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Three Kings Chapel

2026-05-05T21:16:29Z

Rocky95A059973: creating some article basic info

{{Short description|Roman Catholic chapel in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Three Kings Chapel
| image = Three Kings Church, Goa INDIA.jpg
| caption = Three Kings Chapel
| fullname =
| location = Cansaulim, [[Goa]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| status = [[Chapel]]
| church members =
| architect =
| dedication = [[Biblical Magi]]
| client =
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
| engineer =
| construction date =
| founded date = {{start date and age|1599}}
| founder = Father Gonçalo Carvalho
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| style = Baroque
| size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.360411|73.900309|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''Three Kings Chapel''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] chapel located on the hill of Cuelim in [[Cansaulim]], [[Goa]]. It is primarily known for the annual feast of the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], celebrated on 6 January, which involves a traditional procession involving three young boys representing the [[Biblical Magi]]. It is also known as a haunted church in local folklore.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast">{{Cite web |title=The Feast of the Three Kings in Goa |url=https://itsgoa.com/feast-three-kings-goa |website=ItsGoa |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref><ref name="GoanHails">{{Cite web |title=Goa hails the Three Kings today |url=https://www.thegoan.net/life-sunday/goa-hails-the-three-kings-today/141493.html |website=The Goan Every Day |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref>

==History==
The chapel was founded by Father Gonçalo Carvalho in 1599. It is affiliated with the Saint Thomas Church in Cansaulim.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

==Feast==
The chapel is one of three locations in Goa, alongside [[Chandor]] and [[Reis Magos]], where the feast of the Three Kings is celebrated with significant local tradition.<ref name="GTVideos">{{Cite web |title=When three kings make a royal entry into these three Goan villages: Chandor, Cansaulim, Reis Magos |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/videos/when-three-kings-make-a-royal-entry-into-these-three-goan-villages-chandor-cansaulim-reis-magos |website=Gomantak Times |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> The event marks the end of the [[Twelve Days of Christmas]]. In Cansaulim, the celebration serves the three neighboring villages of Cansaulim, Arossim, and Cuelim.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

During the feast, three boys aged between 8 and 12 are selected from the three villages to portray the kings. They travel on horseback through different paths across the hill, eventually meeting at the chapel for a high mass.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" /><ref name="GoanHails" /> The boys dress in royal attire, wearing crowns and gowns, and are accompanied by a procession of locals and brass bands.<ref name="GoanHails" /> They then leave the chapel and take a tour to the Saint Thomas Church, stopping at multiple points for both, blessings and rest. After a ceremony at the church, they take multiple routes back home, in commemoration of the different routes taken by the Three Kings.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

The feast is organised by the "vangodds" of the ''gauncars'' (indigenous people) from the three villages who helped build the early church.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

==Location==
The chapel is situated on a hillock that offers a panoramic view of the [[Arabian Sea]] and the landscape of South Goa. Because of its isolated and elevated position, it is a popular spot for tourists and photographers, especially during sunset.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

==Folklore and haunting legends==
The Three Kings Chapel is frequently associated with local legends of being haunted. According to popular folklore, the hill was once ruled by three Portuguese kings who were constantly in conflict. The oldest was Holger Alvunger. In a bid to gain sole power,Holger invited the other two to the chapel for a meal and poisoned them. However, consumed by guilt or facing the wrath of the local subjects, the third king subsequently committed suicide by consuming the remaining poison.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Hengul J. |first2=Shikha |last2=Gautam |title=The spookiest places in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alani |first=Jay |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Haunted/nEC1DwAAQBAJ |title=Haunted: Terrifying Real-life Encounters with Ghosts and Spirits |last2=D’silva |first2=Neil |date=2019-10-23 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-679-7 |pages=151}}</ref>

Local stories suggest that the spirits of the three kings remain on the chapel grounds. Visitors and locals have reported unexplained sightings and sounds at the site after dark, leading to its reputation as one of the most haunted locations in Goa.<ref name="ItsGoaFeast" />

==Depiction in media==
The chapel featured in the 2008 film ''[[Bhoothnath]]'' and the 2014 film ''[[Finding Fanny]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Britney |date=2016-07-06 |title=Three kings church - the most (un)haunted place in Goa |url=https://itsgoa.com/three-kings-church-the-most-unhaunted-place-in-goa |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|Three Kings Chapel}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1500s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Goa]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]

Main Frame Software Communications

2026-05-05T16:32:29Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating The Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|UTV Software Communications}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox company|
| name = Main Frame Software Communications
| logo =
| type =
| foundation = 2000
| location = [[Sitadevi]], Temple Road [[Mumbai]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| founder = [[Eliza Lewis]]
| key_people = [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Surinder Bhatia]] Shailendra Pandey [[Veerendra (producer)|Veerendra]] [[Pushpakant Panchal]] [[Annadurai (producer)|Annadurai]] [[Saritha]] [[Vinay Varma]] [[Shashank Mouli]] [[Satyaraj]]
| fate =
| industry = Media
| products =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| shareholder =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| owner =
| divisions = [[UTV Software Communications]]
| homepage = http://www.mainframeindia.in/
}}

'''Main Frame Software Communications''' (also known as '''Main Frame India''') is an Indian [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] studio group in India, with their main studio located in [[Sitadevi]], Temple Road of [[Mumbai]]. Both live and animated television series and films have been dubbed in [[Hindi]] and regional languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and certain other languages, but also in [[English language|English]] as well.

Founded in 2000, by [[Eliza Lewis]] during her tenure at [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]], she had the opportunity to work on building onto the entire dubbing studio division of UTV and begun to dub project works for [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]], [[Nickelodeon]], [[Warner Bros.]] and [[20th Century Fox]] associated with this studio are highly experienced personnel in their area of expertise. They have also been involved in original animation casting and voice directions of several productions created in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/dub.htm |title=Special Report > Dubbing a Success Story |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2005-03-27 |access-date=2013-10-26}}</ref>

This dubbing studio was responsible for dubbing all the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' films]] in Hindi.<ref name="Etimes Potter">{{cite news|newspaper=The Economic Times|title=Breaking the language barrier: Regional versions of Harry Potter films and translated book titles a rage in small towns|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/news/29781756_1_harry-potter-three-films-manjul-publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200229/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/news/29781756_1_harry-potter-three-films-manjul-publishing|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|first=Vikram |last=Doctor|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> The firm who were working at UTV did some of the earliest dubbing in Hindi, starting with the film ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Disney's Aladdin]]'' and ''[[Baby's Day Out]]'', before this company was found and started dubbing on its own route.<ref name="Etimes Potter"/>

==Dubbing work==
===Live action films===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
A list of all the live action films that the company has dubbed.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Film title !! Dubbing Director !! Original date release !! Dubbed date release (India) !! Original Language(s) !! Dubbed Language(s) !! Country of origin !! Edition(s) release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 8 March 1996 || 2002 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Aired on [[STAR Gold]].
|-
| ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 14 July 2000 || 6 October 2000 || English || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Sound and Vision India]] has dubbed these films in Hindi.
|-
| ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 2 May 2003 || 9 May 2003 || English || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]]
|-
| ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 26 May 2006 || 2 June 2006 || English || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]]
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 4 November 2001 (London premiere) 16 November 2001 (North America & UK) || 12 April 2002 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || This was the very first live action film that this studio has dubbed into Hindi, on its own course. Released in the U.S., India and Pakistan as: '''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.'''
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 3 November 2002 (London premiere) 15 November 2002 (North America & UK) || 25 April 2003 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 31 May 2004 (United Kingdom) 4 June 2004 (North America) || 4 June 2004 || English || Hindi Tamil (TV) Telugu (TV) || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || The Tamil and Telugu dubs have aired for television broadcasting on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]].
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 November 2005 || 18 November 2005 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as the North American and UK release.
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 11 June 2007 (North America) 12 July 2007 (United Kingdom) || 13 July 2007 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 July 2009 (North America) 18 July 2009 (United Kingdom) || 19 July 2009 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 November 2010 (International) 19 November 2010 (United Kingdom & North America) || 19 November 2010 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American and UK release.
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 7 July 2011 (United Kingdom) 13 July 2011 (Australia) 15 July 2011 (North America) || 15 July 2011 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Film|Cinema]][[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 15 June 2005 (North America) || 17 June 2005 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 July 2008 || 18 July 2008 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 20 July 2012 || 20 July 2012 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 8 November 2005 (Lyon Asiexpo Film Festival) 24 March 2006 (India) || 8 May 2006 || English || Hindi || [[India]] || [[DVD]] || Dubbed for the DVD release.
|-
| ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 8 July 2005 || 8 July 2005 || English || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Germany]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release. [[Sound and Vision India]] has dubbed this film in Hindi.
|-
| ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 15 July 2007 || 15 July 2007 || English Japanese Mandarin Chinese Arabic || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Germany]] [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release. [[Sound and Vision India]] has dubbed this film in Hindi.
|-
| ''[[Superman Returns]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 28 June 2006 (North America) || 30 June 2006 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 9 December 2006 ([[Butt-Numb-A-Thon]]) 9 March 2007 (North America) || 27 November 2010 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Greece]] || [[Television]] || This is the second Hindi/Tamil/Telugu dubs made to air on UTV Action. [[Sound & Vision India]] has made the first Hindi/Tamil/Telugu dubs.
|-
| ''[[300: Rise of an Empire]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 7 March 2014 || 7 March 2014 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Greece]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]]  || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 15 December 2006 || 15 December 2006 || English || Hindi Tamil || [[United States|U.S.]] [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[Hungary]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Ghost Rider (2007 film)|Ghost Rider]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 16 February 2007 || 14 October 2013 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || This is the second Hindi dub that aired on UTV Action. [[Sound and Vision India]] have produced the first Hindi dub. This studio also made a second Tamil and Telugu dub.
|-
| ''[[Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 11 December 2011 ([[Butt-Numb-A-Thon]]) 17 February 2012 || 2013 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || This is the second Hindi dub that aired on UTV Action. [[Sound and Vision India]] have produced the first Hindi dub. This studio also made a second Tamil and Telugu dub.
|-
| ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 20 September 2007 (Russia) 21 September 2007 (North America) 12 October 2007 (United Kingdom) || 22 June 2010 || English || Hindi ||[[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[Canada]] || [[Television]] || This is the second Hindi dub that this studio has produced to air on UTV Action. The first Hindi dub was done by [[Sound & Vision India]] and released earlier in 2007.
|-
| ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 27 June 2007 || 29 June 2007 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Film|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released internationally as '''"Die Hard 4.0"'''. [[Sound and Vision India]] has dubbed for the [[A Good Day to Die Hard|next film]].
|-
| ''[[The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 4 September 2007 || 31 October 2007 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Aired on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] on 31 October 2007 in Hindi. Released on VCD and DVD on 25 March 2008.
|-
| ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 11 July 2008 || 8 September 2008 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || This was the theatrical film dubbed, not to be confused with [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 direct-to-video film)|the one made by The Asylum]].
|-
| ''[[Journey 2: The Mysterious Island]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 19 January 2012 (Australia) 2 February 2012 (Philippines) 10 February 2012 (North America) || 3 February 2012 || English Palauan || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Hannah Montana: The Movie]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 25 February 2010 (London) 10 April 2009 (North America) || 8 July 2009 || English || Hindi Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 25 February 2010 (London) 5 March 2010 (North America) || 12 March 2010 || English || Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || [[Sound and Vision India]] has dubbed this film in Hindi and Bengali.
|-
| ''[[Inception]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 16 July 2010 || 16 July 2010 || English Japanese French || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || *Released the same day, as its North American release. A second Hindi dub was made in-house by [[UTV Software Communications]] for UTV Action, despite that this studio is owned by UTV.
|-
| ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 2 April 2010 || 2 April 2010 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || *Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 28 March 2012 (France) 30 March 2012 (North America) || 30 March 2012 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || *Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 June 2011 || 17 June 2011 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || *Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Heartbreaker (2010 film)|Heartbrealer]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 March 2010 || 13 January 2012 || French || English || [[France]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || This is a French film that was dubbed into English for [[Pictureworks]].
|-
| ''[[Mega Piranha]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 10 April 2010 || 2011 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Aired for UTV Action.
|-
| ''[[World War Z (film)|World War Z]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 2 June 2013 (London, premiere) 21 June 2013 (North America) || 21 June 2013 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] || Released under the title: '''Preto Ka Aatank''' ('''"प्रेतों का आतंक"''') for the Hindi dub release.
|-
| ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 14 June 2013 || 14 June 2013 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] || *Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Pacific Rim (film)|Pacific Rim]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 12 July 2013 || 12 July 2013 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Godzilla (2014 film)|Godzilla (2014)]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 16 May 2014 (North America) 25 July 2014 (Japan) || 16 May 2014 || English Japanese || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Japan]] || [[Film|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 29 May 2015 || 29 May 2015 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 25 March 2016 || 25 March 2016 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United Kingdom|U.K]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[Sony DADC]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Conjuring 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 10 June 2016 || 10 June 2016 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (film)|The Legend of Tarzan]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 1 July 2016 || 1 July 2016 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Star Trek Beyond]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 22 July 2016 || 22 July 2016 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]]|| Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 November 2016 || 18 November 2016 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Kong: Skull Island]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 10 March 2017 || 10 March 2017 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Rings (2017 film)|Rings]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 3 February 2017 || 10 February 2017 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 March 2017 || 17 March 2017 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] || Released the same day as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 27 May 2016 || 27 May 2016 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || <---[[Television]]---> || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel (India)]]
|-
| ''[[Definition of Fear]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 25 August 2017 || TBA || English || Hindi Tamil || [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] ||
|-
| ''[[Justice League (2017 film)|Justice League]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 16 November 2017 || 17 November 2017 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]'' || Unknown || 23 March 2018 || 23 March 2018 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Skyscraper (2018 film)|Skyscraper]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 13 July 2018 || 1 July 2018 || English || Hindi Tamil || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] ||Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 December 2018 || 18 December 2018 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Dumbo (2019 film)|Dumbo]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 29 March 2019 || 29 March 2019 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Shazam! (2019 film)|Shazam!]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 5 April 2019 || 5 April 2019 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)|Godzilla: King of the Monsters]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 31 May 2019 || 30 May 2019 ||English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Maleficent: Mistress of Evil]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] (Hindi dub) || 18 October 2019 || 18 October 2019 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Mulan (2020 film)|Mulan]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 1 December 2020 || 1 December 2020 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Tenet (2020 film)|Tenet]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 3 September 2020 || 4 December 2020 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Wonder Woman 1984]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 25 December 2020 || 24 December 2020 || English || Hindi Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom & Jerry]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 26 February 2021 || 26 February 2021 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Godzilla vs. Kong]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 31 March 2021 || 24 March 2021 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Mortal Kombat (2021 film)|Mortal Kombat]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 23 April 2021 || 23 April 2021 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Sony DADC]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 4 June 2021 || 13 August 2021 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Malignant (2021 film)|Malignant]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 10 September 2021 || 10 September 2021 || English || Tamil || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Jungle Cruise (film)|Jungle Cruise]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 31 July 2021 || 24 September 2021 12 November 2021 ([[Digital distribution|Digital]]) || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[Digital distribution|Digital]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Dune (2021 film)|Dune]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 22 October 2021 || 22 October 2021 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 4 March 2022 || 4 March 2022 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Shazam!: Fury of the Gods]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 March 2023 || 17 March 2023 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 26 May 2023 || 26 May 2023 || English || Hindi || [[United States|US]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Nun II]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] || 8 September 2023 || 7 September 2023 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] || 22 December 2023 || 21 December 2023 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Dune: Part Two]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] || 1 March 2024 || 1 March 2024 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[4K Ultra HD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] || 29 March 2024 || 29 March 2024 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[4K Ultra HD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] [[Rahul Joshi]] || 24 May 2024 || 23 May 2024 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[4K Ultra HD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Snow White (2025 film)|Snow White]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 21 March, 2025 || 21 March, 2025 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Final Destination Bloodlines]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 15 May 2025 || 15 May 2025 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theatre|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[F1: The Movie]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 27 June 2025 || 27 June 2025 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theatre|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 11 July 2025 || 11 July 2025 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theatre|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] 3D [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Freakier Friday]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] [[Mohit Mahale]] || 8 August 2025 || 8 August 2025 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theatre|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[The Conjuring: Last Rites]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 4 September 2025 || 4 September 2025 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theatre|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
|}

===Animated films===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
A list of all the animated films that the company has dubbed.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Film title !! Dubbing Director !! Original date release !! Dubbed date release (India) !! Original Language(s) !! Dubbed Language(s) !! Country of origin !! Edition release(s) !! Notes
|-
| ''[[The Lion King 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 27 October 1998 || 2005 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]], then released on VCD and DVD.
|-
| ''[[The Lion King 1½]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 10 February 2004 ||???? || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || It was released in India as '''"The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata"''' (and in some other countries) and aired on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]], also released on VCD and DVD.
|-
| ''[[Bambi]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 13 August 1942 || 2006 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] dubbed in Hindi. In 2008, [[Sound & Vision India]] has produced a second Hindi dub to air on Television and released on DVD. They also dubbed it into Marathi and Gujarati.
|-
| ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 18 October 1967 || 2002 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] dubbed in Hindi, much later after the original release.
|-
| ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 14 February 2003 || 2003 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Australia]] || [[Film|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 15 December 2000 ||???? || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] dubbed in Hindi.
|-
| ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 30 May 2003 || 2003 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Incredibles]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 5 November 2004 || 17 December 2004 (Hindi dub) 2005 (Tamil and Telugu dubs) || English || Hindi Tamil (TV) Telugu (TV) || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || The title for the Hindi dubbed version was released as: '''"Hum Hai Lajawab"''' (हम हैं लाजवाब). The Tamil and Telugu dubs were released on [[Disney Channel India]] in January 2013.
|-
| ''[[The Wild]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Sanjeet Das]] || 14 April 2006 || 2006 || English || Hindi || [[Canada]] [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || The title for the Hindi dubbed version was titled: '''"Jungle Masti"'''. (जंगल मस्ती) Even many of the character names were changed in the Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[Cars (2006 film)|Cars]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 9 June 2006 || 4 August 2006 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel India]].
|-
| ''[[Ratatouille (2007 film)|Ratatouille]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 29 June 2007 || 24 August 2007 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel India]].
|-
| ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 21 November 2008 || 21 November 2008 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] ||[[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Tangled (2010 film)|Tangled]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 24 November 2010 || 21 January 2011 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[VCD]] [[DVD]] [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel India]].
|-
| ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 5 February 1953 || Unknown || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel India]].
|-
| ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 22 November 1991 || 2009 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] ||[[Television]] || Aired on [[Disney Channel India]]. Another Hindi dub was released onto home video by [[ZamZam Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamzamprods.com/dubbing6.html |title=ZamZam Productions- U name it V Dub it |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125025556/http://zamzamprods.com/dubbing6.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Lego Movie]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 1 February 2014 ([[Regency Village Theatre]]) 6 February 2014 ([[Denmark]]) 7 February 2014 ([[North America]]) 3 April 2014 ([[Australia]]) || 17 June 2014 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] [[Australia]] [[Denmark]] || [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) || In India, it was originally released in theaters only in English. A Hindi dub was later released for the Home Media market.
|-
| ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 9 November 2012 || 9 November 2012 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel (India)]].
|-
| ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] (Hindi dub)|| 22 November 2013 || 12 December 2015 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel (India)]]
|-
| ''[[Big Hero 6 (film)|Big Hero 6]]'' || {{N/A}} || 7 November 2014 || 19 August 2017 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Television]] || Dubbed in Hindi for [[Disney Channel (India)]]
|-
| ''[[Finding Dory]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 17 June 2016 || 17 June 2016 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day as its North American release. Hindi dub also premiered on television on 30 July 2017 on [[Star Gold]].
|-
| ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 23 November 2016|| 2 December 2016 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Cars 3]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] [[Greta Lewis]] || 16 June 2017 || 16 June 2017 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie theater|Cinema]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Coco (2017 film)|Coco]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 22 November 2017 || 24 November 2017 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Incredibles 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 5 June 2018 || 22 June 2018 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 21 November 2018 || 23 November 2018 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Toy Story 4]]''|| [[Eliza Lewis]] || 21 June 2019 || 21 June 2019 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American Release.
|-
| ''[[Frozen 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] (Hindi Dub) [[I. Ahmed]] (Tamil Dub) [[G. Siva Rama Prasad]] (Telugu dub) || 22 November 2019 || 22 November 2019 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] (3D) [[Television]] || Released the same day, as its North American release. Release as ''''Phrozan 2"''' (फ्रोज़न 2), '''''Hprōsan 2'''' (ஃப்ரோஸன் 2) & '''''Phrōjen 2'''' (ఫ్రాౕజెన్ 2). for title of the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu dubbed version.
|-
| ''[[Raya and the Last Dragon]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 5 March 2021 || 5 March 2021 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S.]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Lightyear (film) |Lightyear]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 22 June 2022 || 3 August 2022 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu, Kannada Malayalam || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Inside Out 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 14 June 2024 || 14 June 2024 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Moana 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 27 November 2024 || 29 November 2024 || English || Hindi || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the Same day, as its North American release.
|-
| ''[[Zootopia 2]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || 26 November 2025 || 28 November 2025 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || [[United States|U.S]] || [[Movie Theater|Cinema]] [[DVD]] [[Blu-ray]] [[Television]] || Release the Same day, its North American release.
|-
|}

===Television animation===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
A list of all the animated television programs that this studio has dubbed.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Animated program !! Dubbing Director !! Country of origin !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Original language !! Dub language(s) !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Brandy & Mr. Whiskers]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 8/21/2004- 4/25/2006 || || English || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 10/2/2000- 1/13/2001 || Early 2001 || English || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Recess (TV series)|Disney's Recess]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 8/31/1997- 11/5/2001 || 2000-2004 || English || Hindi || Aired on [[Disney Hour]] on the Sony Channel from 2000 to 2004. Repeats of the Hindi dub continued to air on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] until 2011.
|-
| ''[[House of Mouse]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 1/13/2001- 12/24/2003 || 2001-2003 || English || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Teacher's Pet (TV series)|Disney's Teacher's Pet]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 9/9/2000- 5/10/2002 || 2001-2002 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 9/13/1969- 1/17/1970 || 2/2000 (Tamil) 2001 (Telugu) || English || Tamil Telugu || Aired on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]] dubbed into Tamil in February 2000, which was around the time the channel started providing content in the Tamil-dubbed format. 2001 was when they allowed their content dubbed in Telugu.
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 9/1/2001- 2/5/2003 || || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 9/8/1995- 9/24/1999 || || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Winx Club]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[Italy]] || 1/28/2004– present || || Italian || Hindi || Aired on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]] and [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]].
|-
| ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir]]'' || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[France]] || 19/10/2015 20/12/2015 || 1/5/2015 || France || Hindi || Dubbed in Hindi on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]], [[Hungama TV]] and [[Super Hungama]]
|-
|}

===Live action television===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
A list of all the live action television programs that this studio has dubbed.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Program title !! Dubbing Director !! Country of origin !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Original language !! Dub language(s) !! Notes
|-
| [[The Book of Pooh]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 1/22/2001- 7/8/2003 || || English || Hindi || Puppet series.
|-
| [[Goosebumps (1995 TV series)|Goosebumps]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[Canada]] || 10/27/1995- 11/16/1998 || 5/15/2006- 2009 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu || Based on the children's books by [[R.L. Stine]]. [[Treasure Tower International]] helped this studio dub the series into these languages for 62 episodes.
|-
| [[Hannah Montana]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 5/6/2006- 1/16/2011 || 9/23/2006- 2011 || English || Hindi Telugu ||
|-
| [[The Suite Life of Zack and Cody]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 3/18/2005- 9/1/2008 || || English || Hindi Telugu ||
|-
| [[The Suite Life on Deck]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[United States|U.S.]] || 9/26/2008- 5/6/2011 || 1/30/2009- 2012(?) || English || Hindi Telugu ||
|-
| [[Are You Afraid of the Dark?]] || [[Eliza Lewis]] || [[Canada]] || 10/30/1990- 6/12/2000 || 9/18/2008- 1/15/2009 || English || Hindi Tamil Telugu ||
|-
|}

==List of voice actors==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
This is a list of voice actors that are currently{{when|date=November 2018}} employed for this dubbing studio and/or have contributed to films being dubbed by this studio, and the language that they use. Both male artists and female voice actors are listed.

===Male voice actors===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Name !! Birthdate !! Birthplace !! Languages spoken !! Notes
|-
| [[Abhishek Bakshi]] || 16 October 1992 || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Abhishek Singh (actor)|Abhishek Singh]] || Unknown || Mumbai, India || Hindi ||
|-
| Akash Ahuja || 1994 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Amar Babaria || 10 May 1975 || Mumbai, India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Amit Diondyi]] || 28 June 1985 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Anas Khan || Unknown || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Anil Datt]] || Unknown || Mumbai, India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Anshul Chandra]] || Unknown || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Ashiesh Roy]] || 18 May 1965 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Chetanya Adib]] || 10 November 1971 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Damandeep Singh Baggan]] || 8 June 1977 || Patiala, Punjab India || English Hindi Punjabi ||
|-
| [[Devarsh Thakur]] || 10 October 1992 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Dilip Sinha || 1951 || [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India || Hindi Bhojpuri ||
|-
| [[Karan Somyani]] || 15 November 1989 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Karan Trivedi]] || 17 January 1984 || [[Mumbai]], India || Hindi Gujarati || Brother of [[Ami Trivedi]].
|-
| Kishore Bhatt || 1951 || Mumbai, India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Koustuv Ghosh]] || 26 November 1996 || Maharashtra, Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Mayur Vyas]] || {{circa|1973–1974}} || [[Mumbai]], India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Nachiket Dighe]] || 11 November 1987 || [[Mumbai]], India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Omi Sharma]] || || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Pankaj Kalra]] || Unknown || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||rowspan="2" |These two actors are sibling brothers.
|-
| [[Pawan Kalra]] || 1 November 1972 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi
|-
| [[Prasad Barve]] || 10 April 1981 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] || 24 November 1986 || [[Dausa]], [[Rajasthan]], India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Rajesh Jolly]] || 20 August 1960 || India || English Hindi Punjabi ||
|-
| [[Rajesh Kava]] || 18 March 1979 || [[Gujarat]], India || English Hindi Gujarati ||
|-
| [[Rajesh Khattar]] || 24 September 1966 || [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] || English Hindi Urdu Punjabi
|-
| Rajesh Shukla || 28 January 1988 || [[Kanpur]], [[India]] || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Rishabh Shukla]] || 20 August 1966 || [[Kanpur]], [[India]] || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Sam Parker (Indian actor)|Sam Parker]] || || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Samay Raj Thakkar]] || 21 October 1966 || [[Mumbai]], India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Sankalp Rastogi]] || 18 March 1984 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Sanket Mhatre|| || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Saumya Daan]] || 2 March 1982 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Marathi Bengali ||
|-
| [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] || 9 October || India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Sonu Nigam]] || 30 July 1973 || Faridabad, Haryana, India || Hindi Kannada ||
|-
| [[Uplaksh Kochhar]] || 31 December 1991 || India || English Hindi Punjabi ||
|-
| [[Vaibhav Thakkar]] || 8 May 1997 || Maharashtra, Mumbai, India || English Hindi || Son of [[Samay Raj Thakkar]], who's also a voice actor.
|-
| [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] || 1 August 1970 || [[Allahabad]], India || Hindi ||
|-
| [[Yash Narvekar]] || 1 September 1984 || [[Mumbai]], India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Viral Shah || 28 August 1986 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
|}

===Female voice actresses===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Name !! Birthdate !! Birthplace !! Languages spoken !! Notes
|-
| [[Alka Sharma]] || || South West New Delhi, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Ami Trivedi]] || 15 July 1982 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] || Hindi Gujrarati || Sister of [[Karan Trivedi]].
|-
| [[Diksha Thakur]] || 26 December 1987 || India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Dinaaz Farhan]] || || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Eliza Lewis]] || Unknown || India || English Hindi Tamil Telugu || Founder, Director & Proprietor of this studio, who has directed many dubbed versions of foreign films and television series.
|-
| Kumud Bappal ||22 May 1985 || Andheri, West Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Meena Gokuldas]] || Unknown || [[Malabar Hill]], Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Meghana Erande]] || 24 April 1981 || [[Mumbai]], [[India]] || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Mona Metha]] || Unknown || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Nilufer Middey Khan]] || Unknown || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Niti Mathur]] || 20 October 1980 || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Parignya Pandya Shah]] || 9 November 1985 || India || English Hindi Marathi Gujarati ||
|-
| Pinky Rajput || 20 January 1969 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Prachi Save Sathi]] || 21 March 1982 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Priya Adivarekar || 22 April 1992 || Mumbai, [[India]] || English Hindi French Spanish Sanskrit ||
|-
| Rajshree Nath || Unknown || Mumbai, India || Hindi Bengali ||
|-
| [[Renu Sharda]] || 11 April 1982 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Rucha Dighe]] || 11 November 1988 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Rupali Surve Shivtarkar]] || - || Mumbai, Maharashtra, India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
| [[Sayuri Haralkar]] || 11 December 2001 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| Shagufta Baig || 3 April 1988 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Urdu ||
|-
| [[Sonia Kulshrestha]] || Unknown || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Sunita Pandey]] || 4 October 1992 || India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Toshi Sinha]] || 27 December 1978 || Andheri, West Mumbai, India || English Hindi ||
|-
| [[Urvi Ashar]] || 1 May 1987 || Mumbai, India || English Hindi Marathi ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Eliza Lewis]]
*[[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
*[[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mainframeindia.in/ Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://translate.google.co.in/translate?sl=en&tl=hi&js=n&prev=_t&hl=hi&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainframeindia.in%2F&act=url Official Website] {{in lang|hi}}

[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian dubbing studios]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Rasashastra

2026-05-04T22:08:18Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding new info initial version

{{Short description|Compilation of traditional ancient Indian medicine practice}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar}}
In [[Ayurvedic medicine]], '''''rasaśāstra''''' '''(रसशास्त्र)''' refers to processes by which various [[metal]]s, [[minerals]] and other substances, including most notably [[mercury (element)|mercury]], are purified and combined with herbs in an attempt to treat illnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrifreedom.org/alchemy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114192941/http://www.shrifreedom.org/alchemy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-14 |title=Rasa Shastra – Freedom Vidya |website=Shrifreedom.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo0VPGr0RF4C&pg=PA26|title=Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies |date=2003 |isbn=9780203498583 |last1=Mishra |first1=Lakshmi C. |publisher=CRC Press }}</ref> Rasaśāstra is a pharmaceutical branch of Indian system of medicine and a genre of literature<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wujastyk |first=Dagmar |date=2013 |title=Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94273/ |journal=Asian Medicine |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1163/15734218-12341278 |issn=1573-420X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which mainly deals with the metals, minerals, product of animal origin, toxic herbs and their use in therapeutics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Savrikar|first1=S|last2=Ravishankar|first2=B|date=2011-07-15|title=Introduction to 'Rasashaastra'- The Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajtcam/article/view/67955|journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines|volume=8|issue=5S|pages=66–82|doi=10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.1|pmid=22754059|issn=0189-6016|pmc=3252715}}</ref>

== Origin ==

The ''Kalyāṇakāraka'', composed in South India by Ugrāditya, is the earliest medical work to contain alchemical content. It is datable to the early ninth century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=G. J. Meulenbeld |url=https://archive.org/details/Meulenbeld-HIML/HIML_2A/page/155/mode/1up |title=Meulenbeld, History of Indian Medical Literature |date=1999 |volume=2A |page=155}}</ref> It gives descriptions for the processing of mercury and uses technical terminology related to the procedures and implements required for alchemy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presentation by Dagmar Wujastyk: On medicine and alchemy in the Kalyāṇakāraka {{!}} Ayuryog |url=https://www.ayuryog.org/event/presentation-dagmar-wujastyk-medicine-and-alchemy-kaly%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81raka |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.ayuryog.org}}</ref> It is the first work to describe purifying (''śodhana'') and calcining (''māraṇaʼ) mercury for medicinal use.'' The first work of the Sanskrit alchemical literary genre called ''rasaśāstra'' is the 10th century ''Rasahṛdayatantra''. The texts 19 chapters focus on the processing mercury, outlines 18 means to process mercury and discusses the transmutation of metals and the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Gerrit Jan |title=A history of Indian medical literature |date=1999 |publisher=Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |series=Groningen Oriental studies |location=Groningen |pages=616–621}}</ref>

==Methods==
[[File:Folio of a composition documenting the recipe for a mercury potion from the Kartarpur Bir (2).jpg|thumb|Folio of a composition documenting the recipe for a mercury potion from the Kartarpur Bir]]
Early medical texts, especially the ''[[Charaka Samhita|Carakasaṃhitā]]'' and ''[[Susruta Samhita|Suśrutasaṃhitā]],'' are often claimed to contain early references to ''rasaśāstra''. Where these texts use the word ''rasa'', later commentators interpret ''rasa'' as mercury, despite the word having various other meanings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=U.C. |title=The Materia Medica of the Hindus |publisher=Adi-Ayurveda Machine Press |year=1922 |location=Calcutta |pages=27}}</ref> The earliest mentions of mercury are to the unprocessed substance and it is not until the 9th century ''Kalyāṇakāraka'' that we find recipes for purifying and calcination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wujastyk |first=Dagmar |date=2013 |title=Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94273/ |journal=Asian Medicine |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1163/15734218-12341278 |issn=1573-420X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 13th century ''Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā'' also contains elaborate descriptions of the processing and uses of mercury.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wujastyk |first=Dagmar |date=2013 |title=Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94273/ |journal=Asian Medicine |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1163/15734218-12341278 |issn=1573-420X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

An important feature is the use of metals, including several that are [[toxicity|toxic]]. In addition to mercury, [[gold]], [[silver]], [[iron]], [[copper]], [[tin]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[bell metal]] are used. In addition to these metals, [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s and other substances such as [[coral]], [[seashell]]s, and [[feather]]s are also used.<ref>Mishra, p. 86</ref>

The usual means used to administer these substances is by preparations called ''bhasma'', [[Sanskrit]] for "ash". [[Calcination]], which is described in the literature of the art as ''śodhana'', "purification", is the process used to prepare these ''bhasma'' for administration. [[Sublimation (phase transition)|Sublimation]] and the preparation of a mercury [[sulfide]] are also in use in the preparation of its ''materia medica''. A variety of methods are used to achieve this. One involves the heating of thin sheets of metal and then immersing them in oil (''taila''), extract (''takra''), cow urine (''gomutra'') and other substances.<ref>Mishra, pp. 86–88</ref> Others are calcined in [[crucible]]s heated with fires of cow dung (''puttam'').<ref>Mishra, pp. 87–88</ref> Ayurvedic practitioners believe that this process of purification removes undesirable qualities and enhances their therapeutic power.<ref>Mishra, pp. 88</ref>

==Toxicity==
Modern medicine finds that [[mercury poisoning|mercury is inherently toxic]], and that its toxicity is not due to the presence of impurities. While mercury does have anti-microbial properties, and used to be [[Mercury (element)#Medicine|widely used]] in Western medicine, its toxicity does not warrant the risk of using it as a health product in most circumstances.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090507131958/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.html Toxicological Profile for Mercury]. U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. March 1999</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] have also reported a number of cases of lead poisoning associated with Ayurvedic medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5326a3.htm |title=Lead Poisoning Associated with Ayurvedic Medications – Five States, 2000–2003 |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> Other incidents of [[heavy metal poisoning]] have been attributed to the use of ''rasashastra'' compounds in the United States, and [[arsenic]] has also been found in some of the preparations, which have been marketed in the [[United States]] under trade names such as "AyurRelief", "GlucoRite", "Acnenil", "Energize", "Cold Aid", and "Lean Plus".<ref>Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A. (2011) ''Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests''. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 202–205. {{ISBN|0-470-43350-7}}</ref>

Ayurvedic practitioners claim that these reports of toxicity are due to failure to follow traditional practices in the mass production of these preparations for sale,<ref>Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A. (2011) ''Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests''. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 205–206. {{ISBN|0-470-43350-7}}</ref> however there is ample evidence of mercury and [[lead poisoning|lead toxicity]]. The [[government of India]] has ordered that Ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product;<ref name="Valiathan06" /> however, M. S. Valiathan noted that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time."<ref name="Valiathan06">{{cite journal|last=Valiathan|first=M. S.|title=Ayurveda: Putting the House in Order|journal=Current Science|volume=90|issue=1|pages=5–6|year=2006|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/toc.php?vol=090&issue=01}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Mercury poisoning]]
* [[Rasayana]]
* [[Siddha medicine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ayurveda}}

==See also==
*[[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Rasayana]]
*[[Raseśvara]]
*[[Siddha medicine]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rasashastra}}
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Alchemical traditions]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]

Mir Dast Afridi

2026-05-04T14:45:01Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating Some Article From Scratch

{{short description|Soldier of the First World War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Mir Dast Afridi
|image= Jemadar Mir Dast, V.C., I.O.M. (c. 1908–1919, Gallaher's cigarette card).jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption= Dast depicted on a [[Gallaher Group|Gallaher]]'s [[cigarette card]] ({{circa}} 1915–1919)
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1874|12|3|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Tirah]], [[British India]] (present day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])
|death_date= {{death date and age|1945|1|19|1874|12|3|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Tehsil]], [[Peshawar]], [[British India]]
|burial_place= Warsak Road Cemetery, Shagi Hindkyan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
|allegiance=
|branch= [[British Indian Army]]
|service_years= 1894–1917
|rank= [[Subedar]]
|unit= [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|commands=
|battles= [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] [[First World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]<ref name=Brighton/> [[Indian Order of Merit|Indian Order of Merit, 2nd Class]]<ref name=Winthrop/> [[Order of British India|Order of British India, 2nd Class]] [[Cross of St. George|Cross of St. George, 3rd Class]] (Russia)<ref name=Winthrop/><ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/>
|relations= [[Mir Mast Afridi]] (brother)
|other_work=
}}
'''Mir Dast''', '''Mir Dost''' or '''Mir Dost Afridi''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|VC|IOM|OBI}} (3 December 1874 – 19 January 1945) was a British Indian soldier and a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] for action during the [[First World War]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. Mir Dast returned to British India as a handicapped and injured soldier and received a hero's welcome.<ref name=Brighton>{{cite web|url=https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discovery/history-stories/mir-dast-the-man-behind-the-plaque/|url-status=dead|title=Mir Dast - the man behind the plaque|website=Brightonmuseums.org.uk website|archive-date=16 April 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416162941/https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/web/20240416162941/https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discovery/history-stories/mir-dast-the-man-behind-the-plaque/}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mir Dast (some sources spell his name as Mir Dost) was a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] from the [[Afridi]] tribe and was born on 3 December 1874 to a Muslim family in the [[Maidan (Tirah)|Maidan valley]], [[Tirah]], [[British India]], in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline>{{cite web|url=https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/mir-dast-vc/|title=Mir Dast profile|website=victoriacrossonline.co.uk website|url-status=dead|date=1 March 2024|archive-date=1 March 2024|access-date=8 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301212320/https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/mir-dast-vc/}}</ref><ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url-status=dead|date=17 November 2021|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1658556|title=A unique tale in world history (tale of two brothers Mir Mast and Mir Dast during First World War)|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|archive-date=17 November 2021|access-date=10 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117213051/https://www.dawn.com/news/1658556}}</ref> Mir Dast enlisted in the [[British Indian Army]] in December 1894. He served in the [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] and [[Waziristan]] prior to the [[First World War]], and for the [[Mohmand Expedition of 1908|Mohmand Expedition]] he received the [[Indian Order of Merit|Indian Order of Merit, 3rd Class]] on 26 June 1908. He was promoted to the rank of [[jemadar]] (warrant officer) in March 1909.<ref name=Winthrop>{{cite web|url=http://haynese.winthrop.edu/india/medals/VC/1MDost.html|url-status=dead|date=6 May 1998|archive-date=15 June 2002|access-date=8 January 2026|title=Jemadar Mir Dost, I.O.M; Bahadur (profile)|website=haynese.winthrop.edu website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615174441/http://haynese.winthrop.edu/india/medals/VC/1MDost.html}}</ref>

His younger brother was [[Mir Mast Afridi]] who was promoted to a jemadar rank before the outbreak of the First World War while he was in service with the [[58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] of the British Indian Army and would later defect to German lines on 4 March 1915.<ref name=Dawn/> Mir Mast was reportedly offended by the British being at war with the Muslim [[Ottoman Empire]]. It is widely believed that he deserted due to his Islamic beliefs and did not want to fight against the fellow Muslims in the [[German–Ottoman alliance]].<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/><ref name=TNI/>

==Victoria Cross award==
[[File:At Royal Pavilion, Brighton, Mir Dast received his medal from King George V - 1915.jpg|thumb| Mir Dast received his medal from King George V at the [[Royal Pavilion]], Brighton.]]
[[File:Subedar Mir Dast 1874-1945 VC IOM OBI 55th Coke's Rifles.jpg|thumb|[[Blue plaque]] in Brighton, England]]
During the First World War, Dast was a jemadar (warrant officer) in the [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]], British Indian Army, attached to the [[57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] when he performed the service for which he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] during the [[Second Battle of Ypres]] near the Belgium-France border area.<ref name=TNI/><ref name=Dawn/>

On 26 April 1915 at [[Ypres]], Belgium, Jemadar Mir Dast led his platoon with great gallantry during a German counter-attack, and afterwards collected various parties of the regiment (when no officers were left) and kept them under his command. He also displayed remarkable courage that day in helping to carry eight British and Indian Officers into safety, while exposed to very heavy fire and chlorine gas attacks which left Dast wounded and in severe pain.<ref name=TNI/><ref name=Dawn/>

The citation read:

"For most conspicuous bravery and great ability at Ypres on 26th April, 1915, when he led his platoon with great gallantry during the attack, and afterwards collected various parties of the regiment (when no British) Officers were left) and kept them under his command until the retirement was ordered. Jemadar Mir Dast, subsequently on this day, displayed remarkable courage in helping to carry eight British and Indian Officers into safety whilst exposed to very heavy fire".<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210|page=6269|date=29 June 1915}}</ref>

Dast was subsequently sent for treatment in the [[Royal Pavilion]], [[Brighton]], where he received his medal from King [[George V]] who pinned it on his chest himself on 25 August 1915.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TNI>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/37550-a-tale-of-two-crosses|archive-date=25 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2026|title=A tale of two crosses (Victoria Cross and Iron Cross awarded to two brothers Mir Dast Afridi and Mir Mast Afridi for World War I)|date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The News International newspaper|url-status=dead|author=Shakil Durrani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125070147/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/37550-a-tale-of-two-crosses}}</ref><ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/> His was the fourth Victoria Cross awarded to an Indian since Indians had become eligible for the award in 1912.<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/>

===Other awards===
* Before this on 26 June 1908, he was awarded the [[Indian Order of Merit]], (3rd Class).<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/>
* [[Cross of St. George]], (3rd Class) (Russia) on 25 August 1915.<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/>

==Later life and legacy==
Dast retired from active service in 1917 with the rank of [[subedar]]. He died on 19 January 1945 at Shagi Hindkyan Village, [[Tehsil]], [[Peshawar]], and was buried at Warsak Road Cemetery, Shagi Hindkyan (now in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan).<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/><ref name=Brighton/>

A monument stands at the [[Memorial Gates (Constitution Hill)|Memorial Gates]] at Hyde Park Corner in London to commemorate the Victoria Cross awards of Indian heritage, including Mir Dast's award.<ref name=VictoriaCrossOnline/>

A blue plaque was erected in May 2016 in honour of Mir Dast next to the Indian Gate at Royal Pavilion Gardens in Brighton, England.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020615174441/http://haynese.winthrop.edu/india/medals/VC/1MDost.html Mir Dost]
*[https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/96985 ODNB entry by David Omissi]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afridi, Mir Dost}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People from Khyber District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of St. George]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Indian Order of Merit]]

Shruti Haasan filmography

2026-05-04T14:44:00Z

Rocky95A059973: creating new info w/ infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{featured list}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Shruti Haasan at 62nd Britannia Filmfare South Awards 2014.jpg|thumb|Haasan in 2014]]

[[Shruti Haasan]] is an Indian actress and singer who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=17 May 2013 |title=I get devastated at the idea of marriage: Shruti Haasan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-get-devastated-at-the-idea-of-marriage-Shruti-Haasan/articleshow/20084486.cms |access-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140118183740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/news-interviews/39311113_1_akshara-shruti-haasan-parents |archive-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> She started her career as a playback singer at the age of six in the 1992 Tamil film ''[[Thevar Magan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2015 |title=Shruti Haasan's special connection with Ilaiyaraaja |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shruti-Haasans-special-connection-with-Ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/45931358.cms |access-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150801151253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shruti-Haasans-special-connection-with-Ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/45931358.cms |archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> She had a brief role in her father, [[Kamal Haasan]]'s Tamil-Hindi directorial ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000) as a child artist.<ref name="hey ram">{{Cite news |date=29 August 2014 |title=Shruti Haasan's first big screen appearance was in Hey Ram |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Shruti-Haasans-first-big-screen-appearance-was-in-Hey-Ram/articleshow/40865492.cms |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315151356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Shruti-Haasans-first-big-screen-appearance-was-in-Hey-Ram/articleshow/40865492.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> Haasan's first major appearance was in the Hindi film ''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]'' (2009), in which she played a dual role of a woman avenging her twin sister's death.<ref name="dual">{{Cite news |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |date=24 July 2009 |title=Review: When luck becomes a bad word |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-when-luck-becomes-a-bad-word-1276883 |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524073606/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-when-luck-becomes-a-bad-word-1276883 |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> She played the female lead in the films ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' and ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''; both were released in 2011 and together earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]] at the [[59th Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony.<ref name="FFS Debut">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170524080240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms? |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Haasan's subsequent releases ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' (2011) and ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012) were commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=Shruti Hassan Breaks Flop Jinx |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Hassan-Breaks-Flop-Jinx/articleshow/13094839.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170524080541/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Hassan-Breaks-Flop-Jinx/articleshow/13094839.cms |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=5 June 2012 |title=Dhanush-Shruti's 3 fails at the box office |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-shruti-s-3-fails-at-the-box-office/story-uihVux6VQbShDxBTQqJt8J.html |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319215237/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-shruti-s-3-fails-at-the-box-office/story-uihVux6VQbShDxBTQqJt8J.html |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> The latter earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony.<ref name="FFS 2012">{{Cite magazine |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-3.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516011504/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-3.html |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> A turning point came in Haasan's career with [[Harish Shankar]]{{'s}} commercially successful Telugu film ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2013 |title=Telugu cinema's lucky heroines |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinemas-lucky-heroines/articleshow/22095513.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170524081051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinemas-lucky-heroines/articleshow/22095513.cms |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> The release was followed by a series of successful films such as ''[[Balupu]]'' (2013) and ''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2013 |title=Balupu collections are rock steady |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Balupu-collections-are-rock-steady/articleshow/20942274.cms |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170316080928/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Balupu-collections-are-rock-steady/articleshow/20942274.cms |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2017 |title=Ram Charan's Yevadu to complete 50 days |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Yevadu-to-complete-50-days/articleshow/31227547.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170316081128/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Yevadu-to-complete-50-days/articleshow/31227547.cms |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> She received her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for her performance in ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014).<ref name="FFS 2014">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151119014021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms? |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2015, Haasan played the female lead in five films: ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' and ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' in Hindi, ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' in Telugu, and ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' and ''[[Vedalam]]'' in Tamil. Except ''Puli'', the rest of the releases achieved commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=27 February 2017 |title=Dependable khiladi: With Jolly LLB 2, Akshay stays in the Rs 100-crore club |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/with-jolly-llb-2-i-akshay-stays-in-the-rs-100-cr-club-117022500720_1.html |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316094322/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/with-jolly-llb-2-i-akshay-stays-in-the-rs-100-cr-club-117022500720_1.html |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-welcome-back/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316094544/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-welcome-back/ |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=live |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom (2015 in Retrospect) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219095125/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html |archive-date=19 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=Business Standard |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> She earned a nomination for the Best Actress – Telugu award at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony for her performance in ''Srimanthudu''.<ref name="FFS 2015">{{Cite magazine |date=7 June 2016 |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750-2.html |magazine=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608101549/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750-2.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> The following year, she had two releases: ''[[Rocky Handsome]]'' and ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''. The latter, a Telugu remake of the 2015 Malayalam-language [[Premam|film of the same name]], drew criticism for Haasan's casting before its release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2016 |title=Not much love for Telugu version of Premam, memes galore |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-much-love-telugu-version-premam-memes-galore-49045 |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316100028/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-much-love-telugu-version-premam-memes-galore-49045 |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=22 September 2016 |title=Why Premam fans are heavily trolling Naga Chaitanya's Telugu remake version on social media? |work=[[International Business Times]] |location=India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-premam-fans-are-heavily-trolling-naga-chaitanyas-telugu-remake-version-social-media-694708 |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316100324/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-premam-fans-are-heavily-trolling-naga-chaitanyas-telugu-remake-version-social-media-694708 |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> She played the role of a young college lecturer with a slightly stern approach towards her students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2016 |title=Chandoo Mondeti: Trolls spare no one |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Chandoo-Mondeti-Trolls-spare-no-one/article15427033.ece |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524074436/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Chandoo-Mondeti-Trolls-spare-no-one/article15427033.ece |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> The remake gained positive critical reception,<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=9 October 2016 |title=Premam review round-up: Naga-Shruti's film bags rich reviews, ratings from critics |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-review-round-naga-shrutis-film-bags-rich-reviews-ratings-critics-698967 |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010181445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-review-round-naga-shrutis-film-bags-rich-reviews-ratings-critics-698967 |archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> and earned average returns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=29 November 2016 |title=Premam total worldwide box office collection: Naga Chaitanya film fails to cross Rs 40 crore mark |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-total-worldwide-box-office-collection-naga-chaitanya-film-fails-cross-rs-40-crore-mark-706121 |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316101033/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-total-worldwide-box-office-collection-naga-chaitanya-film-fails-cross-rs-40-crore-mark-706121 |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> Her Tamil film ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' had a theatrical release in 2017; it was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=17 February 2017 |title=Singam 3 (SI3/S3) 1st week box office collection: Suriya's film fetches over Rs 60 crore in India in 8 days |work=International Business Times India |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/singam-3-si3-s3-1st-week-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-fetches-over-rs-60-crore-india-8-716382 |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316101055/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/singam-3-si3-s3-1st-week-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-fetches-over-rs-60-crore-india-8-716382 |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> Following a career downturn and hiatus, Haasan has appeared in ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]'' (2021), ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' (2023), ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' (2023), ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023) and ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025), all of which ranks among the list of highest-grossing films. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Waltair Veerayya To Sir, Telugu Films That Set The Box Office On Fire |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/waltair-veerayya-to-sir-telugu-films-that-set-the-box-office-on-fire-7647883.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/salaar-part-1-ceasefire-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-1-prabhas-film-creates-history-101703330642970.html |title=Salaar worldwide box office collection day 1: Prabhas' film grosses over ₹178 crore, creates history |website=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224193413/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/salaar-part-1-ceasefire-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-1-prabhas-film-creates-history-101703330642970.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Films ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Shruti Haasan film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'s daughter
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" | Child artist
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="hey ram" />
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]''
| Ayesha, Natasha{{efn|Haasan played dual roles in the film.<ref name="dual" />|name=dual}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="dual" />
|-
| rowspan=4|2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Once Upon a Warrior|Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| Priya
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFS Debut" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=14 January 2011 |title=Anaganaga O Dheerudu: A visual extravaganza |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-anaganaga-o-dheerudu/20110114.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315134602/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-anaganaga-o-dheerudu/20110114.htm |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]''
| {{sortname|Nikki|Narang|nolink=1}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=29 January 2011 |title=Kachcha hai ji |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kachcha-hai-ji/article11644100.ece |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524072942/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kachcha-hai-ji/article11644100.ece |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
| {{sortname|Subha|Srinivasan|nolink=1}}
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFS Debut" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=7 May 2016 |title=7 Aum Arivu Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/7-aum-arivu/movie-review/10542111.cms |access-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170315135027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/7-aum-arivu/movie-review/10542111.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oh My Friend]]''
| Siri Chandana
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=11 November 2011 |title=Review: Oh my Friend is a feel-good entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-oh-my-friend-is-afeel-good-entertainer/20111111.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315135327/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-oh-my-friend-is-afeel-good-entertainer/20111111.htm |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2012
! scope="row" | ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
| Janani Ramachandran
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFS 2012" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 March 2012 |title=3: Three's a crowd |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/3-threes-a-crowd/article3266049.ece |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524073026/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/3-threes-a-crowd/article3266049.ece |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
| Bhagyalakshmi
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 May 2012 |title=Gabbar Singh: Star power to the fore |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gabbar-singh-star-power-to-the-fore/article3408180.ece |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150213100048/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gabbar-singh-star-power-to-the-fore/article3408180.ece |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Balupu]]''
| Shruti
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=28 June 2013 |title=Review: Balupu is a routine pot-boiler |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-balupu-is-a-routine-pot-boiler/20130628.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315135750/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-balupu-is-a-routine-pot-boiler/20130628.htm |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
| Sona Singh
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Paloma |date=19 July 2013 |title=Review: Ramaiya Vastavaiya is for the masses |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ramaiya-vastavaiya-is-for-the-masses/20130719.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315135928/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ramaiya-vastavaiya-is-for-the-masses/20130719.htm |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]''
| Suraiya
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 May 2013 |title=When Kamal helped Shruti get scarred! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/when-kamal-helped-shruti-get-scarred-164713-2013-05-27 |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201185944/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/when-kamal-helped-shruti-get-scarred/1/273499.html |archive-date=1 December 2013 |access-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=live |via=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
| Ammulu
| rowspan="4" | Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2014 |title=Ramayya Vastavayya to premiere on TV |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ramayya-Vastavayya-to-premiere-on-TV/articleshow/31904229.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170524082458/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ramayya-Vastavayya-to-premiere-on-TV/articleshow/31904229.cms |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Shruti Haasan: Impact of role important, not length |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shruti-haasan-impact-of-role-important-not-length-614392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315140511/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shruti-haasan-impact-of-role-important-not-length-614392 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Yevadu]]''
| Manju
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=Yevadu |url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B00L4BD1QO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012034350/https://www.amazon.in/dp/B00L4BD1QO |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=25 March 2017 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Race Gurram]]''
| Spandana "Sweety"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFS 2014" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendra |first=Ranjani |date=11 April 2014 |title=Race Gurram: Allu all the way |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/race-gurram-allu-all-the-way/article5901512.ece |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619030354/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/race-gurram-allu-all-the-way/article5901512.ece |archive-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aagadu]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Junction Lo"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=First look : Mahesh Babu and Shruti Haasan in Aagadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Mahesh-Babu-and-Shruti-Haasan-in-Aagadu/articleshow/42464323.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170315142432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Mahesh-Babu-and-Shruti-Haasan-in-Aagadu/articleshow/42464323.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Poojai]]''
| Divya
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=22 October 2014 |title=Poojai review: Crash, bang, wallop! |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poojai-review-crash-bang-wallop/article6527298.ece |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205221253/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poojai-review-crash-bang-wallop/article6527298.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6|2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Tevar]]''
| Dancer
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| Special appearance in the song "Madamiyan"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2014 |title=Shruti Haasan does an item song titled Madamiya in Tevar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shruti-Haasan-does-an-item-song-titled-Madamiya-in-Tevar/articleshow/40371482.cms |access-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170315142432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Mahesh-Babu-and-Shruti-Haasan-in-Aagadu/articleshow/42464323.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
| Advocate Shruti
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=1 May 2015 |title=Review: 'Gabbar Is Back' Is So Ridiculous That It's (Almost) Good |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/suprateek-chatterjee/review-gabbar-is-back-is-_b_7186816.html |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315142943/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/suprateek-chatterjee/review-gabbar-is-back-is-_b_7186816.html |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| Charuseela
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FFS 2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=1 August 2015 |title=Shruti's name in Srimanthudu was inspired by the song charusheela: DSP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shrutis-name-in-Srimanthudu-was-inspired-by-the-song-charusheela-DSP/articleshow/48308340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170524083344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shrutis-name-in-Srimanthudu-was-inspired-by-the-song-charusheela-DSP/articleshow/48308340.cms |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| Ranjana Shetty
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=9 September 2015 |title=Welcome Back review: Unlimited ambitions and limited fun |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/welcome-back-review-unlimited-ambitions-and-limited-fun/story-qSeU9dCdk6RW8O4IytsSLK.html |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/welcome-back-review-unlimited-ambitions-and-limited-fun/story-qSeU9dCdk6RW8O4IytsSLK.html |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''
| Pavazhamalli
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=1 October 2015 |title='Puli' movie review: Vijay's film is a visual treat, but the screenplay is disappointing |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-puli-movie-review-vijay-s-film-is-a-visual-treat-but-the-screenplay-is-disappointing-2130670 |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315144015/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-puli-movie-review-vijay-s-film-is-a-visual-treat-but-the-screenplay-is-disappointing-2130670 |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vedalam]]''
| Swetha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=R. |first=Manoj Kumar |date=13 November 2015 |title='Thala' all the way |url=http://www.theweek.in/movies/thala-all-the-way-vedalam-ajith-tamil.html |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328070949/http://www.theweek.in/movies/thala-all-the-way-vedalam-ajith-tamil.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Rocky Handsome]]''
| Rukshida Ahlawat
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2017 |title='Rocky Handsome' is an intense action thriller with a heavy dose of emotion |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rocky-Handsome-is-an-intense-action-thriller-with-a-heavy-dose-of-emotion/articleshow/51514741.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170315145303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rocky-Handsome-is-an-intense-action-thriller-with-a-heavy-dose-of-emotion/articleshow/51514741.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
| Sithara Venkatesan
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2016 |title=Premam: The many shades of love |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Premam-The-many-shades-of-love/article15474396.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524074042/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Premam-The-many-shades-of-love/article15474396.ece |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]]''
| Vidhya / Agni{{efn|Haasan played a single character with two or more names|name=names}}
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=10 February 2017 |title=Singam 3 movie review: Si3 is Suriya's show all the way |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/singam-3-movie-review-si-3-suriya-shruti-haasan-anoop-singh-star-rating-4514702/ |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315145415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/singam-3-movie-review-si-3-suriya-shruti-haasan-anoop-singh-star-rating-4514702/ |archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Katamarayudu]]''
| Avanthika
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |date=24 March 2017 |title='Katamarayudu' Review: A stereotypical village drama |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/mar/24/katamarayudu-review-a-stereotypical-village-drama-1585393.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324110124/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/mar/24/katamarayudu-review-a-stereotypical-village-drama-1585393.html |archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]''
| Binny Arora
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Prasanna D |date=9 June 2017 |title=Review: Behen Hogi Teri time pass rom-com |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-behen-hogi-teri-is-a-time-pass-rom-com/20170609.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610084002/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-behen-hogi-teri-is-a-time-pass-rom-com/20170609.htm |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
! scope="row" |''[[Yaara]]''
| Sukanya
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=29 July 2020 |title=Shruti Haasan: My character lends different energy to Yaara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yaara-shruti-haasan-zee5-film-6527448/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111155754/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yaara-shruti-haasan-zee5-film-6527448/ |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|Ramya
| Tamil
| Segment "Coffee anyone?"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=16 October 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Review: Amazon Prime's Tamil Anthology is Remarkable for its Emotional Quotient |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-remarkable-for-its-emotional-quotient-2971211.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016084158/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-remarkable-for-its-emotional-quotient-2971211.html |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Devi (2020 film)|Devi]]''
| Maya
| Hindi
| Short film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Soma |date=24 January 2020 |title=Shruti Haasan: 'My short film Devi hits you with its poignant depiction of women strength' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shruti-haasan-my-short-film-devi-hits-you-with-its-poignant-depiction-of-women-strength/article30640986.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128212459/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shruti-haasan-my-short-film-devi-hits-you-with-its-poignant-depiction-of-women-strength/article30640986.ece |archive-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''
| Kalyani Shankar
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 January 2021 |title=Krack Movie Review: A Very Interesting Action Thriller Featuring Ravi Teja And Shruti Haasan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/krack-telugu-movie-review-ravi-teja-a-very-interesting-action-thriller-shruti-haasan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111154930/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/krack-telugu-movie-review-ravi-teja-a-very-interesting-action-thriller-shruti-haasan/ |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
| Parveen / Pari
|Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Samrudhi |date=14 January 2021 |title=The Power review: Vidyut Jammwal and Shruti Haasan star in a poor retread of The Godfather |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-power-review-vidyut-jammwal-and-shruti-haasan-star-in-a-poor-retread-of-the-godfather-101610611823289.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114084235/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-power-review-vidyut-jammwal-and-shruti-haasan-star-in-a-poor-retread-of-the-godfather-101610611823289.html |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''
|Divya
|Telugu
|Segment: ''xLife''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Pitta Kathalu movie review: Netflix's Telugu anthology is partially engaging despite being equally real and ambitious |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pitta-kathalu-movie-review-netflixs-telugu-anthology-is-partially-engaging-despite-being-equally-real-and-ambitious-9322731.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124124613/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pitta-kathalu-movie-review-netflixs-telugu-anthology-is-partially-engaging-despite-being-equally-real-and-ambitious-9322731.html |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
| Amrutha Konidela
| Telugu
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2020 |title=Shruti Haasan confirms her presence in 'Vakeel Saab': Refuses to reveal her role in the Pawan Kalyan starrer |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-confirms-her-presence-in-vakeel-saab-refuses-to-reveal-her-role-in-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer/articleshow/77013704.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718124931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-confirms-her-presence-in-vakeel-saab-refuses-to-reveal-her-role-in-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer/articleshow/77013704.cms |archive-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Laabam]]''
| Clara
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=20 June 2019 |title=Shruti Haasan channels her inner super assassin |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shruti-haasan-plays-a-super-assassin/article28083259.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012035613/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shruti-haasan-plays-a-super-assassin/article28083259.ece |archive-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
!scope="row" | ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
| Isha Jai Simha Reddy
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=NBK 107: Nandamuri Balakrishna, Shruti Haasan's film gets launched with pooja ceremony; pics go viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nbk-107-nandamuri-balakrishna-shruti-haasans-film-gets-launched-with-pooja-ceremony-pics-go-viral/articleshow/87682203.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221093700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nbk-107-nandamuri-balakrishna-shruti-haasans-film-gets-launched-with-pooja-ceremony-pics-go-viral/articleshow/87682203.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
| [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] Agent Athidhi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Acharya actor Chiranjeevi accidentally reveals the title of his next film with director Bobby |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/acharya-actor-chiranjeevi-accidentally-reveals-the-title-of-his-next-film-with-director-bobby-1943522-2022-04-29 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510140927/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/acharya-actor-chiranjeevi-accidentally-reveals-the-title-of-his-next-film-with-director-bobby-1943522-2022-04-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Eye (2023 film)|The Eye]]''
| Diana
| [[Cinema of United States|English]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological Thriller 'The Eye' Starring Shruti Haasan & Mark Rowley Starts Production |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/the-eye-starring-shruti-haasan-amp-mark-rowley-starts-production-1235150607/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025061346/https://deadline.com/2022/10/the-eye-starring-shruti-haasan-amp-mark-rowley-starts-production-1235150607/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
| Model
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Inside details about Shruti Haasan's role in Nani, Mrunal Thakur's #Nani30 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-a-key-role-in-nani-mrunal-thakurs-nani30/articleshow/99871376.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519145717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-a-key-role-in-nani-mrunal-thakurs-nani30/articleshow/99871376.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| Aadhya Krishnakanth
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Prabhas and Shruti Haasan's Salaar to release in Summer 2023 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salaar-be-summer-2023-release-producers-open-about-shoot-schedule-prabhas-more-1052743%3famp |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324160931/1https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salaar-be-summer-2023-release-producers-open-about-shoot-schedule-prabhas-more-1052743%3Famp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
| Preethi Rajashekar
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025|title=Shruti Haasan Goes De-Glam For Lokesh Kanagaraj's Coolie, Surprises Fans With Transformation |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/shruti-haasan-goes-de-glam-for-lokesh-kanagarajs-coolie-surprises-fans-with-transformation-article-119118883|access-date=17 March 2025|website=Times now}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
! scope="row" |''Silent Screams''
| Narrator
| rowspan=2|Telugu
| Documentary film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-09 |title='Silent Screams' brings unheard stories of violence against women to the forefront |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/silent-screams-brings-unheard-stories-of-violence-against-women-to-the-forefront-1038038 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Peddi]]}}
| Item number
| Special appearance in the song
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-special-song-in-ram-charan-starrer-peddi-23628756]</ref><ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/peddi-shruti-haasan-begins-shoot-for-special-dance-number/ar-AA22l7P8]</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2026/peddi-shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-a-special-song-in-ram-charan-s-film-514683.html]</ref><ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/south-cinema/peddi-shruti-haasan-shoots-with-ram-charan-for-a-special-song-her-gold-clad-look-gets-leaked-sparking-buzz/]</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Train}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Tamil
| Post-production
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2025 |title=First look of Vijay Sethupathi - Mysskin's 'Train' out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-vijay-sethupathi-and-mysskins-train-out/article69104209.ece/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Aakasamlo Oka Tara]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Filming
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-28 |title=Shruti Haasan Marks FIRST Collaboration With Dulquer Salmaan In Aakasamlo Oka Tara, Check Out FIRST LOOK |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/shruti-haasan-marks-first-collaboration-with-dulquer-salmaan-in-aakasamlo-oka-tara-check-out-first-look-article-153520828 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|Salaar Part 2: Shouryanga Parvam}}
| Aadhya Krishnakanth
| Pre-production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Shoot Of Prabhas-Starrer 'Salaar Part 2: Shouryanga Parvam' Begins |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/shoot-of-prabhas-starrer-salaar-part-2-begins-article-115117949 |access-date=23 January 2025|website= [[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}


== Television ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes TV series that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Shruti Haasan television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | ''Hello Sago''
| Host
| Tamil
| Talk show
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2019 |title=Shruti Haasan bids farewell to Hello Sago season 1 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shruti-haasan-bids-farewell-to-hello-sago-season-1/articleshow/67726195.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190629100651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shruti-haasan-bids-farewell-to-hello-sago-season-1/articleshow/67726195.cms |archive-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Treadstone]]''
| Nira Patel
| English
| Recurring role; episode 6
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Liz |date=25 September 2019 |title=Meet the Cast of USA's "Treadstone" |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/meet-the-cast-of-usas-treadstone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190928033255/https://www.tvovermind.com/meet-the-cast-of-usas-treadstone/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=[[TVOvermind]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Bestseller (TV series)|Bestseller]]''
| Meethu Mathur / Adya Jaisingh{{efn|Haasan played a single character with two or more names|name=names}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |date=28 January 2022 |title=Mithun Chakraborty to make his digital debut with Shruti Haasan in Amazon Prime series Bestseller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mithun-chakraborty-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-shruti-haasan-in-amazon-prime-series-bestseller-1905685-2022-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128072924/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mithun-chakraborty-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-shruti-haasan-in-amazon-prime-series-bestseller-1905685-2022-01-28 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|}

== Music video appearances ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Shruti Haasan music video appearances
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Language
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2010
! scope="row" | "Semmozhi Anthem"
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Music by [[AR Rahman]], Lyrics by [[Kalaignar M Karunanidhi]]<nowiki/>sung by various artists
|[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
|
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | "Inimel"
| [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| Dwarkesh Prabakar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Inimel: Shruti Haasan-Lokesh Kanagaraj spark fresh chemistry in Kamal Haasan's song on modern-day romance. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/inimel-shruti-haasan-lokesh-kanagaraj-spark-fresh-chemistry-in-kamal-haasans-song-on-modern-day-romance-watch-101711371925959.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401101142/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/inimel-shruti-haasan-lokesh-kanagaraj-spark-fresh-chemistry-in-kamal-haasans-song-on-modern-day-romance-watch-101711371925959.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Shruti Haasan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1599046|name=Shruti Haasan}}

{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haasan, Shruti}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Bihar Aur Sufivad

2026-05-03T06:56:33Z

Rocky95A059973: put up a post...

{{Short description|2025 Hindi-language book}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Bihar Aur Sufivad
| author = Syed Amjad Hussain
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| genre = History
| publisher = Rajmangal Prakashan
| pub_date = 27 April 2025
| exclude_cover =
| media_type = Print (paperback) and e-book
| cover_artist =
| subject = [[History]], [[Sufism]], [[Islam]], [[Bihar]]
| pages = 308
| isbn = 978-9348578358
}}

'''Bihar Aur Sufivad''' is a 2025 historical non-fiction book by Indian author, poet and historian, Syed Amjad Hussain.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बिहार और सूफ़ीवाद पुस्तक श्रेणी में बनी बेस्ट सेलर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/best-seller-in-bihar-and-sufism-book-category-134978993.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=2025-05-07|trans-title=Bihar Aur Sufivad becomes bestseller in the books category}}</ref> Published on 27 April 2025 by Rajmangal Prakashan, an imprint of Rajmangal Publishers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Aur Sufivad {{!}} Rajmangal Publishers |url=https://www.rajmangalpublishers.com/product-page/bihar-aur-sufivad |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Rajmangal Publishers |language=en|date=2025-04-27}}</ref> The book examines the development and legacy of [[Sufism in India]] and particularly the Indian state of Bihar. Drawing upon rare manuscripts, oral traditions, archival sources and inscriptions, the book documents the contributions of key Sufi figures and the role of Sufi institutions in the cultural and spiritual life of the region.

== Overview ==
''Bihar Aur Sufivad'' explores the early roots of [[Islam in India]] and Sufism in Bihar, tracing its introduction to the region through figures such as Momin Arif, Imam Muhammad Taj Faqih Hashmi, and Qazi Syed Shahabuddin Suhrawardi Kashgari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2024-08-08 |title=From Urdu to Sufism: Young Author’s New Book Illuminates Bihar’s Mystical Past |url=https://twocircles.net/2024aug08/450233.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref> The book details the influence of major Sufi orders including the [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]], [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]], and [[Naqshbandi]] silsilahs and their offshoots, and highlights their integration with the social and spiritual fabric of [[Bihar]] over centuries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=सय्यद अमजद हुसैन की नई किताब, सूफी इतिहास पर एक महत्वपूर्ण अध्ययन |url=https://www.patrika.com/up-special-news/syed-amjad-hussains-new-book-an-important-study-on-sufi-history-18838700 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=Patrika News |language=hi|trans-title=Syed Amjad Hussain's new book, a critical study of Sufi history|last=Shukla|first=Anoop}}</ref>

Hussain pays special attention to the roles played by Sufi figures such as [[Munim Pak|Shah Muhammad Munim Pak]], Syed Ahmed Jajneri, Makhdoom Shah Aamun, and other Suhrawardi, Chishti, and Firdausi Sufis, presenting them as central to the diffusion of Islamic spirituality, education, and inclusive religious practices in Bihar. The book also examines the architectural, literary, and reformist legacies left behind by these [[Sufism in India|Sufi traditions]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=सूफ़ी संतों पर केंद्रित पुस्तक ‘बिहार और सूफ़ीवाद’ का प्रकाशन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/epaper/detail-page/nawada/479/2025-05-03?pid=3 |work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=2025-03-05|pages=4|trans-title=Publication of the book 'Bihar Aur Sufivad' focusing on Sufi saints}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=युवा लेखक की पुस्तक का प्रकाशन |url=https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/patna/biharsharif/2025-05-03/9 |work=Prabhat Khabar|pages=5|trans-title=Publication of a book by a young author}}</ref>

There is an article on Sufism in India by Ghulam Rasool Dehlvi and one article on [[Chishti Order|Chishti order]] of Sufism by Peerzada Syed Firozul Hasan Chishti.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘बिहार और सूफ़ीवाद’ पुस्तक होगी प्रकाशित |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi|trans-title=The book 'Bihar Aur Sufivad' will be published|date=2025-02-09|pages=4}}</ref>

== About Author ==
The author Syed Amjad Hussain is a student at [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaurav |first=Kumar |date=2024-11-26 |title=Reviving Bihar’s forgotten Sufi saints' legacy |url=https://villagesquare.in/bringing-sufi-saints-of-bihar-from-historys-footnotes-to-its-pages/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Village Square |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=डीएम को सय्यद अमजद हुसैन ने भेंट की पुस्तक |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/syed-amjad-hussain-presented-a-book-to-the-dm-136108279.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=2025-10-07|pages=4|trans-title=Syed Amjad Hussain presented a book to the DM.}}</ref>

Amjad previously wrote ''Akhtar Orenvi: Bihar Mein Urdu Sahitya Ke Nirmata'', a biographical book on Akhtar Orenvi and ''The Eternals of Bihar'', covering 25 unknown and lesser known Muslim figures of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=हिंदी |first=News24 |title=अब सूफीवाद पर लिखेंगे युवा लेखक सय्यद अमजद हुसैन |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/now-young-writer-syed-amjad-hussain-will-write-on-sufism/407907/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=News24 Hindi |language=hi|trans-title=Now young writer Syed Amjad Hussain will write on Sufism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2023-07-05 |title=18 year old Syed Amjad keen on presenting prominent Urdu writer Akhtar Orenvi to the youth |url=https://twocircles.net/2023jul05/449196.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Book launch ==
The book was launched on 29 June 2025 at Bihar Industries Association Auditorium, [[Patna]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Jyotsna |date=2025-06-13 |title=Bihar Aur Sufivad: अमजद हुसैन की बहुचर्चित किताब का पटना में होगा भव्य विमोचन |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/syed-amjad-hussain-book-will-be-released-in-patna-2166132 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=punjabkesari|trans-title=Bihar Aur Sufivad: Amjad Hussain's much-talked-about book to be grandly released in Patna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-30 |title=पुस्तक लोकार्पण: पटना में ‘बिहार और सूफ़ीवाद’ पुस्तक का लोकार्पण समारोह |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/patna/launch-ceremony-of-the-book-bihar-aur-sufivad-in-patna-1156724 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi|trans-title=Book Launch: Book launch ceremony of 'Bihar Aur Sufivad' in Patna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-30 |title=پٹنہ میں کتاب بہار اور تصوف کی رونمائیz |url=https://epaper.taasir.com/page.php?city=patna&date=01-07-2025&pageid=8 |work=Taasir |language=ur|trans-title=Book launch of Bihar Aur Sufivad in Patna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-30 |title=बिहार और सूफ़ीवाद का विमोचन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/epaper/detail-page/nawada/479/2025-06-30?pid=3 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |location=Nawada-Sheikhpura |pages=4 |language=hi |df=|trans-title=Launching of the book Bihar Aur Sufivad}}</ref>

== Reviews ==
The book has been reviewed by:

* [[Souhardya De]] in the Heritage Times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De |first=Souhardya |author-link=Souhardya De |date=2025-05-01 |title=Book Review: Bihar Aur Sufivad by Syed Amjad Hussain |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/bihar-aur-sufivad-by-syed-amjad-hussain |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sahil Razvi in the [[Muslim Mirror|The Muslim Mirror]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Razvi |first=Sahil |date=2025-05-02 |title=Book: “Bihar Aur Sufivad”: A Scholarly Ode to the Legacy of Sufism in Bihar |url=https://muslimmirror.com/book-review-bihar-aur-sufivad-a-scholarly-ode-to-the-legacy-of-sufism-in-bihar/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Afroz Khan in [[Countercurrents.org|Countercurrents]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Afroz |date=2025-05-10 |title=Bihar Aur Sufivad: The Sufi Spirit of Bihar Reimagined Through Pen and Poetry |url=https://countercurrents.org/2025/05/bihar-aur-sufivad-the-sufi-spirit-of-bihar-reimagined-through-pen-and-poetry/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=[[Countercurrents.org]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Shahjad Mia on MunsifTV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mia |first=Shahjad |title=Book Review: ‘Bihar Aur Sufivad’ – A Tale of History, Culture, and Spirituality |url=https://munsiftv.com/News/Book-Review--%E2%80%98Bihar-Aur-Sufivad%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-A-Tale-of-History--Culture--and-Spirituality |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=munsiftv.com}}</ref>
* [[Ashwin Chitale|Ashwin Afraad]] in the [[Millat Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afraad |first=Ashwin |date=2025-05-04 |title=Book Review: Bihar aur Sufivad, an Encyclopedia of Light - Millat Times |url=https://millattimes.com/book-review-bihar-aur-sufivad-an-encyclopedia-of-light/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Google Books URL|id=x6xZEQAAQBAJ|text=}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Islam in India]]
[[Category:Sufi literature]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language books]]
[[Category:2025 non-fiction books]]

Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara

2026-05-02T17:27:11Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding new data needs work

{{Short description|Indian Hindi drama TV series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Punar Vivah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| writer = Shobhit Jaiswal Anil Nagpal Seema Mantri [[Usha Dixit]] [[Saurabh Tewari]] [[Gautam Hedge]]
| creative_director = Karishmaa Chandna
| director = Manish Khandelwal Hemant Prabhu Ravi Raj, [[Arvind Gupta (director)|Arvind Gupta]]
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]
| starring = [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] [[Kratika Sengar]]
| open_theme = ''Punar Vivah'' by Kamaal Khan
| editor = Jay B Ghadiali
| cinematography = Sudesh Kotian Navneet Beohar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| num_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2012|02|20}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2013|05|17}}
| related = ''[[Punar Vivah – Ek Nayi Umeed]]''
| num_seasons = 2
}}

'''''Punar Vivah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara''''' ({{translation| ''Remarriage Will Give You Life – Again''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 20 February 2012—replacing ''[[Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer]]''—till 17 May 2013. The show was set in the city of [[Bhopal]] and revolved around lead characters Yash and Aarti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MP-on-a-roll-in-TV-serials/articleshow/11992783.cms|title=MP on a roll in TV serials - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2012 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225025729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mp-on-a-roll-in-tv-serials/articleshow/11992783.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The first season concluded on 17 May 2013 and a second season titled ''[[Punar Vivah – Ek Nayi Umeed]]'' with new lead characters and a new storyline, replaced it from 20 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Punarvivaah-with-a-new-storyline/articleshow/20103965.cms|title=Punarvivaah with a new storyline - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 May 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111043739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/punarvivaah-with-a-new-storyline/articleshow/20103965.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/gurmeet-wishes-luck-to-punar-vivah-2-7550.html|title=Gurmeet wishes luck to 'Punar Vivah 2'|date=2013-05-02|website=India TV News|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111042236/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/gurmeet-wishes-luck-to-punar-vivah-2-7550.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is the story of two individuals, Yash and Aarti. Based in [[Bhopal]], Yash Scindia is a wealthy widower living with his two daughters Payal and Palak. Aarti is a divorcée and lives with her son Ansh. Yash is a wedding planner.

Aarti's in-laws and Yash's family want the two lonely hearts to get united in marriage. Aarti's in-laws decide to let Yash's family believe Aarti has been widowed like Yash. Yash and Aarti get married for the well-being of their children and Aarti soon makes place for herself in Yash's joint family. Yash, however, continues to live with memories of his first wife Arpita. On a trip to [[Mumbai]], Yash and Aarti come closer and Aarti confesses to him that she has fallen in love with him. Soon, Yash cuts short the vacation and they return home where Yash declares he has no relationship with Aarti and refuses to speak to her. After several days, Aarti is still clueless till she faints and is informed she is pregnant. She recalls that after consuming ''[[Bhang|bhaang]]'' at a temple, they consummated their marriage and Yash feels guilty for betraying his former wife and blames Aarti. Aarti finally confronts Yash and refuses to accept that the act of consummation was one-sided. She starts living with him again for the sake of their families but maintains a distance from him and hides her pregnancy from everyone.

Complications arise in Aarti's pregnancy but she chooses to leave with her son Ansh and boards a bus. Meanwhile, Yash's aunt discovers Aarti's pregnancy and the entire family finds out but only after Aarti has left. She meets with an accident and she and Ansh reach the hospital with help from her first husband Prashant. Yash sets out looking for her and Prashant discovers that Aarti is married to Yash. Yash and Aarti finally reunite at a ''[[Mazar (mausoleum)|mazaar]]'' and Yash and Aarti return home with Ansh as Prashant looks on. Meanwhile, Yash's younger brother Prateek and his wife Paridhi continuously argue about Paridhi's work hours as she goes off on shoots and her disregard for the family. Paridhi gets drunk for a shoot and sleeps with her producer who starts blackmailing her. In an altercation, Paridhi inadvertently hits him and he dies. Paridhi confides in her mother who tells her to stay quiet about all the events.

An ailing Prashant returns to his parents but is diagnosed with advanced stage cancer and requires a bone marrow transplant from his biological son Ansh. Prashant's mother Shobha is forced to ask for Aarti's help and they manage to get Ansh's bone marrow for Prashant's treatment whilst keeping it a secret from Yash and his family. Prashant is cured and refuses to leave home even as Aarti finally tells Yash about him and how while she was pregnant with Ansh, Prashant selfishly left her for another woman. Yash falls in love with Aarti but believes she would want to return to her first love Prashant but Aarti sets out to prove that she loves only Yash even as Prashant decides to get her back. Prashant's aunt exposes Aarti's past before the Scindias who are shocked and unforgiving at first till Yash defends her. Aarti and Yash are banished to another part of the house and Yash's father instructs the family to sever ties with them and their children.

Prashant decides to plot against Yash and Aarti to separate them. However, eventually, Yash and Aarti reunite with the family and Yash brings Akash to the family. This creates tensions and Gayatri starts hating Yash who is revealed to be Suraj Pratap's son with his other wife Radha and was swapped at birth with Akash who is actually Gayatri's biological son. Akash and his wife Ishita have designs on the Scindia wealth and influence Gayatri who disowns Yash. Suraj Pratap instead, names Yash as the sole heir to his wealth. A fight breaks out between Akash and Yash and Gayatri is grievously injured. At the hospital, she finally realises her mistake and apologises to Yash and Suraj Pratap as she dies in Yash's arms.

A month later, Akash and Ishita manage to turn the family against Radha with only Yash and Aarti supporting her. They make Suraj Pratap and the family realise her value and Suraj Pratap decides to marry her to give her her rightful place. After he gets into trouble with his thug friends, Akash has a change of heart when Aarti rescues him and saves his life.

New complications arise after Aarti and Yash's son Aayu is born but someone kidnaps him soon after. The culprit is revealed to be Ishita. Ishita becomes obsessed with Yash creating problems between him and Aarti. They don't talk to each other for months after losing Aayu. Aayu returns to the family as an orphan who is adopted by Prateek and Paridhi. Aarti feels a strange connection with the baby and finds comfort in him. Aarti soon discovers the truth about Ishita and together with Yash, she gets Aayu back; however, seeing Paridhi's sad face, Aarti and Yash decide to give Aayu to Prateek and Paridhi. Ishita comes back and kidnaps Aayu again. However, Yash saves Aayu and gets Ishita arrested as the show ends. The Scindia family introducing the new characters for Season 2.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Kratika Sengar Dheer]] as Aarti Yash Sindhia – Yash's wife; Palak and Payal's stepmother; Ansh and Aayu's mother.
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] as Yash Sindhia – Suraj Pratap and Radha's son; Pankaj, Akash and Prateek's half-brother; Arpita's widower; Aarti's husband; Payal, Palak and Aayu's father; Ansh's step father<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gurmeet comfortable doing romantic scenes with Kratika - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gurmeet-comfortable-doing-romantic-scenes-with-Kratika/articleshow/17450222.cms |access-date=2019-08-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225033757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gurmeet-comfortable-doing-romantic-scenes-with-kratika/articleshow/17450222.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gurmeet-responsible-for-Punar-Vivah-ending/articleshow/19633327.cms|title=Gurmeet responsible for Punar Vivah ending? - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 April 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418054014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gurmeet-responsible-for-punar-vivah-ending/articleshow/19633327.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sarwar Ahuja]] / [[Vineet Raina]] as Prashant Dubey – Shobha and Satyendra's son; Aarti's ex-husband; Ansh's father<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vineet-Raina-replaces-Sarwar-Ahuja-in-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/16667166.cms|title=Vineet Raina replaces Sarwar Ahuja in Punar Vivah - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 October 2012 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418005215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vineet-raina-replaces-sarwar-ahuja-in-punar-vivah/articleshow/16667166.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prashant-to-die-in-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18087031.cms|title=Prashant to die in Punar Vivah - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 January 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418004438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prashant-to-die-in-punar-vivah/articleshow/18087031.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Shobha Dubey – Prashant's mother; Ansh's grandmother
* Amit Singh Thakur as Satyendra Dubey – Prashant's father; Ansh's grandfather
* Divyam Dama as Ansh Scindia – Aarti and Prashant's son; Yash's step-son; Aayu's half-brother; Payal and Palak's step-brother<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-punarvivah-s-ansh-in-tumhari-paakhi-1934983|title='Punarvivah's' Ansh in 'Tumhari Paakhi'|date=2013-12-14|website=DNA India|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410110745/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-punarvivah-s-ansh-in-tumhari-paakhi-1934983|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Palak Dey as Palak Scindia – Yash and Arpita's younger daughter; Aarti's step-daughter; Payal's twin-sister; Aayu's half-sister; Ansh's step-sister
* Dhriti Mehta as Payal Scindia – Yash and Arpita's elder daughter; Aarti's step-daughter; Palak's twin-sister; Aayu's half-sister; Ansh's step-sister
* [[Chetan Pandit]] as Suraj Pratap Scindia – Radha and Gayatri's husband; Yash, Pankaj, Akash and Prateek's father
* [[Zahida Parveen]] as Gayatri Scindia – Suraj Pratap's first wife; Pankaj, Akash and Prateek's mother<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/zahida-parveen-quits-punar-vivaah/story-UH8iqS0aJWlmluWaloBRoO.html|title=Zahida Parveen quits Punar Vivaah|date=2013-03-17|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2019-08-19|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611014625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/zahida-parveen-quits-punar-vivaah/story-UH8iqS0aJWlmluWaloBRoO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as Radha Scindia – Suraj Pratap's second wife, Yash's mother; Akash's foster mother<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ali-Raza-Namdar-Dolly-Minhas-Maleeka-Ghai-in-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18293378.cms|title=Ali Raza Namdar, Dolly Minhas, Maleeka Ghai in Punar Vivah - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=February 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418080050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ali-raza-namdar-dolly-minhas-maleeka-ghai-in-punar-vivah/articleshow/18293378.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pallavi Rao]] / [[Ananya Khare]] as Maaya - Suraj Pratap's sister
* Rakesh Kukreti as Pankaj Scindia – Suraj Pratap and Gayatri's eldest son; Akash and Prateek's brother; Yash's half-brother; Vidhi's husband; Vedika's father
* Samragyi Nema as Vidhi Scindia – Pankaj's wife; Vedika's mother
* Dishank Arora as Prateek Scindia – Suraj Pratap and Gayatri's youngest son
* [[Leena Jumani]] as Paridhi Scindia – Prateek's wife
* [[Akshay Dogra]] as Akash Scindia – Suraj Pratap and Gayatri's second son; Radha's foster son; Pankaj and Prateek's brother; Yash's half-brother; Ishita's husband<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Dogra-to-enter-Punar-Vivaah/articleshow/18130549.cms|title=Akshay Dogra to enter Punar Vivaah - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 January 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417082517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshay-dogra-to-enter-punar-vivaah/articleshow/18130549.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Heena Parmar]] as Ishita Scindia – Akash's wife<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-enter-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18271554.cms|title=Heena Parmar to enter Punar Vivah - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2013 |access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-enter-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18271554.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Amita Udgata as Tai – Prashant's aunt
* [[Asha Negi]] as Purvi Deshmukh Kirloskar
* [[Shweta Munshi]] as Arpita Yash Scindia: Yash's ex-wife (2012)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara'' पुनर्विवाह – ज़िंदगी मिलेगी दोबारा
| 20 February 2012
| [[Zee TV]]
| 29 November 2013
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Kori Khela]]'' কড়ি খেলা
| 8 March 2021
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 29 April 2022
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade (TV series)|Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' ఊహలు గుసగుసలాడే
| 10 May 2021
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 8 June 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Anbe Sivam (TV series)|Anbe Sivam]]'' அன்பே சிவம்
| 18 October 2021
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 3 July 2022
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Punha Kartavya Aahe]]'' पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे
| 18 March 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 15 March 2025
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Nava Mod'' ਨਵਾ ਮੋਡ
| 2 December 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt2942416}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/punar-vivaah-zindagi-milegi-dobara/0-6-134/ ''Punar Vivah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Murdeshwar–Kacheguda Superfast Express

2026-05-01T15:08:53Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating First Article Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Murdeshwar–Kacheguda Superfast Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width = 480px
| caption = Kacheguda Murudeswar Superfast Express
| type = [[Superfast trains in India|Super fast Express]]
| locale = Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Telangana
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|02|23}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Murdeshwar}} (MRDW)
| stops = 34
| end = {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}} (KCG)
| distance = {{convert|1688|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32h
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Pantry Car, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = yes
| trainnumber = 12789/12790
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
}}

The '''12789 / 12790 Murdeshwar – Kacheguda Superfast Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Murdeshwar}} and [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda (Hyderabad)]] in India. It is currently being operated with 12789/12790 train numbers on bi-weekly basis. Earlier the train used run between {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Central}} and {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}} The train got extended till {{stnlnk|Murdeshwar}} With effect from 11th October 2024.

== Service==

The 12790/Murdeshwar–Kacheguda SF Express has an average speed of 53 km/h and covers 1688 km in 32h. The 12789/Kacheguda–Murdeshwar SF Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 1688 km in 32h 10m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:-
Murdeshwar,
*[[Bhatkal]]
*[[Byndoor Mookambika Road]]
*{{stnlnk|Kundapura}}
*[[Barkur]]
*{{stnlnk|Udupi}}
*{{stnlnk|Mulki}}
*[[Surathkal railway station]]
*{{stnlnk|Mangaluru Central}}
*{{stnlnk|Kasaragod}}
*{{stnlnk|Kanhangad}}
*{{stnlnk|Nileshwar}}
*{{stnlnk|Payyanur}}
*{{stnlnk|Kannur}}
*{{stnlnk|Thalassery}}
*{{stnlnk|Vadakara}}
*{{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}
*{{stnlnk|Tirur}}
*{{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Tiruppur}}
*{{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Razampeta}}
*{{stnlnk|Kadapa Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Yerraguntla Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Gooty Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Dhone Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Kurnool City}}
*{{stnlnk|Gadwal Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Mahbubnagar}}
*{{stnlnk|Jadcherla}}
to Kacheguda.

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC First Class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 End On Generator cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Pantry Car
* 1 SLR

== Traction==

Earlier was Gooty-based [[WDP-4D]]. Both trains are hauled [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] & [[Lalaguda | Lalaguda Loco shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] & [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Mangalore]] to [[Kacheguda]].

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22715/22716 [[Kacheguda–Madurai Weekly Express]] and 17615/17616 [[Kacheguda-Tuticorin Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Kacheguda railway station]]
* [[Mangalore Junction railway station]]
* [[Kacheguda–Madurai Weekly Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22012 17605/Mangaluru Central–Kacheguda Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22011 17606/Kacheguda–Mangaluru Central Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalore Central-Kacheguda Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Family Drama (2021 film)

2026-04-24T21:37:10Z

Rocky95A059973: Added post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Family Drama
| image = Family Drama (2021 film).jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Meher Tej
| producer =
| screenplay = Meher Tej Shanmukha Prashant
| story = Meher Tej
| starring = [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] Teja Kasarapu
| narrator =
| music = Ajay and Sanjay
| cinematography = Venkat R. Shakamuri
| editing = Ramakrishna Arram
| studio = Chashma Films Noothana Bharathi Films Mango Mass Media
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Family Drama''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[neo-noir]] film written and directed by Meher Tej. The film is produced by Chashma Films, Noothana Bharathi Films, and Mango Mass Media. It stars [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] and Teja Kasarapu and premiered on 29 October 2021 on the [[streaming service]] [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Family Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/family-drama/ottmoviereview/87344637.cms |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sadashiva Rao (Sanjay Ratha) is a temperamental and abusive man who lives with his wife Parvathi (Sruti Meher Nori), son Lakshman (Teja Kasarapu), and daughter-in-law Yamini (Pooja Kiran). Sadashiva often berates his family, threatening to evict Lakshman and Yamini if Lakshman doesn’t find a job soon. While Yamini remains unaware of the family's dysfunction, Lakshman is frustrated by his father’s behavior.

Rama ([[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]), Sadashiva’s elder son from his first marriage and Lakshman’s half-brother, had been estranged from the family after being thrown out by Sadashiva years ago. When Lakshman reconnects with Rama, they conspire to paralyze their father with poison in his coffee, seeking revenge and inheritance. Lakshman convinces Parvathi to assist, and that night, Sadashiva is paralyzed.

The next day, Rama returns home with his wife Mahati (Anusha Nuthula) to ensure the transfer of wealth and prevent Parvathi from disrupting their plans out of guilt. Meanwhile, Rama’s friend Nagesh unexpectedly arrives, seeking repayment for a loan. Rama lures him to the backyard under the guise of getting high and kills him by slitting his throat with a blade. Yamini witnesses this murder and tells Lakshman, who convinces her to stay quiet until the inheritance is secure, fearing an investigation into Sadashiva’s condition.

Soon, Sadashiva’s family friend Vasuki (Geddam Srinivas) visits and overhears Rama admitting to the paralysis plot. Rama and Lakshman catch him and kill him, this time with Lakshman delivering the fatal blow. Mahati witnesses the murder but only sees Lakshman, not Rama, hiding nearby.

It’s revealed that both brothers are serial killers. Rama had killed three people initially, and Lakshman, unknown to Rama, copied his method to kill three more victims, making the public believe there was only one killer. When Mahati confronts Rama about Lakshman’s involvement, he convinces her not to go to the police, using the same argument Lakshman used on Yamini.

Mahati discreetly contacts Vasuki’s son, Subhash, to follow up on his missing father. Meanwhile, Yamini and Mahati confide in each other, and Yamini realizes Lakshman is also a killer. She sedates both brothers and digs up Nagesh’s corpse with Mahati, but instead, they find Vasuki’s body, leaving Mahati unconvinced of Rama’s guilt. Rama overhears this and plots to kill both women, but Lakshman insists on sparing Yamini until the wealth transfer is complete.

Mahati finally realizes Rama’s murderous nature when he reacts violently to her stepping outside. At that moment, Subhash arrives to inquire about his father, but before Yamini can warn him, Rama and Lakshman kill him as their wives watch in horror. With no choice left, Mahati and Yamini assist in covering up the murders.

The three women soon barricade themselves inside the house as the brothers plan to kill them. Lakshman strikes a deal with Yamini, asking her to send Parvathi outside when the inheritance papers are signed, promising no harm if they cooperate. However, Parvathi turns out to be colluding with Rama and Lakshman, planning to kill their wives.

In the end, Yamini and Mahati manage to kill both brothers in self-defense during an ambush. Parvathi, in a twist, calls the police and frames the two women as the infamous serial killers, also responsible for murdering her sons, Nagesh, Vasuki and Subhash. As Yamini and Mahati are arrested and taken away, Parvathi watches them from the porch, having successfully deceived the authorities.<ref name="Family Drama Movie Review: A delectable dark comedy">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Family Drama Movie Review: A delectable dark comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/29/family-drama-movie-review-a-delectable-dark-comedy-27553.html |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104120150/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/oct/29/family-drama-movie-review-a-delectable-dark-comedy-27553.html |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Rama<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Suhas's next gets an interesting title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suhass-next-gets-an-interesting-title/articleshow/84594470.cms |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Teja Kasarapu as Lakshman
* Pooja Kiran as Yamini, Lakshman's wife
* Sruti Meher Nori as Parvathi, Lakshman's mother
* Sanjay Ratha as Sadashiva Rao, Rama & Lakshman's father
* [[Anusha Nuthula]] as Mahati, Rama's wife

== Reception ==
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Drama review: Suhas leaves you spellbound in this gem of a crime drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/family-drama-review-suhas-leaves-you-spellbound-in-this-gem-of-a-crime-drama/b8f6fb6322485 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Family Drama movie review: Edgy Telugu horror film on deviously engrossing dysfunctional families |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/reviews/family-drama-movie-review-edgy-telugu-horror-film-shows-why-dysfunctional-families-are-so-deviously-engrossing-1941152/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15114612|title=Family Drama}}
* Ott play review of Family Drama: {{Cite web |title=Family Drama review: Suhas leaves you spellbound in this gem of a crime drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/family-drama-review-suhas-leaves-you-spellbound-in-this-gem-of-a-crime-drama/b8f6fb6322485 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=OTTPlay}}
* Bollywood Life review of Family drama: {{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Family Drama movie review: Edgy Telugu horror film on deviously engrossing dysfunctional families |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/reviews/family-drama-movie-review-edgy-telugu-horror-film-shows-why-dysfunctional-families-are-so-deviously-engrossing-1941152/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Bollywood Life}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Malla kingdom

2026-04-24T13:01:10Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating A Post First Draft

{{Short description|Kingdom in Indian epic literature}}
{{about|the kingdom of Malla in Indian epic literature|the historical tribe|Malla (tribe)|the medieval Nepalese kingdom|Khasa Malla kingdom|the medieval dynasty in Nepal|Malla dynasty (Nepal)}}

The '''Malla kingdom''' was situated in the [[Gangetic plain]] between the [[Kosala kingdom|Kosala]] and [[Videha kingdom|Videha]]. The epic [[Mahabharata]] speaks about a ''Malla'' conquered by the Pandava [[Bhima]] during his military campaign through the eastern kingdoms to collect tribute for King [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] yagna.

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Bhima's military campaign ===

*Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 29

[[Bhima]] defeated the virtuous and mighty king Dirghayaghna of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. And then he subjugated the country of Gopalakaksha and the northern [[Kosala kingdom|Kosalas]] and also the king of '''Mallas'''. And the mighty one, arriving then in the moist region at the foot of the [[Himalaya kingdom|Himalayas]] soon brought the whole country under his sway. He next conquered the country of Bhallata, as also the mountain of Suktimanta that was by the side of Bhallata. Then Bhima vanquishing in battle the unretreating Suvahu the king of [[Kasi kingdom|Kasi]], brought him under complete sway. Then he overcame in battle, by sheer force, the great king Kratha reigning in the region lying about Suparsa. Then the hero of great energy vanquished the Matsya (Eastern Matsyas) and the powerful Maladas and the country called Pasubhumi that was without fear or oppression of any kind. And Bhima then, coming from that land, conquered Madahara, Mahidara, and the Somadheyas, and turned his steps towards the north. And the mighty son of Kunti then subjugated, by sheer force, the country called [[Vatsa kingdom|Vatsabhumi]], and the king of the Bhargas, as also the ruler of the Nishadas and Manimat and numerous other kings. Then Bhima, with scarcely any degree of exertion and very soon, vanquished the '''Southern Mallas''' and the Bhagauanta mountains.

=== Arjuna's list of kingdoms close to Kuru kingdom ===

*Mahabharata, Book 4, Chapter 1

Surrounding the kingdom of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kurus]], are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]], [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]], [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], [[Surasena kingdom|Surasena]], Pattachchara, [[Dasarna kingdom|Dasarna]], Navarashtra, '''Malla''', [[Salwa kingdom|Salva]], Yugandhara, [[Saurashtra kingdom|Saurashtra]], [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]], and the spacious [[Kunti kingdom|Kuntirashtra]].

=== Drupada's list of kings allied to the Pandavas ===

*Mahabharata, Book 5, Chapter 4

Quickly send word to Salya, and to the kings under him, and to king Bhagadatta of immeasurable valour residing on the eastern sea-coast, and to fierce Hardikya, and Ahuka, and the king of the '''Mallas''' of powerful understanding, and Rochamana.

=== The list of provinces in Bharata Varsha (Ancient India) ===

*Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 9

.....the Goparashtras, and the Karityas; the Adhirjayas, the Kuladyas, the '''Malla-Rashtras''', the Keralas, the Varatrasyas, the Apavahas.....

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of the Ikshwaku clan]]

Manigachhi Assembly constituency

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Manigachhi 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2010

}}

'''Manigachhi Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Manigachhi Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 15. Darbhanga | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|Nagendra Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madan Mohan Jha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Prabhakar Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2010 onwards : Constituency delimited''}}
|}
==Results==
===1977–2005===
In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005 state assembly elections]], Lalit Kmar Yadav of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the Manigachhi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Prabhakar Chaudhary of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Prabhakar Chaudhary of JD(U) defeated [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]] of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2009]]. Lalit Kumar Yadav of RJD/ [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Dr. Madan Mohan Jha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2000 and 1995. [[Madan Mohan Jha]] of Congress defeated Ashok Kumar of JD in 1990 and Ramakant Choudhary of [[Janata Party|JP]] in 1985. Nagendra Jha of Congress defeated Indrakant Jha of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh)/JP in 1980 and 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp84.htm |title = 84 - Manigachhi Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|26|13|05|N|86|08|49|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Sikrai Assembly constituency

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{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sikrai
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-87-Sikrai.svg
| mla = [[Vikram Bansiwal]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:263403}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 87
| preceded_by = [[Mamta Bhupesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Sikrai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dausa district|Dausa]] district, and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Vikram Bansiwal]] of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Mamta Bhupesh]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Geeta Verma]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Mamta Bhupesh]]<ref name=election2018/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vikram Bansiwal]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sikrai<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vikram Bansiwal
|votes = {{formatnum:91996}}
|percentage = 50.08
|change = {{increase}}13.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mamta Bhupesh
|votes = {{formatnum:82568}}
|percentage = 44.95
|change = {{decrease}}12.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Manisha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2869}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Leela Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1810}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1210}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9428}}
|percentage = 5.13
|change = {{decrease}}14.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183708}}
|percentage = 69.74
|change = {{decrease}}1.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sikrai<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mamta Bhupesh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96454}}
|percentage = 57.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vikram Bansiwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:62671}}
|percentage = 37.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Phaili Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:5670}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Geeta Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2236}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2075}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33783}}
|percentage = 19.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169106}}
|percentage = 71.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = National People's Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dausa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.92|76.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Dausa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Kaluram Meghwal

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Rocky95A059973: Added new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Kaluram Meghwal
| image=
| caption = Meghwal in 2022
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =कालूराम मेघवाल
| native_name_lang = Hi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Umariya, [[Jhalawar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| constituency = [[Dag Assembly constituency|Dag]]
| office1 = [[Dag Assembly constituency|Sarpanch Gram Panchayat Pipliya Khurd]]
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2010
| office2 = [[Dag Assembly constituency|Sub Sarpanch Gram Panchayat Pipliya Khurd]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2000
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Ramchandra
| successor =
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| source =
| party ={{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| children = 4
| spouse = Munna Bai
| parents = Mangi Lal Meghwal (Father) Narayan Bai (Mother)
| website = [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/MemberBioData.aspx official website]
}}

'''Kaluram Meghwal''' (1 February 1970) is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|15th & 16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dag Assembly constituency|Dag]]. He is Member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/kaluram-rajasthan-dag-candidate-profile.html|publisher=news.abplive.com|access-date=2023-12-04|title=Kaluram wins from Dag-(Rajasthan)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/rajasthan/dag-assembly-election-result-2023-live-updates-bjp-candidate-kaluram-meghwal-vs-congres-candidate-chetraj-gehlot-2261711.html|access-date=2023-12-04|title=Dag Election Result 2023: BJP's Kaluram captures Dag seat for the second time, defeats Congress's Chetan|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=tv9hindi.com}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2023, he was elected as MLA from Dag Assembly constituency for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was re-elected as an MLA from the Dag Assembly constituency, defeating Chetraj, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 22,294 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title= Dag Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Kaluram defeats INC's Chetraj with 22294 votes|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dag-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470813-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghwal, Kaluram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shergaon

2026-04-04T23:37:18Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{Short description|Gram Panchayat in West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shergaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Sub-division
| image_skyline = File:Landscape Shergaon Arunachal Pradesh DSCN7780.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shergoan
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1236|92.2552|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 371.90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2,336
| population_total = 3,077
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 790003
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AR-04
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shergaon''' is a [[Gram Panchayat]] and [[Subdivision (India)|Sub-division]] in [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shergaontehsil pin code list. |url=https://www.postalindia.in/tehsil/arunachal-pradesh-west-kameng-shergaon |website=postalindia.in |access-date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A total of 7 villages comes under Shergaon Gram Panchayat; including Demachang, Jigaon, Mushaksing, Rowta, Shergaon, Tenzingaon, Yokmupam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwala |first1=Tora |title=Tales from Arunachal Pradesh’s Sherdukpen tribe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/arunachal-pradesh/a-friendship-an-impending-human-crisis-and-a-forgotten-language-tales-from-arunachal-pradeshs-sherdukpen-tribe-5267416/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> As per 2011 Census of India, Shergaon sub-division has a population of 3,077 people including 1,628 males and 1,449 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISTRICT/ CIRCLE- WISE POPULATION OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/state_wise_dips/STATE%20PROFILE%20OF%20ARUNACHAL%20%20PRADESH,%202015_14316.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IOJ8Q |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER {{!}} MINISTRY OF MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES {{!}} Government of India}}</ref>

Shergaon is a high altitude area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elevation of Shergaon, West Kameng, India |url=https://elevationmap.net/shergaon-india |website=elevationmap.net |access-date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=A. N. |title=Integrated Horticulture Development in Eastern Himalayas |publisher=MD Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-8185880-40-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh :: District Profile |url=http://kvkwestkameng.gov.in/districtprofile.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/PuTbu |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh :: District Profile}}</ref> The major population of the area is from Sherdukpen tribe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aryan |first1=Aashish |date=27 July 2019 |title=How a tribe in Arunachal is using festivities to preserve its language |work=Business Standard India |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/how-a-tribe-in-arunachal-is-using-festivities-to-preserve-its-language-119072700010_1.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in India]]
[[Category:Villages in West Kameng district]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-04T23:08:02Z

Rocky95A059973: creating first bio w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shankar Singh
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| alt =
| caption =
| majority =
| term_start1 = 13 July 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Bima Bharti]]
| term_start2 = 27 February 2005
| term_end2 = 22 November 2005
| predecessor2 = [[Bima Bharti]]
| successor2 = Bima Bharti
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Aliganj, Purnia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Pratima Kumari
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician and Social Worker
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| constituency1 = [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]]
| other_party = [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| successor1 = [[Kaladhar Mandal]]
| term_end1 = 14 November 2025
| constituency2 = [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]]
}}
'''Shankar Singh''' is the member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]], and is a politician and social worker hailing from Purnia, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/in-two-battles-it-s-dons-vs-dons-via-the-missus/cid/1328029|title=In two battles, it's dons vs dons via the missus|last=Raj|first=Dev|date=5 November 2015|website=[[Telegraph India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=Independent candidate defeats JD-U and RJD in Bihar's Rupauli bypoll |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/independent-candidate-defeats-jd-u-and-rjd-in-bihar-s-rupauli-bypoll-101720869300745.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was earlier nominated as a candidate of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dons-in-doomsland-make-poll-a-boom-boom-affair/articleshow/1016624.cms|title=Dons in doomsland make poll a boom-boom affair {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=9 February 2005|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427161208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dons-in-doomsland-make-poll-a-boom-boom-affair/articleshow/1016624.cms|archive-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shankar Singh is married to Pratima Kumari, who is the district [[chairwoman]] of the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] in [[Purnia district|Purnia]]. He belongs to a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Rajput]] Family and [[Banaut]] sub clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/purnia/story-trying-to-trap-former-mla-shankar-singh-statue-kumari-2109314.html|title=पूर्व विधायक शंकर सिंह को फंसाने की कोशिश : प्रतिमा कुमारी|last=|first=|date=8 August 2018|website=[[Live Hindustan]]|language=hindi|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== North Bihar Liberation Army ===
Following the murder of Butan Singh in 2000, and after the death of Don Tola Singh, Shankar's mentor <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Butan-killing-police-still-clueless/articleshow/722336827.cms|title=Butan killing: police still clueless|last=Prasad|first=Bhuvaneshwar|date=27 April 2000|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> the command of the North Liberation Army was taken over by Shankar Singh. The North Liberation Army was a [[Rajput]] militia formed by Butan Singh in opposition to the growing influence of [[Pappu Yadav]] in Purnia. Under Shankar Singh, the militia became politically influential by threatening and influencing voters as well as through booth capturing in the region. [[upper-caste|Upper caste]] candidates began seeking its support for their campaigns. The militia also groomed and supported [[Uday Pappu Singh]] who was inducted into the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-gangs-of-purnea-the-journey-of-gangsters-from-intimidation-to-election-2465124.html|title=The gangs of Purnea: The journey of gangsters from intimidation to elections|last=Anwar|first=Tarique|date=12 October 2015|website=Firstpost|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and became the member of parliament from the [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia constituency]] for two terms from 2004 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/|title=General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III)|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=Constituency wise Detailed Results - 2009|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=}}</ref> Shankar Singh was granted membership of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] and stood as its candidate from the [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli constituency]] where he was elected in February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/|title=Bihar 2005|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=}}</ref>

===Rupauli by election 2024===
After the defeat in election after his membership of legislative council of Bihar was dismissed due to rashtrapati shashan in 2005 in Bihar, he continues to be in the people of Rupauli and always secured a good number of votes in every election either he was a runner or he got third position.

Things changed when he defeated the NDA candidate Kaladhar Mandal of [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] by more than 8000 and in the election the 5 time MLA [[Bima Bharti]] stood third.

He made the headlines through the country after this historic win over both the NDA and [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (INDIA).

He was chosen MLA independent and made a great comeback in the politics.

His contact approach to people despite his continuous defeat after 2005 gave him this victory.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Criminals from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Purnia district]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]

The Honourable

2026-03-25T12:09:30Z

Rocky95A059973: cleanup

{{Short description|Honorific style name prefix}}
{{Redirect2|Honourable|Hon.|other uses|Honour|and|Hon (disambiguation)}}
{{For|the Ugandan satire television series|The Honourables}}
{{Distinguish|The Right Honourable|The Most Honourable}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
'''''The Honourable''''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) or '''''The Honorable''''' ([[American English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or|see spelling differences]]) (abbreviation: '''''Hon.''''', '''''Hon'ble''''', or variations) is an [[honorific]] [[Style (manner of address)|style]] that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.
{{TOC limit|5}}

==Use by governments==
===International diplomacy===
In international diplomatic relations, representatives of foreign states are often styled as ''The Honourable''. Deputy chiefs of mission, {{lang|fr|[[chargés d'affaires]]}}, consuls-general, consuls and honorary consuls are always given the style. All heads of consular posts, whether they are honorary or career postholders, are accorded the style according to the [[State Department of the United States]].<ref>This is referenced in the Los Angeles Country Protocol Register: "Following the practice of the U.S. Department of State Office of Protocol, all heads of post are accorded the courtesy style of 'The Honorable' before their names." [https://ceo.lacounty.gov/pdf/LosAngelesConsularCorpsRoster.pdf ceo.lacounty.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616034030/http://ceo.lacounty.gov/pdf/LosAngelesConsularCorpsRoster.pdf |date=16 June 2015 }} Los Angeles has the highest density of consulates and consulates-general of any city in the world. Furthermore, for example, [https://phoenix.gov/ECONDEV/consulat.html phoenix.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822223246/https://phoenix.gov/ECONDEV/consulat.html |date=22 August 2011 }} or [https://www.oakgov.com/globaloakland/oakland_county/consulates.html oakgov.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822135856/https://www.oakgov.com/globaloakland/oakland_county/consulates.html |date=22 August 2010 }} An authoritative source can be found at [https://www.bmeia.gv.at/index.php?id=68719&L=1 bmeia.gv.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110016/https://www.bmeia.gv.at/index.php?id=68719&L=1 |date=16 February 2022 }} where the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs lists all honorary consuls with the style of ''The Hon.''</ref> However, the style ''[[Excellency]]'' instead of ''The Honourable'' is used for ambassadors and [[high commissioner]]s only.

===Africa===
====Democratic Republic of the Congo====
In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the prefix 'Honourable' or 'Hon.' is used for members of both chambers of the [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Informally, senators are sometimes given the higher style of 'Venerable'.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

====Ghana====
The style of Honourable is accorded [[Parliament of Ghana|members of parliament]] in [[Ghana]]. It is also extended to certain grades of Royal Orders awarded by Ghana's sub-national Kingdoms.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==== Kenya ====
The style Honourable is used to address members of the [[Parliament of Kenya|Kenyan parliament]]. Traditionally, members of Parliament are not allowed to call each other by name in the chambers, but rather use the terms "Honourable colleague" or "Honourable Member for ...".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.go.ke/glossary-terms|title=Glossary of Terms|publisher=Parliament of Kenya|access-date=2021-09-26|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301194822/http://parliament.go.ke/glossary-terms|url-status=live}}</ref> The written form is ''Hon. [Last Name], [First Name]'' or ''Honourable [Last Name]'' or ''Honourable'' [Position] (e.g. ''Honourable Speaker'').

====Mauritius====
Recipients of the rank of Grand Officer or above of the [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]] and persons knighted by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] are automatically entitled to prefix ''The Hon'', ''Hons'' or ''The Honourable'' to their name. Commanders and Officers may request permission from the President to use this prefix. Recipients of the order who are not Mauritian citizens may not use the prefix or post-nominals unless granted permission by the President. All 70 members of the [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] also use this prefix, including all Cabinet ministers.

==== South Africa ====
All members of the [[South African parliament]] and the nine [[Provincial legislature (South Africa)|provincial legislatures]] are entitled to this prefix.

===Europe===
====Germany====
A rough equivalent of the style ''Honourable'' would be {{lang|de|[[Hochwohlgeboren]]}} 'high well-born', which was used until 1918 for all members of noble families not having any higher style. Its application to bourgeois dignitaries became common in the 19th century, though it has faded since and was always of doubtful correctness.

{{lang|de|Ehrwürdig}} or {{lang|de|Ehrwürden}}, the literal translation of 'honourable', is used for [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[clergy]] and [[religious (Catholicism)|religious]]{{mdash}}with the exceptions of priests and abbesses, who are {{lang|de|Hochwürden}} '[[reverend]]'. A subdeacon is {{lang|de|Wohlehrwürden}} 'very honourable'; a deacon is {{lang|de|Hochehrwürden}} '[[right honourable]]'.

====Ireland====
In Ireland, all judges of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court are referred to as ''The Honourable Mr/Ms Justice''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courts.ie/judges|title=The Judges | the Courts Service of Ireland|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916051854/https://www.courts.ie/judges|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Italy====
In Italy, the style ''The Honourable'' ({{langx|it|Onorevole|link=no}}) is customarily used to refer to a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]. Former members of parliament can maintain the style.<ref>For a case of a former parliamentarian who was called, in an institutional hearing, "honorable" or "senator" (and even "president", a position he had held much earlier in his life), see [https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/terrorismo-e-stragi-x-xiii-leg/IT-SEN-114-015841/seduta-n-74-del-21-febbraio-1991-declassificata-ex-dps-12785-del-22-luglio-2020#lg=1&slide=0 Commissione stragi, X legislatura, Seduta n. 74 del 21 febbraio 1991, pp. 4-144] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208134634/https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/terrorismo-e-stragi-x-xiii-leg/IT-SEN-114-015841/seduta-n-74-del-21-febbraio-1991-declassificata-ex-dps-12785-del-22-luglio-2020#lg=1&slide=0 |date=8 February 2021 }}, in Archivio storico del Senato, ASSR, Terrorismo e stragi (X-XIII leg.), 1.74.</ref>

====Malta====
All members of the unicameral [[Parliament of Malta]] are entitled to this prefix.

====The Netherlands====
An extensive system of honorifics used to be in place in the Netherlands. In a more formal setting it still is. {{lang|nl|De weledele heer/vrouwe}} 'the honourable lord/lady' is used for the genteel bourgeoisie. The middle classes are instead addressed with {{lang|nl|De heer/mevrouw}} 'sir/madam', which is the equivalent of ''Mr/Ms'' in English.

Also typical is the use of {{lang|nl|De weledelgeboren heer/vrouwe}} 'the well-born lord/lady', for students at universities, traditionally children of the genteel bourgeoisie.

The system adds honorifics based on prestige for military officers based on rank, barristers, prosecutors, judges, members of parliament, government ministers, nobles, clergy, and for academic degrees of master's and above.

In the Dutch language, {{lang|nl|Mr}} is a formal and academic title, for both men and women, protected by Dutch law. It stands for {{lang|nl|Meester}} 'master', and is strictly reserved for holders of a master's degree in law (LL.M.) who are qualified to practice law. Holders are addressed as {{lang|nl|De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe Mr}} 'the honourable strict lord/lady master', followed by their name.

====Spain====
In the Spanish Autonomous Community of [[Catalonia]], the style Honorable ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Honorable'') is used for current and former members of the cabinet (''consellers'') of the Catalan Government (''[[Generalitat de Catalunya]]''). Former and current heads of government or president of the Generalitat are given the style of ''Molt Honorable'' ("Very Honorable"). This also applies to current and former heads of government of the Autonomous Communities of [[Valencia]] and [[Balearic Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Llista de tractaments protocol·laris [in catalan]|url=https://www.upf.edu/daupf/5ap1/512ex.htm|publisher=Universitat Pompeu Fabra|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110228/https://www.upf.edu/daupf/5ap1/512ex.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
=====Entitlement=====
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2012}}
In the United Kingdom, all sons and daughters of [[viscount]]s and [[baron]]s<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Honourable|title=The Honourable – style or title|quote=(...) The [[College of Arms|Heralds’ College]] officially reported on the petition on October 31, 1835, stating (...) that “the style of ‘The Honourable’ is given to the Judges and to the [[Chief Baron of the Exchequer|Barons of the Exchequer]], with others; because, by the Decree of the tenth of [[James VI and I|King James the First]], for settling the place and precedency of the [[Baronet]]s, the Judges, and Barons of the Exchequer, were declared to have place and precedence before the younger sons of [[Viscount]]s and [[Baron]]s.” (...) The analogy held only in so far as both styles were applicable to those who belonged to the less exalted ranks of the titled classes, for the title “honourable” was not definitely confined to certain classes until later. The terms ''honorabilis'' and ''honorabilitas'' were in use in the [[Middle Ages]] as a form of politeness rather than as a specific title. More than two centuries later [[John Selden]], in his Titles of Honor (1614), does not include “honourable” among the courtesy titles given to the children of peers. The style was, in fact, used extremely loosely until well on into the 18th century. (...) British baronets, for instance, claimed that they had been styled “the honourable” until the end of the 18th century, and in 1835 they petitioned for the style as a prefix to their names. The Heralds’ College officially reported on the petition on October 31, 1835, stating that the presented evidence did not prove the right of baronets to the style and that its use “has been no more warranted by authority than when the same style has been applied to [[Field Officer]]s in the Army and others.”. (...) It is not, indeed, until 1874 that there is any clear evidence of an authoritative limitation of the title. In this year the wives of [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary|Lords of Appeal]] were granted style and precedence as baronesses, but it was provided that their children were not “to assume or use the prefix of Honourable, or to be entitled to the style, rank or precedence of the children of a Baron.” In 1898, however, this was revoked, and it was ordained “that such children shall have and enjoy on all occasions the style and title enjoyed by the children of hereditary Barons together with the rank and precedence.” By these acts of the Crown, the prefix “honourable” would seem to have been restricted as a definite title of honour, yet in legal documents the sons of peers are still styled merely “[[esquire]]". This latter fact points to the time when the prefix “honourable” was a mark of deference paid by others rather than a style assumed by right.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=4 August 2022|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206073229/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Honourable|url-status=live}}</ref> (including the holders of [[life peer]]ages) and the younger sons of [[earl]]s are styled with this prefix (the daughters and younger sons of [[duke]]s and [[marquess]]es and the daughters of [[earl]]s have the higher style of ''Lord'' or ''Lady'' before their first names, and the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls are known by one of their father's or mother's subsidiary titles). The style is only a [[courtesy title|courtesy]], however, and on legal documents they may be described as, for instance, ''John Smith, Esq., commonly called The Honourable John Smith''. As the wives of sons of peers share the styles of their husbands, the wives of the sons of viscounts and barons and the younger sons of earls are styled, for example, ''The Hon. Mrs John Smith''. Likewise, the married daughters of viscounts and barons, whose husbands hold no higher title or dignity, are styled, for example, ''The Hon. Mrs Smith''.

In 1912, King [[George V]] granted [[Maid of honour|maids of honour]] (royal attendants) the style of ''the honourable'' for life, with precedence next after daughters of barons.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28661|page=8201|date=8 November 1912}}</ref>

''The Honourable'' is also customarily used as a form of address for most foreign nobility that is not formally recognised by the sovereign (e.g. ambassadors) when in the UK.

Some people are entitled to the prefix by virtue of their offices. Rules exist that allow certain individuals to keep the prefix ''The Honourable'' even after retirement.
* Judges of the [[High Court of England and Wales|High Court]] and other superior courts in the Commonwealth (if the judge is a [[knight]], the style ''Sir John Smith'' is used socially instead of ''The Honourable Mr Justice Smith''); and
* Members of Commonwealth [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive]] and [[Legislative Council|legislative council]]s (or [[senate]]s) where the legislature is [[bicameral]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Several corporate entities have been awarded the style by [[royal warrant (document)|royal warrant]], for example:
* The [[Honourable Artillery Company]]
* [[Honourable East India Company|The Honourable East India Company]]
* The four [[Inns of Court]] (for example [[Middle Temple|The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple]])
* The [[Honourable Company of Master Mariners]]
* The [[Honourable Company of Air Pilots]]

=====Usage=====
The style ''The Honourable'' is usually used in addressing envelopes (where it is usually abbreviated to ''The Hon.'') and formally elsewhere, in which case ''Mr'' or ''[[Esquire]]'' are omitted. In speech, however, The Honourable John Smith is usually referred to simply as Mr John Smith.

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], as in other traditionally lower houses of Parliament and other legislatures, members must as a minimum refer to each other as ''the honourable member'' or ''my honourable friend'' out of courtesy, but they are not entitled to the style in writing. Members who are 'senior' [[barrister]]s may be called ''the honourable and learnèd member'', serving or ex-serving members of the military ''the honourable and gallant member'', and ordained clergy in the House ''the honourable and reverend member'', a practice that the Modernisation Committee recommended should be abolished,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g07.pdf|title=Factsheet G7 - Some Traditions and Customs of the House|page=2|publisher=House of Commons|date=August 2010|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604210708/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g07.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but the use of which has continued.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-08-18/debates/A86142BD-A204-4BC8-BBC0-ACA7BAD7E9F0/Afghanistan |title=Afghanistan - Hansard - UK Parliament |date=25 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214070445/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-08-18/debates/A86142BD-A204-4BC8-BBC0-ACA7BAD7E9F0/Afghanistan |archive-date=14 February 2022 |website=hansard.parliament.uk}} An example of the use after recommended abolition.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2025-04-30/debates/122A9037-41B9-450B-849D-E51A0865556A/Engagements |title=Engagements - Hansard - UK Parliament |date=30 April 2025 |website=hansard.parliament.uk}} An example of the use after recommended abolition.</ref> When anyone is entitled to be styled ''[[Right Honourable (House of Commons)|Right Honourable]]'' this is used instead of ''honourable''.

In the [[Falkland Islands]], the style ''the honourable'' is given to any serving or former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|members]] of the [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]] or [[Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Council]].

In the [[Isle of Man]], the style ''the honourable'' (often abbreviated to ''Hon.'') is used to refer to a [[Council of Ministers of the Isle of Man|minister]] while holding office.

===North America===
====Canada====
{{Further|Style (manner of address)}}
In Canada, while not always enshrined in legislation, some people are commonly referred to as ''The Honourable'' ({{langx|fr|link=no|l'honorable}}). Those who have the honorific for life include:<ref name="HEritage-styles">{{cite web|title=Styles of address |date=2016-01-25 |url=https://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1452017684393|website=Canadian Heritage|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227213407/http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1452017684393|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PWGSC-styles">{{cite web|title=lieutenant-governor, Lt.-Gov., His/Her Honour, Honourable|url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_l&page=9U_I-yqmZDBY.html|website=Writing Tips - TERMIUM Plus® - Translation Bureau |date=2015-10-15 |publisher=Public Works and Government Services Canada|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141022/http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_l&page=9U_I-yqmZDBY.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GC-CA-Table-Of-Titles">{{cite web|title=Table of Titles to be used in Canada|url=https://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1452187406810/1453733836056|website=Government of Canada|date=2016-01-25 |access-date=28 February 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080051/http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1452187406810/1453733836056|url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Senate of Canada|Senators]]
* Members of the [[King's Privy Council for Canada]] (mostly members or former members of the federal [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]])
* [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|Lieutenant governors]]
* Members of the executive councils (provincial ministers), and living former ministers as of a specified date, of four provinces:
** [[Executive Council of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] (since 2009, initially only those who ended their ministerial service after 2009. In 2010 the privilege was extended to all living former ministers who ended their service earlier. In 2014 the privilege was further granted to six living former speakers.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 20, 2024 |title=Executive Council Act, RSNS 1989, c 155 |url=https://canlii.ca/t/880t |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Canadian Legal Information Institute}}</ref>
** [[Executive Council of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] (since 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 1, 2024 |title=The Provincial Emblems and Honours Act, SS 1988-89, c P-30.2 |url=https://canlii.ca/t/wl0 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Canadian Legal Information Institute}}</ref>
** [[Executive Council of Alberta|Alberta]] (since 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Recognition Act, SA 2022, c Q-0.7 |url=https://canlii.ca/t/bg1c |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Canadian Legal Information Institute}}</ref>
** [[Executive Council of Ontario|Ontario]] (since 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2025 |title=Members of the Executive Council Recognition Act, 2025, SO 2025, c 10, Sch 12 |url= https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/25m10 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Province of Ontario eLaws}}</ref>

People who have the honorific only while in office include:<ref name="HEritage-styles" /><ref name="GC-CA-Table-Of-Titles" />
* The [[speaker of the House of Commons of Canada]], though it is customary for former speakers to be appointed to the privy council after their term
* Members of provincial and territorial [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive councils]] (premiers, cabinet ministers and deputy premiers). Some executive councillors (see above) have the honorific for life.
* Speakers of provincial and territorial legislatures
* Government [[house leader]]s of provinces and territories
* Territorial commissioners
* Justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]
* Justices of the [[Federal Court of Canada|Federal Court]] and [[Federal Court of Appeal (Canada)|Federal Court of Appeals]], [[Tax Court of Canada]]
* Justices of the [[Courts-martial of Canada|Court Martial of Canada]] and [[Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada]]
* Justices of provincial superior courts (trial and appellate)
* Provincial inferior court judges

Derivatives include:
* The Honourable Mr/Madam Justice — justices of federal courts, provincial appellate and superior courts.
* The Honourable Judge — judges of provincial courts and formerly judges of district or county courts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address3-eng.cfm |title= Styles of address – Provincial/territorial dignitaries |publisher=Canadian Heritage |date=26 January 2010 |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913111956/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address3-eng.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In all cases, the [[governor general of Canada]] may grant permission to retain the style after they cease to hold office. Persons eligible to retain the style include the speaker of the House of Commons (who may already be eligible as a privy councillor), territorial commissioners, and judges of certain courts (e.g., the Supreme Court of Canada). The most recent former justice granted such privileges was [[Frank Iacobucci]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

It is usual for speakers of the House of Commons to be made privy councillors, in which case they keep the style for life. A [[leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|leader of the Official Opposition]] who has not previously been a cabinet minister may be appointed to the Privy Council, particularly at times of military conflict or other national security crises, so that they may be given security clearance, granting them the style (being the only non-government MP accorded such privilege). In the past, certain provincial premiers (e.g., [[Peter Lougheed]], [[Bill Davis]], [[Joey Smallwood]] and [[Tommy Douglas]]) were elevated to the Privy Council and gained the style, but such practice is rare.

Members of the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and of provincial legislatures refer to each other during proceedings of the house with the courtesy style "honourable member" (or {{lang|fr|l'honorable député}}), but their name is not otherwise prefixed with ''the Honourable'' (unless they are privy councillors or executive councillors).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address2-eng.cfm |title=Styles of address – Federal dignitaries |website=Canadian Heritage |date=2012-11-07 |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627212110/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address2-eng.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Current and former [[Governor General of Canada|governors general]], [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime ministers]], [[Chief Justice of Canada|chief justices of Canada]] and certain other eminent persons use the style of ''[[The Right Honourable (Canada)|Right Honourable]]'' for life (or {{lang|fr|le/la très honorable}} in French). This was originally subject to being summoned to the British Privy Council. Several early prime ministers were not summoned to the British Privy Council, and hence were styled ''The Honourable'': [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]], Sir [[John Abbott]] and Sir [[Mackenzie Bowell]].

Members of the [[Executive Council of Quebec]] have not used the style ''The Honourable'' since 1968 but retain the ability to do so, and are often accorded the honorific in media and by the federal government.

====The Caribbean====
=====Caricom=====
Members of the [[Order of the Caribbean Community]] are entitled to be styled ''The Honourable'' for life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/agreement_occ.jsp |title=Agreement Instituting The Order Of The Caribbean Community |publisher=Caricom.org |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613183535/https://caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/agreement_occ.jsp |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Barbados=====
In [[Barbados]], members of the Parliament carry two main titles: members of the [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]] are styled ''The Honourable'', while members of the [[Senate of Barbados|Senate]] are styled "Senator". Companions of Honour of the former [[Order of Barbados]] from the pre-republic era of Barbados, as well Members of the current [[Order of Barbados|Order of the Republic]], are accorded the style ''The Honourable''.

=====Jamaica=====
In [[Jamaica]], those awarded the [[Order of Jamaica]] (considered Jamaica's equivalent to a British [[knighthood]]) and those awarded the [[Order of Merit (Jamaica)|Order of Merit]] are styled ''Honourable''.

==== Trinidad and Tobago ====
In [[Trinidad and Tobago]] The [[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]], government ministers, the leader of the opposition and ministers within government ministries (junior ministers) are styled as ''The Honourable'', senators serving as ministers are styled as ''Senator The Honourable'', ministers with doctorates are styled as ''The Honourable Dr. or Dr. the Honourable (rare).''

====United States====
In the United States, the prefix ''the Honorable'' has been used to formally address various officials at the federal and state levels, but it is most commonly used for the President-elect, [[Governor (United States)|governors]], judges, and members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] when formally addressing them.<ref name=HickeyHowToUse/> The style may be conferred pursuant to federal government service, according to federal rules, or by state government service, where the rules may be different. Modifiers such as ''the Right Honorable'' or ''the Most Honorable'' are not used. The 't' in 'the' is not capitalized in the middle of a sentence.<ref name="Hickey">{{Cite web|url=https://www.formsofaddress.info/Honorables.html#146|first=Robert|last=Hickey|title=How to Use 'The Honorable'|website=www.formsofaddress.info|date=27 May 2020|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603123626/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Honorables.html#146|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the rules of etiquette, the President, Vice President, members of both houses of Congress, [[Governor (United States)|governors]] of states, members of [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]], and mayors are accorded the title.<ref name="Mewborn">Mary K. Mewborn, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031227180316/https://washingtonlife.com/backissues/archives/99nov/honorables.htm Too Many Honorables?], ''Washington Life'' November 1999.</ref> Persons appointed to office [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation|nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate]] are accorded the title; this rule includes members of the [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] and sub-Cabinet (such as deputies and undersecretaries),<ref name="Mewborn"/><ref name="google1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KRFnqCYJmsC&pg=PA47|title=United States Protocol: The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette|first=Mary Mel Ambassador|last=French|date=16 May 2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781442203211|via=Google Books|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919052630/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KRFnqCYJmsC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> administrators, members, and commissioners of the various [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent agencies]], councils, commissions, and boards,<ref name="google1"/> [[United States federal judges|federal judges]], [[ambassadors of the United States]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formsofaddress.info/Ambassador_US.html|title=US Ambassador|website=www.formsofaddress.info|date=May 2020|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626234858/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Ambassador_US.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorneys]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formsofaddress.info/US_attorney.html|title=US Attorney|website=www.formsofaddress.info|date=2 May 2020|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627000506/http://www.formsofaddress.info/US_attorney.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]],<ref>[https://www.formsofaddress.info/Marshal.html Marshal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626235051/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Marshal.html |date=26 June 2020 }}.</ref> the [[Architect of the Capitol]], the [[Librarian of Congress]] and [[Public Printer of the United States]],<ref name="google1"/> and presidentially appointed [[Inspector General|inspectors general]].<ref>[https://www.formsofaddress.info/Inspector_General.html Inspector General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627035842/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Inspector_General.html |date=27 June 2020 }}.</ref>

High state officials other than governor, such as [[Lieutenant governor (United States)|lieutenant governor]]<ref>{{cite web |url-status=deviated |first1=Robert|last1= Hickey |website=Honor & Respect - The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address |title=How to Address a Lieutenant Governor of a State of the United States |url=https://www.formsofaddress.info/Lieutenant_Governor.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627000257/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Lieutenant_Governor.html |archive-date=27 June 2020 }}</ref> and [[state attorney general|state attorneys general]]<ref>{{cite web |url-status=deviated |first1=Robert|last1= Hickey|url=https://www.formsofaddress.info/attorney_general.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627040154/http://www.formsofaddress.info/attorney_general.html |archive-date=27 June 2020 |title=How to Address the Attorney General |website=Honor & Respect - The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address }}</ref> are also accorded the style ''Honorable''. [[State court (United States)|State court]] judges and [[justices of the peace]], like federal judges, also are accorded the style ''Honorable''.<ref>Robert Hickey, [https://www.formsofaddress.info/USOS.html#BBB U.S. State Officials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627000501/http://www.formsofaddress.info/USOS.html#BBB |date=27 June 2020 }}.</ref> Practices vary on whether appointed state officials, such as the heads of state cabinet-level departments are given the title.<ref name="Mewborn"/><ref name="Hickey" /> There is also no universal rule for whether county or city officials other than the mayor (such as [[city council]], [[board of aldermen]], [[board of education]], [[planning and zoning commission]], and code enforcement board members, or [[city manager]] or [[police chief]] or [[fire chief]]) are given the title; as these may be different state by state.<ref>Robert Hickey, [https://www.formsofaddress.info/Councilman.html Councilman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210601/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Councilman.html |date=11 June 2020 }}.</ref>

Members of the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|White House staff]] at the rank of special assistant, deputy assistant, assistant to the president, and [[Counselor to the President]] are accorded the title. Officials nominated to high office but not yet confirmed (e.g., commissioner-designate) and interim or acting officials are generally not accorded the style ''Honorable'', except for cabinet-level officials.<ref name=HickeyHowToUse>Robert Hickey, [https://www.formsofaddress.info/honorable/#325 How to Use the Honorable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124061923/https://www.formsofaddress.info/honorable/#325 |date=24 November 2020 }} (citing Mary Mel French, ''United States Protocol: The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette'').</ref>

Opinions vary on whether the term ''the Honorable'' is accorded for life.<ref name="Mewborn"/> According to the protocols of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]], all persons who have been in a position that entitled them to ''The Honorable'' continue to retain that honorific style for life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/c18027.htm|title=Protocol Frequently Asked Questions|website=2009-2017.state.gov|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214210949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/c18027.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the State Department is not an authority on state and local officials such as mayors, members of state legislatures, and high state officials. The prefix is not used for people who have died.<ref name="Hickey" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Bloomsbury Publishing|title=Titles and Forms of Address: A Guide to Correct Use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10jOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=127|isbn=9781472924346|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929022947/https://books.google.com/books?id=10jOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage'' by Allan M. Siegal (1999), p. 88</ref>

Some estimate that in the United States there are nearly 100,000 people who are accorded the "Honorable" title, many in the Washington, D.C. region.<ref name="Mewborn"/> Civilian officials, including service secretaries (e.g., [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]]) of [[the Pentagon]] receive the title.<ref name="google1"/>

The style ''The Honorable'' is used on envelopes when referring to an individual in the third person. It is never properly used to refer to oneself.<ref name="Hickey" />

A spouse of someone with the style of the ''Honorable'' receives no additional title.

===Oceania===
====Australia====
In Australia, the style is allowed to be used by past and present:<ref name="Australian Style Guide">{{Citation |title=Parliaments and councils |date=22 August 2022 |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/titles-honours-forms-address/parliaments-and-councils |work=Australian Government Style Manual |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Judiciary |date=22 August 2022 |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/titles-honours-forms-address/judiciary |work=Australian Government Style Manual |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>
* Governors-General and Governors
* Members of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]]
* Premiers and ministers in all states
* [[Chairperson|Presiding officers]] of federal and state parliaments (except [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|ACT Legislative Assembly]] speakers)
* Members of all state legislative councils except in Victoria
* Chief ministers and ministers in the Northern Territory
* Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
* High Court Justices
* Federal Court Justices
* Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia, Division 1 Justices
* Justices of the supreme court in states and territories.

The abbreviation in Australia is ''''The Hon'''' (without a full stop).<ref name="Australian Style Guide"/>

=====Governors-General=====
In May 2013, the title was given approval by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] to be granted to past, present, and future [[Governor-General of Australia|Governors-General of Australia]],<ref name=hongg>[https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013G00681 "The title 'the Honourable' for Governors-General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107194401/https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013G00681 |date=7 January 2016 }}, ''Australian Government Special Gazette'' C2013G00681, 8 May 2013.</ref> to be used in the form ''His'' or ''Her Excellency the Honourable'' while holding office, and ''The Honourable'' in retirement.

=====Governors=====
By December 2014, the practice of appointing the vice-regal office holder, as well as former living, the style ''The Honourable'' for life had also been adopted for the state governors of [[Governor of New South Wales|New South Wales]], [[Governor of Queensland|Queensland]], [[Governor of South Australia|South Australia]], [[Governor of Western Australia|Western Australia]], [[Governor of Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Governor of Tasmania|Tasmania]] (where it did not apply to past governors), as well as the [[Administrator of the Northern Territory]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

=====Government ministers=====
In Australia, all ministers in Commonwealth and state governments and the government of the [[Northern Territory]] are entitled to be styled ''the Honourable''. The [[Australian Capital Territory]] does not have an [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] and so its ministers are not entitled to the style. In Victoria, the style is granted for life, so it is customary for former ministers to retain the style after leaving office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/addressing-members |title=Parliament of Victoria – Addressing Members |publisher=Parliament.vic.gov.au |date=8 March 2013 |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719024522/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/addressing-members |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pitson |editor1-first=John |publication-date=1978 |title=Style Manual for authors, editors and printers of Australian Government publications|location=Canberra |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|page=349 }}</ref> With respect to New South Wales, Queensland,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/global/faqs/education |title=Frequently asked questions – Education |publisher=Queensland Parliament |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609135343/http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/global/faqs/education |url-status=live }}</ref> South Australia and Tasmania the [[King-in-Council]] may grant former ministers the style for life. The same principle applies in the Northern Territory via the [[chief minister]], to the administrator, to the governor-general, then to the King. A minimum five years' service as a member of the executive council and/or as a presiding officer is a prerequisite. In Western Australia, conditional on royal assent, the style may become permanent after three years' service in the ministry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/WebCMS/webcms.nsf/content/members-addressing-a-member |title= Addressing a Member |publisher=Parliament of WA |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913040039/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/WebCMS/webcms.nsf/content/members-addressing-a-member |url-status=live }}</ref> All such awards are published in the ''Commonwealth Government Gazette''. The presiding officers of the parliaments of the Commonwealth, the states and the Northern Territory are also styled ''the Honourable'', but normally only during their tenure of office. Special permission is sometimes given for a former presiding officer to retain the style after leaving office, as is the case in the Northern Territory.

=====Members of Parliament=====
The title ''Honourable'' is not acquired through membership of either the House of Representatives or the Senate (see [[Parliament of Australia]]). A member or senator may have the style if they have acquired it separately, e.g. by being a current or former minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are some members of Parliament called honourable? - Parliamentary Education Office |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-are-some-members-of-parliament-called-honourable|access-date=2024-05-28 |website=peo.gov.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408071926/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-are-some-members-of-parliament-called-honourable |archive-date=8 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> During proceedings within the chambers, forms such as "the honourable member for ...", "the honourable Leader of the Opposition", or "my honourable colleague" are used. This is a parliamentary courtesy and does not imply any right to the style.

Traditionally, members of the [[legislative council]]s of the states have been styled ''the Honourable'' for the duration of their terms. That practice is still followed in [[New South Wales Legislative Council|New South Wales]], [[Western Australian Legislative Council|Western Australia]], [[South Australian Legislative Council|South Australia]] and [[Tasmanian Legislative Council|Tasmania]]. In [[Victorian Legislative Council|Victoria]], the practice was abolished in 2003. In New South Wales, [[Greens New South Wales|Greens NSW]] members of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], who are eligible for ''the Honourable'' style, have refrained from using it, deeming it to be "outdated" and a "colonial trapping".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greensmps.org.au/articles/greens-put-honourable-title-historys-dustbin|title=Greens put "Honourable" title in history's dustbin|publisher=Lee Rhiannon|website=Greens|date=3 April 2011|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215959/https://greensmps.org.au/articles/greens-put-honourable-title-historys-dustbin|url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Judges=====
Judges of all [[superior court]]s are also referred to formally by the style ''the Honourable'', both during and after holding the office.

====New Zealand====
The style ''The Honourable'' was first granted in 1854 for use by members of the [[Executive Council of New Zealand|Executive Council]], the [[Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council|Speaker of the Legislative Council]], the Members of the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], and the [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 1854 |title=Colonial Secretary's Office, Auckland, 11th July, 1854 |url=https://library.victoria.ac.nz/databases/nzgazettearchive/pubs/gazettes/1854/1854%20ISSUE%20016.pdf |work=[[New Zealand Gazette|New Zealand Government Gazette]] |location=[[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] |page=72 |via=New Zealand Gazette Archive |volume=II |issue=16|access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

In July 2006, the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] (and former living Governors-General) were granted the use of the title ''The Honourable'' for life, unless they already held the title ''[[Right Honourable (New Zealand)|The Right Honourable]]'' (via membership of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]]).<ref name="nz2006">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Helen |author-link=Helen Clark |orig-date=17 July 2006 |title=Rules for the Use and Grant of the Title "The Honourable" in New Zealand |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2006-vr4910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223120309/https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2006-vr4910 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[New Zealand Gazette]] |page=2583 |publication-place=[[Wellington]] |publication-date=20 July 2006 |issue=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/changes+rules+around+use+title|title=Changes to rules around use of title|date=17 July 2006|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016012207/http://beehive.govt.nz/release/changes+rules+around+use+title|url-status=dead}}</ref> This title was also granted to [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Ministers]], [[Chief Justice of New Zealand|Chief Justices]], and [[speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speakers]] of the [[Parliament of New Zealand|House of Representatives]], along with judges of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme]], [[Court of Appeal of New Zealand|Appeal]], and [[High Court of New Zealand|High]] Courts of New Zealand - albeit only during their tenures in these offices, unless they already held the title ''Right Honourable''.<ref name="nz2006"/> These officeholders would be eligible for a recommendation (from the Prime Minister) to retain these titles for life following their relinquishment of/retirement from those offices. Furthermore, authority for considering these recommendations was now delegated to the Governor-General, rather than [[Monarchy of New Zealand|the monarch]].<ref name="nz2006"/>

The rules were amended again in 2010, granting the title of ''[[Right Honourable (New Zealand)|The Right Honourable]]'' for life to sitting and future Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Speakers of the House of Representatives, and Chief Justices.<ref name="nz2010">{{Cite news |last=Key |first=John |author-link=John Key |orig-date=2 August 2010 |title=Rules for the Grant, Use and Retention of the Title "The Right Honourable" in New Zealand |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2010-vr7303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223120148/https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2010-vr7303 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[New Zealand Gazette]] |location=[[Wellington]], New Zealand |page=3285 |publication-date=23 September 2010 |issue=124}}</ref> It also permitted these officeholders to use the letters 'PC' after their name to denote membership of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]], if they are privy counsellors.<ref name="nz2010"/> However, it granted the Prime Minister the power to strip the title of ''Right Honourable'' from these titleholders, via issuing such [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] to the monarch.<ref name="nz2010"/>

New Zealand office holders who are ''The Honourable'' ex-officio are usually granted the style for life by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] as a courtesy when they vacate the office;<ref>{{cite web |title='The Honourable' |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-honourable |website=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005221357/https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-honourable |url-status=live }}</ref> all honours and awards are published in ''[[The New Zealand Gazette]]''.

=== Asia ===

==== East Asia ====

===== ''South Korea'' =====
In South Korea, the prefix ''The Honourable'' is used for the following people:
* Ministerial Members of [[State Council of South Korea|Cabinet of Korea]]
* Leaders and Floor Leaders of Parties and Members of Shadow Cabinet.
* Governors and Ministerial members of Provinces
* Mayors of Metropolitan Cities
* Judges at [[Supreme Court of Korea]] and Chief Justices of Provincial Level Courts.

===== ''Hong Kong'' =====
In Hong Kong, the prefix ''The Honourable'' is used for the following people:
* The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]
* Members, including the President, of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
* Members of the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]], including official members such as the [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]], the [[Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)|Financial Secretary]], the [[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]], and other [[Principal officials of Hong Kong|secretaries of bureaux]]
* Judges of the [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]]
* Justices of Appeal of the [[Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Appeal]]
* Judges of the [[Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)|Court of First Instance]]
* Individuals who have been awarded the [[Hong Kong honours system|Grand Bauhinia Medal]], the highest medal in Hong Kong's honours system.
* Deceased heroes (29 to date) who served in any of the [[Hong Kong disciplined services|disciplined services]] under the [[Security Bureau (Hong Kong)|Security Bureau]]

===== ''Macau'' =====
In [[Macau]], the prefix ''The Honourable'' is used occasionally for the following people:
* [[Chief Executive of Macau]]
* Members, including the President, of the [[Legislative Assembly of Macau]]
* Members of the [[Executive Council of Macau|Executive Council]]
* The [[Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)]], the [[Secretariat for Economy and Finance (Macau)]], and other Principal officials
* Judges of the [[Court of Final Appeal (Macau)|Court of Final Appeal]]
* Individuals who have been awarded the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Macau|Grand Medal of Lotus Flower]], the highest medal in Macau's honours system.

==== South Asia ====
===== ''Bangladesh'' =====
In the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]], [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]], [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] Justices,<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Syed Refaat Ahmed appointed chief justice |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/justice-syed-refaat-ahmed-appointed-chief-justice-3673951 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810165324/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/justice-syed-refaat-ahmed-appointed-chief-justice-3673951 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|House Speaker]], [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|Ministers]], [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Members of Parliaments]], [[Adviser (Interim government of Bangladesh)|Interim Advisers]], [[Adviser to the Prime Minister of Bangladesh|PM Advisers]], VVIPs and the [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh#List of city mayors|Mayor]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador IWAMA Kiminori called on H. E. Dr. Asif Nazrul, Hon'ble Adviser for Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Ministry of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment, and Ministry of Cultural Affairs |url=https://www.bd.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/DrAsifNazrul.html |publisher=[[Embassy of Japan, Dhaka]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926094019/https://www.bd.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/DrAsifNazrul.html |access-date=26 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> are entitled to the style ''Honourable''. On the other hand, the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ban imposed on use of Dr Yunus' image in advertisements |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ban-imposed-on-use-of-dr-yunus-image-in-advertisements |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809174503/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ban-imposed-on-use-of-dr-yunus-image-in-advertisements |archive-date=9 August 2024 }}</ref> and the [[President of Bangladesh|President]] are styled ''Honourable'' or ''[[Excellency]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mopme.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mopme.portal.gov.bd/page/1ba54097_b8c8_462d_bc48_d81f8d0e97c9/Scan0269.pdf |title=Ministry of Primary and Mass Education |publisher=Government of The People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=23 November 2015 |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507151601/http://mopme.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mopme.portal.gov.bd/page/1ba54097_b8c8_462d_bc48_d81f8d0e97c9/Scan0269.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/events/her-excellency-sheikh-hasina-prime-minister-government-bangladesh |title=Her Excellency Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of the Government of Bangladesh |publisher=Columbia University World Leaders Forum |date=25 September 2015 |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=20 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620170357/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/events/her-excellency-sheikh-hasina-prime-minister-government-bangladesh |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== ''India'' =====
In India, judges of the [[High courts of India|high courts]] and [[Supreme Court of India]] are addressed as ''Honourable'' ''(''Hon'ble'')'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Is it a Judge who is Hon'ble or a Court?|url=https://www.theleaflet.in/is-it-a-judge-who-is-honble-or-a-court/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=TheLeaflet|language=en-US|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730193730/https://www.theleaflet.in/is-it-a-judge-who-is-honble-or-a-court/|url-status=live}}</ref> often stylized and abbreviated as "HMJ", i.e., Honourable Mr./Ms. Justice, followed by their name.

The elected legislators ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of legislative assembly]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]]) and heads of government (The [[President of India|President]], The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Union Council of Ministers|union ministers]], [[Chief minister (India)|chief ministers]], and [[Governor (India)|governors]]) are also formally called ''Honourable'' followed by their name. The [[Vice President of India]] is addressed as the hon'ble as well.

===== ''Pakistan'' =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}
In Pakistan, the judicial officers are addressed as honourable while presiding over in the courts of law. It is a norm to address judges of superior judiciary as honourable judges. Diplomats are addressed as Your Excellency. The head of state and Prime Minister is addressed her/his excellency.

===== ''Sri Lanka'' =====
In [[Sri Lanka]], the honorific ''The Honourable'' is used to refer to the President, Prime Minister, Ministers, and Members of Parliament. [[Attorney-General of Sri Lanka|Attorney-General]] and [[Solicitor General of Sri Lanka|Solicitor-General]] as well as Judges of the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Supreme Court]], the [[Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka|Court of Appeal]] and the [[High Court of Sri Lanka|High Courts]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunawardena |first1=Edward |title=How honourable are the 'Honourable' few |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/article/how-honourable-are-the-honourable-few-18617.html |access-date=4 November 2019 |newspaper=Daily Mirror |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104064203/http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/how-honourable-are-the-honourable-few-18617.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
===== ''Malaysia'' =====
{{Main|Malay titles#Honorary styles}}
In [[Malaysia]], The Honourable (The Hon) or Yang Berhormat (YB) – the style of members of parliament and state legislative assemblymen. The prefix Yang Berhormat is also used for recipients of the First and Second Classes of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Johor|Johor's Orders of Chivalry]] who is titled Dato' for men and Datin Paduka for women, regardless of whether a member of parliament or not.

===== ''Myanmar'' =====
In [[Myanmar]], the Chief Justice and Justices of the [[Supreme Court of Myanmar]] are referred as 'The Honourable'.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=2017 Report|url=https://www.unionsupremecourt.gov.mm/sites/default/files/supreme/2017_annual_report_english_3.pdf|journal=Supreme Court of Myanmar|pages=11|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201246/http://www.unionsupremecourt.gov.mm/sites/default/files/supreme/2017_annual_report_english_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== ''Philippines'' =====
In the Philippines, the style is usually used to give distinction to any elected official (whether in office or retired) ranging from the smallest political unit, the ''[[barangay]]'', to the [[Congress of the Philippines]], which consists of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]].<ref name="UP_hnbk">{{cite book |editor1-last=Alfonso |editor1-first=Oscar M. |title=Handbook on Protocol in the University of the Philippines |date=2005 |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the University, University of the Philippines System |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=971-93031-1-5 |page=52 |url=https://osu.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HANDBOOK-ON-PROTOCOL-IN-THE-UNIVERSITY-OF-THE-PHILIPPINES-2005_.pdf |access-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093300/https://osu.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HANDBOOK-ON-PROTOCOL-IN-THE-UNIVERSITY-OF-THE-PHILIPPINES-2005_.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Appointed officials such as members of the [[Cabinet of the Philippines|Cabinet]] (secretaries, acting secretaries, ad interim secretaries, undersecretaries, and assistant secretaries), the [[Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines|Solicitor General]], and heads of government agencies at the national and local levels are also accorded this style.<ref name="UP_hnbk_2">{{cite book |editor1-last=Alfonso |editor1-first=Oscar M. |title=Handbook on Protocol in the University of the Philippines |date=2005 |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the University, University of the Philippines System |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=971-93031-1-5 |pages=52–67 |url=https://osu.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HANDBOOK-ON-PROTOCOL-IN-THE-UNIVERSITY-OF-THE-PHILIPPINES-2005_.pdf |access-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093300/https://osu.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HANDBOOK-ON-PROTOCOL-IN-THE-UNIVERSITY-OF-THE-PHILIPPINES-2005_.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, a ''[[Barangay Kagawad|kagawad]]'' ([[barangay]] or village council member) named [[Juan de la Cruz]] will be referred to as ''The Honorable Juan de la Cruz''. In written form, the style may be shortened to "Hon." (e.g. ''Hon. Juan de la Cruz'').

The [[Vice-President of the Philippines|vice-president]], [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|chief justice]], [[Ombudsman of the Philippines|ombudsman]], justices of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], [[Sandiganbayan]], and [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]], and trial court judges are also addressed in this honorific style.<ref name="UP_hnbk" /> Meanwhile, the [[President of the Philippines|president]] of the Philippines, members of the diplomatic corps, Filipino diplomats, and Catholic archbishops is always given the style [[Excellency|His/Her Excellency]].<ref name="UP_hnbk" /> Cardinal-Archbishops of the Catholic Church are addressed as [[Eminence (style)|His Eminence]].

===== ''Singapore'' =====
The [[Chief Justice of Singapore|chief justice]], judges of appeal, and justices of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]],<ref>See, for example, the {{citation|title=Supreme Court e-Practice Directions|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/epde3363033f22f6eceb9b0ff0000fcc945.pdf#page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501114005/https://www.supremecourt.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/epde3363033f22f6eceb9b0ff0000fcc945.pdf#page=28|archive-date=1 May 2017|publisher=[[Supreme Court of Singapore]]|date=23 February 2017|page=16 ("Forms of address"), paragraph 18}}: "''The Honourable'' the Chief Justice, on the advice of the Council of Judges, has directed …"; and the {{Singapore legislation|title=Organised Crime Regulations|url=https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=ad98e5c9-15ff-4f29-b2a1-06fc1e6f41b1;orderBy=relevance;query=DocId%3A4ab12ddc-47b1-4862-a003-ec522dc3d088%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=18|sltype=S|no=236|year=2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Schedule, Form 2: "To: ''The Honourable'' the Justices and Judicial Commissioners of the High Court in Singapore".</ref> and the Presiding Judge and District Judges of the [[State Courts of Singapore|State Courts]]<ref>See, for example, the {{Singapore legislation|title=Rules of Court|url=https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=cffb947a-e93e-4ad0-bccf-d3c52590dea4;page=0;query=DocId%3A9c08961a-718d-4fe6-b2e0-df0963d62b05%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0|sltype=R|no=5|ed=2014|archive-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506065159/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=cffb947a-e93e-4ad0-bccf-d3c52590dea4;page=0;query=DocId:9c08961a-718d-4fe6-b2e0-df0963d62b05%20Depth:0%20Status:inforce;rec=0|archivedate=6 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506065159/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=cffb947a-e93e-4ad0-bccf-d3c52590dea4;page=0;query=DocId:9c08961a-718d-4fe6-b2e0-df0963d62b05%20Depth:0%20Status:inforce;rec=0}}, First Schedule, Form 238: "Before ''the Honourable'' District Judge".</ref> are conventionally addressed in formal settings using the honorific ''The Honourable''.

All former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Ministers]] and current [[Parliament of Singapore|Members of the Singapore Parliament]] is formally addressed in international settings using the honorific ''The Honourable''.

The use of the honorific ''The Honourable'' to refer to the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Members of Parliament is not required by the Standing Orders of Parliament,<ref>{{citation|title=Standing Orders of Parliament (as amended on 19 October 2004)|url=https://www.parliament.gov.sg/Publications/SO-merge%20with%20SO%20notes.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509010912/http://www.parliament.gov.sg/Publications/SO-merge%20with%20SO%20notes.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|publisher=Parliament of Singapore|date=19 October 2004|access-date=2 November 2009|url-status=dead}}.</ref> but during a 1988 parliamentary debate the [[Parliament of Singapore#Leader of the House|Leader of the House]], [[Wong Kan Seng]], said it would be polite for MPs to refer to their colleagues using the terms "Mr.", "Honourable Mr." or "Honourable Minister" depending on their choice.<ref>{{Singapore Hansard|mp=Wong Kan Seng|office=Leader of the House|title=Amendment of Standing Orders (Paper Parl. 4 of 1988)|url=https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00061227-ZZ|date=11 August 1988|volume=51|columns=524 and 528}}.</ref>

The honorific is usually also used to address the [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General]] and Solicitors-General, and the heads of states and leaders of foreign countries on short-term visits to Singapore.<ref>See, for example, {{citation|author=S. Iswaran|author-link=S. Iswaran|title=Speech by Mr S Iswaran, Minister for Trade and Industry (Industry), at the Official Opening of the Australian Landing Pad in Singapore, on Monday, 13 March 2017, 1040 Hrs, at BASH (79 Ayer Rajah Crescent)|url=https://www.gov.sg/~/sgpcmedia/media_releases/mti/speech/S-20170313-2/attachment/Opening%20address%20by%20Min%20Iswaran%20at%20the%20Australian%20Landing%20Pad%20launch%20in%20Singapore.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Singapore]]|date=13 March 2017}}: "''The Honourable'' Julie Bishop, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia, …".</ref>

==Non-governmental use==
Private, non-profit, and non-governmental (NGO) organisations, and religious movements sometimes style a leader or founder as ''The Honourable'', e.g. ''The Honourable [[Elijah Muhammad]]''.

==See also==
* [[Honour (style)]]
* [[Honorary degree]] (also uses the abbreviation "Hon" in front of that of the degree, e.g. Hon [[DLitt]])
* [[The Most Honourable]]
* [[The Right Honourable]]
* [[The Much Honoured]]
* [[Worship (style)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Honourable}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613183535/https://caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/agreement_occ.jsp Caricom.org] (archived 13 June 2010)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031227180316/https://www.washingtonlife.com/backissues/archives/99nov/honorables.htm Washingtonlife.com] (archived 27 December 2003)
* [https://www.bartleby.com/95/27.html Bartleby.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Honourable, The}}
[[Category:Styles (forms of address)]]

Pravina Deshpande

2026-03-12T19:09:33Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding some stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress (1965–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pravina Deshpande
| image = Pravina Deshpande.jpg
| caption = Deshpande in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1965}}
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2026|2|17|60|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–2026
| known_for = ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' ''[[Kulfi Kumar Bajewala]]''
| spouse = 
| children = 2
}}

'''Pravina Deshpande''' (1965 – 17 February 2026) was an Indian actress who mainly worked in Marathi and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films and television shows. She was known for her performances in television shows like ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'', ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' (2006), and ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala|Kulfi Kumar Bajewala]]'' (2018). Deshpande also appeared in films like ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'', ''[[Ek Villain]]'' and ''[[Jalebi (film)|Jalebi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Marathi Actress Praveena Deshpande Passes Away After Battling Cancer |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/marathi-actress-praveena-deshpande-passes-away-after-battling-cancer/2026/02/17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=iwmbuzz.com |language=}}</ref>. She last appeared in the Netflix web series ''[[Taskaree]]'' (2026).<ref name=Pravina/>

== Selected filmography ==
{{Div col}}
#''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008)
#''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011)
#''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' (2013)
#''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'' (2013)
#''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'' (2013)
#''[[Ek Villain]]'' (2014)
#''[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]'' (2015)
#''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' (2015)
#''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'' (2015)
#''[[Gaon (film)|Gaon]]'' (2018)
#''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]'' (2018)
#''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]'' (2018)
#''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' (2018)
#''[[Jalebi (film)|Jalebi]]'' (2018)
#''[[Hacked (film)|Hacked]]'' (2020)
#''[[Taskaree]]'' (2026)
{{Div col end}}

== Death ==
Deshpande died of [[blood cancer]] in Mumbai, on 17 February 2026, at the age of 60. She was cremated on the same day at [[Andheri, Mumbai]].<ref name=Pravina>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Actor Pravina Deshpande passes away at 60 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-pravina-deshpande-dies-at-60-10537483/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title=Veteran actress Pravina Deshpande, Salman Khan’s Ready co-star, passes away at 60 after battling cancer; family confirms last rites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/veteran-actress-pravina-deshpande-salman-khans-ready-co-star-passes-away-at-60-after-battling-cancer-family-confirms-last-rites/articleshow/128471797.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Deshpande was survived by her husband and two children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Pravina Deshpande Death: ‘Taskaree’ Actress and Marathi TV Star Passes Away at 60 |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/pravina-deshpande-death-taskaree-actress-and-marathi-tv-star-passes-away-at-60-a525/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3258460}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Pravina}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Deaths from blood cancer in India]]

Bansda State

2026-03-09T13:13:55Z

Rocky95A059973: rework formatting additionally and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = વાંસદા રિયાસત
|conventional_long_name =Bansda State
|common_name =Bansda
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1781
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Political integration of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Bansda.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Bansda.jpg
|image_map = Bansda and Dharampur, 1896.jpg
|image_map_caption = Bansda, 1896
|stat_area1 =557
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 39,256
|capital = [[Bansda]]
|footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Bansda}}
}}
'''Bansda State''' was one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the period of the [[British Raj]]. It was under the [[Surat Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]].[[File:Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg|thumb|Bansda State (''green'') within [[Surat Agency]]|left|200px]]

==See also==
* [[Bombay Presidency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{coord|20|47|N|73|28|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1781 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1781]]
[[Category:Navsari district]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Navsari-geo-stub}}

Charnon Ki Saugandh

2026-03-05T13:07:25Z

Rocky95A059973: brief improve references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Charanon Ki Saugandh
| image = Charnon Ki Saugandh.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[K. Bapaiah]]
| producer = A. KRishnamurthi
| studio = Tina Films International
| editing = Waman Bhonsle, Gurudutt Shirali
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Amar Shamji
| story = MAlliyam Rajagopal
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Amrita Singh]]
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| released = {{Film date|1988|04|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Charanon Ki Saugandh''''' is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language film directed by [[K. Bapaiah]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]]. The film was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Savaale Samali]]''.

==Plot==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
The son of a poor farmer named Govind, Ravi is compelled to serve a landowner named Thakur. The landowner and his son, Shakti Singh, always face a difficult battle from Ravi. Ravi makes the decision to stand up to the wealthy tyrant and his daughter Kanchan Singh during the village elections.

==Cast==

* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Ravi
* [[Amrita Singh]] as Kanchan Singh
* [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] as Laxmi
* [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Gopal ,Laxmi's husband
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Geeta
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Malti , Ravi's mother
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Govind
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Thakur Singh
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shakti Singh
* [[Kader Khan]] as Chandi Das
* [[Asrani]] as Loban
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Padma Singh
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]]
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Nandu ,Chandi's son

==Music==
#"Nariyan Shaher Ki Nariyan" – [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
#"Ek Rawan Ko Ram Ne Maara" – Kishore Kumar
#"Chal Sair Gulshan Ki Tujh Ko Karaoon" – Kishore Kumar, Alka Yagnik
#"Chaand Gagan Se Phool Chaman Se" – [[Mohammed Aziz]]
#"Aaja Aaja Mere Mithu Miyan" – Alka Yagnik

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0154311|Charanon Ki Saugandh}}

{{Kovelamudi Bapayya}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pyar Ka Taraana

2026-03-03T23:41:45Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding new post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pyaar Ka Tarana.jpg
| name = Pyar Ka Taraana
| director = [[Dev Anand]]
| producer = Dev Anand
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993|09|03}}
| studio = Navketan International Sunico Productions
| starring = [[Akshay Anand]] [[Mink Brar]] [[Anita Ayoob]]
| editing = Babu Sheikh
| cinematography = Rajesh Patni
| music = [[Raamlaxman]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 2 hours 16 min
}}
'''''Pyar Ka Taraana''''' ({{lit|The Tune of Love}}) is a 1993 [[Bollywood]] [[drama movie]]. The movie starred [[Akshay Anand]], [[Mink Brar]], [[Anita Ayoob]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyar Ka Taraana (1993) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pyar-ka-taraana-15079/cast-crew|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The movie was written and directed by [[Dev Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Tarana|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie-details/pyar-ka-tarana|access-date=2022-01-19|website=indianfilmhistory.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Akshay Anand]] as Kim
*[[Mink Brar]] as Chanda
*[[Anita Ayoob]] as Pinky
*Manu Gargi as Gautam
*[[Girija Shankar]] as Prem
*[[Sushma Seth]]
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]]
*[[Reema Lagoo]]
*[[Sulbha Arya]]
*[[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]]
*Brij Gopal

==Soundtrack==
M. G. Hashmat wrote all songs.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Pyar Ka Taraana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kitna Achha Hota"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Tumse Jo Kahoongi Woh"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Koi Jeetega, Koi Haarega"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Preeti Singh]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Love Letter, Love Letter, Love Letter"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Asha Bhosle]], Udit Narayan
|-
| "Jane Ke Liye Kaise Kahoon Jaan-E-Jaan"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Yeh Zindagi Hai Pyar Ka Taraana"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jab Bhi Maine"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155075}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raamlaxman]]
[[Category:Navketan Films films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dev Anand]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

The Truth (1998 film)

2026-03-03T21:18:01Z

Rocky95A059973: cleanup content further and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = The Truth
| image = The Truth 1998.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Thilakan]] [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
| producer = Asharaf
| music = Rajamani
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = A. B. R. Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1998|3|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''The Truth''''' is a 1998 [[Malayalam]]-language [[Police procedural film|police procedural]] [[thriller film]] written by [[S. N. Swamy]] and directed by [[Shaji Kailas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/6000/the-truth.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180549/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/6000/the-truth.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2011|title=''The Truth'': Cast and Crew details|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|accessdate=March 7, 2011}}</ref> [[Mammootty]] plays the lead role of an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer investigating a political assassination of the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|CM]]. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Unmai'' and in Telugu as ''Delhi Simham''. It was remade in Kannada as ''Naxalite'' in 2000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/innale-great-indian-kitchen-how-couple-photos-are-used-malayalam-films-149544 | title='Innale' to 'The Great Indian Kitchen': How couple photos are used in Malayalam films | date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Patteri, a respected Brahmin [[astrologer]], helps a cop named Pothuval to crack an ill-famed temple robbery. Madhavan. P is a respectable [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], who initiates a crackdown on corrupt [[government official]]s, angering his party and ministers alike. In the upcoming [[by-election]], Madhavan has to retain his position as the CM, the party conspires against him for that matter. During a chance encounter with the CM, Patteri senses a bad omen regarding Madhavan's success and hopes that the by-elections won't happen.

Meanwhile, an enigmatic and alluring woman is shown entering an apartment where she meets an accomplice and they check the details of an assassination which they plan to carry out soon. Right before Madhavan's next election meeting, [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Hariprasad shares his concern about an anonymous threat call that he received with [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] John asking him to tighten the security and be with Madhavan at all times, but the plan is executed and Madhavan is killed in an [[explosion]] along with John and 5 people on the stage with them. The initial investigation is headed by [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Meena Nambiar.

Aided by a misplaced [[CCTV]] from the debris, Meena's suspicion is laid on the photograph of the ''killer woman'', who sneaked into the venue using a forged [[Press pass|reporter pass]]. They trace the local temporary residence of the woman and arrest the home owner and his family on charges of sheltering the culprit, although he was tricked by the woman. The investigation advance no further, which provokes the [[Judge]], who was dealing the case; because for no solid reason, the home owner and his family are being punished, due to the inefficiency of the investigating officer. The sensational nature of the case, achieved partly because of Meena's media obsession, causes the [[Special Investigation Team|SIT]] to take over the case.

The SIT arrives from [[New Delhi]] and is headed by [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Bharath, who is posted in [[Ministry of Home Affairs|Central Ministry of Home Affairs]], and is also Patteri's son. The initial friction between Bharath and Meena, dwindles to friendship, once Bharath makes the first startling discovery. Bharath is targeted by unknown assassins, on one occasion even inside the IPS headquarters. While this frightens most, Bharath gets convinced that the killer is among the police department and also influential. He grows suspicious of the credibility of the photograph of the ''killer woman'' and the fact that the killer's residence yielded no female [[Fingerprint|fingerprints]] and that there is an unidentified male fingerprint in the same apartment, reveals to him that the photograph was a decoy. The killer is male and the photographs were used to misdirect the investigation.

They learn the whereabouts of the killer by first generating a male version of photograph of the killer and then publicizing it. They also apprehend the killer's accomplice, but before being able to capture the killer, who goes by the name ''Bose'', they find him already dead, and the investigation almost comes to a standstill, until they learn that there was a similar attempt before, which did not go as planned. Bharath learns that John was the real target and Madhavan's death was a cover. The [[political conspiracy]] against Madhavan was used by the perpetrator to further misdirect the investigation. In search of a motive behind the assassination, the team finds that John was investigating an accidental explosion in a [[fireworks]] factory at the time. John was astonished by the findings of the case, where the explosives license of the owner, Poozhimattom Thomachan, an influential politician, was being employed for dealing with larger quantities of explosives driving terrorist activities in the country.

John was killed for discovering the illegal activities and Madhavan's murder was used to distract the investigators. The perpetrator also feared the response of Madhavan as John's [[Presentence investigation report|investigation report]] were to reach his hands. The team's most astounding find then follows, with the discovery of the puppet master and the silent partner in the illegal explosive deals of Thomachan and who is actually revealed to be Hariprasad, who administered the investigation from the beginning. He misled the previous investigation, initiated various attempts to murder Bharath to scare the team away and played the faithful ally throughout. The team submit the report, where Hariprasad and Thomachan are sentenced to prison. After the investigation, The SIT fly back to Delhi, with a promise of promotion for Pothuval for his help.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Bharath Patteri [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Director [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]]
* [[Thilakan]] as Shivapuram Patteri
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]] R. Hariprasad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Jignesh Joshi as Killer Woman/Killer Bose
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as [[Chief Minister]] Madhavan. P
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Meena Nambiar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Divya Unni]] as Nimmy, [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] team member
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Prasad, [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] team member
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] Kuttikrishna Pothuval
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Peter, [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] team member
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] John
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Poozhimattam Thomachan
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kumaran, Party Secretary
* [[Praveena]] as Gayathri
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Anwar Ahmed
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Augustine Thomas
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as CKC Nambiar
* [[Subair]] as Judge
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]]
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Sankaran
* [[Kunjandi]] as Ramachandran Nair
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Mahendran, House Owner
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Journalist Babu
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Mohandas, Hotel staff
* Ramya Sudha
* Girija Preman
{{colend}}

== Reception ==
It was one of the biggest hits of the year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/06ss.htm |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> On 6 January 1999, ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' wrote, "Unlike a lot of masala whodunits, ''The Truth'' relies not on the usual punch-ups but on genuine investigative techniques and a taut script to hold interest. No songs and dances, no formulaic ingredients -- just an edge of the seat thriller."<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4464 ''The Truth''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{Shaji Kailas}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truth (1998 film)}}
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1998 thriller films]]

Ayitham

2026-03-03T20:55:52Z

Rocky95A059973: fixed issues

{{short description|1988 film by Venu Nagavally}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ayitham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venu Nagavally]]
| producer = [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| writer = Venu Nagavally
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Sukumari]]
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = ARS Productions
| distributor = Seven Arts Release
| released = {{Film date|1988|04|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ayitham''''' ({{Translation|[[Excommunication]] / [[Untouchability]]}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Venu Nagavally]] and produced by [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] sisters. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Sukumari]] in lead roles. The film features music composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]. The plot is set in an [[Agraharam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=അയിത്തം (1988) |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1815 |accessdate=2014-10-07 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |publisher= |language=Ml |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011154510/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1815 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Vasudevan is a renowned singer of a village. Once his small village was known in his name. However, with fame came comfort; comfort to pursue his innate wild nature. This led to destruction of his life and his family. His son, Shankaran is unemployed and Bhama, daughter of the village's landlord is in love with him. Though he doesn't reciprocate as she would love to. The villagers are poor but they try to live as decently as possible with available resources. However, it becomes impossible for everyone to handle the poverty and low quality of life. This leads them to alternative choices that are not that decent, and those some conform to it to just survive. Bhama is married off to Mani Iyer, another reputable singer but her marriage is not a happy one. Because Mani Iyer is also not a stranger to the wilder comforts that fame provides. The questions of will Shankaran be able to find a job that can uplift his family, and will Bhama find happiness again in her life, form the climax of the story. The film is a diorama of life in poverty and people trying to live through it with values and fellowship.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mohanlal]] as Shankaran
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Bhama
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Chinna
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Rangan
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Kasthoori
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as N. S. Thovala
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Joseph
*[[L. P. R. Varma]] as Vasudhevan Bhagavathar
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Kachery Mani Iyyer
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Govindhankutty
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Thankamai
*[[Sukumaran]] as Abu
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Paapamma
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Periyaswamy
*[[Sankaradi]] as Vikraman
*Louba Schild as Louba
*[[Nandu_(Malayalam_actor)|Nandu]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Ayitham'' was produced by actresses and sisters [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] through their production house ARS Productions, they also appeared in the principal roles alongside [[Mohanlal]]. The film was written by [[Venu Nagavally]] and was also his third directorial. The film was launched on 6 December 1987 at AVM Studios with actor-politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]] being a guest in the [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function of the film.<ref name="IEM">{{cite news |date=26 May 2020 |title=സൂപ്പർ സ്റ്റാർ ചിത്രത്തിനു തുടക്കം കുറിക്കാൻ മക്കൾ തിലകം എത്തിയപ്പോൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohanlal-mgr-venu-nagavally-ambika-rare-photo-377982/ |accessdate=21 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ml |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621092348/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohanlal-mgr-venu-nagavally-ambika-rare-photo-377982/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 1987 |title=முதல்வர் புரட்சித்தலைவர் துவக்கிய திரைப்படம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_48/3.jp2/full/1000,1409/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501124744/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_48/3.jp2/full/1000,1409/0/default.jpg |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=Tamil |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film features original songs composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] and lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]]. The song "Oruvakkil Oru Nokkil" was based on the [[Jog (raga)|jog]] raga.<ref>{{cite news|last=പ്രവീണ്‍കുമാര്‍|first=എ. ആര്‍.|title=മലയാളത്തിലെ ജോഗ് വസന്തം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/read/indian-classical-vocal-hindustani-music87161/|accessdate=21 June 2020|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|date=21 July 2019|language=ml|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621093547/https://www.janmabhumi.in/read/indian-classical-vocal-hindustani-music87161/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| Aliveni || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[K Omanakkutty]] || ||
|-
| Ga Ma Ga Ri Ga Pa [Ezhu Suswarangalaay] || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] || [[ONV Kurup]] ||
|-
| Ilamarimaan Nayane || [[K. S. Chithra]] || ||
|-
| Jagadodhaarana || [[KS Chithra]] || ||
|-
| Maaye || [[KS Chithra]], [[K Omanakkutty]] || ||
|-
| Nalinamizhi [Bit] || [[KS Chithra]], [[K Omanakkutty]] || ||
|-
| Oruvakkil Oru Nokkil || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[ONV Kurup]] ||
|-
| Parama Purusha || [[KS Chithra]], [[K Omanakkutty]] || ||
|-
| Thankamani Anna || [[KS Chithra]], [[MG Sreekumar]] || [[ONV Kurup]] ||
|-
| Uyyaala Loogavaiya [M] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || ||
|-
| Uyyala loogavaiya [F] || [[KS Chithra]] || ||
|-
| Vaaneedevi || [[KS Chithra]], [[K Omanakkutty]] || ||
|}

==Release==
''Ayitham'' was released in theatres on 7 April 1988.<ref name=IEM/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venu Nagavally]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Shrikant Shinde

2026-02-28T14:46:00Z

Rocky95A059973: improved section for consistency after review

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shrikant Eknath Shinde
| image =
| caption = Shinde in 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anand Paranjape]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan, Maharashtra]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|04}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (since 2023; 2014-2022)
| otherparty = [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]] (2022–2023)
| parents = [[Eknath Shinde]] (father)<ref name="Political dynasties in Maharashtra">{{cite news |title=Political dynasties in Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/political-dynasties-in-maharashtra-101711456983784.html |access-date=15 December 2024 |publisher=Hindustantimes |date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215143308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/political-dynasties-in-maharashtra-101711456983784.html |archive-date=15 December 2024}}</ref> Lata Shinde (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Vrushali Shinde|2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-19 |title=खासदार श्रीकांत शिंदेंच्या 'शाही लग्नाची गोष्ट'... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/maharashtra/eknath-shindes-son-shrikant-shinde-marriage-ceremony/338476 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=24taas.com}}</ref>
| children = 1
| residence = [[New Delhi|31, Meena Bagh, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi]]
| education = Master's Student of Orthopaedics
| alma_mater = DY Patil Medical College
| profession = {{hlist|[[Orthopedic Surgeon]]|[[politician]]}}
}}
'''Shrikant Eknath Shinde''' (born 4 February 1987) is an Indian politician serving as a member of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/loksabha-election-results-2019-winning-candidate-list-of-maharashtra-667510| title=Loksabha Election Results 2019 : महाराष्ट्रातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी| date=23 May 2019}}</ref> He represents the [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Shiv Sena]] political party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1324.htm?ac=24 |title=General Election 2014 results - Kalyan constituency | publisher = Election Commission of India |accessdate = 2014-06-05 }}</ref><ref name="32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=25 May 2014 |title=32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720133857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archivedate=20 July 2025 |accessdate=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

He is the son of [[Eknath Shinde]], the incumbent [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. At the time of his 2014 election win, he was a final-year Master's student of [[orthopaedics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-juggling-medical-careers-and-politics-with-elan-doctors-who-became-mps-1989153 | title=Juggling medical careers and politics with elan: Doctors who became MPs |newspaper=DNA |date=2014-05-17 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shinde is a qualified medical practitioner (MBBS followed by M.S. Orthopedics). He completed his M.S. from Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai. Shinde's family members includes his father, [[Eknath Shinde]], mother Lata, wife Vrushali and son Rudransh. Shinde first got elected as a Member of Parliament in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 elections]], from the [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency]]. He became youngest [[Maratha clan system|maratha]] Member of Parliament ever.<ref>{{Cite news |title=annotated |pages=video |work=YouTube TEDx |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/dr-shrikant-eknath-shinde}}</ref> He won the election a second time from the same constituency in [[2019 Indian general election|May 2019]].

== Positions held ==
* '''2014: Elected to 16th Lok Sabha'''
Dr. Shrikant Shinde won the Kalyan parliamentary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/politics/modimay39s-welfare-dr-shrikant-shinde-won/articleshow/35222276.cms|title= मोदीमय हुआ कल्याण, जीते डॉ़ श्रीकांत शिंदे|website= Nav Bharat Times|language=hi |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> seat defeating [[Anand Paranjpe]] of NCP by a margin of over 2.50 lakh votes. In 2014, India witnessed its 32 first time MP's under 35. Dr. Shinde was one of the youngest [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] MPs among others. He was 27 when elected from Kalyan Constituency, pursuing Master of Surgery. According to the Election Commission, the constituency had a total of 1,922,046 eligible voters during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Dr. Shinde of Shivsena Party won the seat by defeating the NCP candidate by a margin of 250,749 votes which was 30.42% of the total votes polled in the constituency. Shivsena had a vote share of 53.49% in 2014 in the seat. There were a total of 18 contestants in 2014. According to the 2014 electoral rolls, the electorate included 1,044,943 men, 876,995 women and 96 voters of the third gender.

'''Appointed Member of Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare''' '''&'''

'''Committee on Violation of Protocol Norms and Contemptuous Behavior of Government Officers'''

From 1 September 2014 onwards, he was appointed Member of the Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare. Later, from 15 September 2014 he was appointed Member of Committee on Violation of Protocol Norms and Contemptuous Behavior of Government Officers with Member of Lok Sabha.

* '''2019: Elected to 17th Lok Sabha'''
Dr. Shinde won the Kalyan Lok Sabha Constituency with a margin of 3,44,343 votes which was 62.87% by defeating Babaji Balaram Patil of NCP. Dr. Shinde received 5,59,723 votes which was 24.19% from Kalyan Lok Sabha Constituency. This urban general constituency has an estimated Scheduled Caste population of 10.23% and a Scheduled Tribe population of 2.29%. The average literacy rate of Ambernath is  87.22%, Ulhasnagar 87.49%, Kalyan Dombivali 91.37%, Thane Municipal Corporation 98.41%. The seat went to the polls on Phase 4 on Monday, 29 April 2019.  

'''Appointed Member of Standing Committee on Defence and Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs'''

From 13 September 2019 onwards, he was appointed Member of Standing Committee on Defence and Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

* '''2024: Elected to 18th Lok Sabha'''
Shrikant Shinde, son of Chief Minister Eknath Shinde from Shiv Sena which is part of the NDA alliance, won by a margin of 2,09,144 votes from the Lok Sabha constituency of [[Kalyan]], Maharashtra for Third Term as MP. opposite UBT candidate vaishali Darekar Rane

== Political career ==
He raised a demand that Kalyan and Dombivili stations be remodeled, during a Loksabha session in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradeep Gupta|date=Jul 26, 2017|title=Dombivli station: Redevelop Kalyan, Dombivli station: Kalyan MP demanded in Loksabha {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/redevelop-kalyan-dombivli-station-kalyan-mp-demanded-in-loksabha/articleshow/59773920.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Shinde said in a press conference that he got 110 crore sanctioned for roads in the division for Dombivli MIDC roads.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradeep Gupta|date=Jun 2, 2021|title=After 19 years wait, Dombivli MIDC area gets Rs 110 crore for road work {{!}} Thane News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/after-19-years-wait-dombivli-midc-area-gets-rs-110-crore-for-road-work/articleshow/83177364.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Kalyan Ring Road Project to Connect Kalyan Rural, Titwala, Dombivli'''

Travelling to the urban area from Kalyan rural is hectic due to congestion on the city roads. Dr. Shinde addressed this issue and proposed the Kalyan Ring Road Project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=रिंग रोड प्रकल्पाच्या तिसऱ्या टप्प्याच्या निविदेचा मार्ग लवकर मोकळा होणार|url=https://www.lokmat.com/kalyan-dombivli/tender-third-phase-ring-road-project-will-be-opened-soon-a607/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref> The municipal administration has approved the proposal of a ring road going out of the city to connect the rural areas including Kalyan-Dombivali and Titwala. This ring road<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=MSRDC aims to complete land acquisition for ring road project before monsoon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/msrdc-aims-to-complete-land-acquisition-for-ring-road-project-before-monsoon-101616177967083.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> will be constructed through MMRDA. However, the space required for this will have to be acquired by the municipal administration. Since most of this ring road passes along the creek shore, it falls into the CRZ area.

In the first phase of the project, a 20 km long road from Durgamata Chowk to Titwala will be constructed. In the second phase, a 13 km long road from Durgamata Chowk to Mankoli<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samachar|first=Palava|date=2020-08-11|title=Complete Mankoli Bridge and Ring Road in next 15 months - MP Dr. Srikanth Shinde's instructions to MMRDA|url=https://www.palavanews.com/complete-mankoli-bridge-and-ring-road-in-next-15-months-mp-dr-srikanth-shindes-instructions-to-mmrda-palava-news/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Palava Samachar|language=en-US}}</ref> is proposed. The municipal administration has claimed that this road will help in clearing the traffic congestion in the city. In the next phase, a road connecting 27 villages will be constructed.

* '''Kalyan-Shilphata Road'''

Unending traffic on '''Kalyan-Shilphata Road'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-08|title=Widening of Kalyan to Shilphata road to begin next week|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/widening-of-kalyan-to-shilphata-road-to-begin-next-week/story-4weOOWFQxH7kP2Zm9TDesL.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> was a huge issue for commuters' daily travel. Dr. Shinde along with father & cabinet minister of urban Development and Public Works Eknath Shinde announced the expansion of Kalyan-Shilphata Road.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradeep Gupta|date=Dec 31, 2018|title=Mumbai: PWD minister flags off Bhiwandi- Shilphata road six lane work of Rs 213 crore {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-pwd-minister-flags-off-bhiwandi-shilphata-road-six-lane-work-of-rs-213-crore/articleshow/67319937.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The old road was of 4 lanes and new concrete road was made up of 6 lanes and will have 14 junctions and 31 bus stops. The entire project cost Rs 213 crore that includes two Rail Over Bridges one at Desai Gaon near Palava and second at Patripul in Kalyan.

* '''Airoli-Katai Freeway'''  

To decongest the traffic on Shilphata road Airoli - Katai Freeway<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradeep Gupta|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=Thane: First Phase of Katai-Airoli freeway set to be complete by September 2021 {{!}} Thane News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/thane-first-phase-of-katai-airoli-freeway-set-to-be-complete-by-september-2021/articleshow/79309115.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> project is under construction. It is also called Airoli-Katai Unnat Marg. It is an important project which will cut travel time from Airoli to Katai and  hardly 10 minutes will take time to reach the location. Currently, the project is under construction and Dr.Shinde is aiming to finish the construction work before the targeted date.

* '''Waterway Transport Project (Kalyan-Thane-Mumbai)'''

He presented the project of waterway transport for traffic-free travel in less time. The waterway transport project got approved by the Central Government. The central government has sanctioned Rs 453 crore for the first phase. Under this, freight traffic will be the same as passenger transport. The first phase of this ambitious project is the waterway connecting Kalyan-Thane-Vasai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gaonkar|first=Satish|date=July 31, 2017|title=Kalyan-Vasai inland waterway proposal gets Nitin Gadkari's nod|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/kalyan-vasai-inland-waterway-proposal-gets-nitin-gadkaris-nod/articleshow/59851676.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Dr. Shrikant Shinde and Rajan Vichare followed up with the Central Government. As the Guardian Minister of the district, Eknath Shinde submitted a detailed plan of the project to the Center through Thane Municipal Corporation. The first phase includes Kalyan-Thane-Vasai, the second phase includes Navi Mumbai and Mumbai.

'''Renovation of Hospitals and Other Services'''  

Dr. Shinde took initiative to strengthen the medical facilities in Kalyan Constituency. He followed up on the renovation of ESIC Hospital (Ulhasnagar) equipped with 100 beds & all upgraded machinery, MRI and CT Scan facility at reasonable cost in KDMC Hospital and Chhatrapati Shivaji Hospital Kalwa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-18|title=Thane Municipal Corporation collaborates with Krsnaa Diagnostics|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/thane-municipal-corporation-collaborates-with-krsnaa-diagnostics/401477/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Express Healthcare|language=en-US}}</ref> Dialysis Centers in Shastrinagar & Netivali (Dombivali). Based on the PPP model, CT Scan and MRI will be available for the public at a reasonable price in Shastrinagar and Rukminibai Hospital. Sanitary Napkin vending machine set up at Zilha Parishad's School.

'''One Rupee Clinic & COVID-19'''

As COVID-19 cases were increasing in Kalyan Constituency, every patient should get consultation and proper treatment. To make this possible, Dr. Shinde took initiative to make place available for One Rupee Clinic with Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=1 Rupee Clinic to benefit KDMC-run hospital|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/1-rupee-clinic-to-benefit-kdmc-run-hospital/story-SAX58sq40TVM7I9sHQPVTO.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> (KDMC) so that needy people should get covid treatment at lowest cost. Dr Rahul Ghule, MD Magic Dil Health managing director, is managing eight covid care centers and hospitals comprising more Thane 2500 beds in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The One rupee clinic<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-25|title=One rupee clinic and Dr. Ghule's team take care of 2500 patients at a time|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/the-good-doctor/articleshow/82236362.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> team and KDMC started free thermal screening in the KDMC hotspots and containment zones to avoid increasing infection, as one should get early detection. They are managing Savlaram Covid Care Centre and Patidar Bhavan Covid Care Centre at Dombivali, Sai Nirvana Covid Care Centre at Kalyan and Rukmini Covid Care Centre at Titwala set up by Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation.  

'''27 Villages benefited by AMRUT YOJANA'''

Under this scheme 27 villages of Kalyan Rural have benefited by a water supply project. Rs 180 crores had been given to the 27 villages for water supply and sanitation purposes under the AMRUT scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=२७ गावांना 'अमृत'धारा|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/thane/water-supply-scheme-for-kdmc/articleshow/59992602.cms|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref> The area of 27 villages is 40 square kilometers. Under this scheme, 28 water tanks, 12 pumps and 2 outlets as well as 223 km of waterways will be constructed for a population of about two and a half lakh. The central and state governments will jointly contribute half of the Rs 180 crore scheme and the remaining half will be borne by the municipality.

'''Government Medical College in Ambernath'''

In emergency, the public of Ambernath, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar, Badlapur and other parts of Thane District used to travel far at J.J. Hospital, K.E.M Hospital. Dr. Shinde proposed the project of the Medical College in Ambernath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Medical college to be built in Ambarnath, Minister Amit Deshmukh approved in the meeting {{!}} अंबरनाथ में बनेगा मेडिकल कॉलेज, मंत्री अमित देशमुख ने बैठक में दी मंजूरी {{!}} Navabharat (नवभारत)|url=https://www.enavabharat.com/thane-news-hindi/medical-college-to-be-built-in-ambarnath-minister-amit-deshmukh-approved-in-the-meeting-264228/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=enavabharat.com}}</ref> Project was approved by the Medical Education Minister Amit Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=अंबरनाथमध्ये मेडिकल हबची उभारणी होणार, वैद्यकीय शिक्षणमंत्र्यांची मंजुरी Medical Education Minister Amit Deshmukh approves medical college in Ambernath|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/maharashtra/medical-education-minister-amit-deshmukh-approves-medical-college-in-ambernath-388654.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> and the construction will start soon.

== Work ==
Dr. Shinde served two years of practice as an Orthopaedic surgeon at Shivaji Hospital at Kalwa.  

== Social work ==
He has established a Doctor Shrikant Shinde Foundation which has collaborated with Shiv Sena to arrange free medical camps in Sindhudurg district.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=शिवसेनेचे ठाणे, कोकणात मुलांसाठी वैद्यकीय शिबीर|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/maharashtra-news/thane-news/article/free-medical-camp-organised-by-shivsena/335044|access-date=2021-06-04|website=timesnowmarathi.com|language=mr}}</ref> The Foundation donated one ambulance in Kolhapur to [[Sambhaji Raje]]'s foundation during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-09|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी सुसज्ज रुग्णवाहिका; मंत्री एकनाथ शिंदेंनी छत्रपती संभाजीराजेंना दिलेला शब्द पाळला|url=https://www.lokmat.com/thane/minister-eknath-shinde-given-equipped-ambulances-kolhapur-handover-chhatrapati-sambhaji-raje-a629/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

He organises 'Shiv Mandir Art Festival'<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hariharan to perform at Shivmandir Art Festival - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/hariharan-to-perform-at-shivmandir-art-festival/articleshow/46251341.cms|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in Ambernath (Kalyan Constituency).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title=Ambernath's much awaited Shiv Mandir Art Festival starts from 16 Feb|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/ambernath-s-much-awaited-shiv-mandir-art-festival-starts-from-feb-16/story-NcU6ihT7tAiMOGK4QsgOXN.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Award==
*Bharat Gaurav Award 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Gaurav Award |url=https://www.bharatgauravaward.com/awardees.php |website=Bharatgauravaward.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shiv Sena website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=1 September 2020 }}
* [http://drshrikanteknathshinde.in/ Official Website]
* [http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shrikant-eknath-shinde/ Shrikant Shinde Indian Parliament Profile]
* [http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/shrikanteknathshinde/ Debates and questions in Parliament]

{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Shrikant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

TIFAC

2026-02-09T14:47:35Z

Rocky95A059973: creating a post v1

{{Short description|Government organization in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
| formed = February 1988
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi, India]]
| parent_agency = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]], Government of India
| website = https://www.tifac.org.in
}}

'''TIFAC''' (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council) is an autonomous organization set up in 1988 by the government of India under the Department of Science & Technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=TIFAC |url=http://tdb.gov.in/tifac/#:~:text=TIFAC%20is%20an%20autonomous%20organization,select%20areas%20of%20national%20importance |website=Technology Development Board {{!}} Department of Science & Technology |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> It functions as a technology policy think tank that conducts technology forecasting, assessment studies, and supports innovation initiatives in areas of national importance.<ref name="Journals of India" /> It is also called Government of India's technology think tank.<ref name=" EIN News">{{cite web |last1=News |first1=E. I. N. |last2=Healthcare |first2=Sapio Smart |title=India launches Smart Healthcare Ecosystem, White Paper released by Technology Think Tank |url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/562776863/india-launches-smart-healthcare-ecosystem-white-paper-released-by-technology-think-tank |website=EIN News |date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
Government of India's Technology Policy Statement (TPS) of 1983 underlined the need for undertaking technology forecasting and assessment studies on a systematic and continuous basis. The formation of TIFAC was approved by the Cabinet in mid 1986 per the recommendation of Technology Policy Implementation Committee (TPIC). The formation of TIFAC was approved by the Union Cabinet in 1986 following recommendations of the Technology Policy Implementation Committee. It was formally registered as a society in February 1988 as an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology.<ref name="Journals of India">{{cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) - JournalsOfIndia |url=https://journalsofindia.com/technology-information-forecasting-and-assessment-council-tifac/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Journals of India}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
TIFAC's objectives were to set directions for future technological development in India in important socio-economic sectors, ensuring timely availability of requisite technologies relevant to the needs of the country on a long-term basis. Minimizing the time gap between the development of new technologies and their utilization and to meaningfully correlate technology development and technology import policies in order to identify priority areas of research for the socio-economic, environmental and security needs of the country.<ref name=" Journals of India"/>

== Tasks ==
1. '''Ekaswa:'''

“Ekaswa” is a Patent Facilitating Centre launched by TIFAC in 1995 facilitating search services for Universities, education institutes, government R&D organizations, and government departments. It provides biographic reports, abstracts and full text patent document on patents granted or published in the [[United States]], Europe, the PCT, and India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Concept Of Patent Mining In India - Patent - India |url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/1184942/the-concept-of-patent-mining-in-india |website=www.mondaq.com |publisher=mondaq.com |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>

2. '''Smart healthcare ecosystem:'''

Smart healthcare ecosystem launched by TIFAC is an attempt to digitize healthcare through the Digital Health Mission. It is expected to provide primary health services to every village of India, through cyber-physical technologies. It is also expected to predict diseases to optimize the use of healthcare resources. Citizens of India living in interiors are expected to get personalized quality treatment. It is said to be the first of its kind healthcare platform in the world.<ref name=" EIN News"/>

3. '''Technology vision document 2035:'''

TIFAC came out with the ‘Technology Vision Document 2035’ on 3 January 2016 with an aim to Ensure Security, Enhance Prosperity, and Enhance Identity of every Indian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Vision 2035 |url=https://www.tifac.org.in/images/pdf/tv2035/TV%202035%20Doc-Last%20final-release.compressed.pdf}}</ref> The document identifies twelve prerogatives for every Indian. These are: Clean air and potable water; Food and nutritional security; Universal healthcare and public hygiene; 24x7 energy; Decent habitat; Quality education, livelihood and creative opportunities. Collective Prerogatives are: Safe and speedy mobility; Public safety and national security; Cultural diversity and vibrancy; Transparent and effective governance; Disaster and [[climate resilience]] and Eco-friendly conservation of natural resources.

The document also foresees the technological requirements of Indians of 2035 for which it identifies twelve focus areas: Education; Medical Sciences & Healthcare; Food and Agriculture; Water; Energy; Environment; Habitat; Transportation; Infrastructure; Manufacturing; Materials and Information and Communication Technology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=INDIA |first1=THE HANS |title=Technology Vision 2035 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2016-05-27/Technology-Vision-2035/230652?infinitescroll=1 |website=www.thehansindia.com |publisher=thehansindia.com |access-date=11 May 2022 |language=en |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=February 2022}}

[[Category:Technology forecasting]]
[[Category:Science and Technology Facilities Council]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly

2026-02-05T07:06:52Z

Rocky95A059973: put up a post...

{{Short description|Legislature of Jammu and Kashmir, 2024–present}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly
| before = [[12th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly]] (state)
| after =
| image =
| image_size = 100px
| caption =
| body = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry]]
| opposition =
| term_start = October 2024
| term_end = Present
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber2 =
| chamber2_image =
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 90 elected + 5 appointed
| control2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-omar-abdullah-nc-pdp-live-updates-october-8/article68729051.ece | title=Jammu and Kashmir Election Results 2024 Highlights: Results for all 90 seats declared | newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref>
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = [[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber2_leader2 = ''vacant''
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader5 = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of current Indian opposition leaders#Legislatures of the States and Union territories|Deputy Leaders of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = [[Surjeet Singh Slathia]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Pawan Kumar Gupta]]
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}

The '''Thirteenth [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]''' was convened following the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] held in September and October 2024.

==Office bearers==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Office
!Holder
!Since
|-
|Speaker
|[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
|4 November 2024
|-
|Leader of the House [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|(Chief Minister)]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=11 October 2024 |title=NC Legislators Thumbs Up Omar Abdullah for J&K Chief Minister |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nc-legislators-thumbs-up-omar-abdullah-for-j-k-chief-minister-011-3958009.html |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>
|16 October 2024
|-
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
|16 October 2024
|-
|[[List of current Indian opposition leaders#Legislatures of the States and Union territories|Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|3 November 2024
|-
|}

==Membership by party==
[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 2025.svg |thumb|Membership by party in the 13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly]]
The membership of the assembly by party is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2024 |title=Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywiseresult-U08.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:Left;"
!colspan=2| Party
!MLAs
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|41
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|29
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|6
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
|4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Green}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]]
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|6
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nominated }}
|[[Nominated]]
|5
|-
! colspan=2|Total
! 95
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) ==
The membership of the assembly is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2024 |title=Status Known For 90 out of 90 Constituencies |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseU081.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
! No.
! Name
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
!1
||[[Karnah Assembly constituency|Karnah]]
|[[Javaid Ahmad Mirchal]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!2
| [[Trehgam Assembly constituency|Trehgam]]
|[[Saifullah Mir]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!3
| [[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]
|[[Mir Mohammad Fayaz]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|
|-
!4
| [[Lolab Assembly constituency|Lolab]]
|[[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!5
| [[Handwara Assembly constituency|Handwara]]
|[[Sajjad Gani Lone|Sajad Gani Lone]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|
|-
!6
| [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]]
|[[Khursheed Ahmed Sheikh]]
|{{party color cell|Green}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|AIP]]<ref>Elected as Independent, Primary member of AIP </ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
!7
| [[Sopore Assembly constituency|Sopore]]
|[[Irshad Rasool Kar]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!8
| [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]
|[[Javid Ahmad Dar]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|''Cabinet Minister''
|-
!9
|[[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]]
|[[Sajjad Safi]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!10
|[[Baramulla Assembly constituency|Baramulla]]
|[[Javid Hassan Baig]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!11
|[[Gulmarg Assembly constituency|Gulmarg]]
|[[Pirzada Farooq Ahmed Shah]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!12
|[[Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency|Wagoora–Kreeri]]
|[[Irfan Hafiz Lone]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!13
|[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]
|[[Javaid Riyaz]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]]
!14
| [[Sonawari Assembly constituency|Sonawari]]
|[[Hilal Akbar Lone]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!15
| [[Bandipora Assembly constituency|Bandipora]]
|[[Nizam Uddin Bhat]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!16
| [[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]] (ST)
|[[Nazir Ahmad Khan (Indian politician)|Nazir Ahmed Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]]
!17
| [[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]] (ST)
|[[Mian Mehar Ali]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!18
| [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|''Chief Minister''
|-
|rowspan="8"| [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
!19
| [[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]]
|[[Salman Sagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!20
| [[Khanyar Assembly constituency|Khanyar]]
|[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!21
| [[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]
|[[Shamim Firdous]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!22
| [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency|Lal Chowk]]
|[[Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!23
| [[Chanapora Assembly constituency|Chanapora]]
|[[Mushtaq Guroo]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!24
| [[Zadibal Assembly constituency|Zadibal]]
|[[Tanvir Sadiq]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!25
| [[Eidgah Assembly constituency|Eidgah]]
|[[Mubarak Gul|Mubarik Gul]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!26
|[[Central Shalteng Assembly constituency|Central Shalteng]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
! rowspan="2"| 27
| rowspan="2"|[[Budgam Assembly constituency|Budgam]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|Resigned on 21 October 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Omar Abdullah Steps Down From Budgam Seat, Retains Ganderbal In Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/omar-abdullah-steps-down-from-budgam-seat-retains-ganderbal-in-assembly-6840344 |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=NDTV|issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aga Syed Muntazir Mehdi]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|Elected in by-election
|-
!28
| [[Beerwah Assembly constituency|Beerwah]]
|[[Shafi Ahmad Wani]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!29
| [[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khan Sahib]]
|[[Saif Ud Din Bhat]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!30
| [[Charari Sharief Assembly constituency|Charari Sharief]]
|[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|Speaker
|-
!31
| [[Chadoora Assembly constituency|Chadoora]]
|[[Ali Mohammad Dar]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
!32
| [[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]]
|[[Hasnain Masoodi]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!33
| [[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]
|[[Rafiq Ahmad Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|
|-
!34
| [[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]]
|[[Waheed Ur Rehman Para]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|
|-
!35
| [[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]
|[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir|Ghulam Mohit Uddin Mir]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shopian district|Shopian]]
!36
| [[Zainapora Assembly constituency|Zainapora]]
|[[Showkat Hussain]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!37
|[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]
|[[Shabir Ahmad Kullay]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
!38
|[[Damhal Hanji Pora Assembly constituency|DH Pora]]
|[[Sakina Itoo]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|''Cabinet Minister''
|-
!39
|[[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]]
|[[Mohamad Yusuf Tarigami|Mohammad Yusuf Tarigami]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
!40
|[[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar]]
|[[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
|rowspan="7" |[[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
!41
|[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir|Gulam Ahmad Mir]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!42
|[[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]] (ST)
|[[Zafar Ali Khatana]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!43
|[[Anantnag West Assembly constituency|Anantnag West]]
|[[Abdul Majeed Bhat]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!44
|[[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]]
|[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!45
|[[Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Srigufwara–Bijbehara]]
|[[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri|Bashir Ahmed Shah Veeri]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!46
|[[Shangus–Anantnag East Assembly constituency|Shangus–Anantnag East]]
|[[Reyaz Ahmad Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!47
|[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]
|[[Altaf Ahmad Wani]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kishtwar district|Kishtawar]]
!48
|[[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal]]
|[[Payare Lal Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Supports JKNC<ref name="4 Independent MLAs extend support to JKNC">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/jammu-and-kashmir/national-conference-secures-majority-jammu-and-kashmir-elections-mlas-omar-abdullah-nc-congress-alliance-2024-10-10-956483|title=Omar Abdullah's NC touches majority mark without Congress after 4 J-K independent MLAs extend support|work=India TV|date=10 October 2024 |accessdate=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
!49
|[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]
|[[Shagun Parihar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!50
|[[Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency|Padder–Nagseni]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|''Leader of Opposition''
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Doda district|Doda]]
!51
|[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhadarwah]]
|[[Daleep Singh Parihar|Daleep Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!52
|[[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
|[[Mehraj Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
!53
|[[Doda West Assembly constituency|Doda West]]
|[[Shakti Raj|Shakti Raj Parihar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramban district|Ramban]]
!54
|[[Ramban Assembly constituency|Ramban]]
|[[Arjun Singh Raju]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!55
|[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]
|[[Sajad Shaheen]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Reasi district|Reasi]]
!56
|[[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]] (ST)
|[[Khurshied Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!57
|[[Reasi Assembly constituency|Reasi]]
|[[Kuldeep Raj Dubey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!58
|[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi]]
|[[Baldev Raj Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
!59
|[[Udhampur West Assembly constituency|Udhampur West]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!60
|[[Udhampur East Assembly constituency|Udhampur East]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Pathania]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!61
|[[Chanani Assembly constituency|Chenani]]
|[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!62
|[[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Bhardwaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kathua district|Kathua]]
!63
|[[Bani Assembly constituency|Bani]]
|[[Rameshwar Singh (politician)|Rameshwar Singh Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Supports JKNC<ref name="4 Independent MLAs extend support to JKNC"/>
|-
!64
|[[Billawar Assembly constituency|Billawar]]
|[[Satish Kumar Sharma (politician)|Satish Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!65
|[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]
|[[Darshan Kumar (politician)|Thakur Darshan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!66
|[[Jasrota Assembly constituency|Jasrota]]
|[[Rajiv Jasrotia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!67
|[[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]] (SC)
|[[Bharat Bhushan (politician)|Bharat Bhushan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!68
|[[Hiranagar Assembly constituency|Hiranagar]]
|[[Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vijay Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Samba district|Samba]]
!69
|[[Ramgarh, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]] (SC)
|[[Devinder Kumar Manyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!70
|[[Samba Assembly constituency|Samba]]
|[[Surjeet Singh Slathia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!71
|[[Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]
|[[Chander Prakash (politician)|Chander Prakash Ganga]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Jammu district|Jammu]]
!72
|[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]] (SC)
|[[Rajeev Kumar (Jammu & Kashmir politician)|Rajeev Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!73
|[[Suchetgarh Assembly constituency|Suchetgarh]] (SC)
|[[Gharu Ram Bhagat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!74
|[[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency|RS Pora–Jammu South]]
|[[Narinder Singh Raina]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!75
|[[Bahu Assembly constituency|Bahu]]
|[[Vikram Randhawa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!76
|[[Jammu East Assembly constituency|Jammu East]]
|[[Yudhvir Sethi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|77
|rowspan="2"|[[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|[[Devender Singh Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 31 October 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jk-bjp-mla-devender-singh-rana-passes-away-101730401593502.html|title=J&K BJP MLA Devender Singh Rana passes away|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Devyani Singh Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in bye-election
|-
!78
|[[Jammu West Assembly constituency|Jammu West]]
|[[Arvind Gupta (politician)|Arvind Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!79
|[[Jammu North Assembly constituency|Jammu North]]
|[[Sham Lal Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!80
|[[Marh Assembly constituency|Marh]] (SC)
|[[Surinder Kumar (politician)|Surinder Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!81
|[[Akhnoor Assembly constituency|Akhnoor]] (SC)
|[[Mohan Lal (politician)|Mohan Lal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!82
|[[Chhamb Assembly constituency|Chhamb]]
|[[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Supports JKNC<ref name="4 Independent MLAs extend support to JKNC" /> ''Cabinet Minister''
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
!83
|[[Kalakote–Sunderbani Assembly constituency|Kalakote–Sunderbani]]
|[[Randhir Singh (politician)|Randhir Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!84
|[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]
|[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary|Surinder Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
| ''Deputy Chief Minister''
|-
!85
|[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]] (ST)
|[[Iftkar Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!86
|[[Budhal Assembly constituency|Budhal]] (ST)
|[[Javaid Iqbal (politician)|Javaid Iqbal]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!87
|[[Thanamandi Assembly constituency|Thanamandi]] (ST)
|[[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
!88
|[[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]] (ST)
|[[Choudhary Mohammad Akram|Choudhary Mohammed Akram]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Supports JKNC<ref name="4 Independent MLAs extend support to JKNC"/>
|-
!89
|[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]
|[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|
|-
!90
|[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]] (ST)
|[[Javed Ahmed Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|''Cabinet Minister''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|J]]
[[Category:Terms of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

Kalasangham Films

2026-02-04T21:04:10Z

Rocky95A059973: Added new info...

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kalasangham Films
| image = Kalasangham Logo.png
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| owner =
| founder = M. M. Hamsa
| key_people =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2001||}}
| location_city = [[Kottayam]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| subsid =
| industry = [[Entertainment]] [[Motion picture]]
| products = [[Films]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| website =
}}

'''Kalasangham Films''' is an Indian film production and distribution company based in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. It was founded by M. M. Hamsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=M M Hamsa|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/m-m-hamsa.html|publisher=FiLMiBEAT|date=23 April 2009}}</ref> It has since gone on to distribute several films in [[Malayalam]] and other regional Indian languages.

==Productions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Film !! Year !! Director !! Other notes
|-
| 1 || ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || 2001 || [[Thaha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/controversial-guru-devishree-film-debut-kai-thuthu-141008.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711210844/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/sureshgopi-thaha-movie-hailesa-141008.html |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Hailesa: Comedy Thriller laced with Action |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=2009-07-10 }}</ref>||It was also remade as Aaduthu Paaduthu in Telugu, [[Sundara Travels]] in Tamil and [[Dakota Express]] in Kannada.
|-
| 2 || ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || 2007 || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| 3 || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhagyadevatha (2009)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1424750/?ref_=nm_knf_t2|publisher=IMDb|date=23 April 2009}}</ref>|| 2009 || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||[[Asianet Film Award]] for Honour Special Jury (2010)
|}

==Distributions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
|2001 || ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || [[Thaha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002 || ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' || [[Lal Jose]]
|-
| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
|-
| ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003 || ''[[Mutham]]''|| [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || [[Johny Antony]]
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]''|| [[Lal Jose]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2004 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || [[J. D.- Jerry]]
|-
| ''[[Kuthu]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
|-
| ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' || [[Lewis Gilbert]]
|-
| ''[[Rain Rain Come Again]]''|| Jayaraj
|-
| ''[[Madhurey]]''|| [[Ramana Madhesh]]
|-
| [[Shock (2004 film)|''Shock'']]|| [[Thiagarajan]]
|-
| ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''|| [[T. V. Chandran]]
|-
| [[Dreams (2004 film)|''Dreams'']] || [[Kasthuri Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Uyarangalil]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| ''[[Rasikan]] '' || [[Lal Jose]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || [[Ji (film)|''Ji'']] || [[N. Linguswamy]]
|-
| ''[[Pandippada]]''|| [[Rafi Mecartin]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006 || ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]''|| [[Joshiy]]
|-
| [[Chess (2006 film)|''Chess'']]|| Raj Babu
|-
| ''[[Species III]]''|| [[Brad Turner (director)|Brad Turner]]
|-
| ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]''|| [[Shaji Kailas]]
|-
| [[Pakal (film)|''Pakal'']] || [[M. A. Nishad]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 || ''[[Vinodayathra]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]
|-
| ''Subhadram''|| Sreelal Devaraj
|-
| [[Vel (film)|''Vel'']]|| [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008 || [[Novel (film)|''Novel'']] || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| ''[[Maisamma IPS]]''|| Bharath Parepalli
|-
| [[Aandavan (2008 film)|''Aandavan'']]|| Akbar Jose
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''|| [[Joshiy]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009 || [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']] || [[Sibi Malayil]]
|-
| ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kadhai]]''|| [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
|-
| ''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]''|| [[Joshy Mathew]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010 || ''[[Aagathan]] '' || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
|-
| [[Goa (2010 film)|''Goa'']] || [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|-
| ''[[Paappi Appacha]]''|| [[Mamas K. Chandran|Mamas]]
|-
| ''[[Angadi Theru]]''|| [[Vasanthabalan]]
|-
| ''[[Malarvadi Arts Club]]''|| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2011 || ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]''|| Bipin Prabhakar
|-
| ''[[Aadukalam]] '' || [[Vetrimaran]]
|-
| [[Race (2011 film)|''Race'']] || Kukku Surendran
|-
| ''[[Seedan]] '' || [[Subramaniam Siva]]
|-
| ''[[Janapriyan]]''|| [[Boban Samuel]]
|-
| [[Badrinath (film)|''Badrinath'']]|| [[V. V. Vinayak]]
|-
| ''[[Vaanam]] '' || [[Krish (director)|Krish]]
|-
| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''|| [[Salim Ahamed]]
|-
| [[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']]|| [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]
|-
| ''[[Orma Mathram]]''|| [[Madhu Kaithapram]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2012 || ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' || [[Sugeeth]]
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]''|| [[Jose Thomas]]
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]''|| Nidheesh Sakthi
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]''|| Hari Narayanan
|-
| ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]''|| Dr. Biju
|-
| ''[[Gajapokkiri]]'' || [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
|-
| [[Naan (2012 film)|''Naan'']] || [[Jeeva Shankar]]
|-
| [[Thiruthani (film)|''Thiruthani'']] || [[Perarasu]]
|-
| ''[[Chettayees]] '' || [[Shajoon Kariyal]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2013 || [[Housefull (2013 film)|''Housefull'']] || Linson Antony
|-
| ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]''|| [[Guinness Pakru]]
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]''|| [[Vyshakh]]
|-
| ''Choodan''|| Srinu Vaitla
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || [[Lal Jr.]]
|-
| ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''|| [[Salim Ahamed]]
|-
| ''[[Ezhamathe Varavu]]''|| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
|-
| ''[[Pattam Pole]]''|| [[Alagappan N]]
|-
| ''[[Escape from Uganda]]''|| Rajesh Nair
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014 || ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]''|| [[Mamas K. Chandran|Mamas]]
|-
| ''[[To Noora with Love]]''|| [[Babu Narayanan]]
|-
| ''[[Arima Nambi]]''|| [[Anand Shankar]]
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''|| [[Velraj]]
|-
| [[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|''Jigarthanda'']]|| [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|-
| ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]''|| Yuvaraj Bose
|-
| [[Madras (film)|''Madras'']]|| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 || ''[[Kappal]]''|| Karthik G. Krish
|-
| [[You Too Brutus (film)|''You Too Brutus'']] || [[Roopesh Peethambaran]]
|-
| ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]''|| [[Sidharth Bharathan]]
|-
| ''Saigal Padukayanu''|| [[Sibi Malayil]]
|-
| ''[[Salt Mango Tree]]''|| [[Rajesh Nair]]
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' || [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016 ||''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]''|| [[Manimaran]]
|-
| ''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]''|| Rishi Sivakumar
|-
|[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|''Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya'']] || Sajan K. Mathew
|-
| [[Pencil (film)|''Pencil'']] || Mani Nagaraj
|-
| ''[[Pinneyum]]''|| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''|| [[Nadirsha]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017 || ''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|-
| ''Ayal Jeevichirippundu''<ref>{{cite web|title=Manikantan and Vijay Babu in Vyasan's 'Ayal Jeevichirippundu'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manikantan-and-vijay-babu-in-vyasan-s-ayal-jeevichirippundu-news-malayalam-qiwpKdbefcdcd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312050808/http://www.sify.com/movies/manikantan-and-vijay-babu-in-vyasan-s-ayal-jeevichirippundu-news-malayalam-qiwpKdbefcdcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 12, 2017|website=[[Sify]]|date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ayal Jeevichirippundu|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ayal-jivichiripundu/ET00053449|website=BookMyShow|accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>|| Vyasan K. P.
|-
| ''[[Lakshyam (2017 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || Anzar Khan
|-
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''|| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
|-
| ''[[Lavakusha]]''|| Gireesh Mano
|-
| ''Njanum Ente Sreeyum''|| [[Venu Sri Ram]]
|-
| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]''|| Dileep Mohan
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018 || ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''|| [[Venu]]
|-
| ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''|| Rathish Ambat
|-
| ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]''|| [[M. Mohanan]]
|-
| ''[[Njan Prakashan]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019 || ''[[An International Local Story]]''|| [[Harisree Ashokan]]
|-
| ''[[And The Oscar Goes To...]]''|| [[Salim Ahamed]]
|-
| ''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]''|| [[Sugeeth]]
|-
|2022 || ''[[Ullasam (2022 film)|Ullasam]]''|| Jeevan Jojo
|-
|2023 || ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''|| [[Akhil Sathyan]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]

Grazing Goat Pictures

2026-01-31T07:06:00Z

Rocky95A059973: Added a pg

{{Short description|Indian film and TV production company}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Grazing Goat Pictures Pvt.Ltd
| logo = Grazin Goat Logo.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 21 November 2011<ref name=ggpx>{{cite web|url=https://www.zauba.com/company/GRAZING-GOAT-PICTURES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U92100MH2011PTC224157 |title=Grazing Goat Pictures Private Limited at Zauba |publisher=Zaubacorp |access-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027190813/https://www.zauba.com/company/GRAZING-GOAT-PICTURES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U92100MH2011PTC224157 |archive-date=27 October 2014 }}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = {{plain list|
*[[Akshay Kumar]]
*[[Twinkle Khanna]]
*[[Ashvini Yardi]]
*Vinod Kumar Arora (director)<ref name=Director>{{cite web|title=Directors of Grazing Goat Pictures Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company-directors/GRAZING-GOAT-PICTURES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U92100MH2011PTC224157 |publisher=Zaubacorp |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123434/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company-directors/GRAZING-GOAT-PICTURES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U92100MH2011PTC224157 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
*{{nowrap|[[Sachin Yardi|Sachin Sudhir Yardi]] (director)<ref name=Director />}}
}}
| parent = [[Cape of Good Films]]
| industry = {{plain list|
*[[Entertainment]]
*[[Motion picture]]
}}
| products = {{plain list|
*[[Movies]]
*[[Film production]]
*[[Film distribution]]
*[[Television show]]s
}}
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| subsid =
| equity =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Grazing Goat Pictures''' is an Indian film and TV production house launched in 2011 by Hindi film actor [[Akshay Kumar]] and Ashvini Yardi. Its first film was ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' which won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|National Film Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]. The next film in their banner ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]'' opened to mixed reviews.

The company has also produced regional languages films like ''[[72 Miles]]'' (Marathi) and ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'' (Punjabi). Both of these opened to positive reviews from critics. The former one was screened at the [[London Indian Film Festival|London]] and [[Pune International Film Festival]]s and won 3 awards at the 2014 [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ceremony. The company has also produced the [[Indian soap opera|Hindi soap opera]] ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' which airs on [[Zee TV]]. Kumar appeared in all Grazing Goat productions except ''72 Miles''.

A [[Youtube channel|YouTube channel]] FOMO Fashion On My Own, backed by the company, was launched in 2013. It has been credited as India's first Hindi fashion channel.

==History==


Akshay Kumar had launched production house [[Cape Of Good Films]] in 2008. Ashvini Yardi had previously worked with Colors and [[Zee TV]] as Head of Programming.<ref name="Munshi2012">{{cite book|last=Munshi|first=Shoma|title=Remote Control: Indian Television in the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdGATZeZWJcC&pg=PT8|date=15 December 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-755-2|page=8}}</ref><ref name=Bhattacharyya>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Anushree |title=We plan to launch more fiction shows for television: Ashvini Yardi, Grazing Goat Pictures |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/we-plan-to-launch-more-fiction-shows-for-television-ashvini-yardi-grazing-goat-pictures/1284745/0 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518130347/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/we-plan-to-launch-more-fiction-shows-for-television-ashvini-yardi-grazing-goat-pictures/1284745/0 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> When she read the script of ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'', she decided to produce it and launched a company in association with Kumar.<ref name=Pereira>{{cite news|last1=Pereira|first1=Priyanka|title=Finally, action|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/finally-action/1011710/0|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> The company is based in Juhu, Mumbai and the head office's interior is designed by Kumar's wife [[Twinkle Khanna]].<ref name=afat>{{cite news|author=Lalwani, Vickey |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Kumar-gets-a-Grazing-Goat/articleshow/10901424.cms |title=Akshay Kumar gets a Grazing Goat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411125235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Kumar-gets-a-Grazing-Goat/articleshow/10901424.cms |archive-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>

===Hindi films===
The company's first film was the [[Umesh Shukla]]-directed [[satire|satirical]] [[comedy]]–[[drama film|drama]] ''OMG – Oh My God!'', produced in association with [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]], Spice Studio and [[Paresh Rawal]]'s Playtime Creation company.<ref name=OMG>{{cite news|author1=Bollywood Hungama |title=Special disclaimer for Akshay's OMG Oh My God |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/special-disclaimer-for-akshay-s-omg-oh-my-god/article1-935881.aspx |access-date=31 October 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031123815/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/special-disclaimer-for-akshay-s-omg-oh-my-god/article1-935881.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/akki%E2%80%99s-back-game-842 |title=Akki's back in the game |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922111521/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/akki%E2%80%99s-back-game-842 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Maniar|first1=Parag|title=Akshay Kumar in a new avatar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-in-a-new-avatar/articleshow/16280150.cms|access-date=31 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 September 2012}}</ref> A song was added against the director's wishes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link1=Anupama Chopra |title=The Front Row: Producers' Roundtable |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/05/03/the-front-row-producers-roundtable/ |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=3 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121063810/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/05/03/the-front-row-producers-roundtable/ |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> Built on a small budget<ref>{{cite web|title=OMG Oh My God! Witnesses Growth at the Box Office on Saturday |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/omg-oh-my-god-witnesses-growth-at-the-box-office-on-saturday/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=30 October 2014 |date=30 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217164746/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/omg-oh-my-god-witnesses-growth-at-the-box-office-on-saturday/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> and based on a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] stage-play titled ''Kanji Virudh Kanji'', it was a remake of the 2001 Australian film ''[[The Man Who Sued God]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramsubramaniam |first1=Nikhil |title=OMG Oh My God the film is spicier than the play: Paresh Rawal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/omg-oh-my-god-the-film-is-spicier-than-the-play-paresh-rawal/article1-936647.aspx |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030123154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/omg-oh-my-god-the-film-is-spicier-than-the-play-paresh-rawal/article1-936647.aspx |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Chopra /> The story depicted the struggles of an [[atheism in Hinduism|atheist Hindu]] man who sued God after his shop is destroyed by an earthquake. Kumar appeared as [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in the film. Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] appreciated the film for bringing "attention to the misuse and commercialisation of religion".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Review: OMG-Oh My God is brave and absorbing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-oh-my-god-is-a-brave-absorbing-take-on-religion/20120928.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 October 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=28 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930040448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-oh-my-god-is-a-brave-absorbing-take-on-religion/20120928.htm |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] praised Rawal's acting but felt that the rest character's were flimsy and film's "intentions [were] good, but the preaching [was] boring".<ref name=Chopra>{{cite news|last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link1=Anupama Chopra |title=Anupama Chopra's review: OMG Oh My God! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-omg-oh-my-god/article1-937284.aspx |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522000609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-omg-oh-my-god/article1-937284.aspx |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref> The film received poor initial collection at the box office<ref>{{cite news|title=OMG Oh My God! 1st Monday Box Office Collections |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/omg-oh-my-god-1st-monday-box-office-collections/ |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Koimoi |date=2 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217162939/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/omg-oh-my-god-1st-monday-box-office-collections/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> but because of [[word of mouth]] it picked up and proved to be a commercial success. The film was banned in Malaysia and the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kapoor|first1=Kritika|title=Not just India, Bollywood faces heat abroad too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Not-just-India-Bollywood-faces-heat-abroad-too/articleshow/17061912.cms|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 November 2012}}</ref> and faced protests in Punjab where several shows had to be cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Saini |first1=Neha |title=OMG screening stopped amidst protests |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120930/asrtrib.htm |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=29 September 2012 |location=Amritsar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025948/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120930/asrtrib.htm |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref> A police case was lodged against film's writer, director, Kumar and Rawal for hurting religious sentiments.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=IP|title=Oh My God: Police complaint against Akshay, Paresh Rawal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Oh-My-God-Police-complaint-against-Akshay-Paresh-Rawal/articleshow/16557075.cms|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2012}}</ref> Bhavesh Mandalia and Umesh Shukla won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|National Film Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |title=Never imagined I would win a National Award: Bhavesh Mandalia |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Never-imagined-I-would-win-a-National-Award-Bhavesh-Mandalia/articleshow/19068020.cms |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818023125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Never-imagined-I-would-win-a-National-Award-Bhavesh-Mandalia/articleshow/19068020.cms |archive-date=18 August 2014 }}</ref> while Kumar received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmfare Awards 2012 - Nominations List |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2012-nominations-list-55204.html |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |date=15 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812183740/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2012-nominations-list-55204.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> ''OMG – Oh My God!'' has inspired a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake titled ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' which featured [[Daggubati Venkatesh]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]] in important roles. It was directed by Kishore Kumar Pardasany.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telugu remake of OMG – Oh My God! to roll May 19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telugu-remake-of-omgoh-my-god-may-19-191766-2014-05-06 |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=6 May 2014 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111135344/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telugu-remake-of-omgoh-my-god-may-19/1/359282.html |archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref> Reportedly, the producers of ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' offered {{INRConvert|8|c}} to Shukla to stop shooting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Aamir Khan offer Rs 8 crore to Umesh Shukla to stop shooting 'Oh My God'? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-aamir-khan-offer-rs-8-crore-to-umesh-shukla-to-stop-shooting-oh-my-god-2045965 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=22 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709030402/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-aamir-khan-offer-rs-8-crore-to-umesh-shukla-to-stop-shooting-oh-my-god-2045965 |archive-date=9 July 2015 }}</ref> He is planning a sequel.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Oh My God sequel already on its way |url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/oh-my-god-sequel-already-on-its-way |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=7 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518172053/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/oh-my-god-sequel-already-on-its-way |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> Kumar said that he wanted to make "socially relevant" films.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|title=My production house will make socially relevant films: Akshay Kumar |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/my-production-house-will-make-socially-relevant-films-akshay-kumar/298521-8-66.html |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=6 October 2012 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026123445/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/my-production-house-will-make-socially-relevant-films-akshay-kumar/298521-8-66.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref>

The company had signed [[Nargis Fakhri]] for a 3-film deal.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Neha|title=Does foreign charm work?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/does-foreign-charm-work/article1-850062.aspx|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 May 2012|location=New Delhi}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In May 2012 it was announced that she would be part of ''[[Khiladi 786]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Shweta|title=Khiladi 786 is a comedy: Nargis Fakhri|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khiladi-786-is-a-comedy-nargis-fakhri/article1-849393.aspx|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2 May 2012|location=Mumbai}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, in the same month she was removed from the cast.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nargis Fakhri out of Akshay Kumar's film|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nargis-fakhri-out-of-akshay-kumar-s-film/article1-860183.aspx|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=23 May 2012|location=New Delhi}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film was produced by Hari Om Entertainment and [[Asin]] was cast for the lead role opposite Kumar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asin to star opposite Akshay in Khiladi 786?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/asin-to-star-opposite-akshay-in-khiladi-786/article1-865777.aspx|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 June 2012|location=New Delhi}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The company's second film was the [[Kabir Sadanand]]-directed drama thriller ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]'', featuring debutantes Mohit Marwah, Olympic medallist boxer [[Vijender Singh]], [[Arfi Lamba]] and [[Kiara Advani]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Mohit Marwah: Sonam, Arjun, Harshvardhan and I have distinct personali |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mohit-marwah-sonam-arjun-harshvardhan-and-i-have-distinct-personali/478043-8-66.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=10 June 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106020708/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mohit-marwah-sonam-arjun-harshvardhan-and-i-have-distinct-personali/478043-8-66.html |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite video|title=We Got the Answer to Yeh Fugly Fugly Kya Hai |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/we-got-the-answer-to-yeh-fugly-fugly-kya-hai/322123 |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031122305/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/we-got-the-answer-to-yeh-fugly-fugly-kya-hai/322123 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> Kumar and [[Salman Khan]] did cameo appearances in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pathak |first1=Ankur |title=Salman Khan walks out on Akshay Kumar! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-Khan-walks-out-on-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/32277784.cms |access-date=31 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731065459/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-Khan-walks-out-on-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/32277784.cms |archive-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Jimmy Shergill]] played a corrupt police officer who frames 4 friends for a murder he has committed and asks for a large sum of money in return for closing the case. The film failed to generate positive response from critics. Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' said that it "isn’t exactly palatable".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=FUGLY: Short movie review |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/fugly-short-movie-review/1260225 |access-date=31 October 2014 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031131244/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/fugly-short-movie-review/1260225 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> Vinayak Chakravorty of ''[[India Today]]'' said that the film had mixed the elements of ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' but missed out on their magic. He called the narrative "half-baked" and said that the film "[lost] its plot".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chakravorty |first1=Vinayak |title=Movie Review: Fugly loses its plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fugly-review-196907-2014-06-14 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519064935/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/fugly-review/1/366873.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> It was produced under a budget of {{INRConvert|10|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jha |first1=Priyanka Sinha |title=Business wise |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/business-wise/99 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 May 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313023918/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/business-wise/99/ |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

Kumar was paired opposite [[Amy Jackson]] in [[Prabhu Deva]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]'' (2015).{{Efn|This was not a sequel to Kumar's 2008 film ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title='Singh is Bling' has nothing to do with 'Singh is Kinng' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140429/entertainment-bollywood/article/singh-bling-has-nothing-do-singh-kinng |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110531/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140429/entertainment-bollywood/article/singh-bling-has-nothing-do-singh-kinng |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>}} The film's worldwide gross was estimated to be around {{INRConvert|116.27|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Singh Is Bliing |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/532 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211150800/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/532 |archive-date=11 February 2016 }}</ref>

===Regional cinema===
Kumar and Yardi produced their first [[Marathi language|Marathi]] venture ''[[72 Miles|72 Miles Ek Pravas]]''.<ref name="Info">{{cite news|last=Kulkarni|first=Onkar|title=Akshay Kumar's Marathi film in post production|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-s-marathi-film-in-post-production/1034865|work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Mumbai|access-date=31 October 2014|date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Inspired from Ashok Vhatkar's novel of the same name, the film showed the problems faced by a teenager boy (Chinmay Sant) who ran away from his boarding school to reach his house which was at a distance of 72 miles from the school. It won three awards at the 2013–2014 [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]—Best Grameen Film.<ref>{{cite news|title=A hat-trick for 72 Miles Ek Pravas at Maharashtra State Film Awards |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-hat-trick-for-72-miles-ek-pravas-at-maharashtra-state-film-awards/ |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 August 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905064931/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-hat-trick-for-72-miles-ek-pravas-at-maharashtra-state-film-awards/ |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> Shakti Shetty wrote in ''[[Mid-Day]]'' that "the emotions won’t [elude]" the viewers. He praised Tambe's performance by calling it "one of the strongest female performances in recent times".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shetty |first1=Shakti |title=Movie Review: '72 Miles – Ek Pravas' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-72-miles---ek-pravas/226311 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519120431/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-72-miles---ek-pravas/226311 |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]''{{'s}} reviewer Sandeep Hattangadi called it "quite touching" and "the first of its kind in Marathi".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hattangadi |first1=Sandeep |title=Journey of life: The road ahead! |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/journey-of-life-the-road-ahead/article_88887 |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon Despatch & Courier]] |date=13 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519032357/http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/journey-of-life-the-road-ahead/article_88887 |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> The film was shortlisted for screening at the [[London Indian Film Festival|London]] and [[Pune International Film Festival]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title='72 Miles Ek Pravas' to be showcased at the London Indian Film Festival|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/72-Miles-Ek-Pravas-to-be-showcased-at-the-London-Indian-Film-Festival/articleshow/21270446.cms|access-date=30 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Akshay Kumar's Marathi film '72 Miles Ek Pravas' selected for PIFF |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumars-marathi-film-72-miles-ek-pravas-selected-for-piff/443004-8-66.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=3 January 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715210224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumars-marathi-film-72-miles-ek-pravas-selected-for-piff/443004-8-66.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> Their second Marathi film was Gauri Sarwate-directed ''Anntar''. It was shot in London.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanishaa Mukerji flies to London to shoot for Anntar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Tanishaa-Mukerji-flies-to-London-to-shoot-for-Anntar/articleshow/19909443.cms|access-date=31 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

The company's next regional film was the [[Punjabi language]] comedy ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'' (2013). It was produced in association with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and distributed globally by Krian Media.<ref name=BInP>{{cite news|title=Krian Media to distribute 'Bhaji in Problem' internationally |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krian-media-to-distribute-bhaji-in-problem-internationally-1918111 |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=12 November 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030152728/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krian-media-to-distribute-bhaji-in-problem-internationally-1918111 |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> The film was directed by [[Smeep Kang]]. Built on a small budget of {{INRConvert|5|c|nolink=yes}}, it collected {{INRConvert|17|c|nolink=yes}} at the box office.<ref name="BIP" /> Distributors in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] paid record prices for the film after film viewers expressed their eagerness to watch it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vijayakar |first1=R. M. |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Bhaji in Problem' Fetches Record Prices |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-bhaji-in-problem-fetches-record-prices/article_e84e37e5-e541-5f80-8b51-97579ea59586.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=India-West |date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-bhaji-in-problem-fetches-record-prices/article_e84e37e5-e541-5f80-8b51-97579ea59586.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Kumar made a guest starring in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cahute |first1=Larissa |title='Bha Ji In Problem' a riot for families, opens in Surrey, Guildford, Mission theatres Friday |url=http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/bhaji-in-problem-to-be-a-laughter-riot-for-families-opens-in-surrey-guildford-and-mission-theatres-friday/664547/ |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=Vancouver Desi |date=14 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116021058/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/bhaji-in-problem-to-be-a-laughter-riot-for-families-opens-in-surrey-guildford-and-mission-theatres-friday/664547/ |archive-date=16 November 2013 }}</ref> Sameer Valecha of Punjabimania.com noted that the film "has its own merits and will stand tall on them" and appreciated the actors for their performance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Valecha |first1=Sameer |title=Bhaji In Problem movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/Bhaji-In-Problem/movie-review/26039401.cms |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928120010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/Bhaji-In-Problem/movie-review/26039401.cms |archive-date=28 September 2014 }}</ref> Indian spinner [[Harbhajan Singh]] also appeared in the film. After the films' success Kumar said that he will produce more regional language films.<ref name="BIP">{{cite news|last1=Srivastava |first1=Priyanka |title=Going regional: How celebs stars are taking to cinema here in a big way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-292329-2014-09-13 |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=13 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095721/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan/1/382647.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In an interview given to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Ashvini Yardi said that "We want to make Grazing Goat Pictures a global player."<ref>{{cite news|title=AK has great business sense |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/date/2014/03/page/11 |access-date=31 October 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219131903/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/date/2014/03/page/11 |archive-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref> She is also planning to produce Bengali films.<ref name=Bhattacharyya />

===Hindi television===
Grazing Goat Pictures produced their first [[Indian soap opera|Hindi soap opera]] ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' starring [[Ravi Dubey]] [[Nia Sharma]], [[Achint Kaur]] and [[Delnaaz Paul|Delnaz Paul]].<ref name="JRJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2576644/Akshay-turns-TV-serial-producer-with-Jamai-Raja |title=Akshay turns TV serial producer with Jamai Raja |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028184646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2576644/Akshay-turns-TV-serial-producer-with-Jamai-Raja |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref> It airs on Zee TV and completed 100 episodes in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Times News Network |title=Jamai Raja completes 100 episodes! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jamai-Raja-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/45571883.cms |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117153415/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jamai-Raja-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/45571883.cms |archive-date=17 January 2015 }}</ref> The company plans to produce more fictional shows.<ref name=Bhattacharyya /> An adaptation of Kanika Dhillon's novel ''Bombay Duck Is A Fish'' has also been planned.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maheshwri|first1=Neha|title=Akshay Kumar to adapt novel Bombay Duck Is A Fish into a show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Kumar-to-adapt-novel-Bombay-Duck-Is-A-Fish-into-a-show/articleshow/38799884.cms|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

== FOMO Fashion On My Own ==
In 2013 Grazing Goat Pictures launched its Internet division Grazing Goats Digital, whose second product was India's first Hindi fashion channel called FOMO Fashion On My Own. Aimed at trend-conscious women, this YouTube channel provides online tutorials on various fashion subjects.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trend Blazer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/2013-09-18-22093.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|Daily Pioneer]] |date=19 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031155322/http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/2013-09-18-22093.html |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar's New Internet Venture |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/akshay-kumars-new-internet-venture-108153.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]] |date=23 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214223517/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/akshay-kumars-new-internet-venture-108153.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
| 2012 ||
| style ="text-align:center;"|<ref name=OMG />
|-
!scope="row" align="left"| ''[[72 Miles]]''
| 2013 ||
| style ="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-look/72-Miles-Ek-Pravas/articleshow/20293495.cms |title=72 Miles – Ek Pravas|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|access-date=12 March 2014|date=27 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]''
| 2013 ||
| style ="text-align:center;"|<ref name=BIP />
|-
!scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]''
| 2014 ||
| style ="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar to share screen space for Fugly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-akshay-kumar-fugly-182999-2014-02-27 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=12 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314065645/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/salman-khan-akshay-kumar-fugly/1/345932.html |archive-date=14 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]''
| 2015 ||
| style ="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Bling>{{cite news|last1=Basu |first1=Mohar |title=Akshay Kumar starts shooting for 'Singh is Bling' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-starts-shooting-for-Singh-is-Bling/articleshow/46792458.cms |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515053502/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-starts-shooting-for-Singh-is-Bling/articleshow/46792458.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
* ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' (2014–2017)<ref name="JRJ" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
*{{Facebook|GrazingGoatPictures}}

{{Akshay Kumar}}
{{Portal bar|Company|Film|India}}

[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Akshay Kumar]]

Gorantla, Sri Sathya Sai district

2026-01-30T16:51:08Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{other uses|Gorantla (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gorantla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Madhavaraya Temple
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.9892|N|77.7703|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4.36
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 8,436
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636283 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141449/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636283 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total = 34,271
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Telugu
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 515231
| area_code_type = 515231
| area_code = 08556
| registration_plate = AP 02
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Gorantla''' is a village and mandal headquarters on the banks of the [[Chitravathi River]] in the [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title = List of Sub-Districts
|publisher = Census of India
|accessdate = 2007-05-29
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514011646/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|archivedate = 2008-05-14
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=427}}</ref> The village is around 120 km from [[Bengaluru]] and is well-connected with [[National Highway 44 (India)]]. Gorantla is home to the historical Madhavaraya Temple (dedicated to [[Vishnu]]) built in the year 1354 A.D. by Narasimha Saluva of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaya Nagar Empire]]. This temple ranks first among centrally protected [[Monuments of National Importance|monuments of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centrally Protected Monuments|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|website=Archeological Survey of India|accessdate=27 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is also known for its [[silk]] [[sari|saree]]s, [[masala dosa]] and more.

==History of Madhavaraya Temple==
According to the district gazette and the [[Mysore]] Epigraphical Report of 1912, the temple was built by King Narasimha of the [[Saluva dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire in Saka 1276 (1354 A.D). Between the period 1610 and 1904, the nose of the presiding deity (idol of Madhavaraya Swamy) was broken, making the idol ineligible for worship and disrupting the daily rituals of the temple. The temple was declared a protected monument by the [[British Raj|colonial British government]].

=== Architecture ===
The temple consists of a small shrine chamber, a large central hall enclosed with walls, and a large pillared [[mandapa]] in the front. The most ornamented portion of the building is the pillared porch in front. The plain portions of the massive pillars are decorated with bas-relief sculptures representing scenes from [[Ramayana]] and the [[Puranas]]. The entrances are richly carved with [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] figures. The Garbha Griha features a small image of Lord Madavaraya. A large stepped well in front of the temple contains [[holy water]] believed to be beneficial by the locals for treating [[Skin condition|skin diseases]]. The historical site is full of sculptures and the Pillared Mandapa is renowned for its numerous stone carvings. A lush green park surrounding the temple is used by locals for recreational purposes.

==Religious importance==

Residents of Gorantla practice a variety of religions.

'''Hindu Temples:''' Madhavaraya Temple, Varasidhi Vinayaka Temple, Chowdeshwari Devi Temple, Kanyaka Parameshwari Temple, Gangamma Temple, Rama & Shiva Alayam and Anjineyaswamy Temple are visited by many [[pilgrim]]s.

'''Mosques:''' Jama Masjid and Madina masjid are often attended by [[Muslims]] from surrounding areas. There are at least 10 mosques in town.

'''Churches:''' There are a few [[Christian Church|churches]] available, namely C&IG and Baetal Church.

==Transportation==

Gorantla is well-connected with National Highway 44 (NH 44), which passes within the mandal limits and connects to the state highway between [[Hindupur]] and [[Tirupati]]. Buses are available between Gorantla and Bangalore, Hindupur, [[Kadiri]], [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]], [[Anantapur]], Tirupathi, [[Chennai]], [[Kadapa]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Vijayawada]].

The nearest railway station is SSPN Railway Station, which is about 20 km from the town.

The nearest operational airport is [[Kempegowda International Airport]], Bangalore, which is located about 100 km from the town.

[[Krishnapatnam Port]] is located around 300 km from the town.

==Vendors and services==

Gorantla is famous for its critically acclaimed [[masala dosa]] and dosala mohan, [[egg]] [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] T [[VENKATESH]] near RTC BUSTAND roadsoda and [[Mirchi Bajji|mirchi bajji]] are also available for food enthusiasts. Khan's ka Biryani is a newly popular dish from the area.There are two operational hotels, which can be found near the bus stop.

There are 10 function halls, including Raj Convention Hall, Vasavi, TTD, Ranga Mahal, and SVT.

Gorantla has a police station that dates back to the pre-independence era. The C.I and the S.I enforce law and order in the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ananthapuramupolice.ap.gov.in/gorantla |title=Gorantla |website=ananthapuramupolice.ap.gov.in |accessdate= 28 January 2021}}</ref>

* Current C.I. - Jaya Naik (9440796837)
* Current S.I. - Sreenivasulu (9440901876)

'''Assembly Constituency:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|2004
|Pamudurthi Ravindra Reddy
|INC
|58909
|-
|1999
|Kristappa Nimmala
|TDP
|54971
|-
|1994
|N Kristappa
|TDP
|56223
|-
|1989
|Ravindra Reddy Pamudurthi
|INC
|49457
|-
|1985
|Kesanna Veluri
|TDP
|45677
|-
|1983
|Kessana V
|IND
|45280
|-
|1978
|P Bayapa Reddy
|INC(I)
|27039
|-
|1972
|P Ravindra Reddy
|IND
|33888
|}
'''Fuel Stations:''' Sahastra, Vinayaka, Aditya and [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]]

== Geography ==
Gorantla is located at {{Coord|13.9892|N|77.7703|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Gorantla.html Gorantla at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 646 metres (2,119 ft).

== Demographics ==
According to [[Indian census|the Indian census]], the population of the village was 34,271 in 2019, with a male population of 14,771 and a female population of 14,655. 4,845 children are under 6 years of age. The average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] is 69.8%.

==Economy==
The economy of the town is dependent on the [[weaving]] industry, predominantly the manufacturing of [[Sari|sarees]] by [[power loom]]s. Another major source of income is [[agriculture]]. Farmers depend on [[rainwater]] due to the lack of water resources. A major crop in this area is ground nuts.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sri Sathya Sai district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Sri Sathya Sai district]]

Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section

2026-01-19T10:22:35Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{short description|Railway route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section Gaya–Mughalsarai section
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width =
| image = Sasaram jun.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = [[Sasaram Junction railway station]] is an important Railway Station on Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| start = [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Junction]]
| end = [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]
| stations = 31
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1907
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|197|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = electrified in 1962
| speed = up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Gaya–Mughalsarai section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section''', formerly '''Gaya–Mughalsarai section ''', is a railway line connecting [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Junction]] and [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]. This {{convert|197|km|adj=on}} track is part of the [[Grand Chord]], [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] and [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]. This section includes Arrah-Sasaram and Son Nagar branch lines. It is under the jurisdiction of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]].

==Grand Chord==
Ever since the railway connection of Delhi with Howrah in 1866, the [[East Indian Railway Company]] was making regular efforts to reduce the distance of the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]. After a survey in 1888-89 and two more subsequently, a route was determined from Dhanbad to Mughal Sarai via Koderma and Gaya. The major works in this section were a bridge across the [[Son River]] at [[Dehri]], and tunnelling and ghat line construction between Gurpa and Gujhandi.<ref name=grandchord>{{cite web| url = http://eastrailindia.tripod.com/grandchord.html |title = As the traffic continued to grow even beyond the capacity of the | publisher=Tripod |access-date = 20 November 2011 }}</ref> The Grand Chord was opened in 1907. Even when the Grand Chord was under construction, the Son Nagar-Daltonganj branch line was opened in 1902.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|first=R. P.| last=Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=15 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

==Bridging the Soane/Son==
The total length of the [[Upper Sone Bridge]] across the Soane, as the river was then called, over abutments is {{convert|3064|m}}.<ref name=omalley>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&q=Son+Bridge+Dehri&pg=PA166|title =Bihar and Orissa Gazetteers Sahabad|first=L. S. S.|last=O'Malley |page=166, Dehri|isbn =9788172681227|access-date =25 June 2011 }}</ref> It was opened for traffic on 27 February 1900. When it was built, it was the longest bridge in India and was believed to be the second longest bridge in the world, short of the [[Tay Rail Bridge|Tay Bridge]] near Dundee.<ref name=grandchord/><ref name=omalley/> Subsequently, longer road bridges were built but it remained the longest rail bridge in India for many years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/longest-railway-bridge-in-india.html|title = Longest Railway Bridge in India| publisher=Colours of India|access-date =25 June 2011 }}</ref> The opening of the 4.62 km [[Vembanad Rail Bridge]], connecting the Container Transshipment Terminal on Vallarpadam Island to Edappally, in February 2011, pushed it to the second position.<ref>{{Cite web|work=The Hindu| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article512225.ece| title=A bridge over Vembanad Lake|access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://irse.forumco.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1888 | title = Longest railway bridge in Kochi | publisher = ForumCo.com | access-date = 25 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323063453/http://irse.forumco.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1888 | archive-date = 23 March 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section was electrified in 1962.<ref name=timeline/>
In 1965, Asansol–Bareilly Passenger was the first long-distance train on Eastern Railway hauled by an AC loco.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History Part IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA (Indian Railways Fan Club)|access-date = 20 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Arrah–Sasaram==
The Arrah–Sasaram line was opened as a narrow gauge ({{track gauge|2ft6in}}) section of [[Martin's Light Railways]] in 1914 and was closed in 1978.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html |title = Non-IR Railways in India | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 1 December 2011 }}</ref> A new [[broad-gauge]] line was laid by Indian Railways from Sasaram to Arrah in 2006–07.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=15847 |title = Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget 2006-07 On 24th February 2006 | work= New lines| publisher= Press Information Bureau| access-date = 1 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Speed limits==
Most of the [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]]–[[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]] section is classified as 'A' class line where trains can run up to 160 km per hour but in certain sections speeds may be limited to 120–130 km per hour. The Howrah Rajdhani (between Howrah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 85.8 km per hour and the Sealdah Rajdhani (between Sealdah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 84.70 km per hour.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title=Permanent Way| work= Track Classifications|access-date=15 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia.html#fasttrack |title=Trivia| work= Highest speed sections of track|access-date=15 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Freight corridor==
Son Nagar is expected to be connected with Ludhiana as part of the Eastern Corridor. The primary feeder routes for this will be from Sonnagar to Durgapur via Gomoh, Sonnagar to Tatanagar via Garhwa Road, and Barkakana to Bokaro via Chandrapura.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-freight.html |title =Freight Trains |work= What is dedicated freight corridor? | publisher= IRFCA |access-date =20 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Railway reorganisation==
In 1952, [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were formed. Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], east of Mughalsarai and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]. Northern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company west of Mughalsarai, Jodhpur Railway, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway. North Eastern Railway was formed with [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]], Assam Railway and a portion of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 March 2014}}</ref> East Central Railway was created in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title=East Central Railway |publisher=ECR |access-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112090715/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Son basin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaya - Mughalsarai section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mughalsarai]]

Contai subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:50Z

Rocky95A059973: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Contai Subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| image_skyline = File:Contai (subdivision) in Purba Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.78|N|87.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Contai]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,251.21
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,385,307
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Medinipuriya
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = WB 31, WB 32
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Contai Subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Subdivisions==
Purba Medinipur district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[File:Purba Medinipur Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2001)||Urban population % (2001)
|-
| [[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]||[[Tamluk]]||1084.30||1,791,695||94.08||5.92
|-
| [[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]||[[Haldia]]||683.94||959,934||79.19||20.81
|-
| [[Egra subdivision|Egra]]||[[Egra]]||940.96||958,939||96.96||3.04
|-
| Contai||[[Contai]]||1251.21||1,385,307||93.55||6.45
|-
| [[Purba Medinipur district]]||[[Tamluk]]||4,713.00||5,095,875||91.71||8.29
|-
|}

==Administrative units==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|21|48|0|N|87|42|0|E}}| float=left|caption=Cities and towns in Contai subdivision of Purba Medinipur district M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, S: port, sea-beach Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|21|46|28|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1=Contai | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Contai]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|21|49|50|N|87|47|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Basantia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Basantia]] (CT)|shape-color2=#C40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|38|0|N|87|31|29|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Khadalgobra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Khadalgobra]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|21|38|18|N|87|30|34|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Digha| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Digha]] (R)|shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|21|40|28|N|87|33|33|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ramnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|21|51|10|N|87|44|36|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Marishda| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Marishda]] (R)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|0|2|N|87|43|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Bhupatinagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Bhupatinagar]] (R)|shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|21|46|32|N|87|40|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Majna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Majna]] (R)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|21|52|15|N|87|57|2|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Khejuri| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Khejuri]] (R)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|52|5|N|87|43|52|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Kamarda| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kamarda]] (R)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|21|51|20|N|87|54|5|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Janka| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Janka, Contai]] (R)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|21|40|46|N|87|35|24|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Bara Bankuya| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Bara Bankuya]] (R)|shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|49|30|N|87|49|55|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dholmari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Dholmari]] (R)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|21|54|52|N|87|55|35|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Baratala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Baratala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|21|48|38|N|87|46|36|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Durmut| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Durmut]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|21|43|59|N|87|32|52|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Depal| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Depal]] (R)|shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|21|50|28|N|87|54|5|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Silaberia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Silaberia]] (R)|shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|21|53|44|N|87|45|2|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Kharipukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Kharipukuria]] (R)|shape-color18=#C40000
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|mark-coord21={{coord|21|38|24|N|87|35|20|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Tajpur Port| numbered21=S| mark-title21= [[Tajpur Port]] (S)|shape-color21=#0048BA
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|mark-coord24={{coord|21|47|41|N|87|53|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= Petuaghat |labela24=Fishing Harbour| numbered24=S| mark-title24= [[Petuaghat Fishing Harbour]]|shape-color24=#0048BA
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|mark-coord26={{coord|21|47|40|N|87|51|32|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Dariapur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Dariapur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|21|58|57|N|87|45|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Jukhia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Jukhia]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
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|arc-coordB={{coord|21.724123|87.42685}}| arc-textB=Odisha | arc-text-colorB = dark grey| arc-angleB=48| arc-gapB=6.2| arc-radiusB=0.15| arc-text-sizeB=10
|arc-coordC={{coord|21.59565|N|87.7296|E}}| arc-textC= Bay of Bengal | arc-text-colorC = soft blue| arc-angleC=160| arc-gapC=-1.0| arc-radiusC=1.6| arc-text-sizeC=14}}

Contai subdivision has 10 police stations, 8 community development blocks, 8 panchayat samitis, 61 gram panchayats, 1155 [[mouza]]s, 1129 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 2 census towns. The municipality is: [[Contai]]. The census towns are: [[Khadalgobra]] and [[Basantia]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at Contai.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=blocdir>{{Cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=2008-03-19
|accessdate=7 November 2016
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archivedate=25 February 2009
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

==Area==
Contai subdivision has an area of 1,251.21&nbsp; km2, population in 2011 of 1,385,307 and density of population of 1,107 per km2. 27.18% of the population of the district resides in this subdivision.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 7 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Contai subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2 *||Inter-state border||Municipal town || CD block
|-
| [[Janka, Contai#Police station|Khejuri]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/KHEJURI | title = Khejuri PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031015/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/KHEJURI | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||268.47|| - || - ||[[Khejuri I]], [[Khejuri II]]
|-
| [[Bhupatinagar#Police station|Bhupatinagar]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/BHUPATINAGAR | title = Bhupatinagar PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031010/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/BHUPATINAGAR | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||179.23|| - || - ||[[Bhagabanpur II]]
|-
| [[Contai#Police stations|Contai]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/CONTAI | title = Contai PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031725/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/CONTAI | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||370.80|| - ||[[Contai]]||[[Contai I]], [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshpran]]
|-
| [[Contai#Police stations|Contai Women]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/CONTAIWOMEN | title = Contai Women PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031036/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/CONTAIWOMEN | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php | title = Existing Women Police Stations along with their jurisdiction and Date of Inauguration | publisher = West Bengal Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-date = 24 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190624024356/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>||Contai subdivision|| - || - || -
|-
| [[Marishda#Police station|Marishda]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/MARISHDA | title = Marishda PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161114235057/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/MARISHDA | archive-date = 14 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||155.52|| - || - ||[[Contai III]]
|-
| [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur#Police station|Ramnagar]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/RAMNAGAR | title = Ramnagar PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109044056/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/RAMNAGAR | archive-date = 9 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||286.02|| Border with [[Balasore district]] in Odisha || - ||[[Ramnagar I]] (part), [[Ramnagar II]]
|-
| [[Digha#Police stations|Digha]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHA | title = Digha PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231409/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHA | archive-date = 16 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>||3,153|| - || - ||[[Ramnagar I]] (part)
|-
| [[Digha#Police stations|Digha Mohana Coastal]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHAMOHANACOASTAL | title = Digha Mohana Coastal PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031044/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHAMOHANACOASTAL | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>|| - || - || - || -
|-
|Patulighat (Junput) Coastal|| || || ||
|-
|Talpatighat Coastal|| || || ||
|-
|}
* The data is as per the website of Purba Medinipur Police, but it appears that it has not been updated/ corrected for a long time

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Contai subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 7 November 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Purba Medinipur Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
| [[Khejuri I]]||[[Kamarda]]||130.51||132,992||13.34||0.13||88.90|| -
|-
| [[Khejuri II]]||[[Janka, Contai|Janka]]||137.46||139,463||56.75||0.65||85.37|| -
|-
| [[Bhagabanpur II]]||[[Bhupatinagar]]||180.20||192,162||11.19||0.08||90.98|| -
|-
| [[Ramnagar I]]||[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur|Ramnagar]]||139.43||167,330||13.18||0.46||87.84|| 1
|-
| [[Ramnagar II]]||[[Bara Bankuya]]||163.27||156,054||13.96||0.19||89.38|| -
|-
| [[Contai I]]||[[Contai]]||155.27||170,894||13.79||0.05||89.32|| -
|-
| [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]]||[[Dholmari]]||170.30||176,393||9.88||0.06||88.33|| 1
|-
| [[Contai III]]||[[Marishda]]||160.52||157,793||13.20||0.09||89.88|| -
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 61 [[gram panchayat]]s under 8 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Paschim Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

* [[Contai I]] block: Badalpur, Mahisagot, Raipur&ndash;Paschimbarh, Dulalpur, Majilapur, Sabajput, Haipur and Nayaput.
* [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] block: Amtalia, Bamunia, Chalti, Dhobaberia, Aurai, Basantia, Dariyapur and Sarda.
* [[Contai III]] block: Bhajachauli, Durmuth, Kumirda, Lauda, Debendra, Kanaidighi, Kusumpur and Marishda.
* [[Bhagabanpur II]] block: Arjunnagar, Garbari&ndash;I, Jukhia, Baroj, Garbari&ndash;II, Mugberia, Basudevberia, Itaberia and Radhapur.
* [[Khejuri I]] block: Beerbandar, Kalagechia, Lakshmi, Henria, Kamarda and Tikashi.
* [[Khejuri II]] block: Bartala, Janka, Niz Kasba, Haludbari and Khejuri.
* [[Ramnagar I]] block: Badhia, Haldia&ndash;I, Padima&ndash;II, Basantapur, Haldia&ndash;II, Talgachhari&ndash;I, Gobra, Padima&ndash;I and Talgachhari&ndash;II.
* [[Ramnagar II]] block: Badalpur, Depal, Kalindi, Paldui, Balisai, Kadua, Maithana and Satilapur.

==Education==
With a literacy rate of 87.66% Purba Medinipur district ranked first amongst all districts of West Bengal in literacy as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 17 November 2016 }}</ref> Within Purba Medinipur district, Tamluk subdivision had a literacy rate of 85.98%, Haldia subdivision 86.67%, Egra subdivision 86.18% and Contai subdivision 89.19%. All CD Blocks and municipalities in the district had literacy levels above 80%.<ref name=handbook2014ed>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Purba Medinipur district for the year 2013-14. It may be noted that primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, polytechnics, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2014ed/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1,084
|align="center"|84,258
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|5,789
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|43,408
|align="center"|144
|align="center"|171,516
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|12,728
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|2,747
|align="center"|2,704
|align="center"|112,411
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|557
|align="center"|43,173
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|5,082
|align="center"|54
|align="center"|36,767
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|83,659
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|9,792
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|6,256
|align="center"|1,359
|align="center"|59,879
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|629
|align="center"|41,418
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|11,537
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|32,167
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|90,730
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|9,498
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|1,595
|align="center"|62,200
|-
|align=left|Contai
|align="center"|983
|align="center"|50,945
|align="center"|99
|align="center"|10,557
|align="center"|81
|align="center"|46,690
|align="center"|102
|align="center"|120,128
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|12,223
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|1,602
|align="center"|2,316
|align="center"|90,552
|-
|align=left|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|align="center"|3,253
|align="center"|219,794
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|32,965
|align="center"|261
|align="center"|159,032
|align="center"|397
|align="center"|466,093
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|44,241
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|10,759
|align="center"|7,974
|align="center"|375,042
|-
|}

The following institutions are located in Contai subdivision:
*[[Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya]] at Mugberia, near [[Bhupatinagar]] in [[Bhagabanpur II]] CD Block was established in 1964. In addition to the courses in arts, science and commerce, it offers degree and post-graduate courses in physical education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mgmahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161010093402/http://mgmahavidyalaya.org/ | archive-date = 10 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MugberiaGangadharMahavidyalaya/Mugberia_Gangadhar_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya| publisher= College Admission| accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*[[Ramnagar College]] at [[Depal]] in [[Ramnagar II]] CD Block was established in 1972. In addition to courses in arts, science and commerce, it offers courses in hospitality and tourism, and fishery and farm management.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ramnagarcollege.org/ | title = Ramnagar College | publisher = Ramnagar College | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172146/http://www.ramnagarcollege.org/ | archive-date = 14 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RamnagarCollege/Ramnagar_College.shtml |title = Ramnagar College | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*Ramnagar B.Ed College at [[Depal]] in [[Ramnagar II]] CD Block offers B.Ed. course.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ramnagarbedcollege.com/# | title = Ramnagar B.Ed. College | publisher = Ramnagore B.Ed. College | accessdate = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170420214447/http://ramnagarbedcollege.com/ | archive-date = 20 April 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Khejuri College]] at [[Baratala]] in [[Khejuri II]] CD Block was established in 1999. In addition to courses in arts, it offers a course in Aquaculture Management and Technology.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://khejuricollege.in/index.aspx |title = Khejuri College | publisher= Khejuri College| accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KhejuriCollege/Khejuri_College.shtml |title = Khejuri College | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*[[Prabhat Kumar College]] (also known as Kanthi College) at [[Contai]] was established in 1926. Apart from courses in arts, science and commerce, it offers B.Ed. and M.Sc. course in Physics.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pkcollegecontai.ac.in/ |title = Prabhat Kujmar College, Contai | publisher= Prabhat Kumar College | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/PrabhatKumarCollege/Prabhat_Kumar_College.shtml |title = Prabhat Kumar College | publisher= College Admission| accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*Contai Polytechnic at Raghurampur PO Darua.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://contaipolytechnic.com/ |title = Contai Polytechnic | publisher= Govt of West Bengal | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*Raghunath Ayurved Mahavidyalaya and Hospital, Contai.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://raghunathayurved.com/ |title = Raghunath Ayurved Mahavidyalaya | publisher= RAM | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
*[[Deshapran Mahavidyalaya]] at [[Durmut]] in [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] CD Block was established in 2010 and offers courses in arts.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://deshapran.com/ |title = Deshapran Mahavidyalaya | publisher= Deshapran Mahavidyalaya | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/DeshapranMahavidyalaya/DeshapranMahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Dshapran Mahavidyalaya | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|1,506
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|61,84
|align="center"|1,251,099
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|35
|align="center"|803
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|27,586
|align="center"|757,876
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|489
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|23,699
|align="center"|419,829
|-
|align=left|Contai
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|688
|align="center"|88
|align="center"|59,882
|align="center"|890,607
|-
|align=left|[[Purba Medinipur district]]
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|51
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|132
|align="center"|213
|align="center"|3,486
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|172,251
|align="center"|3,319,411
|-
|}

Medical facilities available in Contai subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds) <ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 25 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
Contai Subdivision Hospital, [[Contai]], 141 beds 
Digha State General Hospital, [[Digha]], 50 beds 
'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Basantia Rural Hospital, Deshapran CD block, [[Basantia]], 30 beds 
Bhupatinagar Mugberia Rural Hospital, Bhagabanpur II CD block, [[Bhupatinagar]], 30 beds 
Silaberia Rural Hospital, Khejuri II CD block, [[Silaberia]], 30 beds 
Bararankura Rural Hospital, Ramnagar II CD block, PO Balisai, 30 beds 
'''Block Primary Health Centre''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Majna BPHC, Contai I CD block, [[Majna]], 15 beds 
Kharipukuria BPHC, Contai III CD block, [[Kharipukuria]], PO Nachinda Bazar, 10 beds 
Kamarda BPHC, Khejuri I CD block, [[Kamarda|Kamarda Bazar]], 15 beds 
Digha Aghore Kamini BPHC, Ramnagar I CD block, Digha, 15 beds 
'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Contai I CD block: Kulberia (6), Nayaput (10) 
Deshapran CD block: Barabantalia (15), Daulatpur, PO Dariapur (10) 
Contai III CD block: Banamalichatta (10), Bhaitgarh (?), Deulbarh (2) 
Bhagabanpur II CD block: Barberia (10), Simulia (6) 
Khejuri I CD block: Heria (10) 
Khejuri II CD block: [[Janka, Contai|Janka]] (10) 
Ramnagar I CD block: Chandanpur (10), Gobra (6), Sadihat (6), Pichhaboni, PO Chowlkhola (10) 
Ramnagar II CD block: Nijmaithula, PO Batatala (10), Hamirpur, PO Depal (2)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Purba Medinipur district were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | accessdate= 25 October 2016|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats
|-
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]||[[Panskura Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura Paschim]]||None||[[Panskura (community development block)|Panskura]] CD Block
|-
| ||Other assembly segments in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]|| ||
|-
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]||[[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]||None||[[Tamluk]] municipality, Bishnubarh II, Pipulberia I, Pipulberia II and Uttar Sonamui [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] CD Block, and [[Sahid Matangini (community development block)|Sahid Matangini]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Panskura Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura Purba]]||None||[[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Moyna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moyna]]||None||[[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] CD Block, Anantapur I, Anantapur II, Nilkunthia, Sreerampur I and Sreerampur II GPs of [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Nandakumar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandakumar]]||None||[[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]] CD Block and Bishnubarh I, Padumpur I and Padumpur II GPs of [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] CD Block
|-
| || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]||None||[[Mahishadal (community development block)|Mahisadal]] and [[Haldia (community development block)|Haldia]] CD Blocks
|-
| || [[Haldia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haldia]]||SC||[[Haldia]] municipality and [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] CD Block
|-
| || [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]||None||[[Nandigram I]] and [[Nandigram II]] CD Blocks
|-
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]||[[Chandipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandipur]]||None||[[Chandipur (community development block)|Chandipur]] CD Block and Benodia, Bivisanpur, Gurgram, Kakra, Mahammadpur I and Mahammadpur II GPs of [[Bhagabanpur I]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Patashpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patashpur]]||None||[[Patashpur I]] CD Block; Khargram, Panchet, Pataspur, South Khanda and Sreerampur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Patashpur II]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Kanthi Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Uttar]]||None||[[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] CD Block, Brajachauli, Debendra, Kanaidighi, Kumirda, Lauda and Marishda GPs of [[Contai III]] CD Block and Bathuari GP of [[Egra II]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Bhagabanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagabanpur]]||None||Bhagabanpur, Kajlagarh, Kotbarh and Shimulia GPs of [[Bhagabanpur I]] CD Block, Arjunnagar, Basudevberia, Baroj, Itaberia, Jukhia, Mugberia and Radhapur GPs of [[Bhagabanpur II]] CD Block, and Argoyal and Mathura GPs of [[Patashpur II]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Khejuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khejuri]]||SC||[[Khejuri I]] and [[Khejuri II]] CD Blocks, and Garbari I and Garbari II GPs of [[Bhagabanpur II]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Dakshin]]||None||[[Contai]] municipality, [[Contai I]] CD Block, and Durmuth and Kusumpur GPs of [[Contai III]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]]||None||[[Ramnagar I]] and [[Ramnagar II]] CD Blocks
|-
|}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Digha}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Shankarpur}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Mandarmani}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Junput}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contai Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Purba Medinipur district]]

Sri Ganesh

2026-01-15T06:43:53Z

Rocky95A059973: creating initial info v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Sri Ganesh (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sri Ganesh
| birth_date = 1990
| birth_place = Thiruvaikavur
| education = BCom, Jain College
| occupation = Film Maker and Screenwriter
| years_active = 2017–present
| notable_works = [[8 Thottakkal]]
| spouse = Suhasini Sanjeev (m. 2022)
}}

'''Sri Ganesh''' (born 1990) is an Indian [[film director]] who predominantly works in the [[Tamil film industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' in 2017.

== Early life ==
Ganesh's interest in cinema began in high school when he assisted [[Crazy Mohan]]'s theatre troupe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=2017-04-06 |title=The reluctant director of '8 Thottakal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sai-ganesh-on-making-8-thottakal/article17843611.ece |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608075637/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sai-ganesh-on-making-8-thottakal/article17843611.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> He was inspired by [[Mysskin]]'s films, particularly [[Nandalala]], which made him join Mysskin's crew for [[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum|''Onaayum Aatukuttiyum'']] (2013).<ref name=":2" /> Ganesh is also inspired by [[Rahul Dravid]]'s resilience and patience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Kuruthi Aattam director Sri Ganesh: Rahul Dravid is my inspiration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kuruthi-aattam-director-sri-ganesh-rahul-dravid-is-my-inspiration-8071336/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526142902/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kuruthi-aattam-director-sri-ganesh-rahul-dravid-is-my-inspiration-8071336/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ganesh entered the film industry as an assistant director to [[Mysskin]], from whom he learned the importance of discipline and was introduced to world cinema.<ref name=":1" /> He assisted Mysskin for two years.<ref name=":4" /> In 2013, Mysskin encouraged Ganesh to leave his position as an assistant director and focus on writing his own stories.<ref name=":4" /> His experience on the talent-hunt show, ''[[Kalaignar TV|Naalaiya Iyakkunar]]'', helped him connect with other emerging filmmakers.<ref name=":1" />

Ganesh's debut film, ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017) was shot in 48 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2017-04-03 |title=A promising entrant in K'town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030417/a-promising-entrant-in-ktown.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709082558/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030417/a-promising-entrant-in-ktown.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was later remaked in Malayalam, titled [[Corona Papers]], directed by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref name=":0" /> The filming of Ganesh's second film, ''[[Kuruthi Aattam]]'', started around 2018. Due to financial reasons and [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it took 5 years for the film to release.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2021-12-18 |title=Sri Ganesh's 'Kuruthi Aattam' release postponed again |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/12/18/sri-ganesh-kuruthi-aattam-release-postponed-again |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

Ganesh collaborated with [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] in the movie ''[[3BHK|3BHK]]'', slated to release in July 2025.<ref name=":5" />

== Personal life ==
Ganesh was born in [[Tiruvaikavur|Thiruvaikavur]] near Kumbakonam.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=கே.ஜி.மணிகண்டன்,சொ.பாலசுப்ரமணியன் |date=2019-07-18 |title=டைட்டில் கார்டு: ஸ்ரீ கணேஷ் - 5 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/title-card-director-sri-ganesh-sharing-experience |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Vikatan |language=ta |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608083330/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/title-card-director-sri-ganesh-sharing-experience |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother, Alamelu, was based in Chennai due to his father Sankaran's work. Ganesh spent his early childhood in Kumbakonam with his grandparents until fourth grade before moving to Chennai to join his mother. He attended St. Paul's School in Chrompet until tenth grade and later joined the [[Chromepet]] Government School due to financial reasons.<ref name=":4" /> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] from Jain College, Chennai. Ganesh has a younger brother.<ref name=":4" />

Ganesh married actress Suhasini Sanjeev on 7 September 2022.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-08 |title=Director Sri Ganesh gets married to actress Suhasini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-sri-ganesh-gets-married-to-actress-suhasini/articleshow/94070726.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608083437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-sri-ganesh-gets-married-to-actress-suhasini/articleshow/94070726.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had kept their relationship private from the media until the day of their wedding. Suhasini is known for her roles in films ''[[Nenjuku Needhi]], [[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' and ''[[Seethakaathi]]''.<ref name=":3" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+As director
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:33px;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:175px;" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[8 Thottakkal]]''
|Also lyricist<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=2023-03-06 |title=Director Sri Ganesh expresses joy over Malayalam remake of his film 8 Thottakkal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/06/director-sri-ganesh-gushes-over-malayalam-cinema-and-director-priyadarshans-generosity-40704.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527170003/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/06/director-sri-ganesh-gushes-over-malayalam-cinema-and-director-priyadarshans-generosity-40704.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kuruthi Aattam]]''
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=V |first=Harshini S. |date=2022-08-06 |title=Mysskin Sir Introduced Me To World Cinema: Kuruthi Aattam Filmmaker Sri Ganesh |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/mysskin-sir-introduced-me-to-world-cinema-kuruthi-aaatam-filmmaker-sri-ganesh |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527165711/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/mysskin-sir-introduced-me-to-world-cinema-kuruthi-aaatam-filmmaker-sri-ganesh |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[3BHK]]''
|Also lyricist<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=3BHK teaser OUT: Siddharth's 40th movie as lead depicts feel-good tale of a middle-class family and their dreams |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/3bhk-teaser-out-siddharths-40th-movie-as-lead-depicts-feel-good-tale-of-a-middle-class-family-and-their-dreams-1371032 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=7499924}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Raj Gauthaman

2025-12-31T09:52:21Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding new post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Tamil intellectual (1950–2024)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Raj Gauthaman
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 February (or) 25 August 1950
| birth_place = [[W. Pudupatti]], composite [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| occupation = Writer, Cultural critic, Historian, Academic
| language = Tamil
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]]
| genre = [[Cultural criticism]], History, [[Literary theory]]
| subject = [[Tamil culture]], [[Dalit studies]], [[Subaltern historiography]]
| years_active = 1980s–2024
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|11|13|1950|8|25}}
| death_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| native_name = ராஜ் கௌதமன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| spouse = K. Parimala
| children = Nivedha
| relatives = [[Bama (writer)|Bama]] (younger sister)
| movement = Tamil Dalit Movement
}}

'''Susairaj Pushparaj''' (14 February / 25 August 1950 – 13 November 2024), known as '''Raj Gauthaman''', was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] intellectual who pioneered new approaches to Tamil cultural and literary history studies in the late 20th century. He authored 20 research works that analyse the development of Tamil culture from ancient to modern periods with a focus on subaltern Dalit perspectives. He also wrote three novels and translated Sanskrit works into Tamil. Raj Gauthaman was a part of the core group of writers and thinkers, many of whom were [[Dalits]], which shaped the thinking of the influential journal, ''Nirapirikai'' in the early 1990s. He worked in academia before retiring in 2011.

Gauthaman was awarded the Pudhumaipithan Ninaivu Virudhu by the [[Tamil Canadians|Canadian]] and [[Tamil Americans|American Tamil diaspora]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vilakku Virudhu for Raj Gauthaman, Samayavel |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2018/jan/04/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-2838324.html |website=Dinamani.com |publisher=Dinamani |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Vishnupuram Award]] for 2018 by the [[Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam]] for his significant contributions to the Tamil literary and cultural domain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnupuram Award for Raj Gauthaman |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/111265 |website=jeyamohan.in |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born Pushparaj on 14 February 1950 in [[W. Pudupatti]], a town near [[Srivilliputhur]] in present-day [[Virudhunagar district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. His mother was Sebasthiamma and father was Susairaj. His younger sister [[Bama (writer)|Bama]] later went on to become an acclaimed Tamil feminist writer.

Pushparaj obtained elementary education in Pudhupatti (along with his classmate [[Mark Stephen (priest)|Mark Stephen]], who later became a Catholic priest-activist).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆதிக்க வர்க்கம் தீர்மானிக்கும் மொழியில்தான் எழுத வேண்டுமா? |url=https://keetru.com/index.php/2010-06-24-04-31-11/2024/47477-2024-11-19-10-48-57 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=keetru.com}}</ref> He then completed high school education in [[Madurai]]. He attended [[St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai]] and received graduate degree in Zoology and post-graduate degree in Tamil literature. He then attended [[Annamalai University]] and received a post-graduate degree in sociology. He completed his PhD based on research on writer [[A. Madhaviah]].

He was associated with government arts colleges in Pondicherry, and was lastly the Head of the Tamil Department at the [[Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Postgraduate Studies]] in [[Lawspet]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Satyanarayana and Tharu|title=No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South India|date=2011|publisher=Penguin India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-143-41426-1|page=149}}</ref> and retired in 2011. His wife's name is K. Parimalam, and his daughter is Dr Nivedha.

Gauthaman wrote the foreword to Bama's first collection of stories, ''Kusumbukkaran''.

He cited among his formative influences the works of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], [[Ranajit Guha]], and [[Michel Foucault]].

==Career==
===Early works===
Gauthaman was closely associated with the wave of Dalit political thought and writing that rose in the 1980s in India and in Tamil Nadu. He published essays and articles that analyzed Tamil culture in subaltern perspectives through a Marxian approach. The energy of Tamil Dalit movement and Gauthaman's distinct contribution to it is captured in two widely cited early works, ''Dalit Panpaadu'' (Dalit Culture, 1993) and ''Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu'' (Tamil Culture from a Dalit Perspective, 1994). He also published ''Iyothee Thassar Ayvugal'' on scholar [[Iyothee Thass]] and ''Aram Adhikaram''. Marxist scholars like N Muthumohan praise the works for their blend of Marxian analysis and satire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Gauthaman's works in today's ideological debates |url=https://nmuthumohan.wordpress.com/2012/09/05/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99/ |website=N Muthumohan |publisher=N Muthumohan |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

Writer and critic [[Jeyamohan]] in his introductory note for the [[Vishnupuram Award]] contends that while his early works projected critical intensity and satire, they generally lacked the integrity of his later works. Jeyamohan remarks that Raj Gauthaman should primarily be known as one of the three stalwarts of Tamil literary history studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introductory note on Raj Gauthaman |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/111265 |website=jeyamohan.in |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

''Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu'' (1994) argues that analyzed carefully from below, mainstream Tamil culture reveals itself, not as a unified expression of Tamil achievement, but as comprising heterogeneous strands. It is in many ways a critique of the canonized non-Brahmin version of the Tamil past. Gauthaman's narrative is interrupted at specific points by an ordinary Dalit who brings in the freshness of a local dialect to question and comment on the account. At one point the Dalit interlocutor asks why students are never taught these things. The answer, 'they say such things are not interesting; literature has to be appreciated and enjoyed; it is not politics,' opens out onto another major achievement of these books and of the ''Nirapirikai'' group — the repositioning of literary and cultural texts outside the confines of the aesthetic.

{{Quote box
|quote = In the mind of a Hindu of any hegemonic caste, the identity of Dalits is treated as a negative identity. As though it is natural, he treats his identity as positive and that of the Dalit as opposed to his. While he draws pleasure from the fact that he is not born an untouchable, he is full of fear and anxiety that he might become one. As a result, whenever a Dalit tries to improve his status, the caste Hindu is anxious that this will usurp his positive identity and, in its place, impose the Dalit's negative identity on him. This anxiety transforms his fear into anger. The Hindu is unable to free himself from such caste psychology... He is willing to sacrifice anything but his caste purity. He lives burdened by the fear that the lower castes will sully his caste purity at any time. For him, protecting his caste purity is more important than partaking in class identity. This is why the wealthy and landed hegemonic Hindus are able to prevent the petty bourgeoisie among the middle castes, and the agrarian working class among the lower castes and Dalits, from unifying as a class. They are able to safeguard their class interests by setting one caste against the other.
|source = "Dalit Culture" in ''No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South India Vol.I'', Ed. Satyanarayana and Tharu
|align = center
|fontsize = 92%
|bgcolor =
|salign = right
|qalign = left
|sstyle =
|quoted = 1
}}

===Later phase===
Jeyamohan classifies Raj Gauthaman's works in the post-2000 period as more rounded and reflecting the balance necessary to explore ancient Tamil history and culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Gauthamanin Iru Noolgal |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/6144 |website=jeyamohan.in |publisher=Jeyamohan |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

''Pattum Thogaiyum Tholkappiyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum'' traced the cultural foundations of Tamil society through [[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] and [[Tolkāppiyam|Tholkappiyam]]. It explored how Tamil society consolidated its patterns of 'righteousness based hegemony', and how it used power to create prevailing social hierarchies over time.

''Aakol Poosalum Perungarkaala Nagarigamum'' analyzed how the tribal society transformed into the urban village of the Sangam area, and how those boundaries slowly got blurred, affecting the lives and equations of participants on both sides. It charted unexplored areas on how wars gave way to games of cattle robbery, the changing role of the bards and pleasure women and the funerary customs of megalithic versus 'civilized' era.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Gauthaman: Iru Noolgal |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/6144 |website=jeyamohan.in |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

''Aarambakatta Mudhalaliyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum'' describes and explores the late 19th century social and cultural milieu where those social groups which collaborated with the British rule were allowed to experience private land and property ownership. This included Dalit social groups which were newly unencumbered from slavery and started to enjoy property rights and urban mobility.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh Pradheep |title=Raj Gauthaman: Arambakatta Mudhalaliyam Thamizh samooga uruvakkamum |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/115159 |website=jeyamohan.in |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

Raj Gauthaman's novel ''Siluvairaj Sarithiram'' was a satirical take on society through the eyes of a Dalit across twenty five years of his life. It is written in an autobiographical style and describes Siluvai's encounters with political, social and religious institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evaluating Siluvairaj Sarithiram |url=http://www.omnibusonline.in/2018/01/blog-post_14.html |website=Omnibus Online |publisher=Vai.Manikandan |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>

== Death ==
Gauthaman was living in [[Tirunelveli]], where he died on the early morning of 13 November 2024, at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2024 |title=Tamil writer and professor Raj Gauthaman passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2024/Nov/13/tamil-writer-and-professor-raj-gauthaman-passes-away |access-date=13 November 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Research and criticism===
* ''A Madhavaiah''
* ''Enbadhugalil Thamizh Kalaacharam''(1992)
* ''Dalit Panpaadu'' (Dalit Culture, 1993)
* ''Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu'' (Tamil Culture from a Dalit Perspective, 1994)
* ''K Iyothee Thassar ayvugal'', research on early Dalit activist [[Iyothee Thass]]ar
* ''Aram Adhikaram''
* ''Dalitiya Vimarsana Katturaigal'' (2003)
* ''Pattum Thogaiyum Tholkappiyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum'' (2008)
* ''Thamizh Samoogathil Aramum Aatralum'' (2008)
* ''Aakol poosalum Perungarkaala Naagarigamum'' (2010)
* ''Aarambakatta Mudhalaliyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum'' (2010)
* ''Kanmoodi Vazhakkam Ellam Manmoodi Poga''
* ''Kalithogai Paripaadal: Oru Vilimbunilai Nokku''
* ''Pudhumaipithan Ennum Brahmaraakshas''
* ''Poi + Abatham = Unmai''
* ''Penniyam: Varalarum Kotpadugalum''
* ''Pathitruppatthu Aingurunooru''
* ''Pazhanthamizh Agaval Padalgalin Parimatram''
* ''Sundara Ramasamy: Karuthum Kalaiyum''
* ''Vallalarin Aanmeega Payanam''

===Fiction===
* ''Siluvairaj Sarithiram''
* ''Kaalachumai'' (2003)
* ''Londonil Siluvairaj''

===Translation===
* ''Vilimbunilai Makkalin Porattangal'' (translated into Tamil, from the original by Ranajit Guha and [[Susie Tharu]])
* ''Kilikkathaigal Ezhupathu'' (translation of ''[[Śukasaptati]]'', Seventy Tales of the Parrot)
* ''Anbu Enum Kalai''
* ''Kathakosa: Samana Kathaigal''

== Further reading ==
* Satyanarayana, K & [[Susie Tharu|Tharu, Susie]] (2011) ''No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 1: Tamil and Malayalam'', New Delhi: Penguin Books.
* Satyanarayana, K & [[Susie Tharu|Tharu, Susie]] (2013) ''From those Stubs Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 2: Kannada and Telugu'', New Delhi: HarperCollins India.
* Jeyamohan, (2018), ''Raj Gauthamanin Panpattu Varalatru Paarvai'', Article series critiquing Raj Gauthaman's contribution to Tamil cultural history studies, www.jeyamohan.in

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hindutamil.in/news/opinion/columns/1374139-raj-gauthaman-a-unique-identity-in-the-study-of-tamil-research.html ராஜ் கெளதமன்: தமிழியல் ஆய்வில் தனி அடையாளம்] -
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauthaman, Raj}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]

History of measurement systems in India

2025-12-25T11:08:40Z

Rocky95A059973: Added entry...

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Science and technology in India}}
The '''history of measurement systems in India''' begins in early [[Indus Valley civilisation]] with the earliest surviving samples dated to the [[3rd millennium BCE]].<ref name=Iwata2254>Iwata, 2254</ref> Since early times the adoption of standard weights and measures has reflected in the country's [[Indian architecture|architectural]], [[Folk culture|folk]], and [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|metallurgical artifacts]].<ref name=Iwata2254/> A complex system of weights and measures was adopted by the [[Maurya Empire]] (322–185 BCE), which also formulated regulations for the usage of this system.<ref name=Allchin217/> Later, the [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1857) used standard measures to determine land holdings and collect land tax as a part of Mughal land reforms.<ref name=Richard84/> The formal [[metrication in India]] is dated to 1 October 1958 when the [[Indian Government]] adopted the [[International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]].<ref name=Chakrabarti390/>

==Early history==
{{anchor | Hindu | Ancient | Early }}
{{see also| Hindu units of time }}
[[File:Harrappan artefacts 08.JPG|thumb|Indus Valley Civilization weights and measures – [[National Museum, New Delhi]].]]
{{Tall image|HinduMeasurements.svg|250|500|Hindu units almost similar to today's SI units and ritual importance—displayed on a [[logarithmic scale]].}}

Standard weights and measures were developed by the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref name=Iwata2254/> The centralised weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc.<ref name=Kenoyer265>Kenoyer, 265</ref> Weights existed in multiples of a standard weight and in categories.<ref name=Kenoyer265/> [[Technical standard]]isation enabled gauging devices to be effectively used in [[angular measurement]] and measurement for construction.<ref name=Baber_b>Baber, 23</ref> Uniform units of length were used in the planning of towns such as [[Lothal]], [[Surkotada]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Dholavira|Dolavira]], [[Harappa]], and [[Mohenjo-daro]].<ref name=Iwata2254/> The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached [[Persia]] and [[Central Asia]], where they were further modified.<ref name=Iwata2254_quote>In the third millennium BCE the Indus measuring system was further developed in the ancient regions of Iran and Afghanistan -- Iwata, 2254.</ref> Shigeo Iwata describes the excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilisation:

{{Quotation|1=A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and [[Chanhudaro|Chanhu-daro]], not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1.5 m in depth. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the [[Binary numeral system|binary]] and [[decimal]] systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of [[chert]].<ref name=Iwata2254/>}}

The significance of a binary system of weights is that it allows an indivisible weight (eg. a gold coin or piece of jewelry) to be measured on a balance with the minimum number of weights, while the decimal system of weights and measures allows the minimum number of weights/measures to be used for bulk items by allowing repeat measures to be counted on the fingers.

[[Ruler]]s made from [[Ivory]] were in use by the Indus Valley Civilisation prior to 1500 BCE.<ref name=Whitelaw14/> Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about {{convert|1/16|in}}.<ref name=Whitelaw14>Whitelaw, 14</ref> Ian Whitelaw (2007)—on the subject of a ruler excavated from the Mohenjo-daro site—writes that: 'the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'<ref name=Whitelaw15>Whitelaw, 15</ref> The Indus civilisation constructed [[pan balance]]s made of [[copper]], [[bronze]], and [[ceramic]]s.<ref name=Iwata2254/> One excavated pan balance from Mohenjo-daro (2600–1900 BCE) was constructed using a cord-pivot type fulcrum, a bronze beam, and two pans.<ref name=Iwata2254/> A number of excavated surveying instruments and measuring rods have yielded evidence of early [[Indian cartography|cartographic activity]].<ref name=Schwartzberg1301-1302>Schwartzberg, 1301–1302</ref>

Weights and measures are mentioned throughout the religious and secular works of the Vedic period in India.<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_320/> Some sources that mention various units of measurement are ''[[Satapatha Brahmana]]'', ''[[Apastamba|Apastamba Sutra]]'', and the ''Eight Chapters'' of the grammarian [[Pāṇini]].<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_320>Sharma & Bhardwaj, 320</ref> [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomers]] kept a [[panchanga|pañchānga]] for calculations of ''[[tithi]]'' (lunar day), vāra (weekday), [[nakshatra|naksatra]] (asterism), and ''karan'' (half lunar day) for social and religious events.<ref name=Sarma-Ast-Ind>See Sarma (2008) in ''Astronomy in India''.</ref> Klostermaier (2003) states that: "Indian astronomers calculated the duration of one ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' (a cycle of the universe during which all the heavenly bodies return to their original positions) to be 4,320,000,000 years."<ref name=Klostermaier03>Klostermaier (2003)</ref> According to epigraphic evidence, we have references of measurement units such as – “Kulyavapa”, “dronavapa”, “adhavapa” and “Pataka” from Bengal, nivratana” and “bhumi” from Central India and “nivartana from Western India.

==Post Maha Janapadas period—High Middle Ages (400 BCE–1200 CE)==

[[Steelyard balance]]s—found in India since the 4th century BCE—have been excavated from the archaeological sites of [[Gandhara]] and [[Amravati]].<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_332>See Sharma & Bhardwaj, pages 332 and 336.</ref> Evidence of a complex system of weights and measures existing in use for multiple purposes under the central control of the [[Maurya|Maurya administration]] (322–185 BCE) is found in the ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref name=Allchin217/> Archaeologist [[Frank Raymond Allchin]] outlines the details of the measurement systems of the Maurya state:

{{Quotation|1=The Arthashastra offers a wealth of evidence for the wide varieties of standardised weights and measures of the time. Officers were appointed to control their use and standardisation. The measurements include those of length, divided into several series, rising from those below the standard ''[[aṅgula]]'', defined as the 'middle joint of the middle finger of a man of average size'; to those above, including the [[span (length)|span]] and the [[cubit]], and ending with the rod (''danda'') or bow (''dhanus'') of around 180 cm; and above this measurement of longer distance, the ''goruta'' or ''krosa'' and the ''[[yojana]]''. Various special measurements are mentioned, for instance for digging [[moat]]s, making roads or city walls. Measurements of capacity were set on different standards, for revenue, trade, payments, or palace purposes: these were applicable for both liquids and solids. Weights, too, were in several series: for precious substances there were three, for [[gold]], [[silver]], and [[diamond]]s; another series was for weights and general purposes. Weights should be made of iron or of stone from the Mekhala hills. Considerable attention is given to the types of weighing machines employed: one is a balance (''tula'') with two pans, for which ten different sizes are recommended for weighing different quantities; and another a sort of steelyard, in two sizes. A steelyard is used as a symbol on the ''negama'' coins from [[Taxila]], suggesting their clear mercantile connotation. Equal attention is given to the measurement of time, based on the device named the ''nalika'', being the time taken for one ''adhaka'' of water to flow out of a pot through a hole of the same diameter as that of a wire 4 angulas long, made from 4 ''[[Masa (unit)|masa]]s'' of gold.<ref name=Allchin217>Allchin, 217</ref>}}

Depiction of equal arm balances is found in the art of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta cave (No. 17)]] in the [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_333>Sharma & Bhardwaj, 333</ref> Beams of steelyard balances have been unearthed from the 8th century CE archaeological sites at [[Sirpur Group of Monuments|Sirpur]] and [[Arang]].<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_333/> The research conducted by [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūn]], an Islamic scholar who undertook one of the first studies of India's traditions in his ''Tahriq-e-Hind'', also reflect on the regular usage of the steelyard in India.<ref name=Sharma&Bhardwaj_334>Sharma & Bhardwaj, 334</ref>

==Late Middle Ages—Republic of India (1200 CE–1947 CE onwards)==

The [[China|Chinese]] merchant [[Ma Huan]] (1413–51) outlines the standardised weight and currency system in place at the port city of [[Cochin]].<ref name=Chaudhuri223/> Ma Huan noted that gold coins, known as ''fanam'', or locally known as "panam",<ref>{{cite book|last=a S. Bartholomaeo|first=Paulinus|author-link=Paulinus of St. Bartholomew|title=A voyage to the East Indies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nUOAAAAQAAJ|access-date=25 March 2012|year=1800|publisher=printed by J. Davis: and sold by Vernor and Hood; and J. Cuthell|page=78}}</ref> were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of one ''fen'' and one ''li'' according to the Chinese standards.<ref name=Chaudhuri223>Chaudhuri, 223</ref> They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-''li'' weight each.<ref name=Chaudhuri223/>

[[File:Meister der Jahângîr-Memoiren 001.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Jahangir]] (reign 1605–1627) weighing his son [[Shah Jahan]] on a [[weighing scale]], 1615, Mughal dynasty.]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1857) undertook central agrarian reforms, under which statistical data was compiled by the local ''quanungo'' officials on instructions from then revenue minister [[Todar Mal]].<ref name=Richard84>Richard, 84</ref> As a part of these reforms, [[Akbar the Great]] (1556–1605) enforced practical standardisation in the empire's weight and measure system.<ref name=Richard84/> The Mughal measurement system measured land in terms of ''[[Guz|gaz]]'' and ''[[bigha]]''.<ref name=Richard84/> The measure of agricultural output was the ''man''.<ref name=Richard84/> Todar Mal's reforms were resisted by large land holders in India, following which the land of these ''[[zamindar]]s'' was placed under the control of the Mughal treasury.<ref name=Richard84/> Mughal surveying parties used standardised bamboo rods with iron joints to clearly record land according to the standard imperial land measures.<ref name=Richard84/> These records were later used to collect land revenue corresponding to the land holdings.<ref name=Richard84/>

[[England|British]] units of measurement were adopted in India as first the [[East India Company]] and later [[British raj|colonial rule]] gained foothold.<ref name=Chakrabarti390/> The [[Republic of India]] adopted the metric system on 1 October 1958.<ref name=Chakrabarti390>Chakrabarti, 390</ref> However, the traditional units still prevail in some areas.<ref name=Chakrabarti391/> Chakrabarti (2007) holds that: 'Yet a few areas have still remained untouched by the metric system. In the land-measuring system in India, possibly one of the most complex and archaic systems, we follow different sets of measuring units and systems in different parts of the country. Different State governments have tried to standardise this by introducing a suitable metric system through which official transactions take place and official records are kept. But the land dealings are still done in a number of archaic units. It appears that people are satisfied and comfortable with them.'<ref name=Chakrabarti391>Chakrabarti, 391</ref>

Indians in villages continue to use some of the ancient measuring techniques and standards such as palm length, arm length or the owner, tula for gold and mana for weight etc.

==See also==
* [[Indian units of measurement]]

==Citations==

{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Allchin, F.R. (1995), "The Mauryan State and Empire", ''The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-37695-5}}.
* Baber, Zaheer (1996), ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.
* Chakrabarti, Bhupati (2007), "Fifty years of the metric system in India and its adoption in our daily life", ''Current Science'', '''92''' (3): 390–391, Indian Academy of Sciences.
* Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), ''Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-28542-9}}.
* Iwata, Shigeo (2008), "Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley", ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)'' edited by [[Helaine Selin]], pp. 2254–2255, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.
* Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2006), "Indus Valley Civilization", ''[[Encyclopedia of India]] (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 258–266, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}
* [[Klaus K. Klostermaier|Klostermaier, Klaus K.]] (2003), "Hinduism, History of Science and Religion", ''Encyclopedia of Science and Religion'' edited by J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen, pp. 405–410, Macmillan Reference USA, {{ISBN|0-02-865704-7}}.
* Richards, John F. etc. (1996), ''The Mughal Empire'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-56603-7}}.
* [[K. V. Sarma|Sarma, K.V.]] (2008), "Astronomy in India", ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)'' edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 317–321, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.
* Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008), "Maps and Mapmaking in India", ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)'' edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 1301–1303, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.
* Sharma, V.L. & Bhardwaj, H.C. (1989), "Weighing Devices in Ancient India", ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' '''24''' (4): 329–336, Indian National Science Academy.
* Whitelaw, Ian (2007), ''A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement'', Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0-312-37026-8}}.

{{Systems of measurement|sp=oxford}}

{{science in India}}

[[Category:Social history of India|Measurement systems]]
[[Category:Systems of units|India]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in India|Measurement systems]]

Dhokla

2025-12-24T13:00:15Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{Short description|Indian vegetarian dish}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dhokla
| image =Dhokla on Gujrart.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Gujarat]]
| creator =
| course = Breakfast, side dish, main course
| served = hot & cold
| main_ingredient = mix of split [[lentil]]s and rice
| variations = [[Khaman]]
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Dhokla''' or '''dokla''' is a savoury sponge dish that is native to the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]] and parts of adjacent states,<ref>{{cite book|first1=N. R.|last1=Reddy|title=Legume Based Fermented Foods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPlKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT271|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|date=6 February 2018|isbn=9781351090902|via=Google Books}}</ref> and is popular throughout the country. It is made with a fermented batter that is steamed to a cake-like consistency. The batter consists of a mixture of rice with the pulse ''[[Bengal gram]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sreeja |first1=J |last2=Prjapati |first2=Jhashbhai B. |title=Ethnic fermented foods and beverages of India : science history and culture |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=9789811514852 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&dq=dhokla&pg=PA178 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref> but has several variants with the gram replaced by [[chickpea]]s, [[pigeon pea]]s, or [[Urad (bean)|urad beans]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yg6zCwAAQBAJ |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified |author=Linda Bladholm |year=2016 |publisher=St. Martin's |isbn=9781250120793 |page=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Redhead|first=J. F.|title=Utilization of tropical foods|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|year=1989|pages=26|isbn=978-92-5-102774-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeGVaboCHnAC&pg=PA26}}</ref>

== History ==
''Dukkia'', a [[pulse (legume)|pulse]]-based precursor of dhokla, is mentioned in a [[Jain literature|Jain]] text dated to 1066 CE. The earliest extant work to mention the word "dhokla" is the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ''Varanaka Samuchaya'' (1520 CE).<ref name="KTAchaya1994">{{cite book |author=K. T. Achaya |author-link=K. T. Achaya |title=Indian food: a historical companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cFcH2ZHWLcC |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=134 |isbn=978-0-19-562845-6 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
Dried rice and split chickpeas ([[chana dal]]) are soaked overnight. The mixture is ground, and the paste is fermented for at least four hours. Spices are added, such as chili pepper, coriander, and ginger.

The fermented batter is then steamed for about 15 minutes and cut into pieces. These chopped pieces are seasoned in sauteed mustard seeds or cumin seeds, green chilis and curry leaves.

Dhokla is usually served with deep fried chillies and coriander chutney and garnished with fresh coriander and/or grated coconut.<ref name=Times_of_India>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/khaman-dhokla/rs53908858.cms |title=Khaman Dhokla Recipe |access-date=2 Feb 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222132211/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/khaman-dhokla/rs53908858.cms |archive-date=22 Feb 2017 }}</ref>

==Types==
[[File:SPECIAL SURATI KHAMAN.jpg|thumb|In contrast to Dhokla, [[khaman]] is made entirely of chickpea batter.]]
[[File:Besan Dhokla - Howrah 2015-04-26 8478.JPG|thumb|Besan dhokla]]

Popular variants of dhokla include:
* Khatta dhokla
* Rasia dhokla
* Moong dal dhokla
*[[Khandvi (food)|Khandavi]] dhokla
* Cheese dhokla
*[[dal|Toor dal]] dhokla
*[[File:Dhokla made in oven.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Dhokla made in oven]]Sandwich dhokla
*[[Semolina|Rava]] dhokla
* Mixed [[dal]] dhokla
*[[Green peas]] dhokla
* Meetha dhokla
*[[Besan]] dhokla

[[Khaman]] is similar but made from chickpea flour without rice. It is generally lighter in colour and softer than dhokla.

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{cookbook|Dhokla}}
* [[List of fermented foods]]
* [[List of steamed foods]]
* [[Khandvi (food)|Khandvi]]
* [[Khaman]]
* [[Idli]]

[[File:Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 805338 - Popular Dhokla.jpeg|thumb|Dhokla depicted on 2017 stamp from India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Legume dishes}}

[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Steamed foods]]

Shashikant Garware

2025-12-23T05:39:55Z

Rocky95A059973: creating a entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Industrialist (born 1934)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shashikant Garware
| image =
| birth_name = Shashikant Bhalchandra Garware
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1934|11|05}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]] [[India]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Dulwich College, London]]
| spouses = Sheila Shashikant Garware
}}

'''Shashikant Bhalchandra Garware''' (born 5 November 1934) is an Indian industrialist and the founder, [[Chair (officer)|chairman]], and [[Chief executive officer|managing director]] of Garware Hi-Tech Films Limited (formerly Garware Polyester Limited).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.garwarehitechfilms.com/team/shashikant-bhalchandra-garware/ | title=Dr. Shashikant Bhalchandra Garware }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Company – Garware Hi-Tech Films Limited |url=https://www.garwarehitechfilms.com/about/company/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Garware |language=en-US}}</ref> He is credited with starting the [[polyester]] industry in [[India]] in June 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Dr. Shashikant Garware: The doyen of the polyester revolution in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-dr-shashikant-garware-the-doyen-of-the-polyester-revolution-in-india-3505421/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/specials/garware-hi-tech-films-a-legacy-of-innovation-in-polyester-manufacturing-124100101178_1.html</ref>

==Early life and education==
Garware was born on 5 November 1934 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[India]]. He is the son of [[Abasaheb Garware]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}He completed his early education in India before attending [[Dulwich College]] in London. He later studied senior business management at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laha |first=Nirvana |date=2024-06-11 |title=Garware Hi-Tech Films Share Analysis: Why Should You Buy? |url=https://congruenceadvisers.com/microcap/garware-hi-tech-films/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Congruence Advisers |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, he was awarded a [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] by [[Mumbai University]] for his contributions to the polyester industry and philanthropic services.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-dr-shashikant-garware-the-doyen-of-the-polyester-revolution-in-india-3505421/ | title=Dr. Shashikant Garware: The doyen of the polyester revolution in India | date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Career==
Garware returned to India in 1951 and joined his father at Garware Motors Ltd.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} In 1957, he became involved in the polyester film industry with the establishment of Garware Polyester Ltd, now known as Garware Hi-Tech Films Ltd (GHFL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garware Hi-Tech Films Limited |url=https://www.garwarehitechfilms.com/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Garware |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1982, GHFL introduced UV-stabilized polyester film in [[India]]. The [[U.S. Patent & Trademark Office|U.S. Patent Authority]] issued a patent for this product.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garware |url=https://www.mahabrands.in/en/maha-brands/garware/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Maha Brands |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
The Garware [[Charitable trust|Charitable Trust]] was established in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garware |url=https://www.mahabrands.in/en/maha-brands/garware/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Maha Brands |language=en-US}}</ref> The Trust provides financial support to educational institutions, hospitals, and healthcare centers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-dr-shashikant-garware-the-doyen-of-the-polyester-revolution-in-india-3505421/ | title=Dr. Shashikant Garware: The doyen of the polyester revolution in India | date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

The trust provided financial aid to the [[Bombay Cricket Association]] (BCA), which named the clubhouse and members' pavilion at [[Wankhede Stadium]] as the Garware Club House.<ref>https://garwareclub.co.in/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garware's 85-year-old CMD Seeks Fresh Term amid Charges of Corporate Mis-governance |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/garwares-85yearold-cmd-seeks-fresh-term-amid-charges-of-corporate-misgovernance/58187.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref> In 1993, the Garware Community Centre was established in [[Aurangabad]] to support sports and cultural activities. Financial assistance was also provided to the [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]] for the development of a stadium in MIDC Chikalthana, now known as Garware Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=CEO Shashikant Garware, Garware Hi-Tech Films Limited's (NSE:GRWRHITECH) largest shareholder sees value of holdings go down 12% after recent drop |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/in/materials/nse-grwrhitech/garware-hi-tech-films-shares/news/ceo-shashikant-garware-garware-hi-tech-films-limiteds-nsegrw |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=simplywall.st |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mappls.com/138de3 | title=Garware Stadium, Chikalthana }}</ref>

Garware has served as a Director on the Central Board of the [[State Bank of India]] and the [[Life Insurance Corporation|Life Insurance Corporation of India]]. He was also an Honorary Consul General of Turkey for their Western India Office and served as President of the Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce and Industry. During this period, he faced allegations of corporate misgovernance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2019-09-17 |title=Garware CMD seeks fresh term amid charges of corporate misgovernance |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/garware-cmd-seeks-fresh-term-amid-charges-of-corporate-misgovernance |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==

In 1981, Garware was awarded the Gold Shield for Import Substitution by the [[Government of India]]. GHFL received the Plexconcil Top Exporter's Award for exporting high-tech polyester films for over three consecutive decades.<ref name="much">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Mumbai University confers {{as written|hono|urary [sic]}} degrees on Zakir Hussain, industrialist Shashikant Garware |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/mumbai-university-confers-degrees-on-zakir-hussain-industrialist-shashikant-garware-7914470/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Garware Hi-Tech Films LTD: Driving Innovation and Market Leadership with Strategic Growth Initiatives |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/garware-hi-tech-films-ltd-driving-innovation-and-market-leadership-with-strategic-growth-initiatives-2209}}</ref> In 2022, he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) degree by [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari|Shri Bhagat Singh Koshyari]], then Governor of Maharashtra and Chancellor of Mumbai University.<ref name="much"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garware, Shashikant}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Longkhüm

2025-12-16T19:40:31Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating Basic Entry V1

{{More footnotes|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Longkhüm
| native_name = Ao Funemro
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Vegetable Capital of Nagaland
| image_flag =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.26355|N|94.4123|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Nagaland]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Longkhum Yimden
| governing_body = Longkhum Village Council (Putu menden)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 87.9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Native
| demographics1_info1 = [[Chungli Ao]] and [[Mongsen Ao]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = {{URL|www.explorelongkhum.com}}
{{URL|nagaland.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Longkhüm''' is a village in [[Mokokchung district]] of [[Nagaland]], India.

== History ==
Longkhum is also known as Ao Funemro, which means the 'vanguard village' for the [[Ao Naga]]s. This name refers to the village's strategic location from which the surrounding hills and valleys could be viewed during headhunting days.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Longkumer |first=Atoba |title=More about Longkhum Village |url=https://mokokchung.nic.in/more-about-longkhum-village/ |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=Mokokchung District, Government of Nagaland |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Longkhüm is located 17 km south-west of [[Mokokchung]], the district headquarters. Situated at an altitude of 1846m [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]], it is the highest village amongst the Ao Nagas. This is one of the reason people believed that the village was the resting place for the spirts of the dead.<ref name=":0" />

== People ==
The people of this village are hard working and one can find exquisite handicrafts and handloom items in this village. On a clear day, one can view the eastern Himalayas of Arunachal and beyond and also the industrial smoke bellowing from the industries in Assam. The Aos have a belief that Longkhüm is the resting place of the spirit of dead on their onward journey to paradise. Mongzu Ki - eagle's eyrie - is situated at a high precipice where eagles have nested for centuries. According to Ao mythology, eagles are the manifestations of the spirits of the dead.This village was once called the Father of Ao villages during the ancient days.

Longkhüm is linked by road to National Highway-61.

== External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044356/http://www.reckonindia.com/nagaland/tourism/mokokchu.asp
*[https://explorelongkhum.com/ Explore Longkhum website]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mokokchung]]
[[Category:Ao villages]]
[[Category:Villages in Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Nagaland]]

Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis

2025-12-16T04:00:57Z

Rocky95A059973: Added new stub

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemiphyllodactylus
| species = kolliensis
| authority = Khandekar, Giri, Ramakrishnan, & Karanth, 2019
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemiphyllodactylus|species=kolliensis}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951979}}

[[Category:Hemiphyllodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

Ambana

2025-12-09T01:12:01Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambana
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1782
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = LanguagesA
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713127
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|22|35.2|N|87|55|47.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Ambana''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], a [[Community development block in India|Community development block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]] subdivision of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.

==Demographics==
The village is 653.97 hectares in area with a population of 1,782.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|accessdate=21 January 2019|work=Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total no. of houses
|'''420'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''1,782'''
|900
|882
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''162'''
|73
|89
|-
|[[Schedule Castes]]
|'''520'''
|265
|255
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribes]]
|'''156'''
|73
|83
|-
|Literacy
|'''75.80 %'''
|82.10 %
|69.23 %
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm Map]
{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Raju Yadav

2025-12-08T19:34:00Z

Rocky95A059973: enhanced article to improve readability after review

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Rajesh Kumar Singh (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajkumar Yadav
| honorific-suffix = Also known as Raju Yadav
| constituency = [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end = March 2022
| predecessor = Ashok Singh Chauhan
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|12|27}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news |title=Member Profile |publisher=Legislative Assembly official website |accessdate=8 December 2015 |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/107.pdf }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| parents = Chandrapal Singh (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| spouse = Vandana Yadav
| children = Rishi Raj Yadav; Shaurya Raj Yadav
| residence = Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = [[Agra University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1848 |title=Rajkumar Alias Raju Yadav (Samajwadi Party) – Affidavit Information }}</ref>
| profession = Farmer, businessperson and politician
}}

'''Rajkumar Yadav''', also known as '''Raju Yadav''', is an Indian politician and a former member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th]] and [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th]] Legislative Assemblies of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news |title=Candidate affidavit |publisher=MyNeta.info |accessdate=8 December 2015 |url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1386 }}</ref> He represented the [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]] constituency as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=8 December 2015 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf }}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news |title=All MLAs from constituency |publisher=elections.in |accessdate=8 December 2015 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mainpuri.html }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajkumar Yadav was born in [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. He studied at Narayan College, affiliated with [[Agra University]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/>

==Political career==
Rajkumar Yadav served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]] constituency for two consecutive terms as a candidate of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || March 2012 ||March 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || March 2017 ||March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

2021 Pune fire

2025-12-07T13:06:09Z

Rocky95A059973: put up new details...

{{Short description|Industrial fire in Pune, India}}
{{Old news|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| date = 7 June 2021
| location = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| type = building fire
| reported deaths = 18
| reported injuries = unknown
}}
{{Coord|18.511904|73.678780|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
On 7 June 2021, a fire in [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India, killed at least 18 people.<ref name=B>{{cite news|title=Eighteen dead in India chemical plant fire|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57395290|date=8 June 2021|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khelkar |first1=Pankaj |title=18 dead after fire breaks out at chemical factory in Pune; PM announces Rs 2 lakh ex-gratia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/pune/story/fire-erupts-in-water-purifying-factory-in-pune-1812032-2021-06-07 |website=India Today |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=en |date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

At around 15:45 on 7 June 2021, a fire broke out at a [[chemical plant]] on the outskirts of Pune in MIDC area of Urawade-Pirangut. The plant manufactured chemicals and sanitisers.<ref name=B/> At the time of the fire, which occurred approximately 10 miles from the city centre, 37 workers were trapped inside the building.<ref name=B/> Fifteen of the 18 victims were women, and most were residents of [[Mulshi taluka]]. The bodies were found in huddled together in multiple groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanksale |first=Mihir |date=8 June 2021 |title=18, mostly women, killed in fire at Pune chemical unit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/18-mostly-women-killed-in-fire-at-pune-chemical-unit/articleshow/83310219.cms |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] declared an [[ex gratia]] of 2 lakh rupees to the families of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=18 killed, many missing as fire engulfs Pune sanitiser factory |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Jun/07/18-killed-many-missing-as-fire-engulfs-pune-sanitiser-factory-2312978.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune fire, 2021}}
[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2021 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Pune|June 2021 fire]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:June 2021 in India]]
[[Category:Urban fires in Asia]]

{{Fire-stub}}
{{maharashtra-stub}}

Chitragam

2025-11-30T06:00:07Z

Rocky95A059973: Added a details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitragam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Chitra Gam
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.77|N|74.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank = 7th
| area_total_km2 = 5
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 63.73%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|13.4|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Srinagar via NH1
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|67.4|km|mi}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 436 householders
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 192303
| website =
| footnotes =
}} '''Chitra Gam''' is a tehsil and a town in [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was upgraded to [[Tehsil]] under the administration of [[Shopian district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/DataEntry/HabitationDirectory/Reports/Rep_DirectoryList.aspx?Condition=P50votMRqBU%3D&id=rv7zif4VMn3WvddU6RkVVw%3D%3D&StateName=WnDkXXGG7DfCRzL86M0imSGSDkJghC4%2B&DistrictName=UwqikSg0P58%3D&level=cMpX3xtH%2BqA%3D&sublevel=zf5afxWBEDk%3D |title=List of Villages |website=indiawater.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/complete-list-of-new-administrative-units/163299.html |title=Complete List of New Administrative Units: |website=greaterkashmir.com |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2017/05/27/chitragam-tehsil-headless-6-months/ |title=Chitragam tehsil headless for 6 months |website=kashmirreader.com |publisher=[[Kashmir Reader]]}}</ref> It is situated {{cvt|13|km}} away from Shopian, where its district administrative units and district headquarters are located, and at a distance of {{cvt|67.4|km}}, the state summer capital [[Srinagar]] is situated via Srinagar-[[Pulwama]] road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3342-chitra-gam-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Chitra Gam Population - Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census 2011 India}}</ref> This village is bounded by Molo, Maladair, Sugoo, and Handhama villages. It {{cvt|8.9|km}} away from Achan [[Rambi Ara]] Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Achan+Rambi+Ara+Bridge,+Panjran/Chitra+Gam+192303/@33.7947714,74.9226726,14z/am=t/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e21d8015bf279b:0xf1dc6f73e9389d8e!2m2!1d74.9689868!2d33.8029121!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e1f70dbd4e6e7b:0xb8858a2648f9d002!2m2!1d74.9113776!2d33.7762112 |title=Achan Rambi Ara Bridge |website=google.co.in/maps |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shopian.nic.in/Downloads/List%20of%20Volunteers%20DM.pdf |title=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |website=shopian.nic.in |publisher=District Shopian}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the report of [[2011 Census of India]], Chitragam is home of 436 householders which extends to 2,634 individuals, of which 1,320 are male and 1,314 are female.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |title=district census handbook |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Zainapora]]
*[[Aglar Zainapora|Aglar]]
*[[Litter, Pulwama|Litter]]
*[[Pulwama]]
*[[Bijbehara]]
*[[Anantnag]]
*[[Shopian]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Chitragam is a town in Shopian district which is known for his huge area and population. It is attractive town as it’s covered with apple orchards and small villages.
Chitragam town has almost 1000 plus households presently

[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Raj Bhavan, Pune

2025-11-30T05:52:26Z

Rocky95A059973: update page additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Pune]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Sheikh Sahil

2025-10-29T07:24:03Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sheikh Sahil
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Sheikh Sahil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|11|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Barrackpore]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| years1 = 2019–2020
| clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps1 = 16
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020–2022
| clubs2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 = 7
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–2024
| clubs3 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps3 = 1
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2023
| clubs4 = → [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (loan)
| caps4 = 7
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2023–2024
| clubs5 = → [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (loan)
| caps5 = 18
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2024–2025
| clubs6 = [[SC Bengaluru]]
| caps6 = 3
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2025
| clubs7 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| caps7 = 3
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2025-
| clubs8 = [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| club-update = 12:42, 29 October 2025 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
}}

'''Sheikh Sahil''' (born 12 November 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]] for a [[Calcutta Football League]] club, [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]].

==Club career==
===Mohun Bagan===
Sahil started his career at [[Mohun Bagan|Mohun Bagan academy]]. As a young player he took part various youth tournaments and leagues with [[Mohun Bagan]]. He also played in the U-16 I-League as a part of Mohun Bagan youth team. He first came on limelight in youth development league organised by [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] and [[Zee Bangla]], though his team was the runners up in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/zee-bangla-football-league-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/146mtw0111fo31u1o4jq6iw9iz|title=Zee Bangla Football League: The farce that was the East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan U-19 final {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

====Professional career====
In the tournament, he showed his potent and skills and as a result he was signed by the then coach [[Kibu Vicuna]] in the senior team on a four-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/player-details/|title=Player Details|website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> He was a dependable man in 2019–20 season for Mohun Bagan. He won the I-League in the 2019 season for Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/mohun-bagan-i-league-2019-20-champions-beat-aizawl-fc-1-0-report-1654190-2020-03-10|title=Mohun Bagan crowned I-League 2019-20 champions after 1-0 win over Aizawl|date=March 10, 2020|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

He was chosen by [[Kibu Vicuña]] for the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 Calcutta Football League]]. Sahil made his [[Durand Cup]] debut on 2 August 2019 against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. His team won the match 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-vs-mohammedan-durand-cup-2019-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-salt-lake/article28796986.ece|title=Durand Cup 2019, As it happened: Chamorro double gives Bagan 2-0 win over Mohammedan|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

On 30 November 2019, he made his [[I-League]] debut against [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] as a substitute in the second half, replacing [[Britto PM]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-scouting-report-sk-sahil|title=Scouting Report: Who is Mohun Bagan's teenage sensation Sk Sahil?|date=2020-04-04|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> He made his full league debut against [[Gokulam FC|Gokulam]] on 16 December; a match that Mohun Bagan would win 2–1.

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|11 February 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|sheikh-sahil/645142}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Mohun Bagan SG|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{nowrap|[[2019–20 Mohun Bagan AC season|2019–20]]}}
|[[I-League]]
|16||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||20||0
|-
|[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
|Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0||5{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!7!!0!!0!!0!!5!!0!!12!!0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Jamshedpur FC season|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!1!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!4!!0
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (loan)
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|I-League
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (loan)
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|I-League
|18||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
|[[SC Bengaluru]]
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|I-League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|I-League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
|[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
|[[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|
|
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!55!!0!!7!!0!!5!!0!!67!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[I-League]]: [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]

'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
'''Inter Kashi'''

* [[I-League]]: [[2024–25 I-League|2024-25]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahil, Sheikh}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]

Hazira Gas Processing Complex

2025-10-20T11:27:39Z

Rocky95A059973: Added new details...

{{Short description|Gas-processing complex in Hazira, India}}

{{Infobox oil refinery
| name = Hazira Gas Processing Complex
| image = File:Hazira_Industrial_Area,ONGC.jpg
| imagesize =
| image alt =
| caption = Aerial view of Hazira Gas Processing Complex (2011)
| coordinates = {{coord|21.157870|N|72.730929|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| location_map = India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| country = India
| province = [[Gujarat]]
| city = [[Hazira]], [[Surat]]
| operator = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
| owner = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| founded = 
| closure = 
| capacity bbl/d = 
| employees =
| ref units =
| oil tank =
| oil refining center =
| website =
}}

'''Hazira Gas Processing Complex''' (also known as '''HGPC''') is a natural gas processing plant operated by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] in [[Hazira]], India.

== History ==
Phase 1 of the plant was commissioned in the mid-1980s, and its infrastructure was designed for receiving natural gas along with associated condensate from the [[Mumbai High Field|Mumbai High Off-shore Field]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=R. K. |last2=Khan |first2=A. A. |date=September 1991 |title=Risk Analysis of a Gas-Processing Complex in India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00627.x |journal=Risk Analysis |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=409–417 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00627.x |issn=0272-4332|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Once the condensate is separated and treated in condensate fractionation units, the gas undergoes several stages to extract [[liquefied petroleum gas]] and lower its dew point to below 5°C. This aims to prepare it for extended transport via the [[HVJ Gas Pipeline]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1986, the [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] contract for phase 1 was awarded to state-run [[Engineers India]], which, in turn, ran the global tendering process on behalf of ONGC.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59Gf3N7Ze0gC&dq=Hazira+Gas+Processing+Complex&pg=PA29 |title=Business America |date=1986 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref>

== Accidents ==

* Multiple explosions triggered a large-scale fire at the gas processing plant in Hazira, during the early hours of September 24, 2020. There were no reported casualties.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-09-24 |title=Massive fire at ONGC's Hazira plant in Surat extinguished; no casualty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/massive-fire-at-ongcs-hazira-plant-in-surat-extinguished/article32682971.ece |access-date=2023-12-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Subsequently, according to the investigation report by the [[Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board]], the explosions occurred because of the gaskets, which were not sourced from the original equipment manufacturers. Instead, 'O' rings were obtained from local markets and utilized without implementing any quality control measures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hazira gas plant fire due to faulty gasket: PNGRB report |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-hazira-gas-plant-fire-due-to-faulty-gasket-pngrb-report-2173587/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{energy-stub}}

[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:Energy in Gujarat]]

All India Students Association

2025-10-07T15:40:05Z

Rocky95A059973: enhance intro after review

#REDIRECT [[All India Students' Association]]

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Neel (village)

2025-09-08T06:37:07Z

Rocky95A059973:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Neel
|coordinates = {{coord|33.47507|N|75.21986|E|type:city_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[India]]
|subdivision_type1 = Territory
|subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = [[Ramban district]]
|subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
|subdivision_name3 = [[Banihal|Banihal tehsil]]
|unit_pref = Metric
|population_density_km2 = auto
}}

'''Neel''' is a village and niabat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} place of diverse culture, beautiful meadows {{!}} India |url=https://ramban.gov.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> located in the [[Banihal|Banihal tehsil]] of [[Ramban district]] in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-01 |title=Address drinking water shortage in Ramban district: Sajjad Shaheen |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/pir-panjal/address-drinking-water-shortage-in-ramban-district-sajjad-shaheen/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated approximately 40 kilometres from the sub-district headquarters, [[Ramsoo]]. It is known for Neel Top, a meadow in upper area of Neel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} place of diverse culture, beautiful meadows {{!}} India |url=https://ramban.gov.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Neel lies in the north-western Himalayas, in the upper reaches of [[Ramban district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvaiz |first=M. M. |date=2024-02-19 |title=Snowfall in upper reaches, rains in plains affect life in Ramban district |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/snowfall-in-upper-reaches-rains-in-plains-affect-life-in-ramban-district/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> It falls under the jurisdiction of medical block Ukhral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allopathic Dispensary Neel closed even in medical emergency - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=289255 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref>

==Neel Banihal ==
Neel Top is the upper meadows of Neel area which is located at an elevation of around 2000 metres, is a prominent point in the Pir Panjal range.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army organises snow art competition at Neel Top |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/army-organises-snow-art-competition-at-neel-top |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref> It can be accessed via two main routes originating from Chamalwas and Magarkote, both situated along the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway (NH-44). It acts as a base for several trekking expeditions into the Pir Panjal range. Popular trekking routes from Neel Top include Wasa Marg, Ejan-tragh, Chang Top, Hals-Dhar, Bari-naal, Zaradi, Devita-Dhar, Wanbara, Hansraj Pass, Perhinder,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-08 |title=DC Ramban Mussarat Islam convenes public outreach camp at Neel- Parindhar |url=https://boldnewsonline.com/dc-ramban-mussarat-islam-convenes-public-outreach-camp-at-neel-parindhar/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Bold News |language=en-US}}</ref> Daganbass, Sargali, Yamul Top, Mayalsar, and Nandimarg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharief Qadri |first=Syed Aamir |date=2022-01-01 |title=Pir Panjal: 'Unexplored Beauty of Ramban |url=https://kashmirscanmagazine.com/2022/01/pir-panjal-unexplored-beauty-of-ramban/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Kashmir Scan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-07 |title=MLA Banihal Reviews Restoration and Developmental Works in Ramsoo |url=https://risingkashmir.com/mla-banihal-reviews-restoration-and-developmental-works-in-ramsoo/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramban district]]

Pulakkattu Raveendran

2025-05-30T17:10:41Z

Rocky95A059973: Adding a data nd citations

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Pulakkattu Raveendran''' (30 January 1932 – 21 June 1995) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] poet from [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[South India]]. His anthology of poems titled ''Pulakkattu Raveendrante Kavithakal'' received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the year 1990.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw2.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</ref> His other works include ''Nakshatra Paragam'', ''Pravasam'' and ''Swakshetram''.

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raveendran, Pulakkattu}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Nawada, Uttar Pradesh

2025-05-17T16:42:08Z

Rocky95A059973: Creating The Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Nawada''' is a village situated in the Puwarka Mandal of [[Saharanpur District]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The village is about 28.03 kilometres from the Mandal headquarters at [[Punwarka]], and is located 497 kilometres from the state capital in [[Lucknow]].

Villages nearby include Samaspur Kalan (1.2 km), Shekhpura (1.3 km), Bhatpura and Kazi Bans (2.0 km).
From Nawada approx 3km far away Radha Soami satsang ghar branch available.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Villages Saharanpur district}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Saharanpur district]]

Ficus bhotanica

2025-03-30T06:36:08Z

Rocky95A059973: Added new data

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Ficus
| species = bhotanica
| authority = [[George King (botanist)|King]]
| synonyms = {{species list
|Ficus laceratifolia|[[Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé|H.Lév.]] & [[Eugène Vaniot|Vaniot]]
|Ficus rhomboidalis|H.Lév. & Vaniot
|Ficus gasparriniana var. laceratifolia|(H.Lév. & Vaniot) [[E. J. H. Corner|Corner]]}}
| synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=852492-1 |title=''Ficus bhotanica'' King
|access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ficus bhotanica''''', commonly known as '''Christmas fig''' or '''{{transliteration|zh|ling ye guan mao rong}}''' ({{lang-zh|s=菱叶冠毛榕}}),<ref name=NC/><ref name=FoC/> is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Moraceae]]. It is [[Native species|native]] to [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], and [[Myanmar]].

==Taxonomy and history==
''Ficus bhotanica'' was described by [[George King (botanist)|George King]] in 1888. The same species would be described from a different [[type specimen]] as ''Ficus laceratifolia'' by [[Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé]] and [[Eugène Vaniot]] in 1907, and later recharacterised as a [[Variety (botany)|variety]] of ''[[Ficus gasparriniana]]'', ''F. gasparriniana'' var. ''laceratifolia'', by [[Edred John Henry Corner]] in 1960.<ref name=POWO/><ref name=India>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Lal Babu |last2=Sudhakar |first2=Jana Venkata |last3=Kumar |first3=Anoop |last4=Bajpai |first4=Omesh |last5=Tiwari |first5=Rinkey |last6=Murthy |first6=G. V. S. |year=2012 |title=Synopsis of the Genus ''Ficus'' L. (Moraceae) in India |journal=[[Taiwania]] |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=195 |doi=10.6165/tai.2012.57(2).193 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228327325 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Ficus bhotanica'' is native to Bhutan, China ([[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]]), India ([[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]]), and Myanmar.<ref name=FoC>{{cite book |editor-last1=Zhengyi |editor-first1=Wu |editor-last2=Raven |editor-first2=Peter H. |editor1-link=Wu Zhengyi |editor2-link=Peter H. Raven |year=2003 |chapter=''Ficus gasparriniana'' var. ''laceratifolia'' (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore. 17: 428. 1960. |title=Flora of China: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae |series=[[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China]] |publisher=[[China Science Publishing & Media|Science Press]] and [[Missouri Botanical Garden Press]] |volume=5 |page=57 |isbn=1-930723-27-X |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322233}}</ref><ref name=India/> In China, it grows in forests at {{cvt|600-1300|m}} [[above sea level]].<ref name=FoC/>

==Description==
''Ficus bhotanica'' is an [[evergreen]] tree or shrub growing up to {{cvt|6|ft}} tall, sometimes producing [[aerial roots]].<ref name=NC>{{cite web |title=''Ficus bhotanica'' (Christmas Fig) |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ficus-bhotanica/ |website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] and [[North Carolina A&T State University]] |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> The dark green leaves are [[Glossary of leaf morphology#obovate|obovate]] and measure approximately {{cvt|7-15|cm}} by {{cvt|2.5-5|cm}} with one to four irregular teeth near the tip. The fruits are red [[achene]]s measuring {{cvt|2.5-3.5|mm}} in diameter.<ref name=NC/><ref name=FoC/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q131341758}}

[[Category:Ficus|bhotanica]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George King (botanist)]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangxi]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1888]]
[[Category:Flora of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Flora of Guizhou]]
[[Category:Flora of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]

Santram Mandir

2025-03-29T23:09:25Z

Rocky95A059973: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{rewrite|date=February 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Santram Mandir
| image = Santram mandir.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Santram Mandir during Dev Diwali Celebration
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| district = [[Kheda]]
| location = Nadiad
| elevation_m =
| deity = Santram Maharaj
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Santram Mandir''' is a Hindu temple in [[Nadiad]], Gujarat, India. It is run by the Santram Maharaj organization.

==External links==
*[https://www.santram.org/ Official website]
*[http://www.gujarat.com/photo/nadiad/santaram_temple Photo gallery]

{{coord|22.689|72.864|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kheda district]]