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Prathinidhi 2

2026-05-07T22:37:12Z

RockyDill0015: starting new data

{{Short description|2024 film by Murthy Devagupthapu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Prathinidhi 2.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Murthy Devagupthapu
| writer = Murthy Devagupthapu
| producer = Kumarraza Bathula Anjaneyulu Sri Thota Surendranath Bollineni
| starring = [[Nara Rohit]] Siri Lella
| cinematography = Nani Chamidisetty
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| studio = Vanara Entertainments Rana Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|10}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}'''''Prathinidhi 2''''' ({{Translation|Representative 2}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political thriller]] film written and directed by Murthy Devagupthapu. A sequel to ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014), the film stars [[Nara Rohit]] and Siree Lella, while Dinesh Tej, [[Jisshu Sengupta]], and [[Sachin Khedekar]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/prathinidhi-2-teaser-nara-rohith-murthy-devagupthapu-mahati-swara-sagar|title=Prathinidhi 2 Teaser | Nara Rohith | Murthy Devagupthapu | Mahati Swara Sagar|date=28 July 2023|website=[[Telangana Today]]|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213341/https://telanganatoday.com/prathinidhi-2-teaser-nara-rohith-murthy-devagupthapu-mahati-swara-sagar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nara-rohiths-pratinidhi-2-teaser-unveiled-by-megastar-chiranjeevi/articleshow/108872403.cms|title=Nara Rohith's 'Pratinidhi 2' teaser released|date=29 March 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406092627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nara-rohiths-pratinidhi-2-teaser-unveiled-by-megastar-chiranjeevi/articleshow/108872403.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prathinidhi-2-nara-rohith-returns-as-the-unyielding-one-man-army/articleshow/102082413.cms|title=Prathinidhi 2: Nara Rohith returns as the unyielding one-man army|date=24 July 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725092842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prathinidhi-2-nara-rohith-returns-as-the-unyielding-one-man-army/articleshow/102082413.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released on 10 May 2024 and received mixed-to-negative reviews.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nara Rohit]] as Chetan
* Siri Leela as Chetan love interest
* Dinesh Tej as Chief Minister Viswa
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Vikram Santhosh
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Chief Minister Prajapathi
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Indraja (actress)|Indraja]]
* [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] as Udayabhanu
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Finance Minister Gajendra
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Prabhat Mishra
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]]
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* Mangam Srinivas
}}

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled to release in theatres on 25 April 2024 before being pushed to 10 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/makers-announce-the-date-of-the-release-of-the-nara-rohit-starrer-prathinidhi-2/articleshow/109185503.cms|title=Makers announce the date of the release of the Nara Rohit starrer 'Prathinidhi 2'|date=10 April 2024|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nara-rohit-starrer-prathinidhi-2-to-hit-theaters-on-may-10-ahead-of-ap-elections/articleshow/109857608.cms|title=Nara Rohit starrer 'Prathinidhi 2' to hit theaters on May 10 ahead of AP elections|date=5 May 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506012837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nara-rohit-starrer-prathinidhi-2-to-hit-theaters-on-may-10-ahead-of-ap-elections/articleshow/109857608.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critics from ''[[News18]]'', ''[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]'' and ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/nara-rohith-prathinidhi-2-political-drama-review-and-rating-sr-2471949.html|title=ప్రతినిధి2 మూవీ రివ్యూ : నారా రోహిత్ పొలిటికల్ థ్రిల్లర్ ఏ మేరకు మెప్పించింది!..|date=10 May 2024|website=News18 తెలుగు|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213337/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/nara-rohith-prathinidhi-2-political-drama-review-and-rating-sr-2471949.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/nara-rohit-prathinidhi-2-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/109995214.cms|title='ప్రతినిధి 2' మూవీ రివ్యూ - Prathinidhi 2 Review|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510214644/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/nara-rohit-prathinidhi-2-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/109995214.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-is-nara-rohit-murthy-devagupthapu-prathinidhi-2-against-ap-governement-121715324426239.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527103458/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-is-nara-rohit-murthy-devagupthapu-prathinidhi-2-against-ap-governement-121715324426239.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2024|title=Prathinidhi 2 Review: ప్రతినిధి 2 రివ్యూ.. నారా రోహిత్ పొలిటికల్ థ్రిల్లర్ ఆకట్టుకుందా? ఏ పార్టీకి అనుకూలంగా తీశారు?|first=Sanjiv|last=Kumar|website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated the film two out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/nara-rohit-pratinidhi-2-movie-review-jsp-sd9dpx|title=నారా రోహిత్ 'ప్రతినిధి 2'రివ్యూ & రేటింగ్!|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213340/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/nara-rohit-pratinidhi-2-movie-review-jsp-sd9dpx|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Prathinidhi 2'' is devoid of a strong narrative and gripping screenplay. The film wants to be a political-investigative thriller without caring to understand the nuances of the genre".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/prathinidhi-2-film-review-nara-rohits-action-packed-comeback-explores-politics-and-power-dynamics-review-107119593|title=Prathinidhi 2 Film Review: Nara Rohit's Action-Packed Comeback Explores Politics And Power Dynamics|date=25 January 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213341/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/prathinidhi-2-film-review-nara-rohits-action-packed-comeback-explores-politics-and-power-dynamics-review-107119593|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/prathinidhi-2-review-nara-rohith-latest-movie-prathinidi-2-review-in-telugu-ten24051001153|title='ప్రతినిధి 2' రివ్యూ - నారా రోహిత్‌ లేటెస్ట్ పొలిటికల్‌ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? - Prathinidhi 2 Review|date=10 May 2024|website=[[ETV (India)|ETV Bharat News]]|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213344/https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/prathinidhi-2-review-nara-rohith-latest-movie-prathinidi-2-review-in-telugu-ten24051001153|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telangana.thefederal.com/category/entertainment/nara-rohit-starrer-prathinidhi-2-movie-review-121746|title=మొదటిదే బాగుంది అనిపించే.. 'ప్రతినిధి-2': మూవీ రివ్యూ|first=Saleem|last=Basha|date=10 May 2024|website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV|telangana.thefederal.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/prathinidhi-2-review-in-telugu/0203/124090083|title=prathinidhi 2 review: రివ్యూ: ప్రతినిధి2.. నారా రోహిత్‌ పొలిటికల్‌ డ్రామా ఎలా ఉంది?|website=EENADU|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703161646/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/prathinidhi-2-review-in-telugu/0203/124090083|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-starring-nara-rohit-160630|title=ప్రతినిధి 2 రివ్యూ: నారా రోహిత్ పొలిటికల్ కాంట్రవర్సీనా? లేదంటే ఇది థ్రిల్లర్ సినిమానా?|first=Satya|last=Pulagam|date=10 May 2024|website=telugu.abplive.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213343/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-starring-nara-rohit-160630|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28479388}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahati Swara Sagar]]

K. P. Dandapani

2026-05-05T18:34:45Z

RockyDill0015:

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. P. Dandapani
| image = Advocate General K.P. Dandapani.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth Date|1946|05|11}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = Sumathi
| children = 2
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|V. K. Padmanabhan|M. K. Narayani}}
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2023|03|21|79|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] to the [[Government of Kerala]] (2011–2016)
| occupation = [[Senior advocate]]
}}

'''K. P. Dandapani''' ({{circa|1946}} – 21 March 2023) was an Indian lawyer. He was [[Advocate general (India)|advocate general]] to the [[Government of Kerala]] from 2011 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Office of the Advocate General of Kerala |url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/index.php/advocate-generals-office |accessdate=28 December 2012 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322024238/http://www.keralalawsect.org/index.php/advocate-generals-office |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KP Dandapani, takes charge as Advocate General |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-26/thiruvananthapuram/29585837_1_charge-kerala-advocate-general |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907222231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-26/thiruvananthapuram/29585837_1_charge-kerala-advocate-general |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2011 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=ibnlive>{{cite news |title=K P Dandapani appointed Advocate-General |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k-p-dandapani-appointed-advocategeneral/153832-60-122.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205095512/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k-p-dandapani-appointed-advocategeneral/153832-60-122.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2011 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=IBN Live |date=24 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Advocate General |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/advocate-general |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114072007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/advocate-general |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=28 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=K.P. Dandapani to be new AG |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052459480700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810035000/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052459480700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dandapani takes charge |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/dandapani-takes-charge/article2051829.ece |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KP Dandapani, takes charge as Advocate General |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109283 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113043553/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109283 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Information |url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/index.php/component/content/article/193 |work=Law Department Library |publisher=Law Department - Government of Kerala |accessdate=28 December 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804091244/http://www.keralalawsect.org/index.php/component/content/article/193 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Early life==
K. P. Dandapani was born in [[Kerala]] as was the son of V. K. Padmanabhan and M. K. Narayani.<ref name="ibnlive" /> Dandapani completed his primary education at St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam. After his primary education, he attended St. Albert's College followed by [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]. He completed his law degree and graduated in 1968 and enrolled as an advocate in the same year.<ref name="hindu" />

==Career==
Dandapani enrolled as an advocate on 17 May 1968. He started his legal practice under S. Easwara Iyer.<ref name="hindu" /> He started independent practice in 1972 with his wife Sumathi Dandapani, in the fields of civil, company, constitution, and criminal laws.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adv KP Dandapani new advocate general |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109133 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216111028/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=109133 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1996, he was appointed judge of [[Kerala High Court]]. However, five months after the appointment he was transferred to [[Gujarat High Court]] after being terminated by the [[President of India]] for non compliance of order{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}, and he and his wife became designated as senior advocates by the Kerala High Court.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

He was the legal adviser and standing counsel of many companies and establishments, including the [[PowerGrid Corporation of India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. versus RAMAKRISHNA PILLAI, GOURI NIVAS |url=http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=43848 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925134855/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=43848 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[The Leela Group]], [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]], [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]], [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering|Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam]], [[Malabar Christian College|Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode]], [[Malayala Manorama]] and [[Anna Kitex Group]]. He was president of the Kerala High Court Advocates' Association. He was one of the committee members of Kerala High Court Legal Service Authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala High Court Legal Services Committee |url=http://kelsa.nic.in/hccom.htm |accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Members |url=http://kelsa.nic.in/members.htm |publisher=Kerala State Legal Services Authority |accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Dandapani was married to Sumathi and had two children. His daughter Mittu is a practicing lawyer in [[Australia]], and his son Millu is a practicing lawyer of the [[Kerala High Court]]. His wife Sumathi Dandapani is also a practicing senior advocate in the Kerala High Court.<ref name="ibnlive" />

Dandapani died on 21 March 2023, at the age of 76.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Advocate and former Kerala Advocate General KP Dandapani passes away |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/senior-advocate-former-kerala-advocate-general-kp-dandapani-passes-away |access-date=21 March 2023 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandapani, K. P.}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]

Gurdwara Bangla Sahib

2026-05-05T15:06:02Z

RockyDill0015: started - done

{{short description|Gurdwara in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Gurdwara Bangla Sahib
| infobox_width =
| image = Front view of Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, Delhi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Gurdwara Bangla Sahib as viewed from Main Entrance.{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=point|zoom=15|frame-align=center|frame-width=220}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], [[Delhi]], [[India]].
| geo =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| rite =
| state =
| consecration_year =
| heritage_designation =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]], [[Mughal architecture]]
| founded_by = [[Baghel Singh|Sardar Baghel Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarbpreet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXREAAAQBAJ&dq=Baghel+singh+founded+bangla+sahib&pg=PT41 |title=The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=26 June 2023 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-133-7 |language=en |quote=In 1782, the Sikh Sardars, ever bolder, made an expedition to Delhi. Sardar Baghel Singh established a camp in Delhi and built four gurdwaras, Sis Ganj Sahib, Bangla Sahib, Rakabganj Sahib and Bala Sahib}}</ref><ref name="randhir">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&q=1783+sikh+delhi&pg=PT62 |title=Sikh Shrines in India |first=G.S |last=Randhir |year=1990|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123022604}}</ref>
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1664 as a bungalow, again rebuilt in 1783, current structure mostly built post 1947
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
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| designated =
}}

'''Gurdwara Bangla Sahib''' ({{Audio-nohelp|Gurdwara Bangla Sahib pronunciation.ogg|listen}}) is one of the most prominent [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]]s, or Sikh house of worship, in [[Delhi]], India, and known for its association with the eighth [[Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Har Krishan]], as well as the holy pond inside its complex, known as the "Sarovar." Originally a bungalow of Raja [[Jai Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], it was rebuilt as a small shrine by Sikh General Sardar [[Baghel Singh]] in 1783. In the same year, there was reconstruction of nine Sikh shrines in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/religious-places/gurdwaras/bangla-sahib.html|title=Gurdwara Bangla Sahib - Delhi Gurdwara Bangla Sahib - Banglasahib Gurduwara New Delhi|website=www.bharatonline.com}}</ref>

It is situated near [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]] on Baba Kharak Singh Marg and it is instantly recognisable by its golden dome and tall flagpole.

==History==
[[File:Painting of Guru Har Krishan blessing Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur, by D.A. Ahuja of Rangoon.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Har Krishan blessing Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur, by D.A. Ahuja of Rangoon]]
The estate of the Maharaja of the Parmar Rajputs, chosen for its supernatural appeal, caught the attention of Raja Jai Singh. Impressed by the location, he decided to rebuild the estate into what became the Jaisinghpura Palace. The estate, originally transformed into Jaisinghpura Palace, was later repurposed as Gurdwara Bangla Sahib and became the prominent site.

Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was originally a [[bungalow]] belonging to [[Jai Singh I|Raja Jai Singh]], a Hindu [[Rajput]] ruler in the seventeenth century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Randhir |first=G. S. |title=Sikh Shrines in India |date=February 1990 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=58–59 |chapter=Delhi: Bangla Sahib}}</ref> Guru Har Krishan stayed at the bungalow after being invited to Delhi by Jai Singh.<ref name=":1" /> Guru Har Krishan had been summoned to Delhi by [[Aurangzeb]] as his legitimacy as the Sikh guru was challenged by [[Ram Rai]], however Raja Jai Singh and Raja Ram Singh decided to assist the Sikh guru during his visit, with Jai Singh offering the guru his bungalow as a residence until the succession dispute was solved.<ref name=":1" /> While in Delhi, Guru Har Krishan provided charity to the local people of the city who were sick, with him instructing Diwan Dargah Mal to spend all the daily offerings on the downtrodden.<ref name=":1" /> However, Guru Har Krishan died in Delhi on 6 October 1661.<ref name=":1" /> Raja Jai Singh would construct a [[Temple tank|small tank]] over its well, whose waters are taken home by modern Sikhs as ''[[Amrita|amrit]]'' for its supposed healing properties.<ref name=":1" />

Since Guru Har Krishan stayed at Raja Jai Singh's bungalow (pronounced ''bangla'' in the local vernacular), it has now been converted to a gurdwara called the ''Bangla Sahib'' to memorialise Guru Har Krishan's stay there.<ref name="bang12">[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/guru-harkrishan-ji-an-apostle-of-humility/ Guru Harkrishan ji an apostle of humility], Daily Excelsior, 1/8/2021.</ref><ref name=":1" /> The eighth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Har Krishan|Har Krishan]] resided here during his stay in Delhi in 1664. He died on 30 March 1664.<ref name="bang1">[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/guru-harkrishan-ji-an-apostle-of-humility/ Guru Harkrishan ji an apostle of humility], Daily Excelsior, 1 August 2021.</ref> The gurdwara and its ''Sarovar'' are now a place of great reverence for [[Sikhs]], and a place for special congregation on birth anniversary of [[Guru Har Krishan]]. The ''sarovar'' measures 225 by 235 feet with an 18 foot wide ''[[Parikrama|parkarma]]'' and a 12 foot wide [[veranda]] along its three sides.<ref name=":1" />

In 1984, during the anti-Sikh riots, some 150 Sikhs took sanctuary inside the gurdwara. A Hindu mob carrying cans of gasoline, attempted to storm into the temple, but were driven back.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 1984 |title=Angry Indian Mobs Hunt Down Sikhs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/02/angry-indian-mobs-hunt-down-sikhs/8843ec07-a2d2-4331-861c-b0b196e47b62/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>

The Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee operates a hospital in the sublevels of the structure.<ref name=":1" /> In March 2021, the gurdwara inaugurated the cheapest diagnostic centre with the aim to provide healthcare for the poor. The patients can get an [[MRI scan]] at {{INR|50}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Sami |title=MRI scan at just Rs 50: Delhi's Bangla Sahib Gurudwara promises affordable healthcare [details] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mri-scan-just-rs-50-delhis-bangla-sahib-gurudwara-promises-affordable-healthcare-details-834068 |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=www.ibtimes.co.in |date=10 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Also connected to the site is a Khalsa Girls School and an art-gallery and museum named after Baghel Singh.<ref name=":1" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Night view of Gurdwara Bangla Sahib and the Sarovar.jpg|Night view of Gurdwara Bangla Sahib and the ''[[Temple tank|sarovar]]''.
File:Group of Nihang Singhs with Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in background.jpg|Nihangs at Gurdwara Bangla Sahib
File:Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, Sarowar view.jpg|Gurdwara Bangla Sahib viewed across from the sarovar
File:Bangla Sahib Gurdwara Panorama.jpg|Panorama view across the sarovar of the complex
File:Bangla Sahib Gurdwara in Delhi.jpg|Lighting decorations of the gurdwara
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Gurudwara Bangla Sahib}}
{{portal|India|Architecture}}

* [http://www.npsin.in/mandir/bangla-sahib Gurudwara Bangla Sahib Photo Gallery]
* {{official website|http://banglasahib.org/|name=Unofficial website}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100614075748/http://banglasahib.org.in/ Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{Delhi landmarks|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|28.6267|N|77.2089|E|format=dms|source:kolossus-ukwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1783]]
[[Category:18th-century gurdwaras]]

Nautch

2026-05-03T13:18:57Z

RockyDill0015: Created a info...

{{Short description|Popular court dance in royal India}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2011}}
[[File:Native Nautch at Delhi.jpg|thumb|Nautch dancers in [[Old Delhi]], c. 1874]]
[[Image:Nautch dancer.jpg|thumb|Nautch dancer in [[Calcutta]], c. 1900]]
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Raja Enthroned with Courtiers Musicians and Nautch Girls in Attendance.jpg|thumb|A [[Raja]] awaits the arrival of Nautch dancers]]
[[File:Nautch girl dancing, while two men play a string instrument and a drum nearby.jpg|thumb|A Nautch girl performing, 1862]]

The '''nautch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔː|tʃ}}, meaning "dance" or "dancing" from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: "naach")<ref name=india1>Scott A. Kugle, 2016, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ&dq=natch+is+derived+from+natch+hindi&pg=PA230 When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry], p.230.</ref> was a popular court dance performed by girls (known as "'''nautch girls'''") in later [[Mughal India|Mughal]] and [[colonial India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Louise T. |title=Dancing Girls of Lahore |date=2006 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=0060740434 |pages=36}}</ref> The word "''nautch''" was a British corruption of "''Nach''", the Bengali word for dancing. In the early part of the 19th century, it was the resident Bengalis British supported and created elite with who they associated most with and they picked up their culture from them. The culture of the performing art of the nautch rose to prominence during the later period of [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Company rule in India|rule of]] the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nautch girls: Sahibs danced to their tune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main1.htm|access-date=25 July 2004}}</ref>

Over time, the nautch travelled outside the confines of the imperial courts of the Mughals, the palaces of the [[nawab]]s and the [[princely state]]s, and the higher echelons of the officials of the [[British Raj]], to the palaces of [[zamindar]]s. However under the British Raj they came to be reviled as lewd by the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] standards of the British and not well tolerated. As a result, many nautch girls lost their former patrons and were pushed further into prostitution, as local mistresses for the British were replaced with wives from Britain.<ref name=":0" />

Some references use the terms ''nautch'' and ''nautch girls'' to describe [[Devadasi]]s who used to perform ritual and religious dances in the Hindu temples of India. However, there is not much similarity between the devadasis and the nautch girls. The former performed dances, mostly Indian classical dances, including the ritual dances, in the precincts of the Hindu temples to please the temple deities, whereas the nautch girls performed nautches for the pleasure of men. In 1917, attributing the adjective to a woman in India would suggest her entrancing skill, tempting style and alluring costume could mesmerize men to absolute obedience.<ref>Yasmini in ''King, of the Khyber Rifles'' by Talbot Mundy {{ISBN|0854681779}} Tom Stacey 1972 orig 1917 hb, p16</ref>

== History ==
Earlier, devotional dances were performed in the temples by the [[devdasi]] for spiritual reasons only.<ref name=ind7/> During the [[Mughal Empire|mughal era]], dance for entertainment became popular, and many rulers took dance girls in their entourages even at their battle-camps.<ref name=ind7/> The early [[Anglo-Indian people|British migrants to India]] were often given [[tawaif]]s as welcome gifts or rewards.<ref name=ind7/> In 18th century, young princes were sent to nautch girls to learn ''tehzeeb'' (elegance and court manners) and culture.<ref name=ind7/>

During the Mughal and [[British Raj|British]] era, nautch girls regularly performed at [[Durbar (court)|durbar]]s.<ref name=ind5>1857, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vcI2AQAAMAAJ&dq=natch+girl&pg=PA876 The Athenæum: A Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts], p.876.</ref> Nautch girls were also invited to perform on the special events of the native Indians where guests congregated in a separate performance hall, nautch girls sat with the nautch party, composed of attendant musicians and two or more nautch girls, whose numbers vary depending on the status of the host.<ref name=ind4>F. M. Coleman, 1897, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hs9AAAAAIAAJ&q=natch+girl Typical Pictures of Indian Natives: With Descriptive Letterpress], Thacker & Company, limited, p.19.</ref>

{{Quote
|text = Hindi women in general are finely shaped, gentle in their manners, and have something soft and even musical in their voices. An exceedingly graceful dance of the Natch girls is called the "Kite dance". The air is slow and expressive, and the dancers imitate in their gestures the movements of a person flying the kite.
|author = Julia, [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] author (1873)<ref name=ind3>Julia,1873, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h95aAAAAcAAJ&dq=natch+is+derived+from+natch+hindi&pg=PA241 India: pictorial, descriptive, and historical : from the earliest times to the present with nearly one hundred illustrations.], London, p.241.</ref>
}}

== Nautch ==
===Nautch types ===
The nautch, performed only by the girls, evolved into several styles, three of which were most essential, the ''mor nach'' (the dance of peacock to attract peahens), ''patang nach'' (the [[Kite#Asia|kite]] dance imitating both the kite and the kite flier) and ''qahar ka nach'' (the [[Litter (vehicle)|palki]] [[pallbearer]]'s dance, erotic and suggestive dance performed as [[Finale (music)|finale]]) were popular types of dance.<ref name=ind8/><ref name=ind3/>

{{Quote
|text = Jealousy and love are hardly ever better portrayed than by the dark flashing eyes, and unrestrained passion, of an Indian natch girl. Very few English admire this exhibition on the first representation, but by repetition it ceases to disgust, and at length, in many cases, comes to form the chief enjoyment of life. It is a fact, however, that whenever this fatal taste is acquired, the moral being of the man becomes more and more enervated, until its healthier European characteristics that are lost in the voluptuous indolence that enthrals the generality of the western Asiatics.
|author = The English in India, and other sketches, by a traveller (1835)<ref name=ind2>1835, [The English in India, and other sketches, by a traveller], London, p.178.</ref>
}}
[[File:Jaipur8.jpg|thumb|Nautch girls and Musicians in Jaipur]]
=== Regional variations of the nautch ===
[[File:Nautch girls, India 00381u, edit.jpg|thumb|Nautch girls]]
The "[[zamindar]]i nautch" patronised by the Zamindar of [[Baghmundi]] was known as the ''araiha'', in which two or four nautch girls and two [[jhumar]] singers in company of about 20 male dancers took part in the singing and dancing. Part of the songs were repeated by the dancing girls and by the male dancers, and the nautch girls formed a line or a circle to perform a dance similar to the [[fox-trot]] as two or three sang, and they repeated the [[refrain]].<ref name=ind6>1967,[https://books.google.com/books?id=M55XAAAAMAAJ&q=famous+natch+girl Mainstream], - Volume 6, p.28.</ref>

==Nautch party==
The nautch girls performed in small troupes called the "nautch parties", which consisted of just one or two people to 10 or more, including dancers and singer, and their husbands often played the role of musicians and handlers.<ref name=ind8/>

===Nautch girls===
[[File:Indian Nautch girls from Kashmir in the 1870s.JPG|thumb|Indian nautch girls from Kashmir in the 1870s]]
{{Quote
|text = A nautch girl is not a [[Doms|Domni]] (hereditary female singer), Kasbi (a female belonging to family which practices hereditary sex trade), [[Prostitution in India|Randi]] (first generation prostitute), [[Tawaif]] (elegant and cultured female master of arts, including singing and dancing), [[Kanjar]]i (low-class uncultured Tawaif), Nochi (young girl trainee under a tawaaif) or [[Devdasi]] (temple dancer devoted to the practice of spiritual dancing); she belongs to her own distinctive class.
|source = [[The Times of India]]<ref name=ind8/>
}}
[[File:Portrait of an Indian Nautch girl in Bombay (c. 1920-30s).jpg|thumb|Indian Nautch girl in Bombay]]

A nautch girl is a dancer who makes a living by entertaining men, women and children of all social classes, regions, castes and religions on various occasions including parties, weddings, christenings, religious ceremonies, and other social events.<ref name=ind8/> Their dances were simplified combination of [[kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam|dasi attam]] and [[Dance in India|folk dance]].<ref name=ind8/> Wandering troops of nautch girls often traveled to different places, performed impromptu roadside dance performances or just turned up uninvited to perform at the homes of their richer patrons who were customarily obliged to pay them.<ref name=ind8/> They performed everywhere, in the homes of their patrons, public places or on stage, also in Mughal courts, palaces of [[nawabs]], [[Mahal (palace)|mahals]] (castles) of [[raja]]s, [[bungalow]]s of British officers, homes of [[jagirdar|nobles]], [[haveli]]s (mansions) of [[zamindar]]s (landowners) and many other places.<ref name=ind8/>Nautch from the Beria community in Uttar Pradesh who perform public dances are called Berin. Nautchs from the Gand or Gondh communities in central India are called Deogarni. Groups of nautchs from the Telangana region in southern India are called Bogams. These groups of folk artists are all Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance as Protest: Thumri and Tawaif's Quest for Artistic Autonomy |url=https://rupkatha.com/performance-tthumri/ |date=2013 |access-date=3 May 2026 |website=Rupkatha |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Nautch girls Kabul 1879 second.jpg|thumb|Indian professional dancing nautch girls in [[Kabul]] for the Afghan emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], 1879]]

{{Quote
|text = They [nautch girls] are extremely delicate in their person, soft and regular in their features, with a form of perfect symmetry, and although dedicated from infancy to this profession, they in general preserve a decency and modesty in their demeanor, which is more likely to allure than the shameless effrontery of similar characters in other countries.
|author = [[James Forbes (artist)]] (1749–1819)
|source = ''Oriental Memoirs'' (1813)<ref name=ind8/>
}}

===Nautch musicians===
[[File:Indian Nautch girls and musicians in the 1870s.jpg|thumb|Indian nautch girls and musicians in the 1870s]]

The nautch party musicians historically played four instruments: [[sarangi]], [[tabla]], [[manjeera]] and [[dholak]]. A fifth instrument, the [[harmonium]], was introduced in the beginning of the 20th century. Musicians performed while standing in the courts, palaces and the homes of rich patrons. They performed while sitting in the homes of poor patrons and in public performances. Singers of the nautch party used [[thumri]], [[dadra]], [[ghazal]] and [[geet (song)|geet]].<ref name=ind8>[http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-nautch/ The Nautch - Ally Adnan on the colorful dancing girls who dazzled India in the 19th century], [[The Times of India]], 1 Aug 2014.</ref>

===Nautch handlers: mama and muhafiz ===
A ''[[Mama-san|mama]]'', usually an older and experienced maidservant, who sat in a corner of the dais preparing [[paan]] (betel nut) and [[beedi]] (Indian cigar) for patrons, was responsible for taking care of nautch girls, their meals, and safekeeping of the jewelry worn by them. A ''muhafiz'' was an unarmed guard who maintained order, acted as usher, and ensured protection during performance and travel. ''Mashalchis'' (one or two lamp bearers) of the troupe were responsible for the lighting during night performances.<ref name=ind8/>
[[File:Delhi dancing girls with musicians.jpg|thumb|Delhi Nautch girls and musicians]]
{{Quote
|text = The tent was most glaringly lighted, massaulchis or torch-bearers stood here and there ready to attend to any person who might require them…we had scarcely seated ourselves ere two of them made their appearance, floating into our presence, all [[tinsel]] colored [[muslin]] and ornaments: they were followed by three musicians, and attended by a couple of mussaulchis who held their torches first to the face and then lower down as if showing off the charms of the dancers to the best advantage.
|author = Lieutenant Thomas Bacon
|source = Description of Late Evening Nautch<ref name=ind8/>
}}

==Famous nautch girls==
[[File:Tamil nautch (dancing girl) (c. 1910).gif|thumb|Tamil nautch, 1910]]

[[Roopmati]] was a famous Hindu nautch girl from [[Saharanpur]], who married [[Baz Bahadur]], the Muslim sultan of [[Malwa]].[[Akbar| Akbar the Great]] is said to have invaded Malwa after hearing about her beauty.<ref name="ind7">Nautch Girls of the Raj, [[Mumbai Mirror]], 8 Aug 2010.</ref> In 1561 Akbar's army, led by [[Adham Khan]] and Pir Muhammad Khan, attacked Malwa and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] (29 March 1561). One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his lust for Rani Roopmati. She, however, poisoned herself upon hearing of the fall of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. Baz Bahadur fled<ref name="VAS">{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605 |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |date=1919 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref> to [[Khandesh]].

Pyari Jan was a famous nautch girl of [[Delhi]] in 1815.<ref name=ind7/>
[[File:Professsional dancing girls in the streets of old Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|Nautch girls and musicians in old Delhi]]
{{Quote
|text = From time immemorial Indian poets have sung praises of the 'public woman', the professional entertainer. The [[Indian epic poetry|epic]]s give us a colourful description of her intimate connection with royal splendour. The [[Puranas]] highlight her auspicious presence as a symbol of good luck. [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]] also testifies to the high esteem in which she was held in society. She appears through the ages in different incarnations from [[apsara]] [celestial virgin] in divine form to ganika [attendant], [[devdasi]] [spiritual dancer], [[Nritya|nartika]] [ordinary dancer], kanchani, [[tawaif]] [cultured professional courtesan] and nautch girl [dancer member of the professional troupe].
|author = [[Pran Nevile]]<ref name=ind7/>
}}
[[File:The Nautch Party at Woolagiri Mines. 1895.jpg|thumb|The Nautch performing at Woolagiri Mines, 1895]]

[[Begum Samru]] (christened as Joanna Nobilis Sombre) was an 18th-century ruler who started her life as a nautch girl and became ruler of [[Sardhana]], a small principality near Meerut and the only ever Catholic ruler of India. She rose to prominence through marriage to her European husband [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre]] and inherited his estate after his death. She is buried in the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Graces|Basilica of our Lady of Graces]], which she commissioned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Gautam |title=The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0521832748}}</ref>

== Anti-Nautch movement ==
The shift in attitude to nautch girls can be attributed to the [[British Raj]], who after capturing [[Lahore]] from the [[Sikhs]] after the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]] did not share the same attitude towards dancing girls.

While the British men were happy to take local women as [[Concubinage|concubines]] and [[Mistress (lover)|mistresses]] they were uninterested in becoming patrons of the formerly well tolerated courtesans of [[Lahore]], and even less interested in spending lavish sums upon them. The Victorian purity movement, which spread from England to the colonies and the Indian mutiny of 1857 further reinforced these views on local practices such as dancing girls which were seen as lewd by the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] standards of the British Raj. British women were imported into India (and modern day Pakistan) as respectable wives to replace local mistresses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Louise T. |title=Dancing Girls of Lahore |date=2006 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=0060740434 |pages=35–36}}</ref>

==Decline in patronage, shift towards prostitution==
[[File:Nautch girls, Hyderabad; a photo by Hooper and Western.jpg|thumb|Nautch girls, Hyderabad; a photo commissioned by the Indian government in the 19th century; the colonial authorities designated a "prostitute class" for the dancers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onprostitution.oberlincollegelibrary.org/exhibits/show/colonialism/culture|title=Prostitution and Culture: The Case of the Dancing Girl · Prostitution and Colonialism: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria and North India · A la Recherche des Femmes Perdues|website=onprostitution.oberlincollegelibrary.org|access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref>]]

In the mid-nineteenth century, with [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent|the spread of western education]] and pressure from the increased number of [[British Raj#Missions|Christian missionaries]] after the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, dance was stigmatized and shunned by Europeans and Indians alike. Consequently, nautch girls abandoned by their patrons were often forced to take up prostitution for survival,<ref name=ind7/><ref name=ind8/> and by the early 20th century the respectable art of the nautch had acquired a derogatory connotation.<ref name=ind8/><ref>cf. the evidently scandalous character of a nautch-girl in dialogue in Act 1 of the play ''The Watched Pot'' by "Saki" and Charles Maude: ''The Novels and Plays of "Saki" (H H Munro)'', 1933, The Bodley Head, London, p.389.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bacha bazi]]
* [[Dance bar]]
* [[Dance in India]]
* [[Devadasi]]
* [[Ghawazi]]
* [[Ouled Naïl]]
* [[Indian classical dance]]
* [[List of Indian folk dances]]
* [[Mujra]]
* ''[[Naach]]'', a 2004 dance film
* ''[[The Nautch Girl]]'', a 1891 opera
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Pakistan]]
* [[Prostitution in colonial India]]
* [[Tawaif]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''[[Nautch Girls of India: Dancers, Singers, Playmates]]'' by [[Pran Nevile]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nautch}}
{{Wiktionary|Nautch}}
* ''[https://www.academia.edu/7842247/The_Nautch_Girl The Nautch Girl]'', memoirs by James Forbes

{{Prostitution in India}}

[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Pakistani tawaifs]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]

2026 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election

2026-04-30T16:36:42Z

RockyDill0015: creating a bio

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian election in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election
| type = Parliamentary
| country = India
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2021
| election_date = TBD
| next_election = 2031 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = 2031
| seats_for_election = All 144 seats for [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 73
| turnout = TBD
| image1 = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress logo (1).svg|60px|center]]
| leader1 =
| party1 = Trinamool Congress
| alliance1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| last_election1 = 134 seats, 72.13% vote
| seats1 =
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| percentage1 =
| image2 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|60px|center]]
| leader3 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| last_election2 = 3 seats, 9.21% vote
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| image3 = [[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|60px|center]]
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| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance3 = Left Front (West Bengal)
| last_election3 = 1 seat, 9.65% vote
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| party6 = [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
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| title = [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Mayor]]
| before_election = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| before_party = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 138
| seats_before2 = 4
| seats_before3 = 1
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| seats_before6 = 0
}}
The '''2026 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election''' will be held on December 2026 tentatively to elect 144 members of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) which governs [[Kolkata]], the capital of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-15 |title=Welcome to KolkataMyCity.com |url=http://www.kolkatamycity.com/about_kmc_overview.asp |access-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515160951/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/about_kmc_overview.asp |archive-date=15 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2024 |title=Eye on 2026 Bengal polls, TMC, BJP set out to recover lost ground in festive season |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/eye-on-2026-bengal-polls-tmc-bjp-set-out-to-recover-lost-ground-in-festive-season-101730615771253.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC trailed BJP in several parts of Kolkata; Mamata Banerjee seeks report |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 June 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/tmc-trailed-bjp-in-several-parts-of-kolkata-mamata-banerjee-seeks-report-101718028538393.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-12 |title=Welcome to KolkataMyCity.com |url=http://www.kolkatamycity.com/about_kmc.asp |access-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712154819/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/about_kmc.asp |archive-date=12 July 2006 }}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
!Poll event
!Schedule
|-
|Notification date
|TBD
|-
|Last Date for filing nomination
|TBD
|-
|Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|TBD
|-
|Date of poll
|TBD
|-
|Date of counting of votes
|TBD
|}

==Parties and alliances==
Following is a list of political parties and alliances which may contest in this election:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Alliance
!No. of contesting candidates
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
|rowspan="5"|''None''
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant electoral symbol.svg|50px]]
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|[[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50px]]
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]

|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]

|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]

|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
|
|rowspan="2"|''None''
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
|Others
|
|style="text-align:right"|TBD
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!rowspan="2"|No.
!rowspan="2"|Borough
!rowspan="2"|Ward
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
!colspan="3"| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|rowspan=9|I
|[[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 1]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!2
|[[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 2]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!3
|[[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 3]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!4
|[[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 4]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 5]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!6
|[[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 6]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!7
|[[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 7]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!8
|[[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 8]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!9
|[[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 9]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!10
|rowspan=3|II
|[[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 10]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!11
|[[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 11]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!12
|[[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 12]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!13
|rowspan=2|III
|[[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 13]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!14
|[[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 14]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!15
|rowspan=6|II
|[[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 15]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!16
|[[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 16]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!17
|[[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 17]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!18
|[[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 18]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!19
|[[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 19]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!20
|[[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 20]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!21
|rowspan=8|IV
|[[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 21]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!22
|[[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 22]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!23
|[[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 23]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!24
|[[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 24]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!25
|[[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 25]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!26
|[[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 26]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!27
|[[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 27]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!28
|[[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 28]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!29
|rowspan=7|III
|[[Ward No. 29, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 29]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!30
|[[Ward No. 30, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 30]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!31
|[[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 31]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!32
|[[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 32]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!33
|[[Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 33]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!34
|[[Ward No. 34, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 34]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!35
|[[Ward No. 35, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 35]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!36
|rowspan=2|V
|[[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 36]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!37
|[[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 37]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!38
|rowspan=2|IV
|[[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 38]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!39
|[[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 39]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!40
|rowspan=6|V
|[[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 40]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!41
|[[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 41]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!42
|[[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 42]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!43
|[[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 43]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!44
|[[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 44]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!45
|[[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 45]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!46
|rowspan=2|VI
|[[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 46]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!47
|[[Ward No. 47, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 47]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!48
|rowspan=3|V
|[[Ward No. 48, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 48]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!49
|[[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 49]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!50
||[[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 50]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!51
|rowspan=5|VI
|[[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 51]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!52
|[[Ward No. 52, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 52]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!53
|[[Ward No. 53, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 53]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!54
|[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 54]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!55
|[[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 55]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!56
|rowspan=4|VII
|[[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 56]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!57
|[[Ward No. 57, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 57]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!58
|[[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 58]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!59
|[[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 59]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!60
|rowspan=3|VI
|[[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 60]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!61
|[[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 61]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!62
|[[Ward No. 62, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 62]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!63
|rowspan=5|VII
|[[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 63]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!64
|[[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 64]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!65
|[[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 65]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!66
|[[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 66]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!67
|[[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 67]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!68
|rowspan=3|VIII
|[[Ward No. 68, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 68]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!69
|[[Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 69]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!70
|[[Ward No. 70, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 70]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!71
|IX
|[[Ward No. 71, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 71]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!72
|VIII
|[[Ward No. 72, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 72]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!73
|rowspan=8|IX
|[[Ward No. 73, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 73]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!74
|[[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 74]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!75
|[[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 75]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!76
|[[Ward No. 76, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 76]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!77
|[[Ward No. 77, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 77]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!78
|[[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 78]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!79
|[[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 79]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!80
|[[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 80]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!81
|X
|[[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 81]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!82
|IX
|[[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 82]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!83
|rowspan=6|VIII
|[[Ward No. 83, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 83]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!84
|[[Ward No. 84, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 84]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!85
|[[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 85]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!86
|[[Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 86]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!87
|[[Ward No. 87, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 87]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!88
|[[Ward No. 88, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 88]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!89
|X
|[[Ward No. 89, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 89]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!90
|VIII
|[[Ward No. 90, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 90]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!91
|rowspan=10|X
|[[Ward No. 91, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 91]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!92
|[[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 92]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!93
|[[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 93]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!94
|[[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 94]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!95
|[[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 95]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!96
|[[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 96]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!97
|[[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 97]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!98
|[[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 98]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!99
|[[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 99]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!100
|[[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 100]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!101
|rowspan=2|XII
|[[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 101]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!102
|[[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 102]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!103
|rowspan=2|XI
|[[Ward No. 103, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 103]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!104
|[[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 104]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!105
|rowspan=5|XII
|[[Ward No. 105, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 105]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!106
|[[Ward No. 106, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 106]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!107
|[[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 107]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!108
|[[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 108]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!109
|[[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 109]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!110
|rowspan=5|XI
|[[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 110]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!111
|[[Ward No. 111, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 111]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!112
|[[Ward No. 112, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 112]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!113
|[[Ward No. 113, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 113]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!114
|[[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 114]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!115
|rowspan=6|XIII
|[[Ward No. 115, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 115]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!116
|[[Ward No. 116, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 116]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!117
|[[Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 117]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!118
|[[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 118]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!119
|[[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 119]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!120
|[[Ward No. 120, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 120]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!121
|XIV
|[[Ward No. 121, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 121]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!122
|XIII
|[[Ward No. 122, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 122]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!123
|rowspan=4|XVI
|[[Ward No. 123, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 123]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!124
|[[Ward No. 124, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 124]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!125
|[[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 125]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!126
|[[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 126]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!127
|rowspan=6|XIV
|[[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 127]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!128
|[[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 128]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!129
|[[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 129]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!130
|[[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 130]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!131
|[[Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 131]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!132
|[[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 132]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!133
|rowspan=9|XV
|[[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 133]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!134
|[[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 134]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!135
|[[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 135]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!136
|[[Ward No. 136, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 136]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!137
|[[Ward No. 137, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 137]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!138
|[[Ward No. 138, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 138]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!139
|[[Ward No. 139, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 139]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!140
|[[Ward No. 140, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 140]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!141
|[[Ward No. 141, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 141]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!142
|rowspan=3|XVI
|[[Ward No. 142, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 142]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!143
|[[Ward No. 143, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 143]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!144
|[[Ward No. 144, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 144]]
| {{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|}

==Voters Turnout==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No. of Voters
!No. of Voters who cast votes
!Voters Turnout (%)
|-
|
|
|
|}

==Surveys and polls==

=== Seat Projections ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the election
!Date
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|[[Trinamool Congress|'''AITC+''']]
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
|bgcolor={{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|'''LF''']]
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress }}|[[Indian National Congress|'''INDIA''']]
|bgcolor={{party color|Others}}|[[Independent Politician|'''IND''']]
!Margin
|-
|'''[[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election]]'''
|19 December 2021
|134
|3
|2
|2
|3
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|131
|-
|'''[[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]]'''<ref name=":0" />
|1 June 2024
|95
|48
|1
|0
|0
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|52
|}

=== Opinion Polls ===

=== Exit Polls ===

==Result==

=== Results by Parties ===
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:16.67%;" | '''0'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:16.67%;" | '''0'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:14.29%;"| '''0'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:16.67%;" | '''0'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; width:16.67%;"| '''0'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; width:16.67%;"| '''0'''
|-
| '''AITC'''
| '''BJP'''
| '''CPI(M)'''
| '''INC'''
| '''CPI'''
| '''IND'''
|}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption='''Vote share by alliance'''
|label1 = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
|value1 = 0
|color1 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|label2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|value2 = 0
|color2 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|label3 = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
|value3 = 0
|color3 = {{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|label4 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|value4 = 0
|color4 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 0
|color5 = {{party color|Others}}
|label6 = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|value6 = 0
|color6 = {{party color|Independent}}
|label7 = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|value7 = 0
|color7 = Black
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption='''Vote share by Party'''
|label1 = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|value1 = 0
|color1 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]]
|value2 = 0
|color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|label3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|value3 = 0
|color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|label4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|value4 = 0
|color4 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|label5 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|value5 = 0
|color5 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
|label6 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|value6 = 0
|color6 = {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|label7 = [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|value7 = 0
|color7 = {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|label8 = [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
|value8 = 0
|color8 = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|label9 = [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]]
|value9 = 0
|color9 = {{party color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|label10 = [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]]
|value10 = 0
|color10 = {{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
|label11 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|value11 = 0
|color11 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|label12 = [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]]
|value12 = 0
|color12 = {{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|label13 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Mass Line|CPI(ML)ML]]
|value13 = 0
|color13 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Mass Line}}
|label14 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star|CPI(ML)RS]]
|value14 = 0
|color14 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star}}
|label15 = [[West Bengal Socialist Party|WBSP]]
|value15 = 0
|color15 = {{party color|West Bengal Socialist Party}}
|label16 = [[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]]
|value16 = 0
|color16 = {{party color|Social Democratic Party of India}}
|label17 = [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party|AJUP]]
|value17 = 0
|color17 = {{party color|Janata Unnayan Party}}
|label18 = [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|value18 = 0
|color18 = {{party color|Indian Secular Front}}
|label19 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|value19 = 0
|color19 = {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|label20 = [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|value20 = 0
|color20 = {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|label21 = [[Indian National League|INL]]
|value21 = 0
|color21 = {{party color|Indian National League}}
|label22 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|value22 = 0
|color22 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|label23 = [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP(KR)]]
|value23 = 0
|color23 = {{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|label24 = Others
|value24 = 0
|color24 = {{party color|Others}}
|label25 = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|value25 = 0
|color25 = {{party color|Independent}}
|label26 = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|value26 = 0
|color26 = Black
}}

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Alliance
!colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Party
!colspan="6" rowspan="1"|Seats
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Popular Vote (%)
|-
!colspan="2"|Contested
!colspan="2"|Won
!rowspan="2"|Change
!rowspan="2"|Earned Second Position
|-
!Party-wise
!Alliance-wise
!Party-wise
!Alliance-wise
!Party-wise
!Alliance-wise
!Change (%)
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[BJP]]
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
| rowspan="8" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|style="text-align:right"|
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:right"|
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:right"|
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}"|
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|rowspan="2"|[[INDIA]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="text-align:right"|
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|rowspan="2"|''None''
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Others}}"|
|Others
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
| style="text-align:right" |
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
! colspan="13" |
|-
|colspan="9"|'''Total Polled Votes / Voter Turnout'''
|style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|colspan="9"|'''Registered Voters'''
|style="text-align:right"|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:right"|
|-
|}

=== Results by Wards ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! Borough
! Ward number
! colspan="2" | Party
! Candidate
! Votes
! colspan="2" | Party
! Candidate
! Votes
|-
| rowspan="9" | I
|[[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 1]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 2]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 3]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 4]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 5]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 6]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 7]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 8]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 9]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
| rowspan="9" | II
|[[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 10]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 11]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 12]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 15]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 16]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 17]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 18]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 19]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 20]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
| rowspan="9" | III
|[[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 13]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 14]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 29, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 29]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 30, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 30]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 31]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 32]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 33]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 34, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 34]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 35, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 35]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
| rowspan="10" | IV
|[[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 21]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 22]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 23]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 24]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 25]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 26]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 27]]
||
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 28]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 38]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 39]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
| rowspan=11" | V
|[[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 36]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 37]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 40]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 41]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 42]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 43]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 44]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 45]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 48, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 48]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 49]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 50]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
| rowspan="10" | VI
|[[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 46]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 47, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 47]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 51]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 52, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 52]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 53, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 53]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 54]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 55]]
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|
|
|
|style="text-align:right"|
|style="text-align:right"|
|-
|[[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward 60]]
|
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==See also==
* [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
* [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2023 West Bengal local elections|2023 West Bengal Panchayat elections]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]]
* [[Next West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2026 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:2026 elections in India|Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Local elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2020s in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T14:46:47Z

RockyDill0015: minor edit

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{other uses|Basirhat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Basirhat {{Small|WB-18}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Basirhat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Basirhat Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951-present
| reservation = None
| party =
| mp = Vacant<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25|title=Haji Nurul Islam Passes away|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/basirhat-mp-haji-nurul-islam-passed-away-dgtld/cid/1548310|access-date=2024-09-25|work=Anandabazar Patrika|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]] [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]] [[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]] [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] [[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]] [[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]] [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]]
| electors = 14,90,596<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Pie chart|value1=52.63|value2=15.79|value3=15.79|value4=10.53|label1=[[Communist Party of India |'''Communist Party of India ''' (10 times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (4 times)]]|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|'''Trinamool Congress'''(4 times)]]|label4=[[Bangla Congress|'''Bangla Congress''' (2 times)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India }}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|color4={{party color|Bangla Congress}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Basirhat Lok Sabha |value5=5.26|label5=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 time)]]|color5={{party color|Janata Party}}}}
'''Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Basirhat]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 18 Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North 24 Parganas district]].

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. '''Basirhat''', 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

According to the ''Hindustan Times'', Basirhat and Bangaon have the most porous stretch of West Bengal's 2,217 km border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/border-residents-debate-modi-s-warning-to-bangladeshis/article1-1215865.aspx |title=Border residents debate Modis views on Bangladeshis |publisher=Hindustan Times, 6 May 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623203824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/border-residents-debate-modi-s-warning-to-bangladeshis/article1-1215865.aspx |archive-date=23 June 2014 }}</ref>''The Indian Express'' estimates the proportion of Muslims in Basirhat's electorate at 54%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-basirhat-3-muslims-vs-bjps-minority/ |title = In Basirhat, 3 Muslims vs BJP's "minority"| website =The Indian Express|date= 18 March 2014|access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 18 Basirhat is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|99
|[[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
| rowspan="7" |[[North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|[[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]]
|-
|122
|[[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]] (SC)
|[[Usha Rani Mondal]]
|-
|123
|[[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] (ST)
|[[Sukumar Mahata]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|124
|[[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|[[Saptarshi Banerjee]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|125
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|[[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]
|-
|126
|[[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] (SC)
|[[Debes Mondal|Debesh Mondal]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]*||1952-57||[[Renu Chakravartty]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|||||Patiram Roy||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]*||1957-62||Renu Chakravartty||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||Pareshnath Kayal||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||rowspan=2|[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-69||{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1969^||1970-72||[[Sardar Amjad Ali]]<ref name=bye1970 >{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/bye_election.aspx |title = Details of Bye-elections from 1952 to 1995 (Excel file) | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||A.K.M. Ishaque||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||Alhaj M.A. Hannan||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party }}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||rowspan=2|[[Indrajit Gupta]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=8}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||rowspan=2|[[Manoranjan Sur]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98||rowspan=4|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||[[Haji Nurul Islam]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19||[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-24||[[Nusrat Jahan]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024-24||[[Haji Nurul Islam]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|}
.* In 1951 and 1957, Basirhat has dual seats.

^ By-election.

==Election results==
=====2026 by-election=====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2026 Basirhat by-election]]: [[Basirhat]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Basirhat]]
<ref name="Basirhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Basirhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/basirhat |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712043958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/basirhat |archivedate=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|party=Trinamool Congress
|votes= 803,762
|percentage= 52.76
|change={{decrease}}1.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Rekha Patra
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 470,215
|percentage = 30.87
|change = {{increase}}0.75
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Akhtar Rahaman Biswas
|votes = 123,500
|percentage = 8.11
|change = new
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Nirapada Sardar]]
|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes= 77,899
|percentage= 5.11
|change={{increase}}0.34
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mafijul Molla
|party= Independent
|votes= 11,833
|percentage= 0.78
|change=''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,248
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 333,547
|percentage = 21.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,23,401
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nusrat Jahan|Nusrat Jahan Ruhi]]|votes=782,078|percentage=54.56|change=+15.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sayantan Basu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=431,709|percentage=30.12|change=+11.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Quazi Abdur Rahim|party=Indian National Congress|votes=104,183|percentage=7.27|change=-0.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pallab Sengupta]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=68,316|percentage=4.77|change=-25.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,106|percentage=0.64|change=-0.14}}
{{Election box majority|votes=350,369|percentage=24.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,433,769|percentage=85.43|change=TBA}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser =
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,92,326
|percentage = 38.65
|change = -7.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nurul Sekh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,82,667
|percentage = 30.04
|change = -10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 2,33,887
|percentage = 18.36
|change = +11.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Kazi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,02,137
|percentage = 8.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Siddiqullah Chowdhury
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 25,178
|percentage = 1.97
|change = -2.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjit Gayen
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,088
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Das
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,016
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bain
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 6,532
|percentage = 0.51
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Hafiz
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,976
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 9,971
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,09,659
|percentage = 8.61
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,73,771
|percentage = 85.45
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -7.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=loksabha2009 />
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Haji Nurul Islam|Sk. Nurul Islam]]
|votes = 4,79,650
|percentage = 45.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ajay Chakraborty
|votes = 4,19,267
|percentage = 40.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Das
|votes = 67,690
|percentage = 6.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Siddiqullah Chowdhury
|votes = 41,338
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Gain
|votes = 13,888
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jiaul Haque
|votes = 7,590
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Chhalauddin Molla
|votes = 4,239
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Salim Makkar
|votes = 4,023
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 60,383
|percentage = 5.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,38,209
|percentage = 86.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Basirhat was double-member constituency in 1951 and 1957. Thereafter, it was a single seat constituency. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner Candidate
!Winner Party
!Runner-up Candidate
!Runner-up Party
|-
|1951
|[[Renu Chakravartty]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|
|-
|
|Satya Hari Dutta
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Patiram Roy
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|Paresh Nath Kayal
|Indian National Congress
|
|
|-
|
|Renu Chakravartty
|Communist Party of India
|[[Pratima Bose]]
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|Indian National Congress
|Abdur Razzak Khan
|Communist Party of India<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|Humayun Kabir
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|A.K.M Ishaque
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1969 (Bye election)
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Bangla Congress
|K.A.Makkar
|PML<ref name=bye1970/>
|-
|1971
|A.K.M. Ishaque
|Indian National Congress
|Md. Abdulla Rasul
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|Alhaj M A Hannan
|[[Janata Party ]]
|A.K.M.Ishaque
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Abdul Gaffar Quazi
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|Indrajit Gupta
|Communist Party of India
|Kamal Basu
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|Monoranjan Sur
|Communist Party of India
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|Monoranjan Sur
|Communist Party of India
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|Dilip Majumder
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|Sudipto Roy
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|M Nuruzzaman
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Basirhat]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/basirhat/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Basirhat lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

{{Coord|22.66|N|88.89|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]

Shiva Balak Misra

2026-04-27T05:55:46Z

RockyDill0015: put up new article - done

{{Short description|Indian geologist and rural education reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shiva Balak Misra
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Shiva Balak Misra jpg.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Dr. Shiva Balak Misra, geologist and educator
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| fields = Geology Education Social reform
| workplaces = [[Kumaun University]] [[Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya]]
| education = [[University of Lucknow]] [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
| thesis_title = Geology of Biscay Bay-Cape Race area, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
| thesis_url = https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14783/2992
| thesis_year = 1969
| known_for = Discovery of ''[[Fractofusus misrai]]'' Founding Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya
| awards = Apeejay India Volunteer Award (2011) Laadli Media Award (2014) Kalinga Literary Festival Award (2025) Times Now Amazing Indian Award (2025)
| children = [[Neelesh Misra]] Shailesh Misra
| spouse = Nirmala Misra (d. 2023)
| website = {{URL|http://www.sbmisra.in/}}
}}

'''Shiva Balak Misra''' (born 1 March 1940) is an Indian geologist, educator, and rural reformer best known for discovering ''[[Fractofusus misrai]]'', one of the world’s oldest known multicellular life forms, at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Mistaken Point |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1497/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> He later returned to India, where he founded '''Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=2021-12-08 |title=Geologist Gives up Canadian Job & Life Savings to Run Free School in Rural Village |url=https://thebetterindia.com/268155/shiva-balak-misra-canada-free-education-uttar-pradesh-bharatiya-gramin-vidyalaya/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya |url=https://www.bgv.org.in/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya}}</ref> a pioneering rural school near Lucknow, and became an influential figure in grassroots education and community development.<ref name=dreamchasing>{{cite book|last1=Misra|first1=S.B.|author-link=Shiva Balak Misra|title=Dream Chasing: One Man's Remarkable, True Life Story|date=2011|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8174368195}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Misra was born in Karua village, [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], United Provinces (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]), to Balbhadra Prasad Misra. As a child, he walked 12 km each day to the nearest school,<ref name=dreamchasing/> an experience that shaped his lifelong mission to establish educational opportunities in rural India.

He completed his M.Sc. in Geology from the [[University of Lucknow]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Lucknow |url=https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> and later earned an M.S. in Geology from the [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], Canada, on a research scholarship. Misra’s thesis, completed in 1969, mapped and described the [[Avalon Peninsula]], where he made his fossil discovery.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Misra |first=Shiva Balak |title=Geology of Biscay Bay-Cape Race area, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland |date=1969 |publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland |hdl=20.500.14783/2992 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14783/2992}}</ref>

== Scientific career ==

=== Fossil discovery at Mistaken Point ===
In 1967, while conducting field research at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, Misra discovered fossil imprints of soft-bodied organisms dating back 565 million years. These fossils, later named ''Fractofusus misrai'' in his honor (2007), provided the earliest credible evidence of multicellular life on Earth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare honour for Indian geologist|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7000829.stm|accessdate=9 July 2016|issue=18 September 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref>

His findings were published in ''Nature'' (1968, 1969) and the ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of America'' (1969), and continue to be cited in evolutionary biology and paleontology.

The discovery site was declared the '''Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve''' in 1984 and recognized as a '''UNESCO World Heritage Site''' in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mistaken Point Site declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mistaken-point-unesco-world-heritage-site-1.3682798|accessdate=20 August 2016|date=17 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Geological contributions in India ===
Upon returning to India, Misra worked with the [[Geological Survey of India]] and later as Professor of Geology at [[Kumaun University]] (1978–1998), where he also served as Dean of the Faculty of Science (1992).<ref name=dreamchasing/>

His research on the Precambrian Krol Group of the Nainital region advanced knowledge of stromatolites, depositional environments, and microbial life of the early biosphere. He also discovered copper ore occurrences in Madhya Pradesh, contributing significantly to India’s mineral exploration database.<ref name=dreamchasing/>

== Educational and social work ==
In 1972, Misra and his wife, Nirmala Misra, founded Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya (BGV) in Kunaura, [[Lucknow district]], using their personal land and resources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya |url=http://www.graminschool.org |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> Starting as a thatched hut, the school grew into a model of holistic rural education, integrating academic learning with vocational training, women’s empowerment, and digital readiness.

BGV initiatives include:
* Dairy training and micro-entrepreneurship for rural families
* Tailoring and livelihood programs for women
* Digital classrooms and global mentorship
* Hospitality training in partnership with IIHM, enabling students to secure jobs in Marriott and other hotel chains

The school has educated thousands of first-generation learners, particularly girls and children from marginalized communities, and produced alumni working as teachers, engineers, and civil servants.<ref name=dreamchasing/>

[[File:Spindle.jpg|thumb|250px|Fractofusus Misrai 565mn years old fossils first documened by Shiva Balak Misra]]
[[File:Round Lobate Form fossils discovered at Mistaken Point.jpg|thumb|Round Lobate Form fossils discovered at Mistaken Point Newfoundland by Shiva Balak Misra Source: MS Thesis]]
[[File:Founding years of Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya.jpg|thumb|Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya in its founding years (thatched hut structure), established by Dr. Shiva Balak Misra and Nirmala Misra in Kunaura village, Lucknow district, India, 1972.]]
[[File:Nirmala Misra with students (1970s).jpg|thumb|Nirmala Misra with students at during its early years in the 1970s at the Itaunja Training Center of Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya, Lucknow District, India.]]
[[File:Shiva Balak Misra & Nirmala Misra.jpg|thumb|250px|Shiva Balak Misra and Nirmala Misra, co-founders of BGV]]
[[File:Dr. Shiva Balak Misra in recent years at BGV.jpg|thumb|250px|Dr. Misra at Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya, 2020s]]

== Positions held ==
=== Academic ===
* Professor of Geology, Kumaun University (1978–1998)
* Dean, Faculty of Science, Kumaun University (1992)
* Head, Dept. of Geology, Kanyakubj College, Lucknow (1965–1966)
* Research roles at ONGC, Radex Minerals (Toronto), [[Carleton University]] (Ottawa), and Govt. of Newfoundland

=== Social & educational leadership ===
* Pradesh Adhyaksh, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), Meerut Pradesh (1989–1991)
* Joint Director, Bharatiya Shiksha Shodh Sansthan, Lucknow (1998–2000)
* Co-founder & Manager, Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya (1972–present)
* General Secretary, Friends of India Association, Newfoundland, Canada

== Publications ==
=== Books ===
* ''Bharatiyata aur Paryavaran'' (भारतीयता और पर्यावरण)
* ''Dream Chasing: One Man’s Remarkable, True Life Story'' – Autobiography<ref name=dreamchasing/>
* ''Gaon se Bees Postcard'' – Essays on rural life and education

=== Selected research papers ===
* Misra, S.B. (1968). "Fossils found in pre-Cambrian Conception Group of Southeastern Newfoundland." ''Nature'', 220(5168), 680–681.
* Misra, S.B. (1969). "Late Precambrian(?) fossils from southeastern Newfoundland." ''Geol. Soc. America Bull.'', 80: 2133–2140.
* Misra, S.B. (1983). "Lithostratigraphy and stromatolites of the Krol Group." ''Central Advanced Studies in Geology''.
* Misra, S.B. (1984). "Depositional environment of the Krol Group." ''Proc. Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth & Planetary Sciences)''.
* Misra, S.B. (1969). ''Geology of Biscay Bay-Cape Race area, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland''. M.S. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland. [https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14783/2992 Full text online]

== Awards and honours ==
* Fossil species ''Fractofusus misrai'' named in his honor (2007)<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada names fossil after Lucknow-based geologist|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Canada-names-fossil-after-Lucknow-based-geologist/articleshow/2381583.cms|accessdate=9 July 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Apeejay India Volunteer Award (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apeejay India Volunteer Awards |url=https://apeejaygroup.com/iva/regional-finalists-individuals1.html |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>
* Laadli Media Award for Gender Sensitivity (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laadli awards for gender-sensitive given to 50 media-persons |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/laadli-awards-for-gender-sensitive-given-to-50-media-persons-113122000944_1.html |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>
* Kalinga Literary Festival Award for ''Gaon se Bees Postcard'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Vikram Sampath, Vikas Swarup to Shiv Balak Misra |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2025/02/15/from-vikram-sampath-vikas-swarup-to-shiv-balak-misra-voices-in-english-hindi-literature-honoured-at-kalinga-literary-festival-book-awards.html}}</ref>
* Times Now Amazing Indian Award for Education & Skill Development (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=Amazing Indian Awards 2025 Honours India's Unsung Heroes - Full List of Winners |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/amazing-indian-awards-2025-honours-indias-unsung-heroes-full-list-of-winners-article-152447554 |access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Misra’s life bridges two worlds — the scientific frontier of paleontology and the grassroots struggle for rural education. His discovery at Mistaken Point reshaped global understanding of early life, while Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya continues to empower generations of rural children.

He currently lives at Bharatiya Gramin Vidyalaya, the school he founded in Lucknow. His eldest son is journalist and storyteller Neelesh Misra, while his younger son Shailesh Misra is a software professional.<ref name=dreamchasing/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Shiva Balak}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940 births]]

Achampet Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T10:51:58Z

RockyDill0015: Added new stub v1...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Achampet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (82-Achampet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Achampet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nagarkurnool district|Naagarkurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,00,056
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 82
}}

'''Achampet Assembly constituency''' is an SC ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]])<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref> reserved constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of four constituencies in the [[Nagarkurnool district]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is part of [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna of [[Indian National Congress]] is the MLA from the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Achampet, Telangana|Achampet]]
|-
| [[Balmoor]]
|-
| [[Lingal]]
|-
| [[Amrabad]]
|-
| [[Uppununthala]]
|-
| [[Vangoor]]
|-
| [[Padara]]
|-
| [[Chara konda]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || K. Naganna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | P. Mahendranath
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || R. M. Manohar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Mahendranath Puttapaga || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || P. Mahendranath || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || D. Kiran Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Guvvala Balaraju]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Achampet">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Achampet |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2982.htm |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805034403/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2982.htm |archive-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 115,337 |percentage = 58.96% |change = {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Guvvala Balaraju]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 66,011 |percentage = 33.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devani Satish Madiga |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,267 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,833 |percentage = 1.45% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bejavada Ravikumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,684 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mothukuri Nagarjun |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,189 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,326 |percentage = 25.22% |change = {{increase}}19.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,346 |percentage = 81.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,302 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Guvvala Balaraju]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 87,841 |percentage = 50.81% |change = {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,285 |percentage = 45.28% |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Medipur Malleshwar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,196 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,403 |percentage = 1.39% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,556 |percentage = 5.53% |change = {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,496 |percentage = 81.95% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,890}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,152 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Guvvala Balaraju]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 62,584 |percentage = 43.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,764 |percentage = 34.93% |change = {{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 24,199 |percentage = 16.65% |change = {{decrease}}29.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nidigonda Sriramu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,269 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chintha Anjaneyulu |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,595 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ravinder |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,820 |percentage = 8.13% |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,768 |percentage = 71.65% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,347}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,850 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 67,361 |percentage = 46.46% |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. C. Vamshi Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,530 |percentage = 43.13% |change = {{decrease}}10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Muneendranath |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 4,463 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadadasu Venkateshwarlu |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 2,878 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Beesamalla Yosef |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,336 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mandala Sulthanamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,280 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Venkatesh |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 2,186 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavali Venkataiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 946 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,831 |percentage = 3.33% |change = {{decrease}}13.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,056 |percentage = 68.76% |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,980}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,950 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna|Dr. Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,712 |percentage = 53.92% |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramulu |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 45,047 |percentage = 36.97% |change = {{decrease}}17.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yamgondi Venkataiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,723 |percentage = 4.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. P. Kashaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,535 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,665 |percentage = 16.96% |change = {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,925 |percentage = 67.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,861}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 64 |percentage = 0.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,698 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 60,878 |percentage = 54.95% |change = {{decrease}}13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. C. Vamshi Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,532 |percentage = 43.80% |change = {{increase}}20.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Machipally Balaraju |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,019 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,346 |percentage = 11.14% |change = {{decrease}}34.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,162 |percentage = 69.06% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,794}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,368 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,767 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 70,390 |percentage = 68.93% |change = {{increase}}21.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devarapaga Kirankumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,209 |percentage = 23.71% |change = {{decrease}}26.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balmuru Balaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,822 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttapaga Radhakrishna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,424 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Dasu |party = Lok Party |votes = 758 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,181 |percentage = 45.22% |change = {{increase}}42.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,600 |percentage = 71.60% |change = {{decrease}}10.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,118}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,482 |percentage = 3.30% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,495 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Kiran Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,030 |percentage = 49.94% |change = {{increase}}27.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mahendranath |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 42,421 |percentage = 47.05% |change = {{decrease}}23.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Buchaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 665 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Praveen Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 629 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panugantichennaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,609 |percentage = 2.89% |change = {{decrease}}44.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,036 |percentage = 82.09% |change = {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,169}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,867 |percentage = 7.08% |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}20.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mahendranath |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 50,680 |percentage = 70.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayanthi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,235 |percentage = 22.45% |change = {{decrease}}17.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balakistaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,607 |percentage = 4.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 801 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,445 |percentage = 47.64% |change = {{increase}}31.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,896 |percentage = 65.91% |change = {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,305}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 2.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,112 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahendranath Puttapaga |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,660 |percentage = 55.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Kiran Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,344 |percentage = 40.03% |change = {{increase}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Buchaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,811 |percentage = 4.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,316 |percentage = 15.67% |change = {{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,374 |percentage = 68.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,815}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,559 |percentage = 2.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,400 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Manohar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,026 |percentage = 48.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttapaga Radhakrishna |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,716 |percentage = 33.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahendranath Puttapaga |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,990 |percentage = 17.80% |change = {{decrease}}49.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,310 |percentage = 15.08% |change = {{decrease}}20.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,830 |percentage = 69.56% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,732}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,098 |percentage = 3.29% |change = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,761 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mahendranath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,817 |percentage = 67.71% |change = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Radhakrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,126 |percentage = 32.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,691 |percentage = 35.42% |change = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,191 |percentage = 65.33% |change = {{increase}}13.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mahendranath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,166 |percentage = 61.30% |change = {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Peddaiah |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,677 |percentage = 23.34% |change = {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buchiah |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,919 |percentage = 11.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Sikhamany |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,133 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,489 |percentage = 37.97% |change = {{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,543 |percentage = 51.84% |change = {{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,895}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,633 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Achampet <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Naganna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,583 |percentage = 60.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunkam Achalu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,114 |percentage = 39.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,469 |percentage = 21.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,815 |percentage = 48.61% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,697}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,158 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Coord|16.40|78.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

B. Yamini Bala

2026-04-26T07:56:41Z

RockyDill0015: Added a entry basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''B. Yamini Bala''' (born 24 June 1966)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telugu Political Wiki |url=https://www.telugupoliticalwiki.com/2017/01/byamini-bala.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Telugu Political Wiki}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=B. Yamini Bala(TDP):Constituency- SINGANAMALA(ANANTAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2063 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2014 from Singanamala representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singanamala Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Singanamala Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/singanamala-constituency/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She is from Singanamala, [[Anantapur district]]. She married B. Balanna, a doctor. She is the daughter of Varikoti Jalaiah Prasad.<ref name=":1" /> Her mother Shamantakamani, served as an MLC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Three constituencies in Anantapur district turn tough for TDP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-constituencies-in-anantapur-district-turn-tough-for-tdp/article26518533.ece |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She completed her MA and later did her BEd in 2009, both from S.K University, Anantapur. Later, she completed her doctoral studies.<ref name=":0" />

Bala first became an MLA from [[Singanamala Assembly constituency]] winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Telugu Desam Party. She polled 86,679 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Jonnalagadda Padmavathy]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 4584 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Singanamala 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/singanamala/62/34998/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/singanamala/62/34998/235 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singanamala Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/singanamala-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> After the bifurcation oif the state, she is the first to win the Singanamala seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=C. S. |date=2024-06-02 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Singanamala MLA’s party always comes to power! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/02/andhra-pradesh-singanamala-mlas-party-always-comes-to-power |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamini Bala, B.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Mundhanai Mudichu

2026-04-25T16:50:34Z

RockyDill0015: Created a info

{{short description|1983 film by K. Bhagyaraj}}
{{for|the TV series|Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mundhanai Mudichu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj
| producer = {{ubl|M. Kumaran|[[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]|M. Balasubramanian}}
| starring = K. Bhagyaraj [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = A. Selvanathan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| runtime = 150 minutes{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=80}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1983|7|22}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mundhanai Mudichu''''' ({{translation|Saree Knot}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed and written by [[K. Bhagyaraj]], who also stars alongside [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] credited as her first movie in lead role. The film focuses on a mischievous village girl who falls in love with a widower who works as a teacher in the village. She marries him by falsely accusing him of having sex with her, but she has to take drastic steps to win his love.

Bhagyaraj based the story of ''Mundhanai Mudichu'' on his friend who lost his wife, and a woman who fell in love with him even as others started gossiping about them. Another inspiration was a poster of ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966) which depicted its protagonist as a single father, and Bhagyaraj imagining himself in that position. The film was produced by [[AVM Productions]], photographed by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] and edited by A. Selvanathan. It was the first Tamil film for Urvashi.

''Mundhanai Mudichu'' was released on 22 July 1983 and became a major box office success, netting {{INR}}40 million against a budget of {{INR}}3 million and running for over 25 weeks in theatres, thus becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil]], and Bhagyaraj won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Moodu Mullu]]'' (1983), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Masterji]]'' (1985) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Halli Meshtru]]'' (1992).

== Plot ==
Parimalam, a school drop-out, is a mischievous and nubile girl who perennially plays pranks on unsuspecting people in her village, aided by her gang of preteen boys. These pranks often end her and the gang in the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]], which is headed by her father. An unnamed man with an infant child is appointed as the new teacher of the village's only school. When he comes to the village with his infant for the job, he is not spared from Parimala's pranks upon his arrival. The teacher takes classes by holding the book in one hand and rocking the cradle with the other in the classroom, much to the amusement of the villagers who call him "Vaathiyar" ({{translation|teacher}}).

Parimalam's playful nature transforms into love when she learns that Vaathiyar is a widower. She tries many ways to win his love, but fails every time. Vaathiyar believes that a stepmother would not take proper care of his child from his first wife, and even rejects a proposal to marry his deceased wife's sister. The deceased wife's last words – that he should take care of the child well after she dies – keep echoing in his ears often. Parimalam visits Vaathiyar and openly requests him to marry her, but he rejects her and throws her out. Deciding to marry him by any means possible, she lies to her father and the villagers that Vaathiyar had sex with her, knowing that the panchayat would order him to marry her to preserve her chastity.

A [[public trial]] is held, during which Parimalam is questioned if Vaathiyar had had sex with her. She commits [[perjury]], and Vaathiyar is forced to marry her. In revenge, he stipulates that Parimalam has to remain a virgin for life as punishment for cheating him. He does not treat her as his wife. However, Parimalam is persistent and does everything possible to come closer to him. She relentlessly tries to seduce him by unconventional methods that prove to be testing times for Vaathiyar.

Vaathiyar's former mother-in-law gives him a metal trunk box, belonging to her late daughter. Not knowing its contents, he sends it home to Parimalam. When Parimalam opens the box, she finds jewels and costly sarees owned by Vaathiyar's late wife. She dons the jewellery and goes to brag about it to her village friends. Meanwhile, Vaathiyar's son swallows a coin while playing with a neighbour, and Parimalam gets the child to take home. The child becomes sick, and is saved by the village doctor at the last minute. Angered that Parimalam's carelessness almost killed his son, Vaathiyar banishes Parimalam, and she is taken to her father's home.

Weeks later, Vaathiyar discovers the truth regarding the coin incident, and feels sorry for Parimalam. When Vaathiyar fights with some people who are not supplying mid-day meals adequately to the schoolchildren and is almost stabbed, she saves his life by holding the edge of the knife. She suffers deep cuts on her hands and Vaathiyar takes her back and nurses her to recovery. He also tries to take out Parimalam, but once they leave, the photo of his deceased wife falls and breaks due to wind. Vaathiyar takes this as a bad omen and stops the plan. He also saves one of his students, who was about to be killed by his stepmother. He fears such treatment for his son in future.

Parimalam understands why Vaathiyar is hesitating to consummate the marriage; he fears she would ignore and mistreat his son when she has a child of her own. She decides to undergo sterilisation to gain his confidence and gets admitted into a hospital. By then, Vaathiyar learns of this and rushes to the hospital to stop it as he now understands her good intentions and does not want her to suffer. He reaches the hospital to find Parimalam unconscious on the bed and assumes she has already undergone treatment. However, the doctor assures him that she has not been operated as he found her to be a virgin and realised that she must have wanted the operation under duress. The couple unite and consummate their marriage.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Vaathiyar
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Parimalam
*[[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]] as Vaathiyar's first wife (cameo){{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=80}}
*[[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Pattu<ref name="37years" />
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as Parimalam's father<ref name="37years" />
*[[Nalinikanth]] as Sekar
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Dr. Ravi{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=81}}
*Renuka as Kamatchi, Parimalam's mother
*[[Pasi Sathya|Sathya]] as Valli<ref name="37years" />
*[[Kovai Sarala|Sarala]] as Arukkani
*[[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]] as Balu
*[[Thavakalai Chittibabu|Chittibabu]] as Thavakkalai<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2017 |title='Thavakalai' Chitti Babu passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/thavakalai-chitti-babu-passes-away/articleshow/57366938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930163025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/thavakalai-chitti-babu-passes-away/articleshow/57366938.cms |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Kumaresan<ref name="37years" />
*[[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]] as Raja (Vaathiyar's son)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |title='முந்தானை முடிச்சு' குழந்தை நட்சத்திரம் சுஜிதாவுக்கு 10 வயதில் மகன்! |trans-title=''Munthanai Mudichu'' child star Sujitha has a 10-year-old son! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/child-actress-sujeetha-become-real-housewife/articleshow/64094561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929131935/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/child-actress-sujeetha-become-real-housewife/articleshow/64094561.cms |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
A friend of [[K. Bhagyaraj]] had lost his wife, and refused to remarry. A woman had fallen in love with him and desired to marry him, leading to people in the town gossiping about them. Bhagyaraj asked himself if it was wrong for a woman to love a widower, and this laid the foundation for ''Mundhanai Mudichu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2014 |title=என் இனிய கதைநாயகிகள்! – 4 |trans-title=My dear heroines! – 4 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/women/95139- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210329033339/https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/women/95139- |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=[[Aval Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Another inspiration for the story was a poster of ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966) that Bhagyaraj had seen as a child. The poster featured the protagonist with his motherless son. Bhagyaraj wondered how it would be if he himself were in that position, and prepared the story of ''Mundhanai Mudichu''. Unlike ''Ramu'', the protagonist's son was written as an infant rather than a preteen.<ref name="37years" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title='' 'ராமு' போஸ்டர் இன்ஸ்பிரேஷன்தான் 'முந்தானை முடிச்சு' '' – கே.பாக்யராஜ் பிரத்யேகப் பேட்டி |trans-title=A poster of ''Ramu'' was the inspiration for ''Mudhinai Mudichu'' – K. Bhagyaraj Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513835-kbhagyaraj40.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902065703/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513835-kbhagyaraj40.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] of [[AVM Productions]] agreed to produce the film after he was impressed with Bhagyaraj narrating the whole script all by himself without the paper.{{Sfn |Saravanan |2013 |p=268}}<ref name="kalki" /> Bhagyaraj initially titled it as ''Chinna Veedu'' but changed it to ''Mundhanai Mudichu'' after Saravanan did not like the initial title.<ref name="kalki" />{{sfn |Saravanan |2013 |p=269}} Cinematography was handled by Ashok Kumar, and editing by A. Selvanathan.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=80}}

Originally, [[Kalaranjini]] accepted to be the lead actress. However, she later declined as she could not set aside two months as asked to. Bhagyaraj then offered the role to her 13 year-old sister [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] who accepted, making her Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=I have got no invitation from any political party, says actor Urvashi |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329044806/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2013 |title='முந்தானை முடிச்சு' படத்தின் கதாநாயகி ஆனார், ஊர்வசி! எதிர்பாராமல் தேடிவந்த அதிர்ஷ்டம் |trans-title=Urvashi became the heroine of ''Mundhanai Mudichu''! It was unexpected fortune that came her way |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918220231/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |archive-date=18 September 2013 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Kovai Sarala]], then a class X student, portrayed a 30-something pregnant woman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 April 2012 |title=The Kovai chronicle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kovai-chronicle/article3339508.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214114733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kovai-chronicle/article3339508.ece |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was made at a cost of {{INRConvert|3|m|lk=|year=1983}}. Saravanan said Bhagyaraj "took two months to write the script. He had everything planned out to the last-minute costume change." After the film was completed, Bhagyaraj locked himself with his editor and "with a staple gun and a pair of scissors he stitched all this material together".<ref name="indiatoday" /> Significant portions of the film were shot in Olapalayam, a village near [[Gobichettipalayam]]. The teacher's house was actually a set built by the crew of the film. Bhagyaraj also made people from Olapalayam portray minor roles and extras.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1678291024131792898 |user=arunaguhan_ |title=#AVMTrivia – The story behind Bhagyaraj sir's house in Mundhanai Mudichu |first=Aruna |last=Guhan |author-link=AVM Productions |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240416140142/https://twitter.com/arunaguhan_/status/1678291024131792898 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mundhanai Mudichu (1983) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000344.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310061001/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000344.html |archive-date=10 March 2011 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mundhanai Mudichchu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mundhanai-mudichchu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120065528/https://mossymart.com/product/mundhanai-mudichchu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Andhi Varum Neram" is set in the Carnatic raga [[Mayamalavagowla]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=124}} and "Chinnanjiru Kiliye" is set in [[Charukesi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=31 August 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 20: மோக முள்ளும் மூன்று பிரியாக்களும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138021-20.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120070116/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138021-20.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=127}} The soundtrack had six songs but only five songs were used in the film.<ref name="kalki" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Andhi Varum Neram
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Chinnanjiru Kiliye
| lyrics2 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Kanna Thorakanum
| lyrics3 = Gangai Amaran
| extra3 = S. Janaki, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Naan Pudicha Mappilae
| lyrics4 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra4 = S. Janaki, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Vaa Vaa Vaathiyare
| lyrics5 = Gangai Amaran
| extra5 = S. P. Sailaja, Malaysia Vasudevan
| length5 = 3:51
| title6 = Velakku Vetcha
| lyrics6 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra6 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], S. Janaki
| length6 = 3:53
| total_length = 26:19 
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaddante Pelli Telugu Film Ep Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vaddante-pelli-telugu-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JaWYm |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Macsendisk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1988 |title=Vaddante Pelli |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vaddante-pelli/qRiW,tudvtc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/GJqBd |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thalapula Raagam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Chinni Chinni Kanna Chinnari
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Kannu Theravara Swami
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Koboye Naa Mogudu
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Raa Raa Panthulayya
| extra5 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 3:51
| title6 = Gadasari Naa Mava Vacchade
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length6 = 3:53
| total_length = 26:19 
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Mundhanai Mudichu'' was released on 22 July 1983.{{sfn |Saravanan |2013 |p=266}} On 7 August 1983, the review board of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said only Bhagyaraj could transform a short story into a beautiful film through his good treatment, and he proved to be a master in that, and also praised Urvashi's performance, rating the film 50 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=7 August 1983 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: முந்தானை முடிச்சு |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43257--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200522053556/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43257--2 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Made at a cost of {{INRConvert|3|m|lk=|year=1983}}, it netted {{INRConvert|40|m|lk=|year=1983}}, setting a new southern box office record at that time.<ref name="indiatoday" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=18 September 1983 |title=A personal tragedy |url=https://ibb.co/wW6dShn |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052047/https://ibb.co/wW6dShn |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |pages=26}}</ref> According to Saravanan, the film was released in 49 centres, it ran for 100 days in 43 centres and scored silver jubilee in 12 centres.<ref name="mundhanai" /> It was the first film to run for 25 weeks in four Madras theatres and 10 other centres all over the south, becoming a [[silver jubilee film]];{{sfn |Saravanan |2013 |p=271}} an event to mark the silver jubilee was held on 25 March 1984, with the-then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] present.<ref name="mundhanai" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yj1iA6ADOZk |title=AVM's Mundanai Mudichu Silver jubilee {{!}} ஏவிஎம்மின் முந்தானை முடிச்சு வெள்ளி விழா... |date=27 October 2021 |last=AVM Productions – Movies |author-link=AVM Productions |language=ta |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/Yj1iA6ADOZk |archive-date=20 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''Mundhanai Mudichu'' was the first Tamil film to celebrate its silver jubilee in Trivandrum.<ref name="indiatoday" /> The film won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil]],{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=81}} and Bhagyaraj won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=1983+Mundhanai+Mudichu |title=Collections |date=14 October 1991 |publisher=Update Video Publication |pages=394 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524105638/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=1983+Mundhanai+Mudichu |archive-date=24 May 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
''Mundhanai Mudichu'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Moodu Mullu]]'' (1983) and dubbed in the same language as ''Vaadante Pelli''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |title=K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231103207/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref> Its [[Hindi]] remake rights were sold for {{INRConvert|500000||lk=|year=1983}}, the highest ever paid for a remake rights of a Tamil film at that time;<ref name="indiatoday" /> the Hindi remake, ''[[Masterji]]'', was released in 1985,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=59 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> and the [[Kannada]] remake ''[[Halli Meshtru]]'' in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2020 |title=Kannada film industry has a long list of 'Meshtrus' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/kannada-film-industry-has-a-long-list-of-meshtrus-811233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521132507/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/science-experiments-at-home-838077.html |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> In May 2020, it was announced that [[M. Sasikumar]] would star in a Tamil remake,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2020 |title=Sasikumar to act in 'Mundhanai Mudichu' remake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mundhanai-mudichu-gets-a-remake/article31631520.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611212826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mundhanai-mudichu-gets-a-remake/article31631520.ece |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] joined as the female lead. The screenplay would again be written by Bhagyaraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2020 |title=Sasikumar, Aishwarya Rajesh in 'Mundhanai Mudichu' remake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikumar-aishwarya-rajesh-mundhanai-mudichu-remake-133492 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200920114612/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/avalkoppam-why-kerala-celebs-are-rallying-behind-actor-who-survived-sexual-assault-133478 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The scene where Parimalam prepares an entire dinner based on [[Moringa oleifera|drumsticks]] to improve the sexual relations between her and the Vaathiyar attained popularity,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=14 March 2018 |title=Bhagyaraj's famous myth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/14/bhagyarajs-famous-myth-1787183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319125807/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/14/bhagyarajs-famous-myth-1787183.html |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=30 September 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |date=7 July 2016 |title=Good moringa: Drumstick the new kale? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Good-moringa-Drumstick-the-new-kale/articleshow/53098486.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930133631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Good-moringa-Drumstick-the-new-kale/articleshow/53098486.cms |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> leading to increased sales in drumsticks.<ref name="indiatoday" /> A sequel to ''Mundhanai Mudichu'', titled ''Mappillai Vinayagar'', was being shot by 2013 with [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] portraying Vaathiyar's son, but the film failed to have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2013 |title=மீண்டும் ஒரு முந்தானை முடிச்சு! |trans-title=Again a Mundhanai Mudichu! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/10374/cinema/Kollywood/Again-mundhanai-mudichu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616155127/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/10374/cinema/Kollywood/Again-mundhanai-mudichu.htm |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=8 June 2014 |title=When spoof-star turned Superstar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/When-spoof-star-turned-Superstar/article11642224.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930165537/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/When-spoof-star-turned-Superstar/article11642224.ece |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="37years">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=22 July 2020 |title='வாத்தியார்', 'பரிமளம்', 'தீபா டீச்சர்', 'பொய்சத்தியம்', 'முருங்கைக்காய்'; - ரசிக மனங்களில் முடிச்சு போட்ட 'முந்தானை முடிச்சு'; 'முந்தானை முடிச்சு' வெளியாகி 37 ஆண்டுகள் |trans-title='Vaathiyar', 'Parimalam', 'Deepa Teacher', 'False oath', '[[Moringa oleifera|Drumstrick]]'; - ''Mundhanai Mudichu'', which created a lasting impression in the hearts of fans; 37 years since the release of ''Mundhanai Mudichu'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/565854-37-years-of-mundhanai-mudichu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007194408/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/565854-37-years-of-mundhanai-mudichu.html |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=26 June 2005 |title=பாக்யராஜின் மனைவி பட்ட கவலை! |trans-title=The distress suffered by Bhagyaraj's wife! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-06-26/kalki2005-06-26.pdf |access-date=16 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 February 1984 |title=K. Bhagyaraj; The reigning king in the world of Madras film Hollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312195641/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood/1/360453.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="mundhanai">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=3 July 2005 |title=கால்ஷீட்டுக்காக காத்திருந்த எம்.ஜி.ஆர்! |trans-title=MGR was waiting for call sheets! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-07-03/kalki2005-07-03.pdf |access-date=16 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:1980s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

2023 IIT-BHU gang rape

2026-04-22T01:40:06Z

RockyDill0015: Added first data w/ infobox

{{Short description|2023 gang rape case in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 IIT-BHU gang rape
| location = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2023|11|01}}
| map = {{Location map|India Uttar Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|25.31|N|82.97|E}}}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25.31|N|82.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Rape]], [[strangling]] (with [[dupatta]])
| numparts = 3
| accused =
| charges = National Security Act and the UP Gangsters and Anti-Social Activities (prevention) act
}}

On 1st November 2023, a 22-year-old [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] student of [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi|IIT-BHU]] was waylaid, stripped and gang-raped and filmed on gunpoint by 3 members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Youth Wing in [[Varanasi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=IT-BHU Gangrape Case: Students, Civil Society, Political Parties Take to Streets |url=https://www.newsclick.in/it-bhu-gangrape-case-students-civil-society-political-parties-take-streets |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=NewsClick |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102121839/https://www.newsclick.in/it-bhu-gangrape-case-students-civil-society-political-parties-take-streets |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT BHU गैंगरेप: बीजेपी IT सेल के तीन नेता गिरफ्तार, बंदूक की नोंक पर छात्रा के कपड़े उतरवाए थे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-3-arrested-for-gang-rape-of-iit-bhu-student-all-three-are-associated-with-bjp-it-cell-made-her-remove-her-clothes-at-gunpoint-9138608.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Hindustan |language=hi |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102121913/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-3-arrested-for-gang-rape-of-iit-bhu-student-all-three-are-associated-with-bjp-it-cell-made-her-remove-her-clothes-at-gunpoint-9138608.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-BHU Gangrape: At Least Two of Three Arrested Members of BJP's Varanasi 'IT Cell' |url=https://thewire.in/women/iit-bhu-gangrape-at-least-two-of-three-arrested-members-of-bjps-varanasi-it-cell |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Wire |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145237/https://thewire.in/women/iit-bhu-gangrape-at-least-two-of-three-arrested-members-of-bjps-varanasi-it-cell |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी न्यूज़ |date=2024-01-02 |title=IIT-BHU: 'गन पॉइंट पर उठाकर ले गए, सहमी हुई मिली थी पीड़िता...', चश्मदीद ने बताया |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/iit-bhu-gangrape-witness-reveals-what-happened-on-1-november-know-full-story-of-crime-2575125 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102035700/https://www.abplive.com/news/india/iit-bhu-gangrape-witness-reveals-what-happened-on-1-november-know-full-story-of-crime-2575125 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
On 2 November 2023, an explicit video surfaced online showing a student being accosted by three people in the early hours of the morning inside the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=मेला देखा, शराब पी, गैंगरेप के बाद MP में किया चुनाव प्रचार, IIT BHU मामले में और क्या पता चला? |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/news/post/varanasi-gang-rape-accused-chetganj-ki-nakkatiaya-mp-election-connection |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102141329/https://www.thelallantop.com/news/post/varanasi-gang-rape-accused-chetganj-ki-nakkatiaya-mp-election-connection |url-status=live }}</ref>

The three accused had traveled to [[Madhya Pradesh]] after raping the student on the night of 1 November 2023. According to media reports, when BHU students started protesting after the incident, the suspects felt scared and escaped to Madhya Pradesh and participated in the local campaigning for state elections. Meanwhile, they kept changing locations. They also visited many other cities including Lucknow. Almost two months had passed, and no action had been taken, and all three were now convinced that nothing would happen. After that they returned to Varanasi, police said one of their numbers was monitored and tracked them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-BHU gangrape case: BJP denies accused 'link' with party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/01/iit-bhu-gangrape-casebjp-denies-accused-link-with-party-2646814.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=January 2024 }}</ref>

== Protest ==
Congress leaders staged a sit-in protest against the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] in the wake of the alleged rape of a student at the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi (IIT-BHU).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-01-02 |title=Congress workers protest against BHU student gang rape in front of PM's office in Varanasi |url=https://theprint.in/india/congress-workers-protest-against-bhu-student-gang-rape-in-front-of-pms-office-in-varanasi/1908292/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102142504/https://theprint.in/india/congress-workers-protest-against-bhu-student-gang-rape-in-front-of-pms-office-in-varanasi/1908292/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The protesters demanded that justice be done to the student and that the accused be punished. There were also clashes between the Congressmen and the police during the protest. [[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee|UP Congress]] president [[Ajay Rai]] said that a protest would be held against the rape at the IIT Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-BHU student gang-rape case: Why no bulldozer action this time, asks Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iit-bhu-student-gang-rape-case-congress-attacks-bjp-demand-bulldozer-action-2483333-2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=India Today |date=2 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102142030/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iit-bhu-student-gang-rape-case-congress-attacks-bjp-demand-bulldozer-action-2483333-2024-01-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Congress and [[Samajwadi Party]] have declared their intention to initiate a statewide protest movement regarding this matter. They have expressed their concerns over the silence of both the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] on this issue.

[[Amitabh Thakur]], the national president of [[Azad Adhikar Sena]], called for action to be taken against the leaders who shielded the accused. Additionally, prayers were conducted to seek purification for the souls of BJP leaders in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Three arrested for rape of IIT-BHU student, oppn alleges accused linked to BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/three-arrested-for-rape-of-iit-bhu-student-2830631 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath and Arrests ==
All three accused had fled to Madhya Pradesh after raping the 22-year-old girl on 1 November 2023. In Madhya Pradesh they campaigned for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party]]. According to media reports, [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh police]] tracked down the three suspects within three days but could not arrest them allegedly due to orders from higher authorities. Later, when elections were held in four states, police intervened, and the three suspects were arrested. After the arrest, all three defendants were detained for 12 days. After their arrest, pictures of the accused with key leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party went viral on the social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=After fresh statement, police add gangrape section to IIT-BHU woman sexual assault case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/in-fresh-statement-iit-bhu-woman-student-says-she-was-gangraped-9019787/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Accused bail ==
The fast-track court in Varanasi had earlier rejected the bail petitions of all three accused. High Court has granted bail to two of the accused. The High Court had accepted the bail petitions of Kunal Pandey and Abhishek Chauhan on 4 July and 2 July. The third accused, Saksham Patel was granted bail on 13 November 2024 on the basis of clear past records<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=IIT-BHU gang rape: Third accused granted bail after 11 months in jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/iitbhu-gang-rape-third-accused-granted-bail-after-11-months-in-jail-101733329662655.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-BHU gang rape: Third accused granted bail after 11 months in jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/iitbhu-gang-rape-third-accused-granted-bail-after-11-months-in-jail-101733329662655.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Rape in India}}{{DEFAULTSORT:rape, 2023 IIT-BHU gang}}
[[Category:2023 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2020s]]
[[Category:History of Varanasi]]
[[Category:November 2023 in India]]
[[Category:November 2023 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Campus sexual assault]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Student culture in India]]
[[Category:Filmed crimes]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]

Baldev Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:43Z

RockyDill0015: Added first article from scratch...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baldev
| map_image = 85-Baldev.svg
| established = 2008
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| district = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Pooran Prakash]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = 3,63,867 (2019)
}}
'''Baldev''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mathura district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 85.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date= 1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=17 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/baldev.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date= 1 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Baldev Assembly constituency is KC Raya & Raya NP of Mant Tehsil; KCs Farah, Baldev, Barauli, PCs Ladpur, Barari, Jhandipur, Garhaya Latifpur, Shahpur Farah, Mahuan, Makhdoom of Bad KC, Mahaban NP, Baldev NP, Gokul NP & Farah NP of Mathura Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Baldev Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Baldev.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pooran Prakash]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baldev<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Puran Prakash
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:108414}}
|percentage = 44.14
|change = {{increase}}5.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Babita Devi
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:83159}}
|percentage = 33.86
|change = {{increase}}1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48370}}
|percentage = 19.69
|change = {{decrease}}3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinesh Kumar Sanwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2248}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = {{increase}}0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1232}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25255}}
|percentage = 10.28
|change = {{increase}}4.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245601}}
|percentage = 65.15
|change = {{decrease}}1.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baldev<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2017.pdf |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pooran Prakash
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88411}}
|percentage = 38.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Niranjan Singh Dhangar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:75203}}
|percentage = 32.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Premchand
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53539}}
|percentage = 23.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranvir
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8893}}
|percentage = 3.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1601}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13208}}
|percentage = 5.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231770}}
|percentage = 66.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Baldev<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Pooran Prakash]]
|votes = 79,364
|percentage = 41.53
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandrabhan Singh
|votes = 47,270
|percentage = 24.74
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Poeia
|votes = 45,372
|percentage = 23.74
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 19,081
|percentage = 9.97
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 32,094
|percentage = 16.8
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 191,087
|percentage = 60.26
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Mathura district]]
*[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Konta Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:55Z

RockyDill0015: done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Konta
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Manish Kunjam]]
| constituency_no = 90
| district = [[Sukma district|Sukma]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kawasi Lakhma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = {{formatnum:166912}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Konta Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Konta''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Konta tehsil]] in [[Sukma district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Kawasi Lakhma]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Piloo
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|colspan=4 |''1956: Constituency renamed from Sukma to Konta''
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Soyam Joga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bettijoga Hadma
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Dhansai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bettijoga Hadma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Koram Gopal Kristaiya
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jogiya Muka
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Madvi Handaram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Manish Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Manish Kunjam]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=5 |[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Konta<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32,776
|percentage = 31.24
|change = -3.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Soyam Muka
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 30,795
|percentage = 29.35
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manish Kunjam]]
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 29,040
|percentage = 27.68
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Channaram Markam
|party = Sarv Adi Dal
|votes = 2,881
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagdish Nag
|party = Azad Janata Party
|votes = 1,812
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Beeda Sodi
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,455
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Telam
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 1,392
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,691
|percentage = 3.52
|change = -1.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,981
|percentage = 1.89
|change = -5.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 104,920
|percentage = 62.86
|change = +7.56
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dongargarh<ref name=election2018/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,933
|percentage = 35.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhaniram Barse
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 25,224
|percentage = 27.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manish Kunjam]]
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 24,549
|percentage = 26.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Sodi
|party = Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch
|votes = 1,660
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Budhram Kartami
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,660
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramdev Baghel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,619
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,468
|percentage = 4.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,709
|percentage = 7.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 91,104
|percentage = 55.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sukma district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|17.81|81.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Sukma district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Kotdwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:26Z

RockyDill0015: creating

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kotdwar
| state = Uttarakhand
| latest_election_year = 2022
| loksabha_cons = [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

| electors = {{formatnum:115891}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/kotdwar-election-result-s28a041/|title=_CONSNAME_ Election 2022: _CONSNAME_ Assembly Seat LIVE Results|website=News18}}</ref>
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 41
| map_image = Kotdwar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kotdwar Legislative Assembly constituency''' Vidhan Sabha constituency <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/oversease%20election/English/41.pdf|title=List of Polling Station for 41-Kotdwar(GEN) Assembly Constituency|website=ceo.uk.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/kotdwar.html|title = Kotdwar Assembly Election Results 2022 - Candidate list, MLA, Winner, Runner-up}}</ref> is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]], a northern state of [[India]]. [[Kotdwar]] is a part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] Lok Sabha constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Surendra Singh Negi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Shailendra Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Surendra Singh Negi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Harak Singh Rawat|Dr. Harak Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kotdwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,103 |percentage=41.58 |change={{decrease}}14.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,416 |percentage=36.81 |change={{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dherandra Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=12,484 |percentage=16.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,975 |percentage=2.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=579 |percentage=0.75 |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=506 |percentage=0.66 |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,687 |percentage=4.78 |change= {{decrease}}11.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,200 |percentage=65.46 |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,941 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kotdwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harak Singh Rawat|Dr. Harak Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,859 |percentage=56.06 |change={{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,541 |percentage=40.14 |change={{decrease}}10.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Renu Agarwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=764 |percentage=1.07 |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=459 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,318 |percentage=15.92 |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,106 |percentage=68.67 |change= {{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kotdwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,797 |percentage=51.03 |change={{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. C. Khanduri|Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri]] Avsm |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,174 |percentage=43.61 |change={{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raje Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,486 |percentage=2.38 |change={{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sur Singh Gusain |party=Independent politician |votes=583 |percentage=0.94 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gita Ram Sundriyal |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=337 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,623 |percentage=7.42 |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,315 |percentage=71.44 |change= {{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,222 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kotdwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shailendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,903 |percentage=46.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,003 |percentage=44.63 |change={{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra Balodhi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,417 |percentage=4.15 |change={{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipen Kotnala |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=882 |percentage=1.51 |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=650 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=471 |percentage=0.81 |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=900 |percentage=1.54 |change= {{decrease}}25.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,268 |percentage=61.00 |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,762 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kotdwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,087 |percentage=49.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuwnesh Kharkwal |party=Independent politician |votes=9,250 |percentage=22.83 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashikant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,031 |percentage=9.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dherandra Singh Chauhan |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=1,886 |percentage=4.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijendra Kumar Chaudhari |party=Independent politician |votes=814 |percentage=2.01 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilendra Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=1.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Bhandari |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=509 |percentage=1.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alok Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=1.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagmohan Prasad |party=Samata Party |votes=476 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandan Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=474 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwa Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=458 |percentage=1.13 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,837 |percentage=26.74 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,520 |percentage=53.20 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,281 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720105410/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archivedate=2018-07-20|url-status=dead|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|website= eci.nic.in}}
* http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
* {{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/purola.html|title= Purola (Uttarakhand) Elections 2022 Results|website=elections.in}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.745|78.519|display=title}}

[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Raghab Chatterjee

2026-04-19T16:28:08Z

RockyDill0015: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian Bengali singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Raghab Chatterjee
| image = Raghab Chatterjee in San Francisco.png
| caption = Chatterjee in [[San Francisco]], 2012
| alias =
| birth_date = 25 January<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=গানের কথা সত্যি করে রাঘবের ঘরে এল চাঁদ! জন্মদিনে কোন উপহার পেলেন গায়ক? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-got-this-surprise-on-his-birthday-31706182916116.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125155850/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-got-this-surprise-on-his-birthday-31706182916116.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| origin =
| genre = Adhunik Bengali Songs, [[Rabindra Sangeet]], [[Nazrul Geeti]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument =
| years_active =
| label =
}}

'''Raghab Chattopadhyay''', also spelled as '''Raghav Chatterjee''' is an [[Indian Bengali]] singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghab Chatterjee relives Poila Baisakh memories at CC&FC, with t2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-nbsp-relives-poila-baisakh-memories-at-cc-amp-fc-with-t2/cid/1429703 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলা গানের জগৎ আজও বড় অনিশ্চিত |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/singer-raghab-chatterjee-says-what-about-his-25-years-journey-in-music-career/articleshow/112343248.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Eisamay |date=7 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=এখন অনেক বেসুরো শিল্পীর গানও বাজারে হিট: রাঘব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-raghab-chatterjee-dgtl-1.1028897 |website=anandabazar.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He mainly sings Bengali modern songs, [[Rabindra Sangeet]] and [[Nazrul Geeti]]. He has also worked as a playback singer in various [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films. He was a judge of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2024]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa set to have eight judges this season; Abir Chatterjee returns as the host |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-set-to-have-eight-judges-this-season-abir-chatterjee-returns-as-the-host/articleshow/110178963.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-05 |title=বাবা রিয়েলিটি শোয়ের বিচারক, মেয়েরা সেই মঞ্চে পা বাড়াতে নারাজ, কেন? খোলসা করলেন রাঘব - Raghab Chatterjee |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-shares-his-thoughts-on-saregamapa-and-his-daughters-not-joining-the-reality-show-west-bengal-news-wbs24090505386 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Chatterjee started his musical journey at the age of 9 by learning guitar. His mother Shila Chatterjee was a classical singer. His first lesson in music was from his mother. He is a student of [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] and [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-17 |title=Raghab Chatterjee celebrates 20 years of his musical journey in the industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/raghab-chatterjee-celebrates-20-years-of-his-musical-journey-in-the-industry/articleshow/70711740.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghab Chatterjee |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/raghab-chatterjee/1082336 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

He has worked as a playback singer in various films including ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]'' (2004), ''[[Raincoat (film)|Raicoat]]'' (2004) ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]'' (2008), ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011), ''[[Bawali Unlimited]]'' (2012) ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' (2012), ''[[Encounter (2013 film)|Encounter]]'' (2013), ''[[Dotara (film)|Dotara]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghab Chatterjee |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/raghab_chatterjee-profile-9661-24.htm |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=veethi.com}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Songs ===
* ''[[Chand Keno Aase Na]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='চাঁদ আসবে না, তাই আমরাই চলে এলাম…': রাঘব চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/chand-keno-asena-singer-raghab-chatterjee-reacts-to-chandrayaan-3/pid/888663/ |date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |trans-title='The moon won't come, so we went there,' Raghab Chattopadhyay |language=bn |agency=সংবাদ প্রতিদিন ডিজিটাল ডেস্ক}}</ref>

=== Albums ===
* ''Tumi Nei Bole''
* ''Sharodia''
* ''Name Plate''
* ''Bhorer Alo''
* ''Amar Akash''
* ''Bhubanomohini''
* ''Samiana''
* ''Ebong Rabindranath''
* ''Ebar Nazrul''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2075360}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Raghab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Sironj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:54Z

RockyDill0015: put up info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sironj
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 147
| map_image = 147-Sironj.svg
| mla = [[Umakant Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Govardhan Upadhyay]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:187421}}
}}

'''Sironj Assembly constituency''' (Hindi:सिरोंज विधान सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1957, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.

==Overview==

Sironj (constituency number 147) is one of the five Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in Vidisha district. This constituency presently covers some of the villages from [[Sironj tehsil]] with 190, and [[Lateri]] tehsil 233 villages. It has total 228 polling booths.

Sironj is part of [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]], along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]] and [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]] in Vidisha district and [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]], [[Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Khurai]], [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]], [[Naryoli Assembly constituency|Naryoli]], and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar]] in Sagar district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | Madan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Mangal Singh Raghuwanshi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| I. Khan Tarzi Mashriqul
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sharif Master
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Radharaman Bhargava
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Govardhan Upadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Bhavani Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Laxmikant Sharma]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Govardhan Upadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Rowspan=2| [[Umakant Sharma (politician)|Umakant Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:Sironj<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Umakant Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97995}}
|percentage = 54.83
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gagnendra Raghuwanshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70313}}
|percentage = 39.34
|change = +7.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gabbar Singh Ahirwar
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = {{formatnum:2234}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Isem Singh Morye
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1799}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1136}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27682}}
|percentage = 15.49
|change = -7.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178720}}
|percentage = 80.59
|change = +2.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:Sironj<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Umakant Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83617}}
|percentage = 55.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Masarrat Shahid
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:48883}}
|percentage = 32.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Isem Singh Morye
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11408}}
|percentage = 7.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Himmat Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1735}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1224}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34734}}
|percentage = 22.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152022}}
|percentage = 78.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sironj<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Govardhan Upadhyay]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65297
|percentage = 45.94 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Laxmikant Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63713
|percentage = 44.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mubarak Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2477
|percentage = 1.74
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shobhna Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2447
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Udham Singh Kushvah
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1614
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Mohd. Najeer Khan
|party = HJP
|votes = 1244
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mahendra Pratap Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1024
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Lekhraj Ahirwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 737
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Shameena Bee
|party = BA S D
|votes = 423
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Preetam Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 372
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Khumaan Singh Ahirwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 287
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Naeem Khan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 279
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2224
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 142138
|percentage = 77.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.10|77.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Netherlands Telugu Community

2026-04-18T21:57:33Z

RockyDill0015: starting a article

{{Short description|Non-profit organisation in the Netherlands}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = NLTC
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| named_after = Netherlands [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Community
| type = [[non-profit organisation]]
| founded = 2017
| founding_location = [[Amstelveen]], [[Netherlands]]
| vat_id =
| registration_id =
| key people =
| headquarters = [[Netherlands]]
| origins =
| region_served = [[Netherlands]]
| product =
| purpose = ""
| focus = Cultural integration [[Telugu culture]] Community representation
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers = 22
| num_employees =
| num_members = 22
| leader_title = CEO
| leader_name = [[Venkata Raju Vijjapu]]
| former_name =
| website = {{URL|https://nltelugucommunity.org}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes = "Engage-Connect-Thrive"
}}

'''Netherlands Telugu Community''' (NLTC) is a non-profit organisation founded in [[The Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nltelugucommunity.org/#about|title=Netherlands Telugu Community|website=nltelugucommunity.org}}</ref>

During the Covid-19 lockdown NLTC actively connected people with the Indian Embassy and requested the Indian government to arrange a flight from Amsterdam to Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=నెదర్లాండ్స్‌లో తెలు'గోడు'!|url=https://m.eenadu.net/districts/mainnews/7093/latestnews/220096382|access-date=2020-07-04|website=m.eenadu.net|language=te}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU-jROLXR5M iNews coverage of NLTC request to the Government of Telangana and AP]</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Cultural events==
NLTC organizes various cultural events for the community.

==Community work==
NLTC actively participates in charity related activities in the Netherlands and India. Every year NLTC organizes a charity run to collect funds to support KWF in fighting cancer. NLTC also works with other local organizations in the Netherlands in charity related activities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-03|title=Fight Against Cancer|url=https://ofbjpnetherlands.org/fight-against-cancer/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=OFBJP Netherlands|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:NLTC-KWF-CharityRun.jpg|thumb|NLTC organized "Run for Charity" event supporting KWF in finding cure for Cancer]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* {{official website|https://nltelugucommunity.org/ }}

[[Category:Indian expatriates in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Overseas Telugu organisations]]

{{nonprofit-org-stub}}

Moodabidri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:39Z

RockyDill0015: Created new info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Moodabidri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 201
| map_image = 201-Moodabidri constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:205099}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Umanatha Kotian|Umanatha A. Kotian]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Abhayachandra Jain]]
}}

'''Moodabidri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dakshina Kannada district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || N. N. Suvarna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gopal Salenna || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. R. Shetty
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Damodar Moolki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Damodar Mulky || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Amarnatha Sheety. K || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[K. Amarnath Shetty]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Somappa Suvarna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="4" | [[Abhayachandra Jain]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Umanatha Kotian]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Moodabidri">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Moodabidri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10201.htm?ac=201 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409143848/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10201.htm?ac=201 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umanatha Kotian]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,925 |percentage = 54.77% |change = {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mithun M. Rai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,457 |percentage = 40.61% |change = {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alphonse Franko |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 3,617 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Amarashree Amarnath Shetty |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 0.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 837 |percentage = 0.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,468 |percentage = 14.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,142 |percentage = 77.59% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,721}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umanatha Kotian]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,444 |percentage = 57.44% |change = {{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Abhayachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,645 |percentage = 37.86% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwin Jossy Pereira |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,111 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jeevan Krishna Shetty |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,845 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}12.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Yadava Shetty |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,799 |percentage = 19.57% |change = {{increase}}16.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,431 |percentage = 76.19% |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,066 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhayachandra Jain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,180 |percentage = 36.46% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umanatha Kotian]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,630 |percentage = 33.34% |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,471 |percentage = 14.04% |change = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail. B |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 3,523 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhaya Kumar Jain |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,650 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Michel Lobo |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,550 |percentage = 3.12% |change = {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,853 |percentage = 74.24% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,853}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhayachandra Jain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,744 |percentage = 40.31% |change = {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Jagadish Adhikari |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,841 |percentage = 31.39% |change = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,083 |percentage = 23.50% |change = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Farooq |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,297 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Steven Vincent D'souza |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,984 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Raju Poojary |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,903 |percentage = 8.92% |change = {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,004 |percentage = 72.54% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,024 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhayachandra Jain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,926 |percentage = 36.32% |change = {{decrease}}14.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,977 |percentage = 32.74% |change = {{increase}}31.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotian Ms |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,788 |percentage = 28.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Robert Rosario |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,712 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,949 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,403 |percentage = 69.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,403}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,538 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhayachandra Jain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,588 |percentage = 50.84% |change = {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 31,398 |percentage = 44.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Pereira |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daniel D. Souza |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 674 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sathish Salian |party = Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha |votes = 521 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,190 |percentage = 5.99% |change = {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,538 |percentage = 69.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,998}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,540 |percentage = 4.81% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,372 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,319 |percentage = 47.49% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Somappa Suvarna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,620 |percentage = 27.96% |change = {{decrease}}23.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Kotian |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,331 |percentage = 13.30% |change = {{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Damodhar Mulky |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 7,360 |percentage = 10.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,699 |percentage = 19.52% |change = {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,028 |percentage = 70.56% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,163}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 857 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Somappa Suvarna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,667 |percentage = 51.90% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,219 |percentage = 43.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Keshava Rai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 2.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Robert D. Souza |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,125 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,448 |percentage = 8.16% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,621 |percentage = 71.88% |change = {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,799}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,822 |percentage = 4.05% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,857 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,683 |percentage = 50.71% |change = {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Somappa Suvarna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,075 |percentage = 47.87% |change = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shivaraya Shenoy |party = Independent politician |votes = 525 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,608 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,041 |percentage = 75.16% |change = {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,562}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 479 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,897 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Amarnatha Sheety. K |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,433 |percentage = 55.39% |change = {{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devdas Kattemar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,676 |percentage = 44.61% |change = {{increase}}40.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,757 |percentage = 10.78% |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,932 |percentage = 68.90% |change = {{decrease}}7.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,109}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 823 |percentage = 1.83% |change = {{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,213 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Damodar Mulky |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,800 |percentage = 52.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,121 |percentage = 43.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Samrajya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 4.43% |change = {{decrease}}60.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,679 |percentage = 9.53% |change = {{decrease}}22.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,860 |percentage = 76.88% |change = {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,096}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 764 |percentage = 1.53% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Damodar Moolki |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,121 |percentage = 64.94% |change = {{increase}}27.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Amarnath Shetty]] |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 12,727 |percentage = 32.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perody Vittal Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 836 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,394 |percentage = 32.04% |change = {{increase}}26.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,433 |percentage = 71.19% |change = {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,684}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,393 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}21.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shetty |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 13,940 |percentage = 43.42% |change = {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Das |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,126 |percentage = 37.77% |change = {{decrease}}11.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Aikal |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,037 |percentage = 18.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,814 |percentage = 5.65% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,845 |percentage = 69.05% |change = {{increase}}24.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,103}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,012 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Swatantra Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Moodabidri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Salenna |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 10,431 |percentage = 50.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjappa Ullal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,173 |percentage = 49.37% |change = {{decrease}}13.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 258 |percentage = 1.25% |change = {{decrease}}40.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,720 |percentage = 44.54% |change = {{decrease}}17.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,770 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}28.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mulky <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Suvarna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,381 |percentage = 62.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeevanath |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,562 |percentage = 20.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karkal Sadasiva Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,267 |percentage = 12.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Souza |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,019 |percentage = 4.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,819 |percentage = 42.20% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,229 |percentage = 61.54% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,229}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,621 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dakshina Kannada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.07|75|display=title}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:32Z

RockyDill0015: new

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Distinguish|Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram Assembly constituency}}
{{For|similarly named places|Kamalapur (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kamalapur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Gulbarga district|Gulbarga]]
| division = [[Gulbarga division|Gulbarga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Kamalapur Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Chandrashekhar S. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | L. Chandrashekhar
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Subhash Shankershetty
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Govind. P. Vadeyraj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | G. Ramkrishna
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | [[Revu Naik Belamgi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Revu Naik Belamgi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,607 |percentage = 37.30% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,740 |percentage = 30.95% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Manpade |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 15,296 |percentage = 19.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharati Kannur. S. G |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,557 |percentage = 5.94% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashappa Shantappa Gaure |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,220 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tapasuram Rathod |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Anvarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 958 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshman Nayak |party = Janata Party |votes = 725 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Savita Heeramani Rathod |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 559 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,867 |percentage = 6.35% |change = {{decrease}}5.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,715 |percentage = 52.72% |change = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,502 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Revu Naik Belamgi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,531 |percentage = 39.66% |change = {{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,981 |percentage = 27.35% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Manpade |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 14,043 |percentage = 20.23% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash V. Rathod |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,231 |percentage = 8.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevi H. Bhimapure |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,302 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tippanna Wadairaj |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 931 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,550 |percentage = 12.32% |change = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,993 |percentage = 58.46% |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,410}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,583 |percentage = 4.91% |change = {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,862 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Revu Naik Belamgi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,389 |percentage = 29.77% |change = {{increase}}28.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramakrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,818 |percentage = 21.22% |change = {{decrease}}16.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Doddamani |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,809 |percentage = 21.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Manpade |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,681 |percentage = 19.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Vallyapur |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,292 |percentage = 5.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hata Gundi Arjun |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 574 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,571 |percentage = 8.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,359 |percentage = 55.99% |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,123}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,236 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,316 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,496 |percentage = 37.28% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Doddamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,159 |percentage = 27.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Lakhe |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,999 |percentage = 19.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sagar. D. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,387 |percentage = 12.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheemrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kupendra Singe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 796 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khem Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 460 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,337 |percentage = 10.21% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,084 |percentage = 52.88% |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,296}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,788 |percentage = 9.96% |change = {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,833 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,778 |percentage = 36.25% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Doddamani |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,546 |percentage = 30.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,767 |percentage = 28.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sujatha Parameshwar Jane |party = Independent politician |votes = 855 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanmanthrao Nagappa Vante |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 823 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,232 |percentage = 5.47% |change = {{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,774 |percentage = 47.44% |change = {{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,769}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,049 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govind. P. Vadeyraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,830 |percentage = 48.73% |change = {{increase}}45.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamarao Pyati |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,713 |percentage = 35.49% |change = {{decrease}}16.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Chandappa |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,246 |percentage = 8.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiva Mapanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 947 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rukkanna. R. Hatagundi |party = Independent politician |votes = 792 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimasha Singe |party = Independent politician |votes = 756 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharamaraj Hanumanand |party = Independent politician |votes = 355 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,117 |percentage = 13.24% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,984 |percentage = 50.47% |change = {{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,639}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,345 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,219 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govind. P. Vadeyraj |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,110 |percentage = 51.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsing Rao Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,301 |percentage = 38.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Revappa Kahmas |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,840 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Korwar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 3.17% |change = {{decrease}}67.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Chandappa Bablad |party = Independent politician |votes = 909 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,809 |percentage = 12.97% |change = {{decrease}}27.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,391 |percentage = 62.13% |change = {{increase}}12.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,795}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,673 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Shankershetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,196 |percentage = 70.31% |change = {{increase}}23.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanmanth Rao Sharnappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 9,375 |percentage = 29.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,821 |percentage = 40.61% |change = {{increase}}26.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,827 |percentage = 49.38% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,571}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,481 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. Chandrashekhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,682 |percentage = 46.35% |change = {{decrease}}23.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shankershetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,801 |percentage = 32.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Sharnappa |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 5,879 |percentage = 21.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,881 |percentage = 14.18% |change = {{decrease}}36.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,779 |percentage = 55.33% |change = {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,819 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. Chandrashekhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,484 |percentage = 69.60% |change = {{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanmanth Rao Sharnappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,949 |percentage = 18.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Rao Lakkappa |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,377 |percentage = 11.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,535 |percentage = 50.62% |change = {{decrease}}22.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,430 |percentage = 44.58% |change = {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,810}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,318 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrashekhar S. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,455 |percentage = 86.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Bandak |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 2,234 |percentage = 13.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,221 |percentage = 73.23% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,689 |percentage = 29.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,689}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,252 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|17.582441|76.983282|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Indore City B Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:46Z

RockyDill0015: place

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indore City B
| type= SLA
| map_alt =
| mla = [[V.V. Dravid]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| state = [[Madhya Bharat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| constituency_no =
| district = [[Indore District]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation =
| abolished = 1957
}}
'''Indore City B''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Madhya Bharat]], which elected one member of the in the [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] - the [[Indian National Congress]] leader and [[Trade union|trade unionist]] [[V.V. Dravid]] represented Indore City B in the Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly.

==Location and electorate==
It was located in the southern parts of [[Indore]], and covered the ward 2, 4, 11, 12, 21 and 22 of the City Municipality as well as some villages of the Indore tehsil south of the city boundary.<ref name=rwjo/><ref>India. Parliament. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=eyEyiB37h3QC Election Manual: Containing Constitutional Provisions, Statutes, Rules and Regulations, Constituencies Delimitation Orders and Notes on Certain Aspects of Electoral Matters, and a Bibliography]''. 1951. p. 257</ref>

The constituency had 42,190 registered voters.<ref name=mb52eci/> The electorate of the constituency was largely rural.<ref name=rwjo>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 108, 292, 295, 387</ref> Indore City B included the commercial hub of Chowni and the Sanyogitaganj market (which both had a large Hindu [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]] population).<ref name=rwjo/> The Residency area was also within the constituency boundary.<ref name=rwjo/> The constituency did not have a large working class presence, albeit there were pockets of lower castes and labourer populations in Gadi Adda and the Dalit colony in Juni Indore.<ref name=rwjo/> There were large populations of Maharashtrian Brahims in Juni Indore and Harsiddhi, and large Muslim populations in Ranipura and Malwi.<ref name=rwjo/>

The boundaries of the Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indore were redrawn ahead of the [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. The southern parts of the city (Juni Indore, Chowni, Residency) were assigned to the new Indore City West constituency, whilst villages outside the city limits were assigned to the new Indore constituency (often referred to as the 'tehsil constituency').<ref name=rwjo/>

==1952 election==
Eight candidates contested the Indore City B seat in the [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=mb52eci>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA BHARAT]''</ref> The constituency was considered as a safe seat for the Indian National Congress, which nominated the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] leader [[V.V. Dravid]].<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid won the election by a wide margin, with 13,596 votes (67.79%).<ref name=mb52eci/>

The two other main candidates were G.V. Oke of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Homi F. Daji]] of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=rwjo/> Oke, a Maharashtrian Braham, was a prominent local leader of his party.<ref name=rwjo/> Daji was a 26-year old Paris communist organiser, who was largely unknown to the wider public before the election.<ref name=rwjo/> The 1952 election was the first and only time that Daji contested on a CPI ticket.<ref name=rwjo/> Daji finished in second place with 2,185 votes (10.89%), and Oke in third place with 2,036 votes (10.15%).<ref name=mb52eci/> Daji obtained significant support from Muslim and Dalit areas (such as from Gadi Adda whilst Oke was mainly supported by voters from Maharashtrian Brahmin and Sindhi refugee communities.<ref name=rwjo/>

Other candidates in the fray were Arjun Gopikrishnan (independent, 857 votes, 4.27%), Ramnarain Vasudev Vyas ([[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]], Hindi-speaking Brahman, 802 votes, 4%), Chandrawati Shankar Lal Kasarliwal (independent, 336 votes, 1.68%), Nirmalarani Motilal Potdar ([[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]], [[Sunar]], 123 votes, 0.61%) and Harish Chandra Pannalal (independent, 121 votes, 0.6%).<ref name=rwjo/><ref name=mb52eci/> Turn-out stood at 47.54%.<ref name=mb52eci/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Bharat]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Madras (film)

2026-04-11T21:20:38Z

RockyDill0015: Created data...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Pa. Ranjith}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Madras film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] S. R. Prakashbabu S. R. Prabhu
| writer = Pa. Ranjith
| starring = [[Karthi]] [[Catherine Tresa]] [[Kalaiyarasan]]
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cinematography = [[Murali G.]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor = [[Dream Factory (distributor)|Dream Factory]] [[Studio Green]] [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|26|ref1=<ref name="Release" />}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}15 crore<ref name="indianmoviestats.com">{{Cite web |title=Madras | Indian Movie Stats |url=http://indianmoviestats.com/moviedetail.html?movie=209 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613051551/http://indianmoviestats.com/moviedetail.html?movie=209 |archive-date=13 June 2019 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=indianmoviestats.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}44 crore<ref name="indianmoviestats.com" />
}}

'''''Madras''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political fiction|political]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Pa. Ranjith]]. The film stars [[Karthi]], [[Catherine Tresa]] (marking her debut in [[Tamil cinema]]) and [[Kalaiyarasan]], while [[Charles Vinoth]], [[Riythvika]], [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]], [[Poster Nandakumar]] and [[Mime Gopi]] play supporting roles. Set in [[North Chennai|North Madras]], the film portrays Kaali (Karthi) and his friend Anbu (Kalaiyarasan) getting embroiled in a brutal political rivalry, between two factions of a political party after laying claim to a wall.

''Madras'' is the second directorial venture of Ranjith after ''[[Attakathi]]''. Before the film's announcement, Karthi and Ranjith decided to collaborate for a different project in December 2012, which failed to materialise. Later Ranjith announced this project in July 2013. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 11 October 2013 at [[Vyasarpadi]] in [[Chennai]]. Most of the film's shooting was done in localities in and around the northern part of the city, namely [[Royapuram fishing harbour|Kasimedu]], a locality in the [[Royapuram]] area of north Chennai, [[Otteri]] and [[Perambur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2014 |title=A different take on the north, this August |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-different-take-on-the-north-this-august/article6174581.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-different-take-on-the-north-this-august/article6174581.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's title was announced in May 2014. Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up by June 2014.

The film was produced and distributed by [[Studio Green]] in association with Dream Factory. [[Santhosh Narayanan]] composed the soundtrack and score, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Murali G.]] and [[Praveen K. L.]] respectively. After multiple delays, the film was released on 26 September 2014. The film received critical acclaim, praising the technical aspects, direction, screenwriting and cast performances (particularly Karthi and Kalaiyarasan). At the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Madras'' was nominated in eleven categories, winning four. At the [[9th Vijay Awards]], it received fifteen nominations and won three awards. The film won six [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]], seven [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and four [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Nominations |url=http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123232/http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Daily India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Kannada Nomination: Puneeth Rajkumar, Rakshit Shetty, Sharan, Srimurali, Yash in 'Best Actor' Category |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-kannada-nomination-puneeth-rajkumar-rakshit-shetty-sharan-634690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614122600/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-kannada-nomination-puneeth-rajkumar-rakshit-shetty-sharan-634690 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name="award">{{Cite news |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043201/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="vaone">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=26 April 2015 |title=9th Vijay Awards 2015: Complete Winners' List & Photos |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506045445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |archive-date=6 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2015 |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121162507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kaali is an impulsive and short-tempered working-class man who works in an [[Information technology in India|IT]] company and enjoys playing football during his free time. His best friend is Anbu, a young political aspirant. They live in the dilapidated flats of a housing board in [[Vyasarpadi]], [[North Chennai]], along with their friends. In a long-standing bloody feud, two political party factions have been laying claim to a wall on which they can paint the portraits of their respective political leaders. Anbu, under the local leader of one of the parties, Maari, is determined to claim that wall for their party. Kannan, the chief's party, and his son, Perumal, are hell-bent on ensuring their opponent's efforts go in vain. The painting of Kannan's father, Krishnappan, has been on the wall for two decades since the start of the feud.

The two parties and their supporters get into frequent clashes and scrapes. In the meantime, Kaali falls in love with a politician's daughter, Kalaiarasi, but she remains indifferent to him. In a spur of motivation due to the upcoming elections, Anbu reserves the wall for their party. Although the wall is in their area and technically theirs, the opposition asks Anbu to give it up as the portrait of their patriarch's portrait had been there for quite some time. Moreover, since three people had previously been killed in connection to the wall, including members from both parties, people have started to consider the wall a bad omen. When Anbu declines, a goon of Kannan starts insulting Anbu, and Kaali attacks him, leading to Kannan seeing Anbu as the reason for Maari's resurgence. Kannan's henchmen plan to kill Anbu and Kaali. Kalaiarasi professes her love to Kaali.

When the henchmen try to kill Kaali and Anbu, they escape and hide behind a van. They see Perumal, who does not notice them, talking on the phone, giving orders to kill Anbu at any cost. Kaali then kills Perumal with a straight hit to the head using a crowbar. Maari instructs Kaali and Anbu to surrender at [[Kanchipuram district]] court to avoid being killed by the henchmen, but the [[First Information Report|FIR]] contains Anbu's name. Anbu takes responsibility for the murder and hopes to be released soon, but Kannan's henchmen hack Anbu to death and seriously wound Kaali outside the court. Kaali slides into a depression of guilt and swears revenge, attempting to kill Kannan. Afterwards, Kaali is berated for his bad temper by his parents and Maari, who want him to get his life back together. Maari assures Kaali that Anbu's death will be avenged. Kalairasi begins to comfort Kaali, and they spend time together and get married.

One day, Kaali and Kalaiarasi arrive at a restaurant, where he notices one of Maari's henchmen sitting at the nearby table. When he goes up to the henchman for a chat, the latter runs away in fear. After catching him, Kaali learns that Maari had joined hands with the opposing party to become [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|RK Nagar]] and was the brain behind Anbu's assassination. Though reluctant, Kalaiarasi lets Kaali pursue his vengeance. At a local meeting where Maari is being felicitated, Kaali spills the beans, and the locals chase Maari out. Kaali splashes paint on the wall, thus ruining the portrait. Soon, everyone follows suit. Maari plots to kill Kaali but is betrayed by the touted successor of the opposing party. In a showdown, Kaali subdues the henchmen sent to kill him and grievously injures Maari, who is soon killed. Kaali and Kalaiarasi start teaching in the building whose wall was the cause of this bloody feud. The wall now has a theme of [[Children's rights education|children's education]] painted on it. However, Kannan still wants to hang his father's portrait on the wall.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Karthi]] as Kaali
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Kalaiarasi, Kaali's love-interest
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Anbu
* [[Riythvika]] as Mary, Anbu's wife
* [[Charles Vinoth]] as Maari
* [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Krishnappan, Kannan's father
* [[Poster Nandakumar]] as Kannan
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Perumal, Kannan's son
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Kaali's mother
* [[Imman Annachi]]
* Jaya Rao as Kaali's father
* [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Johnny
* [[Pavel Navageethan]] as Viji, a henchman
* Dinesh Mani as Dheena
* [[Lingesh|Lijeesh]] as Kaali's and Anbu's friend
* [[Gaana Bala]] as a funeral singer
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote="The story traces the life of a young man living in the slums (from 1996 to 2014). It talks about how the poor are still looking for solutions to the same issues that have been plaguing them for a long time: poverty, powerlessness and so on. They are engaged by the parties to work for them during elections only to be forgotten afterwards. This is the crux of this film."
| source = Ranijth, describing the film, in an interaction with ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig, Udhav |date=21 June 2014 |title=More on 'Madras' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/more-on-madras/article6136638.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914072600/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/more-on-madras/article6136638.ece |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}
[[Studio Green]] signed up [[Pa. Ranjith]] to direct a film for their production house after they had bought and distributed the director's successful venture, ''[[Attakathi]]'' (2012). In December 2012, Ranjith confirmed that he would shortly begin work on a project titled ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' with [[Karthi]] in the lead role, though production was subsequently delayed and did not take off as planned.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2012 |title='Attakathi' Ranjith confirms Karthi project |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/karthi-and-attakathi-attakathi-karthi-27-12-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005012016/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/karthi-and-attakathi-attakathi-karthi-27-12-12.html |archive-date=5 October 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In July 2013, it was announced that the pair would collaborate on a new script, with [[Santhosh Narayanan]] being signed on as composer, G Murali as cinematographer and Praveen K L as editor.<ref name="behindwoods2">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=An FIR on Karthi – 'Attakathi' Ranjith's next |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/a-fir-on-karthi---attakathi-ranjiths-next-karthi-ranjith-12-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224020058/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/a-fir-on-karthi---attakathi-ranjiths-next-karthi-ranjith-12-07-13.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Ranjith later clarified that ''Sarpatta Parambarai'' and ''Madras'' were two different scripts. Although the producers liked both scripts, Ranjith decided to shoot ''Madras'' first as Karthi had accidentally read the script and liked its concept and characters.<ref name="RINTBW">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2014 |title="SANTHOSH NARAYANAN IS AN IMPORTANT FORCE TO RECKON WITH IN TAMIL FILM MUSIC", DIRECTOR PA.RANJITH |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-director/pa-ranjith/an-exclusive-interview-with-madras-director-paranjith.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914020704/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-director/pa-ranjith/an-exclusive-interview-with-madras-director-paranjith.html |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Ranijth said that the film was not based on an individual and that Karthi's role was that of an IT graduate named Kaali, further adding that no make-up was used for any of the cast members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2014 |title='Madras' audio launch today |url=http://m.newindianexpress.com/tamil/327798 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114528/http://m.newindianexpress.com/tamil/327798 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Ranjith also informed that some changes were made to the script to accommodate Karthi as the hero.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 June 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Madras — A north Madras flavour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-madras-a-north-madras-flavour/article6158116.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117202053/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-madras-a-north-madras-flavour/article6158116.ece |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Karthi said that he chose the script as he liked the way his character was portrayed in a realistic manner without making any commercial compromises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Karthi is confident about 'Madras' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-is-confident-about-madras-news-tamil-ogvkREjhbgfgi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907002700/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-is-confident-about-madras-news-tamil-ogvkREjhbgfgi.html |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ranjith later explained that it was a "film about [[Dalit]]s and their way of life".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=16 October 2014 |title=In conversation with Ranjith, director of 'Madras' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-conversation-with-ranjith-director-of-madras/article6507715.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117202056/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-conversation-with-ranjith-director-of-madras/article6507715.ece |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Despite reports that the team had titled the film as ''Kabali'' or ''Kaali'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian, Anupama |date=23 October 2013 |title=Karthi's film 'Kaali' renamed as 'Kabali'? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131023/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-film-kali-renamed-kabali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134217/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131023/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-film-kali-renamed-kabali |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> the title ''Madras'' was announced in May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Karthi gets the city all to himself |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/karthi-ranjith-project-titled.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708022647/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/karthi-ranjith-project-titled.html |archive-date=8 July 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=27 May 2014 |title=Karthi's film with Ranjith is titled 'Madras' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthis-film-with-Ranjith-is-titled-Madras/articleshow/35619524.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907190232/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthis-film-with-Ranjith-is-titled-Madras/articleshow/35619524.cms |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=28 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Sai Pallavi]] was the first choice of the female lead but she denied the offer to pursue her medical studies in Georgia. Later reports suggested that [[Nazriya Nazim]] would portray the role, while [[Nithya Menen]] and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] were also linked to the role.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2013 |title=Karthi to start Pa Ranjith film with Nazriya? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-start-pa-ranjith-film-with-nazriya-news-tamil-nh5jS9idcji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084429/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-start-pa-ranjith-film-with-nazriya-news-tamil-nh5jS9idcji.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Later in October 2013, [[Catherine Tresa]] was finalised to be the female lead in the film, thereby making her debut in Tamil films with the project.<ref name="behindwoods3">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2013 |title=Karthi, Catherine and Ranjith are on their way |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/attakathi-ranjiths-next-movie-starring-karthi-and-catherine-tresa-has-begun-its-filming.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218014159/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/attakathi-ranjiths-next-movie-starring-karthi-and-catherine-tresa-has-begun-its-filming.html |archive-date=18 February 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Catherine informed that she would play a "deglamourised" role in which her character was named Kalaiarasi, a bold and assertive woman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title=Catherine happy to get diverse roles |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140625/entertainment-tollywood/article/catherine-happy-get-diverse-roles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001932/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140625/entertainment-tollywood/article/catherine-happy-get-diverse-roles |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian, Anupama |date=29 June 2014 |title=Karthi's dedication amazes me: Catherine Tresa |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-dedication-amazes-me-catherine-tresa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910202322/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-dedication-amazes-me-catherine-tresa |archive-date=10 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Mime artists 'Mime' Gopi and Hari Krishnan were cast in supporting roles; Harikrishnan who played a mentally challenged man named Johnny in the film said he lost 15 kilos for the role and added that it took him nine months to "let Johnny ‘occupy’ him".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Deepika |date=16 October 2014 |title=Almost Famous: The Hari Krishnan Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/almost-famous-the-hari-krishnan-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730212542/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/almost-famous-the-hari-krishnan-interview/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

[[Kalaiyarasan]], who had a short role in Ranjith's first film, was given the pivotal role of Anbu, the protagonist's best friend, after he had cleared three [[screen test]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2014 |title=Madras Has Changed My Life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/sep/30/madras-has-changed-my-life-666739.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117202053/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/sep/30/Madras-Has-Changed-My-Life-666739.html |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Riythvika of ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013) fame, was paired opposite Kalaiarasan.<ref name="RINTBW" /> Rama, who is known for her role in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' (1990), and Jaya Rao were chosen to play Karthi's parents. Apart from Karthi, all other actors were either debuting in Tamil cinema with ''Madras'' or had previously appeared in minor character roles, with Ranjith explaining that he selected newcomers and unpopular actors "to lend authenticity to the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 June 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Madras — A north Madras flavour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-madras-a-north-madras-flavour/article6158116.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914072652/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-madras-a-north-madras-flavour/article6158116.ece |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Royapuram Fishing Harbour.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Royapuram Fishing Harbour. Most of the scenes in the film were shot at Royapuram, which is located in the north of Chennai.]]
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 11 October 2013 with a small [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja ceremony]] at [[Vyasarpadi]] in [[Chennai]]. Karthi worked exclusively for the film in the final quarter of 2013, losing about 10 kg of weight and sporting a new look for the venture. Karthi also worked on acquiring the typical [[Royapuram]] accent and spent time in northern Chennai trying to learn about their way of life before the shooting began.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |last=Karthik, Janani |date=22 November 2013 |title=Karthi loses weight for his film with Ranjith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Karthi-loses-weight-for-his-film-with-Ranjith/articleshow/26158388.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124173116/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Karthi-loses-weight-for-his-film-with-Ranjith/articleshow/26158388.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

60% of the film was completed by mid-December 2013, with scenes shot extensively around Chennai. Two songs from the film were reported to have been completed, both of which were choreographed by Satish.<ref name="behindwoods5">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=A 'Biriyani' break for Karthi and Ranjith |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/60-of-karthi-and-ranjiths-movie-has-been-canned.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224021107/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/60-of-karthi-and-ranjiths-movie-has-been-canned.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The shooting of the climax of the film took place at [[Perambur]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2014 |title=Climax of Karthi's next has been shot |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/climax-of-karthis-next-has-been-shot-tamil-news-104818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320024159/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Climax-of-Karthis-next-has-been-shot-tamil-news-104818 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Further portions of the climax sequences were canned in the Jamalia, Sathyamoorthy Nagar and Ram Nagar localities in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2014 |title=Karthi gears up for the last leg of his next |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shooting-updates-from-karthis-kaali-aka-kabali.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703152945/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shooting-updates-from-karthis-kaali-aka-kabali.html |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

Karthi, in an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', said that the film would be a tribute to Chennai, whilst commemorating the 375th anniversary of the city's existence.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Raman, Pratiba |date=22 August 2014 |title=Madras Day: Real Madras captured in reel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/madras-day-chennai-tamil-film-madras-karthi-royapuram-205156-2014-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826183142/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/madras-day-chennai-tamil-film-madras-karthi-royapuram/1/378430.html |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Karthi also learnt to play [[Association football|football]] and [[carrom]] for the film as it was one of the sports that is popular in north Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=22 June 2014 |title=Karthi learns to 'shoot and strike' for 'Madras' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthi-learns-to-shoot-and-strike-for-Madras/articleshow/36954341.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021000913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthi-learns-to-shoot-and-strike-for-Madras/articleshow/36954341.cms |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=24 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Catherine was given proper training in the style of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] spoken in Chennai and the background of people who live in [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Chennai]] for her role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian, Anupama |date=27 June 2014 |title=Karthi goes from playing a flashy casanova to IT guy in 'Madras' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi-goes-playing-flashy-casanova-it-guy-madras |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908154547/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi-goes-playing-flashy-casanova-it-guy-madras |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=2014-06-20 |title=Madras will be a milestone in Karthi's career, says Pa. Ranjith |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/madras-karthi-pa-ranjith-milestone-film-release-july/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Madras (soundtrack)}}

Pa. Ranjith renewed his association with [[Santhosh Narayanan]] for composing the film's soundtrack album and background score.{{efn|name=Santhosh-Ranjith|Santhosh Narayanan and Pa. Ranjith had earlier worked together in ''Attakathi'', which was the debut film for Ranjith as film director and for Santhosh Narayanan as music director.<ref name="IBTimes" />}} The album consists of five songs with two theme music instrumental tracks all composed by Santhosh Narayanan. While [[Gana Bala]] penned the lyrics for the two songs sung by him, the remaining three were penned by [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] and Uma Devi. The soundtrack album was released on 27 June 2014.<ref name="IBTimes">{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri, Sangeetha |date=28 June 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' Audio, Trailer Released |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-audio-trailer-released-602923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108170524/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-audio-trailer-released-602923 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The song "Naan Nee" is featured in the 2026 [[Jio Hotstar]] series ''Resort''.

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled for a release in July 2014, thereby clashing with ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' (2014).<ref name="IBTimesKM">{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri, Sangeetha |date=19 June 2014 |title=Dhanush's 'Velai Illa Pattadhaari' to Clash with Karthi's 'Madras' at Box Office? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dhanushs-velai-illa-pattadhaari-clash-karthis-madras-box-office-602581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120344/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dhanushs-velai-illa-pattadhaari-clash-karthis-madras-box-office-602581 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The release date was fixed as 25 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title='VIP' & 'Madras' to release in USA |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vip--madras-to-release-in-usa-telugu-news-109796 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194540/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vip--madras-to-release-in-usa-telugu-news-109796 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> However, the release was postponed to 29 August 2014 and again to September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' Release date |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/karthis-madras-release-date-tamil-news-110335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907074142/http://www.indiaglitz.com/karthis-madras-release-date-tamil-news-110335 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=September release schedule |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/september-release-schedule-news-tamil-oivk4gdcaeffj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031235/http://www.sify.com/movies/september-release-schedule-news-tamil-oivk4gdcaeffj.html |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The makers cited delay in censor certification as the main reason for the delay in release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' is getting delayed because... |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/karthis-madras-is-getting-delayed-because-tamil-news-112278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826162540/http://www.indiaglitz.com/karthis-madras-is-getting-delayed-because-tamil-news-112278 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=The ever-changing release date of Karthi's 'Madras' |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/when-is-karthis-madras-going-to-release.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826165400/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/when-is-karthis-madras-going-to-release.html |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> On 5 September 2014, Karthi confirmed on his social networking page that the film would release on 26 September 2014.<ref name="Release">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title=Karthi confirms on 'Madras' |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/karthi-reveals-about-madras-release-plan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906175555/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/karthi-reveals-about-madras-release-plan.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film's censoring took place at the Four Frames theatre in Chennai on 11 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2014 |title=The censoring of Karthi's 'Madras' ... |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/the-censor-process-of-karthis-madras.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910204354/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/the-censor-process-of-karthis-madras.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ATMUS Entertainment bought the North American distribution rights and released the film in 34 screens across the [[United States]],<ref name="Indiaglitz">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title='Madras' USA screen counts |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/5815/madras-usa-screen-counts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923094735/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/5815/madras-usa-screen-counts |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=MovieCrow}}</ref> while Dream Factory distributed the film across other countries worldwide, including India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2014 |title=Successful producers unite for 'Dream Factory' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Successful-producers-unite-for-Dream-Factory/articleshow/37957013.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119063652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Successful-producers-unite-for-Dream-Factory/articleshow/37957013.cms |archive-date=19 January 2016 |access-date=3 September 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's first look was unveiled on 16 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2014 |title=First look of Karthi's 'Madras' raises expectations |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/first-look-of-karthis-madras-raises-expectations-tamil-news-109049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626032551/http://www.indiaglitz.com/first-look-of-karthis-madras-raises-expectations-tamil-news-109049 |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The first look posters received positive feedback from fans and raised the film's expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicy V. P. |date=17 June 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' Poster Goes Viral |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-poster-goes-viral-602417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120339/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthis-madras-poster-goes-viral-602417 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Some even pointed out that the first look poster was similar to that of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s first look poster from ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013), but the makers clarified that only the background texture may have appeared to be similar and that Vijay's back was seen, whereas Karthi had a serious body language expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title='Madras' copies 'Thalaiva' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20142318012340/Madras-copies-Thalaiva.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115824/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20142318012340/Madras-copies-Thalaiva.col |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=Chennaionline}}</ref> The trailer of the film was uploaded to [[YouTube]] on 27 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthis-Madras-trailer/articleshow/37114073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthis-Madras-trailer/articleshow/37114073.cms |archive-date=29 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Short video clips of two of the film's songs "Aagayam Theepidicha" and "Naan Nee" were released on YouTube on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=Song teasers: 'Madras' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Song-teasers-Madras/articleshow/42396711.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914131521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Song-teasers-Madras/articleshow/42396711.cms |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Another official trailer released on 19 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title='Madras' new trailer |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/5773/madras-new-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920005844/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/5773/madras-new-trailer |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Madras'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2014 |title=Karthi's 'Madras' hits half century |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-madras-hits-half-century/articleshow/45143831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511031518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-madras-hits-half-century/articleshow/45143831.cms |archive-date=11 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Udhav Naig, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Rarely does one get to see a Tamil film that reflects the social reality so closely and sketching a detailed account of life that the middle and the upper middle class know little about. Full marks to Pa Ranjith for that".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig, Udhav |date=26 September 2014 |title=Madras: A tale of crime and punishment in the slums |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-crime-and-punishment-in-the-slums/article6450040.ece?homepage=true&theme=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927001129/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-crime-and-punishment-in-the-slums/article6450040.ece?homepage=true&theme=true |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Another critic for ''The Hindu'', Sudhir Srinivasan, gave a positive feedback regarding Karthi's performance and said, "Karthi, despite looking a bit too sophisticated for the grime of north Chennai, is a revelation with his dialogue delivery and body language. He is every bit the quintessential ‘local paiyan’".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, Sudhir |date=27 September 2014 |title=Madras: A tale of two halves |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-two-halves/article6452813.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928070046/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madras-a-tale-of-two-halves/article6452813.ece |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Malini Mannath said, "With an engaging screenplay, deft narration, well fleshed out characters and actors well cast, ''Madras'' captures the feel, flavour and ambiance of North Chennai with perfect precision".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath, Malini |date=28 September 2014 |title=Perfect Feel of Life in North Madras |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Perfect-Feel-of-Life-in-North-Madras/2014/09/28/article2452789.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928112859/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Perfect-Feel-of-Life-in-North-Madras/2014/09/28/article2452789.ece |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "''Madras'' works big time as writer and director Pa Ranjith has given priority to his script, which hooks the audiences straightaway. It is a triumph of honest writing and heartfelt dialogues. It is a gutsy and outstanding film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2014 |title=Madras |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madras-review-tamil-15058335.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927080721/http://www.sify.com/movies/madras-review-tamil-15058335.html |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and said, "[...] Ranjith keeps defying our expectations in subtle ways. We think we know what the outcome of a scene would be but he constantly surprises us with how the scene is executed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 September 2014 |title=Madras |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Madras/movie-review/43555430.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928173230/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Madras/movie-review/43555430.cms |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Very few filmmakers can turn an ordinary tale of politics, friendship and revenge into a masterpiece. Ranjith is one such filmmaker and his ''Madras'' is probably the best audiences can get from Tamil cinema this year".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi, Haricharan |date=27 September 2014 |title='Madras'- as realistic as it can get (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madras-as-realistic-as-it-can-get-tamil-movie-review-114092700459_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004106/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madras-as-realistic-as-it-can-get-tamil-movie-review-114092700459_1.html |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

S Sarawathi of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "The innovative script, well-etched characters and the commendable performances, strengthened by a brilliant technical team and perfect execution, make Madras one of the best films this year".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarawathi |first=S. |date=29 September 2014 |title=Review: Madras is a must watch! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-madras-is-a-must-watch-south/20140929.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929124024/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-madras-is-a-must-watch-south/20140929.htm |archive-date=29 September 2014 |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and stated, "''Madras'' has a strong storyline and a powerful cast to back this up. The major success of the film is attributed to the perfect casting handpicked by Ranjith and extracting the best from them", going on to call it "a not to be missed film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian, Anupama |date=27 September 2014 |title=Movie review 'Madras': Sublime mix of love, poverty and war |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140927/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-madras-sublime-mix-love-poverty-and-war-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927122101/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140927/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-madras-sublime-mix-love-poverty-and-war-0 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave a rating of 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "In the end, ''Madras'' is but another work about gang wars and political rivalry that can only be watched if you stop disbelieving".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran, Gautaman |date=28 September 2014 |title=Tamil movie review: Karthi, so good in Paruthi Veeran is completed wasted in Madras |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tamil-movie-review-karthi-s-madras-is-puerile-battle-over-a-wall/article1-1268996.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928113810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tamil-movie-review-karthi-s-madras-is-puerile-battle-over-a-wall/article1-1268996.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Madras'' collected {{INRConvert|4.5|c}} in the US, {{INRConvert|1.74|c}} in the United Kingdom and {{INRConvert|708|l}} in Malaysia in the first 3 days of its overseas theatrical run.<ref>{{Citation |title='Khoobsurat' extends its lead over 'Daawat-e-Ishq' |date=29 September 2014 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas/ |access-date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929130344/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas |archive-date=29 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Madras}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Pa. Ranjith}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
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[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pa. Ranjith]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in 2014]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language political drama films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Vettikulangara Devi Temple Cheppad

2026-03-25T22:14:08Z

RockyDill0015: put up new bio

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vettikulangara Devi Temple Cheppad
| image = Vettikulangara Devi Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Vettikulangara Devi Temple, [[Cheppad]], [[Haripad]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| location = [[Cheppad]], [[Haripad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.238475|76.462415|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m = 28.34
| deity = [[Durga]] (Karthiyayini Devi)
| festivals= Thrikarthika Maholsavam (Vrscikam), Thiru Utsavam (Kumbham)
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala|Traditional Kerala Style]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| governing_body =[[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
| website = [http://www.vettikulangaratemple.com/ www.vettikulangaratemple.com]
}}

'''Vettikulangara Devi Temple [[Cheppad]]''' near [[Harippad]], [[Alappuzha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Vettikulangara Devi Temple – Cheppad - Story - Information |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2021/08/vettikulangara-devi-temple-cheppad.html |access-date=2023-11-27}}</ref> [[Kerala]] is one of the oldest temples in Kerala.This temple is dedicated to [[Durga]] Devi and the goddess is also known as Karthiyayini Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vettikulangara Devi Temple, Alappuzha, India Tourist Information |url=https://www.touristlink.com/india/vettikulangara-devi-temple/overview.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.touristlink.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
From ancient times, people have worshiped Lord [[Shiva|Mahadeva]]. The arrival of a [[Brahmin]] Scholar known as Thampuran from the Pazhore Padippura became responsible for the incarnation of Devi in this area. Thampuran, who had come from the north, took up his residence at Nedunagappally, Ramapuram{{which|date=July 2019}} in the south of this region. Later, on his return to his native place, Thampuran took along with him the idol of Devi, his deity of worship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Vettikulangara Devi Temple, Cheppad, Kerala |url=https://atmanirvana.com/vettikulangara-devi-temple-cheppad-kerala/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=hinduism |language=en}}</ref> During his journey, because of the omnipotence of Mahadeva, the idol happened to fall into the pond in the Kannirasi. Despite laborious efforts, Thampuran could not regain the idol. With a heavy heart, Thampuran returned to his native place. After several years while members of the Naluveettil family were digging the pond, they found the idol of Devi in the pond.
[[File:Kalathattu and Anakottil.jpg|left|thumb|Kalathattu and Anakottil]]
Having been hit by their digging implements, blood began to ooze from the idol. Realizing the vitality of Devi, people took possession of the idol with devotion and began to worship. As the idol was obtained during the process of digging the pond, the name "Vettikulangara came into vogue. By preserving the purity and antiquity, the pond is being protected even today.

As [[Adi Parashakti]], the mother of mercy and the giver of vitality, Sri Karthyayani Devi resides here. By showering her blessings on her devotees who appeals to her with aching hearts, Devi reins the Vettikulangara Temple.

==Other Deities==
Beside the main deity there are many other deities which include Lord Mahadeva, Lord [[Ganesh]], Lord [[Ayyappan]], [[Nagaraja]], and Nagayakshi

==Festivals==
[[File:Vettikulangara Devi Temple Koottamkottu.jpg|thumbnail|right|Koottamkottu during Utsav]]
* Navaham (Kanni)
* Sapthaham (Vrischikam)
* Thrikarthika Maholsavam (Vrischikam)
* Para Ezhunnallathu (Makaram)
* Thiru Utsavam (Kumbham)

==How to reach==
[[File:Front view of the temple cheppad.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the temple]]
Nearest bus station : 1 km from Cheppad bus stop, 6 km from Haripad KSRTC bus stand, 12 km from Kayamkulam KSRTC bus stand, 3 km from Nangiarkulangara Bus Stop

Nearest railway station : Cheppad (1.5 km), Haripad (6 km), Kayamkulam (12 km)

[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Vetti+kulangara+Temple/@9.2399903,76.4581469,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3b061e2c7ff4fc6d:0x85512dad95024845?hl=en Route to Vettikulangara Devi Temple]

==See also==

* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Temple festivals of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* http://www.vettikulangaratemple.com

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Durga temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Cheppad]]

Listin Stephen

2026-03-17T17:29:05Z

RockyDill0015: updated details

{{Short description|Indian film producer and distributor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Listin Stephen
| image =
| caption = Listin in 2012
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uzhavoor]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film producer]]|
[[Film distributor]]}}
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| organization = Magic Frames
| spouse = {{Marriage|Benitta Jacob|2015}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Justin Stephen]] (brother)
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] (2012)
}}

'''Listin Stephen''' is an Indian [[film producer]] and [[Film distributor|distributor]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film industries. He founded the film production company Magic Frames that has produced and distributed a lot of successful movies over a decade. His debut production was ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011), which heralded in a new age of film-making style and rejuvenated [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/magic-touch/article4610118.ece Magic Touch]. ''[[The Hindu]]''.</ref>

==Career==
His debut production was ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011), which heralded in a new age of film-making style into Malayalam cinema.<ref name=Kollywood>{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan, TNN|date= 18 May 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Listen-Stephen-gears-up-for-Kollywood/articleshow/13247238.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108144351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-and-interviews/31765186_1_kollywood-gears-films |url-status=live |archive-date=8 January 2014 |title=Listen Stephen gears up for Kollywood|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=indiatimes.com|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> His second production was ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Sameer%20Thahir%20and%20Listin%20Stephen%20with%20Chappa%20Kurishu.-3035-1 |title=Sameer Thahir and Listin Stephen with "Chappa Kurishu" |publisher=Metromatinee.com |date=2011-04-02 |access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> While it encountered controversies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/Behind-The-Camera-Chappayum-Kurishum-Screenil |title=Behind The Camera: Chappayum Kurishum Screenil|publisher=Yentha.com |date=2011-07-14 |access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%E2%80%98risque%E2%80%99-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 |title='Risque'-taking Remya Nambeesan |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011131133/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%E2%80%98risque%E2%80%99-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref> the film turned out to be a moderate commercial and critical hit.<ref name=Kollywood/> In 2012, he produced ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' which won three [[National Film Awards]], including the one for the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/listin-to-his-plans/article4540107.ece|title = 'Listin' to his plans|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = 23 March 2013|last1 = Naig|first1 = Udhav}}</ref> Following the success of his films, he remade all three films in Tamil in association with [[R. Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Sarath-Kumar-takes-special-interest-in-production-news-National-ndxpagdgcei.html |title=Sarath Kumar takes special interest in production |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324022721/http://www.sify.com/movies/Sarath-Kumar-takes-special-interest-in-production-news-National-ndxpagdgcei.html |archive-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' ||{{bulleted_list|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Film]]|[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Film]]|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award|Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam]]}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil || Remake of ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''
|-
| ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Remake of ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vimaanam]]'' || rowspan="11" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kaduva]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Selfiee]]'' || Hindi || Remake of ''[[Driving License (2019 film)|Driving License]]''
|-
| ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || rowspan="11" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nivin Pauly on 'Thuramukham' release delay, says It was the producer's fault |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-on-thuramukham-release-delay-says-it-was-the-producers-fault/articleshow/98534318.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enthada Saji]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-05-06 |title=Jayasurya, Nivetha Thomas, Kunchako Boban-starrer 'Enthada Saji' drops on Amazon Prime Video |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jayasurya-nivetha-thomas-kunchako-boban-starrer-enthada-saji-drops-on-amazon-prime-video/article66819566.ece |access-date=2023-05-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramachandra Boss & Co]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-09 |title=Nivin Pauly's film with Haneef Adeni titled 'Ramachandra Boss and Co' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-film-with-haneef-adeni-titled-ramachandra-boss-and-co/article67060357.ece |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=21 August 2023 |title=Shooting of Suresh Gopi, Biju Menon starrer 'Garudan' wrapped up |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shooting-of-suresh-gopi-biju-menon-starrer-garudan-wrapped-up/article67218910.ece |access-date=18 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2024 || ''[[Malayalee from India]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-20 |title=Nivin Pauly's Malayalee From India gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/20/nivin-paulys-malayalee-from-india-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ARM (film)|Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Extra Decent]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Prince and Family]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moonwalk (2025 film)|Moonwalk]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-14 |title=Moonwalk gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/14/moonwalk-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Baby Girl (film)|Baby Girl]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-05 |title=Nivin Pauly's Baby Girl gets an intense first look and motion poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/05/nivin-paulys-baby-girl-gets-an-intense-first-look-and-motion-poster |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TableTBA}} || {{Pending film| Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil }} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-03-08 |title=It's a wrap for Kunchacko Boban's Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-kunchacko-bobans-oru-durooha-saahacharyathil |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As distributor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|rowspan=4|Tamil
| rowspan="6" |Kerala Distribution
|-
|''[[Bigil]]''
|-
|2021
|''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|-
|rowspan=12|2022
|''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|Kannada
|-
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
|rowspan=2|Malayalam
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''Chattambi''
|-
|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
|Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Kerala Distribution
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|Kannada
|Karnataka Distribution
|-
|''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
|rowspan=2|Malayalam
|Co-Distributed with [[Prithviraj Productions]]
|-
|''[[Aanaparambile World Cup]]''
|
|-
|''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''
|rowspan=2|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Kerala Distribution
|-
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Samara (2023 film)|Samara]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Ayisha (film)|Ayisha]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|rowspan=1|2024
|''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2017–18
|''Avaril Oral''||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||rowspan=2|TV series on [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2021||''Varnapakittu''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Thrissur Magic FC]]
* [[Nivin Pauly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4653772}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephen, Listin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]

S. B. Mujumdar

2026-03-15T04:05:02Z

RockyDill0015: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Shantaram Balwant Mujumdar
|image =
| caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1935|07|31}}
|birth_place = [[Gadhinglaj]], [[Kolhapur]], [[British India]]
|known_for = [[Symbiosis Society]] & [[Symbiosis International University]]
|title = Founder and president of the [[Symbiosis Society]], chancellor of the [[Symbiosis International University]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]], [[Padma Shri]], [[Punyabhushan]], Maharashtra Gaurav
}}

'''Shantaram Balwant Mujumdar''' is the founder and president of the [[Symbiosis Society]], a multinational educational and cultural center, and chancellor of [[Symbiosis International University]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2005 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref>

Mujumdar was born on 31 July 1935 at Gadhinglaj, a Taluka in Kolhapur District in Maharashtra. He had his school education at Gadhinglaj and college education at Rajaram college, Kolhapur and Pune. In his master's degree (M.Sc.) in Botany, he stood first class first with distinction in Pune University. He obtained his Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Microbiology from Pune University.

He joined Fergusson College, Pune as Professor and Head of Department in Botany which position he held for 20 years. He was a recognized post graduate teacher and a guide for Ph.D. students. He was a member of the Pune University's Executive Council, the Senate, Academic Council (for 14 years) and Chairman of the Board of Studies in Botany (for 9 years). He was also I.C.C.R's Foreign Academic Advisor in Pune University (for 7 years). He founded [[Symbiosis International University]] in 1971 to help foreign students in Pune.

He has published over 50 original research articles in several national and international scientific journals. He has authored several books on Life Sciences and has contributed over 200 articles on Science, Education and Youth Development. He has also been the chairman of the Educational Wing of FICCI in 2005–2006.

Mujumdar is the recipient of many awards. The [[Government of India]] conferred him with the Padma Shri in 2005 and the Padma Bhushan in 2012.<ref name="PadmaAwards">{{cite web | url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf | title=Year Wise List of Recipients Bharat Ratna Padma Awards 1954 – 2014 | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf | archive-date=15 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He has received [[Punyabhushan]] (2009), FIE Foundation Puraskar (2006), ‘Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar’ (2003), Top Management Club Pune's “Excellence in Education” Award, the Rotary club of Pune's ‘Service Excellence Recognition Award (SERA)’, The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International Paul Harris Fellow, Giant International Life Time Achievement Award, Lion Gaurav Puraskar, Pune Municipal Corporation's ‘Roll of Honour for Life-Time Achievement’ (2006) and Pune Festival Award.

[[Fergusson College]] Alumni Association felicitated him as a Distinguished Alumnus and awarded him with 'Fergusson Gaurav Puraskar', on 13 January 2024, at the hands of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj ([[Shahu II of Kolhapur]]), the Chairperson of [[Deccan Education Society]] which runs the Fergusson College.

==Awards==
* 2012, [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref>
* 2009, [[Punyabhushan]]
* 2005, [[Padma Shri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://symbiosis.ac.in/founder.html Symbiosis]
* [http://siu.edu.in/symbiosis-chancellor.php Symbiosis International University]
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mujumdar, Shantaram Balwant}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]

Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi

2026-03-11T11:02:55Z

RockyDill0015: fixed issues

{{short description|2016 film by Santosh Mishra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Priyanka Chopra]]|Dr. Madhu Chopra}}
| writer = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| screenplay = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]|[[Amrapali Dubey]]|Antara Benarjee|[[Sanjay Pandey]]}}
| music = Rahul B. Seth
| cinematography = Rafiq Latif Shaikh
| editing = Santosh Harawade
| production_companies = [[Purple Pebble Pictures]]
| distributor = {{ubl|Maa Sona Films (Bihar) |Balaji Cine Vision (Mumbai) }}
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|10|[[India]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| language = {{hlist|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|[[Hindi]]}}
}}

'''''Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Bhojpuri language]] film directed by [[Santosh Mishra]] and produced by Madhu Chopra and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] cast in lead role along with [[Amrapali Dubey]] and Antara Banerjee while Manoj Tiger, [[Sanjay Pandey]], Prakash Jais, Deepak Sinha, Ayaz Khan, Dr Archana Singh an Samarth Chaturvedi in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediapersons boycott Priyanka Chopra's Patna press event! – Know why|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/mediapersons-boycott-priyanka-chopras-patna-press-event-know-why_1895831.html|website=www.zeenews.india.com|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बॉलीवुड व हॉलीवुड के बाद अब भोजपुरी में प्रियंका चोपड़ा की एंट्री|url=https://m.patrika.com/varanasi-news/priyanka-chopra-s-entry-in-bhojpuri-movie-in-bam-bam-bol-rha-hai-kashi-1322492/|last=Sarveshwari Mishra|date=|website=Patrika News|language=hindi|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]] as Kashi Pandey
* [[Amrapali Dubey]] as Suman Singh
* Antara Banerjee as Nandani
* Manoj Tiger as Jagan
* [[Sanjay Pandey]] as Bandook Singh
* Prakash Jais as Tantan (Kashi's friend)
* Deepak Sinha as the Police inspector
* Samarth Chaturvedi as Batkhari Singh
* Sanjay Verma as Makkhan
* Santosh Shrivastav as Bacchu Singh
* Tej Pratap Yadav as Dinanath Pandey (Kashi's father)
* Kiran Yadav as Janaki (Kashi's mother)
* Ayaz Khan as Toni
* Asgar Khan as Asgar
* Dr Archana Singh as Rajmata
* Ravi Shankar Jaiswal as Sub inspector
* Sweety Singh as Bhairavi
{{div col end}}

==Production==
It is the first film of Priyanka Chopra's own production house named "[[Purple Pebble Pictures]]" under which she planned to produce five regional films. The first one to roll out of was the Bhojpuri film "Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/filmy-buzz/priyanka-chopra-is-being-criticized-for-bhojpuri-film-bam-bam-bol-raha-hai-kashi/36800|title=Priyanka Chopra is being criticized for Bhojpuri film Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi|publisher=Bollywood Helpline|accessdate=31 October 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Revealed-Why-Priyanka-Chopra-chose-a-Bhojpuri-film-as-her-debut-production/articleshow/52176296.cms|title=revealed! why priyanka chopra chose a bhojpuri film as her debut production?|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> Bengali actress Antara Benarjee makes his Bhojpuri debut with this film. The script of this film has been written by [[Santosh Mishra]], who also the director of this film. Music is given by [[Rajnish Mishra]] and Madhukar Anand, while background music is scored by Rahul B Seth. "Kavita & Sunita Creation" designed costumes for the entire cast. Rabiul Sarkar has in charge of art direction. The cinematography is by Rafiq Latif Shaikh, and Santosh Harawade is the editor. Martial Ramana has directed the action and stunts in the film. Kanu Mukharjee have choreographed the dance numbers. Post-production was done by "Audio Lab Studio". Graphics are done by Ritesh Daftary (Visual FX Studio).

The film was primarily shot in beautiful locations of [[Gujarat]] with some scenes shot in Sai Kutir and Tulsi Vihar in [[Mumbai]].

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 16 June 2016 across all India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/priyanka-chopras-first-bhojpuri-movie-getting-ready-for-release/articleshow/51937562.cms|title=Priyanka Chopra's first Bhojpuri movie getting ready for release|publisher=Times of India|access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/निरहुआ-की-बम-बम-बोल-रहा-है-क-24347|title=निरहुआ की 'बम-बम बोल रहा है काशी' रिलीज|publisher=Lok Tez|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527085420/http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%86-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%ae-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%ae-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%88-%e0%a4%95-24347|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack for "Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi" was composed by [[Rajnish Mishra]] and Madhukar Anand with lyrics written by Pyare Lal Yadav, Azad Singh, and Shyam Dehati. The music of the film was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6272036}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}
{{Action-drama-film-stub}}

Thaandavam

2026-03-10T14:54:49Z

RockyDill0015: put up a entry

{{for|the 2002 film|Thandavam}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaandavam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|A. L. Vijay]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]|[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]}}
| writer = A. L. Vijay
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|[[Jagapati Babu]]|[[Anushka Shetty]]|[[Amy Jackson]]|[[Lakshmi Rai]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[UTV Motion Pictures]]
*ShowMaker Regional Pictures
}}
| distributor = ShowMaker Regional Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|28|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=The Biggies are coming! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-biggies-of-2012-are-arriving-news-tamil-mgcmabddfjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602154455/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-biggies-of-2012-are-arriving-news-tamil-mgcmabddfjd.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaandavam''''' ({{translation|Dance}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. L. Vijay|A. L. Vijay]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Raj Arjun]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] in pivotal roles<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram plays cop next, pairs with Anushka & Amy |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70968.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924125324/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70968.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It is produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and features music composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. ''Thaandavam'' was released worldwide on 28 September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram's next with director Vijay |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-02/vikram-gv-prakash-14-09-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924075817/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-02/vikram-gv-prakash-14-09-11.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Plot==
31 December 2010: At 11:59 pm, a sudden bomb blast occurs in [[London]], killing several people.

After a year, A blind man named Kenny Thomas lays flowers on the [[memorial]] and mourns someone's death during the bomb blast. He is provided with secret details by a mysterious woman. Kenny then takes a taxi driven by Sathyan, a comical Tamilian. He drops Kenny at a place and waits for him to return, but Kenny goes inside, kills a person and throws him down.

Seeing the corpse, Sathyan flees; Kenny is shown to produce a sound from his mouth to find his way, which is later shown as [[Human echolocation|echolocation]]. Kenny plays the piano in a church, and as he is blind, he has many people care for him. In the meantime, he carries out two more murders, taking the same taxi driven by the innocent Sathyan, following instructions from the mysterious woman.

Sara Vinayagam, a [[United Kingdom|British]]-born [[Anglo-Indian]] woman, wins the [[Miss London]] title, and to build her [[Social profiling|social profile]], she goes to Kenny's church and acts like she is helping out there. Initially, Kenny does not like her, but eventually, they become friends. Sara's father is a doctor, who supports Kenny. [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Veerakathi, a British Tamil citizen, is the officer in charge of investigating the murders.

As the [[autopsy]] of the murdered victims takes place under Sara's father, Veerakathi visits him and learns about Kenny, who is admitted there for a small accident. Veerakathi initially suspects Kenny but is not convinced. Sathyan is found at all the murder locations, and the police arrest him; suspecting his involvement in the murders. Sathyan manages to find a picture of Kenny from a local newspaper and informs Veerakathi.

Sathyan is released and meets Sara. Both of them go to a place (one that she learns of from Kenny's phone, which he missed during a fight with local thugs). They reach there in time to see Kenny almost kill a [[steel company]] owner named Victor. Kenny flees the scene after sensing them and takes Sathyan's taxi to escape. Due to his blindness, he runs the taxi into a river, along with Sathyan and Sara. They get out and reach the riverbank. While escaping, Sara and Sathyan are stopped and confronted by Geetha, who reveals Kenny's real identity:

'''Past''': Kenny was a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] officer in India, whose real name is Shivakumar. Shiva and his close friend Sharath completed various missions for the [[Indian government|government]]. Shiva married Meenakshi, a conservative [[Ophthalmologist|eye doctor]] in [[Delhi]]. Initially distant, as time goes by, both became closer to each other, albeit without expressing love for each other. Meenakshi had decided to express her love to Shiva on [[New Year]]'s Day (which turns out to be his birthday).

Meanwhile, Sharath handled a case where an Indian Army secret (a flowchart) about a [[Weapon of mass destruction|WMD]] went missing. Shiva showed interest in the case and left for London under an alias. A former Indian policeman named Kenny helped him. Shiva found an important clue, but Sharath got injured during a fight; Shiva was shocked to find his plans leaked and was chased by the [[Metropolitan Police|L.C.P.D]], following a series of incidents.

Shiva soon realized that Sharath was the mastermind behind the missing flowchart, as he sold it to a terrorist group with some help from London based militants. Shiva uncovered the entire plot and asked Sharath to surrender, but he got shocked to know that Meenakshi had also come to London along with Sharath (to surprise Shiva on his birthday and propose to him). To save her, Shiva obeyed Sharath's order and went to a place (with Kenny), where a sudden bomb blast occurred, killing Kenny and Meenakshi and blinding Shiva.

'''Present''': Geetha reveals that she's Kenny's wife, and decided to take revenge on those responsible for the deaths of Kenny and Meenakshi. She forms a team with Shiva and joins him in a school where he learns echolocation from [[Daniel Kish]]. After that, Geetha reveals about the people who caused the disaster to Kenny, even including his friend Sharath, which formed the motive for the murders. After burning Sharath with the [[Foundry|Metal Melting Machine]] in Victor's (Sharath's friend) factory, the India Union Minister requested Kenny to come back to India as Shivakumar, but he rejects the request as Kenny's former identity as Shivakumar had ''died'' and he is going to spend his life for Meenakshi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Shivakumar/Kenny Thomas/Arjun Rathore/Imran
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Sharath Kumar
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Meenakshi
* [[Amy Jackson]] as Miss London Sara Vinayagam
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as Geetha
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Sathyan, the Tamil-speaking taxi driver
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Veerakathi Pillai
* [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Shivakumar's mother
* [[Sathish]] as Modelling Agent Bullappan
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as the Union Home Minister
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Ravi Chandran
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Thambi Mama
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Thappache Mama
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Meenakshi's father
* Rajie Vijay Sarathy as Meenakshi's mother
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Meenakshi's cousin
* [[Sujitha]] as Abi
* [[Daniel Kish]] as himself
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as The Agent
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Kenny Thomas (Original)
* Subiksha Raman as Meera, Meenakshi's sister
* Daniel Jordan as Richard<ref name="indiatimes1" />
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[UTV Motion Pictures]] commenced an innovative title contest in [[Twitter]], and it received massive response from Vikram fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram's film titled as Thaandavam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-film-titled-as-thaandavam-news-tamil-llgvdheafgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107184334/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-film-titled-as-thaandavam-news-tamil-llgvdheafgd.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vikram was revealed to play the role of a blind man, who practices the technique of [[human echolocation]], the ability to detect objects, their position and size by sensing echoes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2012 |title=Vikram Turns A Bat For Thaandavam? – Vikram – Thaandavam – Al Vijay – Madrasapattinam – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-05/vikram-thaandavam-31-07-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803000231/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-05/vikram-thaandavam-31-07-12.html |archive-date=3 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Vikram underwent special sessions with [[Daniel Kish]], an internationally renowned expert of human echolocation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa Ramanujam |date=2 August 2012 |title=Vikram's blind role in Thaandavam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vikrams-blind-role-in-Thaandavam/articleshow/15311060.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019112501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/news-interviews/32982367_1_blind-man-blind-people-human-echolocation |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team had planned to bring Kish to Chennai for the audio launch ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2012 |title=Thaandavam's Hero Sees Through Sounds – Thaandavam – Thandavam – Vikram – A L Vijay – Ronnie Screwvala – Anushka Shetty – Amy Jackson – Lakshmi Rai – Jagapati Babu – G V Prakash Kumar – Nirav Shah – Utv Motion – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-05/thaandavam-thandavam-31-07-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002223/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-05/thaandavam-thandavam-31-07-12.html |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] was chosen to portray Vikram's wife in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2012 |title=The sound and the fury |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3602159.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708025958/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3602159.ece |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Amy Jackson]] plays a British-born-Tamil girl in the film and was said to dub for herself as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2012 |title=Amy to dub for herself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Amy-to-dub-for-herself/articleshow/14901262.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127162624/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-15/news-interviews/32675433_1_amy-jackson-dub-madrassapattinam |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=15 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Telugu actor [[Jagapati Babu]] was selected to play villain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=UTV 'Thaandavam's second hero: Jagapathi Babu! – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74669.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129202735/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74669.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming commenced in Chennai in early December 2011 and was to be held in various locations in the US for 60 days and later in Delhi and various locations across southern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest on Vikram's Thaandavam |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73929.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103234409/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73929.html |archive-date=3 November 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2011 |title=Story behind Vikram's 'Thaandavam'? – Bollywood Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73683.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130052022/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73683.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Sources said that the film would be entirely shot in Los Angeles city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram to shoot in Los Angeles |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vikram-shoot-los-angeles-053 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925081052/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vikram-shoot-los-angeles-053 |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=20 September 2011 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Almost 50 per cent of the shoot was completed with the Delhi and Chennai schedules.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2012 |title='Thaandavam' to shoot in the UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thaandavam-to-shoot-in-the-UK/articleshow/12609901.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715011756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-11/news-interviews/31319384_1_thaandavam-uk-united-kingdom |archive-date=15 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While "delays in getting the visa for the entire cast and crew" was the official reason given for the change of location from the US to the UK, sources told that the move was also necessitated to keep the budget from skyrocketing.<ref name="indiatimes1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2012 |title=Vikram's Film Delayed – Vikram – Thaandavam – Anushka – Vijay – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-09-04-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621133552/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-09-04-12.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Some scenes were shot in UK,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Vikram in the Uk With Amy – Vikram – Thaandavam – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-11-04-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622170030/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-02/vikram-thaandavam-11-04-12.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> including a song and dance scene shot at [[Botany Bay, Kent|Botany Bay]] in [[Kent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent Film Office |date=17 September 2012 |title=Kent Film Office Thaandavam (2012) article |url=https://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/filmed-in-kent/2012/09/thaandavam-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132251/https://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/filmed-in-kent/2012/09/thaandavam-2012/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Rai]] joined the team in London in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2012 |title=Lakshmi Rai in London |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Rai-in-London/articleshow/13598340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626151943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Rai-in-London/articleshow/13598340.cms |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A duet song between Vikram and Amy was shot on the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oor Kaalan |date=20 May 2012 |title=Vikram and Amy shoot a song on the Thames | Tamil Cinema News, Latest Movie Kollywood Gossips, Reviews |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/05/vikram-and-amy-shoot-song-on-thames.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817184752/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/05/vikram-and-amy-shoot-song-on-thames.html |archive-date=17 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |publisher=Kollyinsider.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Thaandavam (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack album was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], featuring lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New talent to be introduced in Vikram's Thandavam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-01/vikram-thandavam-03-01-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108040351/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-01/vikram-thandavam-03-01-12.html |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> It is the 25th album of the music director.

==Release==
''Thaandavam'' was produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|400|m}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120806204301/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-the-big-budget-survivor-news-tamil-migqNLbgfed.html Thaandavam budget was 40 crore]</ref> The film helped raise {{INRConvert|2|m}} for the National Association of Blind (NAB) through its premiere show donor passes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2012 |title=Thaandavam raises Rs 20 lakh for National Association of Blind |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=273308&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=273308 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129214425/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=273308&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=273308 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=9 November 2012 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref> The film released about 1000+ screens worldwide.<ref>[http://cinemalead.com/moviepreview-id-thaandavam--vikram--jagapati-babu--anushka-shetty--amy-jackson--lakshmi-rai-a.-l.-vijay-g.-v.-prakash-kumar-movie-preview18.htm "Thaandavam movie preview Movie Preview | Cinemalead.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194625/http://cinemalead.com/moviepreview-id-thaandavam--vikram--jagapati-babu--anushka-shetty--amy-jackson--lakshmi-rai-a.-l.-vijay-g.-v.-prakash-kumar-movie-preview18.htm |date=2 January 2014 }}.</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2013 |title=Star Vijay Pongal Special Tv Shows – Timings – List Of Vijay Tv Programs Jan 14,15,16 Special Programs |url=http://www.desirulez.me/threads/496501-Vijay-Tv-Pongal-Special-Tv-Shows-Timings-List-Of-Vijay-Tv-Programs-Jan-141516-Special-Programs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501163055/http://www.desirulez.me/threads/496501-Vijay-Tv-Pongal-Special-Tv-Shows-Timings-List-Of-Vijay-Tv-Programs-Jan-141516-Special-Programs |archive-date=1 May 2016 |access-date=4 October 2015 |publisher=Desi Rulez}}</ref> The film was later dubbed in Hindi under the title ''Desh Prem The Real Hero''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Desh Prem The Real Hero |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/desh-prem-:-the-real-hero/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550098942/channelid-10000000002790000/starttime-201510302105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208121442/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/desh-prem-:-the-real-hero/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550098942/channelid-10000000002790000/starttime-201510302105 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=4 November 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Thaandavam'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. The Times of India rated the film 3/5, writing "Director Vijay and actor Vikram collaborate again in this movie after their earlier successful outing in Deiva Thirumagal, And Thaandavam'has everything going for it – big cast, good locations, a story with potential and a competent director – yet the result is far from satisfactory because of a weak and meandering screenplay, and poor pacing."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thaandavam Review – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thaandavam/movie-review/16601618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425042239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thaandavam/movie-review/16601618.cms |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=4 November 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Rediff]]'s Pavithra Srinivasan wrote that the film was a "damp squib" and gave 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Thandavam is a damp squib |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thandavam-is-a-damp-squib/20120928.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001002924/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thandavam-is-a-damp-squib/20120928.htm |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Indiaglitz wrote: "''Thaandavam'' has {{sic|it's}} good sides and {{sic|it's}} bad ones".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaandavam Movie Review |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/14480.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402230352/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/14480.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=28 September 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Sify's reviewer claimed that it was "Vikram and him alone who diverts your attention from the film's little logical script flaws and spellbinds you with an endearing act that is Thaandavam's biggest strength".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaandavam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thaandavam-review-tamil-15008711.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218212437/http://www.sify.com/movies/thaandavam-review-tamil-15008711.html |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=28 September 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[in.com]]'s critic stated that it was a "neat revenge saga", further adding that it was "worth a watch for its neat screenplay and lavish production values", while giving it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Thandavam is a neat revenge saga |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/thaandavam-is-a-neat-revenge-saga-50135561-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001052855/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/thaandavam-is-a-neat-revenge-saga-50135561-in-1.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=29 September 2012 |publisher=in.com}}</ref> Prakash Upadhyaya of Oneindia.in gave 3/5 and wrote "Thaandavam is not glamorous but it is rich. It does not have masala elements yet it is entertaining". Tamilko wrote: "Thaandavam’s dreary screenplay hampers the much needed pace for a film set in espionage backdrop. Though Vikram greatly rescues the movie, the dull and predictable sequences doesn’t help Thaandavam’s course".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaandavam Movie Review |url=http://tamilko.com/thaandavam-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001031626/http://tamilko.com/thaandavam-movie-review/ |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=29 September 2012 |publisher=tamilko}}</ref> The Hindu described it as a fiery dance of the righteous.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=29 September 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : Thaandavam: Fiery dance of the righteous |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/thaandavam-fiery-dance-of-the-righteous/article3948755.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111150826/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/thaandavam-fiery-dance-of-the-righteous/article3948755.ece |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Lyricist
|[[Na. Muthukumar]] for "Oru Paathi"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Saindhavi]] for "Uyirin Uyire"
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Fight Choreographer
|Manohar Varma
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{A. L. Vijay}}

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[[Category:2012 controversies]]
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[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
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Criticism of Islam

2026-03-10T02:42:10Z

RockyDill0015: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Islam |related |width=22.0em}}
{{Criticism of Islam}}{{Distinguish|Criticism of Islamism}}
'''Criticism of [[Islam]]''' can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions. Subjects of criticism include Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines.

Criticism of Islam has been present since its formative stages, and early expressions of disapproval were made by [[Jews]], [[Christians]], and some [[Former muslims|former Muslims]] like [[Ibn al-Rawandi]].<ref name="John of Damascus2">De Haeresibus by [[John of Damascus]]. See [[Migne]]. ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. An English translation by the Reverend John W Voorhis appeared in ''The Moslem World'' for October 1954, pp. 392–98.</ref> Subsequently, the [[Muslim world]] itself faced criticism after the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="WarraqPoetry">{{cite book|last=Warraq|first=Ibn|title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out|url=https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos00warr|url-access=limited|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2003|isbn=1-59102-068-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos00warr/page/n11 67]}}</ref><ref name="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna, ''Examination of the Three Faiths'', trans. [[Moshe Perlmann]] (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971), pp. 148–49.</ref><ref name="Oussani">[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm Mohammed and Mohammedanism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405222343/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm |date=5 April 2018 }}, by Gabriel Oussani, ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 16 April 2006.</ref><ref name="fried1">{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref>

Criticism of Islam has been aimed at the life of [[Muhammad]], the central prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives.<ref name="Oussani" /><ref name="WarraqQuest">Ibn Warraq, ''The Quest for the Historical Muhammad'' (Amherst, Mass.: Prometheus, 2000), p. 103.</ref> Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the [[scriptures of Islam]], both the [[Quran]] and the [[hadith]]s, are also discussed by critics.<ref name="BibleInQuran">[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1032&letter=B#3068 Bible in Mohammedian Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629070139/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1032&letter=B#3068 |date=29 June 2011 }}, by Kaufmann Kohler and Duncan B. McDonald, ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 22 April 2006.</ref> Criticisms of Islam have also been directed at historical practices, such as the recognition of [[Islamic views on slavery|slavery as an institution]]<ref name="eois">Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''.</ref><ref name=OEIW>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Dror Ze'evi|title=Slavery|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125519/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1523100.stm Focus on the slave trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm |date=28 July 2011 }}, ''[[BBC News]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2015/08/22/the-persistence-of-history The persistence of history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121215254/https://www.economist.com/international/2015/08/22/the-persistence-of-history |date=21 November 2019 }}, ''[[The Economist]]''.</ref> as well as [[Efraim Karsh#Islamic Imperialism|Islamic imperialism]] impacting [[Jus sanguinis|native]] cultures.<ref name="Islamic-Imperialism">{{cite book|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198171/islamic-imperialism|title=Islamic Imperialism: A History|last=Karsh|first=Ephraim|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300198171|archive-date=15 April 2019|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415221250/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198171/islamic-imperialism|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, [[Islamic philosophy|Islamic beliefs]] regarding [[Human evolution|human origins]], [[predestination]], [[Existence of God|God's existence]], and God's [[Conceptions of God|nature]] have received criticism for perceived [[Philosophy of Religion|philosophical]] and scientific inconsistencies.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Fitzgerald
| first1 = Timothy
| year = 2000
| title = The Ideology of Religious Studies
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R7A1f6Evy84C
| location = New York
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| publication-date = 2003
| page = 235
| isbn = 9780195347159
| access-date = 30 April 2019
}}
</ref><ref name="Ruthven">{{cite web|title=Voltaire's ''Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet'': A New Translation; Preface: Voltaire and Islam|first=Malise|last=Ruthven|url=http://litwinbooks.com/mahomet-preface.php|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531204451/http://litwinbooks.com/mahomet-preface.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]], including issues related to [[Human rights in Muslim-majority countries|human rights in the Islamic world]], particularly regarding the application of [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name="fried1"/> As of 2025, 89 of the world's 195 countries (including non-Muslim countries) have [[Blasphemy law|anti-blasphemy laws]], and 22 also have [[Apostasy#Islam|anti-apostasy laws]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=New report exposes the scale of blasphemy laws worldwide |url=https://humanists.international/2025/01/new-report-exposes-the-scale-of-blasphemy-laws-worldwide/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=Humanists International |language=en-US |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302021338/https://humanists.international/2025/01/new-report-exposes-the-scale-of-blasphemy-laws-worldwide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Villa |first=Virginia |date=2022-01-25 |title=Four-in-ten countries and territories worldwide had blasphemy laws in 2019 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/25/four-in-ten-countries-and-territories-worldwide-had-blasphemy-laws-in-2019-2/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214065415/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/25/four-in-ten-countries-and-territories-worldwide-had-blasphemy-laws-in-2019-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2017, 13 Muslim countries imposed the death penalty for [[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy]] or [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]].<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/29/which-countries-still-outlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/ Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219222737/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/29/which-countries-still-outlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/ |date=19 December 2019 }}, [[Pew Research Center]], 29 July 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indy100.com/article/the-countries-where-apostasy-is-punishable-by-death--Z110j2Uwxb|title=The countries where apostasy is punishable by death|first1=Louis|last1=Doré|date=May 2017|access-date=15 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230071051/https://www.indy100.com/article/the-countries-where-apostasy-is-punishable-by-death--Z110j2Uwxb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6825|title=Saudi Arabia|access-date=7 October 2006|archive-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109034847/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6825|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IslamInEurope">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=5 October 2006|title=Islam in Europe|author=Timothy Garton Ash|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371|access-date=5 December 2025|archive-date=15 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015114303/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371|url-status=live}}</ref>

Muslim scholars have historically responded to criticisms through apologetics and theological defenses of Islamic doctrines. Amid the contemporary embrace of [[multiculturalism]],{{By whom|date=February 2026}} there has been criticism regarding how Islam may affect the willingness or ability of Muslim immigrants to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] in host nations.<ref name="Modood">{{cite book|title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo|url-access=limited|author=Tariq Modood|publisher=Routledge|edition=1st|date=6 April 2006|isbn=978-0-415-35515-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Russia and Islam: State, Society and Radicalism|page=94|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2010|author1=Roland Dannreuther|author2=Luke March}}</ref>

== Historical background ==

Early Christian reactions to Islam, such as those by St. John of Damascus around fifty years after the Hijrah, were shaped by theological opposition and political conflict. According to Norman Daniel, John's depiction of Islam confused it with pre-Islamic paganism, associating Muslim practices with idol worship at the Ka'bah. Christian polemical writing at the time took an "unusually severe attitude" toward Islam, condemning whatever Muslims believed, even when it was partially correct according to Christian teaching. Daniel notes that the method used against Islam applied established Christian techniques of theological debate, often favoring aggressive refutation over genuine understanding. This early pattern of prejudice, Daniel argues, continued without dilution into later European Orientalist scholarship, influencing views of Islam well into the modern period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Daniel |first=Norman |title=Islam and the West: the making of an image |date=1960 |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-043-6 |edition=Rev. |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="Writings by St John of Damascus">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx|chapter=St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam|title=Writings by St John of Damascus|series=The Fathers of the Church|volume=37|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|year=1958|pages=153–160|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630132307/http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
Medieval Muslim society also produced unorthodox voices—such as Ibn al-Rawandī and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī—whose radical critiques of prophecy provoked vigorous rebuttals from both theologians and philosophers, illustrating the period's lively culture of intellectual debate<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stroumsa |first=Sarah |title=Freethinkers of medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rawāndī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, and their impact on Islamic thought |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-31547-1 |edition=Reprint der Hardback-Ausgabe von 1999 |series=Islamic philosophy, theology, and science |location=Leiden}}</ref><ref name="Doubt">{{cite book |last=Hecht |first=Jennifer Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/doubthistory00jenn |title=Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson |publisher=Harper San Francisco |year=2003 |isbn=0-06-009795-7 |page=224 |author-link=Jennifer Michael Hecht}}</ref>{{rp|224}} [[al-Ma'arri]], an eleventh-century [[antinatalist]] and critic of all religions. His poetry was known for its "pervasive pessimism."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts|url = http://biography.yourdictionary.com/abu-l-ala-al-maarri|website = biography.yourdictionary.com|access-date = 13 July 2015|archive-date = 12 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160112100111/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/abu-l-ala-al-maarri|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/abu-bakr-al-razi/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=Peter|last=Adamson|chapter=Abu Bakr al-Razi |editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=1 November 2021|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150301-aristotle-archimedes-einstein-darwin-ptolemy-razi-ngbooktalk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303021204/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150301-aristotle-archimedes-einstein-darwin-ptolemy-razi-ngbooktalk|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2021|title=Is Islam Hostile to Science?|date=28 February 2015|website=Adventure}}</ref> He believed that Islam does not have a monopoly on truth.<ref name="WarraqPoetry"/><ref>{{Cite book| last=Moosa| first= Ebrahim | title=Ghazālī and the Poetics of Imagination | publisher=UNC Press | year= 2005 | isbn=0-8078-2952-8| page=9}}</ref><ref name="Doubt"/>{{rp|224}} [[Apologetic]] writings, attributed to the philosopher [[Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa|Abd-Allah ibn al-Muqaffa]] ({{Died in|{{circa|756}}}}), include defenses of Manichaeism against Islam and critiques of the Islamic concept of God, characterizing the Quranic deity in highly critical terms.<ref>Tilman Nagel ''Geschichte der islamischen Theologie: von Mohammed bis zur Gegenwart'' C.H. Beck 1994 {{ISBN|9783406379819}} p. 215</ref><ref>[[Camilla Adang]], [[Hassan Ansari]], [[Maribel Fierro]], [[Sabine Schmidtke]] ''Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on ''Takfīr'' '' Brill, 30 October 2015 {{ISBN|9789004307834}} p. 61</ref> The Jewish philosopher [[Ibn Kammuna]], criticized Islam,<ref name="Ibn Warraq p. 3">Ibn Warraq. ''Why I Am Not a Muslim'', p. 3. Prometheus Books, 1995. {{ISBN|0-87975-984-4}}</ref><ref>Norman A. Stillman. ''The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book'' p. 261. Jewish Publication Society, 1979{{ISBN|0-8276-0198-0}}</ref> reasoning that Shari'a was incompatible with the principles of justice.<ref name="Ibn Warraq p. 3"/><ref>Norman A. Stillman. ''The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book'' p. 261. Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-0198-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3390/rel10010063|doi-access=free|title=Muhammad, the Jews, and the Composition of the Qur'an: Sacred History and Counter-History|year=2019|last1=Firestone|first1=Reuven|journal=Religions|volume=10|page=63}}</ref>

At the same time that dissenting voices like Ibn al-Rāwandī appeared, mainstream Muslim scholars were actively strengthening Islamic doctrine against both internal and external critiques. As Hodgson notes, a range of thinkers—including the traditionalist Aṯharīs, the Ashʿarīs, and the Māturīdīs—developed vigorous defenses of revelation, sometimes by strict adherence to transmitted texts, sometimes through rational systematization. Rather than avoiding controversy, they treated public debate as a responsibility, working to articulate an intellectually coherent and resilient Islamic worldview that Hodgson describes as one of the most creatively active climates of medieval history.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |title=The classical age of Islam |date=1974 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34678-6 |series=His The venture of Islam; v. 1 |location=Chicago}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], Christian church officials commonly represented Islam as a Christian [[heresy]] or a form of idolatry.<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch 1999 759">{{Cite book|author=Erwin Fahlbusch|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1999|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}}|page=759| isbn=9789004116955}}</ref><ref name=":1">Christian Lange ''Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions'' Cambridge University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|9780521506373}} pp. 18–20</ref> Daniel emphasizes that for much of the medieval period, Christian understanding of Islam was based more on inherited stereotypes and polemical tradition than on direct engagement with Muslim sources.<ref name=":2" /> They viewed Islam to be a material, rather than spiritual, religion and often explained it in apocalyptic terms.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch 1999 759"/> In the [[early modern period]], some Christian thinkers shifted their critiques toward questions of political loyalty and religious authority. In ''[[A Letter Concerning Toleration]]'' (1689), the philosopher [[John Locke]] argued that Islam’s perceived fusion of religious and political authority—drawing in particular on the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]—raised concerns about whether Muslim subjects living under Christian governments could maintain undivided allegiance to the civil state. Locke contrasted this with Christian traditions that, in his view, distinguished ecclesiastical authority from civil governance.<ref>Locke, John. [https://historyofeconomicthought.mcmaster.ca/locke/toleration.pdf "Toleration."] ''McMaster University Archive''. 1689. 16 December 2025.</ref>

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European academics often portrayed Islam as an exotic Eastern religion distinct from Western religions like Judaism and Christianity, sometimes classifying it as a "Semitic" religion.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii">{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|pages= xxi – xxxii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC|isbn=9781438126968}}</ref><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch 1999 759"/> The term "Mohammedanism" was used by many to criticize Islam by focusing on Muhammad's actions, reducing Islam to merely a derivative of Christianity rather than acknowledging it as a successor of Abrahamic monotheisms.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/><ref name="Campo 477">{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page= 477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC|isbn=9781438126968}}</ref> By contrast, many academics nowadays study Islam as an Abrahamic religion in relation to Judaism and Christianity.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/> The Christian apologist [[G. K. Chesterton]] criticized Islam as a heresy or parody of Christianity,<ref name="Chesterton 1925">[[G. K. Chesterton]], ''[[The Everlasting Man]]'', 1925, Chapter V, ''The Escape from Paganism'', [https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100311.txt Online text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210110438/https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100311.txt |date=10 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Villis |first1=Tom |title=G. K. Chesterton and Islam |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336105840 |website=Research Gate |publisher=Modern Intellectual History |access-date=January 16, 2014 |year=2019}}</ref> [[David Hume]] ({{Died in|1776}}), both a [[naturalist]] and a [[sceptic]],<ref>{{Cite book| edition = Summer 2017| publisher = Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|editor= Edward N. Zalta | last1 = Russell| first1 = Paul| last2 = Kraal| first2 = Anders| title = The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy| chapter = Hume on Religion| access-date = 3 December 2018| date = 2017| chapter-url = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/hume-religion/}}</ref> considered [[monotheistic]] religions to be more "comfortable to sound reason" than [[polytheism]] but also found Islam to be more "ruthless" than Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-134-60914-7| last1 = MacEoin| first1 = Denis| last2 = Al-Shahi| first2 = Ahmed| title = Islam in the Modern World (RLE Politics of Islam)| date = 24 July 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZQqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22}}</ref>

The [[Greek Orthodox]] bishop [[Paul of Antioch]] accepted Muhammed as a prophet, but did not consider his mission to be universal and regarded Christian law superior to Islamic law.<ref>Hugh Goddard ''A History of Christian-Muslim Relations'' New Amsterdam Books, 5 September 2000 {{ISBN|9781461636212}} p. 65.</ref> [[Maimonides]], a twelfth-century [[rabbi]], did not question the strict monotheism of Islam, and considered Islam to be an instrument of divine providence for bringing all of humankind to the worship of the one true God, but was critical of the practical [[politics]] of Muslim regimes and considered [[Islamic ethics]] and politics to be inferior to their Jewish counterparts.<ref name="Maimonides">[https://web.archive.org/web/19990508062628/http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9902/novak.html The Mind of Maimonides], by David Novak. Retrieved 29 April 2006.</ref>

In his essay ''Islam Through Western Eyes'', the cultural critic [[Edward Said]] suggests that the Western view of Islam is particularly hostile for a range of religious, psychological and political reasons, all deriving from a sense "that so far as the West is concerned, Islam represents not only a formidable competitor but also a late-coming challenge to Christianity." In his view, the general basis of [[oriental studies|Orientalist]] thought forms a study structure in which Islam is placed in an inferior position as an object of study, thus forming a considerable bias in Orientalist writings as a consequence of the scholars' cultural make-up.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edward W. Said |date=2 January 1998 |title=Islam Through Western Eyes |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/islam-through-western-eyes?page=full |work=The Nation |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310050127/http://www.thenation.com/article/islam-through-western-eyes?page=full |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Points of criticism==
===The expansion of Islam===
In an alleged dialogue between the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos]] ({{Reign|1391|1425}}) and a Persian scholar, the emperor criticized Islam as a faith spread by the sword.<ref>Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian (1399), for the Greek text see Trapp, E., ed. 1966. Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem "Perser." Wiener Byzantinische Studien 2. Vienna, for a Greek text with accompanying French translation see Th. Khoury "Manuel II Paléologue, Entretiens avec un Musulman. 7e Controverse", Sources Chrétiennes n. 115, Paris 1966, for an English translation see Manuel Paleologus, Dialogues with a Learned Moslem. Dialogue 7 (2009), chapters 1–18 (of 37), translated by Roger Pearse available at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/manuel_paleologus_dialogue7_trans.htm here], at [http://www.tertullian.org/ The Tertullian Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309010922/http://tertullian.org/ |date=9 March 2011 }} [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/manuel_paleologus_dialogue7_trans.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420142714/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/manuel_paleologus_dialogue7_trans.htm |date=20 April 2023 }}, and also [https://www.scribd.com/doc/40389472/Manuel-Paleologus-Dialogue-with-a-Learned-Muslim-Scholar-Dialogue-7-15th-century here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201618/http://www.scribd.com/doc/40389472/Manuel-Paleologus-Dialogue-with-a-Learned-Muslim-Scholar-Dialogue-7-15th-century |date=11 December 2013 }}. A somewhat more complete translation into French is found [http://www.cypress.fr/UserFiles/File/manuel-paleologue.html here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210137/http://www.cypress.fr/UserFiles/File/manuel-paleologue.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> This reflected a common view in Europe during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment period]] about Islam, then synonymous with the [[Ottoman Empire]], as a bloody, ruthless, and intolerant religion.<ref name="Hume 2007">{{Cite book| publisher = Clarendon Press| isbn = 978-0-19-925188-9| last = Hume| first = David| title = A Dissertation on the Passions: The Natural History of Religion : a Critical Edition| date = 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-VbQ2TPA70C&pg=PA139}}</ref> More recently, in 2006, a similar statement of Manuel II,{{efn|"Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached," he said.}} quoted publicly by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], prompted a negative response from Muslim figures who viewed the remarks as an insulting mischaracterization of Islam.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |date=16 September 2006 |title=In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5348436.stm |via=BBC News |archive-date=1 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901173757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5348436.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2006 |title=Pope sorry for offending Muslims |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5353208.stm |via=BBC News |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=15 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820032525/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5353208.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In this vein, the [[India]]n social reformer [[Pandit Lekh Ram]] ({{Died in|1897}}) thought that Islam was grown through violence and desire for wealth,<ref>"Américo Castro and the Meaning of Spanish Civilization", by José Rubia Barcia, Selma Margaretten, p. 150.</ref> while the [[Nigeria]]n author [[Wole Soyinka]] considers Islam as a "superstition" that it is mainly spread with violence and force.<ref>"Debating the African Condition: Race, gender, and culture conflict", by Alamin M. Mazrui, Willy Mutunga, p. 105</ref>

This "conquest by the sword" thesis is opposed by many historians who consider the transregional development of Islam a multi-faceted phenomenon involving a range of political, social, and economic processes.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/> The first wave of expansion, the migration of the early Muslims to [[Medina]] to escape persecution in [[Mecca]] and the subsequent conversion of Medina, was indeed peaceful. In the years to come, Muslims defended themselves against frequent Meccan incursions until Mecca's peaceful surrender in 630. By the time of Muhammed's death in 632, most Arabian tribes had formed political alliances with him and embraced Islam voluntarily, creating a foundation for future regional expansion. In the centuries that followed, Islam extended beyond Arabia through a combination of military conquests and non-military means. While the early Islamic empires expanded into Syria, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa, Islam often remained a minority religion in those regions for several generations, a pattern that some scholars cite as evidence that political conquest did not inherently produce widespread religious conversion.<ref name=":4" />{{efn|Scholarly research suggests that there was an inverse relationship between where Muslim political power centres were and where the most conversions occurred, which was on the political periphery.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/> According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, conquest was just one of several elements that helped Islam spread throughout the world. The systematisation of Islamic tradition, trade, interfaith marriage, political patronage, urbanisation, and the pursuit of knowledge must also be acknowledged. Along trade routes and even in the most isolated regions, Sufis contributed to the spread of Islam. The yearly hajj to Mecca, which brought together scholars, mystics, businesspeople, and regular believers from various nations, should be particularly noted as a contributing factor. Despite taking on more contemporary forms, these factors are still in force today. The expansion of Islam into western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand has been facilitated by them.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/>}}<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/>

In many regions outside the initial imperial sphere, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, Islam spread primarily through trade, cultural integration, and missionary activities. Historian Marshall Hodgson writes that Islam became “a mass people’s religion on a wave of economic expansiveness,” as Muslim merchants and missionaries introduced the faith in commercial hubs and rural towns far removed from the centers of military power. These conversions were often voluntary and linked to the appeal of Islam's social order, legal institutions, and communal ethics.<ref name=":4" />

=== Scripture ===
{{Main|Criticism of the Quran}}
{{See also|History of the Quran|The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran|Historicity of Muhammad}}
[[File:AndalusQuran.JPG|thumb|upright|12th-century [[Andalusia]]n Quran]]
In the lifetime of Muhammad, the Qur'an was primarily preserved orally, with various written fragments recorded by his companions.<ref name=":5" /> Some revisionist scholars argue that the complete compilation of the Qur'an in its current form occurred much later—possibly between 150 and 300 years after Muhammad's death.<ref>[[Yehuda D. Nevo]] "Towards a Prehistory of Islam," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol.17, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994 p. 108.</ref><ref>[[John Wansbrough]] The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978 p. 119</ref><ref>[[Patricia Crone]], ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam,'' Princeton University Press, 1987 p. 204.</ref> The standard Islamic view holds that the Qur'an was compiled shortly after the death of Muhammad in 632 and canonized during the caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656).{{Sfn|Modarressi|1993|pp=16{{ndash}}18}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2009|p=14}}{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}} This position has been increasingly supported by manuscript evidence and recent scholarship. The Birmingham Qur'an, radiocarbon-dated to 568–645 CE, led Nicolai Sinai to conclude that a large portion of the Qurʾānic text was already in circulation by the 650s, and that late canonization theories such as Wansbrough's are now “safely ruled out.”<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sinai |first=Nicolai |title=The Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Introduction |date=2022 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9576-8 |series=The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys NEIS |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Marijn van Putten likewise finds that early manuscripts share distinctive spelling patterns, indicating they descend from a single written source—likely the Uthmanic codex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Putten |first=Marijn |date=June 2019 |title="The Grace of God" as evidence for a written Uthmanic archetype: the importance of shared orthographic idiosyncrasies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X19000338/type/journal_article |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=271–288 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X19000338 |issn=0041-977X|hdl=1887/79373 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The Qur’an asserts its own inimitability and perfection, a claim that has been disputed by critics.<ref>See the verses {{Cite quran|2|2|style=ns}}, {{Cite quran|17|88|end=89|style=ns}}, {{Cite quran|29|47|style=ns}}, {{Cite quran|28|49|style=ns}}</ref> One such criticism is that sentences about God in the Quran are sometimes followed immediately by those in which God is the speaker.<ref name="JE">[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=363&letter=K&search=Koran "Koran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629101959/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=363&letter=K&search=Koran |date=29 June 2011 }}. From the ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> The Iranian journalist [[Ali Dashti]] ({{Died in|1982}}) criticized the Quran, saying that "the speaker cannot have been God" in certain passages.<ref name="Warraq - Why I am Not">{{cite book |last1=Warraq |url=http://download.iranville.com/books/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C/Ibn%20Warraq%20-%20Why%20I%20Am%20Not%20a%20Muslim.pdf |title=Why I am Not a Muslim |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=1995 |isbn=0-87975-984-4 |page=106 |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117072713/http://download.iranville.com/books/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C/Ibn%20Warraq%20-%20Why%20I%20Am%20Not%20a%20Muslim.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, the secular author [[Ibn Warraq]] gives Surah [[al-Fatiha]] as an example of a passage which is "clearly addressed to God, in the form of a prayer."<ref name="Warraq - Why I am Not" /> However, scholars like Mustansir Mir and Michael Sells explain that these sudden shifts in speaker or pronouns—called ''iltifāt'' in Arabic—are a common and deliberate feature of classical Arabic style. They are used to keep the listener engaged, highlight key ideas, or mark a shift in tone.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Mustansir |title=Coherence in the Qurʾān: a study of Iṣlāḥī's concept of naẓm in Tadabbur-i Qurʾān |date=1986 |publisher=American Trust Publ |isbn=978-0-89259-065-0 |location=Indianapolis, IN}}</ref> Mir shows how this technique strengthens the Qur’an's overall structure and rhythm, while Sells argues that it also reflects God's implied transcendence—by changing how God is referred to, the Qur’an avoids limiting Him to one fixed role or persona.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sells |first=Michael Anthony |title=Approaching the Qurʼan: the early revelations |date=1999 |publisher=White Cloud Press |isbn=978-1-883991-30-2 |edition=1st |location=Ashland, Or}}</ref>

The Christian theologian [[Philip Schaff]] ({{Died in|1893}}) praises the Quran for its poetic beauty, religious fervor, and wise counsel, but considers this mixed with "absurdities, bombast, unmeaning images, and low sensuality."<ref name="Schaff 1910 4.III.44">Schaff, P., & Schaff, D. S. (1910). History of the Christian church. Third edition. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Volume 4, Chapter III, section 44 "The Koran, And The Bible"</ref> The orientalist [[Gerd R. Puin|Gerd Puin]] believes that the Quran contains many verses which are incomprehensible, a view rejected by Muslims and many other orientalists.<ref name="Lester">{{cite magazine |last=Lester |first=Toby |author-link=Toby Lester |date=January 1999 |title=What is the Koran? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koran |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723141827/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koran |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Apology of al-Kindy]]'', a medieval polemical work, describes the narratives in the Quran as "all jumbled together and intermingled," and regards this as "evidence that many different hands have been at work therein."<ref>Quoted in A. Rippin, ''Muslims: their religious beliefs and practices: Volume 1'', London, 1991, p. 26.</ref> These criticisms often come from reading the Qur’an like a modern book, rather than as a message originally spoken aloud, according to some scholars. Scholars like Angelika Neuwirth explain that its sudden shifts in voice and repetition were not mistakes, but ways to hold attention and make meaning clearer to a live audience.<ref name=":8" /> Michael Sells points out that the Qur’an's rhythm and sound patterns were key to how it was understood, especially in the early chapters.<ref name=":7" /> And as Mustansir Mir and classical scholars like al-Jurjānī have shown, what may seem like abrupt changes in topic often reflect careful design, helping ideas flow and giving extra weight to key points.<ref name=":6" />

====Pre-existing sources====
[[File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg|thumb|Critics see the reliance of Quran on various pre-existing sources as evidence for a human origin.]]
Critics point to various pre-existing sources to argue against the [[Wahy|traditional narrative of revelation from God]]. Some scholars have calculated that one third of the Quran has pre-Islamic Christian origins.<ref>G. Luling asserts that a third of the Quran is of pre-Islamic Christian origins, see ''Über den Urkoran'', Erlangen, 1993, 1st ed., 1973, p. 1.</ref> Aside from the Bible, the Quran is said to rely on several [[Apocrypha]]l and sources, like the [[Protoevangelium of James]],<ref name="Leirvik 2010, pp. 33–34">Leirvik 2010, pp. 33–34.</ref> [[Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]],<ref name="Leirvik 2010, pp. 33–34"/> and several [[infancy gospel]]s.<ref>Leirvik 2010, p. 33.</ref> Certain narratives also are said to potentially parallel Jewish Midrashic literature, Several narratives rely on Jewish [[Tanhuma|Midrash Tanhuma]] sources, such as the account of Cain learning to bury the body of Abel in [[Quran 5:31]], which some link to the Midrash Tanhuma.<ref>Samuel A. Berman, Midrash Tanhuma-Yelammedenu (KTAV Publishing House, 1996), 31–32.</ref><ref>Gerald Friedlander, Pirḳe de-R. Eliezer, (The Bloch Publishing Company, 1916) 156</ref> Christian apologist [[Norman Geisler]] argues that the dependence of the Quran on preexisting sources is one evidence of a purely human origin.<ref>Geisler, N. L. (1999). "Qur'an, Alleged Divine Origin of". In: ''Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics''. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.</ref> [[Richard Carrier]] regards this reliance on pre-Islamic Christian sources as evidence that Islam derived from a [[Torah-observant]] sect of Christianity. He also notes that assessing the Qur’an's origins involves unresolved questions and methodological challenges that continue to divide scholars.<ref>[https://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/8574 Did Muhammad Exist? (Why That Question Is Hard to Answer)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031004736/https://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/8574 |date=31 October 2019 }}, in ''richardcarrier.info''</ref>

In Islamic belief, the Qur’an's references to earlier scriptures are not seen as copied from them, but as confirming and correcting them. The Qur’an describes itself as “confirming what came before it and as a safeguard over it” (Q 5:48), invoking the concept of taḥrīf—the belief that previous revelations were divinely revealed but later distorted. Scholar Sidney H. Griffith explains that the Qur’an affirms earlier scripture while correcting beliefs that, from the Islamic perspective, had gone astray. He adds that many of these stories were transmitted orally in Late Antiquity, and describes the Qur’an's engagement with them as “a re-presentation, not a mere repetition.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffith |first=Sidney Harrison |title=The Bible in Arabic: the Scriptures of the "People of the Book" in the language of Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15082-6 |series=Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world |location=Princeton [N.J.]}}</ref> Angelika Neuwirth similarly sees the Qur’an as part of a shared scriptural culture, reworking familiar material to create what she calls a “polyphonic, multilayered and highly referential text.”<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Neuwirth |first=Angelika |title=Scripture, poetry, and the making of a community: reading the Qurʼan as a literary text |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-870164-4 |edition=1. publ |series=Qur'anic studies series |location=Oxford}}</ref> [[Gabriel Said Reynolds]] describes the Qur’an as functioning more like a sermon than a historical record—drawing on known narratives to deliver its own theological message rather than replicating earlier texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said |title=The Qur'an and its biblical subtext |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-85645-1 |series=Routledge studies in the Quran |location=London New York}}</ref>

==== Criticism of the Hadith ====
{{Main|Criticism of Hadith}}

{{See also|Historiography of early Islam}}

It has been suggested that there exists around the [[Hadith]] (Muslim traditions relating to the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (words and deeds) of Muhammad) three major sources of corruption: political conflicts, [[Sectarianism|sectarian prejudice]], and the desire to translate the underlying meaning, rather than the original words verbatim.<ref name="fedex">Brown, Daniel W. "Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought", 1999. pp. 113, 134.</ref>

[[Quranism|Quranists]], a theological movement within Islam, reject its authority on the grounds that the [[Quran]] itself is sufficient for guidance, as it claims that nothing essential has been omitted.<ref name="ReferenceA">Quran, [[s:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/6. The Cattle|Chapter 6. The Cattle]]: 38</ref> They believe that reliance on the Hadith has caused people to deviate from the original intent of God's revelation to Muhammad, which they see as adherence to the Quran alone.<ref>Donmez, Amber C. "The Difference Between Quran-Based Islam and Hadith-Based Islam"</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]] was one of these critics and was denounced as a non-believer by thousands of orthodox clerics.<ref>Ahmad, Aziz. "Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857–1964". London: Oxford University Press.</ref> In his work ''Maqam-e Hadith'' he considered any hadith that goes against the teachings of Quran to have been falsely attributed to the Prophet.<ref>Pervez, Ghulam Ahmed. [http://www.tolueislam.com/Parwez/mh/mh.htm Maqam-e Hadith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113215748/http://www.tolueislam.com/Parwez/mh/mh.htm |date=13 November 2011 }}, [http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mhadith/mh.htm Urdu version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044003/http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mhadith/mh.htm |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Kassim Ahmad]] argued that some hadith promote ideas that conflict with science and create sectarian issues.<ref name="call">Latif, Abu Ruqayyah Farasat. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200823050931/http://calltoislam.com/pdf/The%20Quraniyoon%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century%20-%20Abu%20Ruqayyah%20Farasat%20Latif.pdf The Quraniyun of the Twentieth Century], Masters Assertion, September 2006</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> While this view has attracted attention in some reformist circles, it remains a minority position in Islamic thought.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/988857645 |title=Hadith: Muhammad's legacy in the medieval and modern world |date=2018 |publisher=Oneworld Academic |isbn=978-1-78607-307-5 |edition=Second |series=Foundations of Islam |location=London, England |oclc=988857645}}</ref>

Mainstream Islamic traditions hold that the Qur’an expects Muslims to follow the Prophet's example, which is primarily preserved through hadith. Verses like Qur’an 59:7 (“...whatever the Messenger gives you, take it...”) are often cited as support. Scholars such as [[Jonathan A. C. Brown|Jonathan A.C. Brown]] explain that hadith are seen not as additions to the Qur’an, but as practical explanations of its more general commands, such as how to pray or fast. He also notes that early Muslim scholars created detailed methods to check whether reports about the Prophet were reliable, including analysis of the transmitters (''[[Isnad|isnād]]'') and the consistency of the content (''[[matn]]''). Fabricated or weak hadith were systematically identified and rejected in dedicated works.<ref name=":9" />

Modern Western scholarship has raised doubts about the historicity and authenticity of hadith,{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=67}} while [[Joseph Schacht]] argued that there is no evidence of legal traditions prior to 722. Schacht concluded that the Sunna attributed to the Prophet consists of material from later periods rather than the actual words and deeds of the Prophet.{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=67}} While Schacht's theory shaped much of 20th-century scholarship,<ref name=":9" /> more recent studies using broader evidence and refined methods have significantly revised his conclusions. Scholars such as [[Harald Motzki]] have challenged this view by analyzing early legal texts and showing that many hadith can be reliably traced to the late 7th century, suggesting that legal traditions were already forming within the first generations of Muslims, earlier than Schacht proposed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Motzki |first=Harald |title=The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49153-3 |series=Brill Book Archive Part 1, ISBN 9789004472495 |location=Leiden Boston}}</ref> Scholars like [[Wilferd Madelung]] have argued that a complete dismissal of hadith as late fiction is "unjustified".<ref>{{cite book | last=Madelung| first=Wilferd | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-521-64696-0 | page=xi}}</ref>

[[File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg|thumb|[[Sana'a manuscript]]s of the Quran]]
The traditional view of Islam has faced scrutiny due to a lack of consistent supporting evidence, such as limited archaeological finds and some discrepancies with non-Muslim sources.<ref name="openDemocracy">{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp|title=What do we actually know about Mohammed?|work=openDemocracy|access-date=13 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421171853/http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp|archive-date=21 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Donner 1998">Donner, Fred ''Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing'', Darwin Press, 1998</ref>{{rp|23}} In the 1970s, a number of scholars began to re-evaluate established Islamic history, proposing that earlier accounts may have been altered over time.<ref name="Donner 1998"/>{{rp|23}}<ref name="openDemocracy"/> They sought to reconstruct early Islamic history using alternative sources like coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic texts. Prominent among these scholars was [[John Wansbrough]].<ref name="Donner 1998"/>{{rp|38}} Recent scholarship has taken a more cautious view of these revisionist claims. [[Fred Donner|Fred M. Donner]] argues that the early Muslim community was too decentralized to have invented its religious tradition wholesale, and that early texts reflect sincere belief rather than retrospective construction. He also points to documentary evidence—such as inscriptions and papyri from the 7th century—that aligns with the existence of an identifiable Muslim movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred McGraw |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/456169900 |title=Muhammad and the believers: at the origins of Islam |date=2010 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05097-6 |location=Cambridge, Mass |oclc=456169900}}</ref> In addition, [[Ahmed El Shamsy]] has shown that early Muslim scholars developed rigorous methods for verifying transmission and preserving texts, creating a critical scholarly culture comparable to, and in some respects more advanced than, that of contemporaneous [[Manuscript studies|manuscript traditions]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=El Shamsy |first=Ahmed |title=Rediscovering the Islamic classics: how editors and print culture transformed an intellectual tradition |date=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20124-5 |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>

=== Criticism of Muhammad ===
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad}}
The Christian missionary [[Sigismund Koelle]] and the former Muslim [[Ibn Warraq]] have criticized Muhammad's actions as immoral.<ref name="Oussani"/><ref name="WarraqQuest"/> In one instance, the Jewish poet [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]] provoked the Meccan tribe of [[Quraysh]] to fight Muslims and wrote [[erotic]] poetry about their women,<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |editor=P.J. Bearman |issn=1573-3912 |author=William Montgomery Watt |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs}}</ref> and was apparently plotting to assassinate Muhammad.<ref name="Rubin">Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65–71.</ref> Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b,<ref name="Ashraf" /> and he was consequently assassinated by [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah|Muhammad ibn Maslama]], an early Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ibn Hisham |title=Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya |year=1955 |volume=2 |location=Cairo |pages=51–57 |author-link=Ibn Hisham}} English translation from Stillman (1979), pp. 125–26.</ref> Such criticisms were countered by the historian [[William Montgomery Watt|William M. Watt]], who argues on the basis of [[moral relativism]] that Muhammad should be judged by the standards and norms of his own time and geography, rather than ours.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/229 |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/229 229] |access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> The fourteenth-century poem ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' by the [[Italy|Italian]] poet [[Dante Alighieri]] contains images of Muhammad, picturing him the eighth circle of hell as a [[Heresiarch]], along with his cousin and son-in-law [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]].<ref name="auto">G. Stone ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion'' Springer, 12 May 2006 {{ISBN|9781403983091}} p. 132</ref><ref name="ReferenceH">Minou Reeves, P. J. Stewart ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making'' NYU Press, 2003 {{ISBN|9780814775646}} p. 93–96</ref> Dante does not blame Islam as a whole but accuses Muhammad of [[schism]] for establishing another religion after Christianity.<ref name="auto" /> Some medieval ecclesiastical writers portrayed Muhammad as possessed by [[Satan]], a "precursor of the [[Antichrist]]" or the Antichrist himself.<ref name="Oussani" /> ''[[Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii]]'', an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] manuscript of unknown origins, describes how Muhammad (called Ozim, from [[Hashim]]) was tricked by Satan into adulterating an originally pure divine revelation: God was concerned about the spiritual fate of the Arabs and wanted to correct their deviation from the faith. He then sent an angel to the Christian monk Osius who ordered him to preach to the Arabs. Osius, however, was in ill-health and instead ordered a young monk, Ozim, to carry out the angel's orders. Ozim set out to follow his orders, but was stopped by an evil angel on the way. The ignorant Ozim believed him to be the same angel that had spoken to Osius before. The evil angel modified and corrupted the original message given to Ozim by Osius, and renamed Ozim Muhammad. From this followed the erroneous teachings of Islam, according to ''Tultusceptru''.<ref>J. Tolan, ''Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam'' (1996) pp. 100–01</ref>

===Islamic ethics===
{{Main|Islamic ethics}}

[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|9th-century Quran in [[Reza Abbasi Museum]]]]
According to the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], while there is much to be admired and affirmed in Islamic ethics, its originality or superiority is rejected.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm "Mohammed and Mohammedanism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405222343/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm |date=5 April 2018 }}. From the ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref>
Critics stated that the [[Quran 4:34]] allows Muslim men to discipline their wives by striking them.<ref>Kathir, Ibn, "Tafsir of Ibn Kathir", Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50–53 – Ibn Kathir states "dharbun ghayru nubrah" strike/admonish lightly</ref> There is however evidence from Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Ibn Kathir that demonstrates that only a twig or leaf can be used by a man to "strike" their wife and this is not allowed to cause pain or injure their wife but to show their frustration.<ref name="Domestic Violence and the Islamic T">{{cite journal|date=2017| title =Domestic Violence and the Islamic Tradition: Book Review|journal= Journal of Islamic Ethics| volume=1|issue=(1-2)|pages= 203–207| doi= 10.1163/24685542-12340009|doi-access=free| last1 =Osman| first1 =Amr}}</ref> Moreover, confusion amongst translations of Quran with the original Arabic term "wadribuhunna" being translated as "to go away from them",<ref>Laleh Bakhtiar, The Sublime Quran, 2007 translation</ref> "beat",<ref>"The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary", Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. {{ISBN|0-915957-03-5}}, passage was quoted from commentary on 4:34 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary also states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in 4:35 below." Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary (commentary on 4:34), Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. {{ISBN|0-915957-03-5}}.</ref> "strike lightly" and "separate".<ref>Ammar, Nawal H. (May 2007). "Wife Battery in Islam: A Comprehensive Understanding of Interpretations". Violence Against Women 13 (5): 519–23</ref> The film ''[[Submission (2004 film)|Submission]]'' critiqued this and similar verses of the Quran by displaying them painted on the bodies of abused Muslim women.<ref name=submission_script>{{cite web|url=http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show?id=23669&framenoid=19755|title=Welkom bij Opzij|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225432/http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show?id=23669&framenoid=19755|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>
Some critics argue that the Quran is incompatible with other religious scriptures as it attacks and advocates hate against people of other religions.<ref name="BibleInQuran"/><ref>Gerber (1986), pp. 78–79</ref><ref>"Anti-Semitism". [[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]</ref><ref>[http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318224903/http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf |date=18 March 2009 }} (pdf), [[Freedom House]], May 2006, pp. 24–25.</ref> [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]] interprets certain verses of the Quran as sanctioning military action against unbelievers as it said "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture – [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."([[Quran 9:29]])<ref name="Who Are the Moderate Muslims?">Sam Harris [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/who-are-the-moderate-musl_b_15841.html Who Are the Moderate Muslims?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325221750/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/who-are-the-moderate-musl_b_15841.html |date=25 March 2019 }}</ref> However, the Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Dr Zakir Naik refer to fighting and not to trust "non-believers" and Christians in certain situations or events such as during times of war.<ref>Understanding the Qurán - Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr - 2000</ref>

[[Jizya]] is a tax for "protection" paid by non-Muslims to a Muslim ruler, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, and for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state.<ref name=anveremon>Anver M. Emon, Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199661633}}, pp. 99–109.</ref><ref name="ArnoldPoI3">{{cite book | first=Thomas | last=Walker Arnold | author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]] | date=1913 | title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno | pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60 60]–1 | quote=This tax was not imposed on the Christians, as some would have us think, as a penalty for their refusal to accept the Muslim faith, but was paid by them in common with the other dhimmīs or non-Muslim subjects of the state whose religion precluded them from serving in the army, in return for the protection secured for them by the arms of the Musalmans.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/60/mode/2up online])</ref>{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=34|ps=. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax (''jizya'') that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" (''dhimmi''). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians."}}
Harris argues that [[Islamic extremism|Muslim extremism]] is simply a consequence of taking the Quran literally, and is skeptical that moderate Islam is possible.{{efn|Various calls to arms were identified in the Quran by US citizen [[Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar SUV attack|Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar]], all of which were cited as "most relevant to my actions on March 3, 2006" ([[Q9:44]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.044|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.044 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q9:19|9:19]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.019|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.019 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q57:10–11|57:10–11]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/057-qmt.php#057.010|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413235435/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/057-qmt.php#057.010 |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> [[Q8:72–73|8:72–73]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/008-qmt.php#008.072|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230210409/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/008-qmt.php#008.072 |archive-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Q9:120|9:120]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.120|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.120 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q3:167–75|3:167–75]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.167|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194019/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.167 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q4:66|4:66]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.066|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.066 |archive-date=1 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Q4:104|4:104]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.104|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.104 |archive-date=1 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Q9:81|9:81]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.081|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.081 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q9:93–94|9:93–94]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.093|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.093 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q9:100|9:100]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.100|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.100 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Q16:110|16:110]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.110|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026012552/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.110 |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Q61:11–12|61:11–12]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/061-qmt.php#061.011|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430041717/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/061-qmt.php#061.011 |archive-date=30 April 2016 }}</ref> [[Q47:35|47:35]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/047-qmt.php#047.035|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502163036/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/047-qmt.php#047.035 |archive-date=2 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |wslink=Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar- Letter to The daily Tar Heel |title=Letter to The daily Tar Heel |first=Mohammed Reza |last=Taheri-azar |author-link=Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar SUV attack#Perpetrator |year=2006}}</ref>}}<ref name=Harris1>{{Cite book | last=Harris | first=Sam | title=The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason | pages=[https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/31 31, 149] | publisher=W. W. Norton; Reprint edition | year=2005 | isbn=0-393-32765-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/31 }}</ref>
Max I. Dimont interprets that the [[Houri]]s described in the Quran are specifically dedicated to "male pleasure".<ref>The Indestructible Jews, by Max I. Dimont, p. 134</ref> According to Pakistani Islamic scholar Maulana Umar Ahmed Usmani "Hur" or "hurun" is the plural of both "ahwaro" which is a masculine form and also "haurao" which is a feminine, meaning both pure males and pure females. Basically, the word 'hurun' means white, he says.<ref name="dawn-houri-20">{{cite web |title=Are all 'houris' female? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/635343 |website=Dawn.com |access-date=22 April 2019 |date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422220337/https://www.dawn.com/news/635343 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Views on slavery ===
{{Main|Islamic views on slavery|History of slavery in the Muslim world|History of concubinage in the Muslim world|Mamluk}}

[[File:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|thumb|upright|13th-century [[Arab slave trade|slave market]] in [[Yemen]]]]

According to [[Bernard Lewis]], the Islamic injunctions against the enslavement of Muslims led to massive importation of slaves from the outside.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505326-5}}, p. 10.</ref> Also [[Patrick Manning (professor)|Patrick Manning]] believes that Islam seems to have done more to protect and expand slavery than the reverse.<ref>Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-34867-6}}, p. 28</ref>
Brockopp, on the other hand believe that the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves appears to be unique to the Quran ({{Quran-usc|2|177}} and {{Quran-usc|9|60}}). Similarly, the practice of freeing slaves in atonement for certain sins appears to be introduced by the Quran (but compare Exod 21:26-7).<ref name="Brockopp"/> Also the forced prostitution of female slaves, a Near Eastern custom of great antiquity, is condemned in the Quran.<ref name="Esposito">John L Esposito (1998) p. 79</ref> According to Brockopp "the placement of slaves in the same category as other weak members of society who deserve protection is unknown outside the Qur'an.<ref name="Brockopp">[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]], ''Slaves and Slavery''</ref> Some slaves had high social status in the [[Muslim world]], such as the [[Mamluk]] [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|enslaved]] [[mercenaries]],<ref name="Levanoni 2010">{{cite book |last=Levanoni |first=Amalia |year=2010 |chapter=PART II: EGYPT AND SYRIA (ELEVENTH CENTURY UNTIL THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST) – The Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria: the Turkish Mamlūk sultanate (648–784/1250–1382) and the Circassian Mamlūk sultanate (784–923/1382–1517) |editor-last=Fierro |editor-first=Maribel |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries |location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=237–284 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.010 |isbn=978-1-139-05615-1 |quote=The Arabic term ''mamlūk'' literally means 'owned' or 'slave', and was used for the [[White people|White]] [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|slaves]] of [[Turkic mythology|Pagan origins]], purchased from [[Central Asia]] and the [[Eurasian steppes]] by [[Islam and politics|Muslim rulers]] to serve as soldiers in their armies. Mamlūk units formed an integral part of Muslim armies from the third/ninth century, and Mamlūk involvement in government became an increasingly familiar occurrence in the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Middle East]]. The road to absolute rule lay open before them [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|in Egypt]] when the Mamlūk establishment gained military and political domination during the reign of the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyūbid ruler of Egypt]], al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (r. 637–47/1240–9).}}</ref> who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties by the ruling Arab and [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] dynasties.<ref name="Ayalon 2012">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ayalon |author-first=David |author-link=David Ayalon |year=2012 |orig-date=1991 |title=Mamlūk |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor4-link=Bernard Lewis |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=6 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657 |isbn=978-90-04-08112-3}}</ref>

Critics argue unlike Western societies there have been no anti-slavery movements in Muslim societies,<ref>Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, p. 21.</ref>
which according to Gordon was due to the fact that it was deeply anchored in Islamic law, thus there was no ideological challenge ever mounted against slavery.<ref>Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, pp. 44–45.</ref> According to sociologist Rodney Stark, "the fundamental problem facing Muslim theologians vis-à-vis the morality of slavery" is that Muhammad himself engaged in activities such as purchasing, selling, and owning slaves, and that his followers saw him as the perfect example to emulate. Stark contrasts Islam with [[Christianity]], writing that Christian theologians wouldn't have been able to "work their way around the biblical acceptance of slavery" if [[Jesus]] had owned slaves, as Muhammad did.<ref>Rodney Stark, "For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery", p. 338, 2003, [[Princeton University Press]], {{ISBN|0691114366}}</ref>

Only in the early 20th century did slavery gradually became outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, with Muslim-majority [[Mauritania]] being the last country in the world to formally abolish slavery in 1981.<ref name="eois" />
Murray Gordon characterizes Muhammad's approach to slavery as reformist rather than revolutionary that abolish slavery, but rather improved the conditions of slaves by urging his followers to treat their slaves humanely and free them as a way of expiating one's sins.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray Gordon|title=Slavery in the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA19|pages=19–20|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1989|isbn=9780941533300}}</ref>
In [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], slavery was theoretically an exceptional condition under the dictum ''The basic principle is liberty''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Brunschvig, R.| year=1986 | title=ʿAbd |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=1|pages=26}}</ref><ref name=OEIW/>
Reports from Sudan and Somalia showing practice of slavery is in border areas as a result of continuing war<ref>[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]], ''slavery'', p. 298</ref> and not Islamic belief. In recent years, except for some conservative [[Salafi]] Islamic scholars,{{efn|In a 2014 issue of their digital magazine ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'', the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100|title=Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=13 October 2014|archive-date=8 May 2019|access-date=5 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508172131/https://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ |date=30 August 2017 }} ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 13 October 2014</ref><ref>Salma Abdelaziz, [https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/ "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery |date=21 June 2017 }} ''[[CNN]]'', 13 October 2014</ref><ref>Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107213527/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html |date=7 November 2017 }} ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 13 October 2014.</ref>}}
most Muslim scholars found the practice "inconsistent with Qur'anic morality".<ref>Abou el Fadl, ''Great Theft'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam&SlaveryWGCS.pdf|title=Department of Economic History|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013630/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Khaled Abou El Fadl and William Clarence-Smith</ref>

=== Apostasy ===
{{See also|Freedom of religion#Islam}}
{{Main|Apostasy in Islam}}

[[File:Alfred_Dehodencq_-_Execution_of_a_Jewess_in_Tangiers_c1861.jpg|thumb|upright|''Execution of a Jewess in Morocco'', {{Circa|1861}}; one of several versions of this painting by the artist.]]
In Islam, apostasy along with heresy and blasphemy (verbal insult to all/any religion) is considered a form of sin. The Qur'an states that apostasy would bring punishment in the Afterlife, but takes a relatively lenient view of apostasy in this life (Q 9:74; 2:109).<ref name="Campo48"/>
While Shafi'i interprets verse [[Quran 2:217]]<ref>{{Quran-usc|2|217|style=ns}}</ref> as adducing the main evidence for the death penalty in Quran, the historian W. Heffening states that [[Quran]] threatens apostates with punishment in the next world only,<ref>W. Heffening, in Encyclopedia of Islam</ref> the historian Wael Hallaq states the later addition of death penalty "reflects a later reality and does not stand in accord with the deeds of the Prophet."<ref>Encyclopedia of the Quran, Apostasy</ref>

According to [[sharia|Islamic law]], [[apostasy]] is identified by a list of actions such as conversion to another religion, denying the existence of [[God of Islam|God]], rejecting the [[Prophets of Islam|prophets]], mocking God or the prophets, idol worship, rejecting the [[sharia]], or permitting behavior that is forbidden by the shari'a, such as [[Zina|adultery]] or the eating of forbidden foods or drinking of alcoholic beverages.<ref name="relianceA2">{{cite web |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |date=1368 |title=A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law |url=http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=Shafiifiqh.com |page=517, Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda) |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710183042/http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="relianceA1">{{cite web |url=http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |date=1368 |work=Amana Publications |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819082808/http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Campo48">{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC|isbn=9781438126968}}</ref> The majority of Muslim scholars hold to the traditional view that apostasy is [[Islam and capital punishment|punishable by death]] or imprisonment until repentance, at least for adults of sound mind.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im|title=Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law|publisher= Syracuse University Press|year= 1996|page= 183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4e7Ph4lXzUC&pg=PA183|isbn=9780815627067}}</ref><ref name="KEY">{{cite book|last1=Kecia |first1=Ali |first2= Oliver |last2=Leaman|title=Islam: the key concepts|publisher= Routledge|year= 2008|page= 10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5-CdzqmuXsC&pg=PA10|isbn=9780415396387 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=John L. |last=Esposito|title=The Oxford dictionary of Islam|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2004 |page= 22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA22|isbn=9780195125597}}</ref>
Also [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] scholars, agree on the difference of punishment between male and female.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam | year=2003 | title=Murtadd}}</ref>

Some widely held interpretations of Islam are inconsistent with Human Rights conventions that recognize the right to change religion.<ref>[https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/studyguides/religion.html STUDY GUIDE:Freedom of Religion or Belief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120124931/https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/studyguides/religion.html |date=20 January 2026 }}, in Human Rights Library - University of Minnesota</ref> In particular article 18 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html|title=UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208080853/http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some contemporary Islamic jurists, such as [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade Ayatollah Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805025015/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade |date=5 August 2025 }}, by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, ''BBC Persian'', 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006.</ref> have argued or issued [[fatwa]]s that state that either the changing of religion is not punishable or is only punishable under restricted circumstances.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"], by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, ''BBC Persian'', 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006.
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm What Islam says on religious freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211123527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm |date=11 February 2017 }}, by Magdi Abdelhadi, BBC Arab affairs analyst, 27 March 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2006.
* S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13
* [http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm The punishment of apostasy in Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926233750/http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm |date=26 September 2009 }}, View of Dr. Ahmad Shafaat on apostasy.
* Religious Tolerance.org, {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120919191228/http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos.htm Apostasy (Irtdidad) In Islam]}}, by B.A. Robinson, ''Religious Tolerance.org'', 7 April 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2006.</ref>
According to [[Yohanan Friedmann]], "The real predicament facing modern Muslims with liberal convictions is not the existence of stern laws against apostasy in medieval Muslim books of law, but rather the fact that accusations of apostasy and demands to punish it are heard time and again from radical elements in the contemporary Islamic world."<ref name="Yohanan Friedmann p.5">Yohanan Friedmann, ''Tolerance and Coercion in Islam'', Cambridge University Press, p. 5</ref>

[[Sadakat Kadri]] noted that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to".<ref name="kadri-249">{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ..|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|page=249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law|archive-date=26 October 2022|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026140114/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law|url-status=live}}</ref>
The kind of apostasy which the jurists generally deemed punishable was of the political kind, although there were considerable legal differences of opinion on this matter.<ref name="afsaruddin1">[[Asma Afsaruddin]] (2013), ''Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought'', p. 242. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0199730938}}.</ref>
[[Wael Hallaq]] states that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and religious morality, apostasy is in some way equivalent to high treason in the modern nation-state".<ref name="waelhallaq">{{cite book|last1= Wael|first1= B. Hallaq|title= Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations|date= 2009|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-521-86147-2|page= 319|author1-link= Wael Hallaq}}</ref>
Also [[Bernard Lewis]] consider the apostasy as a treason and "a withdrawal, a denial of allegiance as well as of religious belief and loyalty".<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite magazine | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islamic Revolution | date=1998-01-21 | magazine=The New York Review of Books | url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557 | access-date=5 December 2025 | archive-date=8 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408105440/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The English historian [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]] suggests the traditional view of apostasy hampered the development of Islamic learning, like philosophy and natural science, "out of fear that these could evolve into potential toe-holds for [[kufr]], those people who reject God."<ref>C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', No. 2 (1983), pp. 304–05</ref>
While in 13 Muslim-majority countries atheism is punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/10/atheists-death-penalty-_n_4417994.html|title=Atheists Face Death Penalty In 13 Countries, Discrimination Around The World According To Freethought Report|date=12 October 2013|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>
according to legal historian [[Sadakat Kadri]], executions were rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the ''[[shahada]]''" (''LA ILAHA ILLALLAH'' "There is no God but God") "had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day.<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm#_ftnref28 Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045814/http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm |date=4 September 2015 }}| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-`Adni, Abu `Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.)</ref><ref name="kadri-239">{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ..|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202174508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMIob7syrnZxwIVhg6SCh0fYg3Z#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20on%20Earth%3A%20A%20Journey%20Through%20Shari'a%20Law&f=false|archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>
[[William Montgomery Watt]] states that "In Islamic teaching, such penalties may have been suitable for the age in which Muhammad lived."<ref>[http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm Interview: William Montgomery Watt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807045042/http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm |date=7 August 2011 }}, by Bashir Maan & Alastair McIntosh</ref>

=== Islam and violence ===
{{Main|Islam and violence|Supremacism#Islamic|l2 = Islamic Supremacism}}

[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[September 11 attacks]] led to debate on whether Islam promotes violence.]]
Quran's teachings on matters of war and peace have become topics of heated discussion in recent years. On the one hand, some critics claim that certain verses of the Quran sanction military action against unbelievers as a whole both during the lifetime of Muhammad and after.<ref name="Who Are the Moderate Muslims?"/><ref name="BAR">''Warrant for terror: fatwās of radical Islam and the duty of jihād'', p. 68, Shmuel Bar, 2006</ref>
[[Jihad]], an [[List of Islamic terms in Arabic|Islamic term]], is a religious duty of [[Muslim]]s meaning "striving for the sake of God".<ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice|last=Morgan |first=Diane|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36025-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/87 87] |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration|access-date=5 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Merriam">{{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-87779-044-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 }}, ''Jihad'', p. 571</ref><ref name="MIC">{{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2005 | isbn=0-415-96690-6}}, ''Jihad'', p. 419</ref><ref name="jih">[[John Esposito]](2005), ''Islam: The Straight Path,'' p. 93</ref><ref name="ember">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Diaspora communities|volume= 2 |last1=Ember |first1=Melvin |first2=Carol R. |last2=Ember|first3= Ian |last3=Skoggard |year=2005 |publisher=Springer|isbn=0-306-48321-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA183}}</ref>
It is perceived in a military sense (not spiritual sense) by [[Bernard Lewis]]<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''The Political Language of Islam'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72.</ref><ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''[[The Crisis of Islam]]'', 2001 Chapter 2</ref> and David Cook.<ref name="Cook166">Cook, David. ''Understanding Jihad''. [[University of California Press]], 2005. Retrieved from [[Google Books]] on 27 November 2011. {{ISBN|0-520-24203-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-520-24203-6}}.</ref> Also Fawzy Abdelmalek<ref>{{cite book |title=The Turning Point: Islam & Jesus Salvation|first=Fawzy T. |last=Abdelmalek |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2008 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REW7sYxFyBYC&q=Quran+violence&pg=PA210|isbn=9781468534290 }}</ref> and [[Dennis Prager]] argue against Islam being a [[Religion of Peace|religion of peace]] and not of violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/436571/orlando-shooting-left-gives-islam-free-pass|title=What If the Orlando Murderer Had Been a Christian?|website=[[National Review]]|date=13 June 2016|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216005407/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/436571/orlando-shooting-left-gives-islam-free-pass|url-status=live}}</ref> John R. Neuman, a scholar on religion, describes Islam as "a perfect anti-religion" and "the antithesis of Buddhism".<ref>John Newman, "[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8878/2785 Islam in the Kālacakra Tantra]"{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1998</ref> [[Lawrence Wright]] argued that role of [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] literature in Saudi schools contributing suspicion and hate violence against non-Muslims as non-believers or infidels and anyone who "disagrees with Wahhabism is either an infidel or a deviant, who should repent or be killed."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7093423.stm|title=Jihad and the Saudi petrodollar|date=15 November 2007|via=BBC News|archive-date=29 June 2022|access-date=15 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629082511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7093423.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most Muslim scholars, on the other hand, argue that such verses of the Quran are interpreted out of context,<ref name="Boundries_Princeton">Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, ''Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives'', Princeton University Press, p. 197</ref><ref name="www-rohan.sdsu.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/|title=Khaleel Mohammed|publisher=San Diego State University Religious Studies Department|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708102707/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/|archive-date=8 July 2008}}</ref> and argue that when the verses are read in context it clearly appears that the Quran prohibits aggression,<ref name="aaiil.org">Ali, Maulana Muhammad; [http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.shtml The Religion of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421092242/http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.shtml |date=21 April 2018 }} (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" p. 414 "When shall war cease". Published by ''[[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam|The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement]]''</ref><ref name="Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi page 8">{{cite book|last=Sadr-u-Din|first=Maulvi|title=Qur'an and War|page=8|publisher=The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan|url=http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/sadrdin/quranwar/quranwar.shtml|access-date=8 October 2012|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308202015/http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/sadrdin/quranwar/quranwar.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aaiil.org/uk/newsletters/2002/0302.shtml Article on Jihad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203630/http://www.aaiil.org/uk/newsletters/2002/0302.shtml |date=29 August 2017 }} by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("Jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self-defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..")</ref> and allows fighting only in self-defense.<ref name="The Qur p. 228-232">[http://www.aaiil.org/text/articles/bash/quraniccommandmentswarjihad.shtml The Qur'anic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426223211/http://www.aaiil.org/text/articles/bash/quraniccommandmentswarjihad.shtml |date=26 April 2018 }} An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, pp. 228–32, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam</ref><ref name="Ali, Maulana Muhammad Pages 411-413">{{cite book|first=Ali|last=Maulana Muhammad|title=The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad"|pages=411–13|publisher=The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement|url=http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.html|archive-date=26 April 2020|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426150622/http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Charles Mathewes characterizes the peace verses as saying that "if others want peace, you can accept them as peaceful even if they are not Muslim." As an example, Mathewes cites the second sura, which commands believers not to transgress limits in warfare: "fight in God's cause against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits [in aggression]; God does not love transgressors" (2:190).<ref name=Mathewes>{{cite book |title=Understanding Religious Ethics |first=Charles T. |last=Mathewes|publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2010 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyCsZE_iHp4C&q=Koran+%22sword+verses%22&pg=PA197|isbn=9781405133517 }}</ref>

[[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] [[David Samuel Margoliouth|David Margoliouth]] described the [[Battle of Khaybar]] as the "stage at which Islam became a menace to the whole world".<ref name="Margoliouth 1905 p. 362-363">[[David Samuel Margoliouth|Margoliouth]], D. S. (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., pp. 362–63). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press.</ref> In the battle reportedly Muslims beheaded Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faizer |first=Rizwi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZknAAAAQBAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-92114-8 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashath |first=Hafiz Abu Dawud Sulaiman |url=http://archive.org/details/SunanAbuDawudVol.111160EnglishArabic |title=Sunan Abu Dawud |date=12 October 2014 |volume=5 |pages=45 |language=en, ar}}</ref> Margoliouth argues that the Jews of Khaybar had done nothing to harm Muhammad or his followers, and ascribes the attack to a desire for [[looting|plunder]]<ref name="Margoliouth 1905 p. 362-363"/><ref>
He wrote that this became an excuse for unfettered conquest."That plea would cover attacks on the whole world outside Medinah and its neighbourhood: and on leaving Khaibar the Prophet seemed to see the world already in his grasp. This was a great advance from the early days of Medinah, when the Jews were to be tolerated as equals, and even idolators to be left unmolested, so long as they manifested no open hostility. Now the fact that a community was idolatrous, or Jewish, or anything but Mohammedan, warranted a murderous attack upon it: the passion for fresh conquests dominated the Prophet as it dominated an Alexander before him or a Napoleon after him." [[David Samuel Margoliouth|Margoliouth, D. S.]] (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., p. 363). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press.</ref>
[[Montgomery Watt]] on the other hand, believes Jews' intriguing and use of their wealth to incite tribes against Muhammad left him no choice but to attack.<ref>Watt 189</ref>
Vaglieri and [[Shibli Numani]] concur that one reason for attack was that the Jews of Khaybar were responsible for the Confederates that attacked Muslims during the [[Battle of the Trench]].<ref name="EI">Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar", [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]</ref><ref name="Nomani 1979, vol. II, pg. 156">Nomani (1979), vol. II, pg. 156</ref><ref name="Sameul">Samuel Rosenblatt, ''Essays on Antisemitism: The Jews of Islam'', p. 112</ref> Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt has said that Muhammad's policies were not directed exclusively against Jews (referring to his conflicts with Jewish tribes) and that Muhammad was more severe with his pagan Arab kinsmen.<ref name="Sameul"/><ref name="Rosenblatt">Pinson; Rosenblatt (1946) pp. 112–119</ref>

The [[September 11 attacks]] have resulted in many non-Muslims' indictment of Islam as a violent religion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times|first=Ram |last=Puniyani |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |pages=97–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd5Fm79VMk8C&q=Islam+%22violent+religion%22&pg=PA98 |isbn=9780761933380}}</ref>
In the European view, Islam lacked divine authority and regarded the sword as the route to heaven.<ref name="Hume 2007"/>

[[Karen Armstrong]], tracing what she believes to be the West's long history of hostility toward Islam, finds in Muhammad's teachings a theology of peace and tolerance. Armstrong holds that the "holy war" urged by the Quran alludes to each Muslim's duty to fight for a just, decent society.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Armstrong | first=Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | url-access=limited | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | year=1993 | isbn=0-06-250886-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare/page/165 165]}}</ref>
According to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of the 20th-century Indian independence movement, although non-violence is dominant in the Qur'an, thirteen hundred years of imperialist expansion have made Muslims a militant body.<ref>''The Gandhian Moment'', p. 117, by Ramin Jahanbegloo.</ref><ref>''Gandhi's responses to Islam'', p. 110, by Sheila McDonough</ref><ref>''Cold War Assemblages: Decolonization to Digital'', p. 81, [[Bhakti Shringarpure]], Routledge.</ref>

Other self-described Muslim organisations have emerged more recently, and some of them have been associated with jihadist and extreme Islamist groups. Compared to the entire Muslim community, these groups are sparsely populated. They have, however, received more attention from governments, international organisations, and the international media than other Muslim groups. This is as a result of their participation in actions intended to combat alleged enemies of Islam both at home and abroad.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/>

Years later however, Al-Qaeda has yet to succeed in gaining the support of the majority of Muslims and continues to differ from other Islamist organizations in terms of both philosophy and strategy.<ref name="Campo xxi – xxxii"/>

==== Temporary and contractual marriages ====
{{Main|Nikah mut'ah|Nikah Misyar}}

{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Nikāḥ al-mutʿah}} is a fixed-term or short-term contractual [[marriage]] in [[Shia Islam]]. The duration of this type of marriage is fixed at its inception and is then automatically dissolved upon completion of its term. For this reason, ''nikah mut'ah'' has been widely criticised as the religious cover and legalization of [[prostitution]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6714885.stm Iran talks up temporary marriages], by [[Frances Harrison]], BBC News, Last Updated: 2 June 2007.
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/19/AR2007011901850.html Temporary 'Enjoyment Marriages' In Vogue Again With Some Iraqis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303015306/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/19/AR2007011901850.html |date=3 March 2017 }}, by Nancy Trejos, The Washington Post, 20 January 2007.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/lawofdesiretempo0000haer/page/6  Law of desire: temporary marriage in Shi'i Iran], by Shahla Haeri, p. 6.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&q=false&pg=PT192 Islam For Dummies], by Malcolm Clark.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2fxfbb0i4C&q=false&pg=PT85 Islam: a very short introduction], by [[Malise Ruthven]].</ref> Shi'a and Sunnis agree that ''Mut'ah'' was legal in early times, but Sunnis consider that it was abrogated.<ref>[[Tafsir ibn Kathir|Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim]], Volume 1 p. 74 [http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/en/chap4.php answering-ansar.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502030724/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/en/chap4.php |date=2 May 2012 }}</ref> Currently, however, mut'ah is one of the distinctive features of [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].<ref name="Mutahhari7">{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/rightsofwomeninislam/7.htm |title=The rights of woman in Islam, Fixed-Term marriage and the problem of the harem |first=Morteza |last=Motahhari |publisher=al-islam.org |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928195343/http://www.al-islam.org/rightsofwomeninislam/7.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Sunni]]s believe that Muhammad later abolished this type of marriage at several different large events,[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703043411/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/059-sbt.php#005.059.527 Bukhari 059.527] Most Sunnis believe that Umar later was merely enforcing a prohibition that was established during Muhammad's time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zawaj.com/articles/mutah.html|title=ZAWAJ.COM: Articles and Essays|website=www.zawaj.com}}</ref>

Shia contest the criticism that ''nikah mut'ah'' is a cover for prostitution, and argue that the unique legal nature of temporary marriage distinguishes ''mut'ah'' ideologically from prostitution.<ref name=Iranica>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mota Temporary marriage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811173601/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mota |date=11 August 2017 }}, ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-islamic-law-sachiko-murata|title=Muta', Temporary Marriage in Islamic Law|date=27 September 2012|website=www.al-islam.org}}</ref>
Children born of temporary marriages are considered legitimate, and have equal status in law with their siblings born of permanent marriages, and do inherit from both parents. Women must observe a period of celibacy (idda) to allow for the identification of a child's legitimate father, and a woman can only be married to one person at a time, be it temporary or permanent. Some Shia scholars also view Mut'ah as a means of eradicating prostitution from society.<ref>Said Amir Arjomand (1984), ''From nationalism to revolutionary Islam'', page 171</ref>

''Nikah misyar'' is a type of [[Nikah]] (marriage) in [[Sunni Islam]] only carried out through the normal contractual procedure, with the provision that the husband and wife give up several rights by their own free will, such as living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of [[polygamy]], the wife's rights to housing, and maintenance money (''[[nafaqa]]''), and the husband's right of homekeeping and access.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/misyar-marriage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160|url-status=dead|title=Misyar Marriage|date=6 July 2006|archive-date=4 January 2011|website=Fiqh}}</ref> Essentially the couple continue to live separately from each other, as before their contract, and see each other to fulfil their needs in a legally permissible (''[[halal]]'') manner when they please. It has been the kind of relation between the prophet and his second wife [[Sawdah bint Zam'ah]].

''Misyar'' has been suggested by some western authors to be a comparable marriage with ''[[nikah mut'ah]]'' and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEkmJAeJYBkC&q=misyar+muta&pg=PA59|title=Islam and the West|isbn=9781612046235|last1=Lodi|first1=Mushtaq K.|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Strategic Book }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&q=campaigns+Encyclopedia+&pg=PA51|title=The Islamic Shield|isbn=9781599424118|last1=Elhadj|first1=Elie|year=2006|publisher=Universal-Publishers|archive-date=20 May 2016|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520112654/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&pg=PA51&dq=misyar+mut%27a&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jQ1FUYanDaP02gWCk4GADQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&q=Mutah&pg=PA50 | title=Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | date=1 September 2010 | access-date=5 April 2013 | author=Pohl, Florian | pages=52–53| isbn=9780761479277 }}</ref>
Islamic scholars like [[Ibn Uthaimeen]] or [[Al-Albani]] claim that ''misyar'' marriage may be legal, but not moral.<ref name="BinMenie">[http://www.bab-albahrain.net/forum/showthread.php?p=329473#post329473 Bin Menie, Abdullah bin Sulaïman : fatwa concerning the misyar marriage (and opinions by Ibn Uthaymeen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135050/http://www.bab-albahrain.net/forum/showthread.php?p=329473#post329473 |date=24 February 2021 }}, [[Al-albany]]{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}) (in Arabic) [http://www.metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20000407-042210-7478r Yet another marriage with no strings – fatwa committee of al azhar against misyar]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Age of Muhammad's wife Aisha====
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad#Aisha|l1=Criticism of Muhammad (Aisha)|Child marriage}}
According to Sunni [[hadith]] sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad and nine when the marriage was consummated.<ref name=armstrong157>{{harvnb|Armstrong|1992|p=157}}</ref><ref name=spellberg40>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1996|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Watt|1960}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Barlas|2002|pp=125–26}}</ref> The Muslim historian [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|923}}) reports that she was ten,<ref name=spellberg40/> while [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi|Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) and [[Ibn Khallikan]] ({{Died in|1282}}), two other Muslim historians, write that she was nine years old at marriage and twelve at consummation.<ref name="Afsaruddin2014">{{harvnb|Afsaruddin|2014}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] ({{Died in|1951}}), a modern Muslim author, argues that a new interpretation of the Hadith compiled by [[Mishkat al-Masabih]], Wali-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al-Khatib, could indicate that Aisha would have been nineteen.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1997|p=150}}</ref> Similarly, on the basis of a hadith about her age difference with her sister [[Asma bint Abi Bakr|Asma]], some have estimated Aisha's age to have been eighteen or nineteen at the time of her marriage.<ref>{{cite book |first=Asma |last=Barlas |date=2012 |title="Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an |publisher=University of Texas Press |page=126 |quote=On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=[[Murtadha al-Qazwini|Ayatollah Qazvini]] |title=Ayesha married the Prophet when she was young? (In Persian and Arabic) |url=http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926234317/http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699 |archive-date=26 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=A.C. Brown |first1=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-420-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/146 146–47] |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/146 }}</ref> At any rate, Muhammad's marriage to Aisha may have not been considered improper by his contemporaries, for such marriages between an older man and a young girl were common among the [[Bedouin]]s.<ref>C. (Colin) Turner, ''Islam: The Basics'', Routledge Press, p.34–35</ref> In particular, [[Karen Armstrong]], an author on comparative religion, writes, "There was no impropriety in Muhammad's marriage to Aisha. Marriages conducted in absentia to seal an alliance were often contracted at this time between adults and minors who were even younger than Aisha."<ref name=":0">Karen Armstrong, ''Muhammad: Prophet for Our Time'', HarperPress, 2006, p. 167 {{ISBN|0-00-723245-4}}.</ref>

=== Women in Islam ===
{{Main|Women in Islam}}

{{See also|Islam and domestic violence|Muslim women in sport}}
The meaning of [[An-Nisa, 34|Quran 4:34]] has been the subject of intense debate among experts. While some scholars<ref name=hajjar2004>Hajjar, Lisa. "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis." Law & Social Inquiry 29.1 (2004); see pp. 1–38</ref><ref>Treacher, Amal. "Reading the Other Women, Feminism, and Islam." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003); pp. 59–71</ref> claim Shari'a law encourages domestic violence against women,<ref>John C. Raines & Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pp. 201–03</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes|title=Surah 4:34 (An-Nisaa), Alim — Translated by Mohammad Asad, Gibraltar (1980)|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231420/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927154118/http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Salhi and Grami (2011), Gender and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa, Florence (Italy), European University Institute|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> many Muslim scholars arguing that it acts as a deterrent against domestic violence motivated by rage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/tesneem-alkiek/islam-and-violence-against-women-a-critical-look-at-domestic-violence-and-honor-killings-in-the-muslim-community/#.Xk6BVBdKgb0 |title=Islam and Violence Against Women: A Critical Look at Domestic Violence and Honor Killings in the Muslim Community |author1=Tesneem Alkiek |author2=Dalia Mogahed |author3=Omar Suleiman |author4=Jonathan Brown |publisher=Yaqeen Institute |date=May 22, 2017 |access-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803134549/https://yaqeeninstitute.org/tesneem-alkiek/islam-and-violence-against-women-a-critical-look-at-domestic-violence-and-honor-killings-in-the-muslim-community#.Xk6BVBdKgb0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261.html|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|title=Clothes Aren't the Issue|date=22 October 2006|first=Asra Q.|last=Nomani|archive-date=22 September 2018|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922033032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261_2.html?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shari'a is the basis for personal status laws such as rights of women in matters of marriage, divorce and child custody which was described as discriminatory against women from a human rights perspective in a 2011 [[UNICEF]] report.<ref name=unicef2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|title=MENA Gender Equality Profile – Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF|date=October 2011|publisher=unicef.org|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009235624/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Allowing girls under 18 to marry by religious courts is another criticism of Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quandl.com/c/society/age-at-first-marriage-female-by-country|title=Age at First Marriage – Female By Country – Data from Quandl|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206030116/https://www.quandl.com/c/society/age-at-first-marriage-female-by-country|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Shari'a grants women the right to inherit property<ref>Horrie, Chris; Chippindale, Peter (1991). p. 49.</ref> but a daughter's inheritance is usually half that of her brother's however that is justified by some since the brother needs to care for his family and her sister if a male guardian isn't present.{{Quran-usc|4|11}}<ref name=davidpowers>David Powers (1993), Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach, The Arab Law Quarterly, 8, p 13</ref>
Furthermore, slave women were not granted the same legal rights.<ref name=blbr>
* Bernard Lewis (2002), What Went Wrong?, {{ISBN|0-19-514420-1}}, pp. 82–83;
* Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd Edition, Vol 1, pp. 13–40.</ref><ref>{{Quran-usc|16|71}}</ref><ref name="Quran-usc|24|33">{{Quran-usc|24|33}}</ref><ref>{{Quran-usc|30|28}}</ref> On 14 January 2009, the Catholic Portuguese cardinal [[José Policarpo]] directed a warning to young women to "think twice" before [[Interfaith marriage in Islam|marrying Muslim men]].<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-37448920090114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031142/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-37448920090114 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2009 |title=Portugal cardinal warns of marriage with Muslims |work=[[Reuters]] |date=14 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Spiegel>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,601423,00.html |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=15 January 2009 |title=Portuguese Catholic Leader: 'Think Twice about Marrying a Muslim' |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406203942/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,601423,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contrast to the widespread Western belief that women in Muslim societies are oppressed and denied opportunities to realize their full potential, many Muslims believe their faith to be liberating or fair to women, and some find it offensive that Westerners criticize it without fully understanding the historical and contemporary realities of Muslim women's lives. Conservative Muslims in particular (in common with some Christians and Jews) see women in the West as being economically exploited for their labor, sexually abused, and commodified through the media's fixation on the female body.<ref name=lapidus>{{Cite book| author1=Ira M. Lapidus|author2= Lena Salaymeh | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | page=145}}</ref>

=== Multiculturalism and Islam ===
[[File:Pascal Bruckner(2).jpg|thumb|French philosopher [[Pascal Bruckner]] has criticised the effects of multiculturalism and Islam in the West.]]
{{See also|Multiculturalism and Islam}}
Muslim immigration to Western countries has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite book| title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach | url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo | url-access=limited | author=Tariq Modood | publisher=Routledge | edition=1st | date=6 April 2006 | isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n17 3], 29, 46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Kilpatrick | first =William | title =The Politically Incorrect Guide to Jihad | publisher =Regnery | date =2016 | pages =256 | isbn =978-1621575771 }}</ref> This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against [[multiculturalism]] closely linked to the heritage of [[New Philosophers]]. Recent critics include [[Pascal Bruckner]]<ref>[http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html Pascal Bruckner – Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists? ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119162910/http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html |date=19 November 2017 }} appeared originally in German in the online magazine ''Perlentaucher'' on 24 January 2007.</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to [[Ian Buruma]] and Timothy Garton Ash: "At the heart of the issue is the fact that in certain countries Islam is becoming Europe's second religion. As such, its adherents are entitled to freedom of religion, to decent locations and to all of our respect. On the condition, that is, that they themselves respect the rules of our republican, secular culture, and that they do not demand a status of extraterritoriality that is denied other religions, or claim special rights and prerogatives"</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to Ian Buruma and Timothy Garton Ash "It's so true that many English, Dutch and German politicians, shocked by the excesses that the wearing of the Islamic veil has given way to, now envisage similar legislation curbing religious symbols in public space. The separation of the spiritual and corporeal domains must be strictly maintained, and belief must confine itself to the private realm."</ref><ref name=mnali>{{cite news | title = Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity | author-link = Michael Nazir-Ali | first = Michael | last = Nazir-Ali | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110080819/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 January 2008 | newspaper = [[The Sunday Telegraph]] | date = 6 January 2008 | location=London}}</ref> and [[Paul Cliteur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.libertarian.nl/NL/archives/000198.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124744/http://libertarian.nl/NL/archives/000198.php|url-status=dead|title=Paul Cliteur, Moderne Papoea's, Dilemma's van een multiculturele samenleving, De Uitgeverspers, 2002|archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref>
[[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Tengrism|Tengrist]] criticize Islam as a semitic religion, which forced Turks to submission to an alien culture. Further, since Islam mentions semitic history as if it were the history of all mankind, but disregards components of other cultures and spirituality, the international approach of Islam is seen as a threat.<ref>Dudolgnon Islam In Politics In Russia Routledge,  5 November 2013 {{ISBN|9781136888786}} p. 301–304.</ref>
[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder of the Turkish Republic, described Islam as the religion of the Arabs that loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb.<ref>Afet İnan, ''Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları'', Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.</ref>

In the early 20th century, the prevailing view among Europeans was that Islam was the root cause of Arab "backwardness". They saw Islam as an obstacle to assimilation, a view that was expressed by one of the spokesmen of colonial [[French Algeria]] named [[André Servier]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Syracuse University Press| isbn = 978-0-8156-3074-6| last = Lorcin| first = Patricia M. E.| title = Algeria & France, 1800-2000: Identity, Memory, Nostalgia| date = 2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rj2LRm6EOUYC&pg=PA71}}</ref>
The [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[Oriental studies|orientalist scholar]] Sir [[William Muir]] criticised Islam for what he perceived to be an inflexible nature, which he held responsible for stifling progress and impeding social advancement in Muslim countries.<ref name="muir">[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/458 Asia. 2d ed., rev. and corrected. Published 1909 by E. Stanford in London.] p. 458</ref>

[[Jocelyne Cesari]], in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe,<ref name=CesariStudy>{{cite web |url= http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf |title= Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation |access-date= 12 June 2023 |archive-date= 8 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190808183549/http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, [[xenophobia]] overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |title=Nigel Farage: Indian and Australian immigrants better than eastern Europeans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/22/nigel-farage-immigrants-india-australia-better-than-eastern-Europeans |website=Theguardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424083806/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/22/nigel-farage-immigrants-india-australia-better-than-eastern-Europeans |archive-date=2015-04-24}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Naskh (tafsir)#Questions/criticism|Abrogation]]
* [[Bibliolatry]]
* [[Criticism of Islamism]]
* [[Islamic fundamentalism]]
* [[Islamic terrorism]]
* [[Islam and war]]
* [[Political aspects of Islam]]
* [[Political Islam]]
* [[Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah]]
* [[Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya fi Islah al-Ra'i wa al-Ra'iyya]]
* [[Sharia Law]]
* [[LGBT topics and Islam]]
* [[Quran and violence]]
* [[Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam]]
* [[Haram]]
* [[List of critics of Islam]]
* [[Apostasy in Islam]]
* [[Islamic feminism]]
* [[LetUsTalk]]
* [[Islamophobia]]
* [[Islamophobia in the media]]
* [[Islamophobia in the United States]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Muslims Condemn]]
* [[Persecution of Muslims]]
* [[Predestination in Islam]]
* [[Quranic inerrancy]]
* [[Bi-la kaifa|Qur'anic literalism]]
* [[Superstitions in Muslim societies]]
* [[War against Islam conspiracy theory]]
}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Muhammad |author1-link=Muhammad Ali (writer) |title=Muhammad the Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150 |year=1997 |publisher=Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam |isbn=978-0913321072 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Karen |author1-link=Karen Armstrong |title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet |year=1992 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0062500144 |title-link=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Barlas |first1=Asma |title=Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān |date=2002 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, TX |isbn=9781477315927}}
* {{Cite book| last=Cohen | first=Mark R. | author-link=Mark R. Cohen | title=Under Crescent and Cross | publisher=Princeton University Press; Reissue edition | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-691-01082-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-511234-2}}
* {{Cite book| last=Lockman | first=Zachary | title=Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-521-62937-9}}
* {{Cite book |last2=Schmidtke |first2=Sabine |last1=Pourjavady |first1=Reza |editor2-last=Schmidtke |editor2-first=Sabine |editor1-last=Pourjavady |editor1-first=Reza |year=2006 |title=A Jewish philosopher of Baghdad: 'Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) and his writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OppTioUPy4C |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15139-0 |access-date=2011-06-12 }}
* {{Cite book| last=Rippin | first=Andrew | author-link=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=2nd | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-415-21781-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rispler-Chaim |first1=Vardit |title=Islamic medical ethics in the twentieth century |date=1993 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004096080}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roald |first1=Ann-Sofie |title=Women in Islam: The Western Experience |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Spellberg |first1=Denise A. |title=Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr |date=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=William Montgomery |author1-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440 |year=1960 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online |isbn=978-9004161214 |edition=2nd |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310085742/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal| last=Westerlund | first=David | year=2003 | title=Ahmed Deedat's Theology of Religion: Apologetics through Polemics | journal=Journal of Religion in Africa | volume=33 | issue=3| doi=10.1163/157006603322663505| pages=263–278}}
{{refend}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Modarressi |first=Hossein |title=Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey |journal=Studia Islamica |publisher=JSTOR |volume=77 |pages=5–39 |year=1993 |issue=77 |doi=10.2307/1595789 |jstor=1595789 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1595789|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |title=Revelation and Falsification |author1-first=Mohammad Ali|author1-last=Amir-Moezzi |editor1-first=Etan |isbn=9789004167827 |editor1-last=Kohlberg |editor2-first=Mohammad Ali |editor2-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/KohlbergMoezziREVELATIONANDFALSIFICATIONTheKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyariLeiden2009./mode/2up |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=Brill|chapter=Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources|pages=12{{ndash}}23}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|first1= A.|last1=Pakatchi|year=2015|title= 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences|editor-last= Daftary| editor-first=F.|editor-link=Farhad Daftary|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica|translator-last= Valey|translator-first= M.I.|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_0252|url-access=subscription}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |year=1995 |title=The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-510298-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicthreatmyt00espo_0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Halliday |first=Fred |year=2003 |title=Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East |publisher=I.B. Tauris, New York |isbn=1-86064-868-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |year=2003 |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=0-19-516886-0}}
* {{Cite book |first=Norman L. |last=Geisler |year=2002 |title=Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=0-8010-6430-9}}
* [[Gilles Kepel|Kepel, Gilles]] (2002). ''[[Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam]]''. [[Belknap Press]]. {{isbn|0-674-00877-4}}.
* [[Gilles Kepel|Kepel, Gilles]] (2004). ''[[The War for Muslim Minds]]''. [[Harvard University Press]]. {{isbn|0-674-01575-4}}.
* [[Ibn Warraq]] (1995). ''[[Why I Am Not a Muslim]]''. Prometheus Books. {{isbn|0-87975-984-4}}.
* [[Ibn Warraq]] (2003). ''[[Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out]]''. Prometheus Books. {{isbn|1-59102-068-9}}.
* Cox, Caroline & Marks, John (2003). [https://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf The 'West', Islam and Islamism: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy?]. Civitas. {{isbn|1-903 386-29 2}}.
* [Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350]
{{refend}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Yılmaz | first1 = Halil İbrahim | last2 = İzgi | first2 = Mahmut Cihat | last3 = Erbay | first3 = Enes Ensar | last4 = Şenel | first4 = Samet | title = Studying early Islam in the third millennium: a bibliometric analysis | journal = Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | year = 2024 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1521 | doi = 10.1057/s41599-024-04058-2 | doi-access = free }}

==External links==
*A collection of [https://bismikaallahuma.org Muslim Responses To Anti-Islam Polemics]
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Islam topics |collapsed}}
{{Criticism of religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Criticism of Islam| ]]
[[Category:Criticism of religion|Islam]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]

Anand Menen

2026-03-03T21:27:08Z

RockyDill0015: Added basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Anand Menen
| image = AnandMenen.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|11|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bachelor of Arts]] ([[English language|English]])|Diploma in Filmmaking}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Film writer]]}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| notable_works = ''[[Vaazha – Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' (2024)
}}

'''Anand Menen''' is an Indian [[film director]] who primarily works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is well known for his works in ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' (2020) ''[[Vaazha – Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-01 |title='Vaazha': First look of Anand Menen's next directorial, written by Vipin Das, out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vaazha-first-look-of-anand-menens-next-directorial-written-by-vipin-das-out/article68239116.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anand was born in [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]]. He began creating short films in 2013. Anand pursued a diploma in movie production.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasan |first=Deepthi |date=2016-09-03 |title=A laugh riot love story: Shanthi Muhurtham |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030916/a-laugh-riot-love-story-shanthi-muhurtham.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

He started his career directing and producing short films along with Lumiere Broz, a team started by Anand and his friends. He directed and edited short films like ''Kutty Rashtriyam'', ''Psycho'', ''Shanti Muhurtham'', and ''[[Magneto (2019 film)|Magneto]]''.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-13 |title=Exclusive! Anand Menon on directing 'Gauthamante Radham': After cinema, what I love the most is cars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-anand-menon-on-directing-gauthamante-radham-after-cinema-what-i-love-the-most-is-cars/articleshow/73227422.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Gautham |date=2019-06-03 |title=Have you heard of the Malayali Magneto? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Jun/03/have-you-heard-of-the-malayali-magneto-1985094.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, he directed and edited a short series titled ''Kalyana Kacheri'' for a [[YouTube]] channel SUB Originals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-13 |title='Kalyana Kacheri' series review: Troublemakers guide! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Nov/13/kalyana-kacheri-series-review-troublemakers-guide-2222959.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The same year, he directed the film ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' starring [[Neeraj Madhav]], [[Valsala Menon]], [[Renji Panicker]] and [[Hareesh Kanaran]]. He was also the screenplay and script writer of the movie.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2020-01-31 |title='Gauthamante Radham' — the story of a car and its family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/debutant-director-anand-menon-on-making-gauthamante-radham-starring-neeraj-madhav/article30703184.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2020-01-28 |title=Anand Menon: Gauthamante Radham is a car's story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/28/anand-menon-gauthamante-radham-is-a-cars-story-16755.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he directed the film ''[[Vaazha – Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'', starring [[Jagadish]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Azees Nedumangad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-08-17 |title='Vaazha' movie review: Anand Menen's comedy is a fun ride that also touches upon certain relevant issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vaazha-movie-review-anand-menens-comedy-is-a-fun-ride-that-also-touches-upon-certain-relevant-issues/article68535579.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=richa |title='Vaazha: Biopic Of A Billion Boys Out': Anand Menen's Malayalam movie all set to inspire you |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/vaazha-biopic-of-a-billion-boys-out-anand-menen-s-malayalam-movie-all-set-to-inspire-you-rba-shdxxf |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> The film grossed ₹1.5 crores worldwide on the first day of the release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title='Vaazha' box office collections day 1: Comedy drama movie mints Rs 1.15 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vaazha-box-office-collections-day-1-comedy-drama-movie-mints-rs-1-15-crores/articleshow/112554161.cms#:~:text=Anand%20Menon's%20debut%20film%20'Vaazha,through%20its%20humorous%20school%20drama. |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As director===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref
|-
!Director
!Writer
!Editor
|-
|2016
|''Shanti Muhurtham''
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
| Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasan |first=Deepthi |date=2016-09-03 |title=A laugh riot love story: Shanthi Muhurtham |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030916/a-laugh-riot-love-story-shanthi-muhurtham.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Gauthamante Radham]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2020-01-31 |title='Gauthamante Radham' — the story of a car and its family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/debutant-director-anand-menon-on-making-gauthamante-radham-starring-neeraj-madhav/article30703184.ece |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Kalyana Kacheri''
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
| Web series
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-13 |title='Kalyana Kacheri' series review: Troublemakers guide! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Nov/13/kalyana-kacheri-series-review-troublemakers-guide-2222959.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Vaazha – Biopic of a Billion Boys]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{na}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-01 |title='Vaazha': First look of Anand Menen's next directorial, written by Vipin Das, out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vaazha-first-look-of-anand-menens-next-directorial-written-by-vipin-das-out/article68239116.ece |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2019
|''[[Magneto (2019 film)|Magneto]]''
| Alex
| Short film; also editor
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Gautham |date=2019-06-03 |title=Have you heard of the Malayali Magneto? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Jun/03/have-you-heard-of-the-malayali-magneto-1985094.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Antakshari (film)|Antakshari]]''
| Niranjan
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Falimy]]''
| Abhi's friend
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menen, Anand}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tourist Home (film)

2026-03-03T20:44:33Z

RockyDill0015: put up a post - done

{{about|a film|tourist accommodation|Tourist home}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tourist Home
| image = Tourist-Home-2013.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Shebi Chowghat
| producer = John Joseph
| writer =
| starring = [[Hemanth Menon]] [[Meera Nandan]] [[Sreejith Vijay]] [[Rejith Menon]] [[Sreejith Ravi]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] [[Saiju Kurup]] Roshan
| music = Jasnifer Maharoof
| cinematography = Firoz Khan
| editing =
| studio = Mega Media Films
| distributor = Happy and Ruby Cinema Release
| released ={{Film date|df=yes|2013|7|5}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130706234719/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/95229.html "Tourist Home and Buddy from today"]</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tourist Home''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam]] [[thriller film]] directed by Shebi. The film plots a series of incidents that take place in the 10 rooms of a tourist home.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706010924/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-04/previews/40370418_1_saiju-kurup-sarayu-meera-nandan "Tourist Home"]</ref> It is written by ten writers and is produced under the banner of Mega Media.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/tourist-home-releasing-tomorrow-113555.html "Tourist home all set to release tomorrow"]</ref> The highlight of the film is that the entire story is filmed using a single shot. It is arguably the first Indian film{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} to be made using this technique.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706010835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-03/news-and-interviews/40350254_1_mollywood-hemanth-menon-meera-nanda "Tourist Home to release on July 5"]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130706012413/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tourist-home-expected-to-hit-the-screens-soon/290862-71-210.html "Tourist Home: Expected to hit the screens soon"]</ref>

The film has an ensemble cast featuring more than 40 actors including [[Hemanth Menon]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Sreejith Vijay]], [[Rejith Menon]], [[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]], [[Saiju Kurup]] and Roshan.

==Plot==
The film traces a series of incidents that take place in the 10 rooms of a tourist home. The plot revolves around the following characters: two young boys who have a bad past due to their unethical lives, an old man who has come for the medical aid for his grandson in the medical college, a policeman and a prostitute, a woman who is forced to resort to unlawful means to earn money to meet the medical expenses for her ill husband, a man who fear to attend an interview and his friend, an astrologer who chants different ways to get a peaceful mind, a daughter who tries to remind the unethical ways of her father, a woman, her daughter and dance master to participate in a dance reality show, a woman who has come to abort her pregnancy from her husband's friend, and a gang who has taken a room for gambling, who are all staying in that ten rooms of the Tourist Home.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Hemanth Menon]] as Jojo
*[[Meera Nandan]] as Reshma
*[[Sreejith Vijay]]
*[[Rejith Menon]]
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Rajeev
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as traffic cop
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
*[[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] as Anitha
*[[Saiju Kurup]]
*Suvith Krishna as Aloysius
*[[Roshan Basheer]] as Sajan
*[[Madhupal]] as Mammootty
*[[Kochu Preman]] as money lender
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]] as a thief
*[[Edavela Babu]] as Chackochan
*[[Maniyan Pilla Raju]] as Sathyanathan
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as a pimp
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as a dance instructor Peethambaran
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]]
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Shivankutty
*Ajay Nataraj as a thief
*[[Thesni Khan]]
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]
*Archana Menon as a hooker
* Mukundan
{{colend}}

==Production==
The story of the film has some similarities with [[V. K. Prakash]]'s 2012 film ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'', which also showcases the lives of tenants in a lodge. However, Shebi, who had earlier directed ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'', says, "I have been working close to two-and-half years to put together a team and to perfect the technical side of the film. So, when Trivandrum Lodge was announced, I was a bit nervous; I felt that all my work would go down the drain because we took so long to begin." About shooting the entire film in a single shot, he says, "I was inspired by the movie ''[[Russian Ark]]'', which was filmed using a single sequence. The climax scene in [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' used a similar technique. That's when the idea of doing an entire film stringing together different stories and capturing it in a single shot struck me."<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706012511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news-and-interviews/33845388_1_trivandrum-lodge-film-russian-ark "Thirty stars in Tourist Home"]</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Yet, Tourist Home is an interesting one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Malayalam movie Tourist Home is a one-time watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-malyalam-movie-tourist-home-is-a-one-time-watch/20130708.htm |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tourist Home Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/tourist-home/movie-review/20953092.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]

Mridul Nair

2026-02-19T08:52:06Z

RockyDill0015: Created new stub...

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}

'''Mridul Nair''' is an Indian [[film]] artist who primarily works in the Malayalam film industry. He is known for his work as a director, writer, and actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mridul Nair: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mridul-Nair |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Director Mridul Nair Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/mridul-nair |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' || Shiva's Henchman ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-10 |title=Adventures of Omanakuttan movie review: Bhavana outshines this meandering misadventure |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adventures-of-omanakuttan-movie-review-bhavana-outshines-this-meandering-misadventure-3538851.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[B.Tech (film)|B Tech]]'' || || Director, Writing (Screen Play) and Actor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-09-27 |title=Asif Ali reunites with 'BTech' director Mridul Nair for 'Kasargold' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Sep/27/asif-ali-reunites-with-btech-director-mridul-nair-for-kasargold-2502164.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Ghar Se''|| || Director<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2020-06-25 |title=Ghar Se: Nimisha Sajayan stars in Mridul Nair's short film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jun/25/ghar-se-nimisha-sajayan-stars-in-mridul-nairs-short-film-19084.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-13 |title=Ghar Se was a way to get the ball rolling again in Mollywood: Mridul Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ghar-se-was-a-way-to-get-the-ball-rolling-again-in-mollywood-mridul-nair/articleshow/76355761.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' || Akash Kunjikannan ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-08-11 |title='Nna Thaan Case Kodu' movie review: An earnest Kunchacko Boban in a biting satire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nna-thaan-case-kodu-movie-review-an-earnest-kunchacko-boban-in-a-biting-satire/article65757600.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thattum Vellattam]]'' || || Director<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasargold's Asif Ali: Thattum Vellattam is my dream project and will happen |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kasargolds-asif-ali-thattum-vellattam-is-my-dream-project-and-will-happen/8ff8179ed3527 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kasargold]]'' || || Director and Writing (Dialogue, Story, Screen Play)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-09-23 |title=Malayalam director Mridul Nair recalls the challenges faced while filming 'Kasargold' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/exclusive-malayalam-director-mridul-nair-talks-about-the-challenges-he-faced-while-filming-kasargold/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Anpodu Kanmani (2025 film)|Anpodu Kanmani]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Watch: Naanam Melle Melle Song From Arjun Ashokan's Anpodu Kanmani Is A Melodious Number! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/naanam-melle-melle-song-from-arjun-ashokans-anpodu-kanmani-is-a-melodious-number-article-117688350 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Jaathi Jathakam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdbname|5507510}}
{{India-film-actor-stub}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Mridul}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kingpau

2026-02-18T02:30:30Z

RockyDill0015: done

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=March 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kingpao
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.111399|95.078291|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 148
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =[[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kingpau''' or '''Kingpao''' village is located in Nokhu circle of [[Noklak]] district in Nagaland, India.<ref name="nagalandtribune">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Village & Panchayats Name of Administrative Circle: Noklak - The Noklak Nagaland|date=21 January 2024|website=noklak.nic.in|access-date=21 March 2024|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210072819/https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]
[[Category:Villages in Tuensang district]]

Rash Behari Bose

2026-02-15T17:21:53Z

RockyDill0015: cleanup

{{short description|Indian independence leader (1886–1945)}}
{{Distinguish|Rash Behari Ghosh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rashbehari Bose
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|5|25|df=y}}<ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/>
| birth_place = Village-Subaldaha,
[[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Bose">{{Cite book |last=Bose|first=Bejon Behari|title=Karmabir Rash Behari|language=bn|date=1959|publisher=Ila Bose|page=48}}</ref><ref name="samsad486">{{Cite book |last1=Sengupta|first1=Subodhchandra|last2=Bose|first2=Anjali|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan|date=1976|location=Calcutta|publisher=Sishu Sahitya Samsad|page=486}}</ref> {{small|(present-day Village Subaldaha, Block-Raina 2, District-Purba Bardhaman [[West Bengal]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|1|21|1886|5|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
| image = Rash Behari Bose 02.jpg
| caption = Bose before 1945
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]], [[Ghadar Revolution]], [[Indian National Army]]
| spouse = Toshiko Bose (1916–1924; her death)<ref name=r1/>
| children = 2<ref name=r1/>
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British Indian]] (1886–1915) [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1915–1923) [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (1923–1945; his death)
| organisation = {{unbulletedlist|[[Jugantar]]|[[Indian Independence League]]| [[Indian National Army]]}}
| relatives = [[Aizō Sōma]] (father-in-law) [[Kokkō Sōma]] (mother-in-law)
}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Rashbehari Bose''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|ʃ|_|b|i|h|ɑː|r|i|_|ˈ|b|oʊ|s|audio=Rasbihar Bose.ogg}}; 25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945) was an Indian revolutionary leader and freedom fighter who fought against the [[British Empire]]. He was one of the key organisers of the [[Ghadar Mutiny]] and founded the [[Indian Independence League]]. Bose helped organise the Indian National Army (INA), which was formed in 1942 under [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Emiko Jozuka |title=The Indian revolutionary who fought to overthrow British rule from 3,700 miles away |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/09/asia/japan-indian-freedom-fighter-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-03-15|website=CNN|date=10 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arghya |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Sneharshi |date= |title=Look East: Two Bengalis and their Asianist World views |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/look-east-two-bengalis-and-their-asianist-world-views-prnt/cid/2143641 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

He was behind the [[Delhi conspiracy case|Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]] to assassinate the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], in 1912.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McQuade |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xp3fEAAAQBAJ |title=Fugitive of Empire: Rashbehari Bose, Japan and the Indian Independence Struggle |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-776828-0 |language=en}}</ref> After the failed assassination attempt, Bose fled to [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]].<ref name=":0" /> He sided with [[Azad Hind]] against Britain in World War II.<ref name=":0" />

==Birth and ancestry==
Rash Behari Bose was born in Subaldaha village of [[Purba Bardhaman district]], now in West Bengal, India, on 25 May 1886.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Uma |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166 |title=Two Great Indian Revolutionaries |date=1966 |pages=97}}</ref> Bose grew up during the [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health|severe pandemics and famines of the British Raj]]. It fuelled his dislike for British rule.<ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/> His father's name was Binod Behari Bose and mother was Bhubaneswari Devi. Tinkori Dasi was Rashbehari Bose's foster mother.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Early life ==
Bose and his sister, Sushila, spent their childhood in Subaldaha. They lived with their father and also in the house of Bidhu Mukhi, the widowed sister-in-law of their grandfather, Kalicharan Bose. His early education was completed under the supervision of Kalicharan in the village 'pathsala' (traditional Hindu village school) which is presently Subaldaha Rashbehari Bose F.P School.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Bose was drawn towards the revolutionary movement on hearing stories from his grandfather and teacher (Bakkeswar) at Subaldaha. He was the cynosure of all villagers and was known for his stubborn attitude. His nickname was Rasu. It is heard from villagers that he was at Subaldaha till he was 12 or 14 years old.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

His father, Binod Behari Bose, was stationed in Hooghly district for few years. During this time, Bose had to move to his maternal house in Chandernagar.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} There Bose studied at Dupleix College with his cousin and friend [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]]. The principal, Charu Chandra Roy, inspired them into revolutionary politics. Later, he joined Morton School in Calcutta. He subsequently earned degrees in medical sciences and engineering.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Revolutionary activities==
{{Main|Delhi conspiracy case|Gadar Conspiracy}}
Bose left Bengal to avoid the [[Alipore bomb case]] trials of 1908.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} At [[Dehradun]], he worked as a head clerk at the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]]. There, through [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] of the [[Jugantar]], he secretly got involved with the revolutionaries of Bengal and he came across revolutionaries of the [[Arya Samaj]] in the United Provinces (currently [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Uma Mukherjee|title=Two great Indian revolutionaries: Rash Behari Bose & Jyotindra Nath Mukherjee|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166|year=1966|publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166/page/n115 101]}}</ref>
[[File: An assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge.jpg|thumb|left|1912 assassination attempt on Lord Hardinge]]
In 1912, he, along with [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] from [[Anushilan Samiti]] threw a self made bomb, in the convoy of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], which led to the viceroy being severely injured. Although they failed in their attempt but this sent shockwaves throughout the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900-1910 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |language=en}}</ref> Following the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]], which attempted the assassination of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] on 23 December 1912, Bose was forced to go into hiding. He was hunted by the colonial police due to his participation in the failed assassination attempt, Hardinge being at that time the [[Governor General]] and [[Viceroy]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} He returned to Dehradun by the night train and joined the office the next day as though nothing had happened. He organised a meeting of loyal citizens of Dehradun to condemn the dastardly attack on the Viceroy.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}{{clarify|reason=if he was forced into hiding & hunted, as we say, why was he travelling by train, going to the office & organising a protest within 24 hours?|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Rash Behari Bose in Dehradun.tif|thumb|Rash Behari Bose in Dehradun]]
During the flood relief work in Bengal in 1913, Bose came in contact with [[Jatin Mukherjee]] in whom he "discovered a real leader of men," who "added a new impulse" to Bose's failing zeal.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uma Mukherjee|title=Two great Indian revolutionaries: Rash Behari Bose & Jyotindra Nath Mukherjee|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166|year=1966|publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166/page/n133 119]}}</ref> Thus, during World War (WW1) he became one of the leading figures of the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], an attempt to trigger a mutiny in India in February 1915. Trusted and tried Ghadrites were sent to several cantonments to infiltrate into the army. The idea of the Gadar leaders was that with the war raging in Europe most of the soldiers had gone out of India and the rest could be easily won over. The revolution failed and most of the revolutionaries were arrested. But Bose managed to escape British intelligence and reached Japan in 1915.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==Indian National Army==
Bose had reached Japan under the alias of Priyanath Thakur, a relative of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], an Indian poet.<ref name=r1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/remembering-rash-behari-bose-and-his-wife-toshiko-bose-in-their-marriage-anniversary-1.828592|title=বাংলা থেকে রান্না-শাড়ি পরা, জাপানি বউকে শিখিয়েছিলেন রাসবিহারী বসু|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=পারিজাত|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> There, Bose found shelter with various [[Pan-Asianism|Pan-Asian]] groups. From 1915 to 1918, he changed residences and identities numerous times, as the British kept pressing the Japanese government for his extradition. He married the daughter of [[Aizō Sōma]] and [[Kokkō Sōma]], the owners of Nakamuraya bakery in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918, and became a Japanese citizen in 1923, living as a journalist and writer. It is also significant that he was instrumental in introducing Indian-style curry in Japan. Though more expensive than the usual "British-style" curry, it became quite popular, with Rash Bihari becoming known as "Bose of Nakamuraya".{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Bose, along with [[A. M. Nair]], was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by the Indian revolutionaries, whom Japan ultimately to officially supported. He convened a conference in [[Tokyo Conference|Tokyo]] on 28–30 March 1942, which decided to establish the [[Indian Independence League]]. There he also moved a motion to raise an army for Indian independence. He convened the [[Bangkok Conference|second conference]] of the League at [[Bangkok]] on 22 June 1942, at which a resolution was adopted to invite [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to join the League and take command as its president.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak|Malaya]] and [[Burma]] fronts were encouraged to join the Indian Independence League and become the soldiers of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), formed on 1 September 1942 as the military wing of Rash Behari Bose's Indian National League. He selected the flag for the [[Azad Hind]] movement and handed over the flag and the power to Subhas Chandra Bose but his organizational structure remained which was built on the organizational spadework of Rash Behari Bose. Rash Behari Bose built the Indian National Army (also called 'Azad Hind Fauj'). Prior to his death caused by tuberculosis, the Japanese Government honoured him with the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (2nd grade).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== Personal life ==
Bose met Toshiko Soma when he was hiding at her house in [[Shinjuku|Shinjuku City]]. She was the daughter of [[Aizō Sōma]] and [[Kokkō Sōma]], the owners of Nakamuraya bakery ([[:ja:中村屋]]) in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918. At that time, Bose was a fugitive with the British searching for him. Their initial contact was during those intense moments of hiding though without any interactions. In 1916, when Bose was a fugitive no more, he invited the Soma family to his house as a gesture of gratitude. That was the first instance of their interaction in a social context.<ref name=r1/>

However, Bose stuck out like a sore thumb in Japan. People would consider them with suspicion. [[Tōyama Mitsuru|Mitsuru Toyama]], as a solution proposed to the Soma's a marriage between Toshiko and Rash Behari. He thought that marriage with a Japanese citizen would make it easy for Bose to apply for citizenship. Despite their initial reservations, the Somas agreed to the match. When asked, Toshiko took three weeks to give her consent.<ref name=r1/>

They had a happy marriage lasting eight years. Bose taught Toshiko Bengali and how to wear a sari. Bose got Japanese citizenship in 1923. Toshiko's health declined soon after and it claimed her life in 1924. After her death, he never remarried. They were buried together after Bose's death.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Richard|date=12 March 2021|title=Changing Nations: The Japanese Girl With a Book|url=https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/changing-nations-the-japanese-girl-with-a-book/|website=Red Circle Authors}}</ref>

They had two children together. Masahide Bose (Bharatchandra) was born in 1920. He died in World War II aged 24. Their daughter Tetsuko was born in 1922.<ref name=r1/>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="240px" heights="240px">
Toyama Mitsuru honors Rash Behari Bose.jpg|A dinner party given to Bose in his honour by his close Japanese friends, including [[Mitsuru Tōyama]], a right-wing nationalist and [[Pan-Asianism]] leader (centre, behind the table), and [[Tsuyoshi Inukai]], future Japanese prime minister (to the right of Tōyama). Behind Tōyama is Bose. 1915.
Rash Behari Bose and his supporters.jpg|Bose and his Japanese supporters in 1916
Rash Behari Bose and his wife Toshiko.jpg|Bose with wife c. 1918
</gallery>

== Legacy ==
In 1943, the Japanese government honoured Bose with the highest title available to a foreigner, the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 2nd class.<ref name=r5>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/remembering-heroes-of-indian-freedom-struggle-rash-behari-bose-26001.html/page/8|title=Remembering heroes of Indian freedom struggle: Rash Behari Bose|access-date=13 October 2020|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123113559/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/remembering-heroes-of-indian-freedom-struggle-rash-behari-bose-26001.html/page/8|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File: Rash Behari Bose 1967 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Rash Behari Bose on a 1967 stamp of India]]
On 26 December 1967, the Posts and Telegraphs Department of India issued a special postage stamp in honour of Rash Behari Bose.<ref name=r4>{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/rashbehari-basu/|title=A commemorative postage stamp on Rash Behari Bose|date=23 January 2015|publisher=istampgallery|access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rashbehari Basu commemorative stamp">{{cite web|url=http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/R/RASHBEHARI%20BASU%20(1886-1945)|title=Rashbehari Basu commemorative stamp|publisher=Indian Post|access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
In the 2019 Indian [[Bengali-language]] television series titled ''[[Netaji (2019 TV series)|Netaji]]'' which depicts the life of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]], Fahim Mirza played the role of Rash Behari Bose.

==See also==
*[[Anushilan Samiti]]
*[[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
*[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Kawabe|first=Lexi|year=2019|title=Rash Behari Bose: The Father of the Indian National Army|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B3JPY2P2|publisher=Tenraidou|isbn=9798814669414 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/rash-behari-bose Rash Behari Bose materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/09/asia/japan-indian-freedom-fighter-hnk-intl The Indian revolutionary who fought to overthrow British rule while living in Japan] ''[[CNN]]''
*[http://www.nakamuraya.co.jp/index.html Shinjuku Nakamuraya 新宿中村屋]
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Rash Behari}}
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Independence League]]
[[Category:People from Bardhaman]]
[[Category:Bengali military personnel|Bose, Rashbehari]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule|Bose, Rashbehari]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Japanese people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Japanese people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:British Malaya military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Military personnel from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Japan]]
[[Category:Burials at Tama Cemetery]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]

BluSmart

2026-02-12T07:16:53Z

RockyDill0015: stub

{{Short description|Indian electric cab company}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BluSmart Mobility
| logo = BluLogoNew.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
*[[Electric vehicles]]}}
| founded = {{start date and age|2019|01}}
| location = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| founder = {{plainlist|
*Anmol Singh Jaggi
*Punit K Goyal
*Puneet Singh Jaggi}}
| area_served = India, Dubai
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Electric car|Electric cab]]}}
| website = {{url|www.blu-smart.com}}
}}

'''BluSmart Mobility''' was an Indian [[ride-sharing]] company, headquartered in [[Gurugram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-17|title=BluSmart - India's first all-electric vehicle mobility platform|url=https://evduniya.com/ev-india/blusmart-indias-first-all-electric-vehicle-mobility-platform.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EV Duniya|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=2 July 2020|title=Financial Express, 2 July 2020|agency=Financial Express|issue=Web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/industry/indian-ev-market-growth-blusmart-mobility-electric-cabs-electric-cars-mahindra-everito-hyundai-kona/2011244/}}</ref> It was founded by Anmol Singh Jaggi, Punit K Goyal and Puneet Singh Jaggi in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 June 2019|title=Times of India 25 June 2019|publisher=Times of India|agency=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/deepika-padukones-family-office-invests-in-blu-smart/articleshow/71282064.cms}}</ref>

The company's fleet of vehicles included the [[Mahindra e-Verito]], [[Tata Tigor#Tigor EV|Tata e-Tigor]], [[Tata Motors#Electric vehicles|Tata Xpres-T EV]], [[Hyundai Kona EV|Hyundai Kona Electric]], [[MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS Electric]], and [[Citroën C3|Citroen e-C3]]. It was India's first all-[[Electric vehicle|electric]] shared smart mobility platform.

The company competed with [[Uber]], [[Ola Consumer|Ola]], and new cab-hailing entrants like [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]] and [[Open Network for Digital Commerce#Mobility|Namma Yatri]].

It shut down operations in April 2025.

== History ==
BluSmart was co-founded on 14 January 2019<ref>{{cite news|date=14 January 2019|title=NDTV Car&Bike, 14 January 2029|publisher=CAR&BIKE|agency=NDTV|issue=Web|url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/indias-first-all-electric-cab-services-blu-smart-launched-in-delhi-ncr-1977605}}</ref> by Anmol Singh Jaggi, Puneet Singh Jaggi, and Punit K Goyal. In the same month, BluSmart partnered with [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2019|title=Times Now, 4th June, 2019|agency=Times Now|issue=Digital|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/features/article/mahindra-and-blu-smart-team-up-to-launch-intercity-all-electric-cab-service-in-india/431149}}</ref> to launch the first batch of EVs on the platform. In September 2019, the company, led by JITO Angel Network, Investment Office of [[Deepika Padukone]], raised an [[angel round]] of {{USD|3 million}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=Inc42 24 September, 2019|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/deepika-padukones-family-office-invests-in-electric-cab-hailing-startup-blu-smart/|website=Inc42}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 September 2019|title=Mint, 23 September 2019|agency=Mint|issue=Online|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/deepika-padukone-s-family-office-invests-in-blu-smart-1569243127845.html}}</ref>

On World EV Day 2021, BluSmart announced a partnership with Jio-BP<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathak|first=Kalpana|date=2021-09-09|title=Jio-bp partners with BluSmart to set up EV charging infrastructure in India|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jiobp-partners-with-blusmart-to-set-up-ev-charging-infrastructure-in-india-11631169615847.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> to set up charging infrastructure across India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=2021-09-09|title=Jio-bp partners with BluSmart to set up EV charging infra in India|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jio-bp-partners-with-blusmart-to-set-up-ev-charging-infra-in-india-121090900512_1.html#:~:text=Reliance%20Industries%20Ltd%20(RIL)%20through,vehicle%20(EV)%20charging%20infrastructure.|access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Jio-BP partners with BluSmart to set up EV charging stations|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/jio-bp-partners-with-blusmart-to-set-up-ev-charging-stations-10673131.htm|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref>

On World Environment Day 2022, Tata Motors signed an MoU with BluSmart to deliver 10,000 EVs. In July 2022, BluSmart received Verra accreditation on carbon emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Achary |first=Neel |title=BluSmart receives Verra accreditation on carbon emission - ET Auto |date=2021-06-05 |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aftermarket/blusmart-receives-verra-accreditation-on-carbon-emission/93182772 |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2024, BluSmart partnered with [[Tata Power]] to source clean energy for its electric vehicle charging infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |title=BluSmart partners with Tata Power: Shifts to 100 percent renewable energy for mobility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/policy-and-industry/blusmart-partners-with-tata-power-shifts-to-100-percent-renewable-energy-for-mobility/articleshow/107916268.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Power |url=https://www.tatapower.com/pdf/Press%20Release%20-%20Blusmart%20collaborates%20with%20Tata%20Power%20to%20source%20green%20power-21.02.2024.pdf |website=www.tatapower.com}}</ref>

In July 2024, the company raised $24 million ({{INR}}200 crore) in a funding round led by its existing investors, Zurich-based climate finance firm [[Responsability investments|Responsability Investments]], cricketer [[MS Dhoni]]'s family office, and [[ReNew]] founder [[Sumant Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EV ride-hailing company BluSmart raises $24 million in funding |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/ride-hailing-company-blusmart-raises-24-million-in-funding/articleshow/111749656.cms |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

On 15 April 2025, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) barred the company's promoters, Anmol Singh Jaggi and Puneet Singh Jaggi, from holding directorships in the group's listed company Gensol Engineering Limited and from accessing public markets. SEBI's investigation revealed that funds from Gensol's term loans worth {{INRconvert|977|c}} raised from [[IREDA]] and [[Power Finance]] between 2021 and 2024–intended primarily for leasing 6,400 EVs to BluSmart–had been diverted and misappropriated by the Jaggi brothers. According to SEBI, only {{INRconvert|567|c}} was used for purchase of 4,704 EVs, while funds of at least {{INRconvert|400|c}} were either unaccounted for or siphoned off by the promoters. SEBI also flagged various personal expenditures made using the diverted funds, including the purchase of a luxury flat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adhikary |first1=Debaroti |title=Gensol and BluSmart promoter Anmol Singh Jaggi diverted EV loans to purchase a DLF Camellias flat: SEBI |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/gensol-and-blusmart-promoter-anmol-singh-jaggi-used-loans-for-buying-evs-to-purchase-a-dlf-camellias-flat-12995674.html |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alex |first1=Riya R |title=₹50 crore DLF Camellias Gurgaon flat: Here's how Anmol Singh Jaggi used Gensol funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/rs-50-crore-dlf-camellias-gurgaon-flat-heres-how-anmol-singh-jaggi-used-gensol-funds-11744775479583.html |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Mint |date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manchanada |first1=Kunal |title=Flat in Camellias, golf sets, and foreign trips: How Gensol's promoters siphoned funds |url=https://entrackr.com/news/flat-in-camellias-golf-sets-and-foreign-trips-how-gensols-promoters-siphoned-funds-8968118 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Entrackr |date=16 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Brajesh |title=Gensol likely to face multi-agency probe as Sebi flags fund diversion, stock manipulation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/gensol-likely-to-face-multi-agency-probe-as-sebi-flags-fund-diversion-stock-manipulation-12996011.html |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SEBI Interim Order in the matter of Gensol Engineering Limited |url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/content/circulars/INVG67564.pdf |website=NSE |publisher=Securities and Exchange Board of India |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref> SEBI's order came weeks after BluSmart [[Default (finance)|default]]ed on [[Bond (finance)|bond payments]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=Ranjani |last2=Gopakumar |first2=Gopika |title=Blu Smart repays after 'default'. Now it has to convince bondholders |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/blu-smart-mobility-cross-default-ncds-bondholders-cash-crunch-11740308743467.html |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Mint |date=24 February 2025}}</ref> and Anmol Singh Jaggi emailed BluSmart employees regarding the non-payment of salaries citing financial constraints.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Florentyna |first1=Anne |title=BluSmart Delays Salaries Citing Cash Flow Issues: Report |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/blusmart-delays-salaries-citing-cash-flow-issues-report/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Inc42 Media |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 April 2025, BluSmart suspended all ride bookings and extended the refund window for user wallet balances from 6 days to 90 days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Vasudha |title=Crisis deepens at BluSmart as more directors resign amid Gensol crisis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/gensol-crisis-ev-cab-app-blusmart-director-resignation-jaggi-sebi-order-125041800363_1.html |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=18 April 2025}}</ref> The company is now essentially defunct.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |last2=Shah |first2=Aditi Shah |title=India's BluSmart, rival of Uber, suspends operations after co-founder probed |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/indias-blusmart-rival-uber-suspends-operations-after-co-founder-probed-2025-04-17/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |publisher=Reuters |date=April 17, 2025}}</ref>

== Business model ==
BluSmart functioned on an asset-light business model.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2020|title=EVReporter, 2 March 2020|agency=EVReporter|issue=Online|url=https://evreporter.com/blusmart-operations/#:~:text=BluSmart%20operates%20on%20an%20asset,and%20a%20payout%20of%20Rs.}}</ref> Cars were procured on a monthly lease from companies like EESL.<ref name="auto"/> The company's [[mobile application|app]] was used to purchase rides, similarly to [[Uber]], [[Ola Cabs]] and [[Lyft]]. The company used all-electric cars with their branding on it.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Services ==
BluSmart operated in parts of [[Delhi NCR]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2022|title=EV cab provider BluSmart starts operations in Bengaluru|agency=FinancialExpress|issue=Online|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/electric-vehicles/ev-cab-provider-blusmart-starts-operations-in-bengaluru/2692076/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Serviceable Regions Across Delhi NCR & Bengaluru |url=https://blu-smart.com/en-IN/rider#:~:text=Serviceable%20Regions%0AAcross%20Delhi%20NCR%20%26%20Bengaluru |website=BluSmart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=BluSmart expands to Mumbai, launches invite-only service - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/startup/blusmart-expands-operations-to-mumbai-19535478.htm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BluSmart launches 100% all-electric premium limousine service in UAE |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/blusmart-launches-100-all-electric-premium-limousine-service-in-uae-124060300643_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122080741/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/blusmart-launches-100-all-electric-premium-limousine-service-in-uae-124060300643_1.html |archive-date=2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Users could book a cab using the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] or [[iOS]] app.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 July 2020|title=Express Drive, 14 July 2020|publisher=Financial Express|agency=Financial Express|issue=Express Drive Online|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/blusmart-hourly-electric-car-rental-rs-199-in-app-wallet-contactless-payments-ev-electric-cabs/2023767/}}</ref> In June 2020, BluSmart introduced multi-hour rentals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=BluSmart launches hourly electric car rental at Rs 199, in-app wallet for contactless payments|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/blusmart-hourly-electric-car-rental-rs-199-in-app-wallet-contactless-payments-ev-electric-cabs/2023767/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2021, BluSmart initiated a [[COVID-19]] vaccination drive for its drivers,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Achary|first=Neel|date=2021-04-15|title=BluSmart starts COVID-vaccination for its driver partners, Vaccination status to show on customer app|url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/blusmart-starts-covid-vaccination-for-its-driver-partners-vaccination-status-to-show-on-customer-app/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Business News This Week|language=en-US}}</ref> whose vaccination status was visible on the BluSmart mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-15|title=BluSmart starts COVID-vaccination for its driver partners, Vaccination status to show on customer app|url=http://mediabulletins.com/business-world/blusmart-starts-covid-vaccination-for-its-driver-partners-vaccination-status-to-show-on-customer-app/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Media Bulletins|language=en-US}}</ref>

BluSmart also launched EV intercity rides from Delhi NCR to Chandigarh, Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=BluSmart Mobility launches EV intercity rides from Delhi NCR to Chandigarh, Jaipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/blusmart-mobility-launches-ev-intercity-rides-from-delhi-ncr-to-chandigarh-jaipur-7855622/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Challenges in growth ==
Unlike its competitors, BluSmart's expansion faced several hindrances. Because BluSmart operated on a hub-to-hub model, the lack of charging infrastructure in India and [[range anxiety]] of EVs posed serious hurdles to the company's growth. Because their cars were not driver-owned assets, high maintenance costs were thought to further complicate its scaling-up process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://the-ken.com/story/tata-jio-bp-supercharge-blusmart/?ref_sharecode=MTAxODk2MS0zNTg3MC0wMzA4MDA0Mi1hcHA%3D|title=Tata-Jio-BP supercharge BluSmart's expansion plans|date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Taxi companies]]
[[Category:Ridesharing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]

Manisha Jith

2026-02-08T12:08:03Z

RockyDill0015: Created new data...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manisha Jith
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2004; 2014{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Manisha Jith''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthiik-plays-a-koothu-artiste-in-his-next-film/articleshow/64064133.cms |title=Karthiik plays a koothu artiste in his next film |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uyire: Manishajith to play Pavithra yet again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/uyire-manishajith-to-play-pavithra-yet-again/articleshow/78127779.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=வெள்ளித்திரை கை கொடுக்காததால்... சின்னத்திரையில் கலக்கி வரும் நடிகை! யார் தெரியுமா |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/manishajith-photo-gallery-qdb4um |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Manisha Jith made her debut with ''[[Gambeeram]]'' (2004) in which she played [[Sarath Kumar]]'s daughter.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/working-with-azhar-was-a-fun-experience-manishajith/articleshow/69308383.cms |title=Working with Azhar was a fun experience: Manishajith |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She played a child artist in nearly forty films.<ref name="A"/> She made her debut as a heroine with ''Nanbargal Kavanathirku'' starring [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1989)|Sanjeev]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Child-artist-Maneeshajit-turns-heroine/articleshow/17384863.cms |title=Child artist Maneeshajit turns heroine |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2015, she starred in ''[[Vindhai]]'' opposite former child actor [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] and the horror film ''[[Kamara Kattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-cop-comedy/article7043604.ece |title=Etcetera: Cop comedy |first=Nikhil |last=Raghavan |date=28 March 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kamara-kattu/movie-review/47390311.cms|title=Kamara Kattu Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Kamara Kattu by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She starred in several low-budget films including ''Thirappu Vizha'', which was based on the [[TASMAC]] protests, and ''Enakku Innum Kalyanam Aagala'' starring [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060517/a-film-on-tasmac-protests.html |title=A film on Tasmac protests |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=6 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/191218/manishajith-takes-the-glam-route.html |title=Manishajith takes the glam route |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=19 December 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In 2020, she portrayed the lead role in the television serial [[Uyire (TV series)|''Uyire'']]; however, she was replaced by Shree Gopika after she fell unconscious on the sets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-shree-gopika-replaces-manishajith-in-uyire/articleshow/76773006.cms |title=Actress Shree Gopika replaces Manishajith in 'Uyire' |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/uyire-fame-actress-manishajith-falls-unconscious-on-the-shooting-sets/articleshow/74082340.cms |title=Uyire fame actress Manishajith falls unconscious on the shooting sets |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In July 2022, her film ''Kichi Kichi'' was released, co-starring with television anchor Azhar.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Kichi Kichi - Sneak Peek {{!}} PA. Anantharajan {{!}} Yogi babu {{!}} Azhar {{!}} Manisha jith {{!}} Mansoor Ali khan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL-TK837CFc |access-date=6 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Gambeeram]]'' || Krithika || child artiste credited as Monica
|-
| 2014 || ''Nanbargal Kavanathirku'' || Vennila ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015|| ''Thirappu Vizha''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kamara Kattu]]'' || Poongodi ||
|-
| ''[[Vindhai]]'' || Kavya ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Inaya Thalaimurai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Vanakilli Bharathi''
|Vanakilli
|
|-
| ''Vakiba'' || ||
|-
| ''Enakku Innum Kalyanam Aagala'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Pizhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Alti'' || Mary ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]'' || Kanimozhi ||
|-
|''[[Appathava Aattaya Pottutanga]]'' || Shanmugham's daughter || credited as Rehana
|-
|2023 || ''Kichi Kichi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''Aaraichi''|| ||
|-
| ''Thimil'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aaryamala]]'' || Malar ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serials
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2020|| ''[[Uyire (TV series)|Uyire]]'' || Pavithra || [[Colors Tamil]]
| Replaced by Shreegopika Neelanath
|-
| 2022|| ''Kannathil Muthamittal'' || Aadhira || [[Zee Tamil]]
| Replaced by Padaine Kumar
|-
|2023–present
| ''[[Ranjithame (2023 TV series)|Ranjithame]]''
| Rajitha Arun
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7342772}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Short-range ballistic missile

2026-01-25T04:11:53Z

RockyDill0015: Enhanced article with new information

{{short description|Ballistic missile with a range of about 1,000 kilometres}}
A '''short-range ballistic missile''' ('''SRBM''') is a [[ballistic missile]] with a [[range (aeronautics)|range]] of {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/23317724/defense-primer-ballistic-missile-defense-nov-23-2022.pdf|title=Defense Primer: Ballistic Missile Defense|work=[[Congressional Research Service]]|date=23 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> In past and potential regional conflicts, these missiles have been and would be used because of the short distances between some countries and their relative low cost and ease of configuration. In modern terminology, SRBMs are part of the wider grouping of [[theatre ballistic missile]]s, which includes any ballistic missile with a range of less than 3,500&nbsp;km.
[[File:Aggregat4-Schnitt-engl.jpg|thumb|Sectional view of the missile Aggregat 4 / V 2]]

== Models ==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2022}}
{|class = "wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
|+Models by country
! Country
! Model name
! {{Tooltip|Year|Year of introduction}}
! Range
|-
! {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Brazilian short-range ballistic missile]]
| ''TBA (in development)''
| {{cvt|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/5673674/mac-jee-adquiere-propiedad-intelectual-proyecto-misiles-mar-1-maa-1b | title= Mac Jee adquiere la propiedad intelectual y el proyecto de los misiles MAR-1 y MAA-1B | website= Indodefensa | date= 19 November 2025 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China]]
| [[B-611]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|150-280|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[B-611#BP-12A|BP-12A]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[DF-11]]
| 1992
| {{cvt|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Dongfeng (missile)#DF-12|DF-12/M20]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|280-400|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[DF-15]]
| 1990
| {{cvt|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
| [[Hadès]]
| 1991
| {{cvt|480|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Pluton (missile)|Pluton]]
| 1974
| {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| SE4200
| 1950
| {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="10" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| [[Agni-I]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|700-900|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]]
| 2011

| {{cvt|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Prahaar (missile)#Pragati|Pragati]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|170|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|150-500|km|mi|abbr=on}} 
|-
| [[Prahaar (missile)#Pranash|Pranash]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi I|Prithvi I]]
| 1994
| {{cvt|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi II|Prithvi II]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|230-350|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi III|Prithvi III]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|350-750|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Shaurya (missile)|Shaurya]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|700-1900|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Indonesia]]
| [[RX (rocket family)|RX-550]]
| 2010
| {{convert|300-533|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="14" | {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
| [[Fateh-110]]
| 2002
| {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Fateh-313]]
| 2015
| {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Fateh Mobin]]
| 2018
| {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Naze'at]]
| 1982
| {{convert|100–130|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Qiam 1]]
| 2010
| {{convert|700–800|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Raad-500|Ra'ad-500]]
| 2020
| {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Samen (missile)|Samen]]
| 2008
| {{Convert|750–800|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Shahab-1]]
| 1985
| {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Shahab-2]]
| 1990
| {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Tondar-69]]
| 1992
| {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Zelzal-1]]
| 1990
| {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Zelzal-2]]
| 1998
| {{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Zelzal-3]]
| 2007
| {{convert|200–250|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Zolfaghar (missile)|Zolfaghar]]/Zulfiqar<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran claims Zolfaghar missile has 700 km range &#124; Jane's 360 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/64149/iran-claims-zolfaghar-missile-has-700-km-range |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622221622/http://www.janes.com/article/64149/iran-claims-zolfaghar-missile-has-700-km-range |archive-date=2017-06-22 |access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref>
| 2016
| {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Iraq]]
| [[Al-Abbas (missile)|Al Abbas]]
| Never entered service
| {{convert|800-950|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Ababil-100|Al Fat'h]]
| 1991
| {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]]
| 1987
| {{convert|600-650|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Al Hijarah (missile)|Al Hijarah]]
| 1990
| {{convert|700-900|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Al-Samoud 2]]
| 2003
| {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]]
| [[Jericho missile#Jericho I|Jericho I]]
| 1971
| {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[LORA (missile)|LORA]]
| 2018
| {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Predator Hawk]]
| 2016
| {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="1" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]]
| [[Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile|HVGP (Block 1)]]
| ''2025 (planned)''
| {{convert|300-500|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="cabinet2023">{{Citation|author=内閣府|date=March 2023|title=シンクタンク機能の試行事業の成果物　資料6　広範囲調査分析|url=https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/stmain/pdf/20230314thinktank/seikabutsu/shiryou6-1-02.pdf}}p. 240</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany]]
| [[V-2 rocket|V-2 missile]]
| 1944
| {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Rheinbote]]
| 1944
| {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="9" | {{flagicon|PRK}} [[North Korea]]
| [[Hwasong-5]]
| 1985
| {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hwasong-6]]
| 1990
| {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hwasong-7]]
| 1988
| {{convert|700-995|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[KN-02 Toksa|Hwasong-11]]
| 2008
| {{convert|120-220|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[KN-18]]
|2017
|{{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hwasong-11A]] (KN-23)
| 2018
| {{convert|250-700|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Hwasong-11B]] (KN-24)
|2019
| {{convert|410|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
![[KN-25]] (Claimed by the US and South Korea)
|2019
|380 km (236 mi)
|-
|[[Hwasong-11C]]
|2021
| About {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="8" | {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]
| [[Abdali-I]]
| 2002
| {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]]
| 2004
| {{convert|290-320|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127044203/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010 |archive-date=January 27, 2010 |access-date=August 4, 2011}}\05\09\story_9-5-2010_pg1_4</ref>
|-
| [[Hatf-I]]
| 1989
| {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hatf-I|Hatf-IA]]
| 1995
| {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hatf-I|Hatf-IB]]
| 2001
| {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Nasr (missile)|Nasr]]
| 2011
| {{convert|70-90|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Shaheen (missile)|Shaheen-1]]
| 1999
| {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Shaheen (missile)|Shaheen-1 A]]
| 2012
| {{convert|1,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia]]
| [[Šumadija (multiple rocket launcher)|Šumadija ]]
| 2017
| {{convert|75-285|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|ROK}} [[South Korea]]
| [[Hyunmoo|Hyunmoo-1]]
| 1986
| {{convert|180–250|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hyunmoo|Hyunmoo-2]]
| 2008
| {{convert|300–800|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Hyunmoo|Hyunmoo-4]]
| 2020
| {{convert|800|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[KTSSM]]
| 2017
| {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="7" | {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
{{RUS}}
| [[9K720 Iskander]]
| 2006
| >{{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|Russia}}
|-
| [[OTR-21 Tochka]]-U
| 1989
| {{convert|70-185|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}/{{flagicon|RUS}}
|-
| [[OTR-23 Oka]]
| 1979
| >{{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}
|-
| [[R-1 (missile)|R-1]]
| 1950
| {{convert|270|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}
|-
| [[R-2 (missile)|R-2]]
| 1951
| {{convert|600-1,200|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}
|-
| [[Scud missile]]
| 1957
| {{convert|180–700|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}
|-
| [[TR-1 Temp]]
| 1969
| {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{flagicon|USSR}}
|-
! ! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan]]
| [[Sky Spear]]
| 2001
| {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Sky Horse]]
| Cancelled
| {{convert|600-950|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkey]]
| [[Bora (missile)|BORA I]]
| 2017
| {{convert|80-280|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Tayfun (missile)|Tayfun]]
| 2022
| {{convert|560-900|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[J-600T missile|J-600T Yıldırım I]]
| 1998
| {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine]]
| [[Hrim-2]]
| 2018
| {{convert|50-500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! rowspan="8" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]
| [[MGM-5 Corporal]]
| 1954
| {{convert|48-130|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[PGM-11 Redstone]]
| 1958
| {{convert|92–323|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[MGM-18 Lacrosse]]
| 1959
| {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[MGM-29 Sergeant]]
| 1962
| {{convert|139|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[MGM-31 Pershing]]
| 1963
| {{convert|740|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[MGM-52 Lance]]
| 1972
| {{convert|70–120|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[MGM-140 ATACMS]]
| 1991
| {{convert|128–300|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Precision Strike Missile]]
| 2023
| over {{convert|499|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/precision-strike-missile.html|title=Precision Strike Missile (PRSM)|date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|YEM}}{{Flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg|link=Houthis}} [[Yemen]]
| [[Burkan-1]]
| 2016
| {{convert|800|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13950612000793|title=Farsnews|website=en.farsnews.com|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927205728/http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13950612000793|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Burkan-2]]
| 2017
| ≥{{cvt|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Qaher-1]]
| 2015
| {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Tactical ballistic missile]]
*[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM)
*[[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]] (IRBM)
*[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM)
*[[Anti-ship ballistic missile]] (ASBM)
*[[Hypersonic cruise missile]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Missile types}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Short-Range Ballistic Missile}}
[[Category:Types of missile]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles| ]]

{{Missile-stub}}

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

2026-01-20T03:50:53Z

RockyDill0015: stub

{{Short description|Mughal miniature by Bichitr, c. 1615–1618}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = Bichitr - Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, from the St. Petersburg album - Google Art Project.jpg
| artist = [[Bichitr]]
| year = {{circa|1615|1618}}
| medium = Gouache, gold and ink on paper
| movement = [[Mughal miniature]]
| subject = {{ubl
|[[Jahangir]]
|[[Shah Hussain]]
|[[Ahmed I]]
|[[James VI and I]]
|Bichitr
}}
| museum = [[Freer Gallery of Art]]
}}

'''''Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings''''' is a [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] painting by the Indian artist [[Bichitr]] for the court of the Fourth [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]], dated to {{circa|1615–1618}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Weekes |first=Ursula |date=2018-04-05 |title=A closer look at Mughal Emperor Jahangir depicted on the hourglass throne |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/closer-look-mughal-emperor-jahangir-depicted-hourglass-throne/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421152337/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/closer-look-mughal-emperor-jahangir-depicted-hourglass-throne/ |archive-date=2024-04-21 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=[[British Academy]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Smee |first=Sebastian |date=2021-03-03 |title=A Mughal masterpiece |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/interactive/2021/bichitr-jahangir-sufi-shaikh-kings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728022644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/interactive/2021/bichitr-jahangir-sufi-shaikh-kings/ |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-12-08 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jyotsna G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvfuydFcy1MC |title=A Companion to the Global Renaissance: English Literature and Culture in the Era of Expansion |date=2013-02-26 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-65122-3 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref> It is situated in the [[Freer Gallery of Art]].

It depicts the emperor, seated upon a throne in the form of an hourglass, handing a book to a Sufi saint, while the Ottoman sultan and the king of England look on. The artist Bichitr himself is pictured in the bottom-left corner of the image, in a [[Self-insertion|self-insert]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
[[File:Details_of_the_self-portrait_of_Bichitr_(close-up_of_the_Mughal_miniature_painting_"Jahangir_preferring_a_Sufi_Shaikh_to_Kings",_c._1615-18).png|thumb|Details of the self-portrait of [[Bichitr]]|left]]
[[File:Detail of Ottoman Sultan and James I (close-up of the Mughal miniature painting "Jahangir preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings", c. 1615-18).png|thumb|The depiction of the Ottoman sultan and James VI and I.|left]]
The emperor [[Jahangir]] is depicted wearing a [[Jama (coat)|''jama'']], with a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] around his face combining the imagery of the sun and the crescent moon. He is slightly larger than the other figures, in accordance with [[hierarchical proportion]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Folsach |first1=Kjeld von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZdswEACAAJ |title=The Human Figure in Islamic Art: Holy Men, Princes, and Commoners |last2=Meyer |first2=Joachim |last3=samling |first3=C. L. Davids fond og |date=2017 |publisher=David Collection |isbn=978-87-92949-96-7 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> Thus, creating a sense of divinity and presenting the emperor with his status of ruler.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Roshna |title=Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings |url=https://smarthistory.org/bichtir-jahangir-preferring-a-sufi-shaikh-to-kings/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Smarthistory |language=en}}</ref> Jahangir is wearing a larger turban on his head, which is smoother than the other turbans, to make him stand out from the others in the Mughal court.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last=Chida-Razvi |first=Mehreen |title=A Sultan before the Padshah? Questioning the Identification of the Turbaned Figure in Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings |date=2016 |work=Art Trade and Culture |pages=205–214 |editor-last=Ohta |editor-first=Alison |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5076274.22 |access-date=2025-12-04 |series=From the Fatimids to the Mughals |publisher=Gingko |doi=10.2307/jj.5076274.22 |editor2-last=Rogers |editor2-first=J.M. |editor3-last=Haddon |editor3-first=Rosalind Wade|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

He is seated on a throne shaped like a European [[hourglass]]. The hourglass can be interpreted as a reference to the second [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] millennium, which began in 1591-2, some time before Jahangir's accession to the throne in 1605. On the hourglass, a Persian inscription reads, "God is great. O [[Shah]], may the span of your reign be a thousand years". This might indicate that the painting was presented to the emperor on his birthday.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-rfrQEACAAJ |title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 101 Great Works, 1100-1900 |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08657-3 |pages=322−325 |language=en}}</ref> The inscriptions contained in the margins above and below Jahangir within the [[Cartouche|cartouches]] convey the message that the emperor prefers gathering with holy men compared to visits from a court of kings. This is also represented in the depiction of Jahangir giving attention to saint Hussain and ignoring the artist Bichitr presenting the emperor with his painting.<ref name=":03" />

Jahangir is seen offering a book to a bearded [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint. The depicted saint is Shaikh Husain from the Indian Sufi Chishti sect started by [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Mu'in al-din Christi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kavita |title=Real Birds in Imagined Gardens: Mughal Painting between Persia and Europe |date=2017-03-17 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=9781606065181}}</ref> The other men before him in order are the Ottoman [[sultan]], the king of England and Scotland [[James VI and I]], and then the artist [[Bichitr]] himself. In accordance with [[hierarchical proportion]], it can be interpreted as Jahangir preferring Shaikh Hussain over fellow rulers.<ref name=":1" />

The depiction of the unknown Ottoman sultan, which seems to be a general type rather than any specific portrait, draws from a work by [[Giovanni Bellini]]. The sultan wears green clothing with embroidered gold with pink lining on his over his arm, and a white turban. The style of turban worn by the Ottoman sultan is known as a [[Turban|Kavuk]] turban which is an Ottoman imperial turban. His hands are held out in a respectful manner towards Jahangir.

The depiction of James VI and I is taken from a work by [[John de Critz]], brought to India by the English ambassador [[Thomas Roe]]. James VI wears European style attire; a pink cloak along with a white dress shirt, a ruff, a grey hat with feathers and jewelry. He faces away from Jahangir and towards the viewer with a hand near a decorated sword on his waist.

In the bottom-left corner of the image is the artist Bichitr. He is portrayed wearing a Hindu-styled robe, and holding up a painting. [[Stuart Cary Welch|Stuart C. Welch]] interprets this painting to be of Bichitr himself bowing to the emperor. This self-insertion as a sort of signature, became a custom in Mughal painting in the coming years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25950/page/167/mode/2up |title=The imperial image: paintings for the Mughal court |date=1981 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Washington |pages=168–169}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The painting signifies Jahangir's reverence towards the saint, spurning the great monarchs vying for his audience. Bichitr’s painting being offered is seen as more than a simple picture or gift. Rather, it presents Bichitr as a prophet who exposes the hidden truth about divine order. <ref name=":1" /> Even his love for art fails to distract him from the spiritual, as even the artist Bichitr in the bottom-left fails to get his attention. Its dating coincides with the period when he shifted the capital to the holy city of [[Ajmer]] from 1613 to 1616.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

A Venetian-styled carpet constitutes the lower half of the background, while the upper half is sky blue. Four [[Putto|putti]] are seen in the picture. Two of them are at the bottom of the hourglass, gathering the sand which has fallen into the bottom half, while two are flying in the background.<ref name=":0" />

Two Persian couplets are inscribed above and below the painting, reading, "By the grace of God is he truly a king both in form and spirit: the Shah Nur-ud Din Jahangir, son of ''Padshah'' [[Akbar]]; To all appearances, even as kings and potentates stand in attendance upon him, his gaze falls, inwardly, ever upon holy [[dervish]]es." These couplets, along with the border, are later additions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

The angel's motifs add to the heavenly aura that Jahngir is depicted in inclusive of the halo. With 2 angels at the base, and 2 angels at the top with bows representing cupid like child angels., similar to European [[putto]]. With Jahangir wearing a christian cross as a show of the Mughals leaders extension of power and diplomacy beyond his own religion, blending Persian and European traditions. The hourglass shows Jahangir assumption of the throne at the turn of the millennium, with the angels writing Persian text at the bottom.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Collection of the Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:James VI and I]]
[[Category:Paintings by Bichitr]]
[[Category:Miniature painting]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Postage stamps and postal history of India

2026-01-08T06:38:26Z

RockyDill0015: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}} 
{{for-multi|the states with their own stamps|Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states|India Post|Indian Postal Service}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:1947 India Flag 3½ annas.jpg|thumb|The first stamp of independent [[India]] shows the new [[Flag of India|Indian Flag]]. It was meant for foreign correspondence.<ref name="Phil">''India Postage Stamps 1947–1988''.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.</ref><ref name="SS">Souvenir sheet of the ''Independence'' series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948</ref>]]
[[File:India 1947 Ashoka Lions 1 and half annas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The second stamp depicts the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Aśokan lions capital]], the [[National Emblem of India]], and was for domestic use.<ref name="Phil"/><ref name="SS"/>]]
Indian postal systems for efficient military and governmental communications had developed long before the arrival of Europeans. When the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], [[Dutch India|Dutch]], [[French India|French]], [[Danish India|Danish]] and [[British India|British]] conquered [[Maratha Empire|the Marathas]] who had already defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], their postal systems existed alongside those of many somewhat independent states. The British [[East India Company]] gradually annexed the other powers on the [[Indian subcontinent|sub-continent]] and brought into existence a British administrative system over most of modern-day India, with a need to establish and maintain both official and commercial mail systems.

Although the [[Indian Post Office]] was established in 1837, Asia's first adhesive stamp, the [[Scinde Dawk]], was introduced in 1852 by Sir [[Bartle Frere]], the [[East India Company]]'s administrator of the province of [[Sindh|Sind]]. The Indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of [[India]], [[Burma]], the [[Straits Settlements]] and other areas controlled by the East India Company (EIC). Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer, [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Rowland Hill]], efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative functioning of the EIC and its successor, the [[British Raj]]. The Imperial Posts co-existed with the several postal systems maintained by various [[Princely States|Indian states]], some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions, while British Indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states. [[Communications in India|Telegraphy and telephony]] made their appearance as part of the Posts before becoming separate departments. After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] in 1947, the Indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable, low cost services to the public of India. [[Pakistan]] has also had its own postal service since 1947, [[Burma]] since 1948, and [[Bangladesh]] since 1971.

==Postal history of India==
===Ancient and medieval India===
The history of India's postal system begins long before the introduction of postage stamps. The antecedents have been traced to the systems of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Persian Empire]] instituted by [[Cyrus the Great]] and [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] for communicating important military and political information. The [[Atharvaveda]] (or Arthveda) which is one of the oldest books in the world, records a messenger service in ancient India millenniums ago. Systems for collecting information and revenue data from the provinces are mentioned in [[Chanakya]]'s [[Arthashastra]] (meaning military strategy and skill)({{circa|lk=no|3rd}} century [[BCE]]).

{{Blockquote|In ancient times the kings (or Raja), emperors (or [[Maharaja]]), rulers, zamindars (or the feudal lords) protected their land through the intelligence services of specially trained police or military agencies and courier services to convey and obtain information through runners, messengers and even through [[pigeon post|pigeons]] in most parts of India. The chief of the secret service, known as the Daakpaal (postmaster), maintained the lines of communication ... The people used to send letters to [their] distant relatives through their friends or neighbors.<ref>Mohini Lal Mazumdar, The Imperial Post Offices of British India. Calcutta, Phila Publications, (1990) p. 1.</ref>}}

[[File:Dak Chowki Wazirabad.jpg|thumb|right|Dak Chowki of Sher Shah Suri's period, Wazirabad, Punjab, Pakistan]]
The first Sultan of Delhi, before the Mughals colonised India, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] was Sultan for only four years, 1206–1210, but he founded the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]] and created a messenger post system. This was expanded into the ''dak chowkis,'' a horse and foot runner service, by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1296. [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1541–1545) replaced runners with horses for conveyance of messages along the northern Indian high road, today known as the [[Grand Trunk Road]], which he constructed between [[Bengal]] and [[Sindh]] over an ancient trade route at the base of the Himalayas, the [[Uttarapatha]]. He also built 1700 'serais' where two horses were always kept for the despatch of the Royal Mail.<ref name="Dattas1">Pg 29, Datta et al. (2009). ''Rare stamps of the World''.</ref> [[Akbar]] introduced camels in addition to the horses and runners.<ref name="Dattas1"/>

In the South of India, in 1672 Raja [[Chikka Devaraja|Chuk Deo]] of [[Mysore]] began an efficient postal service which was further improved upon by [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]].<ref name="Dattas1"/>

===Posts and the East India Company===
[[File:Thomas Waghorn by Sir George Hayter.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Waghorn]], {{circa|1847}}, ''by Sir George Hayter'']]
The East India Company took constructive steps to improve the existing postal systems in India when, in 1688, they opened a post office in [[Bombay]] followed by similar ones in Calcutta and Madras. [[Lord Clive]] further expanded the services in 1766 and in 1774 [[Warren Hastings]] made the services available to the general public. The fee charged was two annas per 100 miles.<ref name="Dattas1"/> The postmarks applied on these letters are very rare and are named 'Indian Bishop Marks' after Colonel [[Henry Bishop (postmaster general)|Henry Bishop]], the [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom]] who introduced this practice in Britain.<ref name="Dattas1"/> The Post Office Department of the East India Company was first established on 31 March 1774 at Calcutta,<ref>Mohini Lal Majumdar, ''Early History and Growth of Postal System in India,'' RDDHI-India, Calcutta (1995), p. 67. {{ISBN|81-85292-07-8}}</ref> followed in 1778 at Madras and in 1792 at Bombay.<ref>E. G. Oehme, ''India Post'', No. 72. India Study Circle.</ref> After 1793, when [[Cornwallis]] introduced the [[Permanent Settlement|Regulation of the Permanent Settlement]], the financial responsibility for maintaining the official posts rested with the [[zamindar]]s. Alongside these, private ''dawk'' mail systems sprang up for the commercial conveyance of messages using hired runners. Also, the East India Company created its own infrastructure for the expansion and administration of military and commercial power. The runners were paid according to the distance they travelled and the weight of their letters.

Carrying the mail was dangerous work:

{{Blockquote|With the exception of such parts as may be infested by tigers, the post seldom or never fails of arriving within an hour of its appointed time, except, as has been observed, when the waters are out. In this case, many circuitous roads must be followed, whereby the way is considerably lengthened. Taking the average, a hundred miles per day may be run over by the dawk, or post, in fair weather. Each mail-bag is conveyed by an ''hurkaru'' (or runner) who is attended by one or two ''doogy-wallahs,'' or drummers, who keep up a kind of long-roll, as they pass any suspicious place.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/gilchrist/62part.html Thomas Williamson, ''The General East India Guide and Vade Mecum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020230235/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/gilchrist/62part.html |date=20 October 2013 }} ed. [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]], [[Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen]], London, (1825)</ref>}}

The '''Post Office Act XVII of 1837''' provided that the Governor-General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company. Section XX required all private vessels to carry letters at prescribed rates for postage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjhDAAAAcAAJ&q=Post+Office+Act+of+1837+++India&pg=PA65|title=Acts of the government of India from 1834 to 1838 inclusive|year=1840|publisher=House of Commons |pages=65–66 |access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> A handstamp was applied to preadhesive ship letters.<ref>J.L.R. Croft, "Aden Ship Letters", ''The Philatelist'', (December 1868) p. 70.</ref> The mails were available to certain officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on '''1 October 1837'''.<ref>Robson Lowe, ''Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps,'' v. III London, Robson Lowe, Ltd. (1951), p. 134.</ref>

The urgent European mails were carried overland ''via'' [[Egypt]] at the [[isthmus]] of [[Suez]]. This route, pioneered by [[Thomas Waghorn]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Fletcher Waghorn (1800–1850) |publisher=Egypt Study Circle |url=http://www.egyptstudycircle.org.uk/PostalHistory/overland.html |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181439/http://www.egyptstudycircle.org.uk/PostalHistory/overland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> linked the [[Red Sea]] with the [[Mediterranean]], and thence by steamer ''via'' [[Marseille]], [[Brindisi]] or [[Trieste]] to European destinations. The [[Suez Canal]] did not open until much later (17 November 1869). The time in transit for letters using the '''Overland Mail'''<ref>John K. Sidebottom, ''The Overland Mail: A Postal Historical Study of the Mail Route to India,'' London: G. Allen and Unwin (1948) {{ISBN|1-135-39399-0}}</ref> route was dramatically reduced. Waghorn's route reduced the journey from 16,000 miles ''via'' the Cape of Good Hope to 6,000 miles; and reduced the time in transit from three months to between 35 and 45 days.

===The Scinde District Dawk===
[[File:Red Scinde Dawk stamp.jpg|left|upright|thumb|1852 red sealing wafer Scinde Dawk, Asia's first adhesive stamp]]
The use of the [[Scinde Dawk]] adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the [[Scinde]]/[[Sindh]] district,<ref>[http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/scinde_1.shtml "Scinde, India", ''First Issues Collectors Club''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904135544/http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/scinde_1.shtml |date=4 September 2012 }} . Retrieved 25 September.</ref> as part of a comprehensive reform of the district's postal system. A year earlier [[Sir Bartle Frere]] had replaced the postal runners with a network of horses and camels, improving communications in the Indus river valley to serve the military and commercial needs of the [[British East India Company]].<ref>H.D.S. Haverbeck, "The Sind District Dawk," ''The Collectors Club Philatelist'' v. 44 no. 2 (March 1965) pp. 79–85.</ref>

The new stamps were embossed individually onto [[postage stamp paper|paper]] or a [[Sealing wax|wax wafer]]. The shape was circular, with "SCINDE DISTRICT DAWK" around the rim and the British East India Company's [[Merchant's Mark]] as the central [[emblem]]. The paper was either white or greyish white. The blue stamp was [[Printing|printed]] onto the paper by the [[Die (manufacturing)|die]] during the embossing, while the wax version was embossed on a red sealing wax wafer on paper; but all had the same value of 1/2 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]. They were used until October 1854, and then officially suppressed. These are quite scarce today, with valuations from US$700 to $10,000 for postally used examples. The unused red stamp was previously valued at £65,000.00 by Stanley Gibbons (basis 2006); however, it now appears that no unused examples have survived.

===1854 reforms and the first issues===
[[File:Four annas H3 F2 smaller.jpg|right|upright|thumb|4 annas, 1854]]
The first stamps valid for postage throughout India were placed on sale in October 1854 with four values: 1/2 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]], 1 anna, 2 annas, and 4 annas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/india_1.shtml|title=First Issues Collectors Club of stamps and philatelic material|author=Jesper Andersen|publisher=First Issues Collectors Club|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522083318/http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/india_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Featuring a [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419154035/http://imagesoftheworld.org/stamps/wyon.htm youthful profile] of [[Queen Victoria]] ''aet.'' 15 years, all four values were designed and printed in [[Calcutta]], and issued without perforations or gum. All were [[lithographed]] except for the 2 annas green, which was produced by [[typography]] from copper [[Stereotype (printing)|cliché]]s or from [[electrotyping|electrotyped plates]]. The 4 annas value (illustrated) was one of the world's first bicolored stamps, preceded only by the [[Basel Dove]], a beautiful local issue.

These stamps were issued following a Commission of Inquiry which had carefully studied the postal systems of Europe and America. In the opinion of Geoffrey Clarke, the reformed system was to be maintained "for the benefit of the people of India and not for the purpose of swelling the revenue."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Geoffrey |title=The Post Office of India and its Story |publisher=William Brendon & Son, Ltd |year=1920 |location=Plymouth |page=22 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45092/45092-h/45092-h.htm |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024657/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45092/45092-h/45092-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commissioners voted to abolish the earlier practice of conveying official letters free of postage ("franking"). The new system was recommended by the Governor-General, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], and adopted by the East India Company's Court of Directors. It introduced "low and uniform" rates for sending mail efficiently throughout the country within the jurisdiction of the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm|title= The Indian Mutiny||access-date= 14 May 2012|archive-date= 2 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190802123528/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> The basic rate was 1/2 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]] on letters not more than 1/4 [[Tola (mass)|tola]] in weight. The stamps were needed to show the postage was prepaid, a basic principle of the new system, like the fundamental changes of the British system advocated by [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Rowland Hill]] and the [[Scinde Dawk#Reform of the postal system|Scinde reforms]] of [[Bartle Frere]]. These reforms transformed mail services within India.

[[File:1856 Imprimatur- 2 annas Bottle Green.JPG|upright|thumb|The De La Rue design for the Recess Printed issues: an 1856 color [[Imprimatur#Other uses of the term|imprimatur]], 2 annas "bottle green"]]
The [[East India Company]] already had attempted a 1/2 anna [[vermilion]] stamp in April 1854, known as the "9½ arches [[Essay (philately)|essay]]". This could not be produced in quantity because it required an expensive vermilion pigment not readily available from England, and the substituted Indian pigment destroyed the printing [[lithography|stones]].

A new design for stamps, with [[Queen Victoria]] in an oval [[Vignette (philately)|vignette]] inside a rectangular frame, was inscribed "EAST INDIA POSTAGE". These stamps were [[engraving|recess printed]] by [[De La Rue]] in England (who produced all the subsequent issues of British India until 1925).<ref name="SaksenaVishnu">Saksena, Vishnu S., ''Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector,'' Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society. Pratibha Printing Press, New Delhi (1989), pp. 84–89</ref> The first of these became available in 1855. They continued in use well after the British government took over the administration of India in 1858, following the [[The Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]] against the East India Company's rule. From 1865 the Indian stamps were printed on paper [[watermark]]ed with an [[Asian elephant|elephant]]'s head.

===1866 reforms and the Provisionals===
[[File:1866 Bombay to London 28 days.jpg|left|thumb|6 annas [[provisional stamp|provisional]], 1866, Bombay to London by [[Steamship|steamer]], 28 days<ref>R.M.S. Rangoon was wrecked upon leaving Galle Harbor 1 November 1871. ''The Mercury'', Hobart, Tasmania, 28 Nov 1871, p.3.</ref>]]
[[File:Hamburg Museum 2011-3697-0.jpg|thumb|An official letter with Half, One and Two Anna stamps]]
The volume of mail moved by the postal system increased relentlessly, doubling between 1854 and 1866, then doubling again by 1871. The '''Post Office Act XIV''' introduced reforms by '''1 May 1866''' to correct some of the more apparent postal system deficiencies and abuses. Postal service efficiencies also were introduced. In 1863 new lower rates were set for [[steamship|"steamer"]] mail to Europe at 6 annas 8 pies for a 1/2 ounce letter. Lower rates were introduced for inland mail, as well.

New regulations removed the special postal privileges which had been enjoyed by officials of the East India Company. Stamps for official use were prepared and carefully accounted for to combat the abuse of privileges by officials. In 1854 Spain had printed special stamps for official communications, but in 1866 India was the first country to adopt the simple expedient of [[overprint]]ing 'Service' on postage stamps and 'Service Postage' on revenue stamps. This innovation became widely adopted by other countries in later years.<ref>Alan C. Campbell, "The Design Evolution of the United States Official Stamps", ''U.S. Philatelic Classics Society Chronicle,'' Vol. 48, Nos. 1 and 2, Whole Nos. 169 and 170 (February and May 1996).</ref><ref>In 1840 England had abandoned its first [[VR official|stamp]] designed for official use; it resembled the Penny Black, except for the letters V R in the upper corners.</ref>

Shortages developed, so these stamps also had to be improvised. Some of the "Service Postage" overprinted rarities of this year resulted from the sudden changes in postal regulations. New designs for the 4 annas and "6 annas 8 pies" stamps were issued in 1866. Nevertheless, there was a shortage of stamps to meet the new rates. [[Provisional Stamp|Provisional]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Klug |first=Janet |title=Into the breach: provisional stamps fill the gap |work=Refresher Course |publisher=Linns Stamp News |url=http://www.linns.com/insights/stamp-collecting-basics/2004/june/into-the-breach--provisional-stamps-fill-the-gap.html#}}</ref> six annas stamps were improvised by cutting the tops and bottoms from a current Foreign Bill [[revenue stamp]], and overprinting "POSTAGE".

Another four new designs appeared, one at a time, between 1874 and 1876.

A complete new set of stamps was issued in 1882 for the [[British Raj|Empire of India]] that had been proclaimed five years earlier, in 1877. The designs consisted of the usual Victoria profile, in a variety of frames, inscribed "INDIA POSTAGE". The watermark also changed to a star shape. These stamps were heavily used and are still quite common today.

Three stamps, featuring a detail from Heinrich von Angeli's 1885 portrait of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?category=AAPICTURES&object=403405&row=775|title=Royal Collection – Queen Victoria|publisher=The Royal Collection|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-date=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608195024/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?category=AAPICTURES&object=403405&row=775|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2, 3 and 5 [[rupee]] denominations, were introduced in 1895. Other existing designs were reprinted in new colours in 1900.

==Postal history of Indian states==
{{main|Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states}}
[[File:Anchal pozt box kerala.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Anchal Petty'' ([[Post box]]) of [[Travancore]]]]
[[File:Orchha 1914 2 a red brown.JPG|thumb|right|upright|1916 red-brown 2 anna of Orchha, a feudatory state]]
British India had hundreds of [[Princely States]], some 652 in all,<ref>Mohini Lal Mazumdar, ''Early History and Growth of Postal System in India,'' Calcutta, Phila Publications, (1995) p. 358.</ref> but most of them did not issue postage stamps. The stamp-issuing States were of two kinds: the Convention States and the Feudatory States. The postage stamps and postal histories of these States provide great challenges and many rewards to the patient philatelist. Many rarities are to be found here. Although handbooks are available, much remains to be discovered.

The '''convention states''' are those which had postal conventions (or agreements) with the [[Indian Postal Service|Post Office of India]] to provide postal services within their territories. The adhesive stamps and [[postal stationery]] of British India were overprinted for use within each convention state. The first convention state was [[Patiala]], in 1884, followed by others ([[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]] (formerly feudatory; convention from 1887), [[Gwalior]], [[Jind]] (formerly feudatory; convention from 1885) and [[Nabha]]) between 1885 and 1887. The stamps of the convention states all became invalid on 1 January 1951 when they were replaced with stamps of the Republic of India valid from 1 January 1950.

The '''feudatory states''' maintained their own postal services within their territories and issued stamps with their own designs. Many of the stamps were imperforate and without gum, as issued. Many varieties of type, paper, inks and dies are not listed in the standard catalogues. The stamps of each feudatory state were valid only within that state, so letters sent outside that state needed additional British India postage. The feudatory states, with their start and end years, were:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Alwar]] (1877–1899)
* [[Bamra]] (1888–1893)
* [[Barwani]] (1921–1938)
* [[Bhopal]] (1876–1932)
* [[Bhor]] (1879–1901)
* [[Bijawar]] (1935–1937)
* [[Bundi]] (1894–1941)
* [[Bashahr|Bussahir]] (1895–1900)
* [[Bahawalpur]] (1947–1949)
* [[Charkhari]] (1894–1943)
* [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] (1892–1933)
* [[Dhar]] (1897–1898)
* [[Datia|Duttia]] (1893–1916)
* [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]] (1879–1900)
* [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] (1869–1949)
* [[Idar State|Idar]] (1939–1944)
* [[Indore]] (1886–1941)
* [[Jaipur]] (1900–1947)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1878–1886)
* [[Jammu]] (1866–1877)
* [[Jind]] (1874–1885)
* [[Kashmir]] (1866–1867)
* [[Jasdan]] (1942–1942)
* [[Jhalawar]] (1887–1887)
* [[Kishangarh]] (1899–1928)
* [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] (1897–1904)
* [[Morvi]] (1931–1935)
* [[Rajnandgaon|Nandgaon]] (1892–1893)
* [[Nawanagar State|Nowanuggur]] (1877–1893)
* [[Orchha]] (1913–1939)
* [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] (1876–1884)
* [[Rajasthan]] (1949–1949)
* [[Rajpipla]] (1880)
* [[Sirmur]] (1879–1899)
* [[Saurashtra (region)|Soruth]] (1864–1937)
* [[Travancore]] (1888–1946)
* [[Travancore-Cochin]] (1949–1950)
* [[Wadhwan]] (1888–1889)
{{div col end}}

Both Faridkot and Jind, as feudatory states, issued their own stamps before they joined the Postal Convention. Faridkot joined on 1 January 1887. Jind joined in July 1885; its stamps from the feudatory period became invalid for postage, but they continued to be used for revenue purposes.

==Early 20th century==
[[File:Stamp India 1902 1r.jpg|thumb|left|upright| [[Edward VII]] one rupee stamp (1902)]]
[[File:Indian postal service. Educational card, late 19th or early 20th century.jpg|thumb|Indian postal service. Promotional card, Suchard Chocolates, late 19th or early 20th century]]
In 1902 a new series depicting King [[Edward VII]] generally reused the frames of the Victoria stamps, with some color changes, and included values up to 25 rupees. The higher values were often used for the payment of telegraph and parcel fees. Generally, such usage will lower a collector's estimation of a stamp's value; except those from remote or "used abroad" offices.<ref>[[Gerald Davis (philatelist)|Gerald Davis]] and [[Denys R. Martin|Denys Martin]], ''Burma Postal History, including the 1987 Supplement,'' Robson Lowe, Ltd., Woods of Perth, Scotland. (1971), pp. 184–94.</ref>

The 1911 stamps of King [[George V]] were more florid in their design. It is reported that George V, a philatelist, personally approved these designs. In 1919 a 1½ anna stamp was introduced, inscribed "ONE AND HALF ANNA", but in 1921 this changed to "ONE AND A HALF ANNAS". In 1926 the watermark changed to a pattern of multiple stars.

The first pictorial stamps appeared in 1931. The set of six, showing the fortress of [[Purana Qila, Delhi]] and government edifices, was issued to mark the government's move from [[Calcutta]] to New Delhi. Another pictorial set of seven stamps, also showing buildings, commemorated George V's [[Silver Jubilee]] in 1935.

The stamps issued in 1937 depicted various forms of mail transports, with King [[George VI|George VI's]] effigy appearing on the higher values. A new issue in 1941, constrained by the austerity of [[World War II]], consisted of rather plain designs using minimal amounts of ink and paper. As Indian Post Offices annually required some billions of stamps for postage, as a measure of economy the large pictorial stamps were immediately withdrawn and smaller stamps were issued. Even this did not ease the paper situation and it was thought desirable to reduce the size even more.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Specialised Priced Catalogue of Indian Stamps, 1852–1968|author=Jal Manekji Cooper|page=21|year=1969|location=Bombay|publisher=Jal Cooper}}</ref>

A victory issue in January 1946 was followed in November 1947 by a first [[Dominion]] issue, whose three stamps were the first to depict the [[Ashoka Pillar]] and the new flag of India (the third showed an aeroplane).

Postage stamps were generally issued separately from the revenue stamps. However, in 1906, the set of King [[Edward VII]] stamps were issued in two values, half anna and one anna with the caption "INDIA POSTAGE & REVENUE". The [[George V]] Series (1911 to 1933) added two more values, two annas and four annas to the Postage & Revenue stamps. These dual-purpose issues were an exception and generally the two types were issued separately.

===India Security Press===
[[File:Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg|thumb|right|The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat]] and Dominion Columns.]]
From 1 January 1926 all printing and overprinting of India' postage stamps was conducted at India Security Press, Nasik. The possibility of printing postage stamps and other security items in India had been enquired into before the [[First World War]] but could not be pursued at that time. In 1922, the feasibility of this issue was explored in England by Lt Col C.H. Willis, C.I.E., then master of the Bombay Mint, and Mr F.D. Ascoti, I.C.S., Controller of Printing, Stationery and Stamps. Their favourable report, followed by a successful demonstration of production techniques in [[Delhi]] in 1923, led to the decision of the [[British Raj|Government]] to establish a security press at [[Nashik]]. The responsibility of setting up the Press was entrusted to none other than the London firm of Thomas De La Rue which already had a six-decade long association with Indian stamps. The construction began in 1924 at an original estimate of Rs 27½ lakhs and was completed in 1925 with additional costs of Rs 67 and 1/400,000.<ref name="SaksenaVishnu" />

The printing of stamps at Nasik began in 1925. The first stamps produced were the definitive series of George V, printed using [[typography]] from the same plates used earlier in England by De La Rue, which were now transferred to India. The [[watermark]] was changed by the Press to multiple stars. [[Lithography]] was now re-introduced and the first stamps printed with this technique were the first Air Mail series of 1929. The Security Press continued to use typography for most stamps, reserving the lithographic process for the most important commemorative issues, the next being the 1931 series commemorating the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government in 1931. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows the Secretariat and Dominion Columns. This practice continued after [[Independence of India#Independence, 1947 to 1950|independence]]. The first definitive series to be issued was the misnamed "Archaeological" series of 16 values; the top four values were produced by lithography and the remaining values by typography.<ref name="SaksenaVishnu" />

The new technique of [[photogravure]] printing was installed in 1952. The October 1952 series of six values on the theme of Saints and Poets was the first to be so produced. However, these were not the first photogravure stamps of India, having been preceded by the first Gandhi series of 1948, which were printed by Courvoisier of [[Geneva]] using the photogravure technique. Since then, photogravure has been used to produce all Indian stamps; typography and lithography being reserved for service labels only.<ref name="IndiaSecurity">India Security Press</ref>

==Independent India==
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi 10 Rupees.jpg|left|upright=0.75|thumb|The Rs 10 stamp showing [[Mahatma Gandhi]], released 15 August 1948]]
The '''First Stamp of Independent India''' was issued on 21 November 1947. It depicts the [[Indian Flag]] with the patriots' slogan, [[Jai Hind]] (Long Live India), on the top right hand corner. It was valued at three and one-half [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]].

A memorial to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was issued 15 August 1948 on the first anniversary of Independence. Exactly one year later a [[definitive series]] appeared, depicting '''India's broad cultural heritage''', mostly [[Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Muslim]], [[Sikh]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] temples, sculptures, monuments and fortresses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/indianphilately/chapter22.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524035508/http://www.webcitation.org/5knvzm97g?url=http://www.geocities.com/indianphilately/chapter22.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2024 |title=Ashok Kumar Bayanwala, "Archaeological Series – 15th August 1949" |publisher=Indian Philately |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> A subsequent issue commemorated the inauguration of the [[Republic of India]] on 26 January 1950.

Definitives included a '''technology and development''' theme in 1955, a series all showing the map of India in 1957, denominated in [[naye paisa]] (decimal currency), and a series with a broad variety of images in 1965.

[[File:Satrunjaya 1949.jpg|thumb|[[Shatrunjaya|Satrunjaya]], [[Jain]] temple complex near [[Palitana]], 15 August 1949. Indian stamps reflect the country's old and rich [[Culture of India|cultural heritage]].]]
The old inscription of "INDIA POSTAGE" was replaced in 1962 with "भारत INDIA", though three stamps issued between December 1962/January 1963 carried the earlier inscription.<ref name="SaksenaVishnu" />


India has printed stamps and postal stationery for other countries, mostly neighbours. Countries which have had stamps printed in India include [[Myanmar|Burma]] (before independence), [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Portugal]], and [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="IndiaSecurity" />

==Today==
{{main|Indian Postal Service}}

The Department of Posts, operating as India Post, is a government-operated postal system, simply referred to within India as "the post office". With its far-flung reach and its presence in remote areas, the Indian postal service provides many services such as small savings banking and financial services. As of 31 March 2011, the Indian Postal Service has 154,866 post offices, of which 139,040 (89.78%) are in rural areas and 15,826 (10.22%) are in urban areas. It has 25,464 departmental POs and 129,402 ED BPOs. At the time of independence, there were 23,344 post offices, which were primarily in urban areas. Thus, the network has registered a sevenfold growth since Independence, with the expansion primarily in rural areas. On an average, a post office serves an area of 21.23 sq;km and a population of 7,114 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2011–2012 |publisher=[[India Posts]] |page=14 |year=2012 |url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2011-2012.pdf |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034826/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2011-2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> India is believed to have the most widely distributed system in the world (China has 57,000, Russia 41,000 and the United States 38,000 offices).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} This proliferation of offices results from India's history of having many disparate postal systems, eventually unified in the Indian Union after Independence.

India has been divided into 22 postal circles, each circle headed by a Chief Postmaster General. Each Circle is further divided into Regions comprising field units, called Divisions, headed by a Postmaster General, and further divided into units headed by SSPOs & SPOs and Sub Divisions headed by ASPs and IPS. Other functional units like Circle Stamp Depots, Postal Stores Depots and Mail Motor Service exist in various Circles and Regions. Besides the 22 circles, there is a special Base Circle to provide the postal services for the Armed Forces of India. The Base Circle is headed by an Additional Director General, Army Postal Service holding the rank of a Major General.

Gandhi, Nehru and other historic personalities continued to appear on the postal issues coming from the country since Independence, with almost half a century seeing the Gandhi definitives of denominations most frequently used in the era concerned, becoming synonymous with a postage stamp to the Indian people of that respective time period{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}. New themes are now finding their place on Indian postage stamps, with some stamps issued jointly with postal agencies of other countries, renewable energy sources, the local flora and fauna and even the special annual issues wishing season's greetings. On 9 March 2011 India Post launched an online e-post office.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/india/28676258_1_portal-money-order-india-post | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/india/28676258_1_portal-money-order-india-post | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=E-post office: India Post launches online postal transactions service | date=10 March 2011}}</ref> The portal provides electronic money orders, instant money orders, stamps for collectors, postal information, tracking of express and international shipments, PIN code search and registration of feedback and complaints online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-post-launches-epost-office/145456-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312055747/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-post-launches-epost-office/145456-11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2011|title=India Post launches ePost Office|work=IBNLive|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref>

===National Philatelic Museum===
{{main|National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi}}
{{Quote box
| quote = But I hit upon a much simpler plan. I gathered together all the children in my locality and asked them to volunteer two or three hours' labour of a morning when they had no school. This they willingly agreed to do. I promised to bless them and give them, as a reward, used postage stamps which I had collected.
| source = [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Rajkot 1896.<ref>Saksena, Vishnu S., ''Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector,'' Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society. Pratibha Printing Press, New Delhi (1989), Frontispiece</ref>
|width = 50%}}
The National Philatelic Museum of India was inaugurated on 6 July 1968 in New Delhi. It had its beginning at a meeting of the ''Philatelic Advisory Committee'' on 18 September 1962. Besides the large collection of India Postage stamps designed, printed and issued, it has a large collection of Indian states, both confederate and feudatory, early essays, proofs and colour trials, a collection of Indian stamps "used abroad" and as well as early Indian postcards, postal stationery and thematic collections.<ref name="SaksenaVishnu" />

The museum was extensively renovated in 2009. It now includes more exhibits, a philatelic bureau and other postal objects such as beautiful [[Victorian era|Victorian]] post boxes.<ref>Dayal, Ravi (2009) ''Newly Renovated Postal Museum'' in Jan–Mar 2009 issue of '''Philapost''', quarterly philatelic journal of the [[Indian Postal Service]].</ref>

An international philatelic exhibition was held from 12 to 18 February 2011, on the centenary of India's first official air mail. For the occasion of INDIPEX 2011 India Post brought out a special stamp on Mahatma Gandhi to commemorate the event. It is printed on ''[[khadi]]'', the handspun cotton material that Gandhi held out as the symbol of [[self-determination]] and self-reliance. The Presentation Pack was released by [[Pratibha Patil]], the President of India on Saturday 12 February 2011 at INDIPEX 2011, the World Philatelic Exhibition held in New Delhi, the capital of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIPEX 2011 – News and Pics |publisher=Rainbow Stamp Club |date=2 February 2011 |url=https://rainbowstampclub.blogspot.com/2011/02/indipex-2011-updates_12.html |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Communications in India]]
* [[List of postage stamps of India]]
* [[Inverted Head 4 Annas]]
* [[Philatelic Society of India]]
* [[Postage stamps depicting Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Revenue stamps of India]]

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist}}
;Sources
* {{Smallcaps|[[C. S. F. Crofton|Crofton, C.S.F.]] and [[Wilmot Corfield]]}} (1905) ''The Adhesive Fiscal and Telegraph Stamps of British India''. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.
* {{Smallcaps|[[C. S. F. Crofton|Crofton, C.S.F.]], [[Leslie L. R. Hausburg|L.L.R. Hausburg]] and [[Charles Stewart-Wilson|C. Stewart-Wilson]]}}. (1907) ''The Postage and Telegraph Stamps of British India''. London: [[Stanley Gibbons]] for the [[Philatelic Society of India]].
* {{Smallcaps|Datta, Jayanta; Datta, Anjali; Datta, Jayoti & Datta, Ananya.}} (2008). ''Rare stamps of the world''. Army Philatelic Society, Mumbai.
* {{Smallcaps|[[L. E. Dawson|Dawson, L. E.]]}} (1948) ''The One Anna and Two Annas Postage Stamps of India, 1854–55.'' [[Philatelic Society of India]], H. Garratt-Adams & Co. and Stanley Gibbons, Ltd., London
* {{Smallcaps|[[H. D. S. Haverbeck|Haverbeck, H.D.S.]]}} (1985). "The Sind District Dawk," ''The Collectors Club Philatelist'' v. 44 no. 2 (March 1965) pp. 79–85.
* {{Smallcaps|[[Robson Lowe|Lowe, Robson]]}}. (1951) ''Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps'' v.III, pp. 131–6. "The Sind District Dawk," pp. 149–152.
* {{Smallcaps|[[E. A. Smythies|Smythies, E. A.]] and Martin, D. R.}}. (1930). ''The Four Annas Lithographed Stamps of India, 1854–55.'' Philatelic Society of India and Stanley Gibbons Ltd., London.
* {{Smallcaps|Smythies, E. A., and [[Denys R. Martin|Martin, Denys R.]]}} (1928). ''The Half Anna Lithographed Stamps of India.'' Published for the Philatelic Society of India, Lahore, 1928.
* {{Smallcaps|Mazumdar, Mohini Lal}} (1995) ''Early History and Growth of Postal System in India''. Calcutta, RDDHI-India. {{ISBN|81-85292-07-8}} [The postal history through 1858]
* {{Smallcaps|Mazumdar, Mohini Lal}} (1990) ''The Imperial Post Offices of British India''. Calcutta, Phila Publications.
* {{Smallcaps|Saksena, Vishnu S.}} (1989) ''Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector''. Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society. Pratibha Printing Press, New Delhi.
* {{Smallcaps|[[Stuart Rossiter|Rossiter, Stuart]] and John Flower.}} (1986) ''The Stamp Atlas''. London: Macdonald. {{ISBN|0-356-10862-7}}
* {{Smallcaps|[[Stanley Gibbons]] Ltd}}: various catalogues.
* {{Smallcaps|Stewart-Wilson, Sir Charles}}. (1904). ''British Indian Adhesive Stamps (Queen's Head) Surcharged for Native States,'' rev. ed. with B.G. Jones.

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Stamps of India|Postal history of India}}
* [https://modernindianphilately.blogspot.com/2011_11_01_archive.html Ashok K. Bayanwala, "Survey of Post Independence Indian Postal History"]
* [http://www.indianphilately.net Welcome to the World of Indian Philately]
* [http://indianpostagestamps.com Gallery of Indian Postage Stamps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160410011439/http://princelystates.com/CurrentIssue/ff-04-01a.shtml Modern Indian States postage stamp forgeries: an illustrated checklist by David Heppell.]
*[http://www.surinder-singh.com/cancellations-philately.php Early India Cancellations, 1873–1884: Jal Cooper Types 32 – 35]
*[http://www.singhsahib.com/sikh-stamps/ Sikh Thematic Philately: Indian & Worldwide Stamps on Sikhs]
{{PostalhistoryAsia}}
{{India topics}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Philately}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Postage Stamps And Postal History of India}}
[[Category:Philately of India]]
[[Category:Postal system of India]]

What Kind of Man Are You?

2026-01-07T13:38:06Z

RockyDill0015: small changes

{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = What Kind of Man Are You? Campaign by Breakthrough
| logo =
| type = Global Human Rights Organization
| founded_date = 2000
| founder =
| location = [[India]], [[United States]]
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| focus = [[Human Rights]], [[HIV/AIDS]] [[Women's Rights]]
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| owner =
| Non-profit_slogan =
| homepage = {{URL|http://breakthrough.tv}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''What Kind of Man Are You?''' is a mass-media campaign in India asking men to use condoms to protect their wives from HIV/AIDS.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166186279.html ''Reproductive Health Matters'']. May 1, 2007. {{subscription required}}</ref> The campaign was launched in 2005 by an organization named Breakthrough. This campaign heightened awareness for the over 2 million married women with [[HIV/AIDS]] in [[India]] who were infected by their husbands. The campaign encouraged an open, national dialogue about a woman's right to negotiate [[safe sex]] within her marriage. The campaign was featured on 160 mainstream media outlets and was created pro bono by [[McCann Erickson]]. This campaign won multiple awards in the Public Service and Political Advertising Agencies Association of India Awards. This campaign led to a partnership with Rediff to create India's first text message HIV/AIDS helpline, resulting in over 10,000 queries.

==Awards and recognition==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2015}}
Public Service and Political Advertising category, "What Kind of Man Are You?" won the following:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-28 |title=To fight AIDS, Indian ads channel manliness |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11592135 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

SILVER for the spot titled “FTV” - projecting a man watching fashion television while his wife carries on with house work and teaching their child in the background.

BRONZE for the spot titled “Kash” - depicting a young woman who questions her relationship with her husband when walking together in the rain under one umbrella.

FINAL NOMINATION for spot titled “Are you man enough?” where a young woman questions what it really is to be a man.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=JC1KtI3EpWoC&q=%22What+Kind+of+Man+Are+You%3F%22+aids+campaign&pg=PA248 ''Planet India'']. p. 248.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081615/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11592135/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/fight-aids-indian-ads-channel-manliness/ NBC News]. February 28, 2006.
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/A-campaign-that-urges-men-to-use-condoms/articleshow/1190102.cms ''The Times of India'']. August 3, 2005.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202062234/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/04/stories/2005060405960400.htm ''The Hindu'']. June 4, 2005.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120408/http://www.sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13816288 ''Sify'']. June 3, 2005
*[https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/hiv-cases-increase-among-married-women-1.288123 ''Gulf News'']. May 18, 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110602195914/http://www.breakthrough.tv/what-kind-of-man-are-you-featured-in-the-maharashtra-herald What Kind of Man Are You? featured in the Maharashtra Herald]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110602193534/http://www.breakthrough.tv/learn/campaign/what-kind-of-man-are-you What Kind of Man Are You?]

[[Category:HIV/AIDS organizations in India]]

HMAS Nizam

2025-12-14T22:08:17Z

RockyDill0015: new

{{Short description|1940 N-class destroyer}}
{{distinguish|HMS Nizam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMS Nizam SLV Green.jpg
|image_caption=HMAS ''Nizam'' in May 1945 }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=Australia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Australia|naval-1913}}
|name=''Nizam''
|namesake=[[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Sir Osman Ali Khan, The Last Nizam of Hyderabad]]
|builder=[[John Brown & Company]]
|laid_down=27 July 1939
|launched=4 July 1940
|commissioned=19 December 1940
|decommissioned=17 October 1945
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=*'''Battle honours:'''
*[[Malta Convoys]] 1941–42
*[[Battle of Crete|Crete]] 1941
*Libya 1941
*[[Battle of the Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] 1941
*[[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] 1942–44
*[[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|Pacific]] 1943
*[[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] 1945
|fate=Returned to RN, not returned to service, scrapped in 1956
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|header_caption=(as built)
|class= [[J-, K- and N-class destroyer|N-class destroyer]]
|displacement={{convert|1773|LT|t|lk=on}} ([[Standard displacement|standard]])
|length= {{convert|356|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[Length overall|o/a]])
|beam= {{convert|35|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on|1}}
|draught= {{convert|12|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}
|power=*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
*{{cvt|40000|shp|lk=on}}
|propulsion= 2 shafts; 2 [[steam turbines]]
|speed= {{convert|36|kn|lk=in}}
|range= {{cvt|5500|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|complement=183
|sensors=*[[ASDIC]]
*[[Type 285 radar|Type 285 gunnery radar]]
*[[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 286|Type 286 radar]] surface-search radar
|EW=
|armament=*3 × twin [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX|4.7 in (120 mm) guns]]
* 1 × single [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|4 in (102 mm)]] [[AA gun]]
* 1 × quadruple [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|2 pdr ({{cvt|40|mm}})]] AA gun
* 4 × single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{cvt|20|mm|1}}]] AA guns
* 2 × twin [[Vickers .50 machine gun|0.5-inch (12.7 mm)]] machineguns
* 1 × quintuple [[British 21-inch torpedo|21 in (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tubes]]
*45 × [[depth charge]]s, 1 × rack, 2 × throwers
}}
}}
'''HMAS ''Nizam'' (G38/D15)''' was an [[J-, K- and N-class destroyer|N-class]] [[destroyer]] of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN). The destroyer, named after [[Osman Ali Khan]], the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the RAN in 1940, although the ship remained the property of the [[Royal Navy]] for her entire career.

''Nizam'' spent the early part of her service in the Atlantic, then was reassigned to the Mediterranean, where she was involved in the [[Battle of Crete|Crete]] and [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign|Syria-Lebanon]] Campaigns, the [[Tobruk Ferry Service]], and the [[Malta Convoys]]. During 1942, the destroyer was involved in [[Operation Vigorous]] and the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]]. The next year saw the ship involved in patrols of the Indian and South Atlantic oceans, searching for German ships and submarines, and rescuing the survivors of [[U-boat]] attacks. After returning to Australia for a refit at the end of 1944, ten sailors were washed overboard in February 1945, with none ever seen again. The rest of [[World War II]] was spent operating in the Philippines and New Guinea regions.

After returning to Australia in late 1945, ''Nizam'' was [[Ship commissioning#Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] and returned to the Royal Navy. The ship was not returned to active service, and was [[ship breaking|broken up]] for scrap in 1956.

==Design and construction==
The [[J-, K- and N-class destroyer|N-class destroyer]] had a [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] of 1,773 tons at standard load, and 2,554 tons at full load.<ref name=Cassells65>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 65</ref> ''Nizam'' was {{convert|356|ft|6|in|m}} [[length overall|long overall]] and {{convert|229|ft|6|in|m}} long [[between perpendiculars]], had a [[beam (ship)|beam]] of {{convert|35|ft|8|in|m}}, and a maximum draught of {{convert|16|ft|4|in|m}}.<ref name=Cassells65/> Propulsion was provided by [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s connected to Parsons geared steam turbines, which provided 40,000 shaft horsepower to the ship's two propellers.<ref name=Cassells66>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 66</ref> ''Nizam'' was capable of reaching {{convert|36|kn}}.<ref name=Cassells65/> The ship's company consisted of 226 officers and sailors.<ref name=Cassells66/>

[[File:HMAS Nizam AWM-009410.jpg|thumb|left|View looking down on ''Nizam''{{'}}s bridge and the forward 4.7-inch gun turret]]
The ship's armament consisted of six [[4.7 inch QF Mark XII|4.7-inch QF Mark XII guns]] in three twin mounts, a single [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|4-inch QF Mark V gun]], a [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|2-pounder 4-barrel Pom Pom]], four [[0.5 inch Vickers machine gun|0.5-inch machine guns]], four [[20 mm Oerlikon|20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns]], four [[Lewis gun|.303 Lewis machine guns]], ten 21-inch torpedo tubes in two Pentad mounts, and a complement of [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=Cassells65.6>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 65–6</ref><ref name=RAN/>

HMAS ''Nizam'' was laid down by John Brown and Company, Limited, at Clydebank in Scotland on 27 July 1939.<ref name=Cassells66/> She was launched by the wife of Sir [[Holberry Mensforth]], a director of John Brown, on 4 July 1940.<ref name=Cassells66/> The ship was commissioned on 19 December 1940; an error in a file at Navy Office caused some sources to incorrectly record the commissioning date as 8 January 1941.<ref>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pgs 66, 239</ref> Although commissioned into the RAN, the destroyer was on loan from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name=Cassells66/> HMAS ''Nizam'' was paid for<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |title=HMAS Nizam |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-nizam |language=en |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726095116/https://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-nizam |url-status=live}}</ref> and named after [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Sir Osman Ali Khan, The Last Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name=Cassells65/>

==Operational history==
After completing [[sea trial]]s, ''Nizam'' was assigned to [[Scapa Flow]], where she was assigned to fleet duties, then retasked as an escort for convoys crossing the Atlantic.<ref name=Cassells66/> In April 1941, the destroyer joined a convoy sailing to Gibraltar, then sailed around Africa to meet the troop transports [[RMS Queen Mary|''Queen Mary'']] and [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|''Queen Elizabeth'']], which ''Nizam'' helped escort to Alexandria.<ref name=Cassells66/> Around the same time, all watchkeeping sailors staged a mutiny in response to alterations to watchkeeping and messing arrangements by locking themselves into their messdeck compartments.<ref name=FrameBaker154>Frame & Baker, ''Mutiny'', p. 154</ref> Following mediation between the sailors and the officers, the captain agreed to restore the original arrangements and decided not to charge the sailors, after which the watchkeepers returned to duty.<ref name=FrameBaker154/>

On 21 May, ''Nizam'' participated in the shelling of [[Scarpanto]], then became involved in the [[Battle of Crete]].<ref name=Cassells66/> The destroyer transported commandos from Alexandria to [[Suda Bay]], and returned with wounded.<ref name=RAN>Royal Australian Navy, ''HMAS Nizam''</ref> When the campaign turned for the worse, ''Nizam'' and {{HMAS|Napier||2}} made two evacuation runs to ferry troops from the island to Alexandria.<ref name=RAN/> Following the unsuccessful campaign, ''Nizam'' was assigned to the [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign]] for three weeks, then retasked to the [[Tobruk Ferry Service]], a force of British and Australian warships making supply runs to the Allied forces [[Siege of Tobruk|under siege in Tobruk]].<ref name=Cassells66/> ''Nizam'' made fourteen runs before receiving damage on 14 September; a near-miss from a bomb cracked oil pumps, and the destroyer was towed away from the area by the destroyer {{HMS|Kingston|F64|6}}, then was able to make temporary repairs and reach [[Alexandria]].<ref name=Cassells66/>

After repairs were completed, ''Nizam'' spent the rest of 1941 escorting [[Malta Convoys]], on bombardment operations in north Africa, and transporting troops to Cyprus and Haifa.<ref name=Cassells66/> On 21 October 1941 ''Nizam'' was part of a convoy which came under [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bomber attack while evacuating Australian infantry [[The Rats of Tobruk|Rats of Tobruk]] to Alexandria. Twenty fully kitted troops were swept overboard during evasion manoeuvres, six being lost at sea and never recovered.

At the start of 1942, ''Nizam'' and her sister ship, {{HMAS|Napier|G97|2}} sailed for Singapore to join {{HMAS|Nestor|G02|2}} as escort for the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Indomitable|R92|6}}.<ref name=Cassells66/> In June, the N class ships joined the escort of a [[Operation Vigorous|large convoy to Malta]], during which ''Nestor'' was sunk by aircraft.<ref name=Cassells66/> ''Nizam'' and her sisters were assigned to the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]] during September.<ref name=Cassells66/> On 22 September, ''Nizam'' was assigned to Durban to patrol for [[Vichy French]] merchant ships, capturing one and forcing another to [[Scuttling|scuttle]] during the week spent in this role.<ref name=Cassells66/> The destroyer then sailed to [[Simon's Town]] in South Africa for a refit, which lasted until the end of the year.<ref name=Cassells66/>

[[File:HMAS Nizam AWM-301090.jpg|thumb|right|''Nizam'' in Port Phillip during late 1944, shortly before entering refit in Melbourne]]
After refitting, ''Nizam'' was attached to the [[British Eastern Fleet]], and participated in sweeps of the Indian Ocean for enemy ships.<ref name=Cassells66/> She was then reassigned to the South Atlantic for shipping protection.<ref name=Cassells66/> On 13 July 1943, the destroyer rescued survivors from an American [[liberty ship]] sunk by {{GS|U-511}}.<ref name=Cassells66/> On 31 July, ''Nizam'' rescued survivors from a British merchant ship sunk by {{GS|U-177}}.<ref name=Cassells66/> After delivering the British survivors ashore, ''Nizam'' made for Australia, and docked in Melbourne on 18 August for an eight-week refit.<ref name=Cassells66/> The ship returned to operations in the Indian Ocean, and on 17 October was unsuccessfully fired on by a German [[U-boat]].<ref name=Cassells66/> Between late 1943 and early 1944, the destroyer was based in Kenya, then was transferred on 8 March to the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=Cassells67>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 67</ref> During her time based here, ''Nizam'' participated in [[Operation Cockpit]], a carrier air raid on Japanese assets in south-east Asia.<ref name=Cassells67/> In November, the destroyer sailed to Melbourne for another refit.<ref name=Cassells67/> In a tragedy which harked back to that of 21 October 1941, on 11 February 1945, while crossing the [[Great Australian Bight]] in poor weather after the refit, ''Nizam'' was hit by a freak wave which caused the ship to roll almost eighty degrees to port, and washed ten sailors overboard, none of whom were ever seen again.<ref name=Cassells67/>

During 1945, ''Nizam'' was assigned to the Philippines and New Guinea theatres as part of the [[British Pacific Fleet]], during which, her [[pennant number]] was changed from G38 to D15.<ref>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pgs. 65, 67</ref> On 15 August 1945, ''Nizam'' received orders to cease hostilities; shortly after this, the ship was attacked by a Japanese fighter, which was shot down.<ref name=Cassells67/> ''Nizam'' was present in [[Tokyo Bay]] for the Japanese surrender, and served as duty destroyer on 2 September, the day the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] was signed.<ref name=Cassells67/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm |title=Allied Ships Present in Tokyo Bay During the Surrender Ceremony, 2 September 1945 |access-date=13 January 2007 |date=27 May 2005 |publisher=Naval Historical Center – U.S. Navy |quote=Taken from ''Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPAC/CINCPOA) A16-3/FF12 Serial 0395, 11 February 1946: Report of Surrender and Occupation of Japan'' |archive-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205021301/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The destroyer left for Australia on 24 September.<ref name=Cassells67/>

''Nizam'' earned seven [[battle honour]]s for her wartime service: "Malta Convoys 1941–42", "Crete 1941", "Libya 1941", "Mediterranean 1941", "Indian Ocean 1942–44", "Pacific 1943", and "Okinawa 1945".<ref name=newhonours>{{cite news |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |title=Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |archive-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=honourslist>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |title=Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

==Decommissioning and fate==
''Nizam'' was decommissioned on 17 October 1945 and returned to the Royal Navy; her ship's company transferred to {{HMAS|Quadrant|G11|6}}, and the N-class destroyer was temporarily recommissioned as HMS ''Nizam'' for the voyage to England.<ref name=Cassells67/> The ship was not returned to active service and was passed to the [[British Iron & Steel Corporation]] in 1955 who allocated her to [[Thos. W. Ward]] for scrapping at their yard in [[Grays, Essex|Grays]].<ref name="English">{{cite book|last1=English|first1=John|title=Afridi to Nizam British Fleet Destroyers 1937-43|date=2001|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Gravesend|isbn=0-905617-64-9|page=141}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Cassells |first=Vic |title=The Destroyers: Their Battles and Their Badges |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=East Roseville, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-0893-2 |oclc=46829686}}
*{{cite book |last=Frame |first=Tom |author2=Baker, Kevin |title=Mutiny! Naval Insurrections in Australia and New Zealand |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St. Leonards, New South Wales |year=2000 |isbn=1-86508-351-8 |oclc=46882022}}
*{{cite web |title=HMAS Nizam |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-nizam |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=24 March 2015}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|HMAS Nizam (G38)}}
*{{cite book |last1=Colledge |first1=J. J. |title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present |date=2020 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-5267-9327-0 |edition=5th revised and updated|first2=Ben|last2=Warlow|first3=Steve|last3=Bush|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=English|first=John|title=''Afridi'' to ''Nizam'': British Fleet Destroyers 1937–43|publisher=World Ship Society |location=Gravesend, Kent|year=2001|isbn=0-905617-64-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|date=2006|isbn=1-86176-137-6|author-link=Norman Friedman}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gillett |first1=Ross |last2=Graham |first2=Colin |title=Warships of Australia|year=1977 |publisher=Rigby |location=Adelaide, South Australia |isbn=0-7270-0472-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hodges |first=Peter |author2=Friedman, Norman |title=Destroyer Weapons of World War 2 |year=1979 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=Greenwich |isbn=978-0-85177-137-3 }}
*{{cite book|last=Langtree|first=Charles|title=The ''Kelly''{{'}}s: British J, K, and N Class Destroyers of World War II |year=2002 |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-422-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998 |isbn=1-55750-048-7 |author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton}}
*{{cite book|last=March|first=Edgar J.|title=British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans|year=1966|publisher=Seeley Service|location=London |oclc=164893555}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005 |edition=Third Revised |isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
*{{cite book |title=Man Overboard!: The HMAS ''Nizam'' Tragedy |first1=Andrew |last1=Rose |first2=Sandra |last2=Rose |year=2006 |location=Augusta, Western Australia |publisher=Red Rose Books | isbn=0-9775238-0-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia |year=2000| publisher=Cassell & Co.|location=London|isbn=1-85409-521-8|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}

{{J, K and N class destroyer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizam (G38)}}
[[Category:N-class destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:1940 ships]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of Australia]]

ISKCON Food Relief Foundation

2025-11-29T17:07:52Z

RockyDill0015: added info

#REDIRECT [[Food Yoga International]]

Baruwal

2025-11-08T23:35:28Z

RockyDill0015: Expanded content with additional details

{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
'''Baruwal''' is a Nepali surname.
Notable people with the surname include:
*[[Bhagat Bahadur Baduwal]], Nepalese politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname|Baruwal}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]

Darshan Gurjar

2025-11-05T16:23:08Z

RockyDill0015: started - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Darshan Gurjar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|2001|9|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| spouse =
}}
'''Darshan Gurjar''' is an Indian film and TV actor working in Bollywood films and Indian TV Serials. He has worked in more than 5 films, 17 TV serials and around 10 commercial films.

==Career==
Darshan started his films career in 2012 with ''[[Gunday]]'', a film under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]]. He played the young character of [[Ranveer Singh]], Bikram. After that, got chances to work in several films such as ''[[Ishq Junoon]]'', ''Tennis Buddies'', ''Paper Boats'',<ref>{{cite web |title=From Bollywood to Cannes: City boy Amit Khanna has done it all |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/from-bollywood-to-cannes-city-boy-amit-khanna-has-done-it-all/story-AFFxW7PWqEpXzHzZ1aGrZM.html/}}</ref> etc.

Darshan mainly worked in India Television daily soaps. He came into the limelight with the Colors TV show ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', as Suraj.

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jamuna Paar]]''
| Chotte
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Kartikeya
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
| Young Suraj
|-
|2022
|''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
|Tilli
|-
|2022–2025
| ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
| Chirag Patel
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Gunday]]''
| Young Bikram Bose
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title="Gunday"… Shuddh desi bromance |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2014/02/15/gunday-shuddh-desi-bromance/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''An Untold Story of Paperboats''
|
| Short film
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Short To Be Screened at Cannes |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-short-to-be-screened-at-cannes/17170151/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427112258/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-short-to-be-screened-at-cannes/17170151 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishq Junoon]]''
| Young Rajbir
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishq Junoon: Get sizzled to a frazzle |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-reviews/ishq-junoon-get-sizzled-to-a-frazzle/970358}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Tennis Buddies''
| Arjun
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Divya Dutta to star in film based on tennis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Divya-Dutta-to-star-in-film-based-on-tennis/articleshow/51493223.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Silence... Can You Hear It?]]''
| Trekker
|
|
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Deewaar (2026 film)|Deewaar]]''
| Young Ravi Verma
| [[Hindi language|Hindi film]]
|
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Deewaar (2026 film)|Baazigar]]''
| Young Ravi Verma
| [[Telugu language|Telugu film]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=6267541}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Darshan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jayantibhai Patel

2025-10-29T15:08:17Z

RockyDill0015: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel''' (born 1958)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel (J.S. Patel)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANSA(GANDHINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6218 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=3 names on BJP's fifth list; suspense still in Manjalpur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/gujarat-polls-in-fifth-list-bjp-announces-candidates-for-3-seats-8271955/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Mansa Assembly constituency in [[Gandhinagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat mansa Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-mansa-constituency-37.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from Ajol village, Mansa taluk, Gandhinagar district, Gujarat.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2022 |title=Jayanti Patel is Gujarat's richest candidate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/jayanti-patel-is-gujarats-richest-candidate/articleshow/95650397.cms |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His father Somabhai Patel was a farmer. He passed Class 10 in 1976 at Ajol high school, Ajol, Mansa.<ref name="myneta"/> He is one of the richest candidates in Gujarat with assets worth Rs.661.2 crores. He has a son Pankaj and a daughter Priyanka.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 98,144 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Babusinh Thakor of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 39,266 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Mansa Gujarat Election Results 2022 Highlights: BJP's Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel wins Mansa with margin of 39266 votes! |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mansa-gujarat-assembly-election-result-2022-live-updates-bjp-congress-aap-vidhan-sabha/2903495/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mansa Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel (J.S. Patel) of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/mansa-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561841.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jayantibhai}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar district]]

Shaili Singh

2025-10-19T07:12:21Z

RockyDill0015: put up new bio - done

{{short description|Indian athlete (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Shaili Singh
| image = Shailli Singh.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Long Jump]]
| coach = [[Anju Bobby George]]
| pb = 6.76 m {{AthAbbr|NU20R}} (2023)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
}}
'''Shaili Singh''' (born 7 January 2004) is an Indian [[long jump|long jumper]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=Long Jumper Shaili Broke Two National Records. Is She The Next Big Thing In Indian Athletics?|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/long-jumper-shaili-singh-just-broke-the-national-under-16-and-under-18-records-she-could-be-the-next-big-thing-in-indian-athletics-379289.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=शैली सिंह: भारतीय एथलीटों की दुनिया का चमकता सितारा|language=hi|work=BBC News हिंदी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/sport-55718988|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> She holds the national U20 record with a jump of 6.76 m, achieved in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coach tips Olympics future for teen prodigy Shaili Singh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/nov/08/coach-tips-olympics-future-for-teen-prodigy-shaili-singh-2058785.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The New Indian Express |date=8 November 2019 }}</ref>

== Personal life and background ==
Singh was born on 7 January 2004 in [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] India. She was raised by mother Vinita Singh, who is a single parent to three children. Vinita Singh is a small time entrepreneur by profession.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Singh moved to [[Bangalore]] at the age of 14 to train at the Anju Bobby George Sports Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr National Athletics: Long Jumper Shaili Singh Breaks National Record - SheThePeople TV|date=23 October 2019 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/athletics-long-jumper-shaili-singh-breaks-record/|access-date=2021-02-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Singh started training under the supervision of the George couple.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rayan|first=Stan|date=2019-01-25|title=Shaili Singh: Made for the long jump|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/made-for-the-long-jump/article26093469.ece|access-date=2021-02-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Professional achievements ==
Singh won the [[gold medal]] in long jump in the U-16 category at the Junior National [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] championship in [[Ranchi]] in 2018, where she also broke the national record for junior long jump; she recorded a 5.94-metre jump. In 2019, she bettered her own record in Under-18, jumping 6.15 meters to win the [[gold medal]] at the Junior National Athletics competition in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. This was way ahead of the qualifying mark for participation in the IAAF Under-20 Championship in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-07|title=Long-jumping and breaking records: Shaili Singh, remember the name|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/shaili-singh-remember-name-long-jump-6106851/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|India's Minister of Sports]] [[Kiren Rijiju]] tweeted a congratulatory message to her on her success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2019-11-05|title=Rijiju lauds Shaili Singh for scripting national record|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rijiju-lauds-shaili-singh-for-scripting-national-record-119110500875_1.html|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
In June 2021, at the senior athletic championships (National Inter-state) held in Patiala, Shaili jumped 6.48m, a new U20 record and won the long jump event while still a junior. Shaili Singh registered a jump of 6.59m to clinch the silver medal in long jump at the [[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 World Athletic U20 Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-22|title=Shaili Singh wins silver at World U-20 Athletics Championships|url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/shaili-singh-silver-world-u-20-championships-24566|access-date=2021-10-01|website=The Bridge|language=en}}</ref>

==International competitions==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{IND}}
|-
|2021
|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]
|[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Long jump
|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's long jump|6.59 m]] {{athAbbr|w}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Bangkok, Thailand]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Long jump
|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|6.54 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Hangzhou, China]]
|5th
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's long jump|6.48 m]]
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Tehran, Iran]]
|5th
|Long jump
|[[2024 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Long jump 2|6.27 m]]
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Gumi, South Korea]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Long jump
|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|6.30 m]]
|}

== Medals ==

* [[Gold medal]] in Under 16 long jump category at National Junior Athletics Championship [[Ranchi]] 2018.
* [[Gold medal]] in Under 18 category at National Junior Athletics Championship 2019, [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
*Silver medal in long jump at Under 20 World Athletics Championship Nairobi 2021.
* silver medal in open category at national games 2022 [Gujarat]
* [[Gold medal]] in long jump category at National Open Athletics [[Bangalore]] October 2022 - First Gold Medal at senior level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudarshan |first=N. |date=2022-10-19 |title=Shaili Singh wins long jump gold; Tajinderpal Singh Toor and Jyothi Yarraji declared best Athletes at Open Nationals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/shaili-singh-tajinderpal-singh-toor-jyothi-yarraji-declared-national-open-athletics-championship/article66032653.ece |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics|14862020}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shaili}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women long jumpers]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Pseudolaguvia shawi

2025-10-04T12:01:44Z

RockyDill0015: starting new info!

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pseudolaguvia shawi hi res.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Ng, H.H. |year= 2010 |title= ''Pseudolaguvia shawi'' |article-number= e.T166471A6216340 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166471A6216340.en |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudolaguvia shawi
| authority = ([[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1921)
| synonyms =
* ''Laguvia shawi'' Hora, 1921
* ''Glyptothorax shawi'' (Hora, 1921)
}}

'''''Pseudolaguvia shawi''''' is a [[species]] of [[catfish]] in the family [[Erethistidae]]. It is found in the waters of [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], Siliguri Terai and [[Sikkim]] in India.<ref name=Ng2012>Ng, H.H., Ferraris, C.J.Jr. & Neely, D.A. (2012): ''The catfish genus'' Erethistoides ''(Siluriformes: Sisoridae) in Myanmar, with descriptions of three new species.'' Zootaxa, 3254: 55–68.</ref>

== Description ==
''Pseudolaguvia shawi'' reaches a [[total length]] of {{cvt|3.8|cm|in}}.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pseudolaguvia|species= shawi| id=24894|month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The species epithet is named in honour of naturalist G. E. Shaw, who collected the type specimen.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Ng, H.H. and M. Kottelat, 2005. Caelatoglanis zonatus, a new genus and species of the Erethistidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Myanmar, with comments on the nomenclature of Laguvia and Hara species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 16(1):13-22.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5586076}}

[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sunder Lal Hora]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1921]]
[[Category:Erethistidae]]

{{Catfish-stub}}

Gujjran

2025-08-28T03:57:21Z

RockyDill0015: new

{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Qadian Gujjran
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dera Baba Nanak]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Majha]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 116
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 601 293/308 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 298 133/165 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_total_ha = 206
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01871<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-04-18|title=Telephone directory of Gurdaspur district|url=http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|website=gurdaspur.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214111246/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|gurdaspur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Qadian Gujjran''' is a village in [[Dera Baba Nanak]] in [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|8|km}} from sub district headquarter and {{convert|34|km}} from district headquarter. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]] an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village has a total number of 116 houses and a population of 601 of which 293 are males while 308 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village 298 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103437|title=Child Sex Ratio in India (2001-2011)|work=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201629/http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab]

{{Gurdaspur district}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{Gurdaspur-geo-stub}}

Bavaliya Baba

2025-06-17T08:27:43Z

RockyDill0015:

{{Short description|Hindu saint}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Bavaliya Baba
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = बावलिया बाबा
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bavaliya Baba.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bavaliya Baba
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| denomination =
| school =
| lineage =
| sect = [[Aghori]]
| subsect =
| temple =
| order =
| institute =
| founder =
| philosophy =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| other_names = Bavaliya Pandit
| dharma_names = 
| monastic_name =
| pen_name =
| posthumous_name =
| nationality = Indian
| flourished =
| home_town =
| birth_name = Ganesh Narayan
| birth_date = 1847
| birth_place = Bugala village (present-day in [[Jhunjhunu district]], [[Shekhawati]], [[Rajasthan]])
| death_date = 1913
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
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'''Bavaliya Baba''', also known as '''Paramahansa Ganesh Narayan''' and '''Bavaliya Pandit''' (1847–1913), was an Indian [[Hindu sant|Hindu saint]] associated with the [[Aghori|Aghori sect]].<ref name="patrika">{{cite news |last1=Parmuwal |first1=Naveen |title=जिस बाबा को लोग कहते थे पागल, उन्हीं के आशीर्वाद से बिड़ला बने देश के बड़े उद्योगपति |url=https://www.patrika.com/jhunjhunu-news/story-of-bavaliya-baba-blessing-made-birla-a-big-industrialist-india-5674412/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=January 21, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rājasthāna ke loka devatā |date=1999 |publisher=Shekhavati Shodh Pratishthan |page=145, 146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHjXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sandeep Sharma |title=Headmasterji |date=January 20, 2016 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=9781482857634 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffR1CwAAQBAJ&dq=Bavaliya+Baba&pg=PT66}}</ref>

== Life ==
He was born as Ganesh Narayan in Bugala village, [[Jhunjhunu district]], [[Shekhawati]], in Vikram Samvat 1903 on the first day of the [[Poush]] month (according to the [[Hindu calendar]]). He was born into a [[Brahmin]] family to Ghan Shyamdas and Gauradevi. He learned the [[Persian language]] at a young age.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rajesh |date=October 26, 2023 |title=कौन हैं बावलिया बाबा, जिनकी प्रियंका गांधी ने जय बोली |url=https://www.patrika.com/jhunjhunu-news/who-is-bavaliya-baba-whom-priyanka-gandhi-hailed-8556134/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> In 1947, he moved to Chirawa city and embraced the Aghori sect. He worshipped Goddess [[Durga]] and recited her mantra regularly.<ref name="patrika" />

At a young age, he attained spiritual achievements through his dedication to meditation and devotion. His miraculous deeds have been acknowledged and praised nationwide. Considered a revered saint in the [[Shekhawati]] region of [[Rajasthan]], Bavaliya Baba spent most of his life in [[Chirawa]], where he fully embraced the [[Aghori]] way of life.

People who followed Bavaliya Baba saw him perform miracles, which inspired them to become devoted followers. He was recognized as a true [[Asceticism|ascetic]], but some regarded him as a madman, earning him the epithet '''Bavaliya Pandit''' (mad [[Brahmin]]). Throughout his life, Bavaliya Baba remained predominantly in Chirawa, where he adopted the complete Aghori form. He continued to chant the Durga mantra, which was believed to emanate truth every time it was spoken from his mouth.<ref name="patrika" />

His ability to perform miracles brought many followers, while others were afraid of his predictions of terrible future In Chirawa and Bugala, people worship him as the village deity ([[Gramadevata]]).<ref name="patrika" />

He died during a yogic practice on the ninth day of the [[Pausha|Paush]] month in [[Samvat]] in 1969. A temple has been constructed at his cremation site, where a grand statue of him is placed.<ref>{{cite news |title=एक ऐसे अद्भुत संत जिन्होंने राजस्थान के शेखावाटी में जन्म लिया, अघोर पंथ में रहे! |url=https://thenewsworld24.com/news/devotional-news/bavaliya-baba-such-a-wonderful-saint-who-was-born-in-shekhawati/6998/ |publisher=Thenewsworld24 |date=November 20, 2021}}</ref>

Some of his notable devotees include [[Jugal Kishore Birla]] of the [[Birla family]] and [[Ajit Singh of Khetri]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Sunil |title=संत के आशीर्वाद ने चमका दी थी बिड़ला परिवार की किस्मत, पढि़ए कैसे... |url=https://www.patrika.com/surat-news/the-blessings-of-the-saint-had-brightened-the-fortunes-of-the-birla-f-5665824/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=January 19, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Temples ==
The temples dedicated to him have been established in many places in India. Bugala, [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]], [[Gudhagorji]], and [[Chirawa]] are major pilgrimage sites associated with him. There are temples of Bavaliya Baba in places such as [[Khetri Nagar]], [[Pilani]], [[Mukundgarh]], [[Banswara]], Ghoriwara, Bas Nanag, [[Kuchaman City|Kuchaman ]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref name="patrika"/>

[[Jugal Kishore Birla]] constructed a ghat in his memory in 1959 and also erected a tall [[stupa]] named Ganesh Lat.<ref>{{cite news |title=शेखावाटी के जिस बाबा को लोग कहते थे बावलिया, उन्हीं के आर्शीवाद से बिड़ला बने बड़े उद्योगपति |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jhunjhnu/birla-became-big-industrialist-with-blessings-of-ganesh-narayan-bavaliya-baba-of-chidava-jhunjhunu/rj20201108222637152 |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |date=November 8, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
== Museum ==
His family home in Bugala village has been converted into a museum, which is managed by the Bavaliya Baba Memorial Trust in Mumbai and curated by experts. The museum displays artifacts related to Baba's life and teachings.<ref name="patrika" />

== In popular culture ==
A [[Rajasthani language]] film titled ''Bavaliyo Pandit'' has been produced based on his life.<ref>{{cite news |title=चिड़ावा में बावलिया बाबा के निर्वाणोत्सव पर प्रतिमा स्थापना करेंगे, निशान यात्रा, मेला और भंडारा आज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan-news-babavali-will-set-up-a-statue-at-babar39s-nirvana-festival-in-chidwa-mark-travel-mela-and-bhandara-today-041620-3666155.html/ |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=January 15, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baba, Bavaliya}}

[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]

Karanampettai

2025-06-12T01:09:03Z

RockyDill0015: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karanampettai
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.02|N|77.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan area]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total = 6987
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-4255
| registration_plate = TN-37Z
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karanampettai''' is a town located in the [[Tiruppur district]] of Tamil Nadu, India. It is a suburb of [[Coimbatore]].It lies on the [[National Highway 81 (India)|National Highway 81]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Karanampettai to Karur stretch of NH 81 to be widened to six lanes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 February 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/highways-authority-to-start-land-acquisition-for-karur-coimbatore-bypass/article30859851.ece|last1=Preetha|first1=M. Soundariya}}</ref> It is a part of [[Palladam]] taluk and [[Palladam (state assembly constituency)]] which comes under the [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore Parliament Constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Palladam Constituency|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 March 2021|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/palladam-candidates-promise-to-address-challenges-of-diverse-sectors/article34179839.ece|last1=Preetha|first1=M. Soundariya}}</ref>

==Geography==
Karanampettai is located at {{Coord|11.02|N|77.18|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 305 meters. It is located at about 30 km from [[Coimbatore]] and 29 km from [[Tiruppur]].It lies on the [[National Highway 81 (India)]] Trichy Road connecting the city of [[Coimbatore]] with central and eastern parts of [[Tamilnadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/26-check-posts-set-up-across-tiruppur-district/article31491364.ece|title=26 check-posts set up across Tiruppur district|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2021-02-23 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per 2011 census, the population of the town is 6987.
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Transport==
Karanampettai is well connected by Road and Rail. The nearest railway stations are at [[Sulur Road railway station]] which is 7 km away and [[Somanur]] which is 8 km away from the town.The nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].The town is connected well with [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Madurai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. The town has frequent town buses to [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]] and [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] in [[Coimbatore]].

The Eastern bypass for [[Coimbatore]] city is planned between Karanampettai and [[Narasimhanaickenpalayam]] to avoid traffic congestion in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/farmers-against-ring-roadas-part-of-bypass-project/article24297237.ece|title=Feasibility report ready for bypass project|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2021-02-23 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>

===Coimbatore metro===
The Corridor-III is planned to connect Karanampettai in [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]] to [[Thaneerpandal]] in [[Thadagam Road]] covering a distance of 42 km, being the second longest corridor in [[Coimbatore metro]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feasibility-report-ready-for-6683-crore-coimbatore-metro-rail/article33912064.ece |title=Feasibility report ready for ₹6,683 crore Coimbatore Metro Rail |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2021-02-23 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>

==Air Force Station Sulur==
[[Sulur Air Force Base]] operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] is located at [[Kangayampalayam]] village near Sulur. It is located at a distance of 5 km.

A defence corridor project has been proposed near to Karanampettai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/500-acres-identified-near-sulur-to-set-up-defence-corridor/articleshow/72700717.cms|title=500 acres identified near Karanampettai to set up defence corridor|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2021-02-23 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>

==Education==
The Educational Institutions in Karanampettai are:
* Karanampettai High School
*Adharsh Vidhyalaya Matric Hr. Sec. School

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

Indian locomotive class XD

2025-05-26T17:15:09Z

RockyDill0015: done

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian XD
| powertype = Steam
| image = Indian Railways Class XD.png
| alt =
| caption =
| designer =
| builder = {{unbulleted list||[[Vulcan Foundry]] (41)|[[Armstrong Whitworth]] (11)|[[Škoda Works]] (10)|[[North British Locomotive Company|North British Locomotive Co.]] (132)}}
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1928–1948
| totalproduction = 194
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{Whyte|2-8-2}}
| uicclass = 1′D1′h2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| leadingdiameter = 
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|1+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter = 
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase = {{convert|35|ft|0|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| length = 
| width =
| height =
| axleload = {{convert|17|LT|t ST}}
| weightondrivers = {{convert|68|LT|t ST}}
| locoweight = {{convert|95.5|LT|t ST}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|65|LT|t ST}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|10|LT|t ST}}
| watercap = {{convert|4500|impgal|abbr=on}}
| sandcap =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea = 
| tubearea = {{convert|1986|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea = 
| totalsurface = {{convert|2176|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea = {{convert|540|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|22+1/2|x|28|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = 
| valvetravel = 
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput = 
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|37335|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 4.08
| trainheating =
| locobrakes = [[Steam brake|Steam]]
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass = IR: 194
| fleetnumbers = 
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition =
| notes = {{sfn|Hughes|1990|pp=14, 46}}{{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=24}}<ref name=Marshall-IBGSR-37>[[#Marshall-IBGSR|Marshall 2009]], p. 37.</ref><ref name=vulcan-brochure>{{cite web|url=http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/photographs/locomotives/Publicity/Indian%20XE.pdf |title=Indian Railways 5 ft. 6 in. Gauge 1945 2-8-2 (XE) brochure |publisher=[[Vulcan Foundry]] |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017225130/http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/photographs/locomotives/Publicity/Indian%20XE.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

[[File:X-Dominion for India2.png|thumb|Functional testing of the first ‘X-Dominion’ locomotive built at the Montreal (Quebec) plant, for shipment to India under the Mutual Aid Agreement of the Council in November 1943. (‘X-Dominion’ later class CWD).]]
The '''Indian locomotive class XD''' was a class of {{Whyte|2-8-2}} "Mikado" type [[steam locomotive]]s used on {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] lines in India.<ref name=vulcan-brochure/><ref name=Hughes-SII-17>[[#Hughes-SII|Hughes 1976]], p. 17.</ref><ref name="Marshall-IBGSR-36,37,62–67">[[#Marshall-IBGSR|Marshall 2009]], pp. 36, 37, 62–67.</ref> It is known as CWD class in Pakistan

==Variants==
'''AWD''': Similar design made by Baldwin Locomotive Works in the World War II period.

'''CWD''': Similar design made by the Canadian Locomotive Company and the Montreal Loco Works. Along with AWD, the largest imported class, numerically.

==See also==

*{{section link|Rail transport in India|History}}
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-SII}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos1}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
*{{Marshall-IBGSR}}
{{refend}}



{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1928]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India|XD]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:Armstrong Whitworth locomotives]]
[[Category:Škoda locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:2-8-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:1′D1′ h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]

Siaha

2025-05-24T20:58:00Z

RockyDill0015: updated details

{{About|the municipality in Mizoram, India|its namesake district|Siaha district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siaha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Saiha (Mizo version)
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = SaihaCity.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.48|N|92.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siaha district|Saiha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1225
| population_total = 35,500
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=290122|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mara language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 796901
| registration_plate = MZ03
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Siaha''' (official name given by the [[Mara Autonomous District Council]],<ref>{{Cite web| title=Official resolution passed by the mara autonomous district council in its monsoon session | date=2013-07-31 | url=http://www.madconline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Official_Resolution.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611090842/http://www.madconline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Official_Resolution.pdf | archive-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> popularly known as '''Saiha''') is a town and headquarters of [[Saiha District]] and the Mara Autonomous District Council in southern [[Mizoram]], northeast India. It is the fourth most populous town in Mizoram.

==Geography==
Siaha is located at {{Coord|22.48|N|92.97|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/31/Saiha.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Saiha, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Siaha had a population of 19,731. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Siaha has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 77%. In Siaha, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Siaha is the fastest growing town in Mizoram, 2008 statistical handbook of Mizoram reveals that the town has a population of 29,275 in 2008 against 19,731 in 2001.<ref>Dept. of Economic & Statistic, Gov't of Mizoram [http://desmizo.nic.in/file/stat-handbook2008.pdf Statistical Handbook 2008.]</ref>

==Transport==
[[Pawan Hans]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MIZORAMA HELICOPTER SERVICE TUR CHIEF MINISTER IN HAWNG|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|publisher=Mizoram DIPR|accessdate=14 August 2012|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|url-status=dead}}</ref> has started a helicopter service connecting [[Aizawl]] and Siaha.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nilaini atangin 'Helicopter Service|url=http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|accessdate=20 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozam Times}}</ref> The distance between Siaha and [[Aizawl]] through NH 54 is 378 km, and they are connected with regular bus and jeep service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl to Siaha|url=http://mizoram.nic.in/more/rsaiha.htm|publisher=Mizoram NIC|accessdate=29 August 2012}}</ref>

==Media==
The Major Newspapers in Saiha are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Journalists|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|accessdate=5 September 2012|archive-date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020709/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Buannel
* Chhim Aw
* Kawl Eng
* Maraland
* Moonlight
* Mara Thlala
* Siaha Post
* Saikhawpui
* Siaha Times
* Awsicharu [awsicharu.wordpress.com]
* Deiva Mara Daily [http://deivadailynewspaper.wordpress.com Deiva Mara Daily]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.saiha.nic.in/ District Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624155330/http://saiha.nic.in/ |date=24 June 2018 }} Siaha
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091207044315/http://www.maraland.net/ Maraland.NET : Mara people's Online site]
* [http://www.siahaonline.com SiahaOnline.com : Siaha Online website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127015807/http://siahaonline.com/ |date=27 November 2005 }}

{{Mizoram}}
{{Saiha District}}

[[Category:Saiha| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Saiha district]]