articleshow/58911650.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>
|Ratan
|Hindi
|TV Short Film
|-
|''[[Nabab]]''
|Abhay Mandal
|Bengali
|Bangladesh and India Join Film
|-
|''[[Comrade (2017 film)|Comrade]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule|Boss 2 : Back To Rule]]''
|The Man
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Amar Aponjon]]''
|
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/meri-pyaari-bindu/critic-review/meri-pyaari-bindu-movie-review/ |title=Meri Pyaari Bindu |date=12 May 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|Over-Excited Relative
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[61 Garpar Lane]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=61 Garpar Lane |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/61-garpar-lane/movieshow/61262816.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Tomake Chai (film)|Tomake Chai]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Ei To Jeebon]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Ei To Jeebon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/ei-to-jeebon/movieshow/61262503.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 June 2017 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
|Chaiwala Ratan
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |2016
|''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh|Kahaani 2 : Durga Rani Singh]]''|| Inspector Pranab Halder
| Hindi
|
|-
|''Bidyesh : The Envy''{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
| || Bengali
|
|-
|''Binodaner Dui Adhyay''
| || Bengali
|
|-
|''Clapstick''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Clapstick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/clapstick/movieshow/61257196.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Haripada Bandwala|Haripada Bandala]]''
| Nandanal / Nandu || Bengali
|
|-
|''Telephone''
| ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| Dishani's Relative
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]''
| Driver "Popu"
|Bengali
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Cholai (film)|Cholai]]''
| Bus Passenger ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Aguner Pakhi''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Aguner Pakhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/aguner-pakhi/movieshow/61262042.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 November 2016 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
| ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Chocolate''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''
|Teenkori
|Bengali
|Indo-Bangladesh joint production
|-
|''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
|Gadadhar / Dhanudhar
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''
|OC Bhajan Ghosh
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]''
|Akaash's Neighbour
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Hero 420]]''
|
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Indo-Bangladesh joint production
|-
|''[[Angaar (2016 film)|Angaar]]''
|Tantrik
|Bengali
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|-
|''Rater Rajanigandha''
|Natabar<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=RAATER RAJANIGANDHA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raater-rajanigandha/movie-review/50438697.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |2015
|''Monchuri''
|Dharmadas Maharaj<ref>{{cite news |author=Upam Buzarbaruah |title=MONCHURI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/monchuri/movie-review/50139726.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Black (2015 Bengali film)|Black]]''
|Anwar
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Abby Sen]]''
|Hiran
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Not A Dirty Film]]''<ref>{{cite news |author=Madhusree Ghosh |title=Next, a film on city's porn industry! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Next-a-film-on-citys-porn-industry/articleshow/46211282.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>
|[[Astrologers|Astrologer]]
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]''
|Kangsho
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
|Apu's Father
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor|Jamer Raja Dilo Bor]]''
|Yamraj 2
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Anubrata Bhalo Acho'' : ''And A Verse Called Life''
|Mr. Lahiri<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=ANUBRATA BHALO ACHO? MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/anubrata-bhalo-acho/movie-review/48412776.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Bela Seshe]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Multi-starrers are the flavour of the season in Bengali film industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/multi-starrers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-in-bengali-film-industry/story-LF6mpjbokPjN6yM3XGqBeN.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> || Jyotirmay ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Agnee 2]]''
|Hotel's Owner
|Bengali
|Indo-Bangladesh joint production
|-
| ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]'' || Nepal Das ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Jamai 420]]'' ||Rajballabh, Joy's father ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]''
|Daya
|Bengali
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|-
|''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai : Play To Live]]''||Moktar Alam||Bengali||
|-
| ''[[Herogiri]]'' || Buddhadeb "Malpu" / Maria's uncle ||Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2014
|''Gangster King''{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
|Sushil
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Force (2014 film)|Force]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Teenkahon]]''
|Radhanath
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]''
|Krishnachandra Singha
|Bengali||
|-
| ''[[Bonku Babu]]''||Sir||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||
|-
| ''[[Ramdhanu]] – The Rainbow'' || Aakash Singhania
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay|Aami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]''
|College Principal
|Bengali
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|-
| ''[[Bachchan (2014 film)|Bachchan]]'' || Retired Colonel (Priya's father) ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]]''
|Police Inspector
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''Janla Diye Bou Palalo''<ref>{{cite news |author=Madhusree Ghosh |title=JANLA DIYE BOU PALALO MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/janla-diye-bou-palalo/movie-review/44888198.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> || ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Action''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=ACTION MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/action/movie-review/41603045.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2014 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|Choukidaar
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)|The Royal Bengal Tiger]]''
|M.C Pakrashi
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' || Bhola Moyra, Kabiyal Singer ||Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2013
|''[[Hanuman.com]]''
|Police Inspector
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]''
|Haridas Pal
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Majnu]]''
|Artist
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Half Serious]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Antaraal''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]'' || Madhurima's Sequrity
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (2013 film)|Khiladi]]'' || Dayasankar Bal/Aditya's Manegar ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Chupi Chupi]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Alik Sukh]]''
|Lawyer
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]'' || Jagannath ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Special Chabbis|Special 26]]'' || [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Roy (Calcutta Raid)
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2012
| ''Sudama The Half Man''{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} || Torjagayen Progga Mittir ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Tor Naam''
|Principal
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]''
|Madan Patra
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Challenge 2]]'' || Swarnakamal ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Muktodhara]]'' || Lakhan Panda ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Awara (film)|Awara]]'' || Madan Mohan / Madan Da / Madna ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Le Halwa Le|Le Halua Le]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''<ref name="Bhooter bhobishyot">{{cite news |title=Bhooter bhobishyot |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120402/jsp/entertainment/story_15322666.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405213727/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120402/jsp/entertainment/story_15322666.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta |date=2 April 2012}}</ref> || Pramod Pradhan ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Kahaani]]'' || Inspector Chatterjee ||Hindi
|
|-
| ''Goraay Gondogol'' ||runs a country liquor shop<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=GORAAY GONDOGOL MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/goraay-gondogol/movie-review/11804843.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Paglu 2]]'' || Voice-over of Lord Shiva ||Bengali
|Voice Role
|-
| rowspan="7" |2011
|''[[Aami Montri Hobo]]''
| Kharaj
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' || Damodar Kaka ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Proloy Asche]]''
|Assistant Teacher
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Shotru|Shatru]]'' || Bhajan Babu ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' || Milan Sadhukhan ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Katakuti''
|Patient at Asylum<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=First day first show: Katakuti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/First-day-first-show-Katakuti/articleshow/11017010.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Egaro]]'' || Shrihari
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010
| ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' || Gopal's father||Bengali
|
|-
| ''Ogo Bodhu Sundari''<ref>{{cite news |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |title=OGO BODHU SUNDORI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/ogo-bodhu-sundori/movie-review/6636927.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> || ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Le Chakka]]'' || Ismail Biriyaniola ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[The Japanese Wife]]'' || Kite shop owner||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]'' || Shibu's uncle ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Notobor Notout]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Notobor Not Out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/notobor-not-out/movie-review/6930480.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> || Balai ||Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
| ''[[Chha-e Chhuti]]''<ref>{{cite news |author=Anindita Acharya |title=Aniket Chattopadhyay steps out of his comfort zone for Room No 103 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aniket-chattopadhyay-steps-out-of-his-comfort-zone-for-room-no-103/story-CW4OoABHYtaThIGjBdhbNP.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> || Kharaj
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Dujone]]'' || Teacher ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'' || College Principal ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''Dhakee'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshyabhed]]'' || Harikaka ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''Abelay Garam Bhaat'' || Badan Pramanick ||Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
| ''[[Partner (2008 film)|Partner]]'' || Gobardhan Ghoshal ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Cheenti Cheenti Bang Bang]]''
|Voice
|Bengali
|Voice Role
|-
| ''[[Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 film)|Bhalobasha Bhalobasha]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Tolly Lights]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
|2007
|''Prem''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| ''[[Shikar (2006 film)|Shikar]]'' || Ramu ||Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' || Chotu ||English
|
|-

| rowspan="2" |2005
| ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' || Singer in Recording Studio (Male) ||Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shunyo E Buke]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Parinam (2005 film)|Parinam]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Swami Chinntai''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|
|Neel Seemana
|Billonath
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
| ''[[Patalghar]]'' || Subuddhi ||Bengali
|
|-
|''Uddhar''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Boumar Banabash''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''[[Tak Jhal Mishti]]'' || ||Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Deva (2002 film)|Deva]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|2001
|''Churiwala''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|1999
|''Ranga Bou''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|1984
| ''Latto''o{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} || ||Bengali
|
|-
|1980
| ''Hulusthul'' {{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}|| ||Bengali
|
|}

===Web series===
* ''Kamini''
* ''[[Rahasya Romancha|Rahasya Romancho]]''
* ''Feluda Pherot''
* ''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]''
* ''[[Byadh]]''
* ''Feludar Goyendagiri: Bhuswargo Bhoyonkawr''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1425584}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kharaj-Mukherjee/movies Kharaj Mukherjee Filmography] on [[The Times of India]]
{{Bengal Film Journalists' Association Best Male Playback Award}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Kharaj}}
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Alluri (musician)

2026-01-31T06:28:17Z

RockyHerz477: new a details basic info!

{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alluri
| birth_name = Shriram Alluri<ref name=metro>{{cite web|last1=Dhillon|first1=Achal|title=Artist of the day 21/06: Alluri|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/06/21/artist-of-the-day-2106-alluri-6722673|website=Metro.co.uk|date=21 June 2017 }}</ref>
| image = Alluri cc sa.jpg
| caption = Alluri performing at The Hard Rock Cafe in Mumbai in 2018
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = Hyderabad, India
| genre = [[Indie rock]], Indian Indie
| years_active = 2014–present
| label = Life Is Thus Records, Killing Moon Records
| website = {{URL|http://allurimusic.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Shriram Alluri''' is an indie rock musician and songwriter from [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].<ref name=Q>{{cite web|title=NEWS: ALLURI GETS THE THUMBS UP FROM Q MAGAZINE|url=http://killing-moon.com/2016/01/17/news-alluri-gets-the-thumbs-up-from-q-magazine/|website=Killing Moon|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225200/http://killing-moon.com/2016/01/17/news-alluri-gets-the-thumbs-up-from-q-magazine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He currently resides in the United Kingdom.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|last1=Samyuktha|first1=KI|title=Hyderabad is where I belong, says Alluri Reddy Shriram|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-is-where-I-belong-says-Alluri-Reddy-Shriram/articleshow/54916760.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

Alluri was raised in India,<ref name=metro /> hearing local classical music, [[Bollywood]] and [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] music, and some Western popular music as a child, although he had no exposure to rock until his teens, at which point he began playing guitar.<ref name=timesofindia /><ref name=axs>{{cite web|last1=Blum|first1=Jordan|title=Alluri pours retro vibes and poeticism into new LP 'Man of Truth'|url=https://www.axs.com/alluri-pours-retro-vibes-and-poeticism-into-new-lp-man-of-truth-104614|website=AXS|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> He relocated to the UK first as a student<ref name=timesofindia /> and then again in 2015 to record the album ''Man of Truth'' at [[Brighton Electric|Brighton Electric Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alluri|url=https://insider.in/nh7-weekender/pune/alluri|website=Insider.in|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075236/https://insider.in/nh7-weekender/pune/alluri|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alluri cites [[The Smiths]], [[Joy Division]], [[David Bowie]], [[The Doves]] and [[Nick Cave]] as influences on his work.<ref name=metro /><ref name=nme>{{cite web|last1=Raphael|first1=Ashley|title=Alluri - Man of Truth Single Review|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/stream-of-the-week-aj-tracey-alex-moran-ep-8804|website=NME|date=24 April 2016 |accessdate=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=axs />

Following the positive critical reception of ''Man of Truth'', Alluri worked with the [[Grammy]] winning producer Tommaso Colliva ([[Muse (band)|Muse]],<ref name=metro /> [[Jesus And Mary Chain]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Damage And Joy |url=https://www.discogs.com/The-Jesus-And-Mary-Chain-Damage-And-Joy/release/10028250|website=Discogs|date=17 March 2017 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tommaso Colliva |url=http://www.record-producers.com/clients/tommaso-colliva/|website=Stephen Budd Music|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>) on the single'' Evari Kosam (For Who's Sake)'', his first recording to feature vocals performed in his native tongue, Telugu.<ref name=metro /><ref name=newindianexpress>{{cite web|title=Indian born musician Alluri to perform Telugu rock album at Cambridge Folk Festival|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jul/25/indian-born-musician-alluri-to-perform-telugu-rock-album-at-cambridge-folk-festival-1633313.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Evari Kosam (For Who's Sake)|url=https://www.recordoftheday.com/record-of-the-day/2017-02-24/evari-kosam-for-whos-sake|website=Record of the Day|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

His 2018 single Don't Lose Touch With was recorded with [[Glen Matlock]] of the [[Sex Pistols]] after Matlock saw and tweeted a video of Alluri's live Telugu language cover version of [[Anarchy in the UK]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} When asked by Indian press as to what got him working with Alluri, Matlock said, "If somebody knows what they’re doing, they have some drive, and they’ve got a certain degree of accomplishment on their instrument, they kind of look alright. I think he’s got all of that. I find him interesting."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gurbaxani |first1=Amit |title=Sex Pistols bassist Glen Matlock: A simple thing done well is my yardstick for making music |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/889857/sex-pistols-bassist-glen-matlock-a-simple-thing-done-well-is-my-yardstick-for-making-music |website=Scroll.in |date=10 August 2018 |accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref> Matlock produced the single, working with Alluri and Tommaso Colliva in Italy.<ref name="Transmissions">{{cite web |title=Alluri debuts new single "Don't Lose Touch" |website=Northern Transmissions }}</ref>

In interviews supporting the release of his 2018 Telugu language album ''O Katha: Tales of This Telugu Man'', Alluri has stated that following the release of his 2015 album he experienced an identity crisis.<ref name=scroll>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=James |title=Interview: Alluri |url=https://www.musicmusingsandsuch.com/musicmusingsandsuch/2018/6/24/interview-alluri |website=Music Musings And Such |date=24 June 2018 |accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref> Feeling he couldn't truly share his English language songs with his friends and family in India, he began to write songs in Telugu to re-inforce that aspect of his identity, with the songs reportedly coming to him in a creative burst.<ref name="tallinn">{{cite web |title=Catch the Indian indie rock sensation Alluri live at Tallinn Music Week 2018 World Music Stage |url=https://tmw.ee/2018/03/catch-the-indian-indie-rock-sensation-alluri-live-at-tallinn-music-week-2018-world-music-stage/ |website=Tallinn Music Week |accessdate=27 August 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027003524/https://tmw.ee/2018/03/catch-the-indian-indie-rock-sensation-alluri-live-at-tallinn-music-week-2018-world-music-stage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On writing Telugu language songs, Alluri has said, "When the British came to India they heard Telugu and called it 'the Italian of the east', because all words end with a vowel, not a consonant. These new songs, melodically, they’re influenced so much by the language".<ref name="national">{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Si |title=Shriram Alluri: the revolutionary of Telugu rock |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/shriramalluri-the-revolutionary-of-telugu-rock-1.720409 |website=The National |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> Alluri recorded the album in Italy working again with Muse producer/mixer Tommaso Colliva along with Italian musician Massimo Martelotta, of the cinematic Italo-funk band [[Calibro 35]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Alluri, The Islington |url=http://www.music-news.com/review/UK/12918 |website=Music News |accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref>

Alluri has made several notable live appearances in 2018 at events such as a stadium concert in Hyderabad, Tallinn Music Week,<ref name="tallinn" /> and a show with [[Glen Matlock]] at the [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in Mumbai.<ref name="scroll" /> He has stated he has renewed his focus on songwriting and is working with producer Adrian Hall ([[Shakira]], [[Depeche Mode]], [[Anna Calvi]]) on new English language songs to eventually form a series of EPs and his third album.<ref name="scroll" />

== Critical reception ==
Alluri's debut album ''Man of Truth'' received favourable UK reviews and coverage in 2016 from notable sources including [[Q magazine]],<ref name=Q /> and the [[NME]], alongside features articles in major papers,<ref name=metro /><ref name=yorkshire>{{cite web|title=Interview: Alluri|url=http://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Interview-Alluri|website=Yorkshire Times|accessdate=30 June 2016}}</ref> and favourable reviews and interviews appearing on various music websites.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barnard|first1=Mike|title=Alluri - Interview|url=http://zapbangmagazine.com/music/interviews/alluri|website=Zap Bang Magazine|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192822/http://zapbangmagazine.com/music/interviews/alluri|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=H Green|first1=Thomas|title=Alluri - Man of Truth Single Review|url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/new-music/theartsdesk-vinyl-volume-23-kate-bush-elton-john-black-sabbath-and-more|website=The Arts Desk|date=14 December 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Mari|title=Video Premiere: Alluri – 'Man of Truth'|url=http://www.gigslutz.co.uk/video-premiere-alluri-man-truth/|website=Gigslutz|date=6 September 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PREMIERE - Alluri "I See People" (Single Review)|url=http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/fm-premiere-alluri-i-see-people/|website=Fame Magazine|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Brian|title=EXCLUSIVE! 'Man of Truth' by Alluri|url=https://www.songwritingmagazine.co.uk/news/exclusive-man-of-truth-by-alluri/32856|website=Songwriting Magazine|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Aldridge|first1=Maddie|title=Alluri: The Man of Truth|url=http://www.smashedvinyl.com/single-post/2016/09/14/Alluri-The-Man-of-Truth|website=Smashed Vinyl|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192803/http://www.smashedvinyl.com/single-post/2016/09/14/Alluri-The-Man-of-Truth|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=axs />

In India, he has been praised in many of the country's largest newspapers for making authentic cross-cultural indie music, with feature articles and interviews having been published in media including [[The Times of India]],<ref name=timesofindia /> [[The Hindu]],<ref>{{cite news|title=When music comes naturally|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/When-music-comes-naturally/article16077780.ece|website=The Hindu|date=21 October 2016 |accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]]<ref name=newindianexpress /> and the [[Deccan Chronicle]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Musical synergy: Shriram Alluri talks about his new album|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/201016/musical-synergy-shriram-alluri-talks-about-his-new-album.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>

== Discography ==
'''Studio Albums'''
*2018 ''O Katha: Tales of This Telugu Man'' (Life Is Thus Records)
*2015 ''Man of Truth'' (Life Is Thus Records)<ref name=metro />

'''Singles'''
*2018 ''Baalyam (The Lost Irredeemable Magical Weirdness of Childhood)'' (Life Is Thus Records)
*2018 ''Don't Lose Touch''{{cn|date=July 2023}}
*2018 ''Naato Vastavaa (A Trip)'' (Killing Moon Records)
*2016 ''Texture Composure'' (Life Is Thus Records){{cn|date=July 2023}}
*2016 ''Evari Kosam'' (Killing Moon Records)<ref name=metro />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:British indie rock musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Chalappuram

2026-01-25T04:42:16Z

RockyHerz477: Put Up A Details More To Come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chalappuram, Kozhikode
|image_skyline = File:Tali Shiva Temple, Kozhikode.jpg
| image_caption = Thali Shiva Temple
| coordinates = {{coord|11.24281|75.78609|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
}}
[[File:Tali Subramanya Temple, Chalappuram, Kozhikode.1.jpg|thumbnail|Subramanya Temple, Chalappuram]]
'''Chalappuram''' is part of [[Kozhikode]] city in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pin Code: CHALAPURAM, KOZHIKODE, KERALA, India, Pincode.net.in|url = http://pincode.net.in/KERALA/KOZHIKODE/C/CHALAPURAM|website = pincode.net.in|accessdate = 2015-12-14}}</ref>

==Location==
Chalappuram is an old residential area of the city. The major thoroughfare Mankavu- Pushpa junction road got a face-lift in recent years and attracting commercial establishments now. Chalapuram is strategically located, with railway station and bus stands at walking distances. Chalappuram Post Office is located at the junction where P.V.Samy Road meets the Mankavu Pushpa road.

The road going west of Pushpa junction is called Francis Road which connects Chalappuram with the [[Kuttichira]] and Kozhikode beaches. Annie Hall Road connects Chalappuram to the railway station.

Samooham Road connects to Tali temple and '''Palayam''' areas. There is a Link Road between Palayam and the railway station which is travelers corner in the city. This road came into existence because of the courageous and painstaking efforts taken by the former District Collector of Kozhikode Shri. '''Amitabh Kanth'''.

==Palayam Junction==
'''Palayam junction''' has a vegetable market and a minor bus station. This junction is directly connected to [[Mananchira]] Pond by the Muthalakkulam route. Ahmediya Mosque and Touring Book Stall are situated in this area. ''Moulana Mohammed Ali Road'' connects Palayam to [[Mavoor Road]].

==See also==
* [[Kallayi]]
* [[Beypore]]
* [[Nallalam]]

==Important landmarks==
* [[Tali Shiva Temple]]
* Mahaganapathi Balasubramanya Temple
* Kokkozhikode Siva Temple, Mooriyad Road
* [[Govt.Ganapath High School for Boys]]
* National Child Development Council
*Pushpa Junction
* Chalappuram sree krishna temple, Mooriyad Road

== Location ==
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Areas of Calicut'''
|Northwest =
|North = Palayam Junction
|Northeast =
|West = Francis Road
|Centre = Pushpa Junction
|East = [[Mankavu]] Road
|Southwest =
|South = [[Kallayi]]
|Southeast =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Kaaviya Thalaivan (soundtrack)

2026-01-19T12:39:25Z

RockyHerz477:

{{short description|2014 soundtrack album by A. R. Rahman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaaviya Thalaivan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Kaaviya Thalaivan Album Art.jpg
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|30}}
| recorded = 2012–2014<ref name=thehindhu/>
| venue = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]<ref name=bwintrvss/>
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 33:58
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[The Hundred-Foot Journey (soundtrack)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[I (2014 soundtrack)|I]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kaaviya Thalaivan
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Vaanga Makka Vaanga
| single1date = 1 September 2014<ref name=single1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vaanga-makka-vaanga-is-here/article6198407.ece |title=Vaanga Makka Vaanga is here|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 September 2014|access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref>
| single2 = Yaarumilla
| single2date = 11 August 2014<ref name=single2>{{cite news|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/yaarumilla-from-kaaviyathalaivan/906613402 |title=Yaarumilla (From 'Kaaviya Thalaivan') - Single|work=[[iTunes]]|date=1 October 2014|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>
| single3 = Aye Mr. Minor!
| single3date = 18 August 2014
}}
}}

'''''Kaaviya Thalaivan''''' is the 2014 [[soundtrack album]] to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[historical fiction]] film [[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|of the same name]], written and directed by [[Vasanthabalan]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Vedhika]] and [[Anaika Soti]] in the lead roles. [[A. R. Rahman]] has composed the original songs and [[film score|score]] for the film. Being a period film, the music of film reflects the sounds during the 1920s pre-Independence Indian era. The album marks poet Vaalee's last lyrical work for this A. R. Rahman musical film. Prior to recording the original songs, Rahman carried out a research for six months for the music. Majority of the tracks were recorded by nine months, beginning from October 2012. Every song in the film has an underlying concept that justifies the screenplay. Prior to the album release, three tracks "Vaanga Makka Vaanga", "Yaarumilla" and "Aye Mr. Minor!" were released as singles on 1 September, 1 October and 17 October. The original version of the album that released on 30 October 2014 was aired through [[Suryan FM]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Music/Rahmans-The-Hundred-Foot-Journey-from-August-12/articleshow/39812206.cms|title=Rahman's The Hundred- Foot Journey from August 12|date=7 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

==Development==
A. R. Rahman revealed that he backed out from the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] [[fantasy film]] ''[[Seventh Son (film)|Seventh Son]]'' to compose for ''Kaaviya Thalaivan'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/AR-Rahman-pulls-out-of-Hollywood-film-The-Seventh-Son/articleshow/21070001.cms |title=AR Rahman pulls out of Hollywood film 'The Seventh Son' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2013 |access-date=15 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525030439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/AR-Rahman-pulls-out-of-Hollywood-film-The-Seventh-Son/articleshow/21070001.cms |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://twitter.com/rahman360/status/439992990140858368/photo/1|title ='I am very proud to work on 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' - Rahman'|publisher = Rahman360 |date =1 March 2014|access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> because it gave him the scope to innovate with folk music like never before.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140303183228/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/kaaviya-gave-me-freedom-to-innovate-with-folk-music-rahman/article1-1190457.aspx "Kaaviya... gave me freedom to innovate with folk music: Rahman"]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.</ref> He had done six months research for the music of the film,<ref name=dc>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140505/entertainment-kollywood/article/ar-rahman-magician-or-our-mozart |title=Is AR Rahman a magician or our Mozart?|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|author=Balachandran, Logesh|date=5 May 2014|access-date = 5 May 2014}}</ref> especially working on nuances of several [[raga]]s and [[Indian folk music|folk music]] prior to recording actual compositions. From October 2012 to July 2013 Rahman finished composing 90% of the songs, prior to commencement of filming. The makers did not finish a schedule and waited for Rahman to give them another song.<ref name=bwintrvss>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/s-sashikanth/an-exclusive-kaaviya-thalaivan-special-interview-with-producer-sashikanth.html#|author=Dilani, Rabindran|title=PRODUCER S SASHIKANTH INTERVIEW|work=Behindwoods|date=8 November 2014|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> Initially, the makers were skeptical about A. R. Rahman's agreement to the project. For an undisclosed song in the album, Rahman composed the lyrical tuning to six different iterations.<ref name=bwintrvss/> Rahman was well aware of singer [[Haricharan]]'s strong foundation in [[classical music]]. Unlike usual recording routes, the composer and singer had an impromptu sort of jamming session.<ref name=harintrvw/> Haricharan was diffident on the over-dramatizing lyrical works but agreed later.<ref name=harintrvw/> As per ''[[The Hindu]]'', he was quoted saying "It is a period movie about street theatre, I trained myself by listening to legendary singers such as [[S. G. Kittappa]] and [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]."<ref name=harintrvw/> Haricharan has sung for ten tracks (inclusive of bit songs) in the album. The complete album was supposed to be written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] but his untimely demise, he wrote the track "Alli Arjuna" for the soundtrack, his last poetic contribution to Tamil music.<ref name=harintrvw/> For this conversational track, Haricharan sang for both the characters 'Krishna' and 'Arjuna' by bringing alterations in his voice.<ref name=harintrvw>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/singer-haricharan-talks-about-making-music-with-ar-rahman/article6345217.ece?ref=sliderNews|author=Srinivasan, Sudhir|title=Jamming with Rahman|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 August 2014|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> As per the producer, S. Sashikanth, "Every song in this movie has a concept behind it. With "Yaarumilla" – that particular idea was based on the romance between Kitappa and KB Sundarambal. There were letters that Sundarambal had sent to Kitappa which are supposed to be on par with [[Juliet|Shakespearan love letters]]! So the song's inspiration comes from that."<ref name=bwintrvss/>

In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' Rahman was quoted saying, "Being a period film and the subject being about a dramatic trouple, I needed to go into the subject in some depth. Apparently, it was done for people to relate with the music of that era with immediate ease."<ref name=dc/> The film has 20 bit songs of varying lengths that partly form the score. At ''[[The Economic Times]]'', Rahman noted, "The limitation was the throw (performing on stage needs high-pitched tunes with dynamism) at which the songs needed to be composed." In October 2013, singer [[Madhushree]] announced that she had performed a duet titled "Thamana" with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/madhushrie/status/390551815302815744|title='Kaaviya Thalaivan' - is the movie and the song name-Thamana.|work=[[Twitter]]|date=16 October 2013|access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> however the track eventually did not feature in the soundtrack album. Seven original songs in each of the plays are featured in the film. All the compositions reflect the sound and musical preferences of the [[1920 in India|1920s era]].<ref name=thehindu1>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tunes-from-a-bygone-era/article5737400.ece|title = Tunes from a bygone era|author=Naig, Udhav|work = [[The Hindu]]|date =1 March 2014|access-date =3 March 2014}}</ref> Director Vasanthabalan selected old verses of ''Madurakavi Bhaskaradas'' so as to tune them for selected songs.<ref name=devlp>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-peek-at-the-past/article5804858.ece|title=A peek at the past|author=Rangarajan, Malathi|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 March 2014|access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> All the songs were recorded by early May 2014.<ref name=thehindhu>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-music-and-a-million-dollar-arm/article5975332.ece|title=Of music and a Million Dollar Arm|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Ramanujam, Srinivasa|date=4 May 2014|access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> Vasanthabalan confirmed in early September 2014 that Rahman was working on the background score of the film in his studio in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Rahman-busy-with-Kaaviya-Thalaivans-BGM/articleshow/41775129.cms "Rahman busy with Kaaviya Thalaivan's BGM"]. ''The Times of India''. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</ref>

==Marketing and release==
The audio rights of the film were sold to [[Sony Music India]] in April 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Whats-in-Kaaviya-Thalaivan-album/movie-review/40315535.cms "What's in 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' album?"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</ref> The first single track "Vaanga Makka Vaanga" was released on 1 September 2014. On 15 September 2014, preview clip of track "Sollividu Sollividu" (previously noted as "Karnamotcham") was released on Rahman's [[SoundCloud]] channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/492450823860146176|title=A small preview of the 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' song|date=15 September 2014|work=Rahman360|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> The second single "Yaarumilla" was released on 1 October 2014. The video preview clip of the making of the track, "Aye Mr. Minor" was released on [[YouTube]] on 8 October 2014, and the full song was released as the third single on 17 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cinemalead.com/video-id-aye-mr-minor-making-video-kaaviya-thalaivan-05-08-14704.htm|title=Aye Mr Minor Making video - 'Kaaviya Thalaivan'|date=8 October 2014|work=Cinemalead|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> It was earlier reported that the album would launch on 24 September 2014, but sources confirmed that the album would release digitally on 31 October 2014.

An event for the digital release of the album was held at A. R. Rahman's studio was aired through [[Suryan FM 93.5]] across [[Tamil Nadu]] on 31 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-majid-majidi-kaaviya-thalaivan-18-08-145883.htm|title=CHILDREN OF HEAVEN DIRECTOR TO GET HIS EYES ON 'KAAVIYA THALAIVAN'?|date=31 October 2014|work=Cinemalead|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/kaaviyathalaivan-press-meet-event-story.html "A.R.Rahman will show 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' to Majid Majidi - Event Story"]. ''Behindwoods''. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.</ref> The highlight of the event was an audio – visual presentation of the experiences of five theater artistes. All five namely PC Kalaimani, Nellai Sriram, Anandan, Prasad Rajendran and Tamilarasan were felicitated by A.R. Rahman.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kaaviya-Thalaivan-Music-Hits-iTunes-No-1-Within-Few-Hours/2014/08/20/article2387749.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821145610/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kaaviya-Thalaivan-Music-Hits-iTunes-No-1-Within-Few-Hours/2014/08/20/article2387749.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2014|title='Kaaviya Thalaivan' Music Hits iTunes No 1 Within Few Hours|author=Gupta, Rinku|date=2 November 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The album received extremely positive reviews upon release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaaviya-thalaivan-songs-review-round-ar-rahman-creates-magic-again-audio-607088|title='Kaaviya Thalaivan' Songs Review Round up: AR Rahman Creates Magic Again [AUDIO]|author=Nicy V. P.|date=31 October 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> K. Siddharth of ''[[Sify]]'' stated that Rahman was "at his creative best!" in the album and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5 stars.<ref>K. Siddharth (31 October 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085515/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaviya-thalaivan-mesmerizing-music-by-ar-rahman-news-tamil-oisqlJdajagdf.html "Kaaviya Thalaivan - Mesmerizing music by AR Rahman"]. ''[[Sify]]''. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</ref> ''Behindwoods'' chose "Vaanga Makka Vaanga", "Aye Mr. Minor!" and "Yaarumilla" as the picks of the album and rated the album 3.75 out of 5 stars, concluding, "Rahman brings back live instrumentation to its full glory !"<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kaaviyathalaivan/kaaviyathalaivan-songs-review.html "KAAVIYATHALAIVAN SONGS REVIEW"]. ''Behindwoods''. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</ref> Vipin of ''Music Aloud'' concluded, "One of the year's most awaited soundtracks, and A R Rahman delivers in style. Big props to the singers (not just Haricharan) for a top class effort! Kaaviya Thalaivan. Go listen!", and gave a rating of 9 out of 10 for the album.<ref name = KTMA/> S. Saraswati of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Music by AR Rahman anchors the film well. Every song takes you back to an era that glorified music and understood its nuances. They form an integral part of the film and give greater depth to the narrative. There are a multitude of songs, but every song is handled differently, ensuring a thoroughly enjoyable experience."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kaaviya-thalaivan-is-worth-a-watch/20141128.htm|title=Review: Kaaviya Thalaivan is worth a watch|last=Saraswati|first=S|work=Rediff.com|date=28 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> R. S. Prakash of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' called Rahman's work "soothing and adds value" though he felt that it was not the best.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Film-Review-Kaaviya-Thalaivan/articleshow/45315234.cms|title=Film Review: Kaaviya Thalaivan|last=R. S.|first=Prakash|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=29 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> Avinash Gopalan of ''[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]'' called the soundtrack and background score as the film's backbone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/reviews/2014/kaaviya-thalaivan-movie-review-lead-actors-shine-165945.html|title=Kaaviya Thalaivan Movie Review: Lead Actors Shine|last=Gopinath|first=Avinash|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=28 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi felt that Rahman's work is one of the places where Kaaviya Thalaivan works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaviya-thalaivan-salute-the-effort-but-not-the-film-ians-tamil-movie-review-news-others-ol3qamfcdjdji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180458/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaviya-thalaivan-salute-the-effort-but-not-the-film-ians-tamil-movie-review-news-others-ol3qamfcdjdji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title='Kaaviya Thalaivan'- Salute the effort, but not the film (IANS Tamil Movie Review)|last=Pudipeddi|first=Haricharan|agency=IANS|website=[[Sify]]|date=29 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref>

However, [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The film opens with a dedication to legends like S. G. Kittappa and K. B. Sundarambal, but a soundtrack filled with those kinds of voices would be booed off the screen today. The singers sound lighter, more contemporary, even while rendering bits like ''Kaayadha Kaanagathe'', which was immortalised on screen by T. R. Mahalingam – again, a voice that would most likely make the audience collapse into giggles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaviya-thalaivan-a-great-premise-that-doesnt-fulfill-its-potential/article6643889.ece|title=Kaaviya Thalaivan: a great premise that doesn't fulfill its potential|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|work=The Hindu|date=28 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
{|
|-
! scope="col" | Chart (2014)
! scope="col" | Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Music Industry|Top Indian Albums]]<ref>[http://itopchart.com/in/en/music-album-charts/ Top Music Albums Charts, via iTunes Store India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623084352/http://itopchart.com/in/en/music-album-charts/ |date=23 June 2017 }}. ''IMI''. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</ref>
| align="center" |1
|}

== Release history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Album
!Region
!Release date
!Format
!Audio label
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" |''Kaaviya Thalaivan'' {{Small|(Singles Release)}}
| rowspan="4" |Worldwide
|1 September 2014
| rowspan="4" |[[Music download|Digital Download]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sony Music India]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Vaanga Makka Vaanga (From "Kaaviyathalaivan") - Single by A. R. Rahman, Haricharan & Dr Narayan|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaanga-makka-vaanga-from-kaaviyathalaivan-single/896194610|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|1 October 2014
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Yaarumilla (From "Kaaviyathalaivan") - Single by A. R. Rahman, Shweta Mohan & Srinivas|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/yaarumilla-from-kaaviyathalaivan-single/906613402|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|17 October 2014
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaaviyathalaivan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kaaviyathalaivan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908588166|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Kaaviya Thalaivan {{Small|(Album Release)}}
|31 October 2014
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaaviyathalaivan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kaaviyathalaivan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908588166|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|India
| rowspan="3" |25 December 2014
| rowspan="3" |[[CD]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Kaaviyathalaivan-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B00NN3M7NO|title=Kaaviyathalaivan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|United States
| rowspan="2" |[[Sony Music Entertainment]]
|-
|United Kingdom
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kaaviyathalaivan-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B00N09GTSA|title=Kaaviyathalaivan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk|website=www.amazon.co.uk|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|Pradhi Nayagan {{Small|(Malayalam Version)}}
| rowspan="2" |Worldwide
|2 November 2014
| rowspan="2" |Digital Download
| rowspan="2" |Sony Music India
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Pradhi Nayagan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/pradhi-nayagan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/933792995|language=en-au|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|Premaalayam
{{Small|(Telugu Version)}}
|25 March 2016
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Premaalayam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/premaalayam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1094209224|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
|}

==Track listing==
The official track listing was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 29 October 2014.<ref name="trcklst12">{{cite news|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BvL88QRCUAE43Ep.jpg|title=Kaaviya Thalaivan tracklist|date=29 October 2014|work=Sony Music South|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="trcklst23">{{cite news|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BvLEY0cCEAIYuug.jpg:large|title=Official Kaaviya Thalaivan tracklist|date=29 October 2014|work=Rahman360|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack album for the original Tamil version was released on 30 October 2014.

===Tamil Version===
{{Track listing
| headline = Kaaviya Thalaivan
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:58
| title1 = Vaanga Makka Vaanga
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], Dr. Narayanan
| length1 = 03:36
| title2 = Aye Mr. Minor!
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra2 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 04:43
| title5 = Yaarumilla
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| extra5 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length5 = 04:32
| title4 = Sandi Kuthirai
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| length4 = 03:56
| title3 = Sollividu Sollividu
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| length3 = 04:24
| title6 = Thiruppugazh{{ref|c|[c]}}
| lyrics6 = [[Arunagirinathar]]
| extra6 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length6 = 02:18
| title7 = Alli Arjuna{{ref|a|[a]}}
| lyrics7 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| extra7 = [[Haricharan]], [[Bela Shende]]
| length7 = 10:29
}}

===Malayalam===
The soundtrack album for the dubbed Malayalam version, ''Pradhi Nayagan'' was released on 2 November 2014.

{{Track listing
| headline = Pradhi Nayagan
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:58
| all_lyrics = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| title1 = Vaa Changaadhi Vaa Vaa
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], Dr. Narayanan
| length1 = 03:36
| title2 = Aye Kochu Kalla
| extra2 = [[Parvathy Jayadevan]], Haricharan
| length2 = 04:43
| title3 = Mandi Kuthira
| extra3 = Haricharan
| length3 = 03:56
| title4 = Cholluga Nee
| extra4 = Vishnu Raj
| length4 = 04:24
| title5 = Aarumilla
| extra5 = [[Bela Shende]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length5 = 04:32
| title6 = Kaamasharakshigal
| extra6 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length6 = 02:18
| title7 = Naadaga Gaanangal{{ref|b|[b]}}
| extra7 = [[Haricharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length7 = 10:29
}}

===Telugu===
The soundtrack album for the dubbed Telugu version ''Premaalayam'' was released on 25 March 2016.

{{Track listing
| headline = Premaalayam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:58
| title1 = Randi Babu Randi
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], Dr. Narayanan
| length1 = 03:37
| title2 = Hey Hey Mister
| lyrics2 = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra2 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Haricharan
| length2 = 04:42
| title3 = Aye Kanya Gurram
| lyrics3 = Vanamali
| extra3 = Haricharan
| length3 = 03:58
| title5 = Chalunaya
| lyrics5 = Vanamali
| extra5 = [[Bela Shende]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length5 = 04:30
| title4 = Arjunuda
| lyrics4 = Vanamali
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length4 = 04:22
| title6 = Devagananvitha
| lyrics6 = Kandikonda
| extra6 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length6 = 02:18
| title7 = Vandhanam
| lyrics7 = Vanamali
| extra7 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Maalavika Sundar
| length7 = 10:26
| all_lyrics =
}}

==Album credits==
;Backing Vocals<ref name="KTMA">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2014/08/17/kaaviya-thalaivan-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/|title=Kaaviya Thalaivan – Music Review|author=Vipin|date=31 October 2014|publisher=Music Aloud|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
Malavika, Pooja A.V., Sharanya, Dr. Narayanan, Nivas

;Personnel
* [[Rhythm]] & [[Percussions]] - T.Raja, Kumar, Vedachalam, Neelakandan, Vikraman
*[[Mridangam]] - Srinivasan
*[[Nadaswaram]] - P. K. Thirumurthy
*[[Harmonium]] - Prasad, Kovai Natraj, Kuldeep
*[[Guitar]] - Pradeep Kumar
*[[Tabla]] - Y. P. Prasad, Sai Sharvan
*[[Flute]] - Shashank, Kamalakar
*[[Melodica]] & Recorder - Kamalakar
*[[Shehnai]] - [[S. Ballesh]]
*[[Clarinet]] - Raju
*[[Trumpet]] - Babu
*[[Dilruba]] - Saroja
*[[Veena]] - Devi
*[[Mandolin]] - Seenu

;Production
*Producer: [[A. R. Rahman]]
*Mastering: S. Sivakumar
*Engineers: {{unbulleted list|Suresh Permal, T. R. Krishna Chetan, Jerry Vincent, Srinidhi Venkatesh, R. Nitish Kumar, Vinay S Hariharan ({{small|at Panchathan Record Inn}}) | S. Sivakumar, Kannan Ganpat, Pradeep, Karthik Sekaran, Anantha Krishnan ({{small|at A.M. Studios}})}}
*Music supervisor: Srinidhi Venkatesh
*Project Manager: Suresh Permal
*Chennai Strings Orchestra & Sunshine Orchestra: V.J. Srinivasamurthy ({{small|at AM Studios}})
*Mixing: [[K. J. Singh]]
*Additional Programming: Jim Satya, T.R. Krishna Chetan, Hentry Kuruvilla, Marc, Satish Chakravarthy, Santhosh Dhayanithi
*Music co-ordinators: Noell James, Vijay Mohan Iyer
*Musicians' fixer: R. Samidurai

==Notes==
*{{note|a|a}} The total duration of "Alli Arjuna" as 10:28 but no individual track duration(s) are mentioned for each seven bit songs. The seven bit songs are - "Vandhanam Vandhanam", "Yaadhavanam", "Alli Varugiraal", "Priya Sakhiyae", "Kanna Kanna", "Naan Annathooviyil", "Gettimaelam" and "Nenju Porukkudhillaiyae".<ref name=trcklst12/><ref name=trcklst23/>
*{{note|b|b}}In the Malayalam version of the soundtrack, the track "Naadaga Gaanangal" is the Malayalam counterpart of "Alli Arjuna" with the same length but the names of individual bit-songs under it were not released officially.
*{{note|c|c}} The song features lyrics from the compilation "Thiruppugazh" written by [[Arunagirinathar|Saint Arunagirinathar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

NSPCL Bhilai Power Plant

2026-01-18T22:49:48Z

RockyHerz477: done

{{Short description|Coal-fired captive power station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The '''NSPCL Bhilai Power Plant''' is a coal-fired captive power station at [[Bhilai]] in [[Durg district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India. The power station owned and operated by [[NSPCL]] is a 50:50 joint venture company of [[NTPC Limited]] and [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] to generate power for captive purposes of various steel plants owned by SAIL.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nspcl.co.in/theCompany.php |title=NSPCL :: The Company |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=31 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731210032/http://nspcl.co.in/theCompany.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Capacity==
The project comprises two power plants named '''Bhilai Captive Power Plant''' a 74 MW (2x30 MW and 1x14 MW) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nspcl.co.in/plantProjectsBhailai.php |title=NSPCL :: Organization Chart |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=31 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731203433/http://www.nspcl.co.in/plantProjectsBhailai.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a new '''Bhilai Expansion Power Project''' a 500 MW (2x250 MW) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nspcl.co.in/plantProjectsBhailaiCaptive.php |title=NSPCL :: Organization Chart |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226185050/http://www.nspcl.co.in/plantProjectsBhailaiCaptive.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The power left available after captive purposes is provided to other users in the Western region.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Status
|-
| 1 || 14 || Running
|-
| 2 || 30 || Running
|-
| 3 || 30 || Running
|-
| 4 || 250 || Running since 2008-2009
|-
| 5 || 250 || Running since 2008-2009
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power stations of Chhattisgarh}}

{{Coord|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhilai]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

List of tallest buildings in Thane

2026-01-18T06:49:54Z

RockyHerz477: starting

{{Short description|none}}

[[Thane]], part of the broader [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], has experienced rapid growth in the number of [[skyscrapers]] and [[high-rise buildings]] and is the fastest growing city in terms of vertical growth outside of Mumbai in the wider metropolitan area<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Thane is emerging as a top real estate destination |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/real-estate/story/thane-real-estate-growth-infrastructure-affordable-2bhk-flats-485073-2025-07-17 |website=Business Today |date=17 July 2025 |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>
. Thane primarily serves as a residential suburb on the edge of Mumbai due to robust infrastructure growth,<ref>{{cite news |title=Thane Metro trail run expected by September, actual services by December: Maharashtra Deputy CM |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/thane-metro-trail-run-next-month-launching-actual-services-by-what-maharashtra-dy-minister-eknath-shinde-confirmed-article-152438851 |work=ET Now |date=10 August 2025 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> relative affordability<ref>{{cite news |title=Thane real estate market is almost 80 % more affordable than Mumbai's suburbs: report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/thane-real-estate-market-is-almost-80-more-affordable-than-mumbais-suburbs-report-101754287902761.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2025 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> and proximity to Mumbai. As of November 2025, Thane has 32 [[Topping out|topped out]] and completed [[skyscrapers]] taller than {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}}. (A [[skyscraper]] is defined as a continuously habitable [[high-rise building]] that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}} according to international standards.)

The Address By GS Raymond Reality twin tower complex are currently the tallest towers in Thane at a height of 193m each.

{{GeoGroup}}

== Skyline images ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Thane city, from Yeoor Hills (48557019466).jpg|Skyline of Thane as seen from Yeoor Hills
Hiranandaniestate.jpg| Hiranandani Township in Thane
Lesser Flamingos Phoeniconaias minor congregation Thane Creek by Raju Kasambe 09.jpg| Thane city at a distance
</gallery>

== Tallest buildings ==
This list ranks the tallest completed and [[Topping out|topped out]] buildings in the [[Thane]] that stand at least {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} as of November 2025. This includes [[spire]]s and architectural details but does not include [[Radio masts and towers|antenna masts]].

'''Key:'''
<div style="margin-left:1em;">
 Was the tallest building in Thane upon completion. 
 Topped out but not yet completed.
</div>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! Rank
! Name
! Location
! Image
! Height
! Floors
! Year
! Purpose
! Notes
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 1
| The Address by GS Raymond Realty T1
| [[Pokhran]] {{coord|19.213942|72.968706|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Address By GS 1}}
| -
| {{convert|193|m|ft|0}}
| 60
| 2025-2026
| Residential
| Topped out and structurally completed, handover expected in 2025 or early 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/38947 |title=Project Details |website=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Hk99gYS7/Screenshot-2025-08-04-184255.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 18:42:55|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 2
| The Address by GS Raymond Realty T2
| [[Pokhran]] {{coord|19.213478|72.968515|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Address By GS 2}}
| -
| {{convert|193|m|ft|0}}
| 60
|2025-2026
| Residential
| Topped out and structurally completed, handover expected in 2025 or early 2026. T2 was also built with the same specifications as T1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/38947 |title=Project Details |website=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Hk99gYS7/Screenshot-2025-08-04-184255.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 18:42:55|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 3
| Hiranandani Falcon
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.258220|72.983778|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Falcon}}
| -
| {{convert|160|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2028
| Residential
| Tower has been Structurally Topped Out<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-estate/falcon|title=Hiranandani Falcon – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/DyJLC4Hc/Screenshot-2025-11-24-103746.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:37:46|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 4

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano A
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207681|72.988526|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio A}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 5

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano B
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208035|72.988445|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio B}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 6

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano C
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208288|72.988296|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio C}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 7

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano D
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208679|72.988266|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio D}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 8

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano E
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.209122|72.988324|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio E}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 9

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano F
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.209488|72.988038|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio F}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 10

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano G
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.209588|72.987752|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio G}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 11

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano H
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.209574|72.987424|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio H}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 12

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano I
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.209016|72.987468|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio I}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 13

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano J
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208507|72.987606|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio J}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 14

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano K
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208070|72.987795|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio K}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/2jtHcSJk/Screenshot-2025-08-04-191059.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:10:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 15

| Rustomjee Urbania Azziano L
| [[Majiwada]], [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207620|72.988002|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Urbania Azzanio L}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
| 47
| 2022
| Residential
| Height Confirmed in RERA. All towers share the same specifications as the cited RERA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rustomjee Azziano |url=https://www.rustomjee-azziano.com/ |website=Rustomjee Azziano |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/19762 "Building Plan Approval (Document 3) – MahaRERA Project 19762" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025]</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 16
| Dynamix Parkwoods D6
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.260144|72.968273|region:IN|display=inline|name=Dynamix Parkwoods D6}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2026
| Residential
| Topped out and structurally completed, expected to be ready for possession in 2026.<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=33576|title=Parkwoods D6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/parkwoods-d6/33576|title=Parkwoods D6 – CTBUH Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 17

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing A
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.215054|72.966243|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat A}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 18

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing B
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.214960|72.966681|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat B}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 19

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing C
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.214845|72.967057|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat C}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 20

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing D
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.214656|72.967445|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat D}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 21

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing E
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.214547|72.967791|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat E}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 22

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing F
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.213708|72.965927|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat F}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 23

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing G
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.213690|72.966371|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat G}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 24

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing H
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.213674|72.966739|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat H}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 25

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing I
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.213605|72.967123|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat I}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 26

| Raymond Ten X Habitat Wing J
| [[Vartak Nagar, Thane|Pokhran Road]] {{coord|19.213502|72.967557|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Habitat J}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 42
| 2023
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ten X Habitat |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-habitat/ |website=Raymond Realty |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://i.postimg.cc/prFhrRWR/Raymond-height.webp "Raymond Height" (WEBP image). Retrieved 31 July 2025.]</ref>
|-
! 27
| Raymond Ten X Era T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211244|72.969583|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Era T1}}
| -
| {{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2025
| Residential
| All 3 towers built at 153m<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten X Era by Raymond Realty |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-era/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Raymond Realty |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/43451 "Building Plan Approval (Document 25) – MahaRERA Project 43451" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/CLN9vgjm/Screenshot-2025-08-04-194159.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:41:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/PJZ4zKXg/Screenshot-2025-08-05-103019.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-05 10:30:19|access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>
|-
! 28
| Raymond Ten X Era T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210785|72.969580|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Era T2}}
| -
| {{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2025
| Residential
| All 3 towers built at 153m<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten X Era by Raymond Realty |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-era/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Raymond Realty |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/43451 "Building Plan Approval (Document 25) – MahaRERA Project 43451" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/CLN9vgjm/Screenshot-2025-08-04-194159.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:41:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/PJZ4zKXg/Screenshot-2025-08-05-103019.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-05 10:30:19|access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>
|-
! 29
| Raymond Ten X Era T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210620|72.970164|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Raymond Ten X Era T3}}
| -
| {{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2025
| Residential
| All 3 towers built at 153m<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten X Era by Raymond Realty |url=https://raymondrealty.in/projects/ten-x-era/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Raymond Realty |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/43451 "Building Plan Approval (Document 25) – MahaRERA Project 43451" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/CLN9vgjm/Screenshot-2025-08-04-194159.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 19:41:59|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/PJZ4zKXg/Screenshot-2025-08-05-103019.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-05 10:30:19|access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 30
| Mahavir Spring Daffodils
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.221832|72.961200|region:IN|display=inline|name=Mahavir Spring Daffodils}}
| -
| {{convert|153|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 45
| 2026
| Residential
| Structurally topped out. completion expected in 2026. Height of the building is 146m but overhead structure of 7m not counted in total height. Confirmed from RERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mahavirspringthane.com/|title=Mahavir Spring – Official Website|website=mahavirspringthane.com|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/3RLMTNwb/Screenshot-2025-11-15-190622.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-15 19:06:22|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 31
| Rosa Manhattan
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.258239|72.977802|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Rosa Manhattan}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2025-2026
| Residential
| Topped out and structurally completed, handover expected in 2025. (height on documents is 146.9m but only counted till the last habitable floor. Lift Room Structure on top is not accounted for making it 150m+. Document number 6<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/14718 |title=Project Details |website=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref><ref name="BuildingSection2025">{{cite web |title=Cross-section elevation showing refuge and residential floors |url=https://i.postimg.cc/s2f0ZqG8/Screenshot-2025-08-08-092809.png |website=Postimg.cc |date=8 August 2025 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 32
| Kalpataru Immensa H
| [[Kolshet]] {{coord|19.230337|72.989465|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Immensa H}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2021
| Residential
| Height confirmed at 150.02m in RERA<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalpataru Immensa Construction Update Image |url=https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrhWLHzz4Zo7wEACahXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=kalpataru+immensa+youtube+construction+update+2025&fr2=piv-web&type=E210US1274G91904&fr=mcafee#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FwbZf5mXh9OM%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&action=click |website=Yahoo Image Search |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/5433 "Building Plan Approval (Document 1) – MahaRERA Project 5433" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/FRHYLmg8/Screenshot-2025-08-04-200120.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 20:01:20|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! 33
| Kalpataru Immensa G
| [[Kolshet]] {{coord|19.230338|72.990104|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Immensa G}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2021
| Residential
| Height confirmed at 150.02m in RERA<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalpataru Immensa Construction Update Image |url=https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrhWLHzz4Zo7wEACahXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=kalpataru+immensa+youtube+construction+update+2025&fr2=piv-web&type=E210US1274G91904&fr=mcafee#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FwbZf5mXh9OM%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&action=click |website=Yahoo Image Search |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://maharerait.maharashtra.gov.in/public/project/view/5433 "Building Plan Approval (Document 1) – MahaRERA Project 5433" (PDF). MahaRERA. Retrieved 30 July 2025.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/FRHYLmg8/Screenshot-2025-08-04-200120.png|title=Screenshot 2025-08-04 20:01:20|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 34
| Godrej Exquisite T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.252174|72.973456|region:IN|display=inline|name=Godrej Exquisite T1}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 40
| 2026
| Residential
| Tower is 141m tall but overhead structure of 9 to 10m not counted. Hence 150m. Tower has been Topped Out<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.godrejproperties.com/mumbai/residential/godrej-exquisite|title=Godrej Exquisite – Official Website|website=godrejproperties.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/C1s4S0Dp/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101157.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:11:57|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/L6XVKr8x/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101215.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:12:15|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 35
| Godrej Exquisite T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.252182|72.973470|region:IN|display=inline|name=Godrej Exquisite T2}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 40
| 2026
| Residential
| Tower is 141m tall but overhead structure of 9 to 10m not counted. Hence 150m. Tower has been Topped Out<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.godrejproperties.com/mumbai/residential/godrej-exquisite|title=Godrej Exquisite – Official Website|website=godrejproperties.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/C1s4S0Dp/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101157.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:11:57|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/L6XVKr8x/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101215.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:12:15|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ff9;"
! 36
| Godrej Exquisite T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.252160|72.973442|region:IN|display=inline|name=Godrej Exquisite T3}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 40
| 2026
| Residential
| Tower is 141m tall but overhead structure of 9 to 10m not counted. Hence 150m. Tower has been Topped Out<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.godrejproperties.com/mumbai/residential/godrej-exquisite|title=Godrej Exquisite – Official Website|website=godrejproperties.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/C1s4S0Dp/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101157.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:11:57|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/L6XVKr8x/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101215.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:12:15|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

|}

== Tallest under construction or proposed==

=== Under construction ===
This list ranks the tallest under-construction and launched buildings in [[Thane]] that stand at least {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} as of November 2025. This includes [[spire]]s and architectural details but does not include [[Radio masts and towers|antenna masts]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!Sr. no.
!Name
!Locale
!Image
!Height
!Floors
!Completion year
!Building type
!Notes

|-
! 1
| STG Star Living
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.188407|72.965054|region:IN|display=inline|name=STG Star Living}}
| -
| {{convert|235|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 72
| 2027 - 2029
| Residential
| Tower is actively U/C and not on hold. However project will miss original deadline of 2027<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/stg-star-living/43038|title=STG Star Living – CTBUH Database|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propmart.co/properties/starliving-by-stg-realty-thane-west/|title=STG Star Living – Propmart Listing|website=propmart.co|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| Oberoi Forestville T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.237510|72.988539|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Forestville T1}}
| -
| {{convert|208.40|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 66
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/residential/forestville-by-oberoi-realty|title=Oberoi Forestville – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T2CndzBK/Screenshot-2025-11-19-140637.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:06:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 3
| Oberoi Forestville T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.237530|72.988539|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Forestville T2}}
| -
| {{convert|208.40|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 66
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/residential/forestville-by-oberoi-realty|title=Oberoi Forestville – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T2CndzBK/Screenshot-2025-11-19-140637.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:06:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 4
| Oberoi Forestville T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.237490|72.988539|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Forestville T3}}
| -
| {{convert|208.40|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 66
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/residential/forestville-by-oberoi-realty|title=Oberoi Forestville – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T2CndzBK/Screenshot-2025-11-19-140637.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:06:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 5
| Oberoi Forestville T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.237510|72.988559|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Forestville T4}}
| -
| {{convert|208.40|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 66
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/residential/forestville-by-oberoi-realty|title=Oberoi Forestville – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T2CndzBK/Screenshot-2025-11-19-140637.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:06:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 6
| Oberoi Forestville T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.237510|72.988519|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Forestville T5}}
| -
| {{convert|208.40|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 66
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/residential/forestville-by-oberoi-realty|title=Oberoi Forestville – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T2CndzBK/Screenshot-2025-11-19-140637.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:06:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 7
| Oberoi Garden City T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.218676|72.966231|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Garden City T1}}
| -
| {{convert|208|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 67
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/oberoi-garden-city/thane|title=Oberoi Garden City – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yN4Lhq1V/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141443.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:14:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/m27VSLD7/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:18:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 8
| Oberoi Garden City T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.218696|72.966231|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Garden City T2}}
| -
| {{convert|208|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 67
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/oberoi-garden-city/thane|title=Oberoi Garden City – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yN4Lhq1V/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141443.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:14:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/m27VSLD7/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:18:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| Oberoi Garden City T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.218656|72.966231|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Garden City T3}}
| -
| {{convert|208|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 67
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/oberoi-garden-city/thane|title=Oberoi Garden City – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yN4Lhq1V/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141443.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:14:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/m27VSLD7/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:18:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 10
| Oberoi Garden City T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.218676|72.966251|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Garden City T4}}
| -
| {{convert|208|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 67
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/oberoi-garden-city/thane|title=Oberoi Garden City – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yN4Lhq1V/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141443.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:14:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/m27VSLD7/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:18:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 11
| Oberoi Garden City T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.218676|72.966211|region:IN|display=inline|name=Oberoi Garden City T5}}
| -
| {{convert|208|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 67
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oberoirealty.com/oberoi-garden-city/thane|title=Oberoi Garden City – Official Website|website=oberoirealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yN4Lhq1V/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141443.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:14:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/m27VSLD7/Screenshot-2025-11-19-141843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:18:43|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 12
| L&T Evara Heights T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.212003|72.969474|region:IN|display=inline|name=L&T Evara Heights T1}}
| -
| {{convert|201|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2030
| Residential
| Terrace not taken fully into account hence it is 201m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lntrealtythane.com/|title=L&T Evara Heights – Official Website|website=lntrealtythane.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/90mTthNg/Screenshot-2025-11-19-143044.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:30:44|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 13
| L&T Evara Heights T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.212023|72.969474|region:IN|display=inline|name=L&T Evara Heights T2}}
| -
| {{convert|201|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2030
| Residential
| Terrace not taken fully into account hence it is 201m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lntrealtythane.com/|title=L&T Evara Heights – Official Website|website=lntrealtythane.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/90mTthNg/Screenshot-2025-11-19-143044.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:30:44|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 14
| L&T Evara Heights T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211983|72.969474|region:IN|display=inline|name=L&T Evara Heights T3}}
| -
| {{convert|201|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2030
| Residential
| Terrace not taken fully into account hence it is 201m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lntrealtythane.com/|title=L&T Evara Heights – Official Website|website=lntrealtythane.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/90mTthNg/Screenshot-2025-11-19-143044.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:30:44|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 15
| L&T Evara Heights T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.212003|72.969494|region:IN|display=inline|name=L&T Evara Heights T4}}
| -
| {{convert|201|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2030
| Residential
| Terrace not taken fully into account hence it is 201m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lntrealtythane.com/|title=L&T Evara Heights – Official Website|website=lntrealtythane.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/90mTthNg/Screenshot-2025-11-19-143044.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:30:44|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 16
| L&T Evara Heights T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.212003|72.969454|region:IN|display=inline|name=L&T Evara Heights T5}}
| -
| {{convert|201|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2030
| Residential
| Terrace not taken fully into account hence it is 201m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lntrealtythane.com/|title=L&T Evara Heights – Official Website|website=lntrealtythane.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/90mTthNg/Screenshot-2025-11-19-143044.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 14:30:44|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 17
| Hiranandani Westgate Somerset
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.260946|72.975221|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Westgate Somerset}}
| -
| {{convert|197|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 59
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/FsJ04NJL/Screenshot-2025-11-19-162609.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 16:26:09|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 18
| Aanya Crystal Antaara T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.234176|72.974348|region:IN|display=inline|name=Aanya Crystal Antaara T1}}
| -
| {{convert|196|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://crystalantras.com/|title=Aanya Crystal Antaara – Official Website|website=crystalantras.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/4NJqn2sQ/Screenshot-2025-11-19-170133.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:01:33|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/pXq7jQdX/Screenshot-2025-11-19-170123.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:01:23|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 19
| Aanya Crystal Antaara T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.234196|72.974348|region:IN|display=inline|name=Aanya Crystal Antaara T2}}
| -
| {{convert|196|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://crystalantras.com/|title=Aanya Crystal Antaara – Official Website|website=crystalantras.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/4NJqn2sQ/Screenshot-2025-11-19-170133.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:01:33|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/pXq7jQdX/Screenshot-2025-11-19-170123.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:01:23|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 20
| Wembley 24
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.216271|72.981850|region:IN|display=inline|name=Wembley 24}}
| -
| {{convert|195|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 60
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://keystonerealestateadvisory.com/buy/new/bharat-wembley-24-project-thane-west-mumbai/764|title=Wembley 24 – Keystone Real Estate Advisory|website=keystonerealestateadvisory.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/d3TfcgYR/Screenshot-2025-11-19-172928.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:29:28|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 21
| Yuvan Stellar
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.198221|72.965065|region:IN|display=inline|name=Yuvan Stellar}}
| -
| {{convert|195|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 59
| 2027
| Residential
| Approvals filed for 51 floors but developer is building 8 more floors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stellaryuvan.com/#google|title=Yuvan Stellar – Official Website|website=stellaryuvan.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://i.postimg.cc/0yz02rJ2/Screenshot-2025-11-25-213946.png |title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:39:46 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 22
| Runwal Lands End T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.239426|72.993222|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal Lands End T1}}
| -
| {{convert|191|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2031
| Residential
| Overhead structures height not counted hence 191m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwalrealty.com/our-project/residential-ongoing/runwal-lands-end/|title=Runwal Lands End – Official Website|website=runwalrealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/SQLd89hr/Screenshot-2025-11-19-205939.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 20:59:39|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/5Nx3mt4Z/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210007.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:00:07|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 23
| Runwal Lands End T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.239446|72.993222|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal Lands End T2}}
| -
| {{convert|191|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2031
| Residential
| Overhead structures height not counted hence 191m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwalrealty.com/our-project/residential-ongoing/runwal-lands-end/|title=Runwal Lands End – Official Website|website=runwalrealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/SQLd89hr/Screenshot-2025-11-19-205939.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 20:59:39|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/5Nx3mt4Z/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210007.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:00:07|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 24
| Runwal Lands End T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.239406|72.993222|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal Lands End T3}}
| -
| {{convert|191|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2031
| Residential
| Overhead structures height not counted hence 191m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwalrealty.com/our-project/residential-ongoing/runwal-lands-end/|title=Runwal Lands End – Official Website|website=runwalrealty.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/SQLd89hr/Screenshot-2025-11-19-205939.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 20:59:39|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/5Nx3mt4Z/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210007.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:00:07|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 25
| Ashar Pulse T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.214557|72.978286|region:IN|display=inline|name=Ashar Pulse T1}}
| -
| {{convert|190.5|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2028
| Residential
| Partial approvals filed till 42 floors but tower is 55 floors. Height calculated by adding 13 more floors with floor to ceiling height of 3.05m as seen from RERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashar.in/projects/ashar-pulse/|title=Ashar Pulse – Official Website|website=ashar.in|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/ZnZwXnwC/Screenshot-2025-11-19-173657.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:36:57|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 26
| Ashar Pulse T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.214577|72.978286|region:IN|display=inline|name=Ashar Pulse T2}}
| -
| {{convert|190.5|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2028
| Residential
| Partial approvals filed till 42 floors but tower is 55 floors. Height calculated by adding 13 more floors with floor to ceiling height of 3.05m as seen from RERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashar.in/projects/ashar-pulse/|title=Ashar Pulse – Official Website|website=ashar.in|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/ZnZwXnwC/Screenshot-2025-11-19-173657.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:36:57|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 27
| Thane Municipal Corporation Building
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211504|72.968786|region:IN|display=inline|name=Thane Municipal Corporation Building}}
| -
| {{convert|190|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 32
| 2027
| Commercial
| Architect states tower is 190m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/mumbai-thane-municipal-corporation-new-administrative-building-will-be-completed-by-2027/articleshow/124914509.cms|title=TMC New Administrative Building to Complete by 2027|website=Times of India|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/436LPp1K/Screenshot-2025-11-19-175039.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:50:39|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/MZPs961D/Screenshot-2025-11-19-174720.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 17:47:20|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Z5RYh6Hz/Screenshot-2025-11-19-200008.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 20:00:08|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 28
| Rustomjee La Vie T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211807|72.991164|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Vie T1}}
| -
| {{convert|184|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/residential-property/rustomjee-uptown-urbania-la-vie-thane/|title=Rustomjee La Vie – Official Website|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://housing.com/news/rustomjee-group-launches-two-towers-at-la-vie-rustomjee-urbania-thane/|title=Rustomjee Launches Two Towers at La Vie Urbania|website=housing.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/mhfW0Fmy/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210937.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:09:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 29
| Rustomjee La Vie T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211827|72.991164|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Vie T2}}
| -
| {{convert|184|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/residential-property/rustomjee-uptown-urbania-la-vie-thane/|title=Rustomjee La Vie – Official Website|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://housing.com/news/rustomjee-group-launches-two-towers-at-la-vie-rustomjee-urbania-thane/|title=Rustomjee Launches Two Towers at La Vie Urbania|website=housing.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/mhfW0Fmy/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210937.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:09:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 30
| Rustomjee La Vie T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211787|72.991164|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Vie T3}}
| -
| {{convert|184|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 57
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/residential-property/rustomjee-uptown-urbania-la-vie-thane/|title=Rustomjee La Vie – Official Website|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://housing.com/news/rustomjee-group-launches-two-towers-at-la-vie-rustomjee-urbania-thane/|title=Rustomjee Launches Two Towers at La Vie Urbania|website=housing.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/mhfW0Fmy/Screenshot-2025-11-19-210937.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:09:37|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 31
| Rustomjee Verdant Vistas T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210882|72.993278|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Verdant Vistas T1}}
| -
| {{convert|183|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 46
| 2030
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/residential-property/rustomjee-verdant-vistas/|title=Rustomjee Verdant Vistas – Official Website|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/PfzGxNFT/Screenshot-2025-11-19-211548.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:15:48|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 32
| Rustomjee Verdant Vistas T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210902|72.993278|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee Verdant Vistas T2}}
| -
| {{convert|183|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 46
| 2030
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/residential-property/rustomjee-verdant-vistas/|title=Rustomjee Verdant Vistas – Official Website|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/PfzGxNFT/Screenshot-2025-11-19-211548.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:15:48|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 33
| Hiranandani Belicia
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.199429|72.965930|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Belicia}}
| -
| {{convert|178|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2028
| Residential
| Partial approvals filed till 35 floors but tower is 48 floors. Height calculated by adding floor to ceiling height for missing 13 floors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/data-content/project/ebrochure/ebrochure-belicia.pdf|title=Hiranandani Belicia – Official Brochure (PDF)|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/vBrNwRnh/Screenshot-2025-11-20-175119.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 17:51:19|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|-
! 34
| Purva Panorama T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.246095|72.977082|region:IN|display=inline|name=Purva Panorama T4}}
| -
| {{convert|176.15|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 54
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepurvapanorama.com/|title=The Purva Panorama – Official Website|website=thepurvapanorama.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yd3FsGJS/Screenshot-2025-11-25-214831.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:48:31|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 35
| Purva Panorama T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.246072|72.977060|region:IN|display=inline|name=Purva Panorama T5}}
| -
| {{convert|176.15|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 54
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepurvapanorama.com/|title=The Purva Panorama – Official Website|website=thepurvapanorama.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yd3FsGJS/Screenshot-2025-11-25-214831.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:48:31|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 36
| Hiranandani Westgate Belvedere A
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.260908|72.975310|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Westgate Belvedere A}}
| -
| {{convert|175|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 51
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/MpJjYPmz/Screenshot-2025-11-19-212400.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:24:00|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 37
| Hiranandani Westgate Belvedere B
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.260898|72.975420|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Westgate Belvedere B}}
| -
| {{convert|175|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 51
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/MpJjYPmz/Screenshot-2025-11-19-212400.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-19 21:24:00|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 38
| Purva Panorama T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.246087|72.977071|region:IN|display=inline|name=Purva Panorama T1}}
| -
| {{convert|174.90|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 53
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepurvapanorama.com/|title=The Purva Panorama – Official Website|website=thepurvapanorama.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yd3FsGJS/Screenshot-2025-11-25-214831.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:48:31|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 39
| Runwal 25 Hours Life T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.234013|72.978443|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal 25 Hours Life T1}}
| -
| {{convert|173|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwal25hourlife.com/|title=Runwal 25 Hours Life – Official Website|website=runwal25hourlife.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/65YvVSXq/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110852.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:08:52|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/hjLJXZry/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110903.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:09:03|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 40
| Runwal 25 Hours Life T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.234033|72.978443|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal 25 Hours Life T2}}
| -
| {{convert|173|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwal25hourlife.com/|title=Runwal 25 Hours Life – Official Website|website=runwal25hourlife.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/65YvVSXq/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110852.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:08:52|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/hjLJXZry/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110903.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:09:03|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 41
| Runwal 25 Hours Life T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.233993|72.978443|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal 25 Hours Life T3}}
| -
| {{convert|173|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwal25hourlife.com/|title=Runwal 25 Hours Life – Official Website|website=runwal25hourlife.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/65YvVSXq/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110852.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:08:52|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/hjLJXZry/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110903.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:09:03|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 42
| Runwal 25 Hours Life T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.234013|72.978463|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal 25 Hours Life T4}}
| -
| {{convert|173|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwal25hourlife.com/|title=Runwal 25 Hours Life – Official Website|website=runwal25hourlife.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/65YvVSXq/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110852.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:08:52|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/hjLJXZry/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110903.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:09:03|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 43
| Runwal 25 Hours Life T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.233537|72.979216|display=inline,title|name=Runwal 25 Hours Life T5}}
| -
| {{convert|173|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 55
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwal25hourlife.com/|title=Runwal 25 Hours Life – Official Website|website=runwal25hourlife.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/65YvVSXq/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110852.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:08:52|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/hjLJXZry/Screenshot-2025-11-20-110903.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 11:09:03|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 44
| Purva Panorama T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.246093|72.977078|region:IN|display=inline|name=Purva Panorama T2}}
| -
| {{convert|172.95|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 52
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepurvapanorama.com/|title=The Purva Panorama – Official Website|website=thepurvapanorama.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yd3FsGJS/Screenshot-2025-11-25-214831.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:48:31|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 45
| Iris at Kashish Park
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.184874|72.957920|region:IN|display=inline|name=Iris at Kashish Park}}
| -
| {{convert|172|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 52
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashishparkthane.com/|title=Iris at Kashish Park – Official Website|website=kashishparkthane.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://i.postimg.cc/9fKcywrZ/Screenshot-2025-11-25-190603.png |title=Screenshot |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>
|-
! 46
| Kalpataru Estella T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.228988|72.993558|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Estella T1}}
| -
| {{convert|170|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2030
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalpataruupcoming.com/mumbai/kalpataru-estella/|title=Kalpataru Estella – Official Website|website=kalpataruupcoming.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/sx5y31Yj/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:08:43|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/J4WMPc8s/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120857.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:08:57|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/t4qyHq7w/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120936.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:09:36|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 47
| Kalpataru Estella T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.229008|72.993558|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Estella T2}}
| -
| {{convert|170|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2030
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalpataruupcoming.com/mumbai/kalpataru-estella/|title=Kalpataru Estella – Official Website|website=kalpataruupcoming.com|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/sx5y31Yj/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120843.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:08:43|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/J4WMPc8s/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120857.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:08:57|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/t4qyHq7w/Screenshot-2025-11-20-120936.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 12:09:36|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 48
| Purva Panorama T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.246068|72.977057|region:IN|display=inline|name=Purva Panorama T3}}
| -
| {{convert|169.75|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 51
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepurvapanorama.com/|title=The Purva Panorama – Official Website|website=thepurvapanorama.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yd3FsGJS/Screenshot-2025-11-25-214831.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 21:48:31|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 49
| Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.217333|72.973723|region:IN|display=inline|name=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights}}
| -
| {{convert|163.42|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 51
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shapoorjirealestate.com/residential/northern-lights/|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights – Official Website|website=shapoorjirealestate.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/9Fm9PqbB/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093800.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/jj7nq6q5/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093808.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:08|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 50
| Raymond Invictus
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210644|72.966906|region:IN|display=inline|name=Raymond Invictus}}
| -
| {{convert|163|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 36
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://raymondrealty.in/invictus-by-gs/|title=Raymond Invictus – Official Website|website=raymondrealty.in|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/gk8Pc5W8/Screenshot-2025-11-20-173251.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-20 17:32:51|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 51
| Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.217333|72.973723|region:IN|display=inline|name=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T4}}
| -
| {{convert|161.5|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 51
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shapoorjirealestate.com/residential/northern-lights/|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights – Official Website|website=shapoorjirealestate.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/9Fm9PqbB/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093800.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/jj7nq6q5/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093808.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:08|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 52
| Sheth Victoria T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210237|72.973561|region:IN|display=inline|name=Sheth Victoria T1}}
| -
| {{convert|160.10|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2026
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shethavalonvictoria.com/|title=Sheth Victoria – Official Website|website=shethavalonvictoria.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/QxSTfkxP/Screenshot-2025-11-24-095407.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:54:07|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 53
| Sheth Victoria T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.210248|72.973573|region:IN|display=inline|name=Sheth Victoria T2}}
| -
| {{convert|160.10|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2026
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shethavalonvictoria.com/|title=Sheth Victoria – Official Website|website=shethavalonvictoria.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/QxSTfkxP/Screenshot-2025-11-24-095407.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:54:07|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 54
| Rustomjee La Familia T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211974|72.989611|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Familia T1}}
| -
| {{convert|159.7|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/blog/family-home-rustomjee-urbania-la-familia/|title=Rustomjee La Familia – Project Blog|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/XY5h0JG8/Screenshot-2025-11-24-104309.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:43:09|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 55
| Rustomjee La Familia T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211985|72.989620|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Familia T2}}
| -
| {{convert|159.7|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/blog/family-home-rustomjee-urbania-la-familia/|title=Rustomjee La Familia – Project Blog|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/XY5h0JG8/Screenshot-2025-11-24-104309.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:43:09|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 56
| Rustomjee La Familia T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211960|72.989600|region:IN|display=inline|name=Rustomjee La Familia T3}}
| -
| {{convert|159.7|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2027
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rustomjee.com/blog/family-home-rustomjee-urbania-la-familia/|title=Rustomjee La Familia – Project Blog|website=rustomjee.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/XY5h0JG8/Screenshot-2025-11-24-104309.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:43:09|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 57
| Kalpataru Primeira T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.227918|72.992423|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Primeira}}
| -
| {{convert|159.7|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kalpataru.com/thane-west/primera|title=Kalpataru Primeira – Official Website|website=kalpataru.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/K84TKkrV/Screenshot-2025-11-24-104706.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:47:06|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 58
| Kalpataru Primeira T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.227925|72.992435|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Primeira T2}}
| -
| {{convert|159.7|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kalpataru.com/thane-west/primera|title=Kalpataru Primeira – Official Website|website=kalpataru.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/K84TKkrV/Screenshot-2025-11-24-104706.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:47:06|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 59
| Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.217333|72.973723|region:IN|display=inline|name=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T1}}
| -
| {{convert|159.65|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shapoorjirealestate.com/residential/northern-lights/|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights – Official Website|website=shapoorjirealestate.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/9Fm9PqbB/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093800.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/jj7nq6q5/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093808.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:08|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 60
| Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.217333|72.973723|region:IN|display=inline|name=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T2}}
| -
| {{convert|159.65|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shapoorjirealestate.com/residential/northern-lights/|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights – Official Website|website=shapoorjirealestate.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/9Fm9PqbB/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093800.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/jj7nq6q5/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093808.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:08|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 61
| Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.217333|72.973723|region:IN|display=inline|name=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights T3}}
| -
| {{convert|159.65|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://shapoorjirealestate.com/residential/northern-lights/|title=Shapoorji Pallonji Northern Lights – Official Website|website=shapoorjirealestate.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/9Fm9PqbB/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093800.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/jj7nq6q5/Screenshot-2025-11-24-093808.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 09:38:08|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 62
| Runwal Zenith
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.223464|72.988517|region:IN|display=inline|name=Runwal Zenith}}
| -
| {{convert|158|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2028
| Residential
| Partial approvals filed till 45 floors but tower is 50 floors as stated by developer. Height calculated by adding floor to ceiling height for missing five floors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runwalrealty.com/our-project/residential-ongoing/runwal-zenith/|title=Runwal Zenith – Official Website|website=runwalrealty.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/BQTWV1kL/Screenshot-2025-11-25-162200.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 16:22:00|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/T30zRvTt/Screenshot-2025-11-25-162211.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 16:22:11|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 63
| Hiranandani Florencia A
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.261077|72.975004|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Florencia A}}
| -
| {{convert|157|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Qt7cd3TX/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102245.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:45|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yYjcdnkV/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102256.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 64
| Hiranandani Florencia B
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.261089|72.975018|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Florencia B}}
| -
| {{convert|157|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Qt7cd3TX/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102245.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:45|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yYjcdnkV/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102256.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 65
| Hiranandani Amalfi
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.261065|72.974992|region:IN|display=inline|name=Hiranandani Amalfi}}
| -
| {{convert|157|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2031
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houseofhiranandani.com/residential-projects/thane/hiranandani-westgate|title=Hiranandani Westgate – Official Website|website=houseofhiranandani.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Qt7cd3TX/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102245.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:45|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/yYjcdnkV/Screenshot-2025-11-25-102256.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:22:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 66
| Dynamix Parkwoods D5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.260009|72.967592|region:IN|display=inline|name=Dynamix Parkwoods D5}}
| -
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 48
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/parkwoods-d5/33575|title=Parkwoods D5 – CTBUH Database|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 67
| Kalpataru Eternia T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.230251|72.991501|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Eternia T1}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalpataru.com/thane/eternia-kalpataru-parkcity|title=Kalpataru Eternia – Official Website|website=kalpataru.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/cJrP5m7k/Screenshot-2025-11-24-105100.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:51:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 68
| Kalpataru Eternia T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.230260|72.991493|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Eternia T2}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalpataru.com/thane/eternia-kalpataru-parkcity|title=Kalpataru Eternia – Official Website|website=kalpataru.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/cJrP5m7k/Screenshot-2025-11-24-105100.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:51:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 69
| Kalpataru Eternia T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.230242|72.991512|region:IN|display=inline|name=Kalpataru Eternia T3}}
| -
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 47
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalpataru.com/thane/eternia-kalpataru-parkcity|title=Kalpataru Eternia – Official Website|website=kalpataru.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/cJrP5m7k/Screenshot-2025-11-24-105100.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:51:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 70
| Om Divine Shloka
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.208250|72.959639|region:IN|display=inline|name=Om Divine Shloka}}
| -
| {{convert|152|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 50
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://divineshloka-thane.in/|title=Om Divine Shloka – Official Website|website=divineshloka-thane.in|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Jz19Lm8X/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100000.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:00:00|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 71
| Jagdale Infrastructure
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.211549|72.975218|region:IN|display=inline|name=Jagdale Infrastructure}}
| -
| {{convert|151.3|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 44
| 2028
| Commercial
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Kjnk2tbY/Screenshot-2025-11-24-103942.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:39:42|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 72
| Neelkanth Woods T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.243836|72.969720|region:IN|display=inline|name=Neelkanth Woods T1}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 45
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://official.theverraton.com/|title=Neelkanth Woods – Official Website|website=theverraton.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/s2pLQtS1/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101956.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:19:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 73
| Neelkanth Woods T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.243848|72.969735|region:IN|display=inline|name=Neelkanth Woods T2}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 45
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://official.theverraton.com/|title=Neelkanth Woods – Official Website|website=theverraton.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/s2pLQtS1/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101956.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:19:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 74
| Neelkanth Woods T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.243822|72.969704|region:IN|display=inline|name=Neelkanth Woods T3}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 45
| 2029
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://official.theverraton.com/|title=Neelkanth Woods – Official Website|website=theverraton.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/s2pLQtS1/Screenshot-2025-11-25-101956.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-25 10:19:56|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 75
| Narang Privado T1
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207104|72.959120|region:IN|display=inline|name=Narang Privado}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 41
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://narangrealty.com/projects/residential/narang-privado|title=Narang Privado – Official Website|website=narangrealty.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/G2cBP4nz/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100351.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:03:51|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 76
| Narang Privado T2
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207115|72.959125|region:IN|display=inline|name=Narang Privado T2}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 41
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://narangrealty.com/projects/residential/narang-privado|title=Narang Privado – Official Website|website=narangrealty.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/G2cBP4nz/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100351.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:03:51|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 77
| Narang Privado T3
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207095|72.959110|region:IN|display=inline|name=Narang Privado T3}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 41
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://narangrealty.com/projects/residential/narang-privado|title=Narang Privado – Official Website|website=narangrealty.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/G2cBP4nz/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100351.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:03:51|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 78
| Narang Privado T4
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207125|72.959135|region:IN|display=inline|name=Narang Privado T4}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 41
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://narangrealty.com/projects/residential/narang-privado|title=Narang Privado – Official Website|website=narangrealty.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/G2cBP4nz/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100351.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:03:51|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 79
| Narang Privado T5
| [[Thane]] {{coord|19.207083|72.959128|region:IN|display=inline|name=Narang Privado T5}}
| -
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=values}}
| 41
| 2028
| Residential
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://narangrealty.com/projects/residential/narang-privado|title=Narang Privado – Official Website|website=narangrealty.com|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.postimg.cc/G2cBP4nz/Screenshot-2025-11-24-100351.png|title=Screenshot 2025-11-24 10:03:51|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Categories ==

[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thane]]
[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India]]

Ramesh Veluskar

2026-01-03T20:26:17Z

RockyHerz477: adding a post

{{Short description|Indian poet and litterateur (1947–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramesh Veluskar
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Konkani poet Ramesh B. Veluskar from Goa, India.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt = Konkani poet Ramesh Bhagvant Veluskar
| caption = Veluskar in 2011
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1947|11|10}}
| birth_place = Palem, [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://konkanmaildotcom.wordpress.com/2014/09/20/poet-ramesh-bhagwant-veluskar/|title=Poet Ramesh Bhagwant Veluskar|website=KonkaniMailDotCom|access-date=28 February 2017|date=2014-09-20}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|10|21|1947|11|10}}
| death_place = [[Raebareli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theneutralview.com/konkani-poet-ramesh-bhagwant-veluskar-passes-away/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022082747/http://theneutralview.com/konkani-poet-ramesh-bhagwant-veluskar-passes-away/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2018|title=KONKANI POET RAMESH BHAGWANT VELUSKAR PASSES AWAY – The Neutral View|date=22 October 2018|publisher=}}</ref> India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet, retired teacher
| language = Konkani
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = Mithilesh Srivasthava
| partner = 
| children = 3
| relatives =
| awards = Rashtriya Hindi Seva Sahastrabdi Samman (2000), Sahitya Akademi award (1990), Kala Academi Puraskar (1983)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
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}}

'''Ramesh Bhagvant Veluskar''' (10 November 1947 – 21 October 2018) was an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]] poet and [[litterateur]]. He died on 21 October 2018 at [[Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh]].

==Background==

Veluskar was a school teacher for 33 years, and has taught [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="GaureeInToI">{{cite web|last1=Malkarnekar|first1=Gauree|title=The poet who has translated them all|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/The-poet-who-has-translated-them-all/articleshow/52594729.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Veluskar has written poetry, essays, novellas, and dramas for children.<ref name="GaureeInToI" />

While in [[Bhubaneswar]] to study [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in order to understand art appreciation in Delhi, he met the [[Uttar Pradesh]]-born Mithilesh Kumari Srivastava, whom he married in 1982.<ref name="GaureeInToI" /> He has mastered [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and Bengali languages.<ref name="GaureeInToI" />

==Interests, skills==

He was trained in Indian classical vocals, does caricatures, and also acted in drama. Veluskar translated Sant Tukaram's abhangs and Rabindranath Tagore's Geetanjali to Konkani, and took the Portuguese poet Carlos Drumond de Andrade's works to Hindi readers.<ref name="GaureeInToI" />

==On his writing==

In a video uploaded in 2010, scholar and writer Dr [[Nandkumar Kamat]] says of Veluskar: "Ramesh Bhagwant Veluskar is one of Goa's best known modern [[Konkani language|Konkani]] poet[s]. A [[Sahitya Akademi]] award winner, he has several Konkani and a Hindi poetry collection to his credit and is known as pioneer to introduce folklorical and mythological elements in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and offer a new ecoerotic and ecoastehtic idiom."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamat|first1=Dr Nandkumar|title=Well known Konkani poet Ramesh Veluskar after releasing two Konkani books by Nanda and Dilip Borkar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CiIHYVgbLY|website=Nandkumar Kamat on YouTube|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

Veluskar had "25 odd books to his credit, including translations from languages like Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and English", and some of his recent books include ''Zen Kavita'' and ''Pandurang Pandurang'' (2014).<ref name="Bharati Pawaskar">{{cite web|last1=Pawaskar|first1=Bharati|title=A reflection of life|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=7811|website=The Goan|publisher=The Goan|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> According to Bharati Pawaskar, writing in ''The Goan'', "Wordsmiths like [[Manoharrai Sardesai]], [[Ravindra Kelekar]], [[Bakibab Borkar]], [[Madhav Borkar]], Dharmanand Kamat, [[R. V. Pandit]], S S Nadkarni, Muralidhar Kulkarni, [[Nagesh Karmali]], [[Evágrio Jorge]] encouraged Veluskar to write."<ref name="Bharati Pawaskar" />

==Awards==

His awards include the [[Kala Academy]] Puroskar for ''Moni Vyotha'' (1978–79), [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] Puroskar for ''Morpakham'' (1980), [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] Nehru Puroskar (1981) and [[Kala Academy]] Puroskar (1982–83) for ''Bhunk Bhunk Bhishu''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kavita Kullar Ramesh Veluskar|url=http://www.konkanipoetry.com/poet_poem.asp?poet=188&p_name=Ramesh%20Veluskar|website=Konknipoetry.com|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

His first collection of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] poems, ''Morpakham'', was published in 1979. He won the [[India]]n [[Sahitya Akademi]] award for his 1989 collection of poems, ''Saulgori''. Veluskar bagged the Non-Hindi Hindi Writer Award of the [[Government of India]]'s [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] for his poetry collection ''Samudramudrika'' in 2011.<ref name="GaureeInToI" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veluskar, Ramesh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Kumbla

2025-12-17T10:50:32Z

RockyHerz477: cleanup page per standard format and corrected details after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{original research|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumbla
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = 20211031163647 IMG 022.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kumbla Town Bus stand
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5946|N|74.9472|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =[[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Grama Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 40.18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 46,691
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671321
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 4998
| registration_plate = KL-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kumbla''' is a small town in the [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala state]] in India. It is located 12 km north of [[Kasaragod|Kasaragod town]].

==History==
Kanvapura, the original name, was derived from the name of Maharshi [[Kanva]]. Since then the name has morphed into "Kanipura" via oral transmission. The historic and ancient temple of [[Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple|Gopalakrishna]] in Kumble was believed to have been conceived by Kanva Maharshi. Kumble was once the seat of the '''Kumbla Kings'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kerala-info.newkerala.com/Kerala/Kasargod-District-Information.html|title=Kasargod District Information @ NewKerala.Com|website=kerala-info.newkerala.com|accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref> l, who ruled the southern part of [[Tuluva]] Kingdom. ''[[Malayalam literature|Ramacharitam]]'', probably the oldest literary work written in [[Old Malayalam]], which dates back to 12th century CE, is thought to have written somewhere near Kumbla as its manuscripts were discovered from [[Nileshwaram]] and the poem mentions about [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]] in Kumbla in detail.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<ref name="kasaragod">[http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf School of Distance Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608091936/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf |date=8 June 2021 }} sdeuoc.ac.in</ref> Kumbla was a small port in ancient times. The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern [[Tulu Nadu]] wedged between [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] and [[Netravati River]] (including present-day Taluks of [[Manjeshwar]] and Kasaragod) from ''Maipady Palace'' at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the [[Kolathunadu]] kingdom of [[North Malabar]], before the [[Kannada|Carnatic]] conquests of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}</ref> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of [[Malayali]] [[Nair]]s and [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s.<ref name="askh"/> They also claimed their origin from [[legend of kadambas of Banavasi|kadamba]]s of Karnataka.<ref name="askh"/> [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary [[Malayali]] kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name="askh">കേരള ചരിത്രം, എ. ശ്രീധര മേനോൻ</ref> [[Kannada]] kingdoms focused on Kasaragod in the 16th century CE. The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] attacked and annexed Kasaragod from the [[Kolathiri]] [[Raja]] with [[Nileshwaram]] as one of the capital in the 16th century. In the 16th century A.D. (1514), ''Duarte Barbosa'', the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] traveller, visited Kumble and he had recorded that he had found people exporting rice to the [[Maldives]] in exchange of [[coir]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |title=Kasaragod History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925134038/http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |archive-date=2008-09-25 }}</ref> According to Barbosa, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from Kumbla in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south had spoken a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" ([[Malayalam]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants (Volume 2)|last=Barbosa|first=Duarte|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|isbn=9788120604513|pages=1–7}}</ref> If he is right, then the kingdom of Kumbla would be the northern end of [[Malayalam]] region in the first quarter of 16th century CE. When [[Tippu Sultan]] captured [[Mangaluru]], the Kumble Raja fled to [[Thalassery]]; but he returned in 1799 and after an unsuccessful fight for independence, submitted to the [[British Empire]] and accepted a small pension of Rs. 11,788 per annum in 1804.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ''Parthisubba'', the great [[Yakshagana]] exponent, known as ''Father of Yakshagana'' was born here in the 18th century.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kumbla [[Grama Panchayat]] had total population of 46,691 among which 27,033 lives in Urban areas with 5,168 households and 19,658 people in rural areas with 3,506 households. Males constitute 22,629 (48.5%) and Females constitute 24,062 (51.5%) in Kumbla Panchayat. Population of children in the age group 0-6 is 6,031 (12.9%) in the panchayat limits. Among this, male child constitutes 3,093 (51.3%) and female child constitutes 2,938 (48.7%).

Total number of literates in Kumbla Panchayat is 36,319 which makes overall literacy rate of 89.3%. Total male literates are 18,293 (93.6%) and female literates are 18,026 (85.3%).

Kumbla Panchayat has 2 [[census towns]] and 3 revenue villages under its jurisdiction. [[Koipady]] and [[Mogral]] are the census towns and [[Arikady]], [[Bombrana]] and [[Kidoor]] are the revenue villages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=138,139 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Lake_Temple,_Kumbla.jpg|417x417px|Lake Temple, Kumbla]]
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web |title=കുമ്പള വിളിക്കുന്നു...വിനോദസഞ്ചാരികളേ ഇതിലേ... ഇതിലേ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/kasaragod/kumbla-tourists-destinations-tourists-spots-in-kasaragod-kerala-tourism-1.3960375 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Arikady_fort.jpg|400x400px|Arikady fort]]

* [[Arikady fort]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />
*[[Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple|Shree Gopalakrishna temple]]
*Kumbla River Mangroves
[[File:20211031170106_IMG_0272.jpg|600x600px|20211031170106 IMG 0272]]

==Notable people==
* [[Anil Kumble]], former captain and the former coach of [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]] takes his last name, indicating ancestry or family origins, from this town. Recently one of the main roads to Government Hospital was renamed as Anil Kumble Road in a function conducted by Kumble Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070407/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra|accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/13/stories/2006031306840200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231755/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/13/stories/2006031306840200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 February 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Commitment keeps Kumble going | date=13 March 2006}}</ref>
* [[Jagdish Kumble]] is an Indian professional kabaddi player and coach. He coaches the Telugu Titans in the Pro Kabaddi League. He was member of the India national kabaddi team that won Asian games gold medals in 2002 which was held at Busan. Jagdish Kumble runs a kabaddi academy in Kasargod, Kerala.<ref name="prokabaddi">{{cite web|title=Bengal coach Kumble hopes to bring huge Services experience into play|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/features/bengal-coach-kumble-hopes-to-bring-huge-services-experience-into-play|website=Pro Kabaddi|accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Uppala]]
*[[Perla, Kasaragod|Perla]]
*[[Vidyanagar, Kasaragod|Vidyanagar]]
*[[Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple]]
*[[Betel Nut]]
*[[Bekal Fort]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kumbla}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214023216/http://kumblenayakaru.in/kumbla.html Kumbla Town]
* [https://doctorshospital.in/ Doctors Hospital]

{{Kasaragod district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Panchayats in Kasaragod district]]

Madhalam

2025-12-15T03:15:45Z

RockyHerz477: expand information and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Unpitched percussion instrument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Drummer plying Madhalam BNC.jpg|thumb|Drummer playing ''Madhalam'']]
[[File:Maddalam.jpg|thumb|right|Madhalam]]
The '''maddalam''', '''madalam''' or '''madhalam''' ([[Malayalam]]: മദ്ദളം) is a [[drum]] made out of the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree. It has two sides for playing, made out of [[leather]], and has different kind of sounds on each side. The maddalam is a heavy instrument which is hung around the waist of the person playing, and the player stands all the while to perform. The maddalam is a vital instrument in traditional [[Kerala]] percussion ensembles like [[Panchavadyam]], [[Keli (music)|Keli]] and [[Kathakali]] orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Melody on the maddalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kalanilayam-babus-mastery-on-the-maddalam/article19923753.ece |access-date=31 August 2020 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keeping-craft-alive-kerala-village-has-been-making-maddalam-mridangam-200-yrs-78533|title=Keeping craft alive: A Kerala village has been making maddalam, mridangam for 200 yrs|date=26 March 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

Except for the central projection, the Maddalam resembles a [[Mridangam]] in shape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shudda Maddalam - A percussion instrument|url=https://www.keralaculture.org/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.keralaculture.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Madhalam is derived from the word ''Mardhalam'' which means 'one which receives pressure'.<ref name=":0"/> In Sanskrit the instrument is called as Mardhalam.<ref name=":0"/>

== Using style ==
In ancient times Madhalam was played by suspending it from the neck of the player and later in the 1920s Madhalam maestro Venkichan Swamy changed the style to the way it was suspended from the waist of the player.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Pandi Melam]]
* [[Panchari melam]]
* [[Thayambaka]]
* [[Panchavadyam]]
* [[Maddalam and Chenda Keli]]
* [[Kalamandalam Sankara Warrier]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Music of Kerala}}

[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]

{{Membranophone-instrument-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Sacred Heart Church, Madagondapalli

2025-12-12T23:01:46Z

RockyHerz477: Created new entry!

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Sacred Heart Church
| other name =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6276246 | 77.7315573 |display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = திரு இருதய ஆண்டவர் ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Sacred Heart Church, Madagondapalli.jpg
| caption = Front view of this church

| location = [[Madagondapalli | Mathagondapalli]], [[Thally]], [[Krishnagiri district | Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious order = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 1930
| founder = Fr. Billyard and Fr. Issac
| membership = 350 Families

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = Jesus Christ
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = Modern Architecture
| groundbreaking = 1975
| completed date = 1976

| parish = [[Madagondapalli | Mathagondapalli]]
| deanery = [[Denkanikottai]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]
| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. Vijay Amirtharaj
}}

'''Sacred Heart Church, Madagondapall''', is one of the earliest [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] churches within the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri |Dharmapuri Diocese]], boasting a {{Age|1883|range=no}}-year legacy. For over {{Age|1930|range=no}} years, it has served as a parish church, offering a sacred space for Catholics to gather in worship.

== History ==
After the invasion of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the 1780s, Catholic settlements disappeared in the [[Hosur]] and [[Denkanikotta]] areas. Additionally, the people in Kappinagathi and Edapalli, near [[Kelamangalam]], also left out of Tippu Sultan's Mysore region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wenger |first=Estefania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ&q=1792+campaign+of+Tipu&pg=PT11 |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |date=1 March 2017 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-86367-44-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Madagondapalli Settlement==
The establishment of the [[Madagondapalli]] (Madagondanahalli) catholic settlement is recorded by Fr. M.S Joseph, who stated that it took place around 1794 during the decline of Tippu Sultan.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |place=New Delhi |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=172–181}}</ref> In 1799, Paris Missionarian Fr. Abe Dubey, a historian, mentioned this place when he was traveling towards Mysore. Historian Adrien Launay, in his book, mentioned that in the 1830s, [[Étienne-Louis Charbonnaux | Vicar. Charbonnaux]] assigned Fr. Antony to take charge of the Srirangapatnam parish. On his way to [[Srirangapatna | Mysore - Srirangapitina]] from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Fr. Antony observed and documented how the Catholics of Hosur and Denkanikotta had relocated and settled in Palacode and Madagondapalli. They continued their religious practices with the help of often visiting missionaries from [[Mathigiri]].

In 1845, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore | Apostolic Vicariate of Mysore]] was formed as a [[suffragan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore | Pondicherry Apostolic Vicariate]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdiocese Official Website |url=http://www.archdiocesepondicherry.com/History_%20Archdiocese_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155219/http://www.archdiocesepondicherry.com/History_%20Archdiocese_1.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> and during that time, [[Bangalore]], Hosur, and Denkanikotai came under the administration of Mysore. After being consecrated as the First Bishop of Mysore in Pondicherry, Bishop Charbonnaux<ref>Seminary, grav., Adrien Launay (1898) ''Histoire des missions de l’Inde'', v, p. lv.</ref> visited Madagondapalli on his way to [[Mysore]]. At that time, Madagondapalli was under the Bangalore [[Deanery]].

Due to a lack of priests in the Bangalore deanery for some years, Madagondapalli came under the charge of [[Kovilur, Dharamapuri | Kovilur]] Church. In the 1840s, Fr. Pierre Gouyon, a [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur|Kovilur priest]], was also assigned to take charge of Rayakottai, Edappally, Mathigiri, Madagondapalli, [[Dasarapalli]], and Denkanikottai areas. Later, Mysore missionaries from [[Begur, Bangalore | Begur]], [[Anekal]], and Mathigiri took care of Madagondapalli.

==Parish==
Until 1930, Madagondapalli remained under the jurisdiction of the Mysore Diocese as a substation of Mathigiri. It then came under the administration of the newly formed Diocese of Salem and became a [[Parish (Catholic Church) | parish church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website Salem Diocese |url=https://salemdiocese.org/history/ |access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref> In September 1930, Fr. Billyard resided in Madagondapalli and became the first parish priest of Madagondapalli Church. During that time, the Madagondapalli parish extended its area to include the present Denkanikottai vicar, encompassing regions from [[Averipally, Thally | Thally-Avaripalli]] to [[Rayakottai]].

When the Salem Diocese was formed in 1930, Bishop Henry Prunier<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://salemdiocese.org/|title= Abount Bishop H.A. Prunier |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> requested Fr. Thalachira to work for the Salem Diocese. Later, in 1954, he became the parish priest of Madagondapalli. On December 24, 1960, he died and was buried here. His tomb is located in front of this church.

The present church was built during the tenure of Fr. Sr. Issac; it opened in 1976.

For many decades, [[Gopasandiram, Thally | Gopasandiram]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brandbharat.com/english/tamil_nadu/districts/Krishnagiri/Krishnagiri_THALLY_GOPASANDIRAM.html|title= Village Gopasandiram |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> was a substation of this parish. In 1937, a small chapel was built for Gopasandiram Catholic, and on January 14, 2014, a new church was constructed in the name of [[Our Lady Of Queen Of Heaven Church, Gopasandiram | Vinnarasi Annai Church]], turning Gopasandiram into a Quazi parish.

==FSM Sisters==

In 1937, in response to an invitation from Most Rev. Henry Prunier, the then-Bishop of Salem, [[Franciscan Servants of Mary]] Sisters started a medical service with a small dispensary in Madagondapalli. In 1968, [[Venmani S. Selvanather | Bishop Selvanather]] of Salem offered land to the sisters, who then built Lordus Hospital in 1971. In 1957, the sisters also began a primary school in the town, and in 1987, a new high school was established,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhakondapalli FSM Sisters history |url=https://fsmsisters.org.in/bangalore/our-ladys-convent/ |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> which has now become a higher secondary school. They continue to serve the church and the local society.

==See also==
[[Our Lady Of Queen Of Heaven Church, Gopasandiram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

Art and culture of Karnataka

2025-12-02T02:46:05Z

RockyHerz477: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Yakshagana]] artist.]]
[[File:Drum instruments of Karnataka being played at Janapada Loka.ogg|thumb|'''''Percussion instruments of Karnataka being played at [[Janapada Loka]].'''''|241x241px]]
[[Karnataka]], a southern state in [[India]], has a distinct [[art]] style and [[culture]] informed by a long history of diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities. Apart from [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], Karnataka is home to [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]], who also consider themselves as Kannadigas. Minor populations of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]], [[Siddhi]] tribes, and a few other ethnic groups also live in Karnataka.
The [[Folk arts of Karnataka|traditional folk arts]] are major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka is one of the most vibrant in India, with organizations like [[Ninasam]], [[Ranga Shankara]], and [[Rangayana]] on foundations laid by the [[Gubbi Veeranna|Gubbi Veeranna Nataka Company]]. [[Veeragase]], [[Kamsale]], and [[Dollu Kunitha]] are popular dance forms. [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatya]] also enjoys wide patronage in Karnataka.

== Music ==
North Karnataka is predominantly famous for Hindustani music and South Karnataka is well known for Carnatic music.

===Carnatic music===
{{main|Carnatic music}}
With the rise of [[Vaishnavism]] and the [[Haridasa]] movement came Karnataka composers like [[Purandaradasa]], whose Kannada language works were lucid, devotional and cultural and hence appealing to the masses. Other haridasas of medieval times were [[Kanakadasa]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]] etc., who composed several ''devara nama''. One of the earliest and prominent composers in South India was the saint, and wandering bard of yore [[Purandara Dasa]]. Though historians claim Purandara Dasa composed 75,000 - 475,000 songs in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]],<ref name="sanskrit_composition">{{cite book | last = Moorthy | first = Vijaya | title = Romance of the Raga | publisher = Abinav publications | year = 2001 | pages = 67 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&pg=PP1&dq=Romance+of+the+Raga | isbn = 978-81-7017-382-3}}</ref> only a few hundred of them are known today.<ref name="pro">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/p_dasa1.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061130141557/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/p_dasa1.html| archivedate= 30 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father"/> He was a source of inspiration to the later composers like [[Tyagaraja]].<ref name="dasainfluence">{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=William J. | title=Tyagaraja | journal=Journal of the Music Academy, Madras | volume=LIII | pages=88 | year=1982}}</ref> Owing to his contribution to the Carnatic Music he is referred to as the ''Father of Carnatic Music'' (''Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha'').<ref name="father">Owing to his contributions to carnatic music, Purandaradasa is known as ''Karnataka Sangita Pitamaha''{{cite web|title=Purandara Dasa|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|author=Dr. Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061208155920/http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm| archivedate= 8 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father1">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061130141712/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html| archivedate= 30 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father2">{{cite web|title=History of Music|url=http://carnatica.net/origin.htm|author=S. Sowmya, K. N. Shashikiran|publisher=Srishti's Carnatica Private Limited|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202231506/http://carnatica.net/origin.htm| archivedate= 2 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
Purandaradasa codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several steps like ''sarali'', ''jantai(Janti)'', ''thattu varisai (Thattu Varise)'', ''alankara'' and ''geetham (geethe)'' and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in this art form.<ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref> Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, the haridasa movement would once again contribute to music in Karnataka in the form of haridasas such as [[Vijaya Dasa]], Gopaladasa, Jagannathadasa who are just a few among a vast galaxy of devotional saints.<ref name="gal">{{cite web|title=Haridasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153530/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html| archivedate= 9 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="gal1">{{cite web|title=Yathidasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070529020551/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html| archivedate= 29 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai">{{cite web|title=The Haridasa Movement|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm|author=Arthikaje|publisher=ourKarnataka.com|work=History of Karnataka|accessdate=2007-05-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070416062530/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai1">{{cite web|title=History of the Haridasas|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html|author=Rao, Madhusudana C.R.|publisher=www.dvaita.org|accessdate=2007-06-02| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610082728/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html| archivedate= 10 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Hindustani music===
Karnataka has achieved a prominent place in the world of Hindustani music as well. Several of Karnataka's Hindustani musicians won the Kalidas Sanman, [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards. Some famous performers are [[Gangubai Hangal]],<ref name="gang">{{cite web|title=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival|url=http://www.sawaigandharvamusicfestival.com/gh.html|author= Mandar Vaidya|publisher=|work=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Golden Jublee Year|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref> Puttaraj Gawai, [[Bhimsen Joshi|Pt. Bhimsen Joshi]],<ref name="josh">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical, Pt. Madhav Gudi. Music |url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |publisher=Musical Nirvana.com |accessdate=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528061609/http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |archivedate=28 May 2007 }}</ref> [[Mallikarjun Mansur|Pt. Mallikarjun Mansur]],<ref name="josh1">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/mallikarjun_mansur.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Basavaraj Rajguru]],<ref name="josh3">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/basavraj_rajguru.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Sawai Gandharva]]<ref name="josh3"/> and [[Kumar Gandharva]].<ref name="josh4">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/kumar_gandharva.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref>

===Folk music===
Folk music is popular in Karnataka. Many singers have recorded numerous folk songs in Kannada including [[B. K. Sumitra]], [[Bangalore Latha]], [[B. R. Chaya]] and many. Folk songs including ''[[Bhagyada balegara]]'', ''Nimbiya Banada'', ''Ghallu Ghallenuta'', ''Munjaneddu Kumbaranna'', ''Mayadantha Male Bantanna'', ''Maralladyane'' and many, are popular, recreated and reused in films as well.

== Dance ==
{{main|Dances of Karnataka}}

===Yakshagana===
{{main|Yakshagana}}
Yakshagana a form of dance drama is one of the major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. A '''''fusion of [[Folk dance|folk]]''''' and classical tradition makes Yakshagana a unique form of art which includes colourful costumes, music, dance, singing, and most importantly dialogs composed on the fly. Award-winning performers include [[Keremane Shambhu Hegde]], [[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde]]. Yakshagana and [[Dollu Kunitha]] are two of the popular dance forms of Karnataka. [[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]] is a unique music form based on Karnataka Sangeetha.

=== Pilivesha ===
{{main|Pilivesha}}
Pilivesha is a dance form popularly displayed on the streets and temples around the coastal Karnataka. The speciality of this dance form is that it requires the dancer to paint his body with the picture of a tiger.

== Painting ==
The [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]], along with the general influence of the Ravi Varma school of painting, influenced the [[Mysore painting|Mysore school of painting]]. [[Maharaja of Mysore|King]] [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] patronised famous painters including [[Sundarayya]], [[Tanjavur Kondayya]] and Alasinrayya. King [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] patronised K. Venkatappa, Keshavayya, Y. Nagaraju, [[Y. Subramanya Raju]], Paavanje, and Kamadolli. The [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA)]], Jaganmohan Art Gallery and [[Venkatappa Art Gallery]] are reminders of this heyday.<ref name="play2">{{cite book|title=A Concise History of Karnataka: (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)|last=Kamath|first=Suryanath U.|author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath|year=2001|publisher=Jupiter Books|page=283|location=Bangalore|oclc=634688073}}</ref> [[Chitrakala Parishat]] is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting visual arts, particularly folk and traditional art.

[[Utsav Rock Garden]] includes multiple sculptures depicting the rural life of Karnataka, as well as a variety of paintings.

== See also ==
*[[Rangoli Gardens]], a model arts heritage village in Bangalore
*''[[Kadalekai Parishe]]'', an annual groundnut fair and cultural festival in Basavanagudi and Malleshwaram of Bangalore
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka topics}}

== References ==
{{commons category|Art of Karnataka}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Karnataka|*]]
[[Category:Arts of Karnataka|*]]

Temple Development Board

2025-11-12T07:53:20Z

RockyHerz477: Created new place

{{Short description|Type of government body in India}}
'''Temple Development Board''' are [[Statute|statutory]] and independent bodies created for the [[Governance|governing]] and [[management]] of [[temple]]s in [[India]]. With the passing of the Madras Regulation Act in the year 1817, temples were brought under the control of the [[East India Company]], a corporate organisation. The concept of a temple included its premises and wealth. However, from 1925, temples were brought under government control with the passing of the State Religious and Charitable Endowments Act. Under this Act, the state governments exercised power for the formation of temple development boards for major temples with the members from local city.
== Composition ==

A temple development board includes a chairman, vice chairman, and other members appointed by the state government.<ref name="td4">{{cite news |title='Letting non-Hindus run Hindu temples a mockery of secularism' |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/letting-non-hindus-run-hindu-temples-mockery-secularism |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="td2">{{cite news |title=Indian govt won't be any different from British if Hindus can't manage their own temples |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indian-govt-wont-be-any-different-from-british-if-hindus-cant-manage-their-own-temples/218210/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="td6">{{cite news |title=Telangana may not invite PM to Yadadri temple function |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-may-not-invite-pm-to-yadadri-temple-function-101645382703980.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Roles and Responsibilities ==

The roles and responsibilities of a temple development board include the following:<ref name="td3">{{cite news |title=Tirupathi temple board to build temple, spiritual centre in J&K, gets land lease for 40 years |url=https://theprint.in/india/tirupathi-temple-board-to-build-temple-spiritual-centre-in-jk-gets-land-lease-for-40-years/632685/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="td1">{{cite news |title=Why India's temples must be freed from government control |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/why-indias-temples-must-be-freed-from-government-control-9460381.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=25 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td5">{{cite news |title=Firhad Hakim is chairman of Tarakeshwar Development Board, not Mandir Trust |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/kolkata-248405 |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=millenniumpost.in |date=21 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td7">{{cite news |last1=Mungara |first1=Sunil |title=Hyderabad: Yadadri temple getting ready for inaugural {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/yadadri-getting-ready-for-inaugural/articleshow/88131790.cms |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td8">{{cite news |title=Jammu: Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board initiates development of 'Shankaracharya temple' in Katra {{!}} Jammu News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/jammu-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shrine-board-initiates-development-of-shankaracharya-temple-in-katra/articleshow/90460656.cms |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

* Ensuring performance of rituals.
* Development and maintenance of temples in other towns.
* Ensuring security of the temple property.
* Ensuring welfare of pilgrims.
* Look after welfare of staff.
* Hygiene preparation of Prasad.
* Road Maintenance and drinking water supply in premises.

== Major Temple Development Boards ==
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] (LSTB) - dedicated to Lord [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] and other [[ancient Meitei deities]] - headquartered in [[Imphal West district]], [[Manipur]]
* [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD).
* Yadagirigutta Temple Development Authority (YTDA)

== See also ==
* [[Temple]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=October 2025}}
[[Category:Temples]]
[[Category:Religious places]]

Sanatan Bijuli

2025-09-30T00:01:28Z

RockyHerz477: Created a article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Sanatan Bijuli''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Badasahi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Badasahi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/badasahi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917195.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=|title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Badasahi Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-badasahi-constituency-result-3009656 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijuli, Sanatan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lachhman Singh Gill

2025-09-27T12:54:24Z

RockyHerz477: revised

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[Sardar]]
|name = Lachhman Singh Gill
|honorific-suffix =
|image =Lachhman Singh Gill.png
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
|order =
|office = 7th [[Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
|term_start = 25 November 1967
|term_end = 22 August 1968
|predecessor = [[Gurnam Singh]]
|successor = [[President's rule]]
|office2 = Minister for Education and Revenue
|term_start2 = 8 March 1967
|term_end2 = 22 November 1967
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 =
|birth_date = 1917
|birth_place = [[Jagraon]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1969|4|26|1917}}
|death_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|nationality = Indian
|party = [[Punjab Janta Party]] (from 1967)
|otherparty = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (till 1967)
|spouse =
|partner =
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession =
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Lachhman Singh Gill''' (1917 – 26 April 1969) was an Indian politician who served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|7th Chief Minister]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111227/punjab.htm Punjab Polls 2012]</ref> He remained in this post from 25 November 1967 to 22 August 1968. He was a member of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]](SAD), a [[Sikhism|Sikh-centered]] regional political party in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==Early life and career==
He was born at Chuhar Chakk Village in [[Moga district]] in 1917. Before joining politics he worked in the Punjab Works Department, Punjab, he also contracted many buildings in Delhi during the 1940s under the guidance of famed Sikh contractor and businessman, [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sardar Bahadur Sir Sobha Singh]]. He left the contracting business after joining the [[Punjabi Suba movement|Punjabi Suba Movement]] in the 1950s.

He became a member of the executive committee of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC) in 1960. In 1966, he became a member of the Sikh Educational Committee for the management of Sikh colleges. In 1961, he became general secretary of the [[SGPC]].<ref>[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/sikh-political-figures/lachhman-singh-gill Lachhman Singh GillL]</ref>

==Chief Ministership==
In the 1962 General Elections for [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] he won from [[Jagraon Assembly Constituency|Jagraon]] constituency.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_Punjab_1962.pdf Punjab Election 1962]</ref> He again got elected from [[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency|Dharamkot]] in 1967 in the [[Punjab, India#Formation of current Punjab|newly restructured]] Punjab.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Punjab%201967.pdf Punjab Election 1967]</ref> In the subsequent United front government led by [[Akali Dal]], he was appointed education minister and [[Gurnam Singh|Justice Gurnam Singh]] became [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]]. On 22 November 1967, Lachhman Singh Gill revolted against the [[Gurnam Singh]] government and defected with 16 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|MLA]]'s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=is3EsOhHAOEC&dq=lachhman+singh+gill&pg=PA65 Without Fear of Favour: An Autobiography by Joginder Singh]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=41HYYdO21KQC&dq=lachhman+singh+gill&pg=PA133 President's Rule in Indian States: (a Study of Punjab) By S. C. Arora]</ref> With the support of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] he formed a minority government on 25 November 1967. However Congress pulled their support on 21 August 1968 and the government fell. President's rule was imposed in Punjab on 23 August. The major decision of Lachhman Singh Gill's government was to make [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] the official language of Punjab from 13 April 1968 onward.

==Death==
He died of a heart attack at [[Chandigarh]] on 26 April 1969.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gurnam Singh|Justice Gurnam Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]|years=25 November 1967 to 22 August 1968}}
{{s-aft|after=[[President's rule]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)}}{{Sikh politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Lachhman Singh}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Shiromani Akali Dal]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]

Perumbanappadi

2025-09-13T16:32:54Z

RockyHerz477: slightly cleaned up layout for clarity further

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Perumbanappadi''' was the original home of the historic Bana Chieftains of the early [[Pallava]] period.<ref>Early inscriptions, by Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry, p.55</ref> It extended from the South Pennar ([[Ponnaiyar River]]) to the [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] (Thirumala) hills. Perumbanappadi was made up of sub-divisions such as the Thiruvenkata-Kottam (or Vengada Kottam),<ref>Early inscriptions, by Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry, p.55</ref> and many Nadus such as Tuy-nadu,<ref>Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India, by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p.166</ref> Puli-nadu, Vada Pulinadu, and Silai-nadu <ref>A study of Telugu place-names: based on inscriptions from the earliest to the 13th century, by S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, p.122</ref> within it. During the [[Chola]] period, Perumbanappadi was a major division of the Jayakonda Chola Mandalam.<ref>A study of Telugu place-names: based on inscriptions from the earliest to the 13th century, by S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, p.122</ref><ref>South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil, by Eugen Hultzsch, Hosakote Krishna Sastri, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 89 and p.113</ref> and also represented the north-western portions of [[Tondai Nadu|Thondai-Mandalam]].<ref>Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, by Radha Champakalakshmi, p.374</ref>

==Boundaries==
Perumbanappadi is rendered in Tamil as Perum-pana-p-pati and Pana Rashtra (Bana Rashtra). The boundaries of Perumbanappadi were made up of Kolar, Punganur and Srisailam in the west, and Kalahasti and Sholingur in the east. The river Palar (aka South Pennar and Ponniyar) formed its Southern boundary.<ref>{{cite book | author = Sailendra Nath Sen. | year = 1988 | title = Ancient Indian History and Civilization | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=Bana+Kingdom&pg=PA470 | pages = 469–476 |publisher = New Age International Publishers| isbn = 9788122411980 }}</ref><ref>Feudatories of South India, 800-1070 A.D, p.35-36</ref><ref>The Tirumala Temple, by N Ramesan, p.17-18</ref> The capital of Perumbanappadi was Thiruvallam, which lies 22 km from [[Vellore]].<ref>The early Chōḷas history, art, and culture, by S. Swaminathan, p.46</ref>

Mavali Vanadarayan was the title of chiefs of the Bana country in the basin of the [[Palar River|Palar river]], the extent of whose territory changed according to the vicissitudes of history.<ref>History of the nayaks of Madura, by R. Sathianathaier and Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p.78</ref> Territorial changes are deducible from epigraphies. However, the personal names of many Bana Chieftains are not known, especially with regard to the wars they waged against their opponents. One such example is the Thiruvallam record of Vijaya Nandivikrama Varman (792-793 AD) which states that a certain Mavali-Vanaraya was ruling Vadugavali-12000. However, the personal name of this Mahavali-Banaraja is not known.<ref>Chittoor through the ages, by MD Sampath, p.37</ref>

Most epigraphies / inscriptions mention just the title of the Bana Chieftain as "Mahabali Banaraja". The Banas were identified by their geographical location as Pulinadu Banas, Tuynadu Banas, etc. Their genealogy was puranic and was narrated on copper-plates or temple grants. One example is the Udayendiram grant of Bana Vikramaditya III which narrates the puranic connection of Mahabali with Vishnu.<ref>Chittoor through the ages, by MD Sampath, p.34</ref>

==Bana Chieftains==
The Bana chieftains claimed descent from the asura [[Mahabali]]. They were called or addressed as Perumbanadiyarasar (Brihad Bana Adhirajas) or Mahabali Banarajas.<ref>Art and culture of Tamil Nadu, by Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi and R. Nagaswamy, p.13</ref> Chiefs in the early period held names such as Perumbana-araicar and figured in the hero-stones (vira-kal).<ref>The political structure of early medieval South India, by Kesavan Veluthat, p.109</ref> The Bali Vamsa claimed traditional lordship over [[Kishkindha|Kishkinda]]. They had over their banner the figure of an Ape and as their heraldic device the figure of a [[Kurma|Turtle]].<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], Volume 15, p.108</ref>

==Chieftains of Perumbanappadi==

Names of some Bana chieftains who ruled in different parts of Perumbanappadi are:
* From the epigraphies of kings who made endowments to Sri Varadarajaswami Temple of Kanchipuram, we find the name of Mahabalivanarayar <ref>Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, by KV Raman, p.17</ref>
* [[Vikramaditya I]] Bana had a daughter named Kundadevi who was given in marriage to the Ganga King, Prithvipati I Ganga in the 9th century. This however did not prevent the Gangas and Nolambas from combining to fight against the Banas <ref>History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565, by N. Subrahmanian, p.272</ref>
* The Chirrur plate of Nripatunga Varman mentions a Bana Chieftain, titled Paranjaya and called as Kadupatti [[Muttaraiyan_(title)|Muttaraiyan]].<ref>History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), By Kapur, Kamlesh, p.613</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Thiruttani and Velanjeri copper plates|author=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi, Tamil Nadu (India). Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=State Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 1979 - History - 34 pages|page=10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pallava dynasty]]