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Habra Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T07:29:21Z

Robxgr: made a post

{{Short description|State-level election constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Habra
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Habra.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Habra Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Debdas Mondal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| constituency_no = 100
| established = 1951
| electors = 242,425
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
}}

'''Habra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Pie chart
| value1 = 33.35
| value2 = 33.35
| value3 = 22.2
| value4 = 5.55
| value5 = 5.55
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (6 times)
| label2 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (6 times)
| label3 = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (4 time)
| label4 = [[Bangla Congress]] (1 time)
| label5= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| color3 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|color4 = {{party color|Bangla Congress}}
|color5 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful parties from Habra assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 100 Habra Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Habra]] municipality, and Kumra, Pritibha, Rautara and [[Maslandapur|Machhalandpur]] II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Habra I (Community development block)|Habra I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Habra Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan="3"|Tarun Kanti Ghose
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| J.P. Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="3"|Tarun Kanti Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|Nirode Roy Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2"|Kamal Sengupta (Bose)
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Baren Basu
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Tapati Datta
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| P K Bhattacharya
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Debdas Mondal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Habra}}[[Jyotipriya Mallick]] was released on bail in January 2025 after spending approximately 14 to 15 months in jail following his October 27, 2023, arrest by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) regarding a multi-crore ration distribution scam.
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Debdas Mondal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=104,645|percentage=52.65|change={{Increase}}10.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jyotipriya Mallick]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=73,183|percentage=36.82|change={{Decrease}}7.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rijinandan Biswas|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=15,237|percentage=7.67|change={{Decrease}}3.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pronob Bhattacharya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,145|percentage=0.58|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kamalendu Bala|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=540|percentage=0.27|change={{Decrease}}0.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Asik Raj Mondal|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=306|percentage=0.15|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=988|percentage=0.5|change={{Decrease}}0.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,462|percentage=15.83|change={{Increase}}13.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=198,737|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Habra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
|votes = 90,533
|percentage =44.35
|change =-9.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rahul Sinha (politician)|Rahul Sinha]]|votes=86,692|percentage=42.47|change=+30.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Rijinandan Biswas|votes=21,994|percentage=10.78|change=-18.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,290|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Santosh Biswas|votes=1,125|percentage=0.6|change=-0.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,841|percentage=1.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=204,736|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Habra constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
|votes = 101,590
|percentage = 54.31
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ashis Kantha Mukherjee
|votes = 55,643
|percentage = 29.75
|change = -9.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Govindo Das
|votes = 22,967
|percentage = 12.28
|change = +8.74
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = SUCI
|candidate = Tushar Ghosh
|votes = 2,033
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamalendu Bala
|votes = 1,359
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187,056
|percentage = 85.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Jyotipriya Mallick of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Pranab Bhattacharya of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Habra constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=100|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Habra|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 24 April 2011|archive-date = 27 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191611/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=100|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
|votes = 86,218
|percentage = 55.00
|change = +4.87#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pranab Bhattacharya
|votes = 60,826
|percentage = 38.80
|change = -7.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Utpal Kumar Paul
|votes = 5,543
|percentage = 3.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamalendu Bala
|votes = 2,001
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyen Roy
|votes = 1,288
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amar Krishna Manadal
|votes = 877
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 156,753
|percentage = 87.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 11.67#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 Assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> P K Bhattacharyya of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Habra assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Tapati Dutta of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], who won the 2001 election<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> defeating [[Amitava Nandy]] of CPI (M). Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 1996, Baren Basu of CPI (M) defeated his nearest rival Abdul Hamid Mandal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> In 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Kamal Sengupta (Bose) of CPI (M) defeated Biman Dutta of Congress. In 1982 Nirode Roy Choudhury of CPI(M) defeated Biman Dutta of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> In 1977 Nirode Roy Choudhury of CPI (M) defeated his nearest rival Krishnadas Chattopadhyay of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp87.htm |title =87 - Habra Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Tarun Kanti Ghose of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> J.P.Mukherjee of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Tarun Kanti Ghose won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>[[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Surat–Hapa Intercity Express

2026-05-08T05:31:02Z

Robxgr: adding new location initial version

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Surat–Hapa Intercity Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Surat}} (ST)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Hapa}} (HAPA)
| distance = {{convert|552|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9h 45m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC chair car, First Class, Second Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Yes
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22961/22962
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =Gujarat
}}

The 22961/22962 '''Surat–Hapa Intercity Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Intercity]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Surat}} and {{stnlnk|Hapa}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22961/22962 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5638 22961/Surat–Hapa Weekly Intercity Express] India Rail Info</ref><ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5950 22962/Hapa–Surat Weekly Intercity Express] India Rail Info</ref>

== Service==

*The 22961/Surat–Hapa Intercity Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 552 km in 9h 45m.
*The 22962/Hapa–Surat Intercity Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 552 km in 9h 55m.

== Route and halts ==

22961/62 Surat–Hapa Intercity Express runs from Surat via {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} to Hapa.

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Kim}}
* {{stnlnk|Kosamba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Miyagam Karjan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Than}}
* {{stnlnk|Wankaner Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Paddhari}}
* {{stnlnk|Hapa}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 First Class (FC)
* 3 AC Chair Car (CC)
* 6 Second Sitting (2S)
* 9 General Unreserved (GEN)
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake (SLR)

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Surat to {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}. From Ahmedabad Junction, train is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive to Hapa and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12935/12936 [[Bandra Terminus–Surat Intercity Express]] and 22959/22960 [[Surat–Jamnagar Intercity Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Hapa railway station]]
* [[Surat railway station]]
* [[Hapa–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Sarvodaya Express]]
* [[Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express|Hapa–Madgaon Superfast Express]]
* [[Hapa–Bilaspur Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3316&did=1468845788898E1E7C1B863F236EBBC8E38EA6B6F1846.web91 STATUS & TRAIN NUMBER OF WR’S 26 MAIL/EXPRESS TRAINS WILL CHANGE TO SUPERFAST]
* [http://www.konkanrailway.com/press/details/617 Traffic Block between Nagothane and Roha station]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Konkan-railway-timetable-out/articleshow/47007996.cms Konkan railway timetable out]

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surat-Hapa Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Tebma Shipyard Limited

2026-05-06T13:47:29Z

Robxgr: adding the info more to come

{{Short description|Indian shipbuilding company}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
'''Tebma Shipyards Limited''' is a [[Chennai]] based [[shipbuilding]] company in [[India]]. The [[company]] has delivered more than 150 vessels, mainly [[offshore support vessel]]s. It was shut down in June 2021 due to various reasons.

==History==
Tebma was incorporated in 1984 and commenced operations in 1987. It has shipyards at [[Malpe]] in Karnataka, [[Kochi]] in Kerala and [[Chengalpet]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Tebma>{{cite web |url=http://www.tebma.com/ |title=Home |website=tebma.com}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, [[Bharati Shipyard]] acquired a 51 per cent stake in the Tebma Shipyards for a price of {{INRConvert|757.5|m|0}} through a fresh issue of capital at a price of Rs 19.20 per share (face value of Rs 10). Tebma in 2011 signed a deal with Vosta LMG, one of the world's largest dredging technology firm, to build dredgers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GERMANY'S VOSTA, TEBMA SHIPYARDS SIGN DREDGE-BUILDING CONTRACT|url=http://www.industrialmarinepower.com/-3-1275-germany8217s-vosta-tebma-shipyards-sign-dredgebuilding-contract.html}}</ref> In 2015, it delivered [[Dredger 1]]; the 1st [[dredger]] for exclusive use by [[Indian Navy]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tebma Shipyards mulls making patrol vessels for defence|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=19 May 2015|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tebma-shipyards-mulls-making-patrol-vessels-for-defence-115051901459_1.html}}</ref>
The yard is acquired by [[Cochin Shipyard|Cochin Shipyard Limited]], [[Kochi]] in 2021

==Products==
It is primarily engaged in the design and construction of offshore support vessels, [[tugboats]], [[dredgers]], [[floating crane]]s and pilot launches.<ref name=Tebma/>

*[[Arga Class tugboat]]
*[[Nakul class tugboat]]
*[[Bhim class tugboat]]
*[[Madan Singh Class tugboat]]
*[[B.C. Dutt class tugboat]]
*[[Fugro Voyager]]
*[[Fugro Scout]]
*[[Mokul Nordic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shipyards of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1984]]

Avantika (actress)

2026-05-05T03:51:08Z

Robxgr: new initial article more to come.

{{short description|American actress (born 2005)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Avantika
| image = Avantika Vandanapu Headshot.jpg
| caption = Avantika in 2017
| birth_name = Avantika Vandanapu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|1|25}}
| birth_place = [[Union City, California|Union City]], [[California]], United States
| education = [[Columbia University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–present
| website = {{URL|iamavantika.com}}
}}

'''Avantika Vandanapu''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|v|ɑː|n|t|ɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|ə|VAHN|ti|kə}}; {{IPA|te|avan̪t̪ika ʋan̪d̪anapu|lang}}; born January 25, 2005), known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Avantika''', is an American actress. She began her career with the 2016 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' and later took on several other projects within Telugu cinema. She then transitioned to American cinema and had her first lead role in the [[List of Disney Channel original films|Disney Channel original movie]] ''[[Spin (2021 film)|Spin]]'' (2021) and subsequently starred in [[Netflix]]'s ''[[Senior Year (2022 film)|Senior Year]]'' (2022)''.'' She gained recognition with supporting roles in the musical comedy ''[[Mean Girls (2024 film)|Mean Girls]]'' and horror film ''[[Tarot (2024 American film)|Tarot]]'' (both 2024).

==Early and personal life==
Avantika Vandanapu was born to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Union City, California]], in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], on January 25, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avantika |url=https://www.iamavantika.com/ |access-date=April 4, 2024 |website=Avantika |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Spin actor Avantika on Disney Channel film being a win for South Asian community, her acting icons, and career aspirations |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spin-actor-avantika-on-disney-channel-film-being-a-win-for-south-asian-community-her-acting-icons-and-career-aspirations-9895221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818144624/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spin-actor-avantika-on-disney-channel-film-being-a-win-for-south-asian-community-her-acting-icons-and-career-aspirations-9895221.html |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalanidhi|first=Manju Latha|date=August 22, 2021|title=Girl on fire: Telugu ammayi from LA Avantika Vandanapu hailed as breakout star of Disney's 'Spin'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2021/aug/22/girl-on-fire-teluguammayi-from-la-avantika-vandanapu-hailed-as-breakout-star-of-disneys-spin-2347143.html|url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823082353/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2021/aug/22/girl-on-fire-teluguammayi-from-la-avantika-vandanapu-hailed-as-breakout-star-of-disneys-spin-2347143.html |archive-date=August 23, 2021 }}</ref> Her family originally hails from [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India before they emigrated to the United States. She took drama lessons at the [[American Conservatory Theater]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Belle|first=Nithin|date=August 28, 2021|title=Dubai is favourite city for Indian-American showbiz star Avantika Vandanapu|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/dubai-is-favourite-city-for-indian-american-showbiz-star-avantika-vandanapu|url-status=live|website=Khaleej Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828072223/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/dubai-is-favourite-city-for-indian-american-showbiz-star-avantika-vandanapu |archive-date=August 28, 2021 }}</ref>

Avantika currently resides in New York City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2024 |title=Get in, loser. A brown Mean Girl is here |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/get-in-loser-a-brown-mean-girl-is-here-avantika-vandanapu |access-date=January 25, 2024 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> She attends [[Columbia University]] as a member of the class of 2027.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Rachel |title=She doesn't even go here!... Oh wait, she does: Meet Avantika Vandanapu from 'Mean Girls' |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/arts-and-culture/2024/02/02/she-doesnt-even-go-here-oh-wait-she-does-meet-avantika-vandanapu-from-mean-girls/ |access-date=February 12, 2024 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early work in Indian cinema (2014–2016)===
In 2014, Avantika won second place in the [[Zee TV]] dance competition reality series ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters|Dance India Dance L'il Masters]] (North America Edition)''.<ref name="TRI1">{{cite web |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Avantika Vandanapu from Union City was selected as one of the top ten finalists out of more than 10,000 contestants |url=http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2014-08-19&file=AvantikaVandanapu+265TSP+++TCV.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521104449/http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2014-08-19&file=AvantikaVandanapu+265TSP+++TCV.txt |archive-date=May 21, 2015 |website=[[Tri-City Voice]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Avantika entered [[Telugu cinema]] in 2015 and was signed for two movies. She was selected to play the role of Chutki in 14 Reels Entertainment's ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' (2016), however, scheduling conflicts forced her to leave during production. Avantika officially debuted as a child artist in [[Brahmotsavam (film)|''Brahmotsavam'']] (2016) starring [[Mahesh Babu]]. She then appeared in Chandra Shekhar Yeleti's film ''[[Manamantha]]''. Later, she signed on for ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' starring [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Shruti Hassan]], in which she portrayed the younger version of [[Madonna Sebastian]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avantika Vandanapu Indian American Actress {{!}} Tollywood to Hollywood |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/indian-origin/avantika-vandanapu-in-disney-channel-film/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003730/https://www.globalindian.com/story/indian-origin/avantika-vandanapu-in-disney-channel-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Avantika revealed that the key reason for her departure from Telugu cinema was the lack of variety in the roles she was offered which mainly consisted of playing the younger character of the female lead or a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title="Mahesh Babu is down to earth, great actor": Avantika Vandanapu |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-ridhima-pandit-spotted-bandra/mahesh-babu-is-down-to-earth-great-actor-avantika-vandanapu-disney-spin-burning-ques-ep-12/ |access-date=February 4, 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Transition to American cinema (2021–present) ===
In 2021, Avantika debuted into [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]] by playing the lead role of Rhea Kumar, a headstrong high school student with aspirations of becoming a DJ in the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Spin (2021 film)|Spin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spin movie review: Avantika Vandanapu, Abhay Deol film is a welcome deviation from typical high school flicks|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/entertainmenttopstories/spin-movie-review-avantika-vandanapu-abhay-deol-film-is-a-welcome-deviation-from-typical-high-school-flicks/ar-AANmpQs|access-date=August 23, 2021|website=www.msn.com|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823081341/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/entertainmenttopstories/spin-movie-review-avantika-vandanapu-abhay-deol-film-is-a-welcome-deviation-from-typical-high-school-flicks/ar-AANmpQs|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, along with her performance, had a positive reception from Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Firstpost]]'' who took note of her "sparkling eyes, as she glides through the restaurant with as much ease as she finds her groove behind the mixing console".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Spin movie review: Avantika Vandanapu, Abhay Deol film is a welcome deviation from typical high school flicks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spin-movie-review-avantika-vandanapu-abhay-deol-film-is-a-welcome-deviation-from-typical-high-school-flicks-9888921.html |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819042241/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spin-movie-review-avantika-vandanapu-abhay-deol-film-is-a-welcome-deviation-from-typical-high-school-flicks-9888921.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She followed this with supporting roles in the unremarkable [[Lists of Netflix original films|Netflix original films]] [[Moxie (film)|''Moxie'']] (2021) and ''[[Senior Year (2022 film)|Senior Year]]'' (2022)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Jade Bender, Michael Cimino, Jeremy Ray Taylor and Avantika Join Paramount Players' 'Senior Year'(EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/senior-year-rebel-wilson-jade-bender-michael-cimino-1235021598/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine) | Variety]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Avantika portrayed Karen Shetty in the [[Mean Girls (2024 film)|film adaptation]] of the Broadway musical ''[[Mean Girls (musical)|Mean Girls]]'', based on the [[Mean Girls|2004 movie of the same name]].<ref name="Grobar">{{cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=February 8, 2023 |title='Mean Girls': Avantika, Christopher Briney & Bebe Wood Board Paramount Film Based On Tony-Nominated Musical Adaptation |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/mean-girls-the-musical-film-adds-avantika-christopher-briney-bebe-wood-1235253619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208210143/https://deadline.com/2023/02/mean-girls-the-musical-film-adds-avantika-christopher-briney-bebe-wood-1235253619/amp/ |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]}}</ref> She had to take a "temporary leave of absence" from university to accommodate the timings required for shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Chandreyee |date=April 8, 2024 |title="It's a shock for any brown parent": 'Mean Girls' actress Avantika Vandanapu on the driving forces behind her rise to stardom |url=https://vogue.sg/avantika-vandanapu-profile/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=[[Vogue Singapore]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Avantika discussed the change in Karen's ethnicity from the original film, stating that "playing that kind of character, especially as an Indian American woman, is really, really crazy". She added that she was "excited to finally play a South Asian character that wasn’t reduced to being a stereotype".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Bhargavi |date=February 4, 2024 |title=The Desi Mean Girl: A Conversation With Avantika Vandanapu Who Breaks Stereotypes in the New Version of Iconic Film |url=https://americankahani.com/celebrities/the-desi-mean-girl-a-conversation-with-avantika-vandanapu-who-breaks-stereotypes-in-the-new-version-of-iconic-film/ |access-date=February 4, 2024 |website=American Kahani |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics, however, her performance was well received.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Chris |date=January 12, 2024 |title='Mean Girls' musical reboot described as "snappy" yet "culturally irrelevant" in mixed reviews |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/mean-girls-musical-reboot-described-as-snappy-yet-culturally-irrelevant-in-mixed-reviews-3569878 |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=NME |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112132154/https://www.nme.com/news/film/mean-girls-musical-reboot-described-as-snappy-yet-culturally-irrelevant-in-mixed-reviews-3569878 |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Peter Bradshaw]] commended Avantika as "the standout amongst the mean girls".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=January 10, 2024 |title=Mean Girls review – high-school sadism comedy as sugar-rush movie musical |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/jan/10/mean-girls-review-high-school-sadism-comedy-as-sugar-rush-movie-musical-tina-fey |access-date=January 14, 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114184406/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/jan/10/mean-girls-review-high-school-sadism-comedy-as-sugar-rush-movie-musical-tina-fey |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Mean Girls'' emerged as a commercial success, which led to ''[[The Times of India]]'' crediting the film with helping establish her presence in American cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sperling |first=Nicole |date=2024-01-14 |title='Mean Girls' Musical Triumphs at Box Office, With a TikTok Assist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/business/media/mean-girls-musical-box-office-tiktok.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228141733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/business/media/mean-girls-musical-box-office-tiktok.html |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From child actor to global star: Avantika Vandanapu is on a roll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-child-actor-to-global-star-avantika-vandanapu-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/108495649.cms |access-date=August 14, 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She returned to Indian projects with the [[List of Amazon Prime Video original films|Amazon Prime Video original]] series ''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]].'' She portrayed Ludo, a [[closeted]] lesbian struggling to retain her basketball captaincy whilst coming to terms with her sexuality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=15 March 2024 |title=Big Girls Don't Cry Review: Boarding School Adventure Is Frothy, Flimsy And Fun |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/big-girls-dont-cry-review-boarding-school-adventure-is-frothy-flimsy-and-fun-2-5-stars-5242196 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In a mixed review for ''[[Film Companion]]'', Rahul Desai criticised the number of characters in the series making it difficult to maintain focus to the nuances of each one's storyline, but praised the chemistry and performances of the cast.<ref name=":1">{{cite instagram |postid=CKdRxMuhckA |user=iamavantika |title=literally could not come up with an innovative caption to communicate that i have aged one more year! but enjoy the unnecessary life update :)) |first=avantika |date=January 24, 2021 |access-date=July 10, 2022}}</ref> The following month, Avantika appeared amongst an ensemble in the Anna Halberg and [[Spenser Cohen]]-helmed horror film ''[[Tarot (2024 American film)|Tarot]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Jacob Batalon, Alana Boden, Adain Bradley and Avantika To Star In Screen Gems' 'Horrorscope' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/jacob-batalon-alana-boden-adain-bradley-avantika-screem-gems-horrorscope-1235053040/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606005124/https://deadline.com/2022/06/jacob-batalon-alana-boden-adain-bradley-avantika-screem-gems-horrorscope-1235053040/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>'' Her decision to take on the role was influenced by her mother's belief in [[astrology]] and her own early interest in the [[occult]], as the film combined both themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Brendan |title=Avantika talks 'Tarot' and that racist 'Tangled' backlash: 'Media literacy is a dying art' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/05/03/avantika-vandanapu-talks-tarot-rapunzel-backlash/73523889007/ |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Reception to the film was generally negative;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarot |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/tarot/ |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[Metacritic]] |language=en}}</ref> in her review for ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'', Emma Kiely felt that Avantika's performance had been constrained as she "isn't given enough to do", and compared it unfavourably to her performance in ''Mean Girls.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiely |first=Emma |date=May 2, 2024 |title='Tarot' Review: A Surprisingly Scary But Ultimately Forgettable PG-13 Horror |url=https://collider.com/tarot-movie-review/ |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Made on a [[Low-budget film|shoestring-budget]], ''Tarot'' emerged as a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Tim |title='Tarot' Movie Makes Debut On Digital Streaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timlammers/2024/05/28/tarot-movie-makes-debut-on-digital-streaming/ |access-date=May 28, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

She starred alongside [[Maddie Ziegler]] and [[Lana Condor]] in [[Vicky Jewson]]'s action thriller film ''[[Pretty Lethal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Everything We Know About 'Ballerina Overdrive' So Far |url=https://deadline.com/feature/ballerina-overdrive-news-everything-we-know-1236071810/ |access-date=August 31, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Avantika is also set to headline the [[Disney+]] original series ''A Crown of Wishes'', based on the 2017 novel of the same name by [[Roshani Chokshi]], and [[Mindy Kaling]]'s comedy series ''[[Not Suitable for Work]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Avantika To Headline 'A Crown Of Wishes' Fantasy Series In Works At Disney Branded TV For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/avantika-a-crown-of-wishes-fantasy-series-disney-plus-1235162363/ |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=2025-08-28 |title=Mindy Kaling Series 'Not Suitable for Work' Sets Lead Cast, Including Ella Hunt, Avantika & Nicholas Duvernay Among 5 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/mindy-kaling-hulu-series-not-suitable-for-work-cast-1236500174/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' || Babu's cousin|| rowspan="8"|[[Telugu language| Telugu]]|| rowspan="8" | Child artist||<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=January 17, 2024 |title=From 'Brahmotsavam' to 'Mean Girls': Avantika Vandanapu is the talk of the town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-brahmotsavam-to-mean-girls-avantika-vandanapu-is-the-talk-of-the-town/article67747823.ece |access-date=November 4, 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manamantha]]'' || Swathi ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Amazing that Indian women are able to shine their light in Hollywood: 'Mean Girls' actor Avantika |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2024/Mar/04/amazing-that-indian-women-are-able-to-shine-their-light-in-hollywood-mean-girls-actor-avantika-2 |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' || Young Sindhu||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017 || ''[[Babu Baga Busy]]'' || Anitha || rowspan="2" |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/facts-lifehacks/celebrities-biographies/199858-avantika-vandanapus-age-height-movies-family-net-worth-more/|title=Avantika Vandanapu's age, height, movies, family, net worth, and more |date=19 October 2024|website=[[Briefly.co.za]]|first=Rodah|last=Mageni|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || Young Bhramarambha
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' || Young Aadhya
|
|-
| ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' || Avantika
|<ref name=":4"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || Sampath's daughter ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Spin (2021 film)|Spin]]'' || Rhea Kumar || [[English language| English]] || || <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2021|title=EXCLUSIVE: Avantika Vandanapu on her Disney movie SPIN & why her Desi family covers the remote with plastic|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/exclusive-ive-explain-others-why-we-put-plastic-remotes-avantika-kids-she-gears-spin-856492|url-status=live|access-date=August 14, 2021|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813190919/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/exclusive-ive-explain-others-why-we-put-plastic-remotes-avantika-kids-she-gears-spin-856492 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boomika]]''|| Boomika || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2021|title=Aishwarya Rajesh starrer Boomika promises to be a gripping horror movie|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwarya-rajeshs-boomika-promises-to-be-a-gripping-horror-movie-7445422/|url-status=live|access-date=August 14, 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812012636/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwarya-rajeshs-boomika-promises-to-be-a-gripping-horror-movie-7445422/ |archive-date=August 12, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moxie (film)|Moxie]]''
| Chem Class Girl
| rowspan="4"|English
|Credited as Avantika Vandanapu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruce |first=Amanda |date=September 17, 2024 |title=Avantika: 10 Best Movies & TV Shows |url=https://screenrant.com/avantika-best-movies-tv-shows-ranked/ |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Senior Year (2022 film)|Senior Year]]'' || Janet Singh || || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Girl on fire: Telugu ammayi from LA Avantika Vandanapu hailed as breakout star of Disney's 'Spin'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2021/aug/22/girl-on-fire-teluguammayi-from-la-avantika-vandanapu-hailed-as-breakout-star-of-disneys-spin-2347143.html|access-date=August 23, 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=August 21, 2021 |archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823082353/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2021/aug/22/girl-on-fire-teluguammayi-from-la-avantika-vandanapu-hailed-as-breakout-star-of-disneys-spin-2347143.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Mean Girls (2024 film)|Mean Girls]]'' || Karen Shetty
| || <ref name="Grobar" />
|-
| ''[[Tarot (2024 American film)|Tarot]]''
| Paige
|
| <ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]'' || Dayana || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "I Am A Champion"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/champion-box-office-collection-day-3-roshan-meka-and-anaswara-rajan-starrer-collects-rs-6-crore/articleshow/126211802.cms|title=‘Champion’ box office collection day 3: Roshan Meka and Anaswara Rajan starrer collects Rs 6 crore|date=December 28, 2025|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Pretty Lethal]]''
| Grace
| English
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/maddie-ziegler-avantika-ballerina-overdrive-1236050658/|title=Maddie Ziegler & Avantika Cast In ‘Ballerina Overdrive’ From 87North & Gulfstream Pictures|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=August 27, 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{{Pending series key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''Dance India Dance L'il Masters (North America Edition)''
| rowspan="3" |Herself
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|
|-
|2018
|''The Talent Show''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title= Watch The Talent Show S1:E4 Final Group Auditions|url=https://therokuchannel.roku.com/details/046cf3ff6d145312bc31772fd06b7223/the-talent-show-s1-e4-final-group-auditions|access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=therokuchannel.roku.com}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Hell's Kitchen (American TV series)|Hell's Kitchen]]''
|Guest diner/Teen Cancer America contributor; Episode: A Hellish Food Fight
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Language
!Network
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[Diary of a Future President]]''
|Monyca
|rowspan="4"|[[English language|English]]
|[[Disney+]]
|season one
|
|-
|2022
|''[[The Sex Lives of College Girls]]''
|Priya
|[[HBO Max]]
|Guest role
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]''
|Leah "Ludo" Joseph
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Main cast
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2024 |title=Watch the trailer of 'Big Girls Don't Cry,' Prime Video's upcoming Original series |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/big-girls-dont-cry-prime-video |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=IN About Amazon |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}|| {{Pending|align=left|''A Crown of Wishes''}}
|Princess Gauri
| [[Disney+]]
|Main cast; also executive producer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |date=March 8, 2024 |title='Mean Girls' 2024 Cast and Character Guide: Who Plays Who? |url=https://www.thewrap.com/mean-girls-cast-and-character-guide-who-plays-whom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510221314/https://www.thewrap.com/mean-girls-cast-and-character-guide-who-plays-whom/ |archive-date=May 10, 2024 |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=thewarp.com}}</ref>
|}
=== Voice roles===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Language
!Network
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures]]''
|Sareena Tapoor
| rowspan="3"|English
| rowspan="2"|[[Disney Jr]]
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Mira, Royal Detective]]''
|Kamala
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Cartoonified with Phineas and Ferb]]''
|Herself
| [[Disney Channel]]
| Episode: "Avantika"
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 22, 2025 |title=The next "Cartoonified! with Phineas And Ferb" short will feature Avantika (Sony Pictures "Tarot", Paramount Pictures "Mean Girls", Disney Channel Original Movie "Spin") is slated for Saturday September 20 on Disney Channel Animation's Youtube. via EIDR |url=https://disneytvanimation.com/post/792623979016994816/the-next-cartoonified-with-phineas-and-ferb |access-date=September 17, 2025 |work=[[Tumblr]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Artist
|-
| scope="row" |2026
|"2000s Pop Punk Rnb"
|[[Whatmore (band)|Whatmore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-17 |title=Sean Kaufman, Avantika Film Music Video For WHATMORE |url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/03/17/sean-kaufman-avantika-filming-music-video/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=TMZ |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7297268}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vandanapu, Avantika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
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[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
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[[Category:Dancers from California]]
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[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
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[[Category:Columbia College, Columbia University alumni]]
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[[Category:21st-century American dancers]]

Nattamai

2026-05-05T03:27:39Z

Robxgr: created a article w/ refs.

{{short description|1994 film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nattamai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Erode Soundar]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{film date|1994|11|2|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}55 lakh<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=''ரஜினி சொன்ன ஒன்லைன்; கமல் காட்டிய 'இந்தியன்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக்..!'' - கே.எஸ்.ரவிக்குமார் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/ks-ravikumar-shares-his-experiences-with-rajini-and-kamal |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201125042728/https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/ks-ravikumar-shares-his-experiences-with-rajini-and-kamal |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

'''''Nattamai''''' ({{translation|Village Chief}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. It stars [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. The film was released on 2 November 1994, during [[Diwali]], and completed a 175-day run at the box office. It is considered one of the most popular Tamil films of the 1990s and in general. It became a trendsetter for many films in later years. The [[Goundamani]]-[[Senthil]] [[comic duo]] was one of the most popular aspects of the film.

Sarathkumar earned both the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]] for his performance in the film. The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' (1995), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'' (2000) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' (2002).

== Plot ==
Shanmugam is the village head, fondly called ''Nattamai'' in his village in [[Erode]] region. He is the Chair of the Village Administration and also the unofficial judge in the village meetings, a post his family has held for generations in his village to do justice. He hears all the cases and gives solutions to the people and even punishments to the wrongdoers. His wife Lakshmi admires and respects him. His brothers Pasupathi and Selvaraj also have a lot of respect for him as he has brought them up as his children. Pasupathi marries Meena, the daughter of an industrialist Rajarathnam. She initially dislikes Shanmugam ''Nattamai'' because of his verdicts and attitude and her husband for being so timid with his brother but later transforms after learning of the former's greatness from her father. Selvaraj loves his village bellee Kanmani, who is his paternal aunt Kamatchi's granddaughter.

In the flashback, Periya Nattamai, the father of Shanmugam, Pasupathi and Selvaraj, orders Kamatchi's son (and Kanmani's father) Rajavelu to marry his servant's daughter whom he raped. Kamatchi (who is Periya Nattamai's sister) had met him the previous day to ask for a false judgement in favour of her son. However, she was told strictly to not interfere with the judgments. His brother-in-law, (Rajavelu's father and Kamatchi's husband, shoots him as he is disappointed by his verdict. Enraged, Periya Nattamai gives his final judgment before dying. He expels Rajavelu's family from the village for 18 years and makes Shanmugam the new Nattamai before dying.

Years later, Rajavelu's father dies. Rajavelu builds envy on his uncle's family and waits for an opportunity to take revenge on them. He hires a woman as the village school teacher and asks her to make Pasupathi fall for her. She does so to save her father who is in Rajavelu's custody. However, Rajavelu kills the teacher and makes the villagers believe that Pasupathi had committed the murder. Shanmugam sentences ten years of exile for Pasupathi and his wife Meena alone accompanies him and they stay in the yard house. Rajavelu learns of his daughter's love for Selvaraj and tries to kill him with the help of his goons. Pasupathi goes to his rescue and a pregnant Meena goes to Shanmugam to convey this message. While Pasupathi starts to take revenge on Rajavelu, Kamatchi rushes to Shanmugam, kills her son Rajavelu and reveals the truth about the death of the teacher and tells Shanmugam that he punished his innocent brother and blamed him for the death of the teacher all of which were really perpetrated by Rajavelu. Shanmugam dies upon learning that he gave a wrong judgment and Pasupathi is shown taking his place as the new ''Nattamai''.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Shanmugam (Nattamai) and Pasupathi
* [[Meena_(actress) |Meena]] as Meena (Voice dubbed by [[Uma Bharani]])
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Lakshmi (Voice dubbed by Durga Sundarrajan)
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Selvaraj
* [[Sanghavi]] as Kanmani (Voice dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]])
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kamatchi
* [[Goundamani]] as Kaali Muthu & Mangalam
* [[Senthil]] as Thanga Muthu
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Rajavelu
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Sundaramurthy
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Rajarathnam
* [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Rasathi
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as Rani
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as 'Nattamai' Dharmalingam
* [[Erode Soundar]] as Zamindar Kathavarayan
* [[Kovai Senthil|A. K. Senthil]] as Chinnasamy
'''Special appearances'''
* [[Kanal Kannan]]
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Mani (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/86382-stories-of-the-actors-who-acted-with-vadivelu|title=வடிவேலுவுடன் ஜோடி சேர்ந்து கலக்கியவர்களின் கதை தெரியுமா?|date=14 April 2017|website=www.vikatan.com/}}</ref>
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-18 |title=Karthi releases Master Mahendran's Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-releases-master-mahendrans-namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-trailer/articleshow/80330240.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-releases-master-mahendrans-namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-trailer/articleshow/80330240.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2023-11-27 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] initially approached [[Mammootty]] to play the supporting role played by Vijayakumar.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XElsAGpbb7U |title=கெட்டதா இருந்தாலும் Commercial படமும் வேண்டும்! - K. S. Ravikumar – Peranbu Audio Launch |date=15 July 2018 |language=ta |publisher=Shruti TV |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113043817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XElsAGpbb7U |archive-date=13 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{time needed|date=June 2024}}</ref> For reasons unknown, he declined the offer. [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] was then signed for as the lead. The film became the fourth collaboration between Ravikumar and Sarathkumar. When Ravikumar approached [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] for Nattamai's wife role, she hesitated as in most part of the film she had to look old, except in a brief flashback. She asked him whom he will cast if she denies, Ravikumar said he will approach veteran actress [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]; this made Kusbhoo to take up this role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title='நாட்டாமை' படத்தில் குஷ்பூ கேரக்டரில் முதலில் நடிக்க இருந்தது லஷ்மியா..? |url=https://tamilcinetalk.com/lakshmi-was-the-first-to-play-the-role-of-khushboo-in-the-film-nattamai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127112838/https://tamilcinetalk.com/lakshmi-was-the-first-to-play-the-role-of-khushboo-in-the-film-nattamai/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Tamil Cine Talk |language=ta}}</ref> [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] was introduced as child artist through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=10 November 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Vizha – Tunes that will touch a chord |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vizha-tunes-that-will-touch-a-chord/article5333256.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625084428/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vizha-tunes-that-will-touch-a-chord/article5333256.ece |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vijayakumar was initially cast as the elder brother, but a few days before shooting began, Ravikumar decided to have Sarathkumar play both brothers and [[Bharathiraja]] was Ravikumar's initial choice for the character of Vijayakumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=DID YOU KNOW ? |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--28012016106054 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170129211911/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--28012016106054 |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=29 January 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmjbH2jZQfo |title=Bharathiraja was my first choice for Nattamai, Nattpukaga : K S Ravikumar at Film Institute Launch |date=15 April 2017 |language=ta |publisher=IndiaGlitz Tamil Movies |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816160040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmjbH2jZQfo |archive-date=16 August 2017 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{time needed|date=June 2024}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In his early days as an actor, Sarathkumar was considered to be close to [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] supremo Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 1995 |title=Star wars |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19951031-jayalalitha-to-use-sarath-kumar-to-checkmate-rajnikanth-politically-807893-1995-10-30 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112181736/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-to-use-sarath-kumar-to-checkmate-rajnikanth-politically/1/289520.html |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> However, Sarath's proximity to Jayalalithaa landed him in deep trouble when ''Nattamai'', which was still running in Tamil Nadu theatres, was aired by Jayalalithaa's television channel JJ TV, using a U-matic tape, which Sarathkumar gave her for personal viewing at her residence. What the understanding between Jayalalithaa and Sarathkumar was not clear. However, this caused a furore in the film industry as the producer [[R. B. Choudary]] threatened action against Sarathkumar for misusing a tape given to him for personal viewing. An embarrassed Sarathkumar explained that he was taken by surprise and that he never expected Jayalalithaa to give it to the channel for telecast. He sought an explanation from both Jayalalitha and JJ TV, but without success. The ruling party reacted predictably, using every forum to attack Sarathkumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=31 December 1995 |title=Jayalalitha's unlucky stars |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19951231-actor-sharad-kumar-joins-the-fray-against-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalitha-808118-1995-12-30 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112181649/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/actor-sharad-kumar-joins-the-fray-against-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalitha/1/289797.html |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]] and lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanazhagan – Nattamai Tamil Audio Cassettes |url=https://banumass.com/shop/aanazhagan-nattamai-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127112845/https://banumass.com/shop/aanazhagan-nattamai-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Banumass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nattamai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nattamai/1CL-OWtOuXY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127112839/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nattamai/1CL-OWtOuXY_ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Kambeduthu Vantha Singam" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Kotta Paakkum" || [[S. Janaki]], Mano
|-
| "Kozhi Kari Kulambu" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Meena Ponnu" || Mano, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
| "Naan Uravukkaaran" || [[Mohammed Aslam]], Sujatha
|-
| "Naattamai" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Sindhu
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Nattamai'' was released on 2 November 1994, during [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 1994 |title=Nattamai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19941102&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that there was "never a dull moment" in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=11 November 1994 |title=Just end |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E5JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562%2C3762356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315023412/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E5JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562,3762356 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted Manorama and Vinu Chakravarthy for sentiment, Sangavi for glamour; Vaishnavi to cry; Ponnambalam to get thrashed and die. She said Sirpy's music makes one listen to it again and again even if they remember hearing it somewhere. Thulasi called the comedy routine and concluded by asking why is that the Tamil cinema hero has to be portrayed as a superman even if he is a villager.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=27 November 1994 |title=நாட்டாமை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-27/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230505130218/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-27/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It became a blockbuster and completed a 175-day run at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=என். |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/archives/34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409063855/https://puthu.thinnai.com/archives/34587 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of the film prompted [[Super Good Films]], K. S. Ravikumar, Erode Soundar and Sarathkumar to announce a film titled ''Paamaran'' soon after. However, the project was later stalled owing to a fallout between the actor and the director. Despite discussions for director [[Vikraman]] to take over the film, the project was stalled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=19 July 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--Pudhu Edition 2 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/7jrOIlvNc3Y/m/oUn3AyDLw_4J |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161353/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/7jrOIlvNc3Y/m/oUn3AyDLw_4J |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

Owing to its success, ''Nattamai'' was remade in Telugu as ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' (1995),{{Cn|date=June 2025}} in Kannada as ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' (2001) and in Hindi as ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2022 |title=From L.V. Prasad in 'Alam Ara' to RGV, the South is no stranger to crossover cinema |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=953703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528220748/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=953703 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Nattamai'' has been parodied and referenced many times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=28 July 2013 |title=Getting it right |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/getting-it-right/article4960883.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205213921/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/getting-it-right/article4960883.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In a comedy scene from ''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' (1997), [[Goundamani]] mocks at the superstitions of village panchayat saying that chieftain should have assistant tagging along with him and should have a pot of water.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Aaha Enna Porutham |type=Motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=KB Films |year=1997}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> Comedian [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] has parodied this aspect in many films. He did a similar spoof in ''[[Sandai]]'' (2008) and ''[[Thoondil]]'' (2008) and made fun of village rituals in ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003). Scenes from the film was parodied in [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] starrer ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010), Ponnambalam who did the negative role in the original film had appeared as village chieftain in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=4 February 2010 |title=Tamil Padam Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamil-Padam/movie-review/5534225.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamil-Padam/movie-review/5534225.cms |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2021, [[Pothys]]' Deepavali ad featured [[Rithvik Jothi Raj|Rithvik]] in six roles, which was noted to be similar to ''Nattamai''.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=போத்தீஸ் விளம்பரத்தில் யூடியூப் புகழ் ரித்விக்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/Oct/06/rithvik-deepavali-pothys-rithu-rocks-3712980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521232626/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/Oct/06/rithvik-deepavali-pothys-rithu-rocks-3712980.html |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bani Hafiz

2026-04-29T19:50:33Z

Robxgr: new new pg more to come.

{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bani Hāfiz
| settlement_type = Village
| image_map =
| mapsize = 150px
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Azad Kashmir
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| coordinates = {{coord|34|08|15|N|73|44|45|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Azad Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hattian Bala District|Hattian Bala]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:00
}}

'''Bani Hafiz''' is a small village in [[Hattian Bala District|Hattian Bala]] district of [[Jhelum Valley (Kashmir)|Jhelum]] valley in the [[Pakistan]]i region of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].

== History ==
Before the name of Bani Hafiz it was called as Bania Sharif.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Muhammad Ishaq zaffar was a former president of [[Pakistan peoples party]] [[Azad Kashmir|AJK]] and senior minister of AJK government from 1996 to 2001.
He also remained 17th acting president of AJK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidentajk.gov.pk/former-presidents|title = Former Presidents of AJ&K-President of AJ&K}}</ref> Zaffar also remained speaker of AJK assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2004/09/2004091759374/|title = No-confidence move AJK PPP to remain impartial – Business Recorder}}</ref> The land of Bani Hafiz was given as a gift to Hafiz Jamal ud din by the Raja of Salmia in the late 1700s.
Hafiz Jamal was a religious and spiritual person. He used to mediate in the jungle in bani Hafiz. Hafiz Jamal had two son's Hafiz Muhammad Ghous and Hafiz Muhammad Jee. Hafiz Muhammad Ghous the elder one shifted to [[Ban Khawra]] a small village in [[Lamnian]] on the other side of the river [[Jehlum]]. Hafiz Muhammad Jee stayed at Bani Hafiz. The family of Hafiz Muhmmad Jee propagated in Bani Hafiz. Hafiz Muhammad Jee's three sons Hafiz Abdul Qudus known as Molvi Bajee, Hafiz Muhammad Yunus and Hafiz Abdul Latif stayed and prosperous in Bani Hafiz. Hafiz Muhammad Shafi son of Hafiz Muhammad Qudous(Molvi baji) is a famous saint of Muzaffarabad region and many people come to him to seek spiritual guidance. Sahibzada Irfan Danish was son of Hafiz Mian Muhammad Yunus. Irfan Danish remained member of constituent assembly from 1990 to 1991. Ishaq Zaffar was son of Hafiz Abdul Latif.Anwar Kasur daughter of Hafiz Muhammad Yunus remained principal of degree college for girls Hattian bala. The institute is named after her.
Bani Hafiz is a very scenic place with natural springs and trees. The Family of bani hafiz is renowned spiritual people of Azad Kashmir. There are doctors, engineers, managers, teachers, government servants and lawyers in the family of Bani Hafiz other than politicians. Many people are settled in foreign countries from Bani Hafiz. The female literacy rate in Bani Hafiz is above 90%.
Urs (religious festival) of Hafiz Jamal and his son's are carried out around the year in Bani Hafiz. People from distant areas come to celebrate [[Urs]] of these personalities.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party]]

B. Manohar Reddy

2026-04-28T15:01:15Z

Robxgr: new the post w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (Until October 2023)
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}
'''Buyyani Manohar Reddy''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tandur Assembly constituency]] in [[Vikarabad district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tandur assembly election results 2023: Tandur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/tandur-assembly-result-29056 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Tandur]]. His late father Buyyani Balkistha Reddy was a farmer. He passed Secondary School Certificate (Class X) from [[Zilla Parishad High School]], [[Kulkacherla|Kulkacharla]], Parigi, [[Vikarabad district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=B. Manohar Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- TANDUR(VIKARABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=317 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
In October 2023, Reddy resigned from [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and joined Congress. Earlier, he also served as DCCB chairman in the erstwhile [[Ranga Reddy district]]. He won from [[Tandur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 84,662 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Pilot Rohith Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 6,583 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tandur Constituency Election Results 2023: Tandur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/tandur |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tandur Election Result 2023 Live, Tandur Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-tandur-constituency-56.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Tandur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tandur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687806.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manohar Reddy, B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

{{Telangana-INC-politician-stub}}

Dhimanwali

2026-04-22T06:48:07Z

Robxgr: starting basic bio needs work

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhimanwali
| other_name = ਢੀਮਾਂਵਾਲੀ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.598960|74.737763|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 2927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=62}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151209
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Dhimanwali''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਢੀਮਾਂਵਾਲੀ) is a village located in Kotkapura tehsil of [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhiman Wali · Punjab 151209, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dhiman+Wali,+Punjab+151209/@30.5987294,74.7342006,16z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175a4c13b84ae3:0xf3c0212957ef7476!8m2!3d30.5980159!4d74.7380961!16s/g/1tjs39_8?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Dhiman Wali · Punjab 151209, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 2927 of which 1557 are males while 1370 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhimanwali Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35474-dhimanwali-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 761 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=62}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151209.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhimanwali Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Dhimanwali, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/dhimanwali |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Varuna Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:46Z

Robxgr: adding some stub with sources

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Varuna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 219
| map_image = 219-Varuna constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Vidhan Sabha constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The Chief Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah visits PMO.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:234533}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Siddaramaiah]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]}}
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah|Dr. Yatindra S.]] [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
}}

[[File:Varuna Vidhana Sabha Constituency.jpg|thumb|Varuna Vidhana Sabha Constituency]]
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]
'''Varuna Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in [[Karnataka State Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency came into existence after the 2008 delimitation exercise.Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Siddaramaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Siddaramaiah]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Varuna <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Varuna">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Varuna |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10219.htm?ac=219 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513102905/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10219.htm?ac=219 |archive-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddaramaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 119,816 |percentage = 60.09% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Somanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,653 |percentage = 36.94% |change = {{increase}}15.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 634 |percentage = 0.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,163 |percentage = 23.15% |change = {{decrease}}10.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 199,801 |percentage = 85.19% |change = {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,379}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,533 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Varuna }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 96,435 |percentage = 55.09% |change = {{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Basavaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,819 |percentage = 21.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhishek S. Manegar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,123 |percentage = 16.07% |change = {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurulingaiah |party = Indian New Congress Party |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesha. C |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}39.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,118 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,616 |percentage = 33.49% |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,068 |percentage = 79.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,048}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,053 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Varuna <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddaramaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,385 |percentage = 61.21% |change = {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kapu Siddalingaswamy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 54,744 |percentage = 39.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Cheluvaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,686 |percentage = 1.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivamahadeva |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,419 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Gadkar |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Karnataka) |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Master. M. Suresh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddalingaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,383 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Eshwara Thoremavu |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nirmalakumari |party = Bharatiya Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Janta Party |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,641 |percentage = 21.50% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,680 |percentage = 82.43% |change = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,852}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,918 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Varuna <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddaramaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,908 |percentage = 50.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Revannasiddaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,071 |percentage = 37.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Gurupadaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,426 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Krishnaswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,133 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. N. Rangunayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,485 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Cheluvappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,583 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Mahalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 910 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,837 |percentage = 13.16% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,159 |percentage = 75.73% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,041 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mysore City South Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore City North Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.3|76.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:38Z

Robxgr: adding first data basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Temi-Namphing
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 14
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 14,225<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a north east state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/temi-namphing.html Temi-Namphing Assembly constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]</ref>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Bedu Singh Panth]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Garjaman Gurung]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] ||rowspan=2| [[Bedu Singh Panth]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Namphing}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bedu Singh Panth]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,759 |percentage=51.84% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman Kumar Tewari |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,201 |percentage=24.55% |change={{decrease}}20.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikash Sharma |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=2,616 |percentage=20.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupendra Giri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=303 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=159 |percentage=1.22% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,558 |percentage=27.29% |change= {{increase}}20.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,038 |percentage=84.31% |change= {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,465 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Namphing<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bedu Singh Panth]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,084 |percentage=51.70% |change={{increase}}9.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,314 |percentage=45.16% |change={{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar Bhandari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=146 |percentage=1.24% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Bahadur Chhetri |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=142 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=82 |percentage=0.70% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=770 |percentage=6.54% |change= {{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,768 |percentage=82.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Namphing}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,657 |percentage=55.38% |change={{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Sharma |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,268 |percentage=41.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=180 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Bhandari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=110 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}31.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,389 |percentage=13.60% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,215 |percentage=83.75% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,197 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Namphing<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bedu Singh Panth]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,577 |percentage=52.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,837 |percentage=32.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garja Man Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=985 |percentage=11.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tamang |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=231 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharga Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,740 |percentage=19.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,778 |percentage=84.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,332 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Namchi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coord|27.24|88.46|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temi-Namphing Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Madras Art Movement

2026-04-19T16:29:09Z

Robxgr: created the post first draft.

{{Short description|Regional art movement from Madras, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox art movement
|name=Madras Art Movement
|image=
|alt=
|caption=
|country=India
|influenced=South Indian art
|yearsactive=c. 1960s – 1980s
|location=[[Madras]] (now Chennai), South India
|majorfigures=[[K. C. S. Paniker]], S. Dhanapal, D. P. Roy Chowdhury, J. Sultan Ali, L. Munuswamy, A. P. Santhanaraj, V. Viswanadhan, R. B. Bhaskaran, K. M. Adimoolam, P. V. Janakiram, S. G. Vasudev, K. V. Haridasan, M. Senathipathi, Arnawaz Vasudev, T. K. Padmini (and others)
|influences=[[Modernism]], [[Folk art]]
}}

The '''Madras Art Movement,''' or '''The Madras Movement,''' was a regional [[art movement]] that emerged in [[Madras]] (now Chennai), [[South India]], from the early 1960s through the 1980s.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Bhagat |first=Ashrafi S. |title=The Madras Art Movement (1960s–1980s) |date=2016 |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/the-madras-art-movement-1960s-1980s |access-date=2025-05-06 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781135000356-rem184-1 |isbn=978-1-135-00035-6 |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is recognized for its efforts to establish a [[Modernism|modernist]] Indian artistic identity rooted in indigenous and regional traditions and art forms, local history, and mythology. The [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]] and [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]] served as the key centres for this movement<ref>{{Citation |last=Bhagat |first=Ashrafi S. |title=The Madras Art Movement (1960s–1980s) |date=2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781135000356-rem184-1 |access-date=2025-05-07 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781135000356-rem184-1 |isbn=978-1-135-00035-6 |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with artists like [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|D. P. Roy Chowdhury]] and [[K. C. S. Paniker]] playing a pioneering role in shaping its direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khare-Ghose |first=Archana |date=2024-05-31 |title=KCS Paniker: The artist who put South Indian strand of art on India's Modernism map |url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/kcs-paniker-the-artist-who-put-south-indian-strand-of-art-on-indias-modernism-map-125036 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

Several notable artists emerged from this movement such as A. P. Santhanaraj, L. Munuswamy, Anthony Doss, Redappa Naidu, K. Sreenivasulu, Sultan Ali, [[V. Viswanathan|Velu Viswanadhan]], [[K. M. Adimoolam]], [[S. G. Vasudev]], and [[T. K. Padmini]], all of whom played significant roles in shaping the movement's identity and achieved national and international recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists' Details |url=https://cholamandalartistvillage.com/artists.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=cholamandalartistvillage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellias |first=Bina Sarkar |date=2024-08-27 |title=Art history: What was the work of the Madras Progressive Painters' Association like? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1072233/art-history-what-was-the-work-of-the-madras-progressive-painters-association-like |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> After the death of Paniker in 1977, the cohesive movement as it was originally conceived gradually dissolved due to loss of the pivotal leadership, internal divisions, emergence of new art centers, and shifts in the broader art world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NuktaArt|date=2022-12-28|title=Marking Emergence of Regional Modernism: A Perspective on The Madras Art Movement - The Karachi Collective|url=https://thekarachicollective.com/marking-emergence-of-regional-modernism-a-perspective-on-the-madras-art-movement/|access-date=2025-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Development ==
The epicenter of the Madras Art Movement was the Madras School of Arts & Crafts, a private art school established in 1850 under [[British Raj|British coloninal rule]] by Colonel Alexander Hunter.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Ishita |date=2024-06-06 |title=Canvassing for Madras Modern |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Jun/06/canvassing-for-madras-modern |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The school was initially focused on creation of art goods for western markets, and it was the first art school founded in India and one of the first in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Design Education In India {{!}} DOT School Of Design |url=https://www.dotsod.in/blog/history-of-design-education-in-india/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1852, it came under the rule of the colonial government and was renamed as the Government School of Industrial Arts. After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], it became the Government College of Arts & Crafts in 1963.

{{Quote box
| quote = All great traditions in art are storehouses of deathless creative energy which under contingencies can kindle itself anew, vibrate with life and inspire to reach greater heights.
| author = K. C. S. Paniker
| width = 25%
}}

As the only comprehensive art institution in South India until the 1960s, it attracted students from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], fostering a pan-[[Dravidian culture|Dravidian]] artistic collective.<ref name=":0" /> Contemporary art centers like Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) were heavily influenced by the western culture and colonial academic styles. The movement, having emerged in the backdrop of Indian's post-independence cultural renaissance, instead sought to inspire "nativism," an approach that encouraged artists to draw inspiration from their immediate cultural environment, including regional [[folk arts]], crafts, temple architecture, classical dance forms, traditional symbols like the [[Kolam]], local religious iconography, and ancient scripts.<ref name="DAGRegionalismIdentity22">{{cite web |title=Madras Modern: Regionalism and Identity|url=https://dagworld.com/madras-modern-regionalism-and-identity.html|accessdate=May 5, 2025|publisher=DAG}}</ref><ref name="BusinessStandardRegionalism22">{{cite web |date=July 19, 2019|title=Madras Art Movement: Redirecting the spotlight on all things regional|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madras-art-movement-redirecting-the-spotlight-on-all-things-regional-119071900523_1.html|accessdate=May 5, 2025|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

[[D. P. Roy Choudhury|D. P. Roy Chowdhury]], a sculptor, was the first Indian principal (1930 – 1957) of the institution. He initiated curriculum changes emphasizing a fine arts curriculum and an empirical approach, moving away from colonial academicism.<ref name="DAGRegionalismIdentity22" /> His successor, [[K. C. S. Paniker]], a [[painter]], further extended these ideas. Paniker critically urged artists to look inwards and develop a "regional modernism."<ref name=":1" /> Criticism of Paniker's own earlier works for lacking an "Indian quotient" reportedly fueled his resolve to explore indigenous sources for artistic expression.<ref name=":0" /> This led to a conscious effort to synthesize traditional motifs and philosophical concepts with modern artistic techniques. He systematically revised the curriculum to integrate technical training in regional crafts—such as [[Thanjavur painting]], temple sculpture, and [[batik dyeing]]—with modernist abstraction, creating a hybrid aesthetic. The institution became a crucial space for artistic training and ideological discourse and fostered a generation of artists who would define regional modernism in South India.<ref name="DAGRegionalismIdentity22" />[[File:KCS Paniker with students 1952.jpg|thumb|401x401px|KCS Paniker (centre) with his students in Madras Art School in 1952.]]
=== Establishment of Cholamandal Artists' Village ===
In 1966, K. C. S. Paniker established the [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]] in [[Injambakkam]], near the outskirts of Chennai, with nearly thirty students and fellow artists, most of them from the Government College of Arts and Crafts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20|title=Cholamandal Artists' Village: A Pioneering Art Community near Chennai, India|url=https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/content/cholamandal-artists%25E2%2580%2599-village-pioneering-art-community-near-chennai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315211648/https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/content/cholamandal-artists%E2%80%99-village-pioneering-art-community-near-chennai-india|archive-date=2025-03-15|access-date=2025-05-22|work=Asia Research News|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> It was created as a self-sufficient commune where artists could live, work, and create art free from commercial pressures, becoming the largest artists' commune in India and a significant center for the Madras Movement.<ref name="CholamandalKarachiCollective22">{{cite web |date=28 March 2024|title=Cholamandal Artist Village|url=https://thekarachicollective.com/cholamandal-artist-village/|accessdate=May 5, 2025|publisher=The Karachi Collective}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav|first=Medha Dutta|date=2024-06-30|title=Hidden in plain sight|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2024/Jun/30/hidden-in-plain-sight|access-date=2025-05-07|website=Indulgexpress|language=en}}</ref> Artists engaged in crafts like batik and metalwork to support themselves, later focusing on painting and sculpture. Currently, the village also houses a museum showcasing works representative of the Madras Art Movement.<ref name="CholamandalKarachiCollective22" />

== Characteristics and styles ==
[[File:Deep Forest.jpeg|thumb|340x340px|D Venkatapathy uses steel pen and water-proof black ink-based drawing to create lines and textures are using pointillistic technique (1980).]]Artists of the Madras Art Movement worked in diverse styles, encompassing both figurative and abstract idioms, but defined by the integration of traditional Indian elements in a modernist framework.
=== Painting ===
In painting, there was a strong emphasis on line, color, and pattern, often drawing from local aesthetics. K. C. S. Paniker's later works, particularly his "''Words and Symbols''" series (1963 – 1975), are iconic examples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Words and Symbols - K.C.S Paniker |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/words-and-symbols-k-c-s-paniker/uwGXowgK38dfKg?hl=en |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> These abstract compositions incorporated calligraphic forms resembling Malayalam script, mathematical notations, astrological charts, and symbols from [[Tantric arts|Tantric]] and [[tribal art]].<ref name="AakritiPaniker22">{{cite web |title=K.C.S. Paniker and his Words and Symbols |url=https://www.aakritiartgallery.com/artnewsnviews/kcs-paniker-and-his-words-and-symbols.html |accessdate=May 5, 2025 |publisher=Aakriti Art Gallery}}</ref> For example, R. B. Bhaskaran's '<nowiki/>''Planets''<nowiki/>' (1972) features [[Tantric arts|Tantric]] symbols, a birth symbol in the form of a sapling, and intricate linework, and K. V. Haridasan's '''Brahma Sutra''<nowiki/>' (1990) uses symbols from almanacs, tantras and dance mudras, but with pop colours.<ref name=":022" />

Other painters explored themes from mythology, local legends, rural life, and spiritual concepts. The use of vibrant, often non-naturalistic colors and decorative motifs was common. Artists like J. Sultan Ali drew inspiration from folk deities and tribal art forms, while others like K. M. Adimoolam were known for their abstract explorations of nature and color.<ref name="AstaguruMasters22">{{cite web |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Masters of Madras: Prominent Modernists Of The Madras Art Movement |url=https://www.astaguru.com/blogs/masters-of-madras-prominent-modernists-of-the-madras-art-movement-88 |accessdate=May 5, 2025 |publisher=AstaGuru}}</ref> The movement also saw the emergence of notable women artists such as Arnawaz Vasudev, known for her ink and wash works, and T. K. Padmini, whose paintings often depicted rural female figures and explored themes of identity.

=== Sculpture ===
Sculptors associated with the movement also engaged with traditional forms and materials but incorporated modern expressions. P. V. Janakiram was notable for his sheet metal sculptures, often frontal and linear, inspired by [[Dravidian architecture|South Indian temple]] carvings and icons. He utilized techniques like [[Repoussé and chasing|repoussé]] to create intricate surfaces.<ref name="AstaguruMasters22" /> The use of [[terracotta]], bronze, and wood was prevalent, with forms often blending human, animal, and divine imagery.

== Key artists ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=max-width: 1000px;|
* [[D. P. Roy Chowdhury]]
* [[K. C. S. Paniker]]
* [[S. Dhanapal]]
* [[D. Venkatapathy]]
* [[J. Sultan Ali]]
* [[L. Munuswamy]]
* [[A. P. Santhanaraj]]
* [[V. Viswanathan]]
* [[R. B. Bhaskaran]]
* [[K. M. Adimoolam]]
* [[P. V. Janakiram]]
* [[S. G. Vasudev]]
* [[K. V. Haridasan]]
* [[M. Senathipathi]]
* [[Arnawaz Vasudev]]
* [[T. K. Padmini]]
* [[C. Douglas]]
* [[Achuthan Kudallur]]
* [[Alphonso Doss]]
* [[C. J. Anthony Doss]]
* [[K. Ramanujam]]
}}

== Influence and legacy ==
The Madras Art Movement played a crucial role in shaping a distinct modern artistic identity for South India. It emphasized indigenous vocabulary,<ref name="BusinessStandardRegionalism22" /> unlike the [[Progressive Artists' Group]] of Bombay, which engaged more directly with international modernism.

Initially described as a "late phenomenon" within the narrative of national Indian modernism and underrepresented in early mainstream art discourse, the Madras Art Movement has since received scholarly recognition for its role in shaping modern Indian art. Exhibitions and academic studies have highlighted its contributions to the movement's diversity, and the Cholamandal Artists' Village continues to operate by supporting artists and maintaining archival materials.<ref name="DAGRegionalismIdentity22" /><ref name="ThePrintLatecomers22">{{cite web |date=June 30, 2024|title=Madras artists were latecomers to Indian modern art. A Bengal painter & a critic pushed them|url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/madras-artists-were-latecomers-to-indian-modern-art-a-bengal-painter-his-critic-pushed-them/2153501/|accessdate=May 5, 2025|publisher=ThePrint}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Indian art]]
* [[Bengal School of Art]]
* [[Progressive Artists' Group]]
* [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]]
* [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Indian art movements]]

Malik Hasan Bahri

2026-04-19T16:27:06Z

Robxgr: created new biography initial version.

{{Short description|Peshwa of the Bahmani Sultanate from 1481 to 1486}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Malik Hasan Bahri
| reign = 1481–1486
| tenure =
| title = ''[[Malik]]''
| succession = [[Peshwa]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| CoA =
| predecessor = [[Mahmud Gawan]]
| successor = [[Qasim Barid I]]
| issue = [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]]
| death_date = 1486
| father = Bhairo
}}

'''Malik Hasan Bahri''' (died 1486) or '''Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri''' was a noble of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in India who served as the prime minister from 1481 until his murder in 1486. He was the father of [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]], founder of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], one of the [[Deccan sultanates|secessionist kingdoms]] from the Bahmani Sultanate, and its ruling dynasty's [[primogenitor]].

Originally a Hindu [[Brahmin]], he was taken captive by Bahmani forces in the 1420s and converted to Islam. He entered the service of the sultanate as a military slave and was given further education. In 1471, he led the conquest of forts of the [[Gajapati Empire]] after he had been sent to influence a succession conflict in the state, and was given governorship over the Bahmani province of [[Telangana]]. As the leader of the [[Deccanis|Deccani]] faction in the conflict between them and those not native to South Asia, he helped plot the execution of [[Mahmud Gawan]] in 1481, the foreign prime minister at the time and Malik Hasan's predecessor. He then adopted the role, and in 1482 became the sole regent of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmood Shah]], where throughout his ministership he had effective control of the state. In 1486, he was killed amidst continual internal strife.

==Biography==
===Rise to power and reign===

According to the court historian [[Ferishta]], Malik Hasan was originally a [[Brahmin]] from Pathri, a town in the [[Maharashtra]]. He initially bore the name of Tima Bhat, and his father was named Bhairo. However according to MG Ranade and Akola district gazetter his father was the kulkarni of pathri in marathwada. Varying accounts of his true origin explain why his family was in the region; one claims that they were escaping persecution perpetrated by Muslims, while another purports they were fleeing their native land from famine. In 1422–23, during one of [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]'s campaigns against Vijayanagara, he was taken captive by the sultan's forces and converted to Islam, being given his name Malik Hasan Bahri.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|pp=71–72}}{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=104}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=13}} Conscripted as a military slave of the sultanate, he was simultaneously given additional education to complement his prior schooling, where he was, at the behest of Sultan [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah]], sent to an institution with then-prince [[Humayun Shah]], and taught Persian.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|pp=71–72}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=13}} Humayun Shah's reported inability to properly pronounce Malik Hasan's surname led to his adoption of the surname "Bahri".{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=13}} During the reign of [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]] starting in 1463, he was made a servant of the sultan and later an [[amir]] with a rank giving him charge of 2,000 horses.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=13–14}}

In 1471, Malik Hasan led conquests in [[Orissa]] as a commander of the Bahmani army;{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=415}} he had been sent by the sultan to sway the succession conflict in the [[Gajapati Empire]] between [[Hamvira Deva]] and [[Purushottama Deva]] in the sultanate's favour, seeking to support the former. While in the country, he defeated Mangal Rai, an usurper, restored Hamvira Deva to the throne of Orissa and seized control of and annexed the key forts of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]] and [[Rajahmundry]].{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=14–15}}{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=51}} Through the spoils of his conquests, he was made the [[Pargana#Bahmani usage|tarafdar]] (provincial governor) of [[Telangana]].{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=104}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=416}} His notoriety was greatly increased for his role in this and other campaigns,{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=10}} with him receiving the title of {{lang|fa-latn|Nizam-ul-Mulk}}.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=309}} In 1475, prime minister [[Mahmud Gawan]], recognizing Malik Hasan's son{{efn|An alternative, but generally considered false{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=26 "Sober history records that Malik Ahmad [...] was the son of Malik Hasan"|ps=none}} theory states that Ahmad was rather the son of the sultan and a Hindu woman of royal lineage, and that after an astrological map had predicted his future aptitude, he was given into the care of Malik Hasan, then residing far from the capital in [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=71}}<ref name="EI3">{{EI3|last=Fischel|first=Roy S.|title= Niẓām Shāhīs |year=2017|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-30117.xml}}</ref> However, this theory is contradictory to the one presented by Ferishta, and is proved false by a contemporary letter which uses Ahmad's full name, {{lang|fa-latn|Malik Ahmad Nizam-ul-Mulk [[Arabic Name#Nasab|b.]] Malik Naib}}.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=98 n. 29}}}} [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Ahmad]]'s future potential, was able to split the two by sending the younger to Malik Hasan's [[jagir]], [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]].{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=26}} Malik Hasan ruled as the provincial governor of Telangana until the taraf's division with the [[Bahmani invasion of Orissa#Second encounter (1478)|invasion of the Gajapatis in 1478]], and was subsequently made governor of the eastern of the two new provinces, Rajahmundry. The lessened significance of his new position angered him, and was a source of his hatred for Mahmud Gawan, who was of the opposing {{lang|fa-latn|Afaqi}} faction.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=417–418}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=192}} In 1480, Ahmad returned to his father's company as his subordinate at Rajamundry.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=26–27}} Malik Hasan, as the leader of the opposing [[Deccanis|Deccani]] faction, successfully plotted to have Mahmud Gawan murdered in 1481.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=417–418}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=192}} Following Mahmud's execution, Malik Hasan adopted the role of prime minister, and the title of ''[[Peshwa#First use|Peshwa]]'' was bestowed upon him.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=17}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=342}}

Bahmani sultan {{nowrap|Muhammad III}} died a year later in 1482, and Malik Hasan was made the sole regent and prime minister of the Deccani-favouring [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmood Shah]], then only twelve years old.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=361}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=421–422}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=194}} Upon his acceptance of his new role, he became known as Malik ''[[Nawab#Naib (Ottoman, Iranian, Arabic title)|Naib]]''.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=17–18}} Due to the absence of many prominent Bahmani nobles at Mahmood Shah's coronation, including [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] and [[Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk]], Malik Hasan asked for these gestures to be repeated with these nobles present at [[Bidar]], the Bahmani capital. Upon his arrival, Yusuf proceeded to the sultan guarded with 200 soldiers, seen as improper but to him necessary for his protection.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=204}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=361–362}} Malik Hasan likewise was accompanied by 500 armed men, and in the joint procession Yusuf controversially took priority over the prime minister, but no further conflict came of this.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=204}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=362}} The next day Malik invited Yusuf to Bidar to assist in the administration of the sultanate. Soon after his arrival, however, he fled due to the ongoing massacre of Turks living in the city, where in this twenty-day period of strife he had been sought to be killed.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=205}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=361–365}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=18–19}} Upon his departure a triumvirate regency council was installed, with Nizam-ul-Mulk ruling as prime minister.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=361–365}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=18–19}} Malik Hasan's success in seizing this role led Yusuf to take control of the taraf of Bijapur, where he would later establish [[Sultanate of Bijapur|a sultanate on the province's territory]].{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=67}}

Throughout his ministership, Malik Hasan exerted ''de facto'' control over the state and its affairs, with Mahmood Shah serving as a puppet under him.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=151}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=267}} He ruled efficiently and without strife.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=364}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=19}} During his reign, his jagir in [[Maharashtra]] was significantly expanded to encompass the territory that would become the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], by appending to his domains [[Beed]] and territories adjoining [[Junnar]] and [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]].{{sfn|Fischel|2020|pp=209, 229 n. 80}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=27}} The administration of these estates was then handed over to Ahmad, who chose to relocate there.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=19}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=27}}

===Death and aftermath===
Malik Hasan was intensely disliked by many nobles of the sultanate, both of his own faction for his role in Mahmud Gawan's death and the foreigners for his policy against them.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=267}} In 1486, four years into his ministership, a conspiracy akin to the one he had sown against Mahmud was developed against him: following the death of the provincial governor of [[Warangal]], a Bahmani noble temporarily seized control of both Bahmani provinces comprising [[Telangana]]; Malik Hasan successfully made the noble relinquish control of his captured territory, but while away from Bidar, a conspiracy against him was formed, upon which the sultan was convinced to issue a decree to have Malik Hasan put to death. Days later, he was murdered by one of his own nobles at Bidar.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=361–365}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1973|p=195}}

Following his death, conflict among the nobles of the sultanate persisted. From his jagir of Junnar, Malik Hasan's son Ahmad Bahri took his father's title of {{lang|fa-latn|Nizam-ul-Mulk}} in 1486 and forcibly increased his autonomy and territorial control by subduing nearby forts nominally under Bahmani control but held by [[Maratha]]s. He subsequently repelled attempts by the central authority to thwart his increase in power,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=368–369}} achieving ''de facto'' independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, marking him the first sultan to do so.{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=10}} By 1490,<ref name="EI3"/> he had established the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=10}} Developments in Bidar occurred as well after Malik Hasan's death, where he was succeeded by the foreigner [[Qasim Barid I]] as prime minister, who further estranged Ahmad and the Deccanis.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=67}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ |title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan |first=Roy S. |last=Fischel |date=2020 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9781474436090}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ|title=The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates: Living Well in the Persian Cosmopolis|first=Emma J.|last=Flatt|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108481939}}
*{{cite book|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=2019|title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765|isbn=9780520325128|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkSEQAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig |oclc=460423884}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8IKAQAAIAAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241248}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn=9780521563215}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1946|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan|oclc=3971780}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54103|title=Mahmud Gawan: The Great Bahmani Wazir|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1942|publisher=Kitabistan, Allahabad|oclc=5812186}}
*{{cite book|first=Haroon Khan|last=Sherwani|year=1973|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |oclc=1856993}}
*{{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|date=1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120826519}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}
[[Category:People from the Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1486 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:15th-century nobility]]
[[Category:15th-century generals]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]

Majlishpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:54Z

Robxgr: created new data with sources.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majlishpur
| mla = [[Sushanta Chowdhury]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no=10
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:49045}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Majlishpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Majlishpur''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India – Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map – Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[West Tripura district]] and is a part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrishyamukh Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/hrishyamukh.html|access-date=2021-05-09|website=elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jatindra Kumar Majumder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | [[Khagen Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | Dipak Nag || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=4 | [[Manik Dey]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sushanta Chowdhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sushanta Chowdhury]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,349 |percentage=46.80% |change={{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjoy Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,177 |percentage=35.46% |change={{decrease}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Basu |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=6,996 |percentage=15.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Majumder |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=608 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=492 |percentage=1.08% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,172 |percentage=11.34% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,622 |percentage=93.24% |change= {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,045 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sushanta Chowdhury]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,249 |percentage=52.41% |change={{increase}}51.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,359 |percentage=43.64% |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajib Gope |party=Indian National Congress |votes=509 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}44.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=417 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,890 |percentage=8.77% |change= {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,361 |percentage=94.76% |change= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,993 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,304 |percentage=52.43% |change={{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibekananda Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,375 |percentage=45.22% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balaram Debbarma |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=520 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhananjoy Bhowmik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=434 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,929 |percentage=7.21% |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,633 |percentage=96.36% |change= {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,426 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,745 |percentage=50.88% |change={{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,497 |percentage=47.30% |change={{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paresh Chandra Saha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=632 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,248 |percentage=3.58% |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,874 |percentage=94.06% |change= {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,220 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,908 |percentage=53.80% |change={{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,144 |percentage=43.83% |change={{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipin Debbarma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=271 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,764 |percentage=9.98% |change= {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,709 |percentage=81.93% |change= {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,859 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,552 |percentage=50.39% |change={{increase}}2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,692 |percentage=46.94% |change={{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumud Lal Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=584 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=860 |percentage=3.45% |change= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,909 |percentage=84.69% |change= {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,729 |percentage=50.70% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,018 |percentage=47.62% |change={{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=711 |percentage=3.07% |change= {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,136 |percentage=81.52% |change= {{decrease}}4.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,493 |percentage=50.61% |change={{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manik Dey]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,187 |percentage=48.98% |change={{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=306 |percentage=1.63% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,756 |percentage=86.34% |change= {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,204 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagen Das]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,397 |percentage=44.21% |change={{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Saha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,901 |percentage=33.87% |change={{increase}}21.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Nag |party=Independent politician |votes=2,993 |percentage=20.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunit Basu |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurang Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,496 |percentage=10.34% |change= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,469 |percentage=83.16% |change= {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagen Das]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,437 |percentage=37.07% |change={{decrease}}8.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatindra Kumar Majumdar |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=2,425 |percentage=20.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braja Gopal Nath |party=Janata Party |votes=2,150 |percentage=17.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nani Gopal Bhuia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,535 |percentage=12.83% |change={{decrease}}41.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takhiray Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=927 |percentage=7.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harekrishna Shil |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pramode Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pranesh Chandra Saha |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,012 |percentage=16.81% |change= {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,968 |percentage=84.67% |change= {{increase}}14.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,385 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Majlishpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatindra Kumar Majumder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,724 |percentage=54.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanu Gosh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,073 |percentage=45.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=651 |percentage=9.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,797 |percentage=70.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,852 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Tripura district]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.84|91.39|display=title}}

[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Vikraman Radhakrishnan

2026-04-13T22:29:55Z

Robxgr: adding the info basic info

{{short description|Indian actor and politician (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikraman Radhakrishnan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor, Politician}}
| birth_name = R. Vikraman
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|8|24}}
| birth_place =
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2022
| office = Spokesperson of [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] party
| known_for =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Vikraman Radhakrishnan''' (born 24 August 1988) is an Indian actor and former politician who primarily works in [[Television in India|Tamil]] television. He made debuted into television as a host in the talk show ''[[Nadanthathu Enna? Kutramum Pinnaniyum]]'' in 2016. Vikraman is best known for his portrayal of Vikram in [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'']] (2016). He appeared in Tamil reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)]]'' as a contestant and later emerged as the 1st runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6: Meet Vikraman, the first politician to enter the Bigg Boss house!|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-tamil-6-meet-vikraman-the-first-politician-to-enter-the-bigg-boss-house/baa4d28f0c672 |website=www.ottplay.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6: First runner-up Vikraman opens up on his BB journey; congratulates Azeem for lifting the trophy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-first-runner-up-vikraman-opens-up-on-his-bb-journey-congratulates-azeem-for-lifting-the-trophy/articleshow/97304102.cms?from=mdr|website=[[Times Of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Radhakrishnan began his television career in 2016, he debuted in the talk show ''[[Nadanthathu Enna? Kutramum Pinnaniyum]]'' in 2016. Later that same year he made his first acting debut in the television drama ''EMI - Thavanai Murai Vazhkai'' playing the lead role as Santhosh alongside actors [[Pavani Reddy]], Shyam Sunder and Haripriya. He later went on to act in another drama serial called [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'']] which aired on [[Star Vijay]] starring alongside actress [[Madhumila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Actor Vikram Krishna |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/tv-actor/tv-actor-vikram-krishna |website=nettv4u.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=பிக்பாஸ் விக்ரமன் சீரியலில் நடித்துள்ளார் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/109280/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Did-yout-know-Vikraman-acted-in-serial,-photos-goes-viral.htm|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Vikraman joined [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] political party and was a spokesperson from 2020 to 2022.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Nadanthathu Enna? Kutramum Pinnaniyum]]''
|Host
|[[Star Vijay]]
| Talk Show
|
|-
| 2016
| ''EMI - Thavanai Murai Vazhkai.''
| Mahesh
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|TV Serial
|
|-
| 2016
| [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'']]
| Vikram
|[[Star Vijay]]
|TV Serial
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vinnai-Thandi-Varuyava-new-serial-on-Vijay/articleshow/54604051.cms|title=Vinnai Thandi Varuyava- new serial on Vijay - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Star Wars (Indian TV series)|Star War]]''
| Host
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Reality TV
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)]]''
| Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Reality Show 1st Runner-Up
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6 finale LIVE UPDATES: Azeem is Bigg Boss Tamil 6 winner, Vikraman first runner-up|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-season-6-finale-live-updates-azeem-vikraman-shivin-kamal-haasan-8395304/|access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|14126972}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Vikraman}}
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Kotak Life Insurance

2026-04-13T13:22:10Z

Robxgr: made a post

{{Short description|Private life insurance company in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kotak Life Insurance
| logo_alt = Kotak Life logo
| trade_name = KLI
| founded = {{start date|2001}}
| native_name_lang = hi
| logo = Kotak Life Logo-1.png
| type = Private
| hq_location = 8th Floor, Plot # C- 12, G- Block, BKC, Bandra (E), Mumbai- 400051
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Life insurance]] |[[Term life insurance]] |[[Unit-linked insurance plan]] |[[Endowment policy]] |Money-back policy |[[Whole life insurance]] | [[Retirement plans]] }}
| owner = [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
| key_people = [[Uday Kotak]] (Chairman) Mahesh Balasubramanian<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bwpeople.businessworld.in/article/Mahesh-Balasubramanian-ascends-as-MD-and-CEO-of-Kotak-Life/04-05-2021-388623/ | title=Mahesh Balasubramanian ascends as MD and CEO of Kotak Life }}</ref> (MD)
| website = {{url|https://www.kotaklife.com/}}
| former_name = Kotak Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance Limited
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of Life Insurance Industry in India |url=https://www.canarahsbclife.com/content/dam/chli/pdfs/investor-relations/industry-report.pdf |website=Canarahsbclife.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A STUDY ON LIFE INSURANCE OF KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK |url=https://www.jsetms.com/admin/uploads/4VnfEQ.pdf |website=Jsetms.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Biswakarma |first1=Nikita |title=Project Report On MARKET RESEARCH AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION For KOTAK MAHINDRA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED PUNE |url=https://www.academia.edu/28081263/Project_Report_On_MARKET_RESEARCH_AND_CUSTOMER_SATISFACTION_For_KOTAK_MAHINDRA_LIFE_INSURANCE_COMPANY_LIMITED_PUNE |website=.academia.edu}}</ref>
}}

'''Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance Company Limited''' is a [[Privately held company|privately held]] [[Life insurance|life insurance company]] based in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Defence and Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance Collaborate to Provide Job Opportunities to Veterans |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/ministry-of-defence-and-kotak-mahindra-life-insurance-collaborate-to-provide-job-opportunities-to-veterans/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=currentaffairs.adda247.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BW Online |title=Kotak Life Announces Bonus Of Rs 840 Cr To Policyholders |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Kotak-Life-Announces-Bonus-Of-Rs-840-Cr-To-Policyholders/31-05-2023-478680 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Kotak Life acknowledges the young conscious minds before investing with new ad - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/kotak-life-acknowledges-the-young-conscious-minds-before-investing-with-new-ad/98659436 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 2001 and currently serves 46 million customers in 148 cities and towns across India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-21 |title=कोटक लाइफ इंश्योरेंस 60000 एजेंटों की नियुक्ति करेगा |url=https://hindi.financialexpress.com/career-news/kotak-life-insurance-recruit-60000-people-in-this-financial-year/1023955/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Financial Express Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=After Hours with Mahesh Balasubramanian, MD, Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance Company |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-after-hours-with-mahesh-balasubramanian-md-kotak-mahindra-life-insurance-company-3015458/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The company provides protection, retirement, savings, investment, and annuity plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=इस कंपनी के पॉलिसी धारकों की मोटी कमाई, मिला 840 करोड़ रुपये का बोनस |url=https://hindi.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/kotak-life-announce-bonus-of-840-crore-for-fy2023-cnbc-awaz-hindi-42269.htm |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==Corporate history==
The Kotak Mahindra Group was founded in 1985 as a provider of financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotak Mahindra Bank - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/topic/kotak-mahindra-bank |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=life insurance companies |url=https://articlesfix.com/top-life-insurance-companies-in-the-usa/}}</ref> In February 2003, [[Kotak Mahindra Finance Ltd]] (KMFL), the Group's flagship company, received banking license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) to conduct banking operations in the country and was renamed as [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]], the parent company of Kotak Life Insurance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kotak Life Insurance records 42% growth in Profit in FY11|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/kotak-life-insurance-records-42-growth-in-profit-in-fy11-111051000118_1.html|access-date=22 December 2016|agency=Business Standards|publisher=Business Standards|date=10 May 2011}}</ref> The company started operations in 2001 on a [[joint venture]] between Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd and [[Old Mutual|Old Mutual Plc]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Shilpy |date=2017-04-29 |title=Kotak to buy out Old Mutual in insurance JV |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/kotak-to-buy-out-old-mutual-in-insurance-jv/articleshow/58428668.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-13 |title=Kotak Bank completes buyout of life insurance subsidiary |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/kotak-bank-completes-buyout-of-life-insurance-subsidiary/article9904773.ece |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |date=2017-04-28 |title=Kotak Mahindra to buy Old Mutual’s India insurance JV stake for Rs1,292 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/sjlVfDrpbFdU24UnGDYUGP/Kotak-Mahindra-to-buy-Old-Mutuals-India-insurance-JV-stake.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Kotak Mahindra Bank bought Old Mutual's 26 percent stake in the life insurance joint venture for Rs 1,293 crore, subject to approvals, making the life insurance company fully owned by Kotak Mahindra Group.<ref name="Kotak Ref5">{{cite news |title=Kotak buys out Old Mutual's 26% stake for Rs 1,293 cr in insurance arm |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kotak-buys-out-old-mutual-s-26-stake-for-rs-1-293-cr-in-insurance-arm-117042900043_1.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Krupali |date=2017-04-28 |title=Kotak Mahindra Bank To Buy Out Old Mutual’s 26% Stake In Kotak Life For Rs 1,293 Crore |url=https://www.bqprime.com/markets/kotak-mahindra-bank-to-buy-out-old-mutuals-26-stake-in-kotak-life-for-rs-1293-crore |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-28 |title=Kotak Bank to buy out Old Mutual's insurance stake for Rs 1292 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/kotak-bank-to-buy-out-old-mutuals-insurance-stake-for-rs-1292-crore-2267937.html |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2017-04-28 |title=KMB buys UK Old Mutual's 26% stake in insurance arm for `1,292 cr |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/business/kmb-buys-uk-old-mutuals-26-stake-in-insurance-arm-for-1292-cr-239045 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

Kotak Life Insurance has various plans,<ref name="Kotak Ref1">{{cite news |date=5 March 2020 |title=Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance Company Limited: Company Profile & Plans |publisher=Suger Mint |url=https://sugermint.com/kotak-mahindra-life-insurance-company-limited/ |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> including health insurance, as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Kotak Health Shield: Rs 1 crore fixed benefit health plan from a life insurer |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/insurance/story/kotak-health-shield-rs-1-crore-fixed-benefit-health-plan-from-a-life-insurer-276535-2020-10-23 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Business Today |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Kotak Ref3">{{cite news |title=Kotak Life launches Kotak Health Shield, forays into comprehensive health insurance segment |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance/kotak-life-launches-kotak-health-shield-forays-into-comprehensive-health-insurance-segment/2111994/ |access-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=The Financial Express |date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Kotak Life acknowledges the young conscious minds before investing with new ad - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/kotak-life-acknowledges-the-young-conscious-minds-before-investing-with-new-ad/98659436 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-02-14 |title=कोटक लाइफ ने लॉन्च किया नया इंश्योरेंस प्लान, 6-15 साल तक भरें प्रीमियम, 85 साल की उम्र तक मिलेगा लाइफ कवर |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/business/kotak-life-launches-kotak-fortune-maximiser-life-insurance-plan-know-benefits-1060626.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

Kotak Life Insurance has implemented some [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]] projects. These include free breast cancer screenings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotak Life Insurance associates with NPSS for free early breast cancer detection |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/corporate-gallery/kotak-life-insurance-associates-with-npss-for-free-early-breast-cancer-detection |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
* [[Kotak Mahindra General Insurance]]
* [[Kotak Mutual Fund]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kotak Mahindra Bank}}

[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2001]]

Pranjal R. Modi

2026-04-07T17:34:12Z

Robxgr: Starting Some Article First Draft...

'''Pranjal Ramanlal Modi''' (b. 1968) is an Indian professor of [[transplant surgery]] at the Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre, Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat University of Transplantation Sciences |url=https://www.guts.ac.in/vice-chancellor.html |website=www.guts.ac.in |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> In 2016, after more than 250 robot assisted kidney transplants, he mentored [[Nizam Mamode]]’s team in London during the UK's first procedure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transplant surgeons at Guy's Hospital perform a UK first |url=https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/news/transplant-surgeons-guys-hospital-perform-uk-first |website=Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Pranjal R.}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian transplant surgeons]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}
{{surgery-stub}}

Dharambir Singh Chaudhary

2026-04-06T01:11:51Z

Robxgr: starting basic bio needs work

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015||reason=Hindu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharambir Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|3|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Talu, Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Sukhbir Singh
| successor1 = Tejpal Tawar
| constituency1 = [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]]
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Ranbir Singh
| successor2 = Raghbir Singh
| constituency2 = [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2005
| predecessor3 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| successor3 = [[Surender Singh]]
| constituency3 = [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
| term_start4 = 1987
| term_end4 = 1991
| predecessor4 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| successor4 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| constituency4 = [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
| occupation = Farmer
| predecessor = [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(before 2014)}}
| spouse = Manju Devi
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Kurukshetra University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaudhary Dharambir Singh Panghal ''' (born 1955) is an Indian politician and a member of Lok Sabha from [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[Haryana]]. He won the 2014,2019 and 2024 Indian general elections, being a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] member.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4647?from=members|title=Member Detail|website=Digital Sansad|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>

During his political career, he is famous for defeating the 3 generations of Bansi Lal family. He has also lost many elections against members of that family.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bansi-lal-family-making-bid-to-regain-traditional-seat/275111| title = Bansi Lal family making bid to regain traditional seat}}</ref> He defeated [[Bansi Lal]] from [[Tosham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] as a Lok Dal candidate in 1987, then he defeated his son, [[Surender Singh|Surender]] from Tosham in 2000 as a member of Congress, and later Bansi Lal's grand daughter (Surender's daughter) [[Shruti Choudhry]] from [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as a member of BJP in 2014 and 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS078.htm?ac=8 |accessdate=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519233250/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS078.htm?ac=8 |archivedate=19 May 2014 }}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Badhra Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2005}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Badhra Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2005}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tosham Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2000}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tosham Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1996}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tosham Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1991}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tosham Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1987}}}}

==References==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Haryana|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharambir}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Singam (film series)

2026-04-02T11:07:04Z

Robxgr:

{{short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = Singam Franchise
| image = Singamlogo.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Official Logo
| creator = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| origin = ''[[Singam]]''
| owner = [[Sun Pictures]] [[2D Entertainment]] [[Studio Green]]
| films = {{ubl|''[[Singam]]''|''[[Singam II]]''|''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''}}
| shorts =
| soundtracks =
| website =
| colour = Gold
}}

'''''Singam''''' ({{translation|Lion}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action]] [[film series]] centered around the titular character [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] [[Duraisingam (fictional character)|Duraisingam]], a short-tempered honest cop with an aim to eliminate corruption from the society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/singam-franchise-a-milestone-in-my-career-suriya/articleshow/57053638.cms |title='Singam' franchise a milestone in my career: Suriya |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/singam-franchise-a-milestone-in-my-career-suriya/articleshow/57053638.cms |archive-date=2017-02-11}}</ref> The film series began in 2010 with the release of ''[[Singam]]'', directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] and starring [[Suriya]] as the titular character. The film received positive reviews and grossed ₹90–100 crore worldwide.<ref name="gross">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/decadeofroaringsingam-here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-suriyas-action-packed-cop-drama/articleshow/76063205.cms|title=#DecadeOfRoaringSINGAM: Here are some interesting facts about Suriya's action-packed cop drama|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2020|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530100046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/decadeofroaringsingam-here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-suriyas-action-packed-cop-drama/articleshow/76063205.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The first film also spawned two direct sequels titled ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013) and [[Si3 (film)|''Si3'']] (2017).

== Overview ==
===''Singam''===
{{Main|Singam}}
''Singam,'' the first installment of the series, tells about DSP Duraisingam, a tempered-but-honest police officer, who tries his best to eliminate a powerful don named Mayil Vaaganam. The film was released on 28 May 2010 (worldwide) and received positive reviews from critics. It earned ₹90-100 crore worldwide <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/romancing-the-remake/731169/3|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=Romancing the remake|date=30 December 2010|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150318123748/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/romancing-the-remake/731169/3|url-status=live}}</ref> against a budget of ₹15 crore.<ref name="gross"/>

===''Singam 2''===
{{Main|Singam II}}
''Singam 2,'' the second installment of this series, continues the story, where Duraisingam was sent to Thoothukoodi in order to stop a drug cartel running by Bhai and Thangaraj and their international gangster friend Michael Kong (aka Danny). The film was released in about 1500 screens worldwide. The film received positive reviews from critics where it grossed approximately {{INRConvert|1.22|b}} worldwide from Tamil and Telugu versions with a lifetime distributor's share of {{INRConvert|670|m}}.<ref name="GBOC">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-vikrams-i-rajinis-lingaa-vijays-kaththi-among-top-10-south-films-all-time-620966|title=Box Office: Vikram's 'I', Rajini's 'Lingaa' and Vijay's 'Kaththi' Among Top 10 South Films of All Time|work=[[IBTimes]]|date=20 January 2015|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018124151/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-vikrams-i-rajinis-lingaa-vijays-kaththi-among-top-10-south-films-all-time-620966|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBTimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/singam-3-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-mints-rs-95-crore-worldwide-717648|title=Singam 3 box office collection: Suriya's film mints Rs 110 crore worldwide|date=28 February 2017|work=IBTimes}}</ref> However, ''[[Forbes]]'' stated that the film made {{INR}}1.36 billion in its lifetime.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===''Si3''===
{{Main|Si3 (film)}}
''Si3'' was the third and final installment of the series, continues the story, where Duraisingam was transferred to Andhra Pradesh as DCP, to nab an Australian bureaucrat named Vittal Prasad, who illegally exports toxic waste to India. However, unlike the first and second film, the third film mainly received mixed reviews from critics, despite, became a commercial success, thus becoming another profitable addition by grossing ₹110 crore<ref name="box">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/singam-3-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-mints-rs-110-crore-worldwide-717648|title=Singam 3 box office collection: Suriya's film mints Rs 110 crore worldwide|date=28 February 2017|work=IBTimes|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817051208/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/singam-3-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-mints-rs-110-crore-worldwide-717648|url-status=live}}</ref> worldwide from a budget of ₹65 crore.<ref name=final>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vivegam-box-office-collection-thala-ajith-kumar-siva-kajal-1038094-2017-09-05|title=Si3 Final Total Worldwide Collection|date=9 September 2017|work=ABO|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929224818/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vivegam-box-office-collection-thala-ajith-kumar-siva-kajal-1038094-2017-09-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|-
! width="17%" | Film
! Release date
! Director
! width=18%| Screenwriter(s)
! width=20%| Story by
! width=26%| Producer(s)
|-
|''[[Singam]]''||28 May 2010||colspan=3 rowspan=3|[[Hari (director)|Hari]]||[[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
|-
|''[[Singam II]]''||5 July 2013||S. Lakshman Kumar
|-
|''[[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]]''||9 February 2017||Dhaval Jayantilal Gada, [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
|-
|}
Three films of the Singam franchise take place between 2010, 2013 and 2017.

==Remakes==
The success of the franchise has brought other Indian industries to adapt the films in their languages. Singam (2010) was remade in [[Kannada]] as [[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]], in [[Hindi]] as [[Singham]], in Bengali as [[Shotru]], and in Punjabi as [[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]. Si3 (2017) was remade in Hindi as [[Romeo S3]].

== Recurring cast and characters ==
This table lists the main characters who appear in the Singam Franchise.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Actors
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Films
|-
! scope="col" style="width:11%"| ''[[Singam]]''
! scope="col" style="width:11%"| ''[[Singam II]]''
! scope="col" style="width:11%"| ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''
|-
! scope="row"|[[Suriya]]
| colspan="3" | DCP S. Duraisingam
|-
! scope="row"|[[Anushka Shetty]]
| colspan="3" |Kavya Duraisingam
|-
! scope="row"|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|colspan=2|Sathya
|-
! scope="row" |[[Prakash Raj]]
| colspan="2" |Mayil Vaaganam
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Danny Sapani]]
|{{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" |Danny (Michael Kong)
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
| colspan="2" |Erimalai
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Radha Ravi]]
| colspan="3" |Soundara Pandi
|-
! scope="row" |[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
| colspan="3" |Kalyani
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
| colspan="3" |Home Minister Ramanathan
|-
! scope="row" |[[Yuvarani]]
| colspan="3" |Dhanalakshmi
|-
! scope="row" |[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| colspan="3" |Mahalingam
|-
! scope="row" |[[Janaki Sabesh]]
| colspan="3" |Bharati Mahalingam
|-
! scope="row" |[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
| colspan="3" |Kavya's Grandmother
|-
! scope="row" |[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
| colspan="3" |Harbour Shanmugam
|-
! scope="row" |Priya Atlee
| colspan="2" |Divya Mahalingam
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| colspan="2" |ACP Rajendran
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]]
| colspan="2" |Vaikuntam
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" |Item Number
|{{cEmpty}}
|[[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]
|[[Neetu Chandra]]
|-
|}

== Additional crew and production details==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Singam]]'' (2010)
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013)
! width:"10%;"| ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' (2017)
|-
! Director
| colspan="3" | Hari
|-
! Producer(s)
| [[Studio Green|K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance Big Pictures]]
| S. Lakshman Kumar
| K. E. Gnanavel Raja Dhaval Jayatilal Gada
|-
! Executive Producer(s)
|[[S. R. Prabhu]] S.R. Prakashbabu Mahesh Ramanathan
|Suriya Kyle Ambrose Delon Bakker
|[[S. R. Prabhu]] S.R. Prakashbabu
|-
! Distributor(s)
| [[Sun Pictures]]
| [[2D Entertainment]]
| [[Pen India Limited|Pen Movies]]
|-
! Story, Screenplay and Dialogue Writer
| colspan="3"| [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
|-
! Music director(s)
| colspan="2" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
! Cinematography
| colspan="3" | [[Priyan]]
|-
! Editor(s)
| [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| colspan="2" | V. T. Vijayan T. S. Jay
|-
! Art Director
| colspan="3" | K. Kadhir
|-
! Lyricist(s)
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] Hari Megha
| Viveka
| [[Pa. Vijay]] [[Thamarai]] Viveka Hari Harris Jayaraj [[Ramya NSK]] [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam]] [[Maalavika Manoj]] [[Lady Kash]] MC Vickey
|-
! Stunt Co-ordinator(s)
| colspan="2" | [[Rocky Rajesh]] [[Anal Arasu]]
| [[Kanal Kannan]] Anbariv
|-
! Choreographer(s)
| [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] Shobi [[Baba Bhaskar]]
| [[Raju Sundaram]] [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] Baba Bhaskar
| [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] Shobi Baba Bhaskar
|-
! Costume Designer(s)
| Vivek Karunakaran Pallavi-Neha Bharani Anu
| Nikhaar Dhawan Uma Chaitanya Rao
| Neha Gnanavel Raja V. Sai
|}

==Release and revenue==
===Box office performance===
The franchise has been notable for its profit, with ''Singam''<ref name="Singam Behinwood">{{cite web|title=2010 – TOP 20 MOVIES IN CHENNAI BOX OFFICE|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/singam.html|work=Behinwoods|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925194256/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/singam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and its follow-up having earned a combined revenue of ₹336-346 crore, according to IBtimes.<ref name="Overseas opening">{{cite news|title='Singam-2' takes a solid start|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/480|date=9 July 2013|access-date=9 July 2013|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713064718/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/480|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;"| Film
! style="text-align:centr;"| Release date
! style="text-align:centr;"| Budget
! style="text-align:centr;"| Box office revenue
! style="text-align:centr;"| Ref.
|-
|''[[Singam]]''||28 May 2010||{{INRConvert|15|c}}||₹90-100 crore||<ref>{{cite web|title=Singam Box Office Mojo|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2011W9&id=_fSINGAM01|work=Box office Mojo|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925122404/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2011W9&id=_fSINGAM01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Star Suriya Aims To Take The 'Singam' Cop Franchise To New Horizons|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/02/07/tamil-star-suriya-aims-to-take-the-singam-cop-franchise-to-new-horizons/|website=[[Forbes]]|date=7 February 2017|access-date=15 June 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062010/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/02/07/tamil-star-suriya-aims-to-take-the-singam-cop-franchise-to-new-horizons/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singam II]]''||5 July 2013||{{INRConvert|45|c}}||{{INRConvert|136|c}}||<ref>{{cite news|title=Singam 2 gets good first day collections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Singam-gets-good-first-day-collections/articleshow/20968913.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/news-interviews/40442739_1_tamil-version-telugu-yamudu|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|date=6 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singam-box-office-collection-suriya-hari-anushka-960388-2017-02-13|title=Singam 3 box-office collection: Suriya's film gets biggest opening weekend|date=13 February 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019074139/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singam-box-office-collection-suriya-hari-anushka-960388-2017-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''||9 February 2017||{{INRConvert|65|c}}||{{INRConvert|110|c}}||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singam-3-box-office-collection-suriya-anushka-shruti-961546-2017-02-20|title=Singam 3 box-office collection: Suriya's film gets steady response in US|date=20 February 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019074139/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singam-3-box-office-collection-suriya-anushka-shruti-961546-2017-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;"| Total
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|125|c}} ({{small|three films}})
! style="text-align:centr;"| ₹336-346 crore ({{small|three films}})
|
|-
|}

== Reception ==
=== ''Singam (2010)'' ===
''[[Sify]]'' described the film ''Singam'' as a "predictable entertainer that follows the age old formula", while Suriya "carries the film to the winning post. His passion and the way he brings an ordinary regular larger-than-life hero character alive on screen is lesson for other commercial heroes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708235804/http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2013 |title=Movie Review:Singam- Review|website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' felt it was an "unapologetic... entertainer and has Suriya in every frame. Lovers of commercial potpourri will definitely get their money's worth."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm |title=Singam, the mother of all masala films – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=28 May 2010 |accessdate=27 September 2011 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018083842/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Singam 2'' ===
''Rediff'' felt "the film has a lot of power-packed action sequences and the story races along with a tremendous pace keeping you engaged throughout... The only negative would be the length – the movie runs for almost three hours. A slightly shorter version would have created a greater impact".<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-singam-2-roars-louder-than-ever/20130705.htm|title=Review: Singam 2 roars louder than ever|accessdate=6 July 2013|archive-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708224243/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-singam-2-roars-louder-than-ever/20130705.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave it the verdict: "Even if you are not a Suriya fan, ''Singam 2'' is worth a watch. The film roars rather well."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130708/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-suriyas-singam-2.htm|title=Review: Suriya's Singam 2|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809124009/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130708/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-suriyas-singam-2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In contrast, ''[[Zee News]]'' felt, "Suriya is the only character that makes you feel satisfied in the entire movie".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/review-singam-2-bigger-but-not-better_138420.htm |title=Review: 'Singam 2' bigger but not better |date=5 July 2013 |accessdate=5 July 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705172051/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/review-singam-2-bigger-but-not-better_138420.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Si3'' ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' lauded Suriya and Hari, writing,"[His] consistency in handling cop stories convincingly and entertainingly needs to be commended as he has been proving his expertise repeatedly".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/si3/movie-review/57059210.cms|title=Si3 film Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209113039/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/si3/movie-review/57059210.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' similarly praised Suriya, but found "as a commercial film director, [Hari's] storytelling methods also suffer from following a set of rules, which include frequent yawn-inducing songs".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/singam-3-movie-review-si-3-suriya-shruti-haasan-anoop-singh-star-rating-4514702/ |title=Singam 3 movie review: Si3 is Suriya's show all the way |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2017-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315145415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/singam-3-movie-review-si-3-suriya-shruti-haasan-anoop-singh-star-rating-4514702/ |archive-date=2017-03-15 }}</ref> In contrast, ''The Hindu'' felt it was "loud, fast, and without a single memorable moment".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Singam-3-Loud-fast-and-without-a-single-memorable-moment/article17278182.ece |title=Singam 3: Loud, fast, and without a single memorable moment |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2017-03-11 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083453/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Singam-3-Loud-fast-and-without-a-single-memorable-moment/article17278182.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sify'' called the film "a cocktail of harebrained predictable plot, exhausting action scenes and slapstick comedy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/si-3-review-loud-and-exhausting-review-tamil-rcjrrsajhbajg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209133015/http://www.sify.com/movies/si-3-review-loud-and-exhausting-review-tamil-rcjrrsajhbajg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2017 |title=Review : Si 3 review: Loud and exhausting! |website=[[Sify]] |date=2017-02-09 |accessdate=2017-03-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q3072954|id=tt1655607|title=Singam}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q6491585|id=tt2309600|title=Singam 2}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q20463713|id=tt5323640|title=Si3}}

{{Singam}}

[[Category:Singam (film series)| ]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Action film series]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Thoothukudi]]

Verrier Elwin

2026-03-28T08:24:53Z

Robxgr: improved article

{{Short description|British-Indian anthropologist (1902–1964)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Verrier Elwin
| image = Verrier Elwin.jpg
| caption = Verrier Elwin
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1902|8|29}}
| birth_place = [[Dover]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1964|2|22|1902|8|29}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[NCT of Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Merton College, Oxford]]
| notable works = ''The Baiga'' (1939) ''The Muria and their Ghotul'' (1947)
| citizenship = United Kingdom (1902–1947) India (1947–1964)
| known_for = Study of [[Tribes of India]]
| occupation = [[anthropologist]], [[ethnologist]]
| spouse = Kaushalaya (Kosi), Lila.
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1961)
}}

'''Harry Verrier Holman Elwin''' (29 August 1902 – 22 February 1964)<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book |editor1-last=Levens |editor1-first=R.G.C. |title=Merton College Register 1900–1964 |date=1964 |publisher=Basil Blackwell |location=Oxford |page=143}}</ref> was a [[Great Britain|British]]-born [[India]]n [[anthropologist]], [[ethnologist]] and [[tribal]] activist. He is best known for his early work with the [[Baiga (tribe)|Baigas]] and [[Gonds]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[central India]]. He later also worked on the tribals of several [[North East India]]n states especially [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA).

Elwin served as the deputy director of the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] upon its formation in 1945. Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] later appointed Elwin as an adviser on tribal affairs for north-eastern India, and went on to become the Anthropological Adviser to the Government of [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]]. He was awarded the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]].

Elwin was a prolific researcher and writer. His autobiography, ''The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin,'' posthumously won him the 1965 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Sahitya Akademi Award to English Language Writers|English Language]].

==Early life and education==
Harry Verrier Holman Elwin was born on 29 August 1902 in Dover. He was the son of [[Edmund Henry Elwin]], then the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] bishop of [[Sierra Leone]]. Harry was educated at [[Dean Close School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]],<ref name=MCreg /> where he received his degrees of BA First Class in English Language and Literature, [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge)|MA]], and DSc. He also remained the [[Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union#List of OICCU Presidents|President]] of [[Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union]] (OICCU) in 1925. At Oxford, he also took a Double First in English and in Theology, before being ordained a priest in the [[Church of England]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Career==
In 1926 Elwin was appointed Vice-Principal of [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford]] and in the following year he became a [[chaplain]] at [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |first=Christoph |author-link=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf |date=1964 |title=Verrier Elwin: 1902-1964 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2797364 |journal=Man |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=114–115 |jstor=2797364 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> However, at the age of 25, he went to India as a missionary to undertake humanitarian work. For this, he joined the Christa Seva Sangha (CSS), an austere missionary society of the [[Society of Saint Francis|Anglican Franciscans]] then headquartered in [[Pune|Poona.]]<ref name=":1" /> Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] notes that the CSS hoped to 'indigenize' Christianity, with its members wearing [[khadi]], eating vegetarian food, and devising a liturgy which incorporated elements of Indian music, art, and architecture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |date=1998 |title=Between Anthropology and Literature: The Ethnographies of Verrier Elwin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3034505 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=325–343 |doi=10.2307/3034505 |jstor=3034505 |issn=1359-0987 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Over the years, he was influenced by the philosophies of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He quickly threw in his lot with the Congress, winning Gandhi's affection and becoming a camp follower and occasional cheerleader to the popular movement against British rule. Seeking fuller immersion in the toil, the sufferings, the poverty of India, he resolved to make his home among the Gonds. He first joined Christian Service Society in Pune. The first time he visited the central India, now the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and parts of eastern [[Maharashtra]], was with an Indian from Pune, Shamrao Hivale. For the first time, he visited a remote village in the forests of Mandla district. Hivale and he were to spend some twenty years in Central India, living with and fighting for tribal rights. Their studies on the tribes are some of the earliest anthropological studies in the country. In 1954, he was appointed anthropological adviser to the Indian Government, with the special reference to the hill tribes of the north east. Moving to Shillong, he served for a decade as a leading missionary of what he liked to call 'Mr Nehru's Gospel for tribes'. He participated in the [[Indian independence movement]], and in 1930 Gandhi said he regarded Elwin as a son.<ref name="Mandelbaum">{{cite journal |last=Mandelbaum |first=David |author-link=David G. Mandelbaum |year=1965 |title=Verrier Elwin (1902–1964) |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=448–452 |doi=10.1525/aa.1965.67.2.02a00140 |doi-access=}}</ref>

He first abandoned the clergy, to work with [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], then converted to [[Hinduism]] in 1935 after staying in a Gandhian ashram,<ref name="ka">[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/people/pioneers/elwin.htmTribal World of Verrier Elwin]{{dead link|date=July 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} by K. L. Kamat, 8 August 2000.</ref> and split with the nationalists over what he felt was an overhasty process of [[Transformation of culture|transformation]] and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] for the tribals. Verrier Elwin is best known for his early work with the [[Baiga (tribe)|Baigas]] and [[Gonds]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[central India]], and he married a 13 year old member of one of the communities he studied.

He came out with numerous works on various tribal groups in India, the best acclaimed being those on Maria and Baigas.

After India attained independence in 1947, he was asked by Nehru to find solutions to the problems that emerged among the tribal peoples living in the far northeastern corner of India, the [[North East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA). He was also a Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Science Academy |first=Indian National |author-link=Indian National Science Academy |title=Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy, Volume 20 |year=1995 |page=101}}</ref>

In time he became an authority on Indian [[Tribe|tribal]] lifestyle and culture, particularly on the [[Gondi people]].<ref name="ka" /> He served as the deputy director of the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] upon its formation in 1945.<ref>[http://www.anthsi.com/ Anthropological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311183127/http://www.anthsi.com/|date=11 March 2010}} [[Anthropological Survey of India]], Kolkata, website.</ref> Post-[[Independence of India|independence]], he took up Indian citizenship.<ref name="li">[[Verrier Elwin#li|Linebaugh, p. 162]]</ref> Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appointed him as an adviser on tribal affairs for north-eastern India, and later he was Anthropological Adviser to the Government of [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] (now [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> His philosophy towards the north-east was partially responsible in its disconnect from the modern world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Pushpita |date=2008 |title=Management of India-China Border Area: A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340743 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=100 |issn=0973-3248 |jstor=45340743}}</ref>

The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1961.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |df=dmy}}</ref> His autobiography, ''The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin'' won him the 1965 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Sahitya Akademi Award to English Language Writers|English Language]], given by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007 |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm#english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611080633/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Official listing}}</ref>

==On Ghotul==
Verrier Elwin wrote – "The message of the [[ghotul]] – that youth must be served, that freedom and happiness are more to be treasured than any material gain, that friendliness and sympathy, hospitality and unity are of the first importance, and above all that human love – and its physical expression – is beautiful, clean and precious, is typically Indian."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgnet.in/FT/ghotul |title=Cgnet.in – Ghotul: 100 years behind or 100 years ahead ? |access-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030033420/http://www.cgnet.in/FT/ghotul |archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 4 April 1940 Elwin married Kaushalaya (Kosi) from the [[Gond people|Gond]] tribe, living in Raythwar (Raithwar) village of present-day [[Dindori district]] in Madhya Pradesh, with whom he lived and worked. While he was 37 then, she was 13 years old. Within few months of their first meeting, Elwin proposed for marriage to her parents who refused due to existing tribe-based traditions. Elwin married Kosi under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1872]] by what he called '[[Bride kidnapping|love marriage by capture]].' The colonial law was aimed for inter-religious and inter-racial marriages. This was followed by a four-day Gond wedding. They had two sons, Jawahar Singh, born in 1941, and Vijay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=KS |first=Shaini |date=4 May 2006 |title=British scholar's Indian widow in penury |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4869778.stm |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Elwin had an ex-parte divorce in 1949, at the [[Calcutta High Court]], writing in his autobiography, "I cannot even now look back on this period of my life without a deep sense of pain and failure"<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin: An autobiography.'' Bombay: [[Oxford University Press]], 1964, p. 138.</ref>

Elwin remarried a woman called Lila, belonging to the Pardhan Gond tribe in nearby Patangarh, moving with her to [[Shillong]] in the early 1950s. They had three sons, Wasant, Nakul and Ashok.<ref>''The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin: an autobiography''</ref> His marriage to Lila connected Verrier to [[Jangarh Singh Shyam]], the Gond artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Sunita |title=Indigenous Artists India |publisher=Sunita Nair |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5311-387-2 |location=Mumbai |pages=16}}</ref>

In January 1954, Elwin became the first foreigner to become an Indian citizen.<ref name=":2" />

After a long illness, Elwin died in [[Delhi]] on 22 February 1964<ref name=":1" /> after a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirpal |first=Raman |date=5 March 1999 |title=How a tribal girl's life became a book on sex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203090717/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990305/ige05051.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990305/ige05051.html}}</ref><ref name="el">{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |date=10 March 1999 |title=Elwin and Kosi were incompatible |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/elwin-and-kosi-were-incompatible/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> His widow Lila died in Mumbai in 2013, aged about 80, shortly after the demise of their eldest son, Wasant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rehman |first=Teresa |date=20 July 2013 |title=Lila, wife of anthropologist Verrier Elwin, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lila-wife-of-anthropologist-verrier-elwin-passes-away/article4933079.ece |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2006, Kosi was still living in a hut in Raythwar, their son Jawahar having died. Vijay, also died young.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
Many of Elwin's books were subsidised and not profitable for publishers. In the late 1980s, his wife provided the [[North-Eastern Hill University]] with funds in his memory to encourage reading and revisiting his works.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Verrier Elwin, philanthropologist : selected writings |publisher=North Eastern Hill University Publications, and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |editor-last=Rustomji |editor-first=Nari |edition=1st |location=Delhi |language=en}}</ref> Bureaucrat [[Nari Rustomji]] compiled the first anthology of Elwin's writings to 'revive interest in one of the most outstanding champions of tribal people.' ''Verrier Elwin, Philanthropologist: Selected Writings,'' edited by Rustomji was jointly published by [[North-Eastern Hill University]] Publications and [[Oxford University Press]] in 1989. The latter had previously published many of Elwin's works.<ref name=":3" /> The historian [[Ramachandra Guha]]'s biography ''Savaging the Civilized: Verrier Elwin, His Tribals, and India'' (1999) brought renewed attention in India to Elwin's life and career.

==Works==
* ''Christian Dhyana''. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1930.
* ''[https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/dawn-indian-freedom The Dawn of Indian Freedom]'', with Jack Copley Winslow. G. Allen & Unwin, 1931.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71695/mode/1up Truth about India: can we get it?]'', G. Allen & Unwin, 1932.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhiske00desa/mode/1up Mahatma Gandhi: sketches in pen, pencil and brush]'', with Kanu Desai. Golden Vista Press, 1932.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.156927/mode/1up Gandhi: the Dawn of Indian Freedom]'', with John Copley Winslow. Fleming H. Revell company, 1934.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125035/mode/1up Songs of the Forest: the folk poetry of the Gonds]'', with Shamrao Hivale. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1935.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16148/mode/1up Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village (first edition)]'', John Murray Publishers Ltd, 1936.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20788 The Agaria]'', H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1942.
* ''The Aboriginals''. H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238333/mode/1uphttps://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238333/mode/1up Folk-songs of the Maikal Hills]'', with Shamrao Hivale. H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238331 Folk-songs of Chhattisgarh]'', G. Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1946.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69580 The Muria and their Ghotul]'', Oxford University Press, 1947.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.12841 Myths of Middle India]'', Indian Branch, Oxford University Press, 1949.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.236986 Bondo Highlander]'', Oxford University Press, 1950.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/mariamurdersuici0000elwi Maria Murder and Suicide]'', Oxford University Press, 1950.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/tribalartofmiddl0000elwi The Tribal Art of Middle India: a personal record]'', Indian Branch, Oxford University Press, 1951.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2054/mode/1up Tribal Myths of Orissa]'', Indian Branch, Oxford University Press, 1954.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3063/mode/1up The Religion of an Indian Tribe]'', Oxford University Press, 1955.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547594/mode/1up Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village (second edition)]'', Oxford University Press, 1958.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26447/mode/1up Myths of the North-east Frontier of India]'', North-East Frontier Agency, 1958.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/indiasnortheastf0000elwi India's North-east Frontier in the Nineteenth Century]'', Oxford University Press, 1959.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/artofnortheastfr0000elwi/page/n6/mode/1up The Art of the North-east Frontier of India]'', North-East Frontier Agency, 1959.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17611/mode/1up A Philosophy for NEFA]'', Shillong, 1959.
* ''A Philosophy for NEFA''. S. Roy on behalf of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), 1960.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/LivingWithHunger-HarshMandar/mode/1up When the World was Young: folk-tales from India's hills and forests]''. Publication Div., Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1961.
* ''A New Deal for Tribal India''. Abridgement of the tenth Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for the year 1960–61. Ministry of Home Affairs, 1963.
* ''[[The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin|The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin: An Autobiography]]''. Oxford University Press, 1964.
* ''Religious and Cultural Aspects of Khadi''. Sarvodaya Prachuralaya, 1964.
* ''Democracy in NEFA.'' North-East Frontier Agency, 1965.
* ''Folk Paintings of India''. Inter-national Cultural Centre, 1967.
* ''The Kingdom of the Young'', Oxford University Press, 1968.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8779 The Nagas in the Nineteenth Century]'', Oxford University Press, 1969.
* ''A New Book of Tribal Fiction''. North-East Frontier Agency, 1970.
* ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. Arno Press, 1980. (including the tale ''[[The Fisher-Girl and the Crab]]'')
* ''The Baiga''. Gian Pub. House, 1986.
* ''Verrier Elwin, Philanthropologist: Selected Writings.'' Ed. Nari Rustomji. North-Eastern Hill Univ. Publications, and Oxford University Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-19-565801-9}}.

==See also==
* [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Linebaugh |first=Peter |title=The Magna Carta manifesto: liberties and commons for all |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjeT8gR2TmgC&q=Verrier+Elwin+-inauthor%3A%22Verrier+Elwin%22&pg=PA162 |year=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24726-0}}

==Further reading==
* ''Scholar gypsy: A study of Verrier Elwin'', Shamrao Hivale. N.M. Tripathi, 1946.
* ''Anthropology and archaeology: essays in commemoration of Verrier Elwin, 1902–64''. Ed. Mahesh Chandra Pradhan. Oxford University Press, 1969.
* ''An evaluative study of Verrier Elwin, folklorist'', by Bhabagrahi Misra. Indiana University, 1969.
* ''Verrier Elwin: a pioneer Indian anthropologist''. Asia Pub. House, 1973. {{ISBN|0-210-40556-2}}.
* ''Verrier Elwin and India's north-eastern borderlands'', by Nari Rustomji. North-Eastern Hill University Publications, 1988.
* ''Din-sevak: Verrier Elwin's life of service in tribal India''. Daniel O'Connor, Christian Institute for the Study of Religion & Society, Bangalore, 1993. {{ISBN|81-7214-069-X}}.
* ''Savaging the Civilized — Verrier Elwin, his tribals and India'', Ramchandra Guha. University of Chicago Press; OUP. 1999.
* ''Against ecological romanticism: Verrier Elwin and the making of an anti-modern tribal identity'', by Archana Prasad. Three Essays Collective, 2003.
* ''Verrier Elwin as remembered by his family and friends'', by B. Francis Kulirani, Bibhash Dhar. Anthropological Survey of India, 2003. {{ISBN|81-85579-80-6}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=INWSqBXundYC&q=Verrier+Elwin+-inauthor:%22Verrier+Elwin%22 Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India]''. Tanka Bahadur Subba, Sujit Som, K. C. Baral (eds.). New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2005. {{ISBN|81-250-2812-9}}.
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh Kant |title=Discovery of North-East India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpMAQe5bRM8C&q=Verrier+Elwin+-inauthor%3A%22Verrier+Elwin%22&pg=PA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-036-9 |chapter=1. The North East Frontier Agency by Verrier Elwin}}
* Rousseleau, Raphaël (2019). [http://www.berose.fr/article1797.html « Verrier Elwin, du missionnaire gandhien à l'ethnopoète philanthropologue (1928–1939) »], in Gaetano Ciarcia & André Mary (ed.), ''Ethnologie en situation missionnaire'', Les Carnets de Bérose n° 12, Paris, BEROSE – International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, pp. 250–278.

==External links==
{{wikisource|Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1932}}
* The Muria and Their Ghotul by Verrier Elwin
* Warren E. Roberts, 'Verrier Elwin (1902–1964)', ''[[Asian Folklore Studies]]'' 23:2 (1964), 212–14
* [[The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin|The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin, An Autobiography]], ''Oxford University Press (1964)''
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/500/500%20verrier%20elwin.htm Beating a dead horse] Verrier Elwin
* Resources related to research : [http://www.berose.fr/ BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology]. [http://www.berose.fr/rubrique777.html?lang=en "Elwin, Verrier (1902-1964)"], Paris, 2019. (ISSN 2648-2770)

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
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Sagar Movietone

2026-03-27T09:04:51Z

Robxgr: adding some page v1

{{Short description|Indian film production company (1929–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sagar Movietone
| logo = Sagar Movietone logo.jpg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1929
| founder = Chimanlal Desai, Ambalal Patel, [[Ardeshir Irani]]
| defunct = 1940
| location_city = [[Bombay]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Cinema of India|Indian Film industry]]
| products = [[Films]]
| production =
| services =
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| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
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| num_employees =
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| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Sagar Movietone''', also known as Sagar Films, Sagar Film Company and Sagar Productions, was an Indian company involved in the production of films for [[Indian cinema]]. It was launched by [[Ardeshir Irani]] with Chimanlal Desai and Dr. Ambalal Patel in 1929 in [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India.<ref name="Ahmed2008">{{cite book|author=Rauf Ahmed|title=Mehboob Khan: The Romance of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2juLPQAACAAJ|accessdate=22 September 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Wisdom Tree|isbn=978-81-8328-106-5|page=14|chapter=3. The Turning Point}}</ref> Sagar was initially started as a branch company of Ardeshir's '''Imperial Film Company'''. Several key figures from Imperial, such as [[Mehboob Khan]] were shifted to Sagar. The studio was in operation from 1930 to 1939. In 1940, it combined with General Pictures to form National Studios.<ref name="Hansen2013">{{cite book|author=Kathryn Hansen|title=Stages of Life: Indian Theatre Autobiographies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7JEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA345|accessdate=11 September 2015|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-068-7|pages=345–|chapter=Appendix 1-Sagar Film company}}</ref> It made "[[Parsi theatre]] based films, mythologicals and stunt movies". Sagar fostered the career of many artists who rose to prominence. Early directors such as [[Prafulla Ghosh]], [[Sarvottam Badami]], [[Ezra Mir]] and [[Nanubhai Vakil]] were promoted by the company. Mehboob Khan got his first break as a director in ''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' in 1935. He was referred to as "the most important alumnus" from Sagar, who went on to become one of Indian cinema's "most influential film-makers".<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|accessdate=22 September 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=26–}}</ref>

With the launch of the studio, five [[silent films]] were produced in 1930. Their first silent film was ''Dav Pech'' (The Web) (1930). Their first [[talkie film]] was ''Meri Jaan'', also called ''Romantic Prince'' (1931). [[List of Bollywood films of 1931|That year]] Sagar made nine films. The company also produced films in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. The first Tamil talkie was produced by Sagar Movietone; ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'' (1931), directed by [[H. M. Reddy]] and starring [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} However, production reference for ''Kalidas'' has also been credited to Imperial Film Company, the parent company of Sagar.<ref name="SM p.61">SM, p. 61</ref> The first Gujarati Talkie ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' was produced by Sagar in 1932.

Films such as ''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' (1936), ''[[Jagirdar (film)|Jagirdar]]'' (1937), ''[[Hum Tum Aur Woh (1938 film)|Hum Tum Aur Woh]]'' (1938) and ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1939 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1939) were stated to be a notable collaboration between Mehboob Khan as director and [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] as music composer.<ref name="Bharatan2013">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|accessdate=22 September 2015|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-63-0|pages=48–}}</ref> Both Mehboob Khan and Biswas worked at Sagar for a long period, with their collaboration extending to National Studios.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Saeed|title=Starry tale of 1st Gujarati film makers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Starry-tale-of-1st-Gujarati-film-makers/articleshow/31248148.cms|accessdate=22 September 2015|agency=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|date=2 March 2014|ref=Ahmedabad edition}}</ref>

== History ==
The people involved in the formation of Sagar Movietone were: Ardeshir Irani who started the company as a subsidiary of Imperial Films in 1929; Chimanlal Bhogilal Desai and Dr. Ambalal Patel who joined and took over the company in 1930.

*'''[[Ardeshir Irani]]''' (1886-1969) earlier founded Star Films (1920) with Bhogilal Dave, then Majestic Films (1923), Royal Art Studios (1925) and Imperial Film Company in 1926.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|author2=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT585|accessdate=22 September 2015|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=561–|chapter=Irani, Ardeshir Marwan}}</ref> Under the banner of Imperial Films, Irani produced the first talkie film of India ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) and the first colour film ''[[Kisan Kanya (1937 film)|Kisan Kanya]]'' (1937). According to an interview Mehboob Khan gave to Filmfare on 16 August 1957, Irani wanted to contract actor [[Master Vithal]], who had become popular doing [[Douglas Fairbanks]]' [[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|The Thief Of Baghdad]] (1924) style of swashbuckling roles and was known as "The Indian Fairbanks". Vithal at that time was working for Sharda Film Company and it was deemed unethical of a man of Irani's stature to lure Vithal to Imperial.<ref name=SM>{{cite book|last1=Kothari|first1=Biren|title=Sagar Movietone|date=2014|publisher=Saarthak Prakashan|location=Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India|isbn=9788192686868|pages=31|edition=1|ref=Chapter: The Beginning of Sagar}}</ref> Irani then started Sagar Film Company as a "subsidiary of Imperial Film Company", in 1929, with Mehboob Khan heading the production unit.<ref name="Ahmed2008" /> The matter regarding Vithal was taken to court (1929) when Vithal was forcibly kept in Nanubhai Desai's house in Pune under the say of Bhogilal Dave, who now ran Sharda Film Company. Irani hired lawyer [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who advised Vithal to go for a bid. Sharda Film Company was unable to match Imperial's bid and lost Vithal to them. Chimanlal Desai and Dr. Ambalal Patel joined Irani as partners at Sagar in 1930.<ref name="SM p.36">SM, p. 36</ref> The Select Film Circuit was owed money by Irani, he instead offered Desai and Patel a partnership for an amount of Rs. 50,000. Once Desai and Patel joined, Irani left Sagar, leaving them as the sole proprietors.
[[File:Chimanlal Desai (1938).jpg|thumb|right|Chimanlal B. Desai (1938)]]
*'''Chimanlal Desai''' was representative and distributor for Imperial Film Company and Sharada Film Company in South India with his base in Bangalore. Prior to getting into the film distribution business, Desai had worked in coal supply, in printing and then in the textile business. It was while working as a cloth merchant with his brothers in Bangalore that Desai was approached to help with a film distribution concern, Select Film Circuit, owned by Vasantray Desai and managed by Vasantray's younger brother Thakorbhai Desai. Chimanlal Desai decided to invest in the company, inviting his friend Dr. Ambalal Patel to join in with Rs. 5000. The two started distributing films through Select Film Circuit, which now belonged to them. They became the sole distributors for Imperial Films and Sharda Film Company based in Bombay for the South India market. In 1929, when the business hit a snag due to problems in sending films by the film companies, Desai decided to travel to Bombay himself to find a solution. There, he was invited by Ardeshir Irani, who owed money to Desai, to join as a partner in Sagar for a sum of Rs. 50,000. Later, in 1930, Desai and Patel became the sole proprietors, when Irani left to focus on Indian cinema's first talkie, ''Alam Ara'', while Sagar concentrated on their first talkie film, ''Meri Jaan''. Desai remained the active partner in the production department.
*'''Ambalal Patel''' was born in [[Sojitra]], [[Kheda district]], [[Bombay Presidency]] (now [[Gujarat]]). Leaving his job as a doctor, he joined the Velchand group, who were in bicycles sales. He then joined the Bombay Cycle & Motor Agency that sold cars manufactured by General Motors. After joining Desai as a partner in Select Pictures Circuit in 1925, the company expanded distributing films from Bombay. He joined Desai in Bombay, where they went into partnership in Sagar Movietone in 1930. He left Sagar in 1936, and returned to Bangalore. He was later to help form Sudama Pictures with [[Sarvottam Badami]] and [[Sabita Devi]] along with [[Ranjit Studios]]. Badami was to make three films for Sudama, ''[[Sajani (1940 film)|Sajani]]'' (1940), ''[[Chingari (1940 film)|Chingari]]'' (1940) and ''[[Bambai Ki Sair]]'' (1941) before he left Sudama Pictures.<ref name="SM p.120">SM, p. 120</ref>

== Production ==

=== Work ===
By the time Desai and Patel took over, nearly ten silent films were made starting with ''Dav Pech'' (The Web) (1930). Out of a total of 12 silent films, only two; ''Hoor-E-Misr'' and ''Dilawar'' were made following Desai and Ambalal joining Sagar. From the sixty-six films produced by Sagar, fifty-two were in Hindi, five in Tamil. three in Telugu, four in Gujarati and one in Punjabi.<ref name="SM p.288">SM, p. 288</ref> When Irani left Sagar in 1930 to concentrate on ''Alam Ara'' (1931), Sagar started work on its first talkie ''Meri Jaan'' (Romantic Prince) (1931), operating equipment used by Irani during the day for ''Alam Ara'', while Sagar technicians used it during the night. Some of the notable films from Sagar were:

''Veer Abhimanyu'' (1931), directed by Prafulla Ghosh and starring Jal Merchant, [[Zubeida]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Jilloobai, and [[Mehboob Khan]]. ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' (Gujarati) (1932), directed by [[Nanubhai Vakil]] became the first feature film in Gujarati. The cast included Master Manhar, Mohanlala, Marutirao and [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]]. ''[[Chandrahasa (1933 film)|Chandrahasa]]'' (1933), directed by Sarvottam Badami, ''Farzande Hind'' (1934), ''Shaher Ka Jadoo'' which introduced Motilal.

''[[Grihalaxmi (1934 film)|Grihalaxmi]]'' (1934) was directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]]. A family melodrama about an educated wife going through humiliation at the hands of her husband, but continues to stay with him, it starred [[Sabita Devi]], Jal Merchant and [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259|accessdate=29 September 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=259–}}</ref> Badami was known for directing "socially relevant" films for Sagar Movietone.<ref name="Narwekar2005">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya2CRt7wPXUC&pg=PA1941|accessdate=29 September 2015|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0859-3|pages=54–}}</ref> It was a remake of ''Bhaneli Bhamini'' (1927), which carried a social message against sexually transmitted disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahalmovies.com/film-hunt/griha-laxmi/|title=Grihalakshmi|publisher=Mahal Movies|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>

''Al Hilal'' (1935) was the debut direction by [[Mehboob Khan]] and introduced [[Sitara Devi]] in the leading role opposite Kumar. ''Dr. Madhurika,'' a film, though successful at the box-office, got a mixed response from a select audience group, which were disappointed with the female protagonist submitting in the end.

=== Actors ===
[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]] was born in [[Simla, India|Simla]]. While in Bombay he visited a shooting schedule at Sagar Studios. He was spotted by director K. P. Ghosh and offered the lead in ''Shehar Ka Jadoo'' (1934). He had no formal training, which acted to his benefit, becoming known for his natural acting. He was to work in several top films produced by Sagar most of them opposite Sabita Devi, ''Silver King'', ''Dr. Madhurika'', ''Do Diwane'', ''Jagirdar'' (1937), ''Kokila'', ''Kulvadhu'' and ''Hum Tum Aur Woh''. He left Sagar to join Ranjit Studios.<ref name="SM p.215">SM, p. 215</ref>

[[Sabita Devi]] was one of the top paid actresses at the time. She started her career in silent films, and with the arrival of talkies learned Hindi. She shifted from [[British Dominion Films]] Ltd., Calcutta, to Kinema Arts, and then worked for the Calcutta-based East India Film Company. She moved to Bombay and joined Sagar Film Company. She acted opposite Motilal in his debut film ''Shaher Ka Jadoo'' (1934). She was the star of Sagar Movietone and acted in several films produced by them. Her last film for them was ''[[Ladies Only (1939 film)|Ladies Only]]'' (1939). She left Sagar and went into partnership with Dr. Ambalal Patel and Sarvottam Badami at Sudama Pictures.<ref name="SM p.211">SM, p. 211</ref>

[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]] came to Bombay on the insistence of film distributor Lala Alopi Prasad. Mehboob Khan gave him his debut role in ''[[Deccan Queen (film)|Deccan Queen]]'' (1935) and ''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' (1936). ''Manmohan'' was made as a Bombay response to the Calcutta-produced ''[[Devdas (1936 film)|Devdas]]'' (1935). Surendra's acting and singing were appreciated by the audiences and he went on to act in several roles that show-cased his sensitive appeal. He moved to National with Mehboob Khan giving performances in successful films such as ''Aurat''.<ref name="SM p.221">SM, p. 221</ref>

[[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] acted in India's first sound film ''Alam Ara''. She worked in thirteen films produced by Sagar. Her popular pairing with Surendra had them acting in several films together, most famous being ''Manmohan'', ''Gramaphone Singer'' and ''Ladies Only''. When Sagar shut down, she shifted to Circo Productions.<ref name="SM p.223">SM, p. 223</ref>

[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] started his acting career as an extra in silent films in Sharda Film Company. He joined Sagar Film Company and was a regular in most films produced by them. He acted in their first talkie, ''Meri Jaan''. He worked with Mehboob Khan in several films and formed a working and friendly relationship with him. He shifted to National Studios with Khan when Sagar shut down acting in ''Aurat'' (1940) cited as one of the finest performances in Indian cinema.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003 p.638">GulazāraChatterjee2003, p. 638</ref>

Other stars who worked with Sagar were Kumar, Maya Banerejee, Snehprabha Pradhan, Wahidan Bai, [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] and popular comedians such as [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]], [[Bhudo Advani]] and V. H. Desai. [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] the playback singer, first acted in a Sagar production ''Nirdosh''.<ref name=TOI />

=== Directors ===
[[Mehboob Khan]] was shifted from Imperial to Sagar at its formation. He played supporting roles in several initial Sagar films. With the help of his friends cinematographer [[Faredoon Irani]] and Gangaram, a laboratory assistant, he developed a story narrating it to Ambalal Patel. The film was ''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' (Judgement Of Allah) and it marked the entry of Mehboob as a director. He was to direct several successes for Sagar such as ''Deccan Queen'', ''Manmohan'', ''Jagirdar'', ''[[Watan (film)|Watan]]'', ''[[Hum Tum Aur Woh (1938 film)|Hum Tum Aur Woh]]'', ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1939 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1939) and ''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]''. He moved to National Studios on its formation and directed three big hits; ''Aurat'', ''[[Bahen (film)|Bahen]]'' (1941) and ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'' (1942). He went on to form his own production company [[Mehboob Productions]] in 1943 and remade ''Aurat'' in 1957 as ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), which went on to become a classic.<ref name="SM p.207">SM, p. 207</ref>

[[Sarvottam Badami]] came to Bombay from Bangalore to learn automobile engineering. He was asked by Ardeshir Irani to help in the recording for ''Alam Ara''. Though he only knew Kannada and English, he was asked to direct regional films such as ''[[Harishchandra (1932 film)|Harishchandra]]'' (1932), ''Galav Rishi'' and ''[[Rama Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1932) for Sagar. His first Hindi film for them was [[Chandrahasa (1933 film)|Chandrahasa]] (1933), following which he directed ''Grihalakshmi''. He made satirical comedies such as ''Teen Sau Din Ke Baad'' (1938), and ''Ladies Only'', both of which were big commercial successes. His specialty, however, was sensitive, socially relevant films, which included ''Dr. Madhurika'', ''Ver Ka Badla'', ''Jeevanlata'', ''Village Girl'', ''Kokila'', ''Kulvadhu'' and ''Ladies Only''.<ref name="Narwekar2005" /> All these films had Sabita Devi as the leading lady, paired most often with Motilal. He left to join Dr. Ambalal Patel at Sudama Pictures.

[[Ezra Mir]] initially worked in Madan Studios in a few films as an actor. He went to Hollywood and joined Universal Studios, working in several categories, before returning to India in 1930. He was invited to work on ''Nurjehan'' (1930) by Ardeshir Irani. His next film direction ''Zarina'' (1932) was offered to him by Desai for Sagar, which became a success. His other films included ''Pagal Premi'' (Mad Cap) where he introduced Noor Mohammed Charlie in a main role and ''Farzand-E-Hind'' (Phantom Of The Hills) (1934). He then left Sagar and moved to Calcutta. He was to make a shift from feature films to documentaries, during WWII. He made a series of short films under the series ''Road To Recovery'' In 1940, he joined the Government Advisory Board.<ref name="SM p.203">SM, p. 203</ref>

The other directors of note at Sagar were C. M. Luhar, Virendra Desai (Desai’s second son), Nanubhai Desai and Ramchandra Thakur.

=== Others ===
[[Faredoon Irani]] was a noted cinematographer. He started his career as "an apprentice" at Imperial Films. His first independent film was a Gujarati short four-reeler; ''Shri Krishna Danlila'', shown along with ''Meera Bai'' in 1932. His work in ''Bulbul-E-Baghdad'' was appreciated when the film became a big commercial success. Faredoon worked on Mehboob Khan's ''Al Hilal''.

[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] started his career as a music director with his first film; ''Dharam Ki Devi'' (1935) at Indian Arts. ''Jagirdar'' (1937) was Biswas' first big success. His other films for Sagar were ''Kokila'', ''Dynamite'', ''Gramaphone Singer'', ''Hum Tum Aur Woh'', ''Postman'', ''300 Days And After'', ''Watan'', ''Comrades'' and ''Ek hi Raasta''.

Zia Sarhadi wrote the lyrics, story, screenplay and dialogues for Sagar films. Other people of note working at Sagar were Safdar Aah, Pandit Indra, [[Wajahat Mirza]], Pransukh Naik and S. P. Rane.

== National Studios ==
Sagar Movietone closed down by end of 1939. The last two completed films of Sagar were ''Civil Marriage'' (1939) and ''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Alibaba]]'' (1940), with ''Kumkum The Dancer'', a bilingual in Hindi and Bengali, scheduled to be released by Christmas 1939. "And that is the end of Sagar!" stated Filmindia in its December 1939 Studio Close-ups column.<ref name=Studio>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Studio Close-ups|journal=Filmindia|date=December 1939|volume=5|issue=12|pages=31|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia193905unse#page/30/mode/2up|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>

The closure was reported by [[Baburao Patel]], editor of cine-magazine ''[[Filmindia]]'' in his column "An Eventful Year" in the December 1939 issue,

{{Quote|"1939 will be sadly remembered as the year that saw the collapse of Sagar, one of the oldest studios in India. They seemed to have started the year fairly well with "Ladies Only" and "The Only Way" and had announced an ambitious programme including two bi-lingual pictures ("Ali Baba" in Punjabi and Hindustani and "Kumkum The Dancer" in Bengali and Hindustani) for which they considerably increased their staff of artistes and technicians. But then something went wrong, "Comrades" proved treacherous, there were rumours of mergers, closures, mortgages of pictures, reduction of staff, heart-breaks and tears until today the old Sagar glory is no more, and Seth Chimanlal Desai plays the second fiddle to the Fazalbhoys in the newly-formed National Studios. It is a sad, sad story with its own moral".<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=An Eventful Year|journal=Filmindia|date=December 1939|volume=5|issue=12|pages=46|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia193905unse#page/46/mode/2up/search/Chimanlal |accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>}}

Desai, in association with Yusuf Fazalbhoy of General Pictures, amalgamated the two companies, Sagar Movietone and General Pictures, to form "National Studios" in 1939. The person of importance in National was Mehboob Khan, with his first film under National; ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940) becoming a big success both with the critics as well as the audiences.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Cast
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes/Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ref
|-
|1930 ||''Dav Pech'' ||Moti B. Gidwani ||[[Master Vithal]], Gohar, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] ||Silent film ||<ref name=DavPech>{{cite web|title=Dav Pech|url=http://www.citwf.com/film80624.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1930 ||''Nai Roshni'' (Royal Rivals) ||Bhagwati Mishra ||Jal Merchant, Ermeline, Yakub, Rajkumari ||Silent film ||<ref name=NaiRoshni>{{cite web|title=Nai Roshni|url=http://www.citwf.com/film237335.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1930 ||''Mewad No Mawali'' (Rogue Of Rajasthan) ||Madanrai Vakil ||D. Billimoria, Mehboob Khan, Nirasha ||Silent film ||<ref name=MewadNoMawali>{{cite web|title=Mewad No Mawali|url=http://www.citwf.com/film222299.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1930 ||''Arunodaya'' (Dawn/Rising Sun) ||Bhagwati Mishra ||Master Vithal, Manorama, Yakub, Nirasha, Boman Irani, Wamanrao ||Silent film ||<ref name=Arunodaya>{{cite web|title=Arunodaya|url=http://www.citwf.com/film20885.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1930 ||''Veer Na Ver'' (The Conqueror) ||Moti B. Gidwani ||Master Vithal, Gohar ||Silent film ||<ref name=VeerNaVer>{{cite web|title=Veer Na Ver|url=http://www.citwf.com/film369859.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1931 ||''Toofani Taruni'' (Cyclone Girl) ||Moti B. Gidwani ||Jal Merchant, Ermeline, Yakub, Laxmi ||Silent film ||<ref name=Toofan>{{cite web|title=Toofan|url=http://www.citwf.com/film354758.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1931 ||''Toofan'' (Children Of The Storm) ||Bhagwati Mishra ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Ermeline, Fali Merchant ||Silent Film ||<ref name="Toofan" />
|-
|1931 ||''Golibar'' (Avenging Angels) ||Bhagwati Prasad Mishra ||Ermeline, Prithviraj Kapoor, [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Romila ||Silent film ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1931 ||''Meethi Chhuri (Eye For An Eye)'' ||Madanrai Vakil ||[[Zubeida]], Khursheed Begum, Yakub, Ghulam Qadir ||Silent film ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1931 ||''Dilawar'' ||R. G. Torney ||[[Master Vithal]], Pramila, Mubarak, Mehboob Khan ||Silent film ||<ref name=Dilawar>{{cite web|title=Dilawar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film88413.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1931 ||''Hoor-E-Misar'' (Land Of Pyramids) ||Prafulla Ghosh ||Master Vithal, Zubeida ||Silent film ||<ref name=HoorEMisar>{{cite web|title=Hoor-E-Misar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film154961.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1931 ||''Abul Hasan'' ||Prafulla Ghosh ||Miss Khatoon, Master Bachchu, Shehzadi, Hadi ||Silent film ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1931 ||''Veer Abhimanyu'' ||Prafulla Ghosh ||Jal Merchant, Zubeida, Yakub, Jilloobai, Mehboob Khan ||Silent film ||<ref name="SM p.44">SM, p. 44</ref>
|-
|1931 ||''Meri Jaan'' (Romantic Prince) ||Prafulla Ghosh ||[[Master Vithal]], [[Zubeida]], Yakub, Sankatha Prasad || ||<ref name="SM p.277">SM, p. 277</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''Bulbule Baghdad'' (Fairy Of Baghdad) ||Nanubhai Vakil ||Master Bachchu, Sushila, Yakub, Miss Khatoon, Sushila || ||<ref name="SM p.277">SM, p. 277</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''Mirabai'' ||Ramnik Desai ||Zubeida, Jal Merchant, Sankatha Prasad, Miss Khatoon ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name=Meerabai>{{cite web|title=Meerabai|url=http://www.citwf.com/film219429.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''Galava'' a.k.a. ''Galav Maharishi or Chitrasena upakhyana '' (Tamil) ||Sarvottam Badami & T.C.Vadivelu Naicker |D.R. Muthulakshmi, V. Sundaresh Iyer || ||<ref name="SM p.287">SM, p. 287</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''Raja Harischandra a.k.a Harishchandra'' (Tamil) |Sarvottam Badami & T.C.Vadivelu Naicker || D.R. Muthulakshmi, V. Sundaresh Iyer, || ||<ref name="SM p.287">SM, p. 287</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''[[Rama Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (The Coronation Of Lord Rama's Slippers) (Telugu) ||[[Sarvottam Badami]]||[[Yadavalli Suryanarayana]], [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], [[Surabhi Kamalabai]] || ||<ref name="SM p.288">SM, p. 288</ref>
|-
|1932
|[[Shakuntala (1932 film)|''Shakuntala'']] (Telugu)
|[[Sarvottam Badami]]
|[[Yadavalli Suryanarayana]], [[Surabhi Kamalabai]]
|
|
|-
|1932 ||''Maya Bazar'' a.k.a. Surekha Haran (The Land Of Illusion) ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||Master Bachchu, Khatoon, Yakub ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name="SM p.277">SM, p. 277</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' (Gujarati) ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] || Master Manhar, Mohanlala, Marutirao, Mehtab, Tikramdas, Jamna, Miss Khatoon ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name="SM p.287">SM, p. 287</ref>
|-
|1932 ||''Subhadra Haran'' ||[[Prafulla Ghosh]] ||Zubeida, Master Bachchu, Jal Merchant, Sankatha Prasad || ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1932 ||''Zarina'' ||[[Ezra Mir]] ||Zubeida, Jal Merchant, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]], Sankatha Prasad ||S. P. Rane ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1933 ||''[[Chandrahasa (1933 film)|Chandrahasa]]'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||Master Bachchu, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]], Gulzar, Kamala, [[Mehboob Khan]], Baburao Sansare ||1st Hindi film directed by Badami. Music: S. P. Rane ||<ref name="Vittal2007">{{cite book|author=Gita Vittal|title=Reflections: Experiences of a Bureaucrat's Wife|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgYRwrtyPAIC&pg=PA73|accessdate=29 September 2015|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-471-1|pages=73–}}</ref>
|-
|1933 ||''Mahabharat'' also (Pandav Kaurav) ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||Jal Merchant, Zubeida, Master Bachchu, Khatoon, Mehboob Khan ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name=Mahabharat>{{cite web|title=Mahabharat|url=http://www.citwf.com/film209348.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1933 ||''Mirza Sahiban'' ||Nagendra Mazumdar ||Master Bachchu, Kamalabai Gokhale, Dinkar S. Bidkar, Miss Gulzar, Mehboob Khan ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name="SM p.278">SM, p. 278</ref>
|-
|1933 ||''Premi Pagal'' ||[[Ezra Mir]] ||Master Bachchu, Kamalabai, Miss Gulzar, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]] ||S. P. Rane ||
|-
|1934 ||''Anokhi Mohabbat'' ||Ramnik Desai ||Kumar, Sitara Devi, Yakub, Tarabai ||Bairam Singh ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1934 ||''[[Grihalaxmi (1934 film)|Grihalaxmi]]'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||[[Sabita Devi]], Jal Merchant, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Kamala Devi, [[K. C. Dey]] ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 p.257">RajadhyakshaWillemen2014, p. 257</ref>
|-
|1934 ||''Nachwali'' ||Ramnik Desai ||[[Jaddanbai]], Yakub, Swarup Rani, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi|Rafiqe Ghaznavi]] ||Bairam Singh ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1934 ||''Farzande Hind'' (Phantom Of The Hills) ||[[Ezra Mir]] ||[[Sabita Devi]], Jal Merchant, Yakub, Noor Mohammed Charlie ||S. P. Rane ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1934 ||''Sati Anjani'' (Pious Anjani) also ''Hanuman Janma'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Panna, Yakub, Asooji, Anees Khatoon ||S. P. Rane ||<ref name=SatiAnjani>{{cite web|title=Sati Anjani|url=http://www.citwf.com/film306262.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1934 ||''Shaher Ka Jadoo'' (Lure Of The City) ||K. P. Ghosh (Kali Prasad Ghosh) ||Kumar, [[Sitara Devi]], [[K. C. Dey]], Miss Gulzar, Tarabai|| ||<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003 p.615">GulazāraChatterjee2003, p. 615</ref>
|-
|1935 ||''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Sitara Devi]], Kumar, Indira Devi, Yakub, Azurie ||Pransukh Naik ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1935 ||''[[Dr. Madhurika]]'' ||Sarvottam Badami ||Motilal, [[Sabita Devi]], Padma Shaligram, [[Bhudo Advani]] ||Pransukh Naik, Ashok Ghosh ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1935 ||''Silver King'' ||C. M. Luhar ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Yakub, Asooji ||Pransukh Naik ||<ref name=SilverKing>{{cite web|title=Silver King|url=http://www.citwf.com/film320807.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1935 ||''[[Vengeance Is Mine (1935 film)|Vengeance Is Mine]]'' a.k.a. ''Ver Ni Vasulat'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Padma Shaligram, Yakub, Mehboob Khan ||S. P. Rane ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1936 ||''[[Deccan Queen (film)|Deccan Queen]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Surendra, Aruna Devi, Bhudo Advani, Pesi Patel, Ramchandra ||Pransukh Naik ||<ref name="SM p.281">SM, p. 281</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''[[Do Diwane]]'' (Two Rogues/Gay Birds) also ''Be Kharab Jaan'' ||Chimanlal Luhar ||Motilal, [[Shobhna Samarth]], Aruna Devi, Yakub, Bhudo Advani ||K. M. Munshi's play. Music: Pransukh Naik ||<ref name="Narwekar">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya2CRt7wPXUC&pg=PA1942|accessdate=30 September 2015|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0859-3|pages=1942–}}</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''[[Grama Kanya]]'' (Village Girl) ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], [[Sabita Devi]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Aruna, Kayam Ali ||Shankarrao Khatu ||<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 ch. Grama Kanya">RajadhyakshaWillemen2014, ch. Grama Kanya</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''[[Jeevan Lata]]'' (The Creeper Of Life) ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||[[Sabita Devi]], Motilal, Miss Gulzar, Sankatha Prasad ||Pransukh Naik ||<ref name="SM p.281">SM, p. 281</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''Lagna Bandhan'' (The Bonds Of Marriage/The Forbidden Bride) ||K. P. Ghosh ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Aruna Devi, Lilvati, [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]||Pransukh Naik ||<ref name="SM p.281">SM, p. 281</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' ||Mehboob Khan ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], Yakub, Ashalata ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||<ref name=Manmohan>{{cite web|title=Manmohan|url=http://www.citwf.com/film213377.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1936 ||''Veer Abhimanyu'' (Telugu) ||V. D. Amin ||Kanchanmala || ||<ref name="SM p.288">SM, p. 288</ref>
|-
|1937 ||''Bhakt Shri Thiagraj'' (Tamil) ||Virendra Desai || Mangalam Natesar, Kamala || ||<ref name="SM p.288">SM, p. 288</ref>
|-
|1937 ||''Captain Kirti Kumar'' ||C. M. Luhar ||Motilal, Bibbo, Krishna Kumari, Yakub, Sankatha Prasad ||Bhaskar Rao ||<ref name=CKK>{{cite web|title=CKK|url=http://www.citwf.com/film52905.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Adam Goble|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1937||''[[Jagirdar (film)|Jagirdar]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], [[Zia Sarhadi]] ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||<ref name=Jagirdar>{{cite web|title=Jagirdar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film170869.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1937 ||''[[Kokila (1937 film)|Kokila]]'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Shobhna Samarth, Yakub, Maya Bannerjee, Sitara Devi ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name="SM p.281">SM, p. 281</ref>
|-
|1937 ||''[[Kulvadhu (film)|Kulvadhu]]'' ||Sarvottam Badami ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Gulzar, Pesi Patel ||Pransukh Naik ||{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|1937 ||''Sagar Ka Sher (Lion Of Sagar)'' ||Yakub ||Yakub, Kamlabai, Sankatha Prasad, Pesi Patel ||Pransukh Naik ||<ref name="SM p.281">SM, p. 281</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''Dynamite'' ||C. M. Luhar ||Surendra, Bibbo, Maya Bannerjee, Yakub, Bhudo Advani ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name="SM p.283">SM, p. 283</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''Gramaphone Singer'' ||V. C. Desai, Ramchandra Thakur || Surendra, Bibbo, Prabha Devi, Bhudo Advani, Kayam Ali ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name="SM p.283">SM, p. 283</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''[[Hum Tum Aur Woh (1938 film)|Hum Tum Aur Woh]]'' (We Three) ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Motilal, Maya Bannerji, Yakub, Rose ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name=HTAW>{{cite web|title=Hum Tum Aur Woh|url=http://www.citwf.com/film158200.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''[[Teen Sau Din Ke Baad|Three Hundred Days And After]]'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||Motilal, Sabita Devi, Yakub, Bibbo, Sankatha Prasad, Pesi Patel ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name="SM p.283">SM, p. 283</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''Jalaja'' (Tamil) ||Gautam K. Sheshagiri ||Bhanumathi, G. K. Sheshagiri ||N. Ananthram ||<ref name="SM p.287">SM, p. 287</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''[[Desa Munnetram]]'' (Tamil) ||Mahendra Thakore ||[[K. R. Chellam]], M. Natesan Iyer, Baby Rukmani, Shripat Shankar, S. R. Padma ||50 song soundtrack. Music: Papanasam Sivam, K. Sundaram ||<ref name="SM p.287">SM, p. 287</ref>
|-
|1938 ||''Valibar Sangam'' (Tamil) ||A. N. Kalyansundaram Iyer ||Baby Kamala (Kamala Kumari) || ||<ref name="SM p.63">SM, p. 63</ref>
|-
|1938 || ''Ramnam Mahimai'' (Tamil) ||A. N. Kalyansundaram Iyer ||Baby Kamala (Kamala Kumari) || ||<ref name="SM p.63">SM, p. 63</ref>
|-
|1939 ||''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1939 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (The Only Way) ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Arun Kumar Ahuja|Arun]], [[Sheikh Mukhtar]], Jyoti, Harish ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name=EHR>{{cite web|title=Ek Hi Rasta|url=http://www.citwf.com/film99812.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1939 ||''Sadhana'' ||Virendra Desai, Mahendra Thakore ||[[Prem Adib]], Bibbo, Shobhana Samarth, Harish, Kanhaiyalal ||Anupam Ghatak ||<ref name="SM p.283">SM, p. 283</ref>
|-
|1939 ||''Seva Samaj'' (Service Limited) ||C. M. Luhar || Surendra, Maya Bannerjee, Bibbo, Yakub, BHudo Advani ||Anupam Ghatak ||<ref name="SM p.283">SM, p. 283</ref>
|-
|1940 ||''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]'' ||Mehboob Khan ||Bibbo, Wahidan Bai, Surendra, [[Sardar Akhtar]] ||Anil Biswas ||<ref name=Alibaba>{{cite web|title=Alibaba|url=http://www.citwf.com/film99812.htm|website=citwf|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1940 ||''Kumkum The Dancer'' (Hindi/Bengali) ||Modhu Bose ||Sadhana Bose, [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], Padma Devi, Preeti Majumdar, Moni Chatterjee ||Timir Baran ||
|}<ref name="SM" />

== See also ==
* [[Ardeshir Irani]]
* [[Mehboob Khan]]
* [[Sarvottam Badami]]

== Bibliography ==
*''Sagar Movietone''; by Biren Kothari. Translated by Parth Pandya. Saarthak Prakashan, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 2014. {{ISBN|9788192686868}}
*[https://rrsheth.com/shop/sagar-movietone/ Profile] at Book Buy

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/company/co0011791/ Sagar Movietone] at [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1929]]
[[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1940]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
[[Category:Film studios in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1940 disestablishments in India]]

Ghuni

2026-03-25T21:57:22Z

Robxgr: starting initial data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghuni
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.599647|N|88.458344|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.8918
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 24,249
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03174
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat New Town]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ghuni''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bidhannagar subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=520| height=400| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|28|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bidhannagar subdivision, North 24 Parganas''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Abbreviation: UEM - University of Engineering & Management Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|38|5|N|88|29|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhatenda | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bhatenda]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|35|58|N|88|27|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Ghuni| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Ghuni (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|36|48|N|88|29|39|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basina| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Basina, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|29|36|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Bishnupur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bishnupur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|36|40|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Chandpur |labela5= Champagachhi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chandpur Champagachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|35|55|N|88|27|58|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jatragachhi | numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jatragachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|38|14|N|88|28|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Raigachhi | numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Raigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|37|5|N|88|28|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Rekjuani | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Rekjuani]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|36|16|N|88|27|8|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Sulanggari | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Sulanggari]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|34|48|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Bidhannagar| numbered10=M| mark-title10=[[Bidhannagar]] (M) | shape-color10= #800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Aliah University| numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[Aliah University]] (F) |shape-color11=#967117
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|33|42|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= St. Xavier's University| numbered12=F| mark-title12= [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color12=#967117
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|57|42|N|88|32|39|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= MAKAUT| numbered13=F| mark-title13= [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (F) |shape-color13=#967117
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|33|27|N|88|29|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= UEM| numbered14=F| mark-title14= [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color14=#967117
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|40|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Amity University| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Amity University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|21|N|88|28|1|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Eco Park| numbered16=T|shape-color16= #74C365| mark-title16= [[New Town Eco Park]] (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|30|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Rajarhat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rajarhat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= New Town| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[New Town, Kolkata]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|38|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label19= Bidyadhari |labela19 =River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Ghuni is located at {{coord|22.599647|N|88.458344|E|display=inline}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ghuni had a total population of 24,249, of which 12,618 (52%) were males and 11,631 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 3,017. The total number of literate persons in Ghuni was 17,165 (80.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 323772, pages 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Ghuni covered an area of 3.8918 km2. It had 6 km roads, with open drains. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tube well/ bore well, hand pump. It had 4,500 domestic electric connections, 40 road light points. Among the medical facilities it had 3 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 7 primary schools, middle, secondary, senior secondary schools at [[Hatiara]] 4 km away. The nearest college was 14 km away at [[Kolkata]]. It had the branch office of 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Rekjoani Rural Hospital at [[Rekjuani]] with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Rajarhat CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Aandhi-Toofan

2026-03-25T15:08:14Z

Robxgr: update lead for clarity and fixed typos

{{short description|1985 film by Babbar Subhash}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aandhi-Toofan
| image = Aandhi-Toofan.jpg
| caption = LP Vinyl Records Cover
| director = [[Babbar Subhash|B. Subhash]]
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Kajal Kiran]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|03|22}}
| runtime = 135 min.
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Aandhi-Toofan''''' ("Storm and Tempest") is a 1985 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Babbar Subhash|B.Subhash]], starring [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] and [[Danny Denzongpa]]. The story is very much a copy of [[Sholay]] with the characters and themes being identical.

==Plot==
Notorious biker-gangster Balvir kills Inspector Ranjit Singh, who has arrested Balvir. After Killing Ranjit, Balvir strips Sheela naked and rapes her very brutally. Now Sheela has only one purpose, to take revenge on Balvir Thakur.
She hires two men, Raghunath Shastri "Raghu" and Balwant Yadav "Ballu", to capture Balvir alive and bring him to her.<ref>{{Citation|title=Aandhi-Toofan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/aandhi-toofan/movieshow/61341082.cms|access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Inspector Ranjit Singh
*[[Hema Malini]] as Sheela R. Singh
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Raghunath 'Raghu' Shastri
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Balwant 'Ballu' Yadav
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Meena Kapoor
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Balvir
*[[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Jaanu
*[[Kaajal Kiran]] as Banu
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Ajit, Balvir's Man
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Jagmohan Balvir's Man
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Ranjeet, Balvir's Man
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Pratap, Balvir's Man
*[[Manik Irani]] as Billa, Balvir's Man
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Mr. Kapoor
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Salma, Jaanu's Mother
*[[Raj Mehra]]
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Nandu, Ballu's Friend
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as I.G.P Nath
*[[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Sandeep Narayan ,Sheela's Servant
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Mr Dwarka Singh
*[[Chand Usmani]] as Mrs Ranjana Singh

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Peechha Tera Chhodunga Na"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Piya Bina Jal Rahi Hai Yahan"
| [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "O Baba O Baba"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Bareba Bareba"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Banu Ko Mil Gaya Janu, Janu Ko Mil Gayi Banu, Nachenge Gayenge Hum Raatbhar Jhumke"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Vijay Benedict]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0178187|Aandhi-Toofan}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babbar Subhash]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Palakkad KSRTC bus terminal

2026-03-21T00:32:03Z

Robxgr: Redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Palakkad#Palakkad KSRTC bus terminal]]

{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R to anchor}}{{R from subtopic}}}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Transport in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Kerala]]

Mokama

2026-03-15T17:52:56Z

Robxgr:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mokama
| other_name = Mokma or Mokameh
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes|plain=yes|id=Q2453482 |frame-lat=25.3898| frame-long=85.91909
|frame-width=350 |frame-height=350 |frame-align=center |zoom=13| type=shape}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|23|23.28|N|85|55|08.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = india
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = mayor, gram panchayat (in village area)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total = 202411
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803301,803302,803303
| area_code = +91-6132
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = br-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/892 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|ETh]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], and [[Magahi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 96.4%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]], mokama vidhan sabha
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Mokama(183)
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1000|mm|in}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Mokama''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Patna district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is located {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Patna]] on the southern banks of the river [[Ganges]]. Mokama is the connecting town of north and south Bihar and has 2nd highest amount of lentil production in India. It emerged as an industrial area in State of Bihar after independence. It is one of the most important towns in the district of Patna.

==Indian independence movement ==

The place where the revolutionary freedom fighter [[Prafulla Chaki]] was martyred is marked by a [[shaheed]] gate. People commemorate the anniversary of his death every year.
Lalldin Saheb is yet another well known freedom fighter from Mokama who contributed in freedom struggle and was sentenced to jail during British rule.
He worked for the welfare of the people of Mokama throughout his life. Had major contribution in reopening the Bharat Wagon Engineering Company of Mokama that is source of income of thousands of families.

== Transport ==
Mokama is connected to all the major cities of India by rail and road. Hathidah is the junction point of [[National Highway 80 (India)|NH 80]] and [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]]. [[Mokama Junction]] is the railway which is one of the important station in patna-Howrah Main line . Mokama is also connected with [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Waterway_1 ] https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801383-mokameh-bihar.html|title=Mokameh Nagar Parishad City Population Census 2011-2021 | Bihar}}</ref> Mokama had a population of 84,129. Males constituted 52.2% of the population and females 47.8%. 94.34% of the population were Hindus, with the remaining 5.66% from ethnic minorities. 5.11% of the population were Muslims. male literacy was around 99% while the female literacy was 93.8%.
8,995 people were aged 0 to 6, constituting 14.82% of the population. The literacy rate of 72.79% was higher than the state average of 61.80%. The female sex ratio was 880 against the state average of 918. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Mokama was 869 compared to the state average of 935.

==Villages==


*[[Mokama Ghat]]
*[[Aunta ]]
*[[Lakhanchand]]
*[[Ghoswari]]
*[[Hatidha ,Maranchi,Tajpur]]
And much more

==Notable people==


*[[Kartikeya Singh]], former [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law]] of [[Bihar]]

*[[Surajbhan Singh]], Strongest Indian politician and former MP from Baliya & MlA from Mokama . He defeated Dilip singh who was minister in Bihar Govt.
*[[VINA DEVI ]] Wife of Surajbhan Singh & Former MP from Munger Lok Sabha

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Patna Division}}

[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-don-of-mokama]
[http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2008/June/newsbihar25June5.html]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]

Nandita Das

2026-03-12T19:57:27Z

Robxgr: enhanced content for clarity based on references

{{Short description|Indian actress, director}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Nandita Das (politician)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date =  {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor, Director, Writer, Producer and Social Advocate}}
| children = 1
| birthname =
| image = Nandita Das still6.jpg
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1987–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Soumya Sen|2002|2007|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Subodh Maskara|2010|2017|end=separated}}
| website = {{URL|https://nanditadas.com//}}
}}
| honours = [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (2011)
}}
'''Nandita Das''' (born 7 November 1969) is an Indian actress and director. She has acted in over 40 feature films in ten different languages. Das appeared in the films ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'' (1996), ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998), ''[[Bawandar]]'' (2000), ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002), ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002)'','' ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]'' (2006), and ''[[Before The Rains]]'' (2007). Her directorial debut ''[[Firaaq]]'' (2008), premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto Film Festival]] and travelled to more than 50 festivals, winning more than 20 awards. Her second film as a director was [[Manto (2018 film)|''Manto'']] (2018). Based on the life of 20th Century Indo-Pakistani short story writer [[Saadat Hasan Manto|Sadat Hasan Manto]], the film was screened at [[Cannes Film Festival]] in the "[[Un Certain Regard]]" section.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/875407/nandita-dass-manto-to-be-premiered-at-cannes-film-festival |title=Nandita Das's 'Manto' to be premiered at Cannes Film Festival |date=12 April 2018 |work=Scroll.in |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102128/https://scroll.in/reel/875407/nandita-dass-manto-to-be-premiered-at-cannes-film-festival |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, Das produced a two-minute Public Service Announcement music video ''India's Got Colour''. The music video is about the issue of [[Discrimination based on skin color|colourism]] and urges the audience to celebrate India's diversity of skin colour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/newdelhi/about-this-office/single-view/news/indias_got_colour/ |title=India's got colour |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111092337/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/newdelhi/about-this-office/single-view/news/indias_got_colour/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_LlWPEvJOY |title=India's Got Colour |date=25 September 2019 |last1=Das |first1=Nandita |via=YouTube}}</ref> Her first book, 'Manto & I', chronicles her 6-year long journey of making the film. She wrote, directed, produced and acted in a short film called, Listen to Her, that sheds light on the increase in domestic violence and overburden of work that women have been facing during the lockdown. Her third directorial venture, [[Zwigato]], explores the life of a food delivery rider and his family. After premiering at various festivals, it was released in India and overseas on 17 March 2023.

Das has served twice on the jury of the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. In 2005, she served on the main competition jury alongside [[Fatih Akin]], [[Javier Bardem]], [[Salma Hayek]], [[Benoît Jacquot]], [[Emir Kusturica]], [[Toni Morrison]], [[Agnès Varda]], and [[John Woo]]. In 2013, she served on the [[Cinéfondation]] and short films jury with [[Jane Campion]], [[Maji-da Abdi]], [[Nicoletta Braschi]], and [[Semih Kaplanoğlu]].

In 2011, she was made Chevalier de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Government, one of the nation's highest civilian awards.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/French-honour-for-Nandita-Das/article14685471.ece |title=French honour for Nandita Das |last=Ians |date=16 April 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718165350/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/French-honour-for-Nandita-Das/article14685471.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She was commended for her "contribution towards the development of Indo-French cooperation in the field of cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.ambafrance.org/Distinction-conferred-on-Actor |title=Distinction conferred on Actor-Director Nandita Das, 2011 |website=La France en Inde / France in India |language=en |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074109/https://in.ambafrance.org/Distinction-conferred-on-Actor |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, France released a stamp featuring Das, from artist [[:fr:Titouan Lamazou|Titouan Lamazou]]'s project "Women of the World."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianphilately.net/nanditadas.html |title=Philatelic issues related to Nandita Das issued by Foreign Countries |website=indianphilately.net |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074044/http://www.indianphilately.net/nanditadas.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/31/arts/31iht-lamazou.1.8125600.html |title=Titouan Lamazou: His vision of women around the world |last=Taber |first=Kimberly Conniff |date=31 October 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 January 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184325/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/31/arts/31iht-lamazou.1.8125600.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Das was the first Indian inducted into the International Hall of Fame of the [[International Women's Forum]] in Washington, DC. She was recognized in 2011 for "her sustained contributions to the arts and to the world as one of the most gripping cinema arts leaders of our time."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20111114-nandita-das-inducted-in-international-womens-forum-hall-of-fame-749566-1999-11-29 |title=Game for Fame -Nandita Das is first Indian to be inducted into the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=5 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111103/jsp/entertainment/story_14700103.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107025407/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111103/jsp/entertainment/story_14700103.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2011 |title=The game changer |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nandita-das-in-iwf-s-international-hall-of-fame-1604624 |title=Nandita Das in IWF's International Hall of Fame {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=29 October 2011 |work=dna |access-date=13 January 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114185518/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nandita-das-in-iwf-s-international-hall-of-fame-1604624 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://iwforum.org/programs/international-hall-of-fame/ |title=International Women's Forum Programs |work=International Women's Forum |access-date=13 January 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114190948/http://iwforum.org/programs/international-hall-of-fame/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her fellow inductees were [[Anna Fendi]], [[Heidi Klum]], and Madam [[Chen Zhili]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iwfdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/IWF-Brochure_2014_v1.pdf |title=International Women's Forum Brochure |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811174745/https://iwfdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/IWF-Brochure_2014_v1.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nandita speaks about her work with Mani Ratnam and her latest film 'Manto' on [[BBC Radio]] with Ashanti Omkar.<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC Asian Network - Ashanti Omkar, Actor & Director Nandita das, Actor & Director Nandita das | date=29 October 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06pv0n0 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Das's father is the artist [[Jatin Das (painter)|Jatin Das]], and her mother is Varsha Das, a writer. She was born in [[Mumbai]] and grew up mostly in Delhi in an Odia family,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/i-am-still-searching-for-a-place-to-call-home |title=I am still searching for a place to call home |date=8 August 2013 |publisher=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813040413/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/i-am-still-searching-for-a-place-to-call-home |url-status=live}}</ref> where she attended the [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]] school.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Khushwant |first1=Singh |title=The Painter's Daughter |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-painters-daughter/261783 |magazine=[[Outlook India]] |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> She received [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor's degree]] in Geography from [[Miranda House]] and [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[Delhi School of Social Work]], both affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendis |first=Isidore Domnick |title=Independent stardom |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/06/23/stories/2003062300180100.htm |date=23 June 2003 |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=15 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115023943/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/06/23/stories/2003062300180100.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Das was a [[Yale World Fellow]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/nandita-das |title=Nandita Das {{!}} Yale Greenberg World Fellows |website=worldfellows.yale.edu |language=en |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823145526/http://worldfellows.yale.edu/nandita-das |url-status=live}}</ref> She was one of 16 emerging global leaders chosen from nearly 4000 applicants.

She has also taught at the [[Rishi Valley School]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2003 |title=Chat with Nandita Das |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chat-with-nandita-das/story-0Xy50k0PLmVGdaiizqxJwK.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

===Acting===
Das has acted in over 40 feature films with directors such as [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[Shyam Benegal]], [[Deepa Mehta]], and [[Mani Ratnam]]. She began her acting career with the street theatre group [[Jana Natya Manch]]. She is best known for her performances in director [[Deepa Mehta]] films ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'' (1996) and ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998; alongside [[Aamir Khan]]), ''[[Bawandar|Bawander]]'' (directed by [[Jagmohan Mundhra]]), and ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' (directed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] ). She has also acted in the movie [[Before the Rains|''Before'' ''the'' ''Rains'']], an Indian-British period drama film directed by [[Santosh Sivan]]. She has acted in films in ten different languages: English, Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Marathi, Odia, and Kannada. The Tamil actor [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] provided Das' speaking voice in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] classic ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''.

Das co-wrote, directed and acted in a play called ''Between the Lines'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawant |first=Purvaja |date=October 26, 2012 |title=Theatre Review: Between The Lines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/theatre-review-between-the-lines/articleshow/16952303.cms |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> She has also acted in ''[[Khamosh! Adalat jaari hai|Khamosh! Adalat Jaari Hai]]'' (2017), a Cineplay production directed by Ritesh Menon, which was based on the [[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe|Marathi-language play]] written by [[Vijay Tendulkar]], alongside [[Saurabh Shukla]] and [[Swanand Kirkire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=November 29, 2016 |title=At Film Bazaar, Khamosh, Adalat Jaari Hai stirs your soul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/at-film-bazaar-khamosh-adalat-jaari-hai-still-stirs-your-soul/story-8lpX63isfQwsJhfG6F54qO.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

===Direction===
In 2008, she directed her first film, ''[[Firaaq]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |title=The Variety of Life, Real and Imagined, in Movie-Mad India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/movies/05indi.html?ref=arts |date=4 June 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922104713/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/movies/05indi.html?ref=arts |url-status=live}}</ref> The film is a work of fiction "based on a thousand true stories" and is set a month after the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] in India. It is an ensemble film that interweaves multiple stories over a 24-hour period, as the characters from different strata of society, grapple with the lingering effects of violence. Das said that the film "gave a voice to so much that remains silent".{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In 2018, Nandita directed [[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/nandita-das-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bring-mantoiyat-to-jnu/articleshow/65887274.cms |title=Nandita Das and Nawazuddin Siddiqui bring Mantoiyat to JNU |website=The Times of India |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226074358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/nandita-das-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bring-mantoiyat-to-jnu/articleshow/65887274.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> which is based on the life and works of Saadat Hasan Manto, the Urdu writer of the 1940's. It features [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Rasika Dugal]] in the lead roles. The film premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment/writing-writer-696326.html |title=Writing the writer |date=7 October 2018 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=7 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111455/https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment/writing-writer-696326.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and then at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyaps-manmarziyaan-nandita-das-manto-to-be-screened-at-toronto-international-film-festival-4813621.html |title=Anurag Kashyap's Manmarziyaan, Nandita Das' Manto to be screened at Toronto International Film Festival |work=Firstpost |access-date=7 October 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007121642/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyaps-manmarziyaan-nandita-das-manto-to-be-screened-at-toronto-international-film-festival-4813621.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Das produced and directed a PSA music video, ''[[India's Got Colour]]'' in 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Her third directorial venture ''[[Zwigato]]'' explores the life of a food delivery rider and his family, starring [[Kapil Sharma]] and [[Shahana Goswami]] in the lead roles. It is also produced by her company ''Nandita Das Initiatives'', in collaboration with ''[[Applause Entertainment]]''. Zwigato was released in India in 2023 and is streaming on Amazon Prime Video. The film has garnered much critical acclaim from critics and audiences.

=== Writing ===
Nandita Das’s writing work has evolved organically. She has written articles for various publications and used to write a monthly column for ''The Week'', called the Last Word. In 2019, Das wrote ''Manto and I'', a hardbound book that chronicles her 6 year long journey of making the film, ''Manto''. It is a book of images and writings that explores the creative process from the inception of the idea to finally releasing the film. In addition, Das edited ''Jatin Das: A Retrospective 1963-2023'', a book that was launched during the retrospective show of her father, who was an artist, at the National Gallery of Modern Art. The book traces his six-decade career, featuring his artwork, writings, and essays by art scholars and friends.

Through her writings, Nandita Das has blended her personal insights with artistic expressions, creating compelling narratives that extend beyond her cinematic work.

===Voice Narration===
Das narrated the children's [[audiobook]] series ''Under the Banyan'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=throh |title=Beneath the Banyan boughs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/06/22/stories/2002062200060200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031021122130/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/06/22/stories/2002062200060200.htm |archive-date=21 October 2003 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s autobiography by Charkha Audiobooks, ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi Autobiography - Audiobooks free download |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhi-autobiography-audiobook.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135334/http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhi-autobiography-audiobook.html |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=mkgandhi.org |language=en}}</ref> She was also a voice actor in the children's television series ''[[Wonder Pets]]'', as the Bengal Tiger in the episode "Save the Bengal Tiger" (2007).{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

She also sang the song "Ramleela" for the movie ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Review – Aks – A Haunting Melody |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/may/26aks.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> and "Jagya Sarsi" for the movie ''[[Bawandar]]''.<ref name="themusic_smriti">{{cite web |author=Smriti Ananth |date=2001-12-28 |title=A film album supervised by Vishwamohan Bhatt |url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/bhawandar.html |access-date=2010-04-07 |publisher=The Music Magazine}}</ref>

===Nandita Das Initiatives===
[[Nandita Das Initiatives]] LLP (NDI) was set up in 2016 by Nandita Das. NDI’s first venture, ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]],'' premiered at the ''[[Cannes Film Festival]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2018-05-15 |title='Manto': Film Review {{!}} Cannes 2018 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/manto-1112115/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, NDI produced a music video called ''[[India’s Got Colour]]'' to celebrate diversity in skin tones and call out colourism. In 2020, during the pandemic, NDI made a short film, ''[[Listen to Her]]'', that dealt with the rise in domestic violence and the workload that women suffered. It was supported by ''[[UNESCO]]'' and other UN bodies. The company produced her third feature film, ''[[Zwigato]]'', which premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Zwigato, a Nandita Das film, to have world premier at Toronto International Film Festival - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/zwigato-nandita-das-world-premier-toronto-international-film-festival-14516312.htm |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Festival jury===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Festival Name
!year
|-
|1
|[[Cannes Film Festival]]
|2005
|-
|2
|[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]
|2007
|-
|3
|[[Marrakech International Film Festival]]
|2009
|-
|4
|[[Cannes Film Festival]]
|2013
|-
|5
|[[San Sebastián International Film Festival]]
|2015
|-
|6
|[[Regina International Film Festival]]
|2018
|-
|7
|[[Shanghai International Film Festival]]
|2023
|-
|8
|[[Busan International Film Festival]]
|2025
|}

== Personal life ==
In 2002, Das married Saumya Sen.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The couple began Leapfrog, a media organisation geared towards making socially conscious ad films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Her own person |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/12/19/stories/2004121900440500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930210558/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/12/19/stories/2004121900440500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2008 |date=19 December 2004 |access-date=20 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |title=Actor Nandita Das files for divorce |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20090524/1251/ten-actor-nandita-das-files-for-divorce.html |date=24 May 2009 |publisher=Yahoo! India News |access-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531194241/http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20090524/1251/ten-actor-nandita-das-files-for-divorce.html |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2016}} After dating Subodh Maskara, a Mumbai industrialist, for a couple of months, she married him on 2 January 2010 and moved to Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Gossip/Nandita-Das-is-dating-again/articleshow/5255407.cms |title=Nandita Das is dating again |work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=30 December 2009}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nandita Das marries, moves to Mumbai by SUBHASH K JHA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Nandita-Das-marries-moves-to-Mumbai/articleshow/5413317.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-06/news-interviews/28120885_1_nandita-das-subodh-maskara-milind-soman |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2010 |first1=Subhash K |last1=Jha}}</ref> Das and Maskara have a son named Vihaan.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's a baby boy for Nandita! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Its-a-baby-boy-for-Nandita/articleshow/6297801.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-12/news-interviews/28276342_1_baby-boy-nandita-das-subodh-maskara |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=13 August 2010 |first1=Vickey |last1=Lalwani |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2010}}</ref> In January 2017, the couple announced that they have parted ways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nandita Das and husband Subodh Maskara split after seven years of marriage. Here's all the details |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nandita-das-husband-subodh-maskara-divorce-after-seven-years-of-marriage-split-details-4455401/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103130503/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nandita-das-husband-subodh-maskara-divorce-after-seven-years-of-marriage-split-details-4455401/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nandita Das is an [[atheist]].<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=Atheism is the religion for these filmi folk |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/Atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/Atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/photostory/45543827.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322195206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/Atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/Atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/photostory/45543827.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> "If I align with anything it would probably be [[Buddhism]]," she said.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garfinkel |first=Perry |date=2 October 2009 |title=Beyond the Screen |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125437693963755353 |access-date=9 December 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209201022/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125437693963755353 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Activism==

Das has master's degree in Social Work from the [[University of Delhi]]. She has worked for [[children's rights]], [[HIV/AIDS]] awareness, to end violence against women, and she has spoken up in support of the JNU protests {{which|date=March 2024}} and [[MeToo movement]] on her official X (formerly known as Twitter).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092701100300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227212505/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092701100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2004 |title=Ms. Sense |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=27 September 2004 |access-date=20 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> {{better source needed|date=March 2024}} In 2009, Das was appointed Chairperson of the [[Children's Film Society of India]].<ref name="cp">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsindia.org/nandita-das.htm |title=Profile of Chairperson |publisher=[[Children's Film Society of India|CFSI]] website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207074928/http://cfsindia.org/nandita-das.htm |archive-date=7 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, she was the guest of honor at the iVolunteer Awards, held in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacsr.in/en/?p=10464 |title=iVolunteer Awards Celebrates Volunteering by Recognizing Volunteers |publisher=indiacsr.in |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424005230/http://www.indiacsr.in/en/?p=10464 |url-status=live}}</ref> Das also donated to the launch of the investigative journalism magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'', founded by [[Tarun Tejpal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/tehelka-business-murky-deals-profits-for-tejpal-family-shoma-1254789.html |title=Tehelka business: Murky deals, profits for Tejpal family, Shoma - Firstpost |website=firstpost.com |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327052355/http://www.firstpost.com/india/tehelka-business-murky-deals-profits-for-tejpal-family-shoma-1254789.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, she participated in the [[The Women of India Leadership Summit|Women of India Leadership Summit]] alongside other artists and women's activists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Capital to host Women of India Leadership Summit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/capital-to-host-women-of-india-leadership-summit-113092400991_1.html |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

===India's Got Colour (Dark is Beautiful) Campaign===
In 2013, Das became the face of the "Dark is Beautiful" campaign. Launched by Women of Worth in 2009, the campaign aims to draw attention to the effects of [[discrimination based on skin color]] in India. The campaign urges women and men to celebrate the beauty and diversity of all skin tones, using slogans such as "Stay UNfair, Stay Beautiful."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.respectwomen.co.in/stay-unfair-stay-beautiful/ |title=Stay UNfair, Stay Beautiful! |last=Women |first=Respect |website=respectwomen.co.in |date=30 December 2014 |language=en-US |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114075549/http://www.respectwomen.co.in/stay-unfair-stay-beautiful/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Das said in 2014: In the [Indian film] industry a makeup man or a cinematographer would come and say can you lighten your skin a little, especially when you are playing the middle class educated character.<ref>Even within independent cinema there is a kind of populist independent cinema: Nandita Das – {{Cite news |title=The American Bazaar |date=30 September 2014 |url=http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/09/30/even-within-independent-cinema-kind-populist-independent-cinema-nandita-das |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208121641/http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/09/30/even-within-independent-cinema-kind-populist-independent-cinema-nandita-das/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the Campaign was reinvented as [[India’s Got Colour]]. Along with Mahesh Mathai, Nandita Das has produced and co-directed a two-minute PSA for the campaign. The music video features several eminent artists from the Indian Film Industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/people-are-socially-comfortable-displaying-colour-bias/article29586752.ece |title=Nandita Das brings out rap video to fight skin-tone discrimination |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=3 October 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 November 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171620/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/people-are-socially-comfortable-displaying-colour-bias/article29586752.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Speaking Engagements===
Das has been a featured speaker at various platforms in India and abroad, including at [[MIT]] (in 2007, after a screening of ''Fire''),{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} and at [[Tufts University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Struggles of Being a Woman in Society and Cinema: A Talk with Nandita Das {{!}} Yale Greenberg World Fellows |url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/event/struggles-being-woman-society-and-cinema-talk-nandita-das |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=worldfellows.yale.edu |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151042/https://worldfellows.yale.edu/event/struggles-being-woman-society-and-cinema-talk-nandita-das |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=Naaree Interviews Actor And Director, Nandita Das |url=https://www.naaree.com/naaree-interviews-actor-and-director-nandita-das/ |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=Naaree - Work From Home Career Advice For Women in India |language=en-US |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622161047/https://www.naaree.com/naaree-interviews-actor-and-director-nandita-das/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== International ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Month/Year
!Topic
!Moderator
!Organiser
|-
|May, 2024
|All for Health, Health for All
|[[John-Arne Røttingen|John-Arne Rottingen]]
|[[World Health Organization|WHO]], Geneva, Switzerland
|-
| rowspan="2" |April, 2023
|Film Screening of Zwigato, followed by Q & A
|Prof. [[Abhijit Banerjee]]
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], Cambridge, USA
|-
|Zwigato Film Screening followed by Q & A
|[[Smriti Mundhra]]
|[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]], Beverly Hills, LA, USA.
|-
|July, 2015
|Stories of Wellbeing
|Conversation with Jo Confino
|Institute for Leadership and Sustainability and Brathay Trust, [[University of Cumbria]] Ambleside, UK
|-
| rowspan="2" |October, 2014
|Struggles of Being a Woman in Society and Cinema
|
|Centre for South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies, [[Tufts University]]
Massachusetts, USA
|-
|Infinite Identities
|
|Asian American Cultural Centre and La Casa, [[Yale University]]
Connecticut, USA
|-
|September, 2014
|The Role of Arts in Social Change
|Conversation with [[Cara Moyer-Duncan]] moderated by [[Mukti Khaire]]
|Harvard South Asian Institute, [[Harvard University]]
Cambridge, USA
|-
| rowspan="2" |March, 2014
|Changing Minds and Mindsets- Social Inclusion Through Arts
|Conversation with Maitreyi Das
|[[World Bank]] Head Quarters
Washington DC, USA
|-
|Art and Social Change,
|
|Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs, [[Brown University]]
Rhode Island, USA
|-
|May, 2013
|EL- SOMNI (The Dream)
|A gastronomy event with 12 courses & 12 eminent guests from around the world
|City Council of Barcelona and the Celler de Can Roca
Barcelona, Spain
|-
|May, 2011
|Role of Art/Cinema in Transforming the World
|
|Rome Cornerstone Conference
International Women’s Forum
Rome, Italy
|-
|March, 2011
|Bollywood and Beyond
|
|Maximum India Festival
Kennedy Centre
Washington DC, USA
|-
|June, 2008
|Identity and the Notion of the Other
|
|Eranos Tagung 2008
Ascona, Switzerland
|-
|September, 2005
|A Personal Journey- Social Work and Cinema
|
|Rietberg Museum for Lange Nacht Der Museen (long night of the museum)
Zurich, Switzerland
|-
|October, 2004
|What Creates Change?
|
|Annual Gala of SAKHI, a South Asian women's organization
New York, USA
|-
|September, 2004
|Building Youth Leadership
|
|Pan-Asian Youth Leadership Summit
Hiroshima, Japan
|-
|May, 2004
|Child Rights and Our Responsibility
|
|The Children's World Congress on Child Labour
Florence, Italy
|-
|6 March 2004
|Domestic Violence
|
|The Capital Women's Conference
London, UK
|-
|August, 2003
|What is it to be an Indian?
|
|Festival of India
Atlanta, USA
|}

==== National ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Month/Year
!Topic
!Moderator
!Organiser
!Link
|-
|May, 2024
|Fireside Chat with [[Deepa Mehta]]
|moderated by Dhamini Ratnam
|Kashish Pride Film Festival
Liberty Cinema, Mumbai
|
|-
|September, 2023
|Cinema with a Conscience: A Choice
|Fire-side chat with Shrinivas Dempo
|50th National Management Convention
AIMA, New Delhi
|
|-
|November, 2022
|Unconscious Bias
|Keynote Speaker
|Gartner IT Symposium
Kochi
|
|-
|January, 2020
|Disability and Inclusion
|Conversation with VR Ferose
|India Inclusion Summit
Bangalore
| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gjC7uVfQfo
|-
|June, 2019
|A Mother’s Journey with Anger
|
|TEDx Shiv Nadar University
Greater NOIDA
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eAie89tAhg
|-
|October, 2018
|Can Art Change India?
|
|TEDx St. Xaviers
Mumbai
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_DA7Zew1QE
|-
|May, 2018
|Women at Work
|Conversation with Anupama Chopra
|LinkedIn and Film Companion
| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-3T60l2FLo&t=20s
|-
|March, 2016
|The Biggest Hypocrisy of our Times: Our Attitude to Poverty
|
|TEDx Walled city
New Delhi
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1JeS7MtRpE
|-
|September, 2011
| Transformation in Education
|
|TEDx Nariman Point
Mumbai
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLtvxhhRk50
|}

==== Online ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Month/Year
!Topic
!Moderator
!Organiser
!Link
|-
|May, 2022
|Break The Bias
|Conversation with Sanjay Menon
|Publicis Sapient India
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65SKLR6dxfs
|-
| rowspan="2" |June 2020
|From the Other Side, Fire to Freedom
|Raga D’silva
|
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m4Ea_sV2IM
|-
|Interrogating Caste Privileges
|Conversation with Mauktik Kulkarni hosted by Suraj Yengde
|Suraj Yengde presents Dialogics
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILrwlufQTdw
|-
|May, 2020
|Behind the Camera: Being a Woman Director
|Conversation with Kaveree Bamzai
|Women in Art & Culture, MAP Bangalore
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIEKr5xCN2c
|}

== Accolades ==
In August 2018 Power Brands awarded Nandita Das the Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar for being a polymath with purpose, advocating issues of communal harmony, peace and social justice, especially for women, children and the marginalized "others" through various platforms, for her expressions of courage and compassion on celluloid and her steadfast faith in the power of cinema effecting social change for a better world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Shabana Azmi, Nandita Das receive Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shabana-azmi-nandita-das-receive-bharatiya-manavata-vikas-puraskar-118083000834_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509093142/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shabana-azmi-nandita-das-receive-bharatiya-manavata-vikas-puraskar-118083000834_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily India media recognizes 13 Indian stalwarts with Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar 2018 | Central Chronicle - Central India's Premier English Daily |url=https://www.centralchronicle.com/daily-india-media-recognizes-13-indian-stalwarts-with-bharatiya-manavata-vikas-puraskar-2018.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509093532/https://www.centralchronicle.com/daily-india-media-recognizes-13-indian-stalwarts-with-bharatiya-manavata-vikas-puraskar-2018.html |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

===For acting===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film acting awards and nominations received by Nandita Das
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|2000
|[[45th Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[1947 Earth]]''
|Best Debut
|{{Won}}
|-
|2001
|Santa Monica Film Festival
|''Bawander''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|Cairo International Film Festival
|''Amaar Bhuvan''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|Special Prize
|{{Won}}
|-
|2006
|[[Nandi Awards of 2006]]
|[[Kamli (2006 film)|''Kamli'']]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2007
|Madrid International Film Festival
|''Maati Maay (A Grave-keeper's Tale)''
|Best Actress|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[8th Lux Style Awards]]
|''[[Ramchand Pakistani]]''
|Best Film Actress
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|''[[Neerparavai]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2024
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South]]
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{Won}}
|}

===For directing===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film directing awards and nominations received by Nandita Das
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
| rowspan="3" |[[Asian Festival of First Films]]
| rowspan="8" |''[[Firaaq]]''
| Best Film
| rowspan="3" | Won
| rowspan="3" | <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Toh |first=Christopher |date=13 December 2008 |title=THE WINNER TAKES IT ALL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/today20081213-1.2.42.3.1 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |page=40 |language=en-SG |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007031904/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/today20081213-1.2.42.3.1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Screenplay
|-
|Foreign Correspondents Association Purple Orchid Award for Best Film
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|Kara Film Festival
|Best Film
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|International Film Festival of Kerala
|Special Jury Award
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Thessaloniki International Film Festival
|Special Prize (Everyday Life: Transcendence or Reconciliation Award)
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Golden Alexander
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|2010
|Filmfare Awards
|Special Award
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Cannes Film Festival
| rowspan="6" |''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]''
|Un Certain Regard Award
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Toronto International Film Festival
|People's Choice Award
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Asia Pacific Screen Award
|FIAPF (Films in the Asia Pacific region)
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[64th Filmfare Awards|2019]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}

===Actor===

==== Films & Web Series ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1987|| ''Bangle Box''|| || Hindi ||Telefilm
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Parinati]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Ek Thi Goonja''|| Goonja || Hindi ||
|-
|1995
| ''[[Daughters of This Century]]'' || Charu|| Hindi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]''|| Sita || English ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[1947 Earth]]'' || Shanta, the Ayah|| [[Hindi]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
|-
| ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]'' || Nandini Mitra || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Janmadinam]]'' || Sarasu ||[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[Biswaprakash]]''
|Anjali
|[[Oriya language|Odia]]
|
|-
| ''[[Deveeri]]'' || Deveeri (Akka) || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]'' || Lily Vegas || English ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''[[Punaradhivasam]]''
|Shalini
|Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Hari-Bhari]]'' || Afsana|| Hindi ||
|-
| ''Saanjh'' || ||[[Hindi]] || Short film
|-
| ''[[Bawandar]]'' || Sanwari || Hindi, [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], English || Best Actress at [[Santa Monica Film Festival]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' || Supriya Verma || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]]''
|Kannaki
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2002 || ''[[Aamaar Bhuvan]]''|| Sakina || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Best Actress at [[Cairo Film Festival]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| ''[[Pitaah]]'' || Paro || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || Dhanalakshmi ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Shyama || Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
|-
| ''[[Lal Salaam (2002 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Rupi(alias Chandrakka) || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003 || ''[[Ek Alag Mausam]]'' || Aparna Verma || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Bas Yun Hi]]'' || Veda || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Supari (film)|Supari]]'' || Mamta Sikri|| Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]'' || Mallika Sen || Bengali ||
|-
| ''[[Kagaar: Life on the Edge]]'' || Aditi || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Din 24 Ghante]]'' || Sameera Dutta || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Vishwa Thulasi]]'' ||Sita|| Tamil ||
|-
|[[Ghoom Taana|Ghoom Tana]]
|
|Urdu
|Music Video
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Fleeting Beauty]]''||Indian woman|| English ||
|-
|Saayey
|Maya
|Urdu, English
|Short Film
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006 ||''[[Maati Maay]]'' ||Chandi||[[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||Madrid International Film Festival (2007), Best Actress
|-
| ''[[Podokkhep]]'' || Megha|| Bengali ||
|-
|''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]'' || Radha Dalal|| English ||
|-
| ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]'' || Kamli||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|Bits & Pieces
|Kusum
|Hindi
|Unreleased
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 ||''[[Before the Rains]]'' || Sajani || English, Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' || Kamakshi || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''A Drop of Life'' ||Mira Ben|| Hindi, Gujarati || Short film
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Ramchand Pakistani]]'' ||Champa|| Urdu || Pakistani film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' || Afia || Hindi||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Neerparavai]]'' || Older Esther || Tamil || Nominated—[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Tamil]] Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oonga (film)|Oonga]]'' || Hemla || Hindi, Odia ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Traces of Sandalwood|Rastres de Sàndal]]'' || Mina Kuminar || English, Catalan ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Dhaad'' || Monghi ||[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/after-17-years-gujarati-film-dhaad-set-for-release.html |title=After 17 years, Gujarati film Dhaad starring Nandita Das set for release |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=5 January 2018 |first=Nandini |last=Oza |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200310/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/after-17-years-gujarati-film-dhaad-set-for-release.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || shot in 2001
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (2019 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyun Aata Hai?]]'' ||Stella||Hindi||Remake of classic [[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=6 March 2019 |number=1103226358522556416 |title=Manav Kaul, Nandita Das and Saurabh Shukla... #AlbertPintoKoGussaKyunAataHai - an official remake of the cult classic by Saeed Akhtar Mirza - to release on 12 April 2019... Directed by Soumitra Ranade... The 1980 classic starred Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. https://t.co/e3JaquzPMI}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Listen to Her''
|The woman
|Hindi
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 ||''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]'' || Herself || Hindi ||Web series
|-
| ''The Cuber'' || The mother || Hindi, English || Short film
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Virata Parvam]]'' ||Shakunthala||Telugu|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|-
|2023
|A Knock on the Door
|Reena
|English, Hindi, Bengali
|
|-
|2025
|[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31924979/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm Ziddi Girls]
|Prof. Handa
|Hindi
|Web series
|}

==== Theatre & Cineplay ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2024
|[[White Rabbit Red Rabbit]]
|
|English
|An unrehearsed play written by [[Nassim Soleimanpour]]
|-
|2017
|''Khamosh! Adalat Jaari Hai''
|Leela Benare
|Hindi
|Cineplay
|-
|2014
|''Between the Lines''
|Maya
|Hindi, English
|Cineplay
|-
|2013
|Gates to India Song
|Anne-Marie Stretter
|English
|Play by [[Marguerite Duras]] and directed by Eric Vigner
|-
|2002
|The Spirit of Anne Frank
|Anamika
|English
|An improvised play directed by [[Roysten Abel]]
|-
|
|Equus
|Jill
|English
|Play by [[Peter Shaffer]] and directed by [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]
|-
|
|Heads ya Tails
|Madhvi
|Hindi
|Play by Prashant Dalvi and directed by Chandrakanth Kulkurni
|-
|
|Mother
|The Christian Woman
|
|Play by [[Maxim Gorky]] and directed by [[M. K. Raina|M K Raina]]
|-
|
|Street plays on social issues
|Various characters
|Hindi
|Play by [[Jana Natya Manch]] and directed by [[Safdar Hashmi]]
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film directing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
|1993
|''Imprint in Clay''
|Hindi, English
|Documentary on the father of Studio Pottery in India, Sardar Gurcharan Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''Rain Water Harvesting'' || || Public Service Ad ||
|-
| ''Education Spots'' || || Public Service Ad||
|-
|2004
|''Beyond Boundaries - Cricket for Peace''
|Hindi
|Documentary on Indo-Pak street children initiative
|
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Firaaq]]'' || Hindi Urdu Gujarati || Best Film and Best Screenplay at [[Asian Festival of First Films]] Purple Orchid Award for Best Film at [[Asian Festival of First Films]] Special Jury Award at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] Special Prize at [[International Thessaloniki Film Festival]] [[Filmfare Special Award]] Nominated—Golden Alexander at [[International Thessaloniki Film Festival]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2012
|''Between the Lines''
|Hindi, English
|Theater Play
|She wrote it too
|-
|| 2017 || ''In Defence of Freedom'' || Hindi || Short film
|
|-
|| 2018 || ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]'' || Hindi Urdu ||Premiered at Cannes Film Festival 2018 Toronto International Film Festival 2018 Busan International Film Festival 2018
|
|-
| 2019
|''India's Got Colour''
|Hindi
|Music Video
|
|-
|2020
|''Listen to Her''
|Hindi
|Short film
|
|-
|2021
|''The Cuber''
|Hindi, English
|Short film
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Zwigato]]''
| Hindi
| World premiere at the [[2022 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF 2022]] Premiered at [[Busan International Film Festival]] Premiered at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kapil-sharma-nandita-das-zwigato-first-trailer-watch-video-8096644/ |title=Kapil Sharma sheds his comic image in Nandita Das' Zwigato, plays an orthodox husband. Watch first trailer |last=Dasgupta |website=The Indian Express |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904163540/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kapil-sharma-nandita-das-zwigato-first-trailer-watch-video-8096644/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|}

== Voice Works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2004
|[[Karadi Tales]]
|English
|Audiobook
|-
|2005
|[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]
|English
|Audiobook
|-
|2008
|[[Wonder Pets!|Wonder Pets]]!
|English
|Voice of Bengal Tiger
|}

== Books ==
* ''Manto and I.'' Aleph Book Company. {{ISBN|978-81-943657-4-7}}
* ''[https://www.jatindas.com/retrospective Jatin Das: A Retrospective (1963-2023)]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://nanditadas.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0201903|name=Nandita Das}}
* [http://womenofworth.in/dark-is-beautiful/ Dark is Beautiful] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601235953/http://www.womenofworth.in/dark-is-beautiful |date=1 June 2019 }}
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/10nan.htm Interview 2003]
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Nandita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Sikandrabad

2026-03-10T15:40:22Z

Robxgr: adding basic info w/ refs

{{Other uses|Sikandarabad (disambiguation){{!}}Sikandarabad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sikandrabad
| native_name_lang = सिकंदराबाद
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt = Map
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4511868|N|77.6954506|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1498
| founder = [[Sikandar Lodi]]
| named_for =
| government_type = Legislative Assembly
| governing_body =
| leader_party = Bhartiya Janta Party
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Mr. Lakshmiraj Singh
| unit_pref = Metric
| ar =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 294,858
| population_blank1_title = Male
| population_blank1 = 157,275
| population_blank2_title = Female
| population_blank2 = 137,583
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Sikandrabadi
| population_footnotes = <ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=138513 {{Dead link|date=May 2022}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Literacy Rate
| demographics1_info1 = 61.09 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex Ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 875
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title2 = Local dialect
| demographics2_info1 = Hindi
| demographics2_info2 = Khadi Boli
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 203205
| area_code_type = Area Code
| area_code = 05735
| registration_plate = UP-13
| website = {{URL|http://bulandshahar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| image_skyline =
}}
'''Sikandrabad''' is a [[city]] and a [[municipal board]], just outside of [[Bulandshahr|Bulandshahr city]] in [[Bulandshahr district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is part of the Delhi NCR region. Sikandrabad tehsil is now a part of [[Bulandshahr district]] which is situated throughout 60+ villages.

==History==

Sikandrabad was a significant town and tehsil located in the north-western region of Bulandshahr District in the North-Western Provinces. Stretching inland from the east bank of the Jumna (Jamund) and watered by two branches of the Ganges Canal, Sikandrabad held strategic importance in the area. The East Indian Railway passed through the tahsil, with stations at Sikandrabad and Dadri. Covering an area of 524 square miles, including 370 square miles of cultivated land, the tahsil had a population of 37,374 as of 1872. The land revenue collected amounted to ₹28,996, while the total government revenue was ₹32,112, with a rental payment of ₹76,132 made by the cultivators.

Founded by Sikandar Lodi in 1498, Sikandrabad became the headquarters of a mahal during the reign of [[Akbar]]. It served as the center of the fief of [[Najib-ud-daula]] and played a crucial role in the region's history. In 1736, Saddat Khan, the Viceroy of [[Oudh]], launched an attack on the force in Sikandarabad, resulting in their defeat. The town witnessed further military activities when the [[Jat]] army of [[Bharatpur State|Bhartpur]] encamped there in 1764. However, following the death of [[Suraj Mal]] and the defeat of Maharaja Sawai Jawahar, they fled across the Jamuna (Jamund). The Maharaja' brigade under Perron also occupied Sikandrabad after the Battle of Aligarh.

During the [[Mutiny of 1857]], Sikandrabad was joined by the neighboring Gujars, Rajputs, and Muslims, followed by the arrival of Colonel [[Edward Greathed]] on September 27, 1857.

Sikandrabad boasted several landmarks, including a fortified building that housed the tahsil and police station outside the town. It also had a charitable dispensary, an Anglo-vernacular school, and a branch of the Church of England Mission. The town was adorned with several impressive mosques and temples, adding to its cultural richness.

[[File:Munshi Hargopal Tafta (d. 1879).jpg|thumb|Munshi Hargopal Tafta]]
Notable residents included Munshi Hargopal Tafta (1799-1879) a renowned Persian and Urdu poet. He was one of [[Ghalib]]`s beloved disciples. He affectionately called him `Mirza Tafta'. It was Tafta`s commendatory preface to Urdu-i-Mu`alla (Ghalib's Urdu letters collection published in 1869) that marked beginning of critical writings on Ghalib.<ref>{{cite news | title = Ghalib's friend | url = https://www.thestatesman.com/features/ghalibs-friend-1502523230.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Mirza Ghalib Death Anniversary : मिर्जा गालिब का हिंदू बेटा... पंडित हर गोपाल तफ्ता | url = https://www.jagran.com/news/national-ncr-mirza-ghalib-death-anniversary-hindu-son-pandit-hargopal-tafta-jagran-special-20032676.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite Website | title = Ghalib Ka Ek Khat Munshi Hargopal Tafta Ke Naam Class XII Urdu Elective Course A Gulistan e Adab | website=[[YouTube]] | date=23 April 2020 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVezV13fVk8}}</ref>

Sikandrabad was also known for its pagri (head-dress) manufacturing industry.

'''Dr. Jamuna Prasad Sharma''' is a significant historical figure in Sikandrabad who notably elevated local ''medical facilities''. He established a clinic in '''1915''' that remains active, with the fourth generation of his family continuing to serve the community, representing a ''lasting legacy of healthcare in the town''. https://www.justdial.com/Sikandrabad/Dr-Jamuna-Prasad-Clinic-Near-Hanuman-Mandir-Sikandrabad/9999P5732-5732-180531225428-Y1D9_BZDET?source=SHARE&amp=1&_gl=1*c5fd5v*_ga*Y01iZHg3NFQ1aFpmbFk5WkF4VVQteEFKNE42bzBpa1I2VmpJQW9lQXpCeGpESnZfdzFMemZDQmJZbllVVW9ISg..

Connectivity was facilitated by a station on the East Indian Railway, situated 4 miles south of the town and connected by a metalled road. The municipal revenue for 1875-76 amounted to ₹1,519, with taxes contributing ₹660, which equated to 1 shilling and 0.5 pence per head of the population within the municipal limits.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. VIII|1881|p=335 |Publisher= TRUBNER London, Book from the collections of Harvard University
|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette23huntgoog/page/n6/mode/2up |access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

Sikandrabad is listed in the [[Saini|'''saini community''' as]] a [[pargana]] under Delhi [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 1,259,190 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 400 infantry and 50 cavalry.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=286 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

[[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]] played a pivotal role in India's scientific advancement. He was raised in his maternal grandfather's house, an engineer who inspired young Shanti Swaroop and fostered his early interest in engineering and science. He completed his elementary education at Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School in Sikandrabad, which laid the foundation for his illustrious career. Bhatnagar became the first director of the [[National Institute of Hydrology]] and made significant contributions to various scientific fields throughout his life. His roots in Sikandrabad are a point of pride for the town, highlighting his enduring legacy.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-indian-genius-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-who-declined-millions-for-his-innovation-he-is-father-of-research-3093028 |title=Meet Indian genius who declined millions for his innovation |newspaper=DNA |date=2010-06-24 |access-date=2024-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://katha.vkendra.org/2022/02/swaraj-amrit-mahotsav-shanti-swarup.html|title=Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar – The Great Indian Scientist who is known as "The Father of Science and Technology in India |access-date=2024-10-11}}</ref>

According to the book Gandhi: 1915-1948; A Detailed Chronology, compiled by C. B. Dalal, it is worth noting that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Sikandrabad on November 3, 1929, to address a women's meeting organized by the Jilla Congress Committee. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/Gandhi-1915-1948-detailed-chronology.pdf |title=Gandhi: 1915-1948; A Detailed Chronology |page=80 |access-date=2024-10-11}}</ref>

==Education==

Sikandrabad witnessed notable progress in educational facilities in late 19th Century. Prior to this period, private Maktabs and pathshalas, along with those associated with mosques and temples, provided basic education in language, arithmetic, history, and geography. The town school, under the District Board, was established around the late 19th century.

The Kayastha English Middle School, initiated by prominent individuals such as M. Jamna Swarup and M. Roshan Lal, was founded in 1886. Later, in 1896, it transformed into the Anglo-Vernacular School, becoming the first of its kind in the district. Subsequently, in 1943, it evolved into the Mukund Swarup Intermediate College, with generous support from M. Mukund Swarup Saheb.

Key Figures and Contributions: Throughout its history, the institution witnessed the leadership and contributions of notable individuals. Managers such as M. Govind Swarup, L. Gokal Chand Vakil, and Rai Bahadur Jatan Swarup played instrumental roles in its development. Head Masters like Pt. Balak Ram and Shri Madho Narain Mathur, along with Principals including Shri B.B.L. Kashiva and Shri P.K. Banergee, made significant contributions to the institution's growth.

Under the guidance of Govind Swarup and Pt. Balak Ram, the school achieved considerable success, attracting students from distant places and maintaining a reputable staff. However, internal conflicts between the manager and headmaster in 1917 led to a reconstitution of the school. During L. Gokal Chand's tenure, the school faced challenges due to the withdrawal of support from the wealthy Vaish community. Nonetheless, progress continued, including the completion of the Boarding House and the acquisition of additional land.

In 1936, the institution celebrated its golden jubilee, revitalizing interest among the management, staff, and students. New initiatives were undertaken, such as the establishment of an Old Boys Association, introduction of co-education and Harijan education, and the promotion of scouting. The school also became a center for high school examinations, and the K. Prasad Museum was inaugurated. The institution's name changed to Mukund Swarup A.V. High School in recognition of M. Mukund Swarup Saheb's generous donation.

The college's transformation into the Mukund Swarup Intermediate College in 1943 marked a significant milestone. Despite financial challenges, subsequent principals like Shri B.B.L. Kashiva and Shri K.B. Bhatia, along with the support of the Swarup family, ensured the institution's ongoing growth. In 1959, Jatan Swarup Degree College was established, further expanding educational opportunities under the same management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msintercollege.com/history/ | title=History|publisher= MS Inter College|access-date= 14 June 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sikandrabad had a population of 3,85,000. Men constitute 52% of the population and Women 48%. Sikandrabad has an average literacy rate of 50%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 58%, and female literacy is 49%. In Sikandrabad, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Location==
Sikandrabad is located on both sides of the Grand Trunk (G.T.) Road in the [[Bulandshahr]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Situated approximately 51 km south of the national capital, [[Delhi]], Sikandrabad is well-connected by both road and rail networks. The nearest railway station is [[Dankaur]], located about 6 km from the city, which provides convenient access to other major cities in the region.

The city serves as a vital junction, with direct road connectivity to nearby towns such as [[Dadri]], [[Gulaothi]], [[Khair]], [[Khurja]], [[Jhajjar]], and [[Noida]]. Additionally, Sikandrabad is just 6 km from [[Greater Noida]], enhancing its accessibility for commuters and travelers. The district headquarters, Bulandshahr, is approximately 18 km away.

Sikandrabad has a PIN (Postal Index Number) of 203205 and an STD code prefix of 05735. The city houses two post offices, offering services such as Speedpost to cater to the postal needs of its residents. With its strategic location and robust infrastructure, Sikandrabad plays an essential role in the economic and social landscape of the region.

==Notable people==

* [[Acharya Chatursen Shastri]] Hindi writer, known for Vaishali Ki Nagarvadhu.
* [[Santosh Anand]] Bollywood Song writer.
*[[Rahul Verma]] is a humanitarian, spiritual worker, and devotee of [[Neem Karoli Baba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udayfoundationindia.org/about-us/ | title=About us|publisher=[[Uday Foundation]]|access-date= 23 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-rahul-verma-is-the-confluence-of-humanitarian-service-and-spirituality-follower-of-neem-karauli-baba-and-pioneer-of-messages-23813733.html |title=मानवीय सेवा और आध्यात्मिकता के संगम है राहुल वर्मा, नीम करौली बाबा के अनुयायी और संदेशों के प्रणेता |newspaper= [[Dainik Jagran]] |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref>
*'''[[Saini]]''' community The sikandrabad region has the largest population. These people have been living in this region for a long time and there is a strong unity among them which has not been broken even by any king or emperor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bulandshahr district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bulandshahr district]]

Amardeep (1958 film)

2026-03-09T03:14:53Z

Robxgr: updated references per standard format and added references

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amar Deep
| image = AmarDeep - film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| producer = [[S. Krishnamurthy]] P. N. Pillai
| writer = [[Rajendra Krishan]]
| screenplay = T. Prakash Rao
| story = [[C. V. Sridhar]] (adapted) [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]] (original)
| narrator =
| based_on = [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]] (1956 Tamil film) [[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harverst]] (1942 American film) + [[Random Harvest]] (1941 novel) by [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions]]
| released = {{Film date |1958}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Amar Deep''''' ({{translation|The Eternal Lamp}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]], under [[Sivaji Productions]]. The film stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Om Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar Deep (1958) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amar-deep-2537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808204042/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/amar-deep-2537 |url-status=live |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film's music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]]. It is a remake of Rao's 1956 Tamil film [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|''Amara Deepam'']], based on the 1942 American film ''[[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]]'' which had earlier been adapted in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Harano Sur]]'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Amardeep+Harano+sur&pg=PT5 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie story deals with Aruna who lives a wealthy lifestyle with her grandfather. She has come of marriageable age and he wants her to marry a young man named Pran. But Aruna finds him possessive, controlling, and hot-tempered, and will not have anything to do with him, so she decides to run away. Her father, who falls deeply ill, asks Pran to search everywhere for her, and Pran takes an oath that he will not return home until he finds her. When Aruna was away from home, she meets an young man named Ashok, who is jobless but has a good heart and they both fall in love with each other. One day, when they were going for a walk, Pran finds Aruna and drags her back home. Ashok runs after Aruna but gets into an accident causing him to lose his memory. Shortly thereafter, her father's health gets complicated and passes away, leaving her in the care of Pran and a servant named Hariya. When Pran offers to marry her, she refuses and tells him that she loves Ashok. Ashok, who doesn't even remember his name, saves the life of a street dancer named Roopa and they fall in love. One day, Roopa and her family of street dancers along with Ashok perform in front of Aruna's house. Aruna recognizes Ashok but he doesn't recognize her which makes her very sad and heartbroken. The rest of the story gets complicated when Ashok gets his memory back and remembers Aruna and forgets Roopa who turns out to Meena's (now Aruna's) elder sister and is shot by Pran in a rescue attempt of Aruna who is kidnapped by Pran.

==Cast==
* [[Dev Anand]] as Ashok
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Meena / Aruna
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Roopa
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Champa
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Ustad
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Pran
* [[David Abraham (actor)|David]] as Meena and Roopa's Father
* [[Bipin Gupta]] as Meena's Foster Grandfather
* [[Mukri]] as Lalli
* [[Shivraj]] as Hariya
* [[Om Prakash]] as Conned Man
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Conman
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]]

==Soundtrack==
Music was by [[C. Ramchandra]]. Lyrics for all songs were written by [[Rajinder Krishan]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Dil Ki Duniya Basake"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Mere Man Ka Bawra"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Lagi Apni Najariya"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Kisi Din Zara Dekh"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Yeh Ji Chahta Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jali Lo Dim Tana"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Dekh Hamen Awaz Na Dena, O Bedard Zamane" - 1
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Dekh Hamen Awaz Na Dena, O Bedard Zamane" - 2
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Is Jahan Ka Pyar Jhutha, Yaar Ka Ikrar Jhutha, Haan Bhi Jhuthi, Na Bhi Jhuthi"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi, [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Ab Dar Hai Kiska Pyare"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Lene Se Inkaar Nahin"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Le Lo Le Lo Gubbare"
| [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
|}

== Production ==
''Amar Deep'' is the first film produced by Sivaji Films (later renamed [[Sivaji Productions]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/and-now-scaling-heights-in-delhi/article3230508.ece|title=And now... scaling heights in Delhi|date=2006-09-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0051348|Amar Deep}}

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1958 romantic drama films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Valmiki (1963 Telugu film)

2026-03-06T03:33:33Z

Robxgr: adding some post needs work

{{Short description|1963 film by C. S. Rao in Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Valmiki
| image = Valmiki (1963 Telugu film).jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = C. S. Rao
| producer = S. K. Habeebulla
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Rajasulochana]] [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = K. Govinda Swamy
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1963|02|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Valmiki''''' is 1963 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], based on the life of [[Valmiki]], produced by S. K. Habibulla under [[Jupiter Pictures]] and directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. The films stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Rajasulochana]] and [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharada |date=15 February 1963 |title=వాల్మీకి |language=te |trans-title=Valmiki |pages=9 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |location=Nellore |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Feb/15-feb-1963.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130559/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Feb/15-feb-1963.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=13 December 2019 |title=Remembering S Siddalingaiah, destined to direct |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribute-to-director-siddalingaiah-on-his-83rd-birth-anniversary-which-falls-on-december-15/article30295337.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribute-to-director-siddalingaiah-on-his-83rd-birth-anniversary-which-falls-on-december-15/article30295337.ece |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> Director Rao and Jupiter Pictures made the film simultaneously in Kannada with [[Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)|the same title]] starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in the lead role retaining most of the cast and crew.

== Plot ==
The film begins with [[Shiva|Siva]] proclaiming [[Parvati]] that soon vital letters of [[Vishnu]] ''Ra'' & himself ''Ma'' are resurrected as [[Rama]], which is feasible by a notorious tribe burglar Raksha. At a point, Raksha strikes on Princess Kalyani, who endears him despite his profession and makes him accompany her. The king is about to gratify Raksha when his identity is unveiled and seized, but he flees with Kalyani's aid. Amid, he is shot and secured by a wild girl, Tara, and they crush. Parallelly, Kalyani's disquiet proceeds for Raksha and nags to knit her. So, Tara tricks by forging her death, accusing Kalyani, who goes to the end of the lunatic. The king pleads with Raksha to secure her. Ergo, he drives her when she is startled to behold Tara alive and splicing Raksha. So, Kalyani leaves her breath, cursing Tara to die by grieving away from her husband. Following, the couple leads a gleeful time when Tara urges ''Nagaratna Maala,'' the necklace of precious stones of the snakes that Raksha oaths to bestow her with. Learning its presence in the head of the snakes, he decapitates a myriad that plays havoc with [[Seshu|Adi Seshu]]. Next, Raksha detects the necklace on the idol [[Lakshmi]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] when it desecrates and steals it, and the enraged goddess vanishes it.

Consequently, Vishnu affirms they will soon get an ineffable bond with him. Accordingly, he endorses [[Narada]] to mold Raksha into a fit man who proceeds with the ''Nagaratna Maala''. Today, Narada is about to provide it for Raksha if his family would share his sin incurring and asks to confirm. Beyond doubt, Raksha gets hit back when he goes out of remorse and understands the truth of life. Narada enlightens him with ''Ashtashari'', who sets to immense penance. Above, Tara conjoins in his sacred act but dies in between. Following Narada gets wind arising of ''Rama'' before long who states it to Raksha in vice versa "Mara" instead of the phonetic anagram circumvents the restriction and his chanting tunes to it. Eras roll by when Siva sheds light on Raksha, nobilitating him as ''Valmiki'': one born out of anthills who resides constructing an ''Ashram''. Besides, Vishnu advances in the guise of the tribe to eliminate two demons roaming on earth as birds and ground one for which the second laminates. Spotting it, Valmiki curses him to weep by detaching from his wife. Thus, the universe gets panicky when Vishnu seeks to be calm, glorifying it as a welcome sign of ''Ramavatar''. Being aware of the entire episode, Valmiki collapses for his grave sin but recoups with impetus. Finally, the movie ends with Valmiki composing the holy epic ''[[Ramayana]]''."<ref name="st">{{cite web| url=https://www.mangomobiletv.com/main/6389/telugu/movies/valmiki.html | title=Valmiki Telugu Movie | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217055104/https://www.mangomobiletv.com/main/6389/telugu/movies/valmiki.html | archive-date=2017-02-17}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raksha / [[Valmiki]]
*[[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]] as [[Narada]] Maharshi
*[[Rajasulochana]] as Taara
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Princess Kalyani
*[[Kantha Rao]] as [[Lord Vishnu]]
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Dundubhi
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Bhethala
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as King
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah
*[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as [[Goddess Lakshmi]]
*Meena Kumari as Patala

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. The lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki (1963)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CAZ/info |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Andachandalalona"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:12
|-
|2
|"Mudamu Kanedepudo"
|[[S. Janaki]], [[P. Leela]]
|4:09
|-
|3
|"Anuragamila Konasagavale"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:00
|-
|4
|"Pothanantade"
|Raghavulu, Satyam, [[A. P. Komala]]
|2:56
|-
|5
|"Tallalene Tallalene"
|Raghavulu, A. P. Komala
|3:10
|-
|6
|"Rathi Gundiya Needi"
|Ghantasala
|0:33
|-
|7
|"Kanthude Pranamaguchu"
|S. Janaki
|0:46
|-
|8
|"Hare Narayana"
|Raghuramaiah
|2:31
|-
|9
|"Parama Tarakamantramella"
|Raghuramaiah
|1:20
|-
|10
|"Jaya Jaya Nataraja"
|Ghantasala
|5:36
|-
|11
|"Hariye Velayunuga"
|Ghantasala
|2:33
|-
|12
|"Sri Ramayana Kaavya Katha"
|Ghantasala
|13:14
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0262093}}

[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]

Nartaki (1940 film)

2026-03-03T23:17:03Z

Robxgr: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|1940 Hindi film directed by Debaki Bose}}
{{About||the 1963 film |Nartaki (1963 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{upscaled images|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nartaki
| image = Nartaki_(1940 film).jpg
| caption = Song synopsis booklet cover
| director = [[Debaki Bose]]
| producer =
| writer = Debaki Bose
| narrator =
| starring = [[Leela Desai]] Najmul Hussain Wasti Jagdish Sethi
| music = [[Pankaj Mullick]]
| cinematography = Yusuf Mulji
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''Nartaki''' (Dancer) is a [[Bollywood films of 1940|1940]] film directed by [[Debaki Bose]] for [[New Theatres Ltd]], Calcutta.<ref name="RamachandranRukmini1985">{{cite book|author1=T. M. Ramachandran|author2=S. Rukmini|title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913-1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC|accessdate=23 July 2015|date=1 January 1985|publisher=CINEMA India-International|isbn=978-0-86132-090-5|page=253}}</ref>
A bilingual made in [[Hindi]] and in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], it had story and screenplay written by Bose, with cinematography by Yusuf Mulji. Music was composed by [[Pankaj Mullick]]. The cast had actress [[Leela Desai]] playing the title role of Nartaki.<ref name=Studio>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Studio Round-Up|journal=Filmindia|date=September 1940|volume=6|issue=9|pages=60|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194006unse#page/n571/mode/2up/search/Nartaki|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=New Theatres}}</ref> Najam also called Najam-Ul-Hasain or Najmul Hussain had left [[Bombay Talkies]] following his affair and elopement with Devika Rani, had now joined New Theatres Ltd, where he was cast in films like ''Anath Ashram'' (1937), ''[[Dushman (1939 film)|Dushman]]'' (1939), ''Kapal Kundala'' (1939), and ''Nartaki''.<ref name="Patel2012">{{cite book|author=Bhaichand Patel|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA30|accessdate=23 July 2015|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|pages=30–}}</ref><ref name=TBIP>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Roshni|title=The Man Who Missed The Train|url=http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/10/the-man-who-missed-the-train/|website=thebigindianpicture.com|publisher=The Big Indian Picture|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=Najmu Hussain}}</ref> The rest of the main cast included Jagdish Sethi, Wasti and Pankaj Mullick in the Hindi version.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Nartaki (1940)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film238662.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>

The story was a sixteenth century period costume drama about a courtesan who with the help of the king tries to avenge her insult against the priest of a temple monastery.

==Plot==
Roopkumari (Leela Desai) a famous court dancer is forbidden entry into a temple monastery run by a strict disciplinarian Priest, Gyananandji (Wasti), who demands celibacy from his monks. To avenge her insult she gets the help of the king but fails in her mission to enter the temple. She then tries to seduce the priest’s son, Satyasundar, who is set to take the main priest’s place as the chief priest. Roopkumari and Satyasundar fall in love and the priest turns his son out of the monastery. Roopkumari takes him to her house and nurses the now ill Satyasundar back to health. In the process she too undergoes a spiritual transformation, looking for a divine love. Satyasundar finally leaves Roopkumari and returns to the monastery.

==Cast==

===Hindi===
Cast:<ref name=citwf />
* [[Leela Desai]] as the dancer Roopkumari
* Najam as Satyasundar
*[[Jagdish Sethi]] as Seth Hiralal
* Wasti as Gyananandji
* [[Pankaj Mullick]] as Kaviraj
* R. P. Kapoor as Swamiji
* Nand Kishore as Bhootnath
* Rajani Rani as Ganga
* Kalabati as Jumna
* Bikram Kapoor
* Panna Kapoor
* Mohammed Siddique

===Bengali===
Cast:<ref name=Nartaki>{{cite web|title=Nartaki (1940)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film238663.htm |website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Leela Desai]] as Roopkumari the dancer
* [[Bhanu Bannerjee]] as Satyasundar
* [[Chhabi Biswas]] as Swamiji
* Sailen Chowdhury as Seth Hiralal
* Utpal Sen as Sage Gyananando
* [[Pankaj Mullick]] as Kabi
* Indu Mukherjee as Bhoothnath
* Naresh Bose as Kishore
* Jyoti as jamuna

==Review and reception==
The film was released on 24 December 1940 at Minerva Cinema, Bombay. In the Bombay Calling column of [[Filmindia]], January 1940, mention was made of a Gujarati journal being mishandled during the shooting of the film at the studios. [[Baburao Patel]], editor of Filmindia commented on taking bodyguard of girls with him to protect him from Debaki Bose, who had newly arrived in Bombay from Calcutta.<ref name=BombayCalling>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Bombay Calling|journal=Filmindia|date=January 1941|volume=7|issue=1|pages=12|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n19/mode/2up/search/Nartaki|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=Judas}}</ref>

The review of ''Nartaki'' by Baburao Patel titled, "Debaki Bose Runs Amok", described the story as "too poor in development and almost beggarly in intellectual conception". The cast was criticised for their disappointing performances except for Wasti, who played the master monk. Yusuf Mulji's camera-work was commended as was the music score by Pankaj Mullick.<ref name=Review>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Debaki Bose Runs Amok|journal=Filmindia|date=January 1941|volume=7|issue=1|pages=47|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n53/mode/2up/search/Nartaki|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=Review-Nartaki}}</ref>

The film went on to become a commercial success and was recommended as one of the top films of 1940.<ref name="Beaster-Jones2014">{{cite book|author=Jayson Beaster-Jones|title=Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf1zBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|accessdate=23 July 2015|date=9 October 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-999347-5|pages=176–}}</ref> It is cited as the first "major cinematic-essay" on a dancer's life.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA118|accessdate=23 July 2015|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-64-4|pages=118–}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
With music composed by Pankaj Mullick who also appeared as Kaviraj in the film, it had lyrics by Arzu Lucknawi. One of the classic notable song was "Yeh Kaun Aaj Aaya Savere Savere" sung by Mullick.<ref name=PankajMullick>{{cite web|last1=Sebastian|first1=Meryl Mary|title=Play It Back|url=http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/07/play-it-back/ |website=thebigindianpicture.com|publisher=The Big Indian Picture|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=Pankaj Mullick}}</ref> The other popular song, which helped him achieve "mass-appeal" was "Madabhari Rut Jawan Hai".<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA24|accessdate=23 July 2015|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|pages=24–}}</ref> The songs were sung by Leela Desai, Pankaj Mullick, and Radha Rani.<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Nartaki 1940|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/lh988595/songs/#tabs|website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Ltd.|accessdate=23 July 2015|ref=Songs}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !!Singer
|-
| 1
| "Madabhari Rut Jawaan Hai "
| [[Pankaj Mullick]]
|-
| 2
| "Prem Ka Naata Chhuta"
| Pankaj Mullick
|-
| 3
| "Aankh Mund Kar Dhyaan Murakh"
| [[Leela Desai]], Radha Rani
|-
| 4
| "Yeh Kaun Aaj Aaya Savere Savere"
| Pankaj Mullick
|-
| 5
| "Rat Shiv Naam Ki Mala"
|
|-
| 6
| "Teri Daya Se Aaj Muraad Mil Gayi"
| Pankaj Mullick
|-
| 7
| "Kaun Tujhe Samjhave Murakh"
| Pankaj Mullick
|-
| 8
| "Kaun Tujhe Samjhave Murakh"
| Leela Desai
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|id= 0032836 |title=Nartaki (1940)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071216181737/http://www.pankajmullick.com/ www.pankajmullick.com - Comprehensive Resource Website, offering preview of all his songs, including those from Bengali & Hindi version of Nartaki.]

{{Debaki Bose}}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pankaj Mullick]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Debaki Bose]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]
[[Category:1940s Bengali-language films]]

Manja Satta Pacha Satta

2026-03-03T02:35:43Z

Robxgr: created new data w/ infobox

{{Short description|2021 Indian film by Thamba Kutti Bambrosky}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manja Satta Pacha Satta
| image = Manja Satta Pacha Satta.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Thamba Kutti Bambrosky
| writer = Thamba Kutti Bambrosky
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Chinnasamy Mounaguru
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Guru Somasundaram]]
*Adithya Varman
*[[Renu Soundar]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = MRM Jai Suresh
| editing = Thyagu
| music = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|4|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manja Satta Pacha Satta''''' ({{Translation|Yellow shirt, green shirt}}) is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language [[Satire (film and television)|satirical film]] directed by Thamba Kutti Bambrosky and starring [[Guru Somasundaram]], Adithya Varman and [[Renu Soundar]].

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Guru Somasundaram]]
*Adithya Varman
*[[Renu Soundar]]

== Production ==
Writer Thamba Kutti Bambrosky, known for his short story ''Kalki'', made his directorial debut with this film, which was made in the [[Neo-Burlesque]] genre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Thamba Kutti Bambrosky To Make Directorial Debut With Manja Satta Pacha Satta |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/thamba-kutti-bambrosky-to-make-directorial-debut-with-manja-satta-pacha-satta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211316/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/thamba-kutti-bambrosky-to-make-directorial-debut-with-manja-satta-pacha-satta/ |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=31 December 2019 |title=Guru Somasundaram portrays a politician with grey shades |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/311219/guru-somasundaram-portrays-a-politician-with-grey-shades.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211512/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/311219/guru-somasundaram-portrays-a-politician-with-grey-shades.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Guru Somasundaram]] plays a politician in the film.

==Release and reception==
The film was scheduled to release in 2020 but was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Somasundaram to play a politician in Manja Satta Pacha Satta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/30/guru-somasundaram-to-play-a-politician-in-manja-satta-pacha-satta-2082509.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211315/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/30/guru-somasundaram-to-play-a-politician-in-manja-satta-pacha-satta-2082509.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=மஞ்ச சட்ட பச்ச சட்ட |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/04/01190741/2493417/Tamil-cinema-manja-satta-pacha-satta-movie-preview.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211317/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/04/01190741/2493417/Tamil-cinema-manja-satta-pacha-satta-movie-preview.vpf |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film a laugh riot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=மஞ்ச சட்ட பச்ச சட்ட |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2021/04/05151250/2504200/Tamil-cinema-Manja-Satta-Pacha-Satta-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211318/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2021/04/05151250/2504200/Tamil-cinema-Manja-Satta-Pacha-Satta-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11803662}}

[[Category:2020s satirical films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]

List of songs recorded by Vijay

2026-03-02T16:19:42Z

Robxgr: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Songs sung by Vijay}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

[[File:Vijay at Puli Audio Launch.jpg|thumbnail|Vijay in 2015]]

[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] is an Indian actor and playback singer who works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520124857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-30/did-you-know-/31899252_1_playback-singer-actor-Rajinikanth-songs Actor Vijay is a playback singer too]. ''The Times of India''. (30 May 2012). Retrieved 25 April 2013.</ref> The son of director [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], Vijay debuted in the lead role in early 1990s, appearing in ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'', directed by his father.<ref name="catchnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/25-years-of-thalapathy-vijay-20-interesting-facts-about-the-box-office-king-of-tamil-cinema-91409.html|title=25 Years Of Thalapathy Vijay : 20 interesting facts about the Box Office King of Tamil cinema|accessdate=27 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227103608/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/25-years-of-thalapathy-vijay-20-interesting-facts-about-the-box-office-king-of-tamil-cinema-91409.html|archivedate=27 December 2017}}</ref> He has sung for composers including multiple collaborations with [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[D. Imman]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], and [[Thaman S]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/32-songs-sung-by-vijay-a-look-back/index.html#slideid1|title=32 Songs sung by Rajinikanth & Shilpa Rao {{!}} A look back|date=21 December 2016|work=Behindwoods|access-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224092809/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/32-songs-sung-by-vijay-a-look-back/index.html#slideid1|archivedate=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/vijay-completes-24-years-9-pictures-of-ilayathalapathy-will-make-you-love-the-south-actor-even-more-1690126/|title=Vijay completes 24 years! 9 Pictures of Ilayathalapathy will make you love the South actor even more|first=Rashmi|last=Mishra|date=4 December 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> He is one of the most prolific singers among Tamil actors.<ref name="SongsVikatan" />

Vijay made his debut by singing "Bombay City Sukkha Rotti" (1994) in ''[[Rasigan]]''. After his 25th song "Vaadi Vaadi" (2005) in ''[[Sachein]]'', Vijay took a sabbatical from singing to concentrate on acting,<ref name=":0" /> but made a comeback with "[[Google Google]]" in ''[[Thuppakki (soundtrack)|Thuppakki]]'' (2012). He won the Favorite Song of The Year at the [[Vijay Awards]] for his performance of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms|title=Google Google was awarded favorite song of 2012|website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929235636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] Award nomination for Best Playback Singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thuppakki-leads-the-way-siima-awards-2013-thuppakki-26-08-13.html|title=The complete nominees list for this year's SIIMA|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220201/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thuppakki-leads-the-way-siima-awards-2013-thuppakki-26-08-13.html|archivedate=22 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, the pop song "[[Selfie Pulla]]" which Vijay had recorded in 2014 became popular in [[Romania]] and other European countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160416/when-in-romania-go-crazy-over-selfie-pulla.html|title=When in Romania, go crazy over Selfie Pulla!|date=16 April 2016|access-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054158/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160416/when-in-romania-go-crazy-over-selfie-pulla.html|archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> He was nominated for a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]] category for "Selfie Pulla".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html|title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|work=filmfare.com|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307114607/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html|archivedate=7 March 2016}}</ref> In 2015 he was again nominated for Best Playback Singer, for his performance of "Yaendi Yaendi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-Nominations-for-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52792598.cms|title=Tamil Nominations for 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 |work=The Times of India|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114203156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-Nominations-for-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52792598.cms|archivedate=14 January 2017}}</ref>

== Songs ==
===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders";"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Song
! scope="col"|Album
! scope="col"|Composer
! scope="col"|Lyricist
! scope="col"|Other artist(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1994
!scope="row"| "Bombay City Sukkha Rotti"
| ''[[Rasigan]]''
|rowspan="5"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan">{{Cite news |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/54378.art |title=பம்பாய் சிட்டியிலிருந்து செல்லக்குட்டி வரை — விஜய் பாடிய பாடல்களின் லிஸ்ட்! |date=29 October 2015 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |access-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171453/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/54378.art |archive-date=2017-01-11 |language=Tamil |trans-title=From Bombay City to Chella Kutty — A visit to Darren Watkins songs!}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/rasigan-original-motion-picture-sounstrack-ep/1046264294 |title=Rasigan (Original Motion Picture Sounstrack) – EP by Deva on Apple Music |website=[[iTunes]] |date=19 June 1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227103609/https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/rasigan-original-motion-picture-sounstrack-ep/1046264294 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995
!scope="row"| "Oru Kaditham"
|rowspan=3 | ''[[Deva (1995 film)|Deva]]''
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Spoke dialogues at the beginning of the song
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/oru-kaditham-from-deva-male-version/1100594057?i=1100594172 |title="Oru Kaditham (From "Deva") [Male Version]" from Retro Gold : Tamil by Various Artists on iTunes |website=[[iTunes]] |date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227103609/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oru-kaditham-from-deva-male-version/1100594057?i=1100594172 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
!scope="row"|"Aiyaiyoo Alamelu"
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
!scope="row"|"Kothagiri Kuppamma"
|[[Swarnalatha]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kotthagiri/586971405?i=586971833 |title="Kotthagiri" from Deva (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Deva on iTunes |website=[[iTunes]] |date=27 December 1994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227103608/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kotthagiri/586971405?i=586971833 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Thottabettaa Rottu Melae"
| ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]''
|[[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthday-vijay-5-unforgettable-songs-by-the-star-prove-he-more-than-an-actor-4716183/ |title=Happy Birthday Vijay: 5 unforgettable songs by the star prove he is more than an actor |date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625004103/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthday-vijay-5-unforgettable-songs-by-the-star-prove-he-more-than-an-actor-4716183/ |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/song/album/Vishnu-T0001989/Dhoddabetta-13591 |title=- Raaga.com – A World Of Music |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996
!scope="row"| "Bombay Party Shilpa Shetty"
| ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]''
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Shahul Hameed]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Coimbatore-Mappillai-songs-T0003824 |title=Coimbathore Mapillai Songs Download, Coimbathore Mapillai Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs – Raaga.com – A World Of Music |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| "Thiruppathy Ponaa Mottai"
| ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]''
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Chicken Kari"
| ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]''
|[[Sirpy]]
|[[Sirpy]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
!scope="row"| "Anjaam Number Bussil Yeri"
| ''[[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[R. Sundarrajan]]
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Oormilaa Oormilaa"
| ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]''
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|[[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Oh Baby Baby"
| ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Palani Bharathi]]
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998
!scope="row"| "Mowriya Mowriya"
| ''[[Priyamudan]]''
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Kaalathuketha Oru Gana"
| ''[[Velai]]''
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Ravi Bharathi
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Nilave Nilave"
|rowspan=2| ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|rowspan="2"|Vairamuthu
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="tunenil">{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/nilaave-vaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1237084452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114544/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/nilaave-vaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1237084452 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2017 |title=Nilaave Vaa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Vidyasagar on Apple Music |website=[[iTunes]] |date=11 January 1998 |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| "Chandira Mandalathai"
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[S. P. B. Charan]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=tunenil />
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
!scope="row"| "Thammadikkira Styla Pathu"
|rowspan=3| ''[[Periyanna]]''
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|[[Bharani (composer)| Bharani]]
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Juddadi Laila"
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Roadula Oru"
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Thanga Nirathuku"
| ''[[Nenjinile]]''
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
|2000
!scope="row"| "Mississippi Nadhi Kulunga"
| ''[[Priyamaanavale]]''
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| Vaali
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
|2001
!scope="row"| "Ennoda Laila"
| ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]''
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|[[Palani Bharathi]]
|
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/badhri-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1063248174 |title=Badhri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ramana Gokula on Apple Music |website=[[iTunes]] |date=11 February 2001 |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
!scope="row"| "Ullathai Killadhae"
| ''[[Thamizhan]]''
|[[D. Imman]]
|Vairamuthu
|[[Priyanka Chopra]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row"| "Coca-Cola (Podango)"
| ''[[Bagavathi]]''
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|Kalai Kumar
|[[Vadivelu]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
|2005
!scope="row"| "Vaadi Vaadi CD"
| ''[[Sachein]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|V. Elango
|[[Vadivelu]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref name=":0" />
|-
|2012
!scope="row"| "[[Google Google]]"
| ''[[Thuppakki]]''
|[[Harris Jeyaraj]]
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Krishna Iyer]], Joe
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]] Nominated—SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="catchnews.com" /> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
|2013
!scope="row"| "Vanganna Vanakkanganna"
| ''[[Thalaivaa]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaanganna-vanakkanganna/662844070?i=662844167 |title="Vaanganna Vanakkanganna" from Thalaivaa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by G. V. Prakash Kumar on iTunes |website=[[iTunes]] |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014
!scope="row"| "Kandangi Kandangi"
| ''[[Jilla]]''
|[[D. Imman]]
|Vairamuthu
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay039s-039jilla039-audio-launch-date-confirmed-as-21-december-529606 |title=Vijay's 'Jilla' Audio Launch Date Confirmed as 21 December |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506004614/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay039s-039jilla039-audio-launch-date-confirmed-as-21-december-529606 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
!scope="row"| "[[Selfie Pulla]]"
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Kaththi (soundtrack)|Kaththi]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Madhan Karky
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]] Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vijays-song-Selfie-Pulla-leaked/articleshow/42396258.cms |title=Vijay's song 'Selfie Pulla' leaked! |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104959/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vijays-song-Selfie-Pulla-leaked/articleshow/42396258.cms |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" /> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-thuppakkis-music-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20121016.htm |title=Review: Thuppakki's music has nothing new to offer |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|"Bad Eyes – Villain Theme"
|
|
|
|
|-
|2015
!scope="row"| "Yaendi Yaendi"
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Vairamuthu
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/yaendi-yaendi-song-teaser-vijays-puli-goes-viral-songlyrics-640459 |title='Yaendi Yaendi' Song Teaser from Vijay's 'Puli' Goes Viral [Song+Lyrics] |last=IBTimes |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215004123/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/yaendi-yaendi-song-teaser-vijays-puli-goes-viral-songlyrics-640459 |archive-date=15 December 2015 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="SongsVikatan" />
|-
|2016
!scope="row"| "Chella Kutti"
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/tunes-weekly-songs-valleem-thetti-pulleem-thetti-jacobinte-swargarajyam-kali-theri.html |title=Tunes Weekly – Ft Pooram Kaanan, Chella Kutti and more – Top 5 songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610165957/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/tunes-weekly-songs-valleem-thetti-pulleem-thetti-jacobinte-swargarajyam-kali-theri.html |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"| "Papa Papa"
| ''[[Bairavaa]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| Vairamuthu
| [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
|
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/full-track-list-for-vijay-bairavaa-unveiled-audio-from-friday-4435671/ |title=Vijay's Bairavaa full track list unveiled, audio from Friday |date=19 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119214414/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/full-track-list-for-vijay-bairavaa-unveiled-audio-from-friday-4435671/ |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"|"[[Verithanam]]"
| ''[[Bigil]]''
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| [[Sangeetha Sajith]], [[Poovaiyar]]
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vijay-turns-singer-for-ar-rahman-in-bigil/article28320732.ece |title=Actor Vijay turns singer for AR Rahman in 'Bigil' |date=2019-07-08 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-08-13 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2021
!scope="row"|"[[Kutti Story]]"
| ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/listen-animated-vijay-sings-kutti-story-from-master/article30821011.ece |title=Listen {{!}} An animated Vijay sings 'Kutti Story' from 'Master' |date=14 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305090206/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/listen-animated-vijay-sings-kutti-story-from-master/article30821011.ece |archive-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!scope="row"| "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]"
| ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''
| [[Ku Karthik]]
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/beast-first-single-arabic-kuthu-vijay-sivakarthikeyan-nelson-anirudh-funny-skit-7761251/|title=Beast first single Arabic Kuthu: Vijay, Sivakarthikeyan, Anirudh Ravichander, Nelson Dilpkumar unite for a funny skit|date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
!scope="row"| "Ranjithame"
| ''[[Varisu]]''
| [[Thaman S]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| [[M. M. Manasi]]
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Ranjithame, the first single from Varisu to be out on November 5 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/03/ranjithame-the-first-single-from-varisu-to-be-out-on-november-5-36234.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| "[[Naa Ready]]"
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| Vishnu Edavan
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Asal Kolaar
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=22 June 2023 |title=Video: 'Naa Ready' full song out. Thalapathy Vijay's track from 'Leo' is this season's perfect dance number |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-ready-full-song-out-thalapathy-vijay-birthday-lokesh-kanagaraj-2396465-2023-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622143137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-ready-full-song-out-thalapathy-vijay-birthday-lokesh-kanagaraj-2396465-2023-06-22 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
!scope="row"| "Whistle Podu"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| rowspan="2" | Madhan Karky
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Goutham |last1=S |date=2 January 2024 |orig-date=31 December 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 First Look: Thalapathy Vijay's next film titled The Greatest of All Time: A Venkat Prabhu Hero |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101015534/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|"Whistle Podu Theatrical"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| "Chinna Chinna Kangal"
|Kabilan Vairamuthu
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
!scope="row"| "[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| [[Arivu]]
| Anirudh Ravichander, Arivu
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| "Chella Magale"
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=25 December 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay’s Jana Nayagan Third Song Chella Magale To Release On THIS Date, New Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-third-song-chella-magale-to-release-on-this-date-new-poster-out-ws-l-9791447.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

|}

===Non-film songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders";"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Song
! scope="col"|Composer
! scope="col"|Lyricist
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2025
!scope="row"| "Unga Vijay Na Varen"
| [[S. Thaman]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tvk-maanadu-unga-vijay-naan-varen-song-lyrics-article-152506804|website=Times Now News|language=ta|access-date=24 October 2025|date=27 September 2025|title=TVK Unga Vijay na Varen Song: விஜய் பாடிய ‘உங்க விஜய், நா வாரேன்’ பாடல்..}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Vijay filmography]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Vijay]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers|Vijay]]
[[Category:Vijay (actor)|Songs]]

Simran (film)

2026-03-02T09:47:10Z

Robxgr: add content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2017 film directed by Hansal Mehta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Simran
| image = Simran Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Hansal Mehta]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] Krishan Kumar [[Shailesh R Singh]] [[Amit Agarwal (film producer)]]
| writer = [[Apurva Asrani]]
| starring = [[Kangana Ranaut]] [[Sohum Shah (actor)|Sohum Shah]] [[Hiten Kumar]] [[Kishori Shahane]] 
| music = '''Score:''' Hitesh Modak '''Songs:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = Anuj Rakesh Dhawan
| editing = Antara Lahiri
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Paramhans Creations Entertainments Adarsh Telemedia
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|9|15}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{cite web |title=Omerta (18) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/omerta-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodcwnda1 |website=BBFC |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723175158/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/omerta-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodcwnda1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| budget = {{INR}}28 crore<ref name="Simranbudget">{{cite web|date=15 September 2017|title=Simran - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3604|access-date=3 December 2022|website=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203114340/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3604|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}27.25 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simran/box-office/|title=Simran - Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 December 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203114620/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/simran/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Simran''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] in a screenplay written by [[Apurva Asrani]]. Loosely based on the real- life story of Sandeep Kaur, the film stars [[Kangana Ranaut]] as Praful Patel, a divorcee, who loses her savings in a gambling bout. She takes a loan in order to repair the damage but when she is unable to repay it, she finds herself drawn into a life of crime.<ref name="Kangana Ranaut to start filming ‘Simran’ next month">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kangana-Ranaut-to-start-filming-Simran-next-month/articleshow/51725598.cms |title=Kangana Ranaut to start filming 'Simran' next month |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 April 2016 |accessdate=1 May 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104091316/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kangana-Ranaut-to-start-filming-Simran-next-month/articleshow/51725598.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kangana-Hansal-chase-after-an-American-dream/articleshow/52302479.cms|title=Kangana, Hansal chase after an American dream|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171804/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kangana-Hansal-chase-after-an-American-dream/articleshow/52302479.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hiten Kumar]], [[Kishori Shahane]] and [[Sohum Shah (actor)|Sohum Shah]] are featured in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simran/cast/ |title=Simran Cast & Crew – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 September 2017 |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142222/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simran/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Simran'' was released worldwide on 15 September 2017. The film was met with generally positive reviews from the film critics; Ranaut's performance was widely praised, though the film drew some mixed reviews and criticism for its screenplay and execution.<ref name="simran1">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2017|title=Simran Hindi Movie Review|url=https://www.bollymoviereviewz.com/2017/09/Simran-Movie-Review.html|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=bollymoviereviewz.com|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083822/https://www.bollymoviereviewz.com/2017/09/Simran-Movie-Review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="simran2">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2017|title=Critics' Verdict: Kangana Is Brilliant But 'Simran' Is Too Chaotic|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/movie-reviews-critics-verdict-kangana-ranaut-simran|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083821/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/movie-reviews-critics-verdict-kangana-ranaut-simran|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="simran3">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2017|title=Simran Review: Kangana Ranaut's Brilliant Performance Is the Highlight Of the Film|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/simran-review-kangana-ranauts-brilliant-performance-is-the-highlight-of-the-film-2471897/|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=india.com|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083821/https://www.india.com/entertainment/simran-review-kangana-ranauts-brilliant-performance-is-the-highlight-of-the-film-2471897/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="simran4">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2017|title=Simran first review out! Kangana Ranaut strikes again with another incredible performance, claim critics|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/simran-first-review-out-kangana-ranaut-strikes-again-with-another-incredible-performance-claim-critics-1063039/|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=.bollywoodlife.com|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083821/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/simran-first-review-out-kangana-ranaut-strikes-again-with-another-incredible-performance-claim-critics-1063039/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="simran5">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2017|title=Simran movie review, rating: Live updates|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/simran-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-742057|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=[[International Business Times]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083820/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/simran-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-742057|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics like [[Baradwaj Rangan]] and Stutee Ghosh listed Ranaut as the Best Actress of the year 2017 for her performance in ''Simran''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 28, 2017|title=Critics' Poll 2017: Vidya Balan, Konkana & Rajkummar Rao Win Big|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-verdict-best-films-actors-2017|access-date=November 27, 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127135221/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-verdict-best-films-actors-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It became a commercial failure grossing {{INR}}27.25 crore globally against the budget of {{INR}}28 crore.<ref name="Simranbudget"/> The film was deemed a box office disappointment owing to Ranaut's star power. For her performance, Ranaut received a nomination for the [[Screen Award for Best Actress]].

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=July 2019}}
([[Kangana Ranaut]]) is a young divorcee who lives with her parents and works in the housekeeping department in one of the five-star hotels of Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

She shares a bitter relationship with her dad who is always blaming her for her mistakes in the past, instead of giving her moral support; so now, Praful wants to move out and buy her own house.

She has applied for a loan and her loan gets pre-approved. In the meantime, Praful decides to go with her cousin on a trip to Las Vegas (her cousin pays for all tickets and accommodations).

In Las Vegas, she plays baccarat for the first time and wins big in her first few rounds. She quickly gets addicted to the game. The next day, she returns to the casino but ends up losing not only the money she won the previous day but a large chunk of her savings also.

Praful then returns to Atlanta after a week, only to find out that her bank application to the bank has been rejected as her credit rating is very low. Praful seeks her father's help but he insists that she should meet a young man named Sameer (Sohum Shah) who has been selected as her suitor.

After meeting with the suitor, she has mixed feelings about marriage and agrees to get engaged. However, her addiction to gambling takes a toll on her and Praful gives her last shot to gambling and goes back to Vegas.

Unfortunately, she ultimately loses all her savings so a private money lender spots Praful (who is now drunk) in the casino and offers her money. The drunk Praful – not in her right senses- takes $32,000 from the moneylender and in exchange gives him her driving license.

Praful loses all that borrowed money (along with her hard-earned savings) and has to return penniless to her home.

Praful tries to explain to her father her bad situation and needing his financial help, but in fear of retaliation and hostility, she is reluctant. Her parents want her to begin her wedding preparations and plans with Sameer, who by now gets impressed by her personality.

At a relative's wedding, Praful and Sameer meet again and dance, and get to know each other. However, Praful is threatened by the loan sharks to pay within 10 days or face death, so she is disturbed and anxious, unable to concentrate on her wedding plans.

Therefore, Praful develops the habit of stealing whereby first she disguises herself (wearing oversized sunglasses and a hood) and approaches a cashier at a gas station shop. She collects only $10,000 so she has to go and rob a bank (which she learns how to on YouTube), with a disguise, and hands a note written with red lipstick that says money should be given to her otherwise she will blow the whole bank as she is strapped to a bomb.

Praful's second robbery gets foiled by a bank manager who bumps into her when she tries to rob the bank similarly. When the manager asks her name, Praful tells her name ''''Simran'''', the name of a popular character from an Indian blockbuster film [[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]] which her mother ultimately watches often.

Although Praful's plan to rob the bank gets foiled, she manages to escape and similarly robs another bank.

Praful Patel has now become a most wanted criminal with the name '<nowiki/>'''Simran – The Lipstick Bandit''''. Despite robbing 3 to 4 banks successfully, Praful is still short of collecting fifty thousand dollars.

Meanwhile, Praful develops a liking towards Sameer, and confides in him her bad habits of gambling and stealing which he does not take seriously, thinking it is some kind of a joke. Trouble comes back when loan sharks attack Praful in her hotel for the money and Praful's ex-boyfriend Mike – the general manager of the hotel steals the money from her locker room and refuses to give the money back to her until and unless she submits to his sexual advances/desires.

Praful ultimately hits him and gets suspended from the hotel, after which she tells the loan sharks that her money has been stolen. By now, these loan sharks know that Praful is actually 'Simran – The Lipstick Bandit', so they ask her to rob one more bank and this time with a bigger amount—for which they offer her a gun to finish the job.

Devastated and dejected, Praful calls off her relationship with Sameer and asks him to leave and by telling him the truth. Enraged by this, Praful's father slaps her and asks her to leave his house.

Praful leaves her home and stays with her best friend Salma ([[Esha Tewari]]) for a night. The next day Praful attacks the same bank that rejected her bank loan and flees the place after stealing the money.

Sameer is still in love with Praful and to help her, he transfers a huge amount of fifty thousand dollars in her bank account.

Praful, before leaving the city of Atlanta, calls him at a lonely place and tells him that he should find another girl, as he is a nice man and he deserves someone better; not someone like her.

Sameer refuses and asks her to surrender to the police and end this dirty game once and for all; after which Praful's dad calls her and asks for forgiveness. Praful is happy at this and returns home but the police cars have surrounded her and are following her car to arrest her.

Praful drives off because she did not want to get arrested in her neighbourhood, which is full of Indians, and her parents would be very ashamed of her there. The ultimate chase begins as Praful's car is found empty by the police. Praful had taken a taxi and was almost near the airport, but then she decides to surrender on a lonely highway. She asks the taxi to stop at the curbside and then she calls 9–1–1 and surrenders herself.

After her arrest, there is a trial whereby the judge adjudicates Praful to be imprisoned for 10 months, but she is released after 3–4 months due to good behaviour. Her ex-boyfriend Mike is also imprisoned for stealing her money and also for his sexual advance.

During a meeting session in prison, Praful tells her father that she wants to invest all his money into the stock market. Enraged by this, Praful's father becomes angry and grabs her neck angrily, venting his frustration that all his hard-earned money will blow up in smoke due to her crazy intentions.

The film ends with titles suggesting that Praful has been released from jail and she has sold the rights of her movie to be made to a Bollywood producer for fifty thousand dollars.

== Cast ==
*[[Kangana Ranaut]] as Praful Patel a.k.a. "Simran"– The Lipstick Bandit"
* [[Hiten Kumar]] as Praful's father
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Praful's mother
*[[Sohum Shah (actor)|Sohum Shah]] as Sameer Mehta
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Sapeen
* Rajiv Nema as Sameer's uncle
* Monica Chitkara as Sameer's aunt
* Usha Jarajani as Praful's maternal grandmother
*[[Rupinder Nagra]] as Mike Mehndi
*[[Karishma Tanna]] as Baggi
* Aneesha Joshi as Amber
* Esha Tewari as Salma
* James Cole as Steven
* [[Catherine Dyer]] as Cynthia
* [[actor|Mark Justice (actor)]] as Adam
* Rusty Meyers as Michael
* Jeff Rose as Robert
* Timothy Ryan Hickernell as Joe
* Maiya Boyd as Salma's daughter Malala
* Jason Louder as Mr Bugs
* Albert Roberts as Jerry
* Nikhil Dhawan as Nikhil
* Mona Mathews as Aunt
* Suraj Vyas as Dave Mehta

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The official announcement of the film was announced in the second quarter of 2015. The title of the film was said to be ''Simran''.<ref name="Kangana Ranaut to start filming ‘Simran’ next month" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Kangana Ranaut at the launch of ‘Simran’ trailer.jpg|thumb|Kangana Ranaut at the launch of ''Simran'' trailer]]
The principal photography of the film commenced sometime in May 2016. The film is shot in Atlanta, United States.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kangana-Hansal-chase-after-an-American-dream/articleshow/52302479.cms |title=Kangana, Hansal chase after an American dream |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193902/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-hansal-chase-after-an-american-dream/articleshow/52302479.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Production began in March 2016 and [[principal photography]] commenced in October 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-start-filming-simran-in-october-1453083 |title=Kangana Ranaut to Start Filming Simran in October |date=1 September 2016 |website=NDTV Movies |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170935/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-start-filming-simran-in-october-1453083 |url-status=live }}</ref> at [[Atlanta]], United States.

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
The film opened to disastrous response from the audience, with occupancy being around 12 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/simran-box-office-collections-kangana-ranaut-starrers-occupancy-rate-at-a-miserable-12-pct-word-of-mouth-a-lifeline/856578/|title=Simran box office collections: Kangana Ranaut starrer's occupancy rate at a miserable 12 pct; word of mouth a lifeline?|date=15 September 2017|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714163242/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/simran-box-office-collections-kangana-ranaut-starrers-occupancy-rate-at-a-miserable-12-pct-word-of-mouth-a-lifeline/856578/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the first week, the film collected "almost {{INR}}150 million."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/simran-box-office-collection-day-6-kangana-ranauts-film-makes-almost-15-crore-1753421|title=Simran Box Office Collection Day 6: Kangana Ranaut's Film Makes Almost 15 Crore|website=NDTV.com|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155939/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/simran-box-office-collection-day-6-kangana-ranauts-film-makes-almost-15-crore-1753421|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2017|10|5}}, the film earned {{INR}}27.62 crore worldwide on budget {{INR}} 170 million.<ref name="auto" />

=== Critical response ===
Upon release, ''Simran'' was met with generally positive reviews from the film critics as well as audience; Ranaut's performance was widely praised, though the film drew some mixed reviews and criticism for its screenplay and execution.<ref name="simran1"/><ref name="simran2"/><ref name="simran3"/><ref name="simran4"/><ref name="simran5"/> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds a rating of 70% based on 10 reviews and an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average rating]] of 5.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIMRAN (2017)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/simran_2017|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127084108/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/simran_2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
On the Indian film review aggregator website The Review Monk, ''Simran'' received an average score of 5.5/10 based on 22 reviews and 62% critics being in the favor.<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://thereviewmonk.com/movie/simran/ | title= Simran: Reviews | access-date= 27 November 2021 | archive-date= 27 November 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127084112/https://thereviewmonk.com/movie/simran/ | url-status= live }}</ref>

[[File:Kangna-Ranaut.jpg|thumb|[[Kangana Ranaut]]'s performance in ''Simran'' received praise from the film critics.]]

[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave Simran 3 out of 5 stars, arguing that "There's ample meat in the story, yet the writing itself is weak. But it's a testament to Kangana's a full-liquified performance that Simran works despite these complaints."<ref name="news18.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/simran-movie-review-has-a-compelling-story-at-its-core-1519223.html |title=Simran Movie Review: Has a Compelling Story At Its Core |website=News18.com |date=15 September 2017 |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918192659/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/simran-movie-review-has-a-compelling-story-at-its-core-1519223.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Shubra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised Ranaut's performance but criticized the storyline saying "With her plain unvarnished face, and mobile features, she comes across as a real, solid, complex woman, someone you can reach out and touch. It's a pity her own story lets her down." She gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta-star-rating-4843516/ |title=Simran movie review: Kangana Ranaut prevents this Hansal Mehta directorial from becoming a stand-out |date=15 September 2017 |website=Indianexpress.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923161345/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta-star-rating-4843516/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'', who gave Simran 3.5 out of 5 stars, "The only one who is having a good time here is Kangana. Whether she's docile or daring, the actress goes about her screen business with a flourish; getting her mannerisms pat."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/simran/movie-review/60481196.cms|title=Simran Review {3/5}: Kangana shines but Simran falters|website=The Times of India|accessdate=23 September 2017}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[Film Companion]] gave 2.5 out of 5 stars insisting that "the writing is the weakest part of the film." She described Ranaut's work as "Kangana's lack of vanity onscreen is among her many strengths. She isn't afraid to look unattractive or behave badly."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/simran-movie-review-anupama-chopra |title=Simran Movie Review |website=Filmcompanion.in |date=15 September 2017 |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923072215/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/simran-movie-review-anupama-chopra |url-status=live }}</ref>

From [[Rediff.com]], Vaihayasi Pande Daniel gave Simran 3 out of 5 stars "Simran is a light-hearted, time-pass film not attempting to explore any higher themes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/simran-review-kangana-is-adorable/20170915.htm |title=Simran Review: Kangana is adorable! |website=Rediff.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923181304/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/simran-review-kangana-is-adorable/20170915.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Pointing to some contrivances Kunal Gupta of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars slating the film's casual tone as distracting and desensitizing during the crime scenes.<ref>http://www.bollywoodmascot.com/movies/simran-movie-review/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Umesh Punwani from Koimoi declared "Simran is all about Kangana Ranaut, 5 minutes into the film and you know this is going to be special. Where Hansal Mehta's last film Aligarh was a dark sky, Simran is a shining cloud in his sky." He rated the film 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-proves-why-queen-was-not-her-best/ |title=Simran Movie Review: Kangana Proves Why Queen Was Not Her Best |date=15 September 2017 |website=Koimoi.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923181725/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-proves-why-queen-was-not-her-best/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Anita Iyer of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars saying, "Hansal Mehta, known for his critically acclaimed films like 'Shahid' and 'Citylights', handles the subject with care and doesn't glorify the character."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/simran-movie-review-will-kangana-ranaut-emerge-as-a-queen- |title=Simran movie review: Will Kangana Ranaut emerge as a Queen? |first=Anita |last=Iyer |website=Khaleejtimes.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201628/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/simran-movie-review-will-kangana-ranaut-emerge-as-a-queen- |url-status=live }}</ref>

Criticizing the screenplay Rohit Bhatnagar from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars claiming, "The film is surely enjoyable till the interval but suddenly dips down in the second half...with its abrupt ending." But, he praised the performance saying "Inarguably, Kangana Ranaut is the saving grace of this sinking ship."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150917/simran-movie-review-a-kangana-ranaut-show-all-the-way.html |title=Simran movie review: A Kangana Ranaut show all the way |date=15 September 2017 |website=Deccanchronicle.com |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920174551/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150917/simran-movie-review-a-kangana-ranaut-show-all-the-way.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On ''Firstpost'', [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] gave Simran 3 out of 5 stars praising the direction, saying, "Director Hansal Mehta must be lauded for his conviction, his confidence in the written material at hand and the clarity he has about how he wishes to tell Praful's tale—steering clear of seamy, overtly grim territory and driving home the weirdness of it all." He termed Kangana as the heartbeat of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-is-fantastic-in-hansal-mehtas-engaging-film-4046693.html |title=Simran movie review: Kangana Ranaut is fantastic in Hansal Mehta's engaging film |date=15 September 2017 |website=Firstpost.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921073328/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-is-fantastic-in-hansal-mehtas-engaging-film-4046693.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of Quint gave 4 out of 5 stars. She also praised the performances but criticized the 'underwhelming' climax.

Praising Ranaut's performance and Mehta's direction Subhash K. Jha gave 3.5 out of 5 stars expressing "Kangana looks so much at home in her character, we feel she must have been Praful Patel in an earlier life." He further added, "Hansal Mehta never sentimentalizes Simran's anti-social behaviour."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyspice.com/kangana-hansal-mehta-weave-a-wacky-entertainer-in-simran-subhash-k-jha-review/ |title="Kangana & Hansal Mehta weave a wacky entertainer in Simran" – Subhash K Jha Review |date=17 September 2017 |website=Bollyspice.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171506/https://bollyspice.com/kangana-hansal-mehta-weave-a-wacky-entertainer-in-simran-subhash-k-jha-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' Nehmat Kaur also praised lead performances and direction but criticized the 'stretched' screenplay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/177916/simran-movie-review/ |title='Simran' Tries to Do Too Many Things, But Kangana Ranaut Keeps You Hooked |first=Nehmat |last=Kaur |website=The Wire |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155246/https://thewire.in/177916/simran-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding the setting of the film ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote with a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars "This comedy is well-written and executed. Sometimes, Simran is a little too American, but that's a guilty pleasure worth having."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/simran-movie-review-delightful-and-fresh-comedy-23800.html |title=Movie Review: Simran |website=Filmfare.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201649/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/simran-movie-review-delightful-and-fresh-comedy-23800.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Appreciating the cinematography and music, ''The Statesman'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars writing "Cinematographer Anuj Dhawan, captures Atlanta in all its hues and the pulsating Vegas in all its glory. The music by Sachin-Jigar is apt and adds charm to the situations. 'Meet' and 'Pinjra Tod Ke' are melodious and soulful."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/reviews/simran-feisty-kangana-ranaut-canvas-1502493198.html |title='Simran': A feisty Kangana Ranaut canvas – The Statesman |date=15 September 2017 |website=Thestatesman.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154449/http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/reviews/simran-feisty-kangana-ranaut-canvas-1502493198.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' expressed "Simran offers the possibility of an interesting study—of ambitions, dreams and the incredible lure of money and how it affects individuals and relationships." She criticized the screenplay and wished it to be less chaotic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/simran-review-simran-kanagana-delivers-film-doesnt/article19690124.ece |title='Simran' Review: Kangana delivers, the film doesn't |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |date=15 September 2017 |website=Thehindu.com |accessdate=23 September 2017 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144753/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/simran-review-simran-kanagana-delivers-film-doesnt/article19690124.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Mohar Basu of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' rated 3 (out of 5) stars concluding "The quirky perspective at finding laughs in troubled times is a refreshing way of viewing problems. And then there's Kangana, making badass look simple, human and so full of heart."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/simran-movie-review-film-rating-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta-apurva-asrani-bollywood-news/18580166 |title=Simran Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut makes 'badass' look simple, human and full of heart |website=Mid-day.com |date=15 September 2017 |accessdate=23 September 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918225255/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/simran-movie-review-film-rating-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta-apurva-asrani-bollywood-news/18580166 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ananya Bhattacharya for ''[[India Today]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars concluding "At the end of the film, the only thing you exit the theatre with is Kangana's effortless performance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta-1045381-2017-09-15 |title=Simran Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut delivers a stellar performance in this dark tale |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194645/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/simran-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-hansal-mehta/1/1048623.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Simran
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 August 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:29
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|rI8GhmfK6Jc|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The music of the film have been composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] while the lyrics have been penned by [[Priya Saraiya]] and [[Vayu]]. The first song titled as "Lagdi Hai Thaai" which is sung by [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Jonita Gandhi]] was released on 11 August 2017. The second single to be released was "Pinjra Tod Ke" voiced by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] was released on 18 August 2017. The soundtrack consists of 8 songs and was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 25 August 2017.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
{{tracklist
| headline= Track listing
| total_length=28:29
| extra_column =Singer(s)
| title1= Lagdi Hai Thaai
| extra1= [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length1= 2:45
| all_music= [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics1=[[Vayu]]
| title2= Pinjra Tod Ke
| extra2= [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics2= [[Priya Saraiya]]
| length2= 4:45
| title3= Meet
| extra3=[[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics3=Priya Saraiya
| length3=3:35
| title4 = Majaa Ni Life
| title7= Single Rehne De
| length4=3:19
| length7=3:19
| extra4= [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| extra7= Shalmali Kholgade, Divya Kumar
| lyrics4= Vayu
| lyrics7= Vayu
| title5 = Simran
| extra5= [[Jigar Saraiya]]
| length5 = 2:58
| lyrics5= Priya Saraiya
| title6= Baras Ja
| extra6= [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length6=3:52
| lyrics6= Priya Saraiya
| title8= Meet
| note8 =Female
| extra8=[[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| lyrics8=Priya Saraiya
| length8=3:56
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6405126}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|simran}}

{{Hansal Mehta}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Films about baccarat]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]

Theni Eswar

2026-02-28T17:32:46Z

Robxgr: add layout per sources and improved wording

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Theni Eswar [[Indian Society of Cinematographers|ISC]]
| image = Theni Eswar-5 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Eswaran Ramar
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Theni, Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = Diploma in [[Automobile engineering]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| organization =
| notable_works = ''[[Maamannan]]'',''[[Peranbu]]'', ''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]'', ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'', ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]'', ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
| awards = 4
}}

'''Eswaran Ramar''', known by his screen name '''Theni Eswar''', is an Indian cinematographer who works mainly in [[Tamil cinema]] and [[Malayalam cinema]].

== Early life ==
Eswar grew up in Theni completing his schooling and he graduated in diploma in automobile engineering. In his college days he took up photography, which led to a career. He spent most of his early life in Theni before moving to Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/theni-eswar|title =Theni Eswar}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Eswar moved to Chennai to start his career as a cinematographer.

He also shot the photographs for [[Vairamuthu]] novels including ''Kallikattu Ithigasam'', ''Karuvaachi Kaaviyam'', and ''Tamizhatrupadai''.

During his search for a job as an assistant cinematographer he collaborated with Baskar Sakthi, a writer in [[Ananda Vikatan]] who was at that time writing a series called ''Route Bus'' and was given the role of photographing the scenic routes of travel, places and the locals.

He shot the films ''[[Sivappathigaram]]'' (2006), ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007), ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009) and more. During the photoshoot of ''Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu'', director [[Suseenthiran]] hired him as a cinematographer for his next film, ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''. Then he collaborated with the directors [[Bala (director)|Bala]], [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and [[Gowtham Menon]]. He worked with Ram on the film ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' (2017).

He also shot Bala's movie ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' which released in 2018. Another film in which he worked with debutant director Lenin Bharathi titled ''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]'' which released in the same year. He won the Best Cinematographer Award in [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> and Bioscope film festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-14 |title='Merku Thodarchi Malai' Wins Cinematography Award At The Bioscope International Film Festival |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/merku-thodarchi-malai-wins-cinematography-award-bioscope-international-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US}}</ref> held in Punjab for that movie. He again collaborated with [[Ram (director)|Ram]] in the movie ''[[Peranbu]]'' with actor [[Mammootty]] as the lead. The film was released in February 2019.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Peranbu Review {4/5}: Peranbu is filled with poignant moments and superb performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/peranbu/movie-review/67750595.cms |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Eswar often collaborates with improvisational directors like [[Mari Selvaraj]], known for ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' (2021), ''[[Maamannan]]'' (2023) and ''[[Vaazhai]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Jul/12/theni-eswar-interview-i-plan-every-dot-per-inch-of-my-frame-45530.html|title = Theni Eswar Interview: I plan every dot per inch of my frame}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2011
|''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Pradeep Kumar |title=Gorgeous Kurangani can be dangerous too: 'Theni' Eswar |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/gorgeous-kurangani-can-be-dangerous-too-apostheniapos-eswar/articleshow/63276331.cms |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
|Tamil Telugu
|Additional cinematographer
|<ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Taramani (film)|''Taramani'']]
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive - Theni Eswar is happy with Taramani's success |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/17454/exclusive----theni-eswar-is-happy-with-taramanis-success |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=Moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Naachiyaar]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=S |first1=Harikumar J. |date=16 July 2020 |title=Actor Sreenath Bhasi's recommendations for your lockdown watching |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sreenath-bhasis-recommendations-for-your-lockdown-watching/article32101622.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=We sent Merku Thodarchi Malai to festivals for recognition, not awards: Director Lenin Bharathi |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/27/we-sent-merku-thodarchi-malai-to-festivals-for-recognition-not-awards-director-lenin-bharathi-1863132.html |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Peranbu]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=1 February 2019 |title='Peranbu' review: Dealing with love that knows no bounds |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/peranbu-review-dealing-with-love-that-knows-no-bounds/article26146470.ece |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|Tamil
|Segment: ''Love Panna Uttranum (If You Love Something, Set It Free)''
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Aelay]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=V |first=Harshini S. |date=2023-07-11 |title=Maamannan and Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam: Theni Eswar On The Films' Visual Grammar |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/maamannan-and-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-theni-eswar-on-the-films-visual-grammar-mari-selvaraj-mammootty |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Puzhu (film)|Puzhu]]''
|Malayalam
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Agent Kannayiram]]''
|Tamil
|Remake of ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawaidanjum |date=2023-03-02 |title=Cinematography is like sculpting, with reality and imagination: Theni Eashwar |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/cinematography-is-like-sculpting-with-reality-and-imagination-theni-eashwar/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theni Eswar Interview: I plan every dot per inch of my frame |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/jul/12/theni-eswar-interview-i-plan-every-dot-per-inch-of-my-frame-45530.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Abraham Ozler]]''
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title='Abraham Ozler's first look: Jayaram is all set for his comeback to Mollywood! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/abraham-ozlers-first-look-jayaram-is-all-set-for-his-comeback-to-mollywood/articleshow/100373528.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rail (2024 film)|Rail]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2025
|''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2026
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no|''Kara''}}
| Tamil
| Filming
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Dhanush's film with Vignesh Raja titled 'Kara' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/15/dhanushs-film-with-vignesh-raja-titled-kara |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Notes
|-
|2019
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|[[Cinematography]]
|''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]''
|{{WON}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Cinematography
|''[[Peranbu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|-
|2019
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Cinematography]]
|''[[Peranbu]]''
|{{WON}}
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Cinematography
|''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Cinematography
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|{{WON}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2024 Winners List: Aishwarya Rai, Vikram and Tovino Thomas Win Big, Jailer Wins Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-2024-winners-aishwarya-rai-vikram-tovino-thomas-best-actor-jailer-best-film-9052120.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Cinematography
|''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} Nominations 2024 |url=https://www.siima.in/nominations |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.siima.in}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Cinematography
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
|{{WON}}
|
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Cinematography
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{commons category|Theni Eswar}}
*{{IMDb name|4592116}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eswar, Theni}}
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]

Asit Kumarr Modi

2026-02-08T10:20:14Z

Robxgr: new first bio added tags.

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian television series producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashit Kumarr Modi
| image = Asit Kumar Modi.jpg
| caption = Asit in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|12|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Puna (present–day [[Pune]]), [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = Shri Chinai College of Commerce and Economics {{small|([[Bachelor of Commerce]])}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film director|Director]]|[[Film producer|Producer]]}}
| known_for = {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}}
| spouse = Neela Asit Modi
}}

'''Asit Kumarr Modi''' (born 24 December 1966) is an Indian television producer, director, actor and founder of [[Neela Film Productions]]. He is known for producing the serials, [[Saarrthi]], {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}}, ''SAB Khelo SAB Jeeto!'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=56816_SAB+TV+launches+their+first+ever+game+show+SAB+Khelo+SAB+Jeeto|title=SAB TV launches their first ever game show 'SAB Khelo SAB Jeeto'!|work=afaqs.com|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194437/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=56816_SAB+TV+launches+their+first+ever+game+show+SAB+Khelo+SAB+Jeeto|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]'', ''[[Krishnaben Khakhrawala]]'', ''[[Pyaar Mein Twist (TV series)|Pyaar Mein Twist]]'', ''Meri Biwi Wonderful'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/It-took-me-eight-years-to-get-Taarak-Mehta-on-air-Asit-Kumar-Modi/articleshow/17706292.cms|title=It took me eight years to get Taarak Mehta.. on air: Asit Kumar Modi|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Yeh Duniya Hai Rangeen''<ref name="toi-18609343">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Neela-Telefilms-to-produce-a-film/articleshow/18609343.cms|title=Neela Telefilms to produce a film|work=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''Hum Sab fake Hai''.

Modi and his team of {{Lang|hi-latn|Tarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah}} were among the first nine citizens of [[India]] to be nominated by the India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to promote his [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Clean bhachau Campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/PM-Narendra-Modi-invites-Asit-Kumar-Modi-for-Clean-India-Campaign/articleshow/44199093.cms|title=PM Mr Narendra Modi(PM of India) invites Ashit Kumar Modi for Clean India Campaigning|date=3 October 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
He pursued a Bachelor's degree in Commerce from MK Gandhi College, [[Mumbai]].{{failed verification|date=March 2015}}

== Career ==
Asit founded the television production company [[Neela Film Productions|Neela Tele Films Private Limited]] (now Neela Film Productions) in 1995, with producing the first show of the company ''Hum Sab Ek Hain'',<ref name="toi-18609343" /> followed by shows in other genres including comedy, drama, poetry series and reality/game shows.

The Hindi sitcom {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}} aired on [[Sony SAB]] is based on Gujarati humorist [[Tarak Mehta]]'s weekly column ''Duniya Ne Undha Chashma'' published in the Gujarati magazine [[Chitralekha (weekly)|''Chitralekha'']].Asit modified the show's story for the present-day audience.

== Controversies ==

=== Lawsuit over unpaid dues ===
In 2023, ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' actor [[Shailesh Lodha]] filed a case against Asit Kumarr Modi and his production company over alleged non-payment of dues for his work on the series. Lodha, who portrayed the titular character Taarak Mehta for around 14 years, had left the show in 2022 after a reported dispute with the makers over creative and contractual issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-01 |title=Shailesh Lodha breaks silence on quitting TMKOC: Producer cannot be bigger than actor |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/shailesh-lodha-breaks-silence-on-quitting-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-cannot-be-bigger-than-actor-article-98338384 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Lodha initiated legal proceedings before the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) in Mumbai under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, claiming that his professional fees had not been cleared even after repeated follow-ups.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-04-11 |title=Shailesh Lodha sues Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah makers, show’s project head says ‘never denied or refused to give his payment’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shailesh-lodha-sues-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-makers-over-unpaid-dues-8566849/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> According to reports, his petition stated that the producers owed him fees for multiple episodes, and he sought relief through the corporate insolvency route after internal attempts to resolve the matter allegedly failed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-05 |title='Taarak Mehta...' actor Shailesh Lodha wins lawsuit against producer on pending dues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/taarak-mehta-actor-shailesh-lodha-wins-lawsuit-against-producer-on-pending-dues-2416682-2023-08-05 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 August 2023, the NCLT-based dispute was reported to have been settled by consent between the parties. As part of the settlement, Modi’s production house agreed to pay Lodha approximately ₹1.05 crore via demand draft towards his outstanding dues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=2023-08-05 |title=Shailesh Lodha wins ₹1 crore lawsuit against Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Asit Modi: It was about seeking justice |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shailesh-lodha-wins-rs-1-crore-suit-against-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-101691218359229.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-05 |title='Taarak Mehta...' actor Shailesh Lodha wins lawsuit against producer on pending dues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/taarak-mehta-actor-shailesh-lodha-wins-lawsuit-against-producer-on-pending-dues-2416682-2023-08-05 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Lodha described the outcome as a matter of “justice” and “self-respect” rather than money, stating that he pursued the case to set a precedent for timely payment to artists.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-05 |title=Shailesh Lodha wins ₹1 crore lawsuit against Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Asit Modi: It was about seeking justice |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shailesh-lodha-wins-rs-1-crore-suit-against-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-101691218359229.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The show’s project head, Sohail Ramani, claimed in an interview that the production house had “never denied or refused” to pay Lodha and that the delay was linked to formal paperwork and clearances allegedly not completed by the actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=Shailesh Lodha sues Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah makers, show’s project head says ‘never denied or refused to give his payment’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shailesh-lodha-sues-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-makers-over-unpaid-dues-8566849/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sexual harassment and workplace harassment allegations ===
In May 2023, actress [[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]], who played Roshan Sodhi on ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'', publicly accused Modi of sexual harassment and misconduct on the show’s set. She alleged that, over several years, he had made inappropriate comments, unsolicited advances and remarks of a sexual nature during work-related interactions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=Exclusive - Taarak Mehta actress Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal reveals producer Asit Kumarr Modi has responded to her complaint and put some serious allegations on her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-taarak-mehta-actress-jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-reveals-producer-asit-kumarr-modi-has-responded-to-her-complaint-and-put-some-serious-allegations-on-her/articleshow/101115045.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

According to Mistry, some of the alleged incidents dated back to 2018, when she approached Modi to complain about the behaviour of an operations head and was met, instead, with remarks on her appearance that she considered inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Online |date=2025-07-28 |title=Jennifer Mistry drops bombshell, alleges years of sexual harassment by Taarak Mehta producer Asit Modi: 'It completely scared me' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-drops-bombshell-alleges-years-of-sexual-harassment-by-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-it-completely-scared-me/articleshow/122957325.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> She further claimed that during a 2019 overseas shoot in Singapore, Modi allegedly suggested they drink together in his hotel room and made comments about her lips that she perceived as sexually suggestive and distressing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Online |date=2025-07-28 |title=Jennifer Mistry drops bombshell, alleges years of sexual harassment by Taarak Mehta producer Asit Modi: 'It completely scared me' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-drops-bombshell-alleges-years-of-sexual-harassment-by-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-it-completely-scared-me/articleshow/122957325.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> She also described a 2022 incident relating to documentation for an overseas trip, alleging that Modi again made personal, suggestive remarks when she sought help with a visa letter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Online |date=2025-07-28 |title=Jennifer Mistry drops bombshell, alleges years of sexual harassment by Taarak Mehta producer Asit Modi: 'It completely scared me' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-drops-bombshell-alleges-years-of-sexual-harassment-by-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-it-completely-scared-me/articleshow/122957325.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

Mistry alleged that she initially remained quiet out of fear of losing work, but later raised the issue formally. She stated that on 8 March 2023 she sent a legal notice to Modi and senior production executives and also wrote to relevant authorities. She subsequently filed a complaint at Powai police station, after which an FIR was registered against Modi, operations head Sohail Ramani and executive producer Jatin Bajaj on sexual-harassment-related charges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=FIR against 'Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah' producer Asit Kumarr Modi, 2 others in sexual harassment case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/fir-against-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-kumarr-modi-2-others-in-sexual-harassment-case/articleshow/101125447.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=Exclusive - Taarak Mehta actress Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal on FIR against Asit Kumarr Modi: I want public apology from him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-taarak-mehta-actress-jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-on-fir-against-asit-kumarr-modi-i-want-public-apology-from-him/articleshow/101170890.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In interviews, she also alleged that the production was a “male-chauvinistic” workplace and that actors faced what she described as “bonded labour” like conditions, including pressure over working hours and leave.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=Exclusive - Taarak Mehta actress Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal on FIR against Asit Kumarr Modi: I want public apology from him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-taarak-mehta-actress-jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-on-fir-against-asit-kumarr-modi-i-want-public-apology-from-him/articleshow/101170890.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, a local committee constituted under workplace-harassment rules reportedly delivered a verdict in the case, the committee found in Mistry’s favour and directed Modi to clear her pending dues and pay an additional ₹5 lakh as compensation for harassment, with the total amount she said was owed to her being around ₹25–30 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=2024-03-26 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Jennifer reacts to sexual harassment case verdict; says Asit Modi owes her ₹30 lakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-sexual-harassment-case-verdict-asit-modi-rs-25-30-lakh-101711452089191.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Mistry stated that the verdict confirmed her allegations but expressed disappointment that, in her view, there was no further punitive action against the accused and that she had yet to receive the full amount ordered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=2024-03-26 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Jennifer reacts to sexual harassment case verdict; says Asit Modi owes her ₹30 lakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-sexual-harassment-case-verdict-asit-modi-rs-25-30-lakh-101711452089191.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Mistry reiterated her allegations, saying the incidents had left her “completely scared” and had contributed to severe mental distress, including depression and suicidal thoughts, over several years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Online |date=2025-07-28 |title=Jennifer Mistry drops bombshell, alleges years of sexual harassment by Taarak Mehta producer Asit Modi: 'It completely scared me' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jennifer-mistry-bansiwal-drops-bombshell-alleges-years-of-sexual-harassment-by-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-modi-it-completely-scared-me/articleshow/122957325.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

Modi has denied all allegations of sexual harassment and wrongdoing. In May 2023, he described the accusations as “fake and baseless”, claimed that the production had “sacked” Mistry from the show, and said that he and his team had documentary proof to support their position.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Vijaya |date=2023-05-11 |title=Exclusive - Taarak Mehta Ka Oolthah Chashmah producer Asit Kumarr Modi calls Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal's sexual harassment allegations baseless |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-taarak-mehta-ka-oolthah-chashmah-producer-asit-kumarr-modi-calls-jennifer-mistry-bansiwals-sexual-harassment-allegations-baseless/articleshow/100157557.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In a separate interview, he stated that he considered his cast and crew “like family” and that he had “never done anything wrong to anyone”.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-02 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah producer responds to allegations of sexual, mental harassment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-producer-asit-kumarr-modi-replies-allegations-sexual-mental-harassment-8872616/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film / Serial !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1998–2001
|''Hum Sab Ek Hai''
|Producer
| TV show
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]''|| Actor|| Film
|-
| 2004–2008 || ''[[Saarrthi]]''|| Producer|| TV show
|-
| 2008–present || {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}} || rowspan="5" | Producer|| TV show
|-
| 2010–2011 || ''[[Krishnaben Khakhrawala]]'' ||TV show
|-
|2013–2014
|[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!|''Wah! Wah! Kya Baat hai!'']]
|Reality show / stand-up comedy
|-
|2013–2014
|''Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto''
|Game show
|-
| 2021–present || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Chhota Chashmah]]''|| Animated television series
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
*5th National Conference organized by the HR Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmetimes.com/index.php/extras/sme-updates/1909-the-hr-club-organizes-5th-national-conference-game-changers.html |title=The HR Club organizes 5th National Conference : Game Changers |author=Altaf Hussain |work=thesmetimes.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004052300/http://www.thesmetimes.com/index.php/extras/sme-updates/1909-the-hr-club-organizes-5th-national-conference-game-changers.html |archivedate=4 October 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=2010 – The Indian Television Academy Awards |work=indiantelevisionacademy.com }}</ref>
*[[Indian Telly Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|title=The Tenth Indian Telly Awards|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lion's Gold Award by Lion's Club Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/lions-gold-awards-2010/winners-lions-gold-awards-2010-0|title=Winners of Lions Gold Awards 2010|work=PINKVILLA|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-date=16 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116044003/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/lions-gold-awards-2010/winners-lions-gold-awards-2010-0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|4029297}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Asit Kumar}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Mark Aitchison Young

2026-01-29T11:37:09Z

Robxgr: cleaned up content per standard format based on references

{{Short description|British administrator}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Mark Young
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG|KStJ}}
| image = Mark Aitchison Young.jpg
| caption = Portrait, early 1930s
| order = 21st
| office = Governor of Hong Kong
| term_start = 1 May 1946
| term_end = 17 May 1947
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]]
| 1namedata = [[David Mercer MacDougall]]
| predecessor = Sir [[Cecil Harcourt]] (Acting, Military Administration)
| successor = [[Alexander Grantham]]
| term_start1 = 10 September 1941
| term_end1 = 25 December 1941
| monarch1 = George VI
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Norman Lockhart Smith]] [[Franklin Gimson|Sir Franklin Gimson]]
| predecessor1 = Sir [[Geoffry Northcote]]
| successor1 = [[Takashi Sakai]] (under [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]])
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|5|12|1886|6|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Winchester]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| party =
| profession = [[soldier]], [[Colonial troops|colonial]] [[British Empire|colonial]] [[Public administration|administrator]]
| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = Josephine Mary
| religion =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| module = {{Chinese|child=yes|t=楊慕琦|s=杨慕琦|j=joeng4 mou6 kei4|p=Yáng Mùqí}}
| monarch2 = George VI
| predecessor2 = [[Harold MacMichael|Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael]]
| office2 = [[List of governors of Tanganyika|Governor of Tanganyika]]
| successor2 = [[Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson|Sir Wilfrid Jackson]]
| termend2 = 19 June 1941
| termstart2 = 8 July 1938
}}

'''Sir Mark Aitchison Young''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|KStJ}} ({{lang-zh|t=楊慕琦}}; 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974) was a [[British people|British]] [[British Empire|colonial]] [[Public administration|administrator]], who is best remembered for his service as the [[Governor of Hong Kong]] at the time of the [[Battle of Hong Kong|Japanese invasion of the territory]] in 1941.

Born in [[British Raj|British India]], the son and grandson of senior members of the [[Indian Civil Service]], Young followed in the steps of his two elder brothers and became a colonial administrator, serving in Ceylon, Sierra Leone, Palestine, before becoming [[List of governors of Barbados|governor of Barbados]] and of [[List of governors of Tanganyika|Tanganyika]]. Young assumed the governorship of Hong Kong in 1941, three months before the outbreak of the [[Pacific War]]. During the [[Battle of Hong Kong]], Young refused to capitulate on numerous occasions, before surrendering on Christmas Day, 1941 in order to avoid further bloodshed. Young then became a Japanese [[prisoner-of-war]] until 1945.

After a period of recovery, Young returned to Hong Kong in 1946 as its governor, Young introduced [[Young Plan (Hong Kong)|limited democratic reforms]] in Hong Kong, which were undone by his successor, [[Alexander Grantham|Sir Alexander Grantham]]. Retiring to England, Young died in Winchester in 1974.

==Early life and education==
Young was the third son of colonial administrator [[William Mackworth Young|Sir William Mackworth Young]], sometime [[Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab]], and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of [[Robert Eyles Egerton|Sir Robert Eyles Egerton]], also Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37077|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37077|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="peerage2003">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164</ref> Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of [[Sir John Grey Egerton, 8th Baronet]] and the Reverend [[Sir Philip Grey Egerton, 9th Baronet]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674</ref>

Young was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he took [[first-class honours]] in [[Classics]].

== Colonial career ==
He entered the Eastern Cadet Service and went to Ceylon in 1909. He served in the [[British Army]] with the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)]] during [[World War I]] from 1915.

Young served as principal assistant [[Chief Secretary of Ceylon|colonial secretary]] of [[Ceylon]] (from 1923 to 1925 under [[Sir Cecil Clementi]] and [[Murchison Fletcher]] from 1925 to 1928), then as colonial secretary of [[Sierra Leone]] from 1928 to 1930. From 1930 to 1933, he served as chief secretary to the Government of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]].

From 5 August 1933 to March 1938, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of [[Barbados]]. From November 1937 to February 1938, he served in the Government of [[Trinidad and Tobago]].

From 1938 to 1941, Young served as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]]. With the war in Europe looming, Young restored confidence within the colony, which was apprehensive that it would be returned to Germany as part of peace negotiations. He also took the step of appointing Indian representatives to the territory's institutions. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Young swiftly disarmed and interned the colony's large German population.

==Hong Kong governor, prisoner of war==
On 10 September 1941 Young was appointed [[Governor of Hong Kong]]. Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China, and early in Young's term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion.

At 08:00, 8 December 1941, several hours after [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor was attacked]], Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces. [[Battle of Hong Kong|The battle]] lasted for 17 days, and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General [[Takashi Sakai]] on 25 December, known as the 'Black Christmas' by Hong Kong people, who were then [[Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong|subject to Japanese rule]] for the next 3 years and 8 months. Young rebuffed several attempts by [[Christopher Maltby|General Maltby]] and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th. This was in part based on clear instruction by [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] directly to Young, advising him that "Every Part of (Hong Kong) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness. Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world."<ref name="Snow">Snow, Philip. [2004] (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-10373-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-300-10373-1}}</ref>

Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945. He was initially held in the [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|Peninsula Hotel]] and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war [[Stanley Internment Camp|camp in Stanley]], on the southern shores of [[Hong Kong Island]]. Shortly thereafter, he was later transferred, with other high-ranking Allied captives, including General Maltby, to a series of POW camps in Shanghai, Taiwan, and Japan, then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border, and finally to a [[Hoten Camp|location near Mukden]] (modern [[Shenyang]]) [[Manchuria]],<ref>[https://mukdenpows.indiemade.com/sites/mukdenpows.indiemade.com/files/files/Mukden%20POWs%20T-Z.pdf List of Mukden POWs]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> until his liberation at war's end. Despite being the colony's highest-ranking official, Young was mistreated by his captors.{{Clarify|date=September 2023}} Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony.

==Post-Japanese occupation governorship==
Young resumed his duties as [[Governor of Hong Kong]] on 1 May 1946, after having spent some time [[Convalescence|recuperating]] in England. After returning, he proposed [[Young Plan (Hong Kong)|political reforms]] that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council. He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governor's veto. Young, echoing the plan of Sir [[Geoffry Northcote]], called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts. These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor [[Sir Alexander Grantham]], an ardent conservative.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goodstadt | first=Leo F. | author-link= Leo Goodstadt |date= 2004 | title=The Rise and Fall of Social, Economic and Political Reforms in Hong Kong, 1930–1955 | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |volume= 44 | pages=70 }}</ref> Young retired from the governorship in 1947.

==Personal life==
Young and his wife, Josephine Mary, had four children, including Sir Brian Young.

Young, [[William Robinson (governor)|Sir William Robinson]] and [[Christopher Patten]] are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post. This is probably because most of Young's time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war, with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor.

His brothers [[Gerard Mackworth Young]] (also director of the [[British School at Athens]]) and Sir [[Hubert Winthrop Young]], KCMG, were also colonial administrators.<ref name=peerage2003/>

==Honours==
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (C.M.G.) (1931)
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (K.C.M.G.) - '''Sir''' (1934)
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (G.C.M.G.) - '''Sir''' (1946)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4456-9049-0}} Publisher AMBERLEY.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050924222050/http://heddamorrison.com/hm/hk46_47.html Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|
before=Sir [[John Robert Chancellor]]|
title=[[High Commissioners of Palestine|High Commissioner of Palestine]] [[High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan]]|
years=1931–1932 (acting)|
after=Sir [[Arthur Grenfell Wauchope]]
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Governor of Barbados]]|
before=[[Harry Scott Newlands]]|
after=[[Eubule Waddington|Sir Eubule John Waddington]]|
years=1933–1938}}
{{succession box|
title=Governor of [[Tanganyika Territory]]|
before=[[Harold MacMichael|Harold Alfred MacMichael]]|
after=[[Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson]]|
years=1938–1941}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Geoffry Northcote|Sir Geoffry Northcote]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Hong Kong]]|years=1941}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Takashi Sakai]] and [[Masaichi Niimi]]|as=Governor-General of Hong Kong [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Admiral [[Cecil Harcourt|Sir Cecil Harcourt]]|as=Administrator of Hong Kong}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Hong Kong]]|years=1946–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Grantham|Sir Alexander Grantham]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Barbados|state=collapsed}}
{{Governor of Hong Kong}}{{Chief Secretaries of the British Mandate of Palestine}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Mark Aitchison}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:Governors of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Governors of Barbados]]
[[Category:British high commissioners of Palestine]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Rifle Brigade officers]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:History of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Battle of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Colonial Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Tanganyika (territory)]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Colonial secretaries of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:People from British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries of Palestine]]

Hominini

2026-01-08T14:49:40Z

Robxgr:

{{short description|Tribe of mammals}}
{{Distinguish|Hominoidea|Hominidae|Homininae|Australopithecine{{!}}Hominina|Homo}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|7|0|earliest=7}}
| image = Ham-and-handler.jpg
| image_caption = Two hominins: A [[human]] holding a [[chimpanzee]] ([[Joseph V. Brady]] and [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham the chimp]])
| taxon = Hominini
| authority = [[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1948<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arambourg |first1=C. |title=La Classification des Primates et Particulierement des Hominiens |journal=Mammalia |date=1948 |volume=12 |issue=3 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1948.12.3.123 |s2cid=84553920 }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Homo]]''
| type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = *[[Panina]] 
**''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]''
*[[Australopithecina]]/[[Australopithecine|Hominina]]
**{{extinct}}''[[Australopithecus]]'' (paraphyletic)
**{{extinct}}''[[Kenyanthropus]]'' ([[cladistically]] included)
**{{extinct}}''[[Paranthropus]]'' (cladistically included)
**''[[Homo]]'' (cladistically included)
**{{extinct}}''[[Ardipithecus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Orrorin]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Sahelanthropus]]''?
}}
The '''Hominini''' (hominins) form a [[Tribe (biology)|taxonomic tribe]] of the subfamily [[Homininae]] (hominines). They comprise two extant genera: ''[[Homo]]'' ([[human]]s) and ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'' ([[chimpanzee]]s and [[bonobo]]s), and in standard usage exclude the genus ''[[Gorilla (genus)|Gorilla]]'' ([[gorilla]]s), which is grouped separately within the subfamily Homininae.

The term Hominini was originally introduced by [[Camille Arambourg]] (1948), who combined the categories of ''Hominina'' and ''Simiina'' pursuant to [[John Edward Gray|Gray]]'s classifications (1825).
[[File:Hominoid taxonomy 7.svg|thumb|400px|Taxonomic classification of the superfamily [[Hominoidea]] ([[hominoid]]s), emphasizing the tribe Hominini. This tribe (lower left in graphic) comprises two genera, ''Homo'' and ''Pan''; while gorillas are classified as separate from these—as the single genus ''Gorilla'' of tribe Gorillini; all of subfamily Homininae.]]
Traditionally, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s and [[orangutan]]s were grouped together, excluding humans, as [[pongidae|pongids]]. Since Gray's classifications, evidence accumulating from genetic [[phylogeny]] confirmed that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are more closely related to each other than to the orangutan.<ref name=NcNulty2016>{{cite journal |last1=McNulty |first1=K. P. |title=Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name? |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |date=2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=2 |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/hominin-taxonomy-and-phylogeny-what-s-in-142102877/ |quote=However, overwhelming genetic evidence has since demonstrated that [[human]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, and [[gorilla]]s are much more closely related to each other than to the [[orangutan]] ... Thus, there is no genetic support for grouping the [[great ape]]s together in a distinct group from humans. For this reason, many researchers now place all species of great [[ape]] and human within a single family, Hominidae – making them all proper '[[hominid]]s'.}}</ref> The orangutans were reassigned to the family [[Hominidae]] ([[great ape]]s), which already included humans; and the gorillas were grouped as a separate tribe (Gorillini) of the subfamily Homininae.<ref name=NcNulty2016/> Still, details of this reassignment remain contested, and of publishing since (on tribe Hominini), not every source excludes gorillas and not every source includes chimpanzees.

Humans are the only extant species in the [[Australopithecine]] branch (subtribe), which also contains many extinct close relatives of humans.

==Terminology and definition==
{{see|Human taxonomy}}
Concerning membership, when Hominini is taken to exclude ''Pan'', [[Pan (genus)|Panini]] ("panins")<ref>{{cite journal |last=Delson |title=Catarrhine phylogeny and classification: principles, methods and comments |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=6 |year=1977 |issue=5 |page=450 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80057-2|bibcode=1977JHumE...6..433D}}</ref> may refer to the tribe containing ''Pan'' as its only genus.<ref name="Potts2010a">{{cite book |last=Potts |url=https://archive.org/details/whatdoesitmeanto0000pott/page/34/mode/2up |title=What does it mean to be human? |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4262-0606-1 |location=Washington |page=34 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Dunbar2014>{{cite book |quote="Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as 'hominids', while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the [''Homo''-''Pan''] LCA are referred to as 'hominins'. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids respectively." |last1=Dunbar |first1=Robin |title=Human evolution |date=2014 |publisher=Pelican |isbn=978-0-14-197531-3}}</ref> Or perhaps place ''Pan'' with other [[Dryopithecini|dryopithecine]] genera, making the whole tribe or subtribe of Panini or Panina together. Minority dissenting nomenclatures include ''Gorilla'' in Hominini and ''Pan'' in ''Homo'' (Goodman et al. 1998), or both ''Pan'' and ''Gorilla'' in ''Homo'' (Watson et al. 2001).

By convention, the adjectival term "hominin" (or nominalized "hominins") refers to the tribe Hominini, whereas the members of the subtribe Hominina (and thus all archaic human species) are referred to as "homininan" ("homininans").<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789047416616_013 |chapter=The Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans |title=Interpreting the Past |year=2005 |pages=103–121 |isbn=978-90-474-1661-6 |s2cid=203884394 |last1=Andrews |first1=Peter |last2=Harrison |first2=Terry}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781118524756.ch8 |chapter=Origin, Development, and Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies |title=Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution |year=2015 |last1=Diogo |first1=Rui |last2=Wood |first2=Bernard |pages=167–204 |isbn=978-1-118-52475-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1038821782}} |first=Steven |last=Worthington |title=New approaches to late Miocene hominoid systematics: Ranking morphological characters by phylogenetic signal |date=2012}}</ref> This follows the proposal by Mann and Weiss (1996), which presents tribe Hominini as including both ''Pan'' and ''Homo'', placed in separate subtribes. The genus ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'' is referred to subtribe [[Panina]], and genus ''Homo'' is included in the subtribe [[Hominina]] (see [[#Cladogram|below]]).<ref name=Mann>{{cite journal |author1=Mann, Alan |author2=Weiss, Mark |year=1996 |title=Hominoid phylogeny and taxonomy: a consideration of the molecular and fossil evidence in an historical perspective |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=169–181 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0011 |pmid=8673284|doi-access=free |bibcode=1996MolPE...5..169M}}</ref>

The alternative convention uses "hominin" to exclude members of Panina: for ''Homo;'' or for human and australopithecine species. This alternative convention is referenced in e.g. Coyne (2009)<ref name="Coyne, Jerry A. 2009 pp.197-208">{{cite book |last=Coyne |first=Jerry A. |year=2009 |title=Why evolution is true |pages=197–208, 244, 248 |isbn=978-0-670-02053-9 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |quote="Anthropologists apply the term ''hominin'' to all the species on the "human" side of our family tree after it split from the branch that became modern chimps." (p.197)"}}</ref> and in Dunbar (2014).<ref name=Dunbar2014/> Potts (2010) in addition uses the name Hominini in a different sense, as excluding ''Pan'', and uses "hominins" for this, while a separate tribe (rather than subtribe) for chimpanzees is introduced, under the name Panini.<ref name=Potts2010a/> In this recent convention, ''contra'' Arambourg, the term "hominin" is applied to ''Homo'', ''Australopithecus'', ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', and others that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below);<ref name=Bradley2006>{{Cite Q|Q24646554}}</ref><ref name=WoodRichmond>{{cite journal |last1=Wood |last2=Richmond |first2=B. G. |year=2000 |title=Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology |journal=[[Journal of Anatomy]] |volume=197 |pages=19–60 |pmid=10999270 |pmc=1468107 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x |issue=Pt 1 |quote="Thus human evolution is the study of the lineage, or clade, comprising species more closely related to modern humans than to chimpanzees. Its stem species is the so-called 'common hominin ancestor', and its only extant member is ''Homo sapiens''. This clade contains all the species more closely related to modern humans than to any other living primate. Until recently, these species were all subsumed into a family, Hominidae, but this group is now more usually recognised as a tribe, the Hominini."}}</ref> that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of the split, as "hominins", from those on the chimpanzee side, as "not hominins" (or "non-hominin [[hominid]]s").<ref name="Coyne, Jerry A. 2009 pp.197-208"/>

==Cladogram==
This [[cladogram]] shows the [[clade]] of [[Superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] Hominoidea and its descendant clades, focused on the division of Hominini (omitting detail on clades not ancestral to Hominini). The [[family (taxonomy)|family]] Hominidae ("hominids") comprises the [[tribe (taxonomy)|tribes]] Ponginae (including [[orangutan]]s), Gorillini (including [[gorilla]]s) and Hominini, the latter two forming the [[subfamily]] of Homininae. Hominini is divided into Panina ([[chimpanzee]]s) and Australopithecina ([[australopithecine]]s). The Hominina ([[human]]s) are usually held to have emerged within the Australopithecina (which would roughly correspond to the alternative definition of Hominini according to the alternative definition which excludes ''Pan'').

Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the [[Old World monkey]]s about 25 million years ago (Mya), near the [[Oligocene]]-[[Miocene]] boundary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=Michael |title=Fossils May Pinpoint Critical Split Between Apes and Monkeys |journal=Science |date=15 May 2013 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/fossils-may-pinpoint-critical-split-between-apes-and-monkeys}}</ref> The [[most recent common ancestor]]s (MRCA) of the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae lived about 15 million years ago. The best-known fossil genus of Ponginae is ''[[Sivapithecus]]'', consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in [[dentition]] and [[Postcranium|postcranial]] [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Old men of the woods |last=Taylor |first=C. |year=2011 |publisher=[[Palaeos]] |url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/primates/ponginae.html |access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> In the following [[cladogram]], the approximate time the clades radiated newer clades is indicated in millions of years ago (Mya).
{{cladogram|width=75%|align=left|
{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:300px;|{{clade
|1=[[Hylobatidae]] (gibbons)
|label2=[[Hominidae]] (15.7)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ponginae]] (orangutans)
|label2=[[Homininae]] (8.8)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Gorillini]] (gorillas)
|label2='''Hominini''' (6.3)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Panina]] (chimpanzees)
|label2=[[Hominina]] (4)
|sublabel2=[[Australopithecina]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ardipithecus]] (†)
|label2=[[Australopithecus]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Praeanthropus]] (†)
|2={{clade
|1=Australopithecus/[[Paranthropus robustus]] (†2)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Australopithecus garhi]] (†2.5)
|2=[[Homo]] (humans)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}}}}}|label1=[[Hominoidea]] (20.4 Mya)}}
}}
{{clear}}

==Evolutionary history==
{{Human timeline}}
{{see|Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor}}
Both ''[[Sahelanthropus]]'' and ''[[Orrorin]]'' existed during the estimated duration of the ancestral chimpanzee–human speciation events, within the range of eight to four million years ago (Mya). Very few fossil specimens have been found that can be considered directly ancestral to genus ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]''. News of the first fossil chimpanzee, found in Kenya, was published in 2005. However, it is dated to very recent times—between 545 and 284 thousand years ago.<ref name= McBrearty>{{cite journal |author1=McBrearty, Sally |author2=Jablonski, Nina G. |year=2005 |title=First fossil chimpanzee |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=105–108 |doi=10.1038/nature04008 |pmid=16136135 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..105M |s2cid=4423286}}</ref> The divergence of a "proto-human" or "pre-human" lineage separate from ''Pan'' appears to have been a process of complex [[speciation]]-[[hybrid (biology)#In humans|hybridization]] rather than a clean split, taking place over the period of anywhere between 13 Mya (close to the age of the tribe Hominini itself) and some 4 Mya. Different [[chromosome]]s appear to have split at different times, with broad-scale [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] activity occurring between the two emerging lineages as late as the period 6.3 to 5.4 Mya, according to Patterson et al. (2006),<ref name="complex">{{cite journal |last1=Patterson |first1=N. |last2=Richter |first2=D. J. |last3=Gnerre |first3=S. |last4=Lander |first4=E. S. |last5=Reich |first5=D. |title=Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=441 |issue=7097 |pages=1103–8 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16710306 |doi=10.1038/nature04789 |bibcode=2006Natur.441.1103P |s2cid=2325560}}</ref> This research group noted that one hypothetical late hybridization period was based in particular on the similarity of [[X chromosome]]s in the proto-humans and stem chimpanzees, suggesting that the final divergence was even as recent as 4 Mya. Wakeley (2008) rejected these hypotheses; he suggested alternative explanations, including [[Evolutionary pressure|selection pressure]] on the X chromosome in the ancestral populations prior to the [[chimpanzee–human last common ancestor]] (CHLCA).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wakeley |first=J. |title=Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=452 |issue=7184 |pages=E3–4; discussion E4 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18337768 |doi=10.1038/nature06805 |bibcode=2008Natur.452....3W |s2cid=4367089 |quote="Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted."}}</ref>

Most [[DNA]] studies find that humans and ''Pan'' are 99% identical,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Mary-Claire |last=King |year=1973 |title=Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution |oclc=923094595}}</ref><ref name=sciam>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Wong |title=Tiny genetic differences between humans and other primates pervade the genome |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tiny-genetic-differences-between-humans-and-other-primates-pervade-the-genome/ |publisher=[[Scientific American]] |date=1 September 2014}}</ref> but one study found only 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in [[non-coding DNA]].<ref name=ns>{{cite journal |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=human-chimp-gene-gap-wide |date=19 December 2006 |title=Humans and chimps: close but not that close |journal=[[Scientific American]] |author=Minkel, J. R.}}</ref> It is most likely that the australopithecines, dating from 4.4 to 3 Mya, evolved into the earliest members of genus ''Homo''.<ref name="Coyne2009">{{cite book |last=Coyne |first=Jerry A. |year=2009 |title=Why evolution is true |pages=202–204 |isbn=978-0-670-02053-9 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |quote="After ''A. afarensis'', the fossil record shows a confusing melange of gracile australopithecine species lasting up to about two million years ago. … [T]he late australopithecines, already bipedal, were beginning to show changes in teeth, skull, and brain that presage modern humans. It is very likely that the lineage that gave rise to modern humans included at least one of these species."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Early hominin speciation at the Plio/Pleistocene transition. |journal=[[Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology]] |date=2003 |last=Cameron |first=D. W. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |pmid=12968420 |doi=10.1078/0018-442x-00057}}</ref> In the year 2000, the discovery of ''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]'', dated as early as 6.2 Mya, briefly challenged critical elements of that hypothesis,<ref name=Potts2010b>{{cite book |last=Potts |year=2010 |title=What does it mean to be human? |pages=38–39 |isbn=978-1-4262-0606-1 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |location=Washington}}</ref> as it suggested that ''Homo'' did not in fact derive from australopithecine ancestors.<ref name=Reynolds_2012>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrJ1lmjMakoC&pg=PA116 |title=African genesis: perspectives on hominin evolution |isbn=978-1-107-01995-9 |last1=Reynolds |first1=Sally C. |last2=Gallagher |first2=Andrew |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote="The discovery of ''Orrorin'' has ... radically modified interpretations of human origins and the environmental context in which the African apes/hominoid transition occurred, although ... the less likely hypothesis of derivation of ''Homo'' from the australopithecines still holds primacy in the minds of most palaeoanthropologists."}}</ref>

All the listed fossil genera are evaluated for two traits that could identify them as hominins:
# probability of being ancestral to ''Homo'', and
# whether they are more closely related to ''Homo'' than to any other living primate.
Some, including ''[[Paranthropus]]'', ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', and ''[[Australopithecus]]'', are broadly thought to be ancestral and closely related to ''Homo'';<ref name=Potts2010c>{{cite book |last=Potts |year=2010 |title=What does it mean to be human? |pages=31–424 |isbn=978-1-4262-0606-1 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |location=Washington}}</ref> others, especially earlier genera, including ''Sahelanthropus'' (and perhaps ''Orrorin''), are supported by one community of scientists but doubted by another.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brunet |first1=M. |title=A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=418 |pages=145–151 |quote=''Sahelanthropus'' is the oldest and most primitive known member of the hominid clade, close to the divergence of hominids and chimpanzees. |date=July 2002 |doi=10.1038/nature00879 |pmid=12110880 |issue=6894 |last2=Guy |first2=F. |last3=Pilbeam |first3=D. |display-authors=3 |last4=MacKaye |first4=H. T. |last5=Likius |first5=A. |last6=Ahounta |first6=D. |last7=Beauvilain |first7=A. |last8=Blondel |first8=C. |last9=Bocherens |first9=H. |last10=Boisserie |first10=J. R. |last11=De Bonis |first11=L. |last12=Coppens |first12=Y. |last13=Dejax |first13=J. |last14=Denys |first14=C. |last15=Duringer |first15=P. |last16=Eisenmann |first16=V. |last17=Fanone |first17=G. |last18=Fronty |first18=P. |last19=Geraads |first19=D. |last20=Lehmann |first20=T. |last21=Lihoreau |first21=F. |last22=Louchart |first22=A. |last23=Mahamat |first23=A. |last24=Merceron |first24=G. |last25=Mouchelin |first25=G. |last26=Otero |first26=O. |last27=Pelaez Campomanes |first27=P. |last28=Ponce De Leon |first28=M. |last29=Rage |first29=J. C. |last30=Sapanet |first30=M. |bibcode=2002Natur.418..145B |s2cid=1316969|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13388/files/PAL_E190.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolpoff |first1=Milford |title=''Sahelanthropus'' or <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Sahelpithecus''<nowiki>'</nowiki>? |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=419 |issue=6907 |pages=581–582 |quote=''Sahelanthropus tchadensis'' is an enigmatic new Miocene species, whose characteristics are a mix of those of apes and ''Homo erectus'' and which has been proclaimed by Brunet et al. to be the earliest hominid. However, we believe that features of the dentition, face and cranial base that are said to define unique links between this Toumaï specimen and the hominid clade are either not diagnostic or are consequences of biomechanical adaptations. To represent a valid clade, hominids must share unique defining features, and ''Sahelanthropus'' does not appear to have been an obligate biped. |date=October 2002 |doi=10.1038/419581a |pmid=12374970 |last2=Senut |first2=Brigitte |last3=Pickford |first3=Martin |last4=Hawks |first4=John |bibcode=2002Natur.419..581W |hdl=2027.42/62951 |s2cid=205029762 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==List of known hominin species==
{{Div col|colwidth=14em}}
*''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]''
*''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]''
*''[[Ardipithecus kadabba]]''
*''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]''
*''[[Australopithecus anamensis]]''
*''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''
*''[[Australopithecus deyiremeda]]''
*''[[Australopithecus garhi]]''
*''[[Kenyanthropus platyops]]''
*''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''
*''[[Australopithecus sediba]]''
*''[[Paranthropus aethiopicus]]''
*''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''
*''[[Paranthropus robustus]]''
*''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' (extant)
*''[[Pan paniscus]]'' (extant)
*''[[Homo habilis]]''
*''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''
*''[[Homo ergaster]]''
*''[[Homo erectus]]''
*''[[Homo antecessor]]''
*''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''
*''[[Homo naledi]]''
*''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''
*''[[Homo denisova]]''
*''[[Homo sapiens]]'' (extant)
*''[[Homo floresiensis]]''
*''[[Homo luzonensis]]''
{{Div col end}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery |align=left |title= |width=200 |height=200 |File:Sahelanthropus tchadensis - TM 266-01-060-1.jpg |Cast of a skull of [[Sahelanthropus|''Sahelanthropus tchadensis'']], nick-named ″Toumaï″ |File:KNM ER 1470 (H. rudolfensis).png |Skull of ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|Evolutionary biology|Paleontology|Primates}}
* [[History of hominoid taxonomy]]
* [[Human evolution]]
* [[Human taxonomy]]
* [[Template:Human timeline|Human timeline]]
* [[List of human evolution fossils]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).

{{Great apes}}
{{Hominidae nav}}
{{Human evolution}}
{{Haplorhini|Ho.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q107588}}

[[Category:Hominini| ]]
[[Category:Homininae]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Mammal tribes]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Camille Arambourg]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1948]]

Abdul Gafur Khatri

2026-01-01T14:52:06Z

Robxgr: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Rogan artist from Kutch, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Gafur Khatri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 28-04-1965
| birth_place = [[ Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[artist]]
| known_for = Rogan art with Tree of Life motif
| spouse =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] award in 2019 National Award in 1997 State Award in 1988
| children =
}}

[[File:Rogan-art-Tree-of-Life-Abdul-Gafur-Khatri-29-12-2013.jpg|thumb|Rogan art with Tree of Life motif, Created by Abdul Gafur Khatri.in Nirona Village Kutch ]]

'''Abdul Gafur Khatri Master''' is a [[Rogan printing|rogan]] artist from the Nirona village of the [[Kutch district]] in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=These Rogan Artists From Gujarat Are Keeping Alive A 400-Year-Old Art, Meet Them Only On HistoryTV18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/these-rogal-artists-from-gujarat-are-keeping-alive-a-400-year-old-art-meet-them-only-on-historytv18-4758293.html |work=News18 |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Abdulgafur Khatri was born in a family of rogan artists from Nirona village in Kutch. It was the one of khatri family of Rogan artists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/this-family-in-kutch-is-the-last-surviving-custodian-of-the-rogan-fabric-painting-craft-that-has-origins-in-persia/article22480327.ece|title=The last of eight generations of Rogan art in Kutch|last=Rahman|first=Azera Parveen|date=2018-01-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the 1980s, Abdulgafur Khatri left Nirona and moved to Ahmedabad and then Mumbai for employment. Two years later, he returned and learned the art from his father and grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kutchkhabar.com/vishesh/abdul-gafur-khatri-an-artist-of-rogan-honoured-by-padmashree-read-story-about-him-5989|title=રોગાનના કલાવાહકને 'પદ્મશ્રી': જાણો 3 સદી જૂની રોગાનની વ્હાઈટ હાઉસ સુધીની સફર|website=Kutchkhabar|language=gu|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.megastores.com/artisans-and-producers/abdul-gafoor-khatri|title=Megastores - Abdul Gafoor Khatri|website=www.megastores.com|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-6-padma-shri-awardees-gujarat-5567459/|title=The 6 Padma|last=Sharma|first=Ritu|date=2019-02-04|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> Rogan painting saw a resurgence due to his efforts. In addition, Abdulgafur Khatri and his family began training girls in the art which had previously been practised only by males. In 2014, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the [[White House|U.S. White House]], and gave [[President Obama]] two rogan paintings, including a [[tree of life]], which were painted by Abdulgafur Khatri and his younger brother [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/ready-for-rogan/article2741704.ece Sumar Khatri] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-gives-Obama-rare-Rogan-paintings-made-by-Gujarat-based-Muslim-family/articleshow/44251860.cms|title=PM Modi gives Obama rare Rogan paintings made by Gujarat-based Muslim family|last1=Parashar|first1=Sachin|date=3 October 2014|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709210449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-gives-Obama-rare-Rogan-paintings-made-by-Gujarat-based-Muslim-family/articleshow/44251860.cms|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
Abdulgafur Khatri was awarded the National Merit certificates in 1988, the State Award in 1989, the National Award in 1997,<ref name=":0" /> and the State Certificate BY CM of Gujarat in 2013. He was also awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India in 2019,<ref name=":0" /> and the Gujarat Tourism and Travel Excellence Award in 2021.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://roganartnirona.com/story.html Abdul Gafur Khatri]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid

2025-12-27T14:05:31Z

Robxgr: created first page first draft.

{{Short description|Mosque to be built in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{about|the planned mosque in Dhannipur|the destroyed mosque in this area|Babri Masjid}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid {{small|(''Ayodhya Mosque'')}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|''(not consecrated)''}}
| tradition =
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|''(not consecrated)''}}
| functional_status = ''Planned; {{as of|2024|09|lc=on}}, construction not commenced''
| governing_body = [[Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation]]
| groundbreaking = 26 January 2021
| year_completed =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.762|82.002|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the planned mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location = [[Dhannipur]], [[Ayodhya district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_features_label = Predecessor
| religious_features = [[Babri Masjid]]
| funded_by = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] {{small|(land)}}}}|[[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]]|Donations:}} {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|40% by [[Hindus]]|30% by [[Muslims]]|30% [[Corporate donations|Corporates]]}}}}
| architect = Imran Shaikh
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] {{small|(when complete)}}
| site_area = {{cvt|5|acre|ha|order=flip}}
| interior_area = {{convert|4500|m2}} {{small|(complex)}}
| construction_cost = {{INR}}300 [[crore]] {{small|(estimated)}}
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(when complete)}}
| minaret_quantity = Five {{small|(when complete)}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Ayodhya debate}}
The '''Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid''', also known as the '''Ayodhya Mosque''', is a planned [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[mosque]], not commenced, that is to be located in [[Dhannipur]], in the [[Ayodhya district]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The site was designated by the [[Supreme Court of India]] following its verdict on the [[Ayodhya dispute]] case that allocated land previously used for a mosque to be used for a [[Hindu temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Ayodhya mosque to be named after the Prophet; design finalised |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhya-mosque-to-be-named-after-the-prophet-design-finalised-101697139664822.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2023-10-12 |title=Proposed mosque in Ayodhya gets a new name and design |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-mosque-in-ayodhya-gets-a-new-name-and-design/article67413089.ece |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The construction of the mosque and associated complex is managed by the [[Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation]] (IICF) trust.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Razak|first=Hanie Abdul|date=2021-01-19|title=Construction of Ayodhya mosque to begin with flag-hoisting on Republic Day|url=https://www.siasat.com/construction-of-ayodhya-mosque-to-begin-with-flag-hoisting-on-republic-day-2070951/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131052215/https://www.siasat.com/construction-of-ayodhya-mosque-to-begin-with-flag-hoisting-on-republic-day-2070951/ |archive-date=2021-01-31 |access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayodhya Mosque Work Starts On Republic Day With Tricolour Hoisting|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-mosque-work-starts-on-republic-day-with-tricolour-hoisting-tree-plantation-2358171|access-date=2021-01-26|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The proposed mosque is almost {{convert|22|km}} away from the [[Ram Mandir, Ayodhya|Ram Mandir]], a Hindu temple,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/dhannipur-near-ayodhya-already-has-15-mosques-local-muslims-want-hospital-and-college-too/361492/|title=Dhannipur near Ayodhya already has 15 mosques, local Muslims want hospital and college too|website=theprint.in|date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> the former site of its predecessor, the [[Babri Masjid]]. Dhannipur is a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] located in Sohawal tehsil.

{{as of|2024|09}}, construction of the mosque had not commenced.

== Construction ==
The project was formally launched by the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board by hoisting the national flag and planting saplings on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] of 2021. In addition to the mosque, the complex is planned to include a hospital, museum, library, a community kitchen which can feed a maximum of 2,000 people per day, and an Indo-Islamic cultural research centre and publication house.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhyas-dhannipur-mosque-project-launched-with-unfurling-of-tricolour-on-rday-101611667926019.html|title=Ayodhya's Dhannipur mosque project launched with unfurling of tricolour on Republic day|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref>

A groundbreaking ceremony for the planned mosque was held on 26 January 2021.<ref name=":0" /> The planned mosque was officially named as '''Ahmadullah Shah Mosque''', as an honour to the leader of [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Independence war of 1857]], [[Ahmadullah Shah|Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah]], but was later renamed in honour of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=25 January 2021 |title=Ahmadullah Shah: Ayodhya Mosque to be named after the maulana who died for India's Independence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmadullah-shah-ayodhya-mosque-to-be-named-after-the-maulana-who-died-for-indias-independance/articleshow/80445822.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126025828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmadullah-shah-ayodhya-mosque-to-be-named-after-the-maulana-who-died-for-indias-independance/articleshow/80445822.cms |archive-date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

An initial [[Neo-futurism|futuristic]] design by S. M. Akhtar, without domes or [[minaret]]s,<ref>{{cite web |author=Barot, Prutha |url=https://www.archidiaries.com/articles/ayodhya-mosque-design-s-m-akhtar-shifting-the-vocabulary-of-islamic-architecture/ |title=Ayodhya mosque design: S.M. Akhtar Shifting the vocabulary of Islamic Architecture |work=ArchiDiaries.com |date=2021 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> was rejected in 2023,<ref>{{cite news |author=Mishra, Ishita |title=Proposed mosque in Ayodhya gets a new name and design |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-mosque-in-ayodhya-gets-a-new-name-and-design/article67413089.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> and Imran Shaikh became the project architect. His design blended traditional [[Indo-Islamic architecture]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pioneerarchitects.com/revealing-architect-of-new-mosque-in-ayodhya/#:~:text=Imran%20Shaikh%2C%20the%20revealing%20architect,seamlessly%20blends%20tradition%20with%20innovation. |title=Revealing architect of new mosque in Ayodhya |work=Pioneer Architects |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> including a dome and five minarets,<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Ayodhya mosque: Black brick with gold Quran inscriptions to arrive from Mecca, Construction to start in April after Eid |work=The Economic Times of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ayodhya-mosque-black-brick-with-gold-quran-inscriptions-to-arrive-from-mecca-construction-to-start-in-april-after-eid/articleshow/107482119.cms?from=mdr |date=7 February 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> with modern building styles. In September 2024 it was reported that construction had not commenced due to lack of funds and community antipathy towards the proposed mosque.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dhingra, Sanya |title=Just Rs 90 lakh raised in 5 years, why not a single brick has been laid for Ayodhya mosque |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/india/just-rs-90-lakh-raised-in-5-years-why-not-a-single-brick-has-been-laid-for-ayodhya-mosque/2259763/ |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> The IICF sought to have restrictions lifted so that it could receive donations from overseas, restricted by the [[Foreign Contribution Regulation Act]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mishra, Ishita |title=Facing fund crunch, Ayodhya mosque to now focus on FCRA clearances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/facing-fund-crunch-ayodhya-mosque-to-now-focus-on-fcra-clearances/article68665390.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=20 September 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref>

Construction of the mosque, 300-bed hospital, museum, library, and associated facilities is estimated to cost {{INR}}300 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Dhingra, Sanya |title=Ayodhya's upcoming mosque inspired by ancient Islamic architecture – Will include hospital, kitchen and more! Here's all about the project |work=Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-ayodhyas-upcoming-mosque-inspired-by-ancient-islamic-architecture-will-include-hospital-kitchen-and-more-heres-all-about-the-project-3271590/ |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=8 March 2025 }}</ref> Around 40% of the donations received by the Trust were given by [[Hindus]], while [[Muslims]] contributed 30%. The remaining 30% are corporate donations. The Trust secretary, Athar Hussain, confirmed that {{as of|2022|11|lc=on}} the Trust had received {{INR}}40 [[lakhs]] in donations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=उरमलिया |first=आशीष |date=2022-11-11 |title=अयोध्या मस्जिद निर्माण में सबसे ज्यादा दान हिंदुओं ने दिया: 36 महीने से एक सड़क बनी थी रोड़ा, नक्शा तक पास नहीं हो पाया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/news/after-36-months-it-was-found-that-the-building-cannot-be-built-on-that-land-application-for-land-use-change-130547730.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

The Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF), having provided all required documentation to the central government for Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) approval, anticipates a favorable decision by the end of the year or early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-06 |title=Babri Masjid demolition: New mosque project in Ayodhya tentatively set for April 2026 rollout|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/babri-masjid-demolition-new-mosque-project-in-ayodhya-tentatively-set-for-april-2026-rollout/article70364812.ece|access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-06 |title=Ayodhya mosque yet to see light of the day even six years after Supreme Court verdict|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-mosque-yet-to-see-light-of-the-day-even-six-years-after-supreme-court-verdict-3822146|access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{main|Ayodhya dispute}}
=== Shariyat law disagreement ===
The [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] has stated that the construction of the mosque is against the Waqf Act and is illegal under [[Sharia|Shariyat law]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayodhya mosque against Waqf Act, illegal under Shariyat law: AIMPLB |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-mosque-against-waqf-act-illegal-under-shariyat-law-aimplb/story-0QrFb4aJkLrQA8HwjzkceJ.html}}</ref> AIMIM chief [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] also claimed that donating money for construction and praying at the mosque is [[haram]] (forbidden) according to Islamic principles, to which the Mosque Trust replied that "serving humanity is not haram".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Contributing for construction and prayers at masjid in Ayodhya is haraam: Owaisi |website=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/270121/contributing-for-construction-and-prayers-at-masjid-in-ayodhya-is-h.html}}</ref>

=== Ownership dispute ===
Two sisters from Delhi filed a petition in the Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court, claiming ownership of the land allotted for the mosque along with {{convert|28|acre|ha|order=flip}} of surrounding land, which they claim was given to their father at the time of [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-siblings-claim-ownership-of-land-offered-for-ayodhya-mosque-move-court/article33746388.ece/ |title=Delhi siblings claim ownership of land offered for Ayodhya mosque, move court |website=The Hindu |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.mmbadonation.com/campaign.php |title=Website soliciting for donations |work=Masjid Muhammad Bin Abdullah |date=2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 |format=shows the rejected [[Neo-futurism|futuristic]] design with {{INR}}136,000 donations collected. }}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:21st-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]
[[Category:Proposed mosques]]

List of airports in Meghalaya

2025-12-07T21:14:23Z

Robxgr: created a page from scratch

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Shillong Airport Airside.jpg|thumb|Airside of Shillong Airport]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

The [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]] currently has only one operational airport in [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]. The airport is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. There were proposals to expand the runway of the present airport at [[Shillong]] to enable it to handle bigger aircraft. But, the [[Airports Authority of India]] termed the runway expansion unfeasible. Therefore, the [[Meghalaya High Court]] directed the [[Government of Meghalaya]] to prepare a preliminary report on whether a new greenfield airport will be constructed or the existing runway at [[Shillong Airport]] will be expanded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/expansion-of-shillong-airport-unfeasible-aai-proposes-new-airport-1925830-2022-03-16|title=Expansion of Shillong Airport unfeasible, AAI proposes new airport|work=India Today|accessdate=16 March 2022}}</ref>

A second airport at [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] named [[Baljek Airport]] is proposed to commence operations soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/03/04/baljek-airport-to-be-made-operational-by-2022-says-cm/|title=Baljek Airport to be made operational by 2022, says CM|work=The Shillong Times|accessdate=4 March 2021}}</ref>

==List==
The list includes the airports in [[Meghalaya]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Meghalaya</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Meghalaya
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| 1 ||Shella|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Shella Airport]]|| align="center" |—|| align="center" |—||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]]||Non-operational
|-
| 2 ||[[Shillong]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Shillong Airport]]|| align="center" |VEBI|| align="center" |SHL||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]]||Commercial
|-
| 3 ||[[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Baljek Airport]]|| align="center" |VETU|| align="center" |—||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]]||Non-operational
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Meghalaya| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Meghalaya]]

Santhosh Aechikkanam

2025-11-27T02:35:04Z

Robxgr: adding first article w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Malayalam writer (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Santhosh Aechikkanam സന്തോഷ് ഏച്ചിക്കാനം
| image = Santhosh Aechikkaanam.jpg
| imagesize =
| native_name_lang = ml
| caption = Santhosh Aechikkanam in 2022
| pseudonym =
| other names =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| birth_place = [[Bedadka, Kasaragod, Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, screenwriter
| period = 1998–present
| genre = Fiction
| subject =
| spouse = Jalsa Menon
| children = Mahadevan
| parents = {{ubl|A. C. Chandran Nair (father)|Shyamala (mother)}}
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Shwasam''|''Komala''|''Naranayum Paravayayum''|''Biriyani''}}
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]]|[[Cherukad Award]]}}
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Santhosh Aechikkanam''' is an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and a screenwriter in Malayalam cinema. He is known for his short stories, which include ''Komala'' and ''Biriyani''. He also wrote screenplays for films such as ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' and ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]''.

== Biography ==
Santhosh Aechikkanam was born in 1971 in a farmer's family in [[Bedadka]], in [[Kasargod district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]] to A. C. Chandran Nair and Shyamala.<ref name="Santhosh Echikkanam bags Padmaprabha Literary Award 2019">{{Cite web |title=Santhosh Echikkanam bags Padmaprabha Literary Award 2019 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/santhosh-echikkanam-bags-padmaprabha-literary-award-2019--1.4397018 |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref name="സന്തോഷ് ഏച്ചിക്കാനം's biography and latest film release news">{{Cite web |title=സന്തോഷ് ഏച്ചിക്കാനം's biography and latest film release news |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/celebs/santhosh-echikkanam/biography.html |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=FilmiBeat |language=ml}}</ref> After graduating in Malayalam and literature, he secured a post graduate diploma in Journalism and mass communication from [[Kerala Press Academy]].<ref name="Santhosh Echikanam MB profile">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Santhosh Echikanam MB profile |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/mbifl2019/speakers/santhosh-echikkanam-mbifl-2019-1.3468681 |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111122830/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/mbifl2019/speakers/santhosh-echikkanam-mbifl-2019-1.3468681 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has worked as a teacher at Durga Higher Secondary School, Kanhangad and was also associated with [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]].<ref name="Santhosh Echikkanam bags Padmaprabha Literary Award 2019" />

Aechikkanam was involved in a controversy due to his allegedly casteist remarks at a literary festival.<ref name="Writer Santhosh Echikkanam arrested over remarks on backward classes">{{Cite web |title=Writer Santhosh Echikkanam arrested over remarks on backward classes |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/15/writer-santhosh-echikkanam-arrested-over-remarks-on-backward-classes.html |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Writer Santhosh Echikkanam arrested in Kerala for alleged casteist slurs, granted bail">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-16 |title=Writer Santhosh Echikkanam arrested in Kerala for alleged casteist slurs, granted bail |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-santhosh-echikkanam-arrested-kerala-alleged-casteist-slurs-granted-bail-93455 |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> His famous short story ''Biryani'' sparked controversy amid allegations that it was part of a deliberate effort to create an anti-Muslim collective consciousness through its narrative.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jisha Surya |date=29 August 2016 |title=When biriyani became haram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-biriyani-became-haram/ |work=The Times of India |location= |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sri Parvathi |date=23 August 2016 |title=ബിരിയാണിക്കഥ ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ പൊല്ലാപ്പുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/biriyani-short-story-santhosh-echikkanam.html |work=Malayala Manorama |location= |language=ml |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>

Aechikkanam received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] for his short story ''Komala'' (2008).<ref name="Santhosh Echikkanam- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020">{{Cite web |title=Santhosh Echikkanam- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020 |url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=Mjk2 |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Kerala+Sahitya+Akademi+awards+announced&artid=I7ghTq82qvI=&SectionID=1ZkF/jmWuSA=&MainSectionID=fyV9T2jIa4A=&SectionName=X7s7i%7CxOZ5Y=&SEO=|title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi awards announced|publisher=The Express Buzz|date=19 April 2009|access-date=18 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/19/stories/2009041954720500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422154508/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/19/stories/2009041954720500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2009|title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced|date=19 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> He has also received several other honours, including [[Padmaprabha Literary Award]], Karur Award, Pravasi Basheer Award, Abudhabi Sakthi Award, [[Cherukad Award]], V. P. Sivakumar Keli Award, Kolkata Bhasha Sahithya Parishad Award, Delhi Katha Award and Kerala State Television Award for best story.<ref name="Santhosh Echikanam MB profile" />

Aechikkanam is married to Jalsa Menon, who is a college professor and the couple has a son, Mahadevan.<ref name="SANTHOSH ECHIKKANAM on DC Books">{{Cite web |title=SANTHOSH ECHIKKANAM on DC Books |url=https://dcbookstore.com/authors/santhosh-echikkanam |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=dcbookstore.com}}</ref> The family lives in [[Ayyanthole]] in [[Thrissur district]].<ref name="Santhosh Echikkanam bags Padmaprabha Literary Award 2019" />

== Bibliography ==
=== Short story anthologies ===
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Biriyani |year=2016 |publisher=DC Books |page=104 |isbn=978-8126473823}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Parakkallo Athens |year=2019 |publisher=DC Books |page=128 |language=ml |isbn=978-9352826544}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Komala |year=2008 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126418954 |page=84}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Oru Chithrakathayile Nayattukarum Kathapathrangalum Pankeduthavarum |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-9352826841 |page=184}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Kathakal - Santhosh Echikkanam |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126434688 |page=288}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Shwasam |year=2013 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126449125 |page=96}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |url=https://www.amazon.in/Oru-Chithrakadhayile-Nayattukar-Santhosh-Echikkanam/dp/B007E4VT32/ref=sr_1_10?dchild=1&qid=1600658239&refinements=p_27%253ASANTHOSH+ECHIKKANAM&s=books&sr=1-10 |title=Oru Chithrakadhayile Nayattukar |date=4 September 2004 |publisher=DC Books |asin=B007E4VT32}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Naranayum Paravayayum |year=2010 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126428380}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Ente Priyappetta Kathakal |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-9352821150 |page=208}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Ottavaathil |publisher=Olive Books |page=116}}

=== Poems ===
*''Nanni''

=== Memoirs ===
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |title=Malabar Whistling Thrush |year=2013 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126442447 |page=110}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/jamanthikal-suganthikal-80/ |title=Jamanthikal Suganthikal |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=978-81-8266-427-2 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aechikkanam |first=Santhosh |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/pakalswapnathil-veyilu-kaayaan-vanna-oru-nari-2/ |title=Pakal Swapnathil Veyil Kayan Vanna Oru Nari |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |language=en-US}}

=== Literary criticism ===
* {{Cite book |title=Enmakaje Padanangal |year=2010 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=978-8124018897 |editor-last=Aechikkanam |editor-first=Santhosh |pages=104}} Compilation of articles on "Enmakaje" by Ambikasuthan Mangadu.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Screenplay
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Story
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Dialogues
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Director
|-
| 2012 || [[Nidra (2012 film)|''Nidra'']] || Yes || No || Yes || [[Siddharth Bharathan]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|''Bachelor Party'']] || Yes || No || Yes || [[Amal Neerad]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' || Yes || No || Yes || [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Idukki Gold (film)|''Idukki Gold'']] || No || Yes || No || [[Aashiq Abu]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Yes || Yes || Yes || [[Sidharth Bharathan]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'' || Yes || No || Yes || [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Aby (film)|''Aby'']] || Yes || Yes || Yes || [[Srikant Murali]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=2016-08-27 |title=When biriyani became haram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-biriyani-became-haram/ |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4939833}}
* https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ramesh-pisharody-to-direct-soubin-shahir-in-his-third-feature-film[https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ramesh-pisharody-to-direct-soubin-shahir-in-his-third-feature-film]
* {{Cite web |date=2014-04-17 |title=Ullu Thurannu - Interview with Santhosh Echikkanam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taO28hi-9wQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/taO28hi-9wQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Asianet Cable Vision (YouTube video)}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-02-14 |title=Biriyani: The Story and the Translation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw94lnw2yXw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/rw94lnw2yXw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-21 |website=DC Books (YouTube video)}}{{cbignore}}
* [https://minglemangles.blogspot.com/2010/10/blog-post_9728.html Komala by Santhosh Echikkanam]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aechikkanam, Santhosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Padmasambhava Mahavihara monastery

2025-11-13T07:14:23Z

Robxgr: cleanup intro additionally and added references per sources

{{Short description|Buddhist Monastery in Odisha, India}}
{{No footnotes|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = '''Padmasambhava Mahavihara Monastery''' {{small| ཐུབ་བསྟན་མིན་ཌོ་གླིང་དགོན། • ପଦ୍ମସମ୍ଭବ ମହାବିହାର ମଠ}}
|pali_script =
|t=
|w=
|image =Padmasambhava Mahavihara Monastery.jpg
|image size =
|alt =ཐུབ་བསྟན་མིན་ཌོ་གླིང་དགོན། • ପଦ୍ମସମ୍ଭବ ମହାବିହାର ମଠ
|caption =
|pushpin_map =India Odisha#India
|map_caption =
|mapsize =
|location_country = India
|location= Chandragiri, [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Odisha]] {{IND}}
|founded_by =
|founded =1998
|sect =
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|festivals=
|footnotes =
|pushpin_map_alt=
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2733|N|84.2633|E|display=it}}
}}
The '''Padmasambhava Mahavihara Monastery''', also known as Thupten Mindolling Monastery located at Jeerango, [[Gajapati district]], in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]], as the main monastery belonging to the Ripa Lineage. It is said to be the largest [[Buddhist]] monastery in Eastern India. It was inaugurated by the [[Dalai Lama]] in January 2010.

== History ==
The Chinese invasion and occupation of Tibet in 1959 forced about 85,000 Tibetans including their religious and political head the 14th Dalai Lama to seek shelter in India and other places. Then Chandragiri, about 87 kilometers from Berhampur a southern town of Odisha, was chosen as one of the main six camps / settlements established in the country. The Tibetan refugees who stay at Jiranga or which is also popularly known as Chandragiri, Odisha, call this place as Phuntsokling, which in Tibetan translates to -"Land of Happiness and Plenty". Accord for the monastery was given by the Dalai Lama in 1998. The foundation stone was laid in 2003 and building was completed in 2008 at a cost of about Rs 8 crores.

== Structure ==
It is built in the Atanpuri style of architecture of [[Nalanda]] by architects from [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] assisted by local masons. It is {{convert|70|ft|m}} and five stories high, and is built on {{convert|10|acre|m2}} of land. It features a {{convert|23|ft|m}} high Buddha statue and a {{convert|17|ft|m}} Buddha Padmasambhava. Around 200 monks are resident in the monastery, which is named after [[Padmasambhava|Acharya Padmasambhava]] (who was born in [[Oddiyana]]), who is believed to have spread Buddhism to [[Tibet]] in the 7th Century. This is a school for Tibetan studies and there are students staying and reading different courses here. The five-storey monastery has a huge meditation shrine hall and other small temples, institute and hostels inside the well spread-out complex. There is an old temple located at left side of main entrance of the temple.

== Gallery ==
[[File:KORAPUT 335.jpg|none|thumb|houses for the monks]]
[[File:KORAPUT 334.jpg|thumb|facade of the monastery|left]]
[[File:KORAPUT 333.jpg|left|thumb|entrance of the Monastery ]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Lama+to+unveil+South+Asia%E2%80%99s+biggest+monastery&artid=rA1/HdwUzsQ=&SectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA=&MainSectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA=&SectionName=nUFeEOBkuKw=&SEO=Dalai%20Lama,%20Padmasambhava%20Mahavihara,%20Gyetrul%20Jigm|title=Lama to unveil South Asia's biggest monastery|date=10 Jan 2010|work=Express Buzz|publisher=The New Indian Express Group|accessdate=10 January 2010|location=Chennai}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/459548_Dalai-Lama-to-inaugurate-monastery-in-Orissa|title=Dalai Lama to inaugurate monastery in Orissa|date=10 Jan 2010|publisher=Press Trust of India|accessdate=10 January 2010}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dalai-lama-to-inaugurate-south-asia-s-biggest-monastery-in-orissa_1333024|title=Dalai Lama to inaugurate South Asia's biggest monastery in Orissa|date=10 January 2010|work=DNA (Daily News & Analysis)|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd|accessdate=10 January 2010}}
*{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100110/1416/tnl-dalai-lama-to-inaugurate-south-asia.html|title=Dalai Lama to inaugurate South Asia's biggest monastery|date=10 January 2010|work=Yahoo! India News|publisher=Yahoo India Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=10 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Gajapati district]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}

Kerala State Film Award for Best Processing Lab / Colourist

2025-11-06T05:48:42Z

Robxgr: made new stub

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Processing Lab / Colourist''' is an award presented annually at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] to the best processing lab and colourist of a Malayalam film released in an year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722074426/http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm | archive-date=22 July 2012 | title=Chalachithra Acadami }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | title=+++++++++++++ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA +++++++++++++ }}</ref>

==Winners==
===1992 – 2011===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Year
! Lab
! Film
|-
|1
|1992
|Vijaya Colour Lab
|Aham
|-
|2
|1993
|Prasad Colour Lab
|Sopanam, Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni
|-
|3
|1994
|[[Prasad Studios]]
|Swam
|-
|4
|1995
|Gemini Colour Lab
|[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Kalapani]]
|-
|5
|1996
|Gemini Colour Lab
|[[Kaliveedu]]
|-
|6
|1997
|Prasad Colour Lab
|Ennu Swantham Janakikutty
|-
|7
|1998
|Gemini Colour Lab
|Agnisakhsi, [[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]
|-
|8
|1999
|Prasad Colour Lab
|[[Vaanaprastham]]
|-
|9
|2000
|Prasad Colour Lab
|Swayamvarapanthal
|-
|10
|2001
|[[Chithranjali Studio]]
|[[Dany (film)|Dany]]
|-
|11
|2002
|Prasad Colour Lab
|[[Nizhalkuthu]]
|-
|12
|2003
|Gemini Colour Lab
|[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]
|-
|13
|2004
|[[Chithranjali Studio]]
|Oridam
|-
|14
|2005
|Gemini Colour Lab
|
|-
|15
|2006
|Gemini Colour Lab
|
|-
|16
|2007
|Prasad Colour Lab
|[[Atayalangal]]
|-
|17
|2008
|[[Chithranjali Studio]]
|[[Bioscope (2008 film)|Bioscope]]
|-
|18
|2009
|[[Chithranjali Studio]]
|[[Sufi Paranja Katha]]
|-
|19
|2010
|Prasad Colour Lab
|
|-
|20
|2011
|Gemini Colour Lab
|[[Akasathinte Niram]]
|}

===2012 – present===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Colourist
! Lab
! Film
|-
|2014
|Ranganathan
|Prism & Pixels
|[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]], [[Bangalore Days]]
|-
|2015
|
|Prasad Colour Lab
|[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]
|-
|2016
|Henroy Messia
|
|Kaadu Pookkunna Neram
|-
|2017
|
|[[Chithranjali Studio]]
|[[Bhayanakam]]
|-
|2018
|
|Prime Focus, [[Mumbai]]
|[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]
|-
|2019
|rowspan=3|Liju Prabhakar
|Rang Rays Media Works
|Idam
|-
|2020
|
|Kayattam
|-
|2021
|
|[[Churuli]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|Robert Lang
|After Studios
|[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]
|-
|R. Rangarajan
|iGene - DI and VFX
|[[Vazhakku]]
|-
|2023
|Vaishak Shiva Ganesh
|NUBE Cirrus
|[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]
|-
|2024
|{{dash}}
|Poetic Home of Cinema
|''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]'' ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala State film Award}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]

2024–25 Irani Cup

2025-10-06T02:45:29Z

Robxgr:

{{Short description|Cricket match]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 2024–25 Irani Cup
| image =
| date = 1–5 October 2024
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team1score1 = 537
| team1score2 = 329/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]
| team2score1 = 416
| details = Match drawn. Mumbai won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.
| man_of_the_match =[[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] (Mumbai)
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and Akshay Totre
| previous = [[2023–24 Irani Cup|2023–24]]
| next = [[2025–26 Irani Cup|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 Irani Cup''' was the 61st edition of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It was played as a one-off match between Mumbai, the winners of the [[2023–24 Ranji Trophy]], and a [[Rest of India cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 June 2024|title=Lucknow to host Irani Cup in Oct |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/mumbai-to-host-irani-cup-in-oct-23353052 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

It took place from 1 to 5 October 2024 in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-06 |title=BCCI announces domestic schedule for 2024/25 season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/bcci-domestic-season-schedule-2024-25-ranji-trophy-smat-dates-womens-calender-matches/article68260268.ece |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The tournament was part of the 2024 Indian domestic cricket season, announced by the BCCI in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces domestic fixtures for home season 2024-25 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556116/bcci-announces-domestic-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25?platform=domestic&type=men |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=BCCI}}</ref>

Rest of India were the defending champions.<ref>{{cite web |date= 3 October 2023|title=Irani Cup 2023-24: Spinners run riot as Rest of India hammers Saurashtra for title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/irani-cup-2023-winner-rest-of-india-beats-saurashtra-saurabh-kumar-vihari-captain-unadkat/article67376138.ece |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The one-off match was originally scheduled to be held in [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]], but it was moved to [[Ekana Cricket Stadium|Lucknow]] to guard against weather interruptions, with Mumbai going through an extended monsoon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irani Cup moved from Mumbai to Lucknow |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/irani-cup-2024-25-moved-from-mumbai-to-lucknow-1450645 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 September 2024 |title= Players selected for Irani Cup |url=https://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/news.php?PageIndex=2371 |work=Mumbai Cricket Association}}</ref>'''
![[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 September 2024 |title= Kishan picked in Rest of India squad for Irani Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1452446.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Captain
|-
|[[Ajinkya Rahane]]
|[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Batters
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* <s>[[Musheer Khan]] </s>
* [[Prithvi Shaw]]
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]*
* [[Siddhesh Lad]]
* [[Suryansh Shedge]]
* [[Ayush Mhatre]]
|valign=top|
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Ricky Bhui]]
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[Shashwat Rawat]]
* [[Sai Sudharsan]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Wicket-Keepers
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Hardik Tamore]]
* Sidhaant Addhatrao
|valign=top|
* [[Dhruv Jurel]]*
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
|-
! colspan="2" |All-Rounders
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Shams Mulani]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]]
|valign=top|
* [[Manav Suthar]]
* [[Saransh Jain]]
* [[Rahul Chahar]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bowlers
|-
|valign=top|
* Himanshu Singh
* [[Mohit Avasthi]]
* Juned Khan
* [[Royston Dias]]
|valign=top|
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
* [[Yash Dayal]]*
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
|}

==Match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–5 October 2024
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 537 (141 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] 222[[not out|*]] (286)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 5/110 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 416 (110 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] 191 (292)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mohit Avasthi]] 2/97 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 329/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (78 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 114[[not out|*]] (150)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Saransh Jain]] 6/121 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2024-25-1445825/mumbai-vs-rest-of-india-1445838/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] (Mumbai)
| toss = Rest of India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Mohammad Juned Khan and Ayush Mhatre (Mumbai) both made their first-class debuts.
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2024-25-1445825 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Irani Cup}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

Toaster (Indian film)

2025-08-28T11:23:40Z

Robxgr: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Rajkummar Rao filmography]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bhaskara (satellites)

2025-08-17T16:58:04Z

Robxgr: new a entry needs work.

{{Short description|Indian observations satellites}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{one source|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Bhaskara I''
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = Experimental Remote Sensing Earth Observation Satellite
| mission_duration = {{time interval|9 June 1979|9 June 1989}}
| spacecraft_type = Uncrewed
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|444|kg|lb}}
| power = 47 watts
| launch_date = {{start-date|7 June 1979|timezone=yes}} IST
| launch_rocket = C-1 Intercosmos Launch Vehicle
| launch_site = [[Kapustin Yar]]
}}
'''Bhaskara-I and -II''' were two satellites built by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] that formed India's first [[low Earth orbit|low-Earth orbit]] [[Earth observation satellite]]. They collected data on oceanography and hydrology. The satellites are named after the ancient Indian mathematicians [[Bhāskara I]] and [[Bhāskara II]].<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-051A Bhaskara] NASA 16 September 2017</ref> [[R. M. Vasagam]] was the project director.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-15 |title=Veteran scientist and former Anna University V-C R.M. Vasagam no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-scientist-and-former-anna-university-v-c-rm-vasagam-no-more/article69222220.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Bhaskara-I==
Bhaskara-I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on 7 June 1979 from [[Kapustin Yar]] aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital [[Apsis|perigee]] and [[Apsis|apogee]] of 394 km and 399 km at an inclination of 50.7°.<ref name="BS">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-satellite1.html#Bhaskara Bharat-rakshak.com Indian satellite systems] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516200513/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-satellite1.html#Bhaskara |date=16 May 2007 }}</ref> The satellite consisted of:

*Two [[television camera]]s operating in visible (600 nanometre) and near-infrared (800 nanometre) that collected data related to [[hydrology]], [[forestry]] and [[geology]].
*Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapour, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc.
* An X-ray sky monitor operating in 2-10 keV energy range, to detect transient X-ray sources and monitor long-term spectral and intensity changes in the X-ray sources.
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Bhaskara-II''
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = Experimental Remote Sensing Earth Observation Satellite
| mission_duration = 10 years (Re-Entered in 1991)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/bhaskara-ii |title=Bhaskara-II : ISRO |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712104331/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/bhaskara-ii |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| spacecraft_type = Uncrewed
| manufacturer = ISRO
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|444|kg|lb}}
| power = 47 watts
| launch_date = {{start-date|20 November 1981|timezone=yes}} IST
| launch_rocket = C-1 Intercosmos Launch Vehicle
| launch_site = Volgograd Launch Station
| launch_contractor =
| last_contact = 
| decay_date =
| interplanetary =
}}

== Bhaskara-II ==
The satellite provided ocean and land surface data.
It orbited at 541 × 557 km with an inclination of 50.7°.
While one of two onboard cameras malfunctioned, the satellite still sent back more than two thousand images. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re-entry in 1991.<ref name="isro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-II.aspx |title=Earth Observation Satellite |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121083629/http://isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-II.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:1984 CPA 5493.jpg|thumb|right|1984 USSR stamp featuring Bhaskara-I, Bhaskara-II and [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] satellites]]

==See also==
*[[List of Indian satellites]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskara Satellite Series}}
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:1979 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1979 in India]]
[[Category:1981 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1981 in India]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Satellites in low Earth orbit]]
[[Category:Satellite series]]

Ningthoujam Mangi Singh

2025-08-17T08:56:21Z

Robxgr:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Ningthoujam Mangi Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He previously served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]].

== Career ==
In [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]], Mangi was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] as a [[Communist Party of India]] candidate. He retained the seat in the [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]. In [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] he lost the seat to Sanasam Bira Singh of the [[Manipur State Congress Party]]. In the [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] he regained the seat and was appointed Minister of Commerce and Industries, Sericulture, Eco.& Stat. in the first [[Okram Ibobi Singh|Okram Ibobi]] [[Secular Progressive Front (2002-2012)|ministry]]. He was again elected in the [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Kumbi 2007 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2007/manipur/kumbi/24/29220/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2007/manipur/kumbi/24/29220/193 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In 2018 he joined the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2018-08-21 |title=Former Minister N Mangi join Manipur Congress |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/former-minister-n-mangi-join-manipur-congress/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] he contested as a [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] candidate but lost to [[Sanasam Premachandra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kumbi Manipur Election Result 2022 LIVE Update: Sanasam Premchandra Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kumbi-manipur-election-result-2022-live-updatewinnerloser-leadingtrailing-mla-4856522.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Ummedganj

2025-07-28T06:33:02Z

Robxgr: adding first page and citations

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

{{infobox settlement
| name = Ummedganj
| native_name = उम्मेदगंज
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| map_alt = Mahakal Century
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.796593|N|76.628618|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baran district|Baran]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Atru]]
| subdivision_type4 = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name4 = [[Antana]]
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Village Under Antana Gram Panchayat
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Smt. Prembai Nagar
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament [[Jhalawar-Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_name2 = [[Dushyant Singh]] ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]])[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|21x21px]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] Atru-Baran Legislative constituency
| leader_name3 = [[Radheshyam Bairwa]] ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]])[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|21x21px]]
| area_total_km2 = 1.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 289
| population_total = 761
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hadoti language|Hadoti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 325218
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07451
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 860 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Child sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| website =
| image_skyline =
}}

'''Ummedganj''' is a village in the [[Atru|Atru tehsil]] of the [[Baran district]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://baran.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/contact-directory/25/30176 | title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार }}</ref> in [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]]. It is a small village and have only 761 inhabitants (2011 Census).

It comes under [[Antana|Antana Gram Panchayat]]. In the village, there is an upper primary school and a small health care center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfo.net/atru-325218/area/ummedganj-408226/|title=Ummedganj - ATRU - Baran|website=www.indiainfo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villagemap.net/rajasthan/baran/atru/ummedganj-00673102883/|title=Map of Ummedganj village in Atru tahsil, Baran, Rajasthan, India|website=villagemap.net}}</ref><mapframe latitude="24.796593" longitude="76.628618" zoom="14" text="Ummedganj" width="323" height="272">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Polygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[ 76.625862, 24.799943 ],
[ 76.623373, 24.799319 ],
[ 76.622171, 24.798111 ],
[ 76.621614, 24.795928 ],
[ 76.622729, 24.794215 ],
[ 76.625476, 24.792928 ],
[ 76.628995, 24.792812 ],
[ 76.632729, 24.792929 ],
[ 76.634145, 24.794761 ],
[ 76.634359, 24.797215 ],
[ 76.631269, 24.799631 ],
[ 76.625862, 24.799943 ]
]
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}
}
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}
</mapframe>

== Agriculture ==
The village is highly dependent on agricultural activities. People in the village raise livestock like buffalos, cows, and goats. Every household owns land, but farming is difficult without significant resources. Some farmers have larger farms than others, so there is an unequal distribution of land. The input cost for plowing, sowing, maintenance, irrigation, and harvesting are very high. Most of the small farmers do not have their own water resources, so they have to obtain water from other farmers for their crop. To alleviate the economic burden of the land, small farmers often rent their land to big farmers.

== Employment ==
According to the 2011 census data, the overall literacy rate in Ummedganj is 67%. Of the total population, 416 were engaged in work activities. 46.63% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months), while 53.37% were involved in Marginal activity such as [[NREGA]], providing a livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 416 workers engaged in Main Work, 126 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 46 were agricultural labourers. Some people of the village are also employed by the government.

== Education ==
Ummedganj has an upper primary government school. Almost every child attends school. The school has a hand pump, a tubewell, and a large water tank for drinking water. There are five classrooms, one library, one office, and one kitchen. There are also separate washrooms for students. The school is situated on Musen Mata Road. The school has electricity. There are 6 teachers.<ref name="Searchschool">{{Cite web |title=Search school |url=https://rajshaladarpan.nic.in/SD4/Home/Public2/CitizenCorner/SchoolSearch_Dashboard.aspx |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=rajshaladarpan.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/baran/08310302601/g-u-p-s-umedganj.html/|title=Schools in Cluster | List of Schools in Cluster, 08310302601 District (Baran)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

[[File:Enrollment in last 5 years.png|thumb|437x437px|School student enrollment in last 5 years]]

== Transport ==
The village is connected by road to [[Atru]], Tehsil, and other nearby villages. The roads were built according to Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Yojna, a plan created by Central Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govinfo.me/gramin-gaurav-path-scheme-rajasthan/|title=Gramin Gaurav Path Scheme in Rajasthan / ग्रामीण गौरव पथ योजना|date=1 March 2017|website=GovInfo.me}}</ref>

== Geographical information ==
Ummedganj is located between the Bhupasi River and the Balukhal River in the southern part of [[Rajasthan]]. The cartographic coordinates are 24.796593°N 76.628618°E. According to census data from 2011, the area of the village is 295.07 hectares.

== Households and population ==
There are about 150 families in the village. Ummedganj has a population of 761, of which 409 are males while 352 are females, according to Population Census 2011.

In Ummedganj, the population of children ages 0–6 is 110, which makes up 14.45% of the total population of the village. The average sex ratio of Ummedganj is 861, which is lower than Rajasthan's state average of 928. The child sex ratio for Ummedganj is 964, higher than Rajasthan's average of 888.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://plan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/planning-portal/Directorate%20of%20Economics%20and%20Statistics/PDF/Indicators/Block%20Wise%20Population/Baran-T_F.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412123307/https://plan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/planning-portal/Directorate%20of%20Economics%20and%20Statistics/PDF/Indicators/Block%20Wise%20Population/Baran-T_F.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Literacy rate ==
Ummedganj has a higher literacy rate compared to Rajasthan. In 2011, the literacy rate of Ummedganj was 68.36%, compared to 66.11% in Rajasthan. In Ummedganj, male literacy stands at 86.40%, while the female literacy rate is 46.98%.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0830_PART_B_DCHB_BARAN.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117053425/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0830_PART_B_DCHB_BARAN.pdf | archive-date=2020-11-17 | title=RAJASTHAN - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK}}</ref>

== Religious places ==
There are two temples in this village. One temple is of Radha Krishna, which was inaugurated the year 1996. The second temple is of Lord Hanuman. There are platforms of many Hindu deities in the village. 

== COVID-19 outbreak ==
[[COVID-19]] spread in the village in June 2021. A large number of people in the village tested positive for the virus. District Magistrate & Collector Rajendra Vijay issued prohibitory orders declaring the entire periphery area of Ummedganj a micro-containment zone to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus. This order was effective until 12 midnight on 21 June 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokvarta.net/micro-content-zone-declared-in-village-ummedganj/ | title=ग्राम उम्मेदगंज में माईक्रो कन्टेनमेन्ट जोन घोषित | date=22 May 2021 | access-date=12 April 2022 | archive-date=30 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330045110/https://www.lokvarta.net/micro-content-zone-declared-in-village-ummedganj/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Alcohol addiction in the village ==
Many people of the village are addicted to alcohol. Most of them include youth. Due to this alcohol addiction, the family condition of the alcoholic in the village is also bad due to which small children are adversely affected. Motor cycle accidents of alcoholics keep happening in the village frequently. Sometimes these alcoholics have even died due to excessive drinking.

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Villages in Baran district]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru Tehsil]]

K. P. Suveeran

2025-07-21T18:20:28Z

Robxgr: made data

[[File:Suveeran.jpg|thumb|K. P. Suveeran]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
'''K. P. Suveeran''' is a film and drama director from [[Kozhikode]]. His first movie [[Byari (film)|''Byari'']] won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title='Byari' bags National Award for Best Film, 'Dirty' Balan Best Actress|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37228:byari-bags-national-award-for-best-film-dirty-balan-best-actress&catid=57:news-stories&Itemid=68|publisher=CoastalDigest.com, India|accessdate=17 August 2015|date=7 March 2012}}</ref> This is the first feature film to be made in the [[Beary language]].<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=T Ramavarman|title=Theatre experience fuels Suveeran's film journey|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Theatre-experience-fuels-Suveerans-film-journey/articleshow/12179747.cms|accessdate=17 August 2015|publisher=Times of India|date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

==Biography==
Suveeran is a native of [[Azhiyur]], Kozhikode. After completing his course at the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]] and the School of Performing Arts, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], though he was expelled from the [[National School of Drama]], Delhi in his final year.<ref name="toi"/> Recognized as an [[actor]], [[Director (film)|director]] and [[painter]], he has to his credit almost thirty [[play (theatre)|plays]] and four [[short films]] which have also received many awards. He has also published articles in leading [[periodicals]] in [[Kerala]], published many [[short stories]] and a novelette and translated the plays [[Yerma]], Island and Crime Passional into [[Malayalam]].

Suveeran started his career as a director in Malayalam [[amateur drama]], and first came to notice with his plays ''Agni'', and ''Udambadokkolam''. He secured the [[Sangeetha Nataka Academy]] awards for three years and the Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Award in 2011 for his latest drama ''[[Ayussinte Pusthakam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/263506/ |title=ഒരു രാത്രികൊണ്ട് പിറന്ന താരം.?, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217114527/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/263506/ |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
*[[Byari (film)|''Byari'']]
*''[[Mazhayathu]]''

==Awards and recognition==
* National Film Award for Best Feature Film, India, 2011 - ''Byari''
* SAARC Best Feature Film (Bronze), 2012 - ''Byari''<ref>{{cite web|title=SAARC Film Festival Concludes with Pakistan and Sri Lanka Bagging Best Documentary & Best Feature Film Respectively|url=http://www.saarcculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160:saarc-film-festival-concludes-with-pakistan-and-sri-lanka-bagging-best-documentary-a-best-feature-film-respectively&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=98|publisher=SAARC Cultural Centre|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>
* Theatre Award, 2011 - ''[[Ayussinte Pusthakam]]''
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi fellowships for 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2020 |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910085405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |archive-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* Recipient of Ladly National Media Award
* Bharathan Purasaaram
* Drishya Kala Ratna

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suveeran, K. P.}}
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

B. D. Behring

2025-07-13T17:31:31Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''B. D. Behring''' (1 March 1946 – 27 June 2025) was an Indian politician from [[Manipur]] belonging to the [[Janata Dal]] party.

Behring was elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly from Chandel constituency in 1990.

He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 10 April 1990 from Manipur. However, he resigned immediately.<ref name="Rajya Sabha" />{{why|date=November 2013}}

Behring resided at Khambathel Village near [[Sugnu]].<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/b.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members' Biographical Sketches 1952 - 2003 |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament House, New Delhi. }}</ref> He died after a long illness at a hospital in Delhi, on 27 June 2025, at the age of 79.<ref>[https://eastmojo.com/news/2025/06/28/manipur-former-rajya-sabha-mp-behring-passes-away-at-79/ Manipur: Former Rajya Sabha MP Behring passes away at 79]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055411/http://manipurassembly.nic.in/html/rajmp.htm Rajya Sabha Member, Manipur]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behring, B. D.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Chandel district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2000–2002]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

Gurdwara Khooni Sahib

2025-04-20T19:20:13Z

Robxgr: starting first info v1

{{Short description|Historical and holy place in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}
{{notability|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Sri Khooni Sahib''' is a [[gurudwara]] in [[Mani Majra|Manimajra]], a small town in Chandigarh, India. The gurdwara is located about one kilometer from the [[Mata Mansa Devi Temple, Hasampur|Mata Mansa Devi Temple]], a Hindu temple. It is located in Manimajra village Bhansa Tibba.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== History ==
[[Guru Gobind Singh Ji]] came to Sri Khooni Sahib from Narayanpur in 1746 (Vikram Samvat) at the request of Anpoorna, a Brahmin girl who worshiped Guru Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh Ji meditated here for 17 hours. While staying here, Anpoorna served food to Guru Sahib and the people who came with him. Seeing this, Guru Sahib blessed him that a temple will be built in his name in front of the gurdwara and whoever comes here with true devotion, his wishes will be fulfilled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Koohni Sahib Gurdwara - Chandigarh Kuhni Sahib Gurdwara - Gurudwara Bageecha Sahib Near Chandigarh |url=http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/religious-places/gurudwara-koohni-sahib.html |website=www.chandigarh.co.uk}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|30.71946|76.84844|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]