https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Robigk 2026-07-28T04:30:26Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudiyatham_Assembly_constituency&diff=501275 2026-05-08T09:13:13Z

<p>Robigk: starting first details from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gudiyatham<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 46<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Gudiyatham.svg<br /> | district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sindhu | K.Sindhu]]<br /> | party = {{ Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | electors = 251,588<br /> }}<br /> '''Gudiyatham''' or 'Gudiyattam' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 46. It comprises portions of the [[Gudiyattam taluk|Gudiyattam]] and [[Vaniyambadi taluk]]s and is a part of [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | A. J. Arunachala Mudaliar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1954<br /> | [[K. Kamarajar]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[V. K. Kothandaraman]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[T. Manavalan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | V. K. Kothandaraman<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[E. K. Duraiswamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[V. K. Gothandaraman]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[K. R. Sundaram]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[R. Govindasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | K. R. Sundaram<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[V. Dhandayuthapani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[V. G. Dhanapal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[C. M. Suryakala]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[G. Latha]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[K. Lingamuthu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnibn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Election Results|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamilnadu-assembly-elections-result-2011/tamilnadu.cms|access-date=2011-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[C. Jayanthi Padmanabhan]]&lt;ref&gt;Disqualification by Assembly Speaker 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]<br /> | [[S. Kathavarayan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[V. Amulu]]<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |[[K. Sindhu]]<br /> |<br /> | [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.07}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|39.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|23.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|43.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|29.54}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.97}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|21.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.13}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Paritha Purushothaman|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=64,122|percentage=27.99|change={{loss}}16.55}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Pratap {{!}} DMDK (DMK alliance)|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=72,761|percentage=31.76|change={{loss}}16.07}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Imalan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=5,802|percentage=2.53|change={{loss}}3.11}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sindhu]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=82,858|percentage=36.17|change={{profit}}36.17 - ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=799|percentage=0.35|change={{loss}}0.46}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,097 |percentage=4.41 |change=1.12}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=229,076|percentage=89.81|change=+18.58}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =251,588 |change =−38089 (13.15%) }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=TVK|loser=DMK |swing=New }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Amulu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=100,412 |percentage=47.83% |change={{loss}}4.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Paritha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,511 |percentage=44.54% |change={{profit}}6.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalaiyenthiri |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,834 |percentage=5.64% |change=5.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Jayanthi Padmanabhan]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,822 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,699 |percentage=0.81% |change=-0.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raja |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=505 |percentage=0.24% |change=-0.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=482 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jaikarthikeyan |party=Independent politician |votes=449 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Lakshmipathy |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Elumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gunaseelan |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,901 |percentage=3.29% |change=-2.60% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=209,931 |percentage=72.47% |change= -1.64% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=331 |percentage=0.16% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 289,677 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Gudiyattam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC046.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216061901/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC046.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[S. Kathavarayan]]<br /> |votes = 1,06,137<br /> |percentage = 52.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = R. Moorthy<br /> |votes = 78,296<br /> |percentage = 38.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[C. Jayanthi Padmanabhan]]<br /> |votes = 8,186<br /> |percentage = 4.01<br /> |change = +4.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |candidate = R. Kalaiyenthiri<br /> |votes = 4,670<br /> |percentage = 2.29<br /> |change = +2.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Makkal Needhi Maiam<br /> |candidate = S. Venkatesan<br /> |votes = 3,287<br /> |percentage = 1.69<br /> |change = +1.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 2,838<br /> |percentage = 1.39<br /> |change = +1.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 27,841<br /> |percentage = 13.65<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 2,03,959<br /> |percentage = 75.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Jayanthi Padmanabhan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,689 |percentage=48.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajamarthandan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,219 |percentage=42.68% |change=-2.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Deepa |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,505 |percentage=3.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Lingamuthu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,140 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,241 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ganesan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=891 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=876 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=529 |percentage=0.27% |change=-0.55% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senur Pon. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajamanikkam |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vinoth |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,470 |percentage=5.88% |change=2.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=194,988 |percentage=74.11% |change= -2.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,119 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Lingamuthu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=79,416 |percentage=49.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajamarthandan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,574 |percentage=45.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Bharathi |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,687 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vadivelan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,416 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Karunanithi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,335 |percentage=0.82% |change=0.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Maganathan |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,168 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mathi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,053 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Baskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramesh Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=558 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Kanagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=499 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=297 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,842 |percentage=3.61% |change=2.25% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=210,194 |percentage=76.99% |change= 8.83% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,833 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 9.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Latha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=48,166 |percentage=39.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. N. Palani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,516 |percentage=38.34% |change=-18.71% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. Sudhish |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=20,557 |percentage=16.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,500 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Govindaraji |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,073 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=997 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Karunanidhi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=965 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Sankaran |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Tamilselvan |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,650 |percentage=1.36% |change=-21.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=121,338 |percentage=68.16% |change= 3.17% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,024 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.35% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. Suryakala |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,128 |percentage=57.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Duraisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,804 |percentage=34.35% |change=-14.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Panneer |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,197 |percentage=3.92% |change=-4.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Devaraji |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,135 |percentage=1.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lakshmikanthan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,046 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbuselvakumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=842 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,324 |percentage=22.70% |change=-6.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,152 |percentage=64.99% |change= -1.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,937 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. G. Dhanapal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,837 |percentage=48.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramgopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,701 |percentage=19.61% |change=-44.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venugopal |party=Independent politician |votes=13,713 |percentage=13.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Panneer |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,037 |percentage=8.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Viswanathan |party=MGRM |votes=7,099 |percentage=7.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Eswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,363 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gouse Basha |party=Independent politician |votes=354 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Gangadharan |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muralirajan |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,136 |percentage=29.00% |change=-6.23% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=100,453 |percentage=66.77% |change= 1.90% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,659 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Dhandayuthapani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,796 |percentage=64.41% |change=49.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Paramasivam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,897 |percentage=29.17% |change=5.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Rajavel |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,323 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. G. Prabakaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,390 |percentage=2.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gunsekaran |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=268 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ramachandaran |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Logu |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,899 |percentage=35.23% |change=33.02% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,053 |percentage=64.87% |change= -7.11% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,089 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 40.95% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=22,037 |percentage=23.46% |change=-2.09% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venugopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,958 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Sundararajulu |party=Independent politician |votes=18,348 |percentage=19.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,353 |percentage=15.28% |change=-23.87% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayapal |party=Independent politician |votes=7,140 |percentage=7.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Jayanthilal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,247 |percentage=5.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Yuvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,860 |percentage=4.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kumarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=996 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,079 |percentage=2.21% |change=-5.66% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,943 |percentage=71.98% |change= -4.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,687 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.69% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,077 |percentage=39.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=25,630 |percentage=31.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,930 |percentage=25.55% |change=-18.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. C. Subramaniyam |party=Independent politician |votes=981 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. B. Akbar |party=Independent politician |votes=743 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=495 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=300 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. S. Mohammed Jinna |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Murugan Alias Durai Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,447 |percentage=7.87% |change=-6.26% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,928 |percentage=76.34% |change= 12.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,465 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -4.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,869 |percentage=43.87% |change=14.33% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Wahab |party=Independent politician |votes=20,929 |percentage=29.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Sundra Rajulu |party=Janata Party |votes=17,832 |percentage=25.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=735 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,940 |percentage=14.13% |change=10.48% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,365 |percentage=64.28% |change= -1.84% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,942 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 14.33% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Kothandaraman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,590 |percentage=29.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soundararajulu Naidu |party=Janata Party |votes=18,046 |percentage=25.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,753 |percentage=22.60% |change=-7.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Muniyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,224 |percentage=17.54% |change=-38.84% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munasamy Choudary |party=Independent politician |votes=1,564 |percentage=2.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Ghanesan |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,544 |percentage=3.65% |change=-22.76% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=69,692 |percentage=66.13% |change= -5.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,905 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. K. Duraiswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,954 |percentage=56.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. A. Adimoolam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,580 |percentage=29.97% |change=-4.56% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Kothandaraman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,721 |percentage=9.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,745 |percentage=4.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,374 |percentage=26.41% |change=-0.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,000 |percentage=71.36% |change= -7.24% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,545 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -4.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Kothandaraman]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=38,825 |percentage=61.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. R. Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,901 |percentage=34.53% |change=-10.44% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kannabiran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,708 |percentage=4.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,924 |percentage=26.68% |change=8.31% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,434 |percentage=78.60% |change= 15.65% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,177 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Manavalan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,795 |percentage=44.97% |change=23.50% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuppuswamy |party=Republican Party of India |votes=15,258 |percentage=26.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munuswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,801 |percentage=24.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,506 |percentage=4.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,537 |percentage=18.37% |change=18.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=57,360 |percentage=62.96% |change= -27.75% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,434 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 23.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Kothandaraman]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=33,811 |percentage=21.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Manavalan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,341 |percentage=21.47% |change=1.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnasami (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=29,310 |percentage=18.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samasivan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,593 |percentage=10.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pulavar A. Mani Ezhilan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=10,751 |percentage=6.92% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=470 |percentage=0.30% |change=-4.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=155,268 |percentage=90.71% |change= -4.81% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,171 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudiyatham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. J. Arunachala Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,101 |percentage=20.13% |change=20.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Rajagopala Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=18,940 |percentage=15.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Kannabiran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,817 |percentage=12.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Annalthango |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=11,829 |percentage=9.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanapal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=10,405 |percentage=8.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=6,655 |percentage=5.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. J. Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=5,861 |percentage=4.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. A. Govindaraja Mudaliar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,023 |percentage=4.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perkodian |party=Independent politician |votes=4,284 |percentage=3.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,161 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=119,732 |percentage=95.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,352 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|12.95|78.88|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Vellore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Institute_of_Applied_Management_Sciences&diff=542671 2026-05-02T11:11:50Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University Institute of Applied Management Sciences<br /> | image = UIAMS_LOGO.jpg<br /> | motto = To create an excellence<br /> | established = {{start date and age|df=yes|2008}}<br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]<br /> | affiliations = [[Panjab University]]<br /> | director = Anupreet Kaur Mavi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Director's Message | website=University Institute of Applied Management Sciences Panjab University Chandigarh India | url=http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/director-message.php | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | city = Sector 25<br /> | state = [[Chandigarh]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | campus = [[urban area|Urban]]<br /> | students = 336&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Holidays dampen canvassing at PU | website=The Tribune | date=2018-09-02 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/holidays-dampen-canvassing-at-pu/646490.html | access-date=2018-09-09 | archive-date=9 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909152048/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/holidays-dampen-canvassing-at-pu/646490.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | faculty = <br /> | staff = <br /> | website = {{URL |http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/ }}<br /> | sports_nickname = UIAMS<br /> | logo = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''University Institute of Applied Management Sciences''' ('''UIAMS''') is an Indian [[business school]] that comes under the aegis of the [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]]. It is one of the business schools in India which started offering sectoral [[MBA]] programmes supplemented with specialization in core functional areas of management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Delhi |first=IndiaToday.in New |date=12 January 2016 |title=PU-MET 2016: Exam on March 12 : Notification |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/pumet-303339-2016-01-12 |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=IndiaToday |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127084855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/pumet/1/568263.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was established in 2008 and one of the top MBA college in the city of [[Chandigarh]].&lt;ref&gt;https://studycafe.in/top-10-mba-colleges-in-chandigarh-149317.html&lt;/ref&gt; UIAMS offers management education to professional managers as specialized full-time MBA programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;About 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=University Institute of Applied Management Sciences Panjab University Chandigarh India | website=About | date=26 June 2016 | url=http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/ | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/management-experts-to-prepare-plan-to-solve-panjab-universitys-fiscal-problem-4772381/|title=Management experts to prepare plan to solve Panjab University's fiscal problem|date=2017-07-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The business school was established in 2008.<br /> <br /> In 2009 and 2017, MBA students of UIAMS department were elected president of [[Panjab University Campus Students Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090905/cth1.htm#1|title=SOPU-INSO alliance wins all 4 seats|website=The Tribune|access-date=2019-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/meet-the-new-president-of-panjab-university-student-council-nsui-s-jashan-kamboj/story-7LgJDcXDcDuFaaLzm3etcN.html|title=VIDEO Meet NSUI's Jashan Kamboj, the new president of Panjab University student council|date=2017-09-07|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Courses==<br /> UIAMS offers the following courses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Placement Brochure | website=University Institute of Applied Management Sciences Panjab University Chandigarh India | url=http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/placement.php | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; MBA sectoral at UIAMS is a two year course.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Delhi |first=IndiaToday.in New |date=12 January 2016 |title=PU-MET 2016: Exam on March 12 : Notification |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/pumet-303339-2016-01-12 |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=IndiaToday |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127084855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/pumet/1/568263.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sectoral MBA programmes are supplemented with specialization in core functional areas of management including Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Management Institutes in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&amp;K &amp; the NCR | website=The Tribune| date=2017-05-25 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/guide-to-best-colleges/management-institutes-in-punjab-haryana-himachal-pradesh-j-k-the-ncr/412786.html | access-date=2018-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=University Institute of Applied Management Sciences Panjab University Chandigarh India | website=About | date=2017-03-13 | url=http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/ | access-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * MBA (Banking and Insurance)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/panjab-university-plans-to-increase-seats-in-17-courses-raise-fee/articleshow/67951496.cms|title=Panjab University plans to increase seats in 17 courses, raise fee|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * MBA (Hospital Management)<br /> * MBA (Infrastructural Management)<br /> * MBA (Pharmaceutical Management)<br /> * MBA (Retail Management)<br /> * MBA (IT &amp; Telecommunications)<br /> * MBA (Capital Market)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=45% posts vacant in UIAMS, dept plans new MBA course | website=The Tribune| date=2019-02-06 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/45-posts-vacant-in-uiams-dept-plans-new-mba-course/724529.html | access-date=2019-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PHD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/uiams-to-soon-get-phd-research-centre/articleshow/66916141.cms|title=UIAMS to soon get PhD research centre|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08|agency=Ist}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Student life and participation==<br /> The student life at UIAMS is full of activities that stretch well beyond the classroom as they involve themselves in the various student's activities as well as contribute to the institute. As a Full Time MBA student at UIAMS, one gets an opportunity to join the different student run bodies E-Cell, PR cell, UIAMS Management Club etc., which coordinates several activities on campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Talk by Prof Hardev Singh at UIAMS on Innovative Entrepreneurship | website=Punjab News Express | date=26 November 2016 | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/campus-buzz/news/talk-by-prof-hardev-singh-at-uiams-on-innovative-entrepreneurship-54527.aspx | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> UIAMS has academic exchange programme with [[Nottingham Trent University]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/bespoke-easter-school-theme-revisit-india%E2%80%99-running-panjab-university-april-2-13|title=The Bespoke Easter School on the theme `Revisit India' running at Panjab University from April 2–13|website=www.cityairnews.com|access-date=2019-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> UIAMS annually organizes three day Management cum Academic fest known as ''PRAZNIK''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/UIAMS-Praznik-begins-on-a-colourful-note/articleshow/7783553.cms|title=UIAMS Praznik begins on a colourful note - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-students-of-UIAMS-University-Institute-of-Applied-Management-Sciences-Panjab-University-is-organizing-a-Management-cum-Academic-fest-PRAZNIK-at-the-university-campus-from-March-24-to-26-/articleshow/7761301.cms|title=The students of UIAMS (University Institute of Applied Management Sciences) Panjab University, is organizing a Management cum Academic fest PRAZNIK at the university campus from March 24 to 26. - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/feature/218891/university-institute-of-applied-man.html|title=University Institute of Applied Management Sciences, Feature Photo, Students of the 'University In...|website=timescontent.com|access-date=2018-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; and quiz event at university campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cityairnews.com/content/spellecrama-inter-department-quiz-competition-uiams|title=SPELLECRAMA AN INTER-DEPARTMENT QUIZ COMPETITION AT UIAMS|website=cityairnews.com|access-date=2018-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''SAMYUKT'' is the annual alumni meet event at UIAMS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121022/cth1.htm|title=Day of nostalgia at UIAMS|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are regular [[Seminar]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=PU holds seminar on women empowerment | website=Indian Express | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pu-holds-seminar-on-women-empowerment/715010/ | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Seminar on entrepreneurship for budding managers News &amp; Updates | website=Panjab University, Chandigarh, India | date=11 February 2011 | url=http://news.puchd.ac.in/show-news.php?id=88&amp;title=Seminar+on+entrepreneurship+for+budding+managers | accessdate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; interactive sessions,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Talk by Prof Hardev Singh at UIAMS on Innovative Entrepreneurship, PU|url=http://www.upulse.in/talk-by-prof-hardev-singh-at-uiams-on-innovative-entrepreneurship-pu/}}&lt;/ref&gt; expert talks by eminent personalities are conducted on campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/uk-home-to-1-5mn-indian-diaspora/articleshow/67967441.cms|title='UK home to 1.5 million Indian diaspora' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Each academic session is started with an orientation programme where successful entrepreneurs and business leaders share their success mantras with freshers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/uiams-hosts-orientation-for-students/articleshow/65018560.cms|title=UIAMS hosts orientation for students - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Photo exhibition at UIAMS | website=The Tribune| date=2019-07-18 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/photo-exhibition-at-uiams/803622.html | access-date=2019-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Frames capture beauty of nature | website=The Times of India | date=2019-07-22 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/frames-capture-beauty-of-nature/articleshow/70332864.cms | access-date=2019-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Expert to MBA students: Dream big, formulate success strategy | website=The Tribune Chandigarh | date=2018-07-17 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/expert-to-mba-students-dream-big-formulate-success-strategy/621821.html | access-date=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/ Official Website of UIAMS, Chandigarh]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Business schools in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Panjab University]]<br /> [[Category:Universities in Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:University departments in India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Chandigarh]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idream_R._Murthy&diff=503671 2026-04-22T05:13:57Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Idream R. Murthy<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2 May 2021<br /> | term_end = 4 May 2026<br /> | constituency = [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]<br /> | party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | predecessor = [[D. Jayakumar]]<br /> | father = P. Ramar<br /> | spouse = M. Maragatham<br /> | children = Rishikesh Sriram Murthy &lt;br /&gt; Ragul Priyadarshan Murthy <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Idream R. Murthy''' is an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222082242/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC017.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC017.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=royapuram Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a017|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://chennai.nic.in/elected-representatives-er/ |access-date=29 Apr 2022 |title=Elected Representatives, Chennai District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429051051/https://chennai.nic.in/elected-representatives-er/ |archive-date=29 Apr 2022 |website=www.chennai.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance ==<br /> {{transcluded section|source=Royapuram Assembly constituency}}<br /> {{trim|{{#section-h:Royapuram Assembly constituency|2021}}}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Idream R}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> <br /> {{DMK-politician-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barhait_Assembly_constituency&diff=489841 2026-04-19T19:16:37Z

<p>Robigk: starting initial data from scratch - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Barhait<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Barhait constituency map.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = Jharkhand<br /> | district = [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]<br /> | constituency_no = 3<br /> | established = 2000<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | incumbent_image = Hemant Soren 2024.jpg<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Hemant Soren]]&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]}}<br /> | party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Hemlal Murmu]]&lt;Br&gt;[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> {{coord|24|53|20|N|87|36|26|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Jharkhand]]}}|display=title}}<br /> '''Barhait Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=jhceo&gt;{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC &amp; PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chief minister of state represents this constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Barhait Assembly constituency covers: Barhait and Ranga Police Stations in Sahebganj district; and Sundarpahari Police Station and Rajabhita, Kero, Kairasol, Bara Telo and Barapipra gram panchayats in Boarijar Police station in Godda district.&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].&lt;ref name=delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> Barhait Assembly constituency is part of [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''Before 1957: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||rowspan=2|[[Babulal Tudu]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan=3|[[Masih Soren]] ||{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||[[Parmeshwar Hembrom]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=2|[[Thomas Hansda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan=3|[[Hemlal Murmu]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | [[Thomas Soren]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | [[Hemlal Murmu]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Hemant Soren]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=95,612 |percentage=58.95% |change={{increase}}5.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gamliyel Hembrom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,821 |percentage=34.42% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Soren |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=2,181 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sebastion Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,781 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,469 |percentage=2.14% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,791 |percentage=24.53% |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,197 |percentage=71.81% |change= {{increase}}1.29 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,885 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}5.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=73,725 |percentage=53.49% |change={{increase}}7.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Malto |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,985 |percentage=34.82% |change={{increase}}6.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hopna Tudu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,622 |percentage=1.90% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gamliyel Hembrom |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,573 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Kumar Maraiya |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,844 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lili Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,302 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barnard Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,209 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,566 |percentage=1.86% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,740 |percentage=18.68% |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,822 |percentage=70.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.39 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,453 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}7.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=62,515 |percentage=46.18% |change={{increase}}6.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemlal Murmu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,428 |percentage=28.38% |change={{increase}}19.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Malto |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=14,161 |percentage=10.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monika Kisku |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,151 |percentage=5.28% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanatan Murmu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,555 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,274 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhoto Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,270 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,462 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,087 |percentage=17.79% |change= {{decrease}}2.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,382 |percentage=72.90% |change= {{increase}}12.34 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,700 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}6.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemlal Murmu]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=40,621 |percentage=40.04% |change={{decrease}}5.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Hansdak |party=Independent politician |votes=20,303 |percentage=20.01% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Malto |party=Independent politician |votes=14,163 |percentage=13.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,490 |percentage=9.35% |change={{decrease}}21.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=5,278 |percentage=5.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael Marandi |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=3,109 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choto Hansda |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,224 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,318 |percentage=20.03% |change= {{increase}}5.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,448 |percentage=60.56% |change= {{increase}}3.82 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,515 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}5.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2005===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Soren |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=42,332 |percentage=45.92% |change={{decrease}}21.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Malto |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,593 |percentage=31.02% |change={{increase}}29.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,893 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Charan Kisku |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,741 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhoto Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,221 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarman Baski |party=Independent politician |votes=2,111 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mary Baski |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,103 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,739 |percentage=14.90% |change= {{decrease}}23.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,190 |percentage=56.74% |change= {{decrease}}11.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,489 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}21.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2000===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemlal Murmu]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=66,599 |percentage=67.56% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourens Hansda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,473 |percentage=28.89% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masih Soren |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,807 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyan Deo Tudu |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=524 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,126 |percentage=38.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,572 |percentage=69.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,92<br /> |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Barhait (community development block)]]<br /> *[[Boarijore]]<br /> *[[Sunderpahari]]<br /> *[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Sahibganj district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khunti_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=509843 2026-04-19T08:38:23Z

<p>Robigk: done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Jharkhand}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Khunti &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|JH-11}}<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Khunti.map}}<br /> | map_caption =Interactive map of Khunti Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | mp = [[Kali Charan Munda]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Arjun Munda]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | reservation= ST<br /> | assembly_cons =[[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]] &lt;br&gt;[[Tamar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Torpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Torpa]]&lt;br&gt;[[Khunti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]&lt;br&gt;[[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kolebira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolebira]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khunti Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the fourteen [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for candidates belonging to [[Adivasi|scheduled tribes]]. This constituency covers all of [[Khunti district|Khunti]] and [[Simdega district|Simdega]] districts and parts of [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] and [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] districts.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> The Khunti Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments, all of which are reserved for scheduled tribes:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |title=Parliamentary Constituency |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |57<br /> |[[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]] (ST)<br /> |[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]<br /> |[[Dashrath Gagrai]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |58<br /> |[[Tamar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamar]] (ST)<br /> |[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]<br /> |[[Vikash Kumar Munda|Vikas Kumar Munda]]<br /> |-<br /> |59<br /> |[[Torpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Torpa]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Khunti district|Khunti]]<br /> |[[Sudeep Gudhiya]]<br /> |-<br /> |60<br /> |[[Khunti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khunti]] (ST)<br /> |[[Ram Surya Munda]]<br /> |-<br /> |70<br /> |[[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Simdega district|Simdega]]<br /> |[[Bhushan Bara]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |71<br /> |[[Kolebira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolebira]] (ST)<br /> |[[Naman Bixal Kongari]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Name <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951-52 Indian general election|1951-52]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Jaipal Singh Munda]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Jharkhand Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[Niral Enem Horo]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Kariya Munda]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |[[Niral Enem Horo]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Jharkhand Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[Simon Tigga]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Kariya Munda]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Sushila Kerketta]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kariya Munda]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[Arjun Munda]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Kali Charan Munda]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Khunti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khunti&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khunti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2711.htm |access-date=26 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Kali Charan Munda]]<br /> |party= Indian National Congress <br /> |votes= 5,11,647<br /> |percentage= 54.62<br /> |change={{up}}8.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Arjun Munda]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,61,972|percentage=38.64|change={{down}}7.43}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=21,919|percentage=2.34|change={{down}}0.25}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,49,675|percentage=15.98|change={{up}}15.81}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=9,40,247|percentage=70.73|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Khunti]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Arjun Munda]]<br /> |votes = 3,82,638<br /> |percentage = 45.97<br /> |change = +9.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Kali Charan Munda<br /> |votes = 3,81,193<br /> |percentage = 45.80<br /> |change = +25.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 21,245<br /> |percentage = 2.55<br /> |change = -0.68<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |candidate = Meenakshi Munda<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]<br /> |votes = 10,989<br /> |percentage = 1.32<br /> |change = +1.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Ajay Topno<br /> |party = Jharkhand Party<br /> |votes = 8,838<br /> |percentage = 1.06<br /> |change = -22.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate =Indumati Mundu<br /> |votes = 7,663<br /> |percentage = 0.92<br /> |change = N/A<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,445<br /> |percentage = 0.17<br /> |change = -12.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 8,32,834<br /> |percentage = 69.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Khunti]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kariya Munda]]<br /> |votes = 2,69,185<br /> |percentage = 36.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Party<br /> |candidate = [[Anosh Ekka]]<br /> |votes = 1,76,937<br /> |percentage = 23.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kalicharan Munda]]<br /> |votes = 1,47,017<br /> |percentage = 19.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All Jharkhand Students Union<br /> |candidate = Neil Tirkey<br /> |votes = 27,158<br /> |percentage = 3.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)<br /> |candidate = Basant Kumar Longa<br /> |votes = 24,514<br /> |percentage = 3.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 23,816<br /> |percentage = 3.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 92,248<br /> |percentage = 12.50<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 7,37,611<br /> |percentage = 66.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Khunti]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kariya Munda]]<br /> |votes = 2,10,214<br /> |percentage = 41.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate =Neil Tirkey<br /> |votes = 1,30,039<br /> |percentage =25.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Party<br /> |candidate =Nishikant Horo<br /> |votes = 84,025<br /> |percentage = 16.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =80,175<br /> |percentage = 15.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =5,10,343<br /> |percentage =52.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Khunti district]]<br /> * [[Simdega district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/khunti/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Khunti lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.07|85.28|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Khunti district]]<br /> [[Category:Simdega district]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=538512 2026-04-15T23:26:22Z

<p>Robigk: created article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Surat East<br /> | mla = Arvind Shantilal Rana<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Surat district|Surat]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:215031}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 159<br /> }}<br /> '''Surat East''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district.<br /> <br /> ==List of segments==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Surat City Taluka (Part) – [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 30.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly== <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br /> |rowspan=2| Ranjitbhai Gilitwala ||rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}} <br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Arvind Rana|Arvind Shantilal Rana]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |- <br /> | [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|Jariwala|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Surat East Assembly constituency }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Arvind Shantilal Rana<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 73,142<br /> |percentage = 52.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Aslam Firoz Cyclewala<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 59,125<br /> |percentage = 42.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Wasim Ikbalbhai Khokar (Kureshi)<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |votes = 1,671<br /> |percentage = 1.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,494<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 14,017<br /> |percentage = 10.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,39,460<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors ={{formatnum:213664}}<br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Surat East&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Arvind Shantilal Rana<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 72,638<br /> |percentage = 53.65<br /> |change = +0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Nitin Bharucha<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 59,291<br /> |percentage = 43.79<br /> |change = +2.01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 13,347<br /> |percentage = 9.86<br /> |change = -1.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,35,390<br /> |percentage = 67.25<br /> |change = -4.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors ={{formatnum:201331}}<br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Ranjitbhai Gilitwala<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 72649<br /> |percentage = 53.39<br /> |change =<br /> }}{{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Kadir Pirzada<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 56860<br /> |percentage = 41.78<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 15789<br /> |percentage = 11.60<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 136079<br /> |percentage = 71.32<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|21.2|72.89|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Surat]]<br /> [[Category:Year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Surat district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasoda_Munda&diff=505769 2026-04-15T16:22:23Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{more footnotes|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian football player}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Jasoda Munda<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|4|3|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]], India<br /> | height = 1.63 m&lt;ref name=&quot;AFC-squad-list&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | position = [[Mifielder (association football)|Midfielder]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]<br /> | clubnumber = 8<br /> | youthyears1 = 2016–2018<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]<br /> | years1 = 2018–2019<br /> | clubs1 = [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]<br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | years2 = 2021–2022<br /> | clubs2 = [[Odisha Police]]<br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | years3 = 2022<br /> | clubs3 = [[Government of Odisha|Sports Odisha]]<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | years4 = 2022–2025<br /> | clubs4 = [[Odisha FC (women)|Odisha]]<br /> | caps4 = <br /> | goals4 = <br /> | years5 = 2025–<br /> | clubs5 = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]<br /> | caps5 = <br /> | goals5 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2026–<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 2<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 0<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> | club-update = 3 March 2026<br /> | nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026<br /> }}<br /> '''Jasoda Munda''' (born 3 April 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Odisha]], who plays as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]] and the [[India women's national football team]]. She has also played for [[Odisha FC (women)|Odisha FCW]], [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]], and [[Government of Odisha|Sports Odisha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ori&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jasoda Munda|url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MzMwMw==|publisher=orisports.com|access-date=5 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Munda grew up in a region known for producing talented footballers and went on to pursue her education at Deba Ray College in Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar while simultaneously developing her football career. A hardworking and versatile player, she currently works as an employee of the [[Odisha Police]], having been appointed as a Police Constable by the [[Government of Odisha]] in June 2021.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Munda played for the Sambalpur Women's football team until 2014 and later made the switch to Nita Football Academy in Bhubaneswar in 2016. Jasoda has represented [[Odisha women's football team]] in the U-18, U-19 and Senior levels. Her participation in the Senior Nationals got her a job with [[Odisha Police]], who she represented post the pandemic from 2021. Jasoda played her first [[Odisha Women's League]] in 2018 for [[Rising Students Club]].<br /> <br /> Munda's club career includes stints with [[Rising Student Club]], [[Odisha Police]] and [[Government of Odisha|Sports Odisha]], and she was signed by [[Odisha FC Women]], highlighting her progression in the top tier of Indian women's football. Recently, she represented [[Nita Football Academy]] in the [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]] season.<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===International===<br /> {{Updated|15 April 2026}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> |2026<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Total<br /> !2<br /> !0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''Odisha'''<br /> *[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Odisha FC take home the IWL trophy with stunning ease|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-take-home-the-iwl-trophy-with-stunning-ease/|website=i-league.org|publisher=I-League|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Odisha Women's League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]<br /> <br /> '''Odisha Police'''<br /> * [[Odisha Women's League]]: [[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]]<br /> <br /> '''Rising Students Club'''<br /> * [[Odisha Women's League]]: [[2020–21 Odisha Women's League|2020–21]]<br /> <br /> '''Odisha (state)'''<br /> * [[National Games of India|National Games]]: [[2023 National Games of India|2023]], [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National Games 2022, October 10 HIGHLIGHTS: Manipur wins women’s football gold; Tamil Nadu tops Group A in men’s volleyball |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; (runner-up)<br /> * [[Khelo India Beach Games]]: 2025<br /> * [[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]: 2017–18 (runner-up)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/76015?type=club Jasoda Munda] at All India Football Federation<br /> <br /> {{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Munda, Jasoda}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:2001 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:India women's international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Women's association football defenders]]<br /> [[Category:Rising Students Club players]]<br /> [[Category:Sports Odisha players]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]<br /> [[Category:Nita Football Academy players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Women's League players]]<br /> [[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udayagiri_Assembly_constituency&diff=542325 2026-04-14T03:38:10Z

<p>Robigk: created a info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Udayagiri<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (123-Udayagiri highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Udayagiri Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br /> | mla = [[Kakarla Suresh]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | constituency_no = 123<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | electors = 231,202<br /> | type = SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Udayagiri Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> [[Kakarla Suresh]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2024, there are a total of 231,202 electors in the constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2024}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br /> <br /> == Mandal ==<br /> There are Eight Mandals.<br /> <br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandals<br /> |-<br /> | Jaladanki<br /> |-<br /> | Seetharamapuram<br /> |-<br /> | Udayagiri<br /> |-<br /> | Varikuntapadu<br /> |-<br /> | Vinjamur<br /> |-<br /> | Duttalur<br /> |-<br /> | Kaligiri<br /> |-<br /> | Kondapuram<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | Kovi Ramayya Chowdary<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br /> | Sheik Moula Saheb<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | P. Venkat Reddy<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | N. Dhanenkula<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | [[Ponneboyina Chenchuramaiah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |[[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | Madala Janakiram<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Kambam Vijaya Rami Reddy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=3 |[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 by-election<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | Bollineni Venkata Ramarao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | [[Kakarla Suresh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kovi Ramayya Chowdary |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=18,022 |percentage=49.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bezawada Gopala Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,644 |percentage=43.20% |change=43.20% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maddur Chinna Reddi |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,544 |percentage=7.03% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,378 |percentage=6.57% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,210 |percentage=58.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,398 |change = }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1955===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Shaik Moula Saheb|party= Indian National Congress |votes=8,446 |percentage=35.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kotapati Guruswami Reddy |party= Communist Party of India |votes=7,868 |percentage=32.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=578 |percentage=2.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=23,865 |percentage=45.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,003 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=P Venkata Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=17,128 |percentage=50.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= S Papi Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,726 |percentage=31.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,402 |percentage=18.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,482 |percentage=63.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,791 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Narasimhulu Dhanekula|party= Swatantra Party |votes=29,500 |percentage=54.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramaiah Chowdary Kovi|party= Indian National Congress |votes=19,826 |percentage=36.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,674 |percentage=17.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=56,667 |percentage=66.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,316 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Swatantra Party ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1972===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Ponneboyina Chenchu Ramaiah|party= Indian National Congress |votes=30,082 |percentage=55.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mada A Thimmaiah |party= Swatantra Party |votes=15,868 |percentage=29.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,214 |percentage=26.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,529 |percentage=58.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,973 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Swatantra Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1978===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]]|party= Janata Party |votes=33,268 |percentage=47.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janakiram Madala |party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=23,608 |percentage=34.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ponneboyina Chenchu Ramaiah |party= Indian National Congress |votes=7,390 |percentage=10.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajaram Reddy Ganapam |party= Independent (politician) |votes=3,278 |percentage=4.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,660 |percentage=13.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,436 |percentage=67.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,904 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner= Janata Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1983===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]]|party= Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,694 |percentage=59.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=22,194|percentage=30.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,500 |percentage=28.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,790 |percentage=66.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,166 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1985===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=34,464 |percentage=49.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy |party= Independent (politician) |votes=18,951|percentage=27.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,513|percentage=22.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,976 |percentage=61.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,705 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Janakiram Madala|party= Indian National Congress|votes=46,556 |percentage=51.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,794 |percentage=47.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3762 |percentage=4.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,318|percentage=68.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,106|change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1994===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|party= Independent (politician) |votes=51,712 |percentage=61.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janakiram Madala |party= Indian National Congress |votes=26,793|percentage=31.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,919 |percentage=19.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,601 |percentage=69.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,990|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Udayagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|votes=43,995|percentage=49.98|change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=39,220|percentage=44.56|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=4,775|percentage=5.42|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=90,201|percentage=66.37|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,191|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party <br /> |loser = Independent (politician)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=55,076|percentage=61.66|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|votes=32,001|percentage=35.83|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=23,075|percentage=25.83|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=89,319|percentage=74.31|change=+9.54}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,191|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=69,352|percentage=46.92|change=-14.74}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|votes=55,870|percentage=37.80|change=+1.97}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Sunkara Anjanadri|votes=14,512|percentage=9.82|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=13,482|percentage=9.12|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=147,807|percentage=72.53|change=-1.78}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,782|change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSRCP|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=75,103|percentage=46.82|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bollineni Venkata Rama Rao|votes=44,505|percentage=27.74|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kambham Vijayarami Reddy|votes=34,489|percentage=21.50|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=30,598|percentage=19.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,410|percentage=81.85|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,963|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bollineni Venkata Rama Rao|votes=85,873|percentage=48.93|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=82,251|percentage=46.87|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=3,622|percentage=2.06|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=175,505|percentage=77.64|change=+5.11}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,246|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = YSR Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]|votes=1,06,487|percentage=57.31|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bollineni Venkata Rama Rao|votes=69,959|percentage=37.65|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gundlapalli Bharat Kumar|votes=3,102|percentage=1.67|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=36,528|percentage=19.66|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=185933|percentage=80.42|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,202|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Udayagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kakarla Suresh|Suresh Kakarla]]<br /> |votes = 101,537<br /> |percentage = 50.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Mekapati Rajagopal Reddy<br /> |votes = 91,916<br /> |percentage = 45.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = Somu Anil Kumar Reddy<br /> |votes = 2,512<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = None Of The Above <br /> |votes = 2,072<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 9,621<br /> |percentage = 4.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 2,00,892<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = YSR Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|14.8667|N|79.3167|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Nellore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamba_Assembly_constituency&diff=493234 2026-04-14T03:20:38Z

<p>Robigk: starting basic post first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chamba<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 3<br /> | map_image = 3-Chamba constituency.svg<br /> | mla = [[Neeraj Nayar]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Chamba district|Chamba]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:84616}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|1}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Chamba Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. Chamba is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chamba Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chamba.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br /> | Chattar Singh ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |rowspan=3| [[Kishori Lal (Chamba politician)|Kishori Lal]] ||rowspan=3| <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br /> |rowspan=2| Sagar Chand Nayar ||rowspan=2| <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br /> | [[Kishori Lal (Chamba politician)|Kishori Lal]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> |rowspan=3| [[Harsh Mahajan]]<br /> |rowspan=3| <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br /> |rowspan=2| Bal Krishan Chauhan<br /> |rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Pawan Nayyar]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br /> |[[Neeraj Nayar]]||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Neeraj Nayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,783 |percentage=53.28% |change={{increase}}8.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Nayyar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,001 |percentage=40.63% |change={{decrease}}7.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indira Kapoor |party=Independent politician |votes=2,443 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=539 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shasi Kant |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=356 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,782 |percentage=12.65% |change= {{increase}}9.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,528 |percentage=72.71% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,616 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Nayyar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,763 |percentage=48.43% |change={{increase}}9.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Neeraj Nayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,884 |percentage=45.03% |change={{increase}}10.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. D. K. Soni |party=Independent politician |votes=725 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=674 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=562 |percentage=1.02% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,879 |percentage=3.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,258 |percentage=73.39% |change= {{decrease}}1.37 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,289 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.26 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.82 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,714 |percentage=38.62% |change={{decrease}}18.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Nayyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,780 |percentage=34.83% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,813 |percentage=21.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,310 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noordeen Noorani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=482 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=388 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. L. Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=354 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,934 |percentage=3.79% |change= {{decrease}}14.82 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,051 |percentage=74.76% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,705 |percentage=57.41% |change={{increase}}12.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Nayyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,048 |percentage=38.80% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vineet Puri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=960 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=798 |percentage=1.72% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,657 |percentage=18.61% |change= {{increase}}13.60 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=46,513 |percentage=72.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,373 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.38 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harsh Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,829 |percentage=50.04% |change={{decrease}}4.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,642 |percentage=45.02% |change={{increase}}5.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=850 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=654 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. P. Malhotra |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=650 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,187 |percentage=5.01% |change= {{decrease}}9.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=43,625 |percentage=77.56% |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,344 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harsh Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,562 |percentage=54.07% |change={{decrease}}5.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Krishan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,411 |percentage=39.83% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=898 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mani |party=Communist Party of India |votes=582 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. P. Malhotra |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishore Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,151 |percentage=14.24% |change= {{decrease}}5.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,179 |percentage=70.64% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,908 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harsh Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,435 |percentage=59.56% |change={{increase}}19.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,585 |percentage=39.60% |change={{decrease}}18.80 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,850 |percentage=19.97% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=34,309 |percentage=72.48% |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,699 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,938 |percentage=58.40% |change={{increase}}17.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,189 |percentage=39.68% |change={{decrease}}14.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Shiel |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=232 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janki Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,749 |percentage=18.72% |change= {{increase}}5.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=30,716 |percentage=67.82% |change= {{decrease}}0.53 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,528 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.22 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.83 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,278 |percentage=54.57% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,946 |percentage=40.88% |change={{decrease}}1.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=909 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Shiel |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,332 |percentage=13.69% |change= {{increase}}1.87 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,332 |percentage=68.45% |change= {{decrease}}3.40 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,786 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.45 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,744 |percentage=54.60% |change={{increase}}14.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,983 |percentage=42.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirpa Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=271 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}59.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Shiel |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,761 |percentage=11.83% |change= {{decrease}}8.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=23,342 |percentage=72.15% |change= {{increase}}8.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,697 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=11,239 |percentage=60.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,393 |percentage=39.68% |change={{decrease}}3.26 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,846 |percentage=20.64% |change= {{increase}}19.16 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=18,632 |percentage=64.03% |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,474 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.42 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}15.90 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=7,314 |percentage=44.42% |change={{decrease}}24.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,070 |percentage=42.94% |change={{increase}}13.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,081 |percentage=12.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=244 |percentage=1.48% |change= {{decrease}}38.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,465 |percentage=53.55% |change= {{increase}}11.34 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.46 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}24.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=7,783 |percentage=69.09% |change={{increase}}45.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,261 |percentage=28.95% |change={{decrease}}32.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,522 |percentage=40.14% |change= {{increase}}3.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,265 |percentage=42.06% |change= {{increase}}15.47 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,517 |ref = |change= {{increase}}66.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.97 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,567 |percentage=61.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangat Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,010 |percentage=24.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manhat Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=7.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lall |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=308 |percentage=7.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,557 |percentage=37.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,200 |percentage=25.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,494 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Chamba district]]<br /> * [[Kangra district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|32.55|76.13|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Chamba district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laghum%C4%81nasa&diff=511531 2026-04-14T00:51:16Z

<p>Robigk: starting - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sanskrit astronomical text (c. 932 CE)}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Laghu-mānasa<br /> | author = [[Mañjula]]<br /> | title_orig = लघुमानस<br /> | orig_lang_code = sa<br /> | translator = N.K. Majumdar, Kripa Shankar Shukla<br /> | country = Ancient India<br /> | language = [[Sanskrit]]<br /> | subject = Astronomical calculations<br /> | genre = [[karana (astronomy)|karana]]<br /> | pub_date = c. 932 CE<br /> | english_pub_date = 1951, 1990<br /> }}<br /> '''''Laghu-mānasa''''' (c. 932 CE) is a [[Sanskrit]]-language text on astronomy by the Indian astronomer [[Mañjula]]. It is a ''[[karana (astronomy)|karana]]'' text containing simple rules for astronomical calculations, aimed at [[panchanga]]-makers. It remained highly popular across a vast region of present-day India for several years: the first pre-modern commentary on it was written in [[Kashmir]] in 958, and the last one was written in 1732 in [[Kerala]].<br /> <br /> == Date and authorship ==<br /> <br /> ''Laghu-mānasa'' is the only surviving work of Mañjula,{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=iii}} whose geographic location is not known.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=50-51}} Mañjula adopted 10 March 932 CE (Saturday noon of [[Chaitra]] 1, [[Shaka era|Shaka]] 854) as the [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]] of calculation in text, which suggests that he started composing the text sometime in 932 CE.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=2}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Suryadeva Yajvan|Surya-deva Yajva]]'s commentary on the text, Mañjula studied several works on astronomy, and summarized them in an earlier work called ''Laghu-mānasa''. He asked one of his pupils to take a copy of the work to the local king. The pupil did so, but took credit for writing the work. When Mañjula later visited the king, he asked the king to test him and the pupil by making them write another text on the same day, in the king's custody. Mañjula then wrote the present-day ''Laghu-mānasa'', while the pupil was unable to write anything. The king banished the pupil, rewarded Mañjula, and popularized the latest ''Laghu-mānasa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kim Plofker |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691120676 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&amp;pg=PA108 |page=108 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=98-99}}<br /> <br /> == Content ==<br /> <br /> ''Laghu-mānasa'', also called ''Laghumanāsam'',{{sfn|Dennis W. Duke|2007|p=1}} is a ''[[karana (astronomy)|karana]]'' text, that is, a work containing short and simple rules for astronomical calculations aimed to help the [[panchanga]]-makers.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=5}} It is the smallest ''karana'' text of classical Indian astronomy: the main text contains 60 ''[[anushtubh]]''-metre verses that provide the rules,{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=6}} plus an additional 5 ''[[arya metre|arya]]''-metre verses that provide the [[epoch (astronomy)|epochal]] constants required for the calculations. According to commentator Surya-deva Yajva, Mañjula wrote the additional verses in the ''arya'' metre so as not to mix up the constants with the main text, and to remind the reader to revise the consonants every 100 years.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=9}}<br /> <br /> The text provides much of the planetary model information known to the contemporary Indian astronomers, and appears to derive information from earlier sources including [[Aryabhata]]'s various works (c. 500), [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta|Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta]]'' (c. 628 CE), and Lata-deva's ''[[Surya Siddhanta|Surya-siddhanta]]'' (6th century).{{sfn|Dennis W. Duke|2007|p=1}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;<br /> |+ Content of the ''Laghu-mānasa'' as per K.S. Shukla's critical edition{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=6-9}}<br /> ! Verse(s) !! Content<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || Introduction: description of the author as a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] of the [[Bharadvaja]] [[gotra]]; objective of the text - to provide short and unprecedented rules for astronomical calculations<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Conditions under which the specified rules will give accurate results<br /> |-<br /> | 3-4 || Calculation of ''dyugana'', a variable used in other calculations<br /> |-<br /> | 5-10 || Rules for calculating mean positions<br /> |-<br /> | 11-12 || Definition of the terms ''kendra'', ''bhuja'', and ''koti'' used in other calculations<br /> |-<br /> | 13-17 || Computation of the equations of the centre and the true mean velocity of a planet<br /> |-<br /> | 18-19 || Lunar correction comprising the [[evection]] and the deficit of the Moon's equation of the centre<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || Correction for the local longitude<br /> |-<br /> | 21 || Calculation of the elements of the [[panchanga]]: ''tithi'', ''karana'', ''nakshatra'', and ''yoga''<br /> |-<br /> | 22 || Ascensional difference of the Sun<br /> |-<br /> | 23 || Oblique ascensions of the tropical signs<br /> |-<br /> | 24 || Longitude of the rising point of the ecliptic (''lagna'') and the corresponding time in ''nadis'' (''ishtanadi'')<br /> |-<br /> | 25 || Length of the day and the Sun's hour angle<br /> |-<br /> | 26-28 || Shadow of the gnomon<br /> |-<br /> | 29-30 || The sun's hour angle<br /> |-<br /> | 31-32 || Occurrence of the conjunction (in longitude) of two planets, and days elapsed since (or to elapse before) the conjunction<br /> |-<br /> | 33-35 || Diameters of the sun, the moon, the earth's shadow cone at the moon's distance, and the planets<br /> |-<br /> | 36-37 || Latitudes of the moon etc.<br /> |-<br /> | 38 || Distance between the centres of two planets at the time of their conjunction (in longitude)<br /> |-<br /> | 39 || Parallax in longitude<br /> |-<br /> | 40 || Meridian ecliptic point<br /> |-<br /> | 41 || Parallax in latitude<br /> |-<br /> | 42 || Correction for parallax in latitude<br /> |-<br /> | 43-52 || Eclipse-related calculations<br /> |-<br /> | 53 || Position of the sun at the time of the [[helical rising]] or setting of a planet<br /> |-<br /> | 53' || In Yallaya's commentary and a manuscript, this verse replaces verses 51–52, and provides rule for visibility corrections<br /> |-<br /> | 54 || Helical rising and setting of Canopus<br /> |-<br /> | 55 || True ascensional difference for a planet<br /> |-<br /> | 56 || Duration of the ''[[Vyatipāta|vyatīpāta]]'' and ''vaidhṛta'' phenomena<br /> |-<br /> | 57 || Shadow cast by the gnomon due to moonlight<br /> |-<br /> | 58 || Measure of bright or dark part of the moon<br /> |-<br /> | 59 || Depiction of the bright or dark part of the moon in the diagram<br /> |-<br /> | 59' || In Yallaya's commentary and a manuscript, this verse supplements verse 59<br /> |-<br /> | 60 || Conclusion: number of verses in the book, warning to imitators<br /> |-<br /> | 1'-5' || ''Arya'' metre verses providing the epochal constants. Mañjula has provided certain constants, and the later commentators have revised these to suit their own period. One manuscript replaces these verses with 9 verses that provide the same constants plus some additional constants.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chapters ===<br /> <br /> Different commentators divide the text into chapters in different ways.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=9}} The critical edition by K.S. Shukla divides the text into 9 chapters (Sanskrit names in [[IAST]]):{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=viii,61-69}}<br /> <br /> # ''Dhruvaka-nirūpaṇādhikāraḥ'' (Dhruvakas or constant parameters): Verses 1–2, 1'-5'<br /> # ''Madhyagatyadhikāraḥ'' (Mean motion): Verses 3-10<br /> # ''Sphuṭa-gatyadhikāraḥ'' (True motion): Verses 11-17<br /> # ''Prakirṇakādhikāraḥ'' (Miscellaneous topics): Verses 18-21<br /> # ''Tripraśnādhikāraḥ'' (The three problems): Verses 22-30<br /> # ''Graha-yuti-grahaṇadvaya-parilekhanādhikāraḥ'' (Conjunction of two planets, eclipses, and their graphical representation): Verses 31-50<br /> # ''Grahodayādhikāraḥ'' (Rising and setting of heavenly bodies): Verses 51-55<br /> # ''Mahāpātādhikāraḥ'' (''Vyatīpāta'' and ''Vaidhṛta''): Verse 56<br /> # ''Candraśṛṅgonnatyadhikāraḥ'' (Elevation of moon's horns): Verses 57-77<br /> <br /> Pratashti-dhara divides the text into 8 chapters:{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=9-10}}<br /> <br /> # ''Dhruvaka-nirūpaṇādhikāra'': Verses 1–2, 1'-5'<br /> # ''Madhyagatyadhikāra'': Verses 3-10<br /> # ''Sphuṭa-gatyadhikāra'': Verses 11-17<br /> # ''Prakirṇakādhikāra'': Verses 18-21<br /> # ''Tripraśnādhikāra'': Verses 22-30<br /> # ''Graha-yuti-grahaṇadvaya-parilekhanādhikāra'': Verses 31-50<br /> # ''Grahodayāstadhikāraḥ'': Verses 51-55<br /> # ''Mahāpātendu-śṛṅgonnatyadhikāra'': Verses 56-60<br /> <br /> Surya-deva Yajva divides the text into 4 chapters, sub-dividing the first chapter into 3 sections:{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=10}}<br /> <br /> # Chapter 1<br /> ## ''Madhyamādhikāra'': Verses 1–10, 1'-5'<br /> ## ''Sphuṭa-gatyadhikāra'': Verses 11-17<br /> ## ''Prakirṇakādhikāra'': Verses 18-21<br /> # ''Tripraśnādhyāya'': Verses 22-30<br /> # ''Grahaṇādhyāya'': Verses 31-50<br /> # ''Grahodayāstamayādhikāra'': Verses 51-60<br /> <br /> [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Parameshvara]]'s classification is almost same as that of Surya-deva Yajva, but he titles the fourth chapter ''Saṃkīrṇādhikāra''. He includes an additional verse (53' in Shukla's critical edition), but states that some people omit it.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=10-11}}<br /> <br /> Yallaya and Bhūdhara divide the text into 8 chapters:{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=11}}<br /> <br /> # ''Madhya-grahādhikāra'': Verses 1–10, 20<br /> # ''Graha-sphuṭādhikāra'': Verses 11–19, 21<br /> # ''Tripraśnādhikāraḥ'': Verses 22-30<br /> # ''Grahaṇa-graha-yuti-parilekhanādhyāya'': Verses 31-50<br /> # ''Grahodayāstādhikāra'': Verses 53' and 53-55<br /> # ''Mahāpātādhikāra'': Verse 56<br /> # ''Candracchāyādhikāra'': Verse 57<br /> # ''Candraśṛṅgonnatyadhikāra'': Verses 58', 58-60<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> ''Laghu-mānasa'' provides short and simple calendaric methods, generally not known to the earlier Indian astronomers, and thus, became an important work in the Indian astronomy. It is the earliest known text to use the process of differentiation in finding the velocity of a planet. It also the earliest known Indian text to outline the lunar correction comprising [[evection]] (commentator Yallaya attributes this correction to the ''Vateshvara-siddhanta'', but the surviving manuscripts of that work do not mention it). Unlike earlier astronomers, Mañjula rejects the theory of oscillatory motion of the equinoxes, and recommends a progressive precessional motion.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=iii, 12}}<br /> <br /> ''Laghu-mānasa'' was popular across a vast area of present-day India, as evident from the commentaries written on it. Commentators on the work include Prashastidhara of [[Kashmir]], Surya-deva Yajva of Gangai-konda-Cholapuram (Tamil Nadu); Yallaya of Skanda-someshvara (Andhra Pradesh); [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Parameshvara]] of Alattur (Kerala), Bhudhara of [[Kampilya]] (Uttar Pradesh), and an anonymous commentator of Karnata-desha (Karnataka). Writers from several other places adopted or referred to Mañjula's work; for example, [[Bhoja]] of Malwa (Madhya Pradesh), Dashabala of Gujarat, [[Bhaskara II]] of Bida (Maharashtra), and Shri-datta of [[Nepal]]a.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=50-51}}<br /> <br /> The work was especially popular in present-day Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, as late as until the 17th-18th centuries, as attested by the composition of Telugu (1695 CE) and Malayalam (1732 CE) commentaries there.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=50-51}}<br /> <br /> == Commentaries and derivative texts ==<br /> <br /> Historical commentaries on the text include:{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=vii,16-17}}<br /> <br /> * Sanskrit commentary (958 CE) by Prashasti-dhara of Kashmir<br /> * Sanskrit commentary (1248 CE) by [[Suryadeva Yajvan|Surya-deva Yajva]] of Andhra<br /> * Sanskrit commentary (1409 CE) by [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Parameshvara]] of Kerala<br /> * Sanskrit commentary (1486 CE) by Yallaya of Andhra<br /> * Sanskrit commentary (1572 CE) by Bhudhara of Kampilya<br /> * Sanskrit commentary by an unknown author from Karnata-desha (present-day Karnataka)<br /> * ''Daivajñamanollāsa'' (1695 CE),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=2 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ |page=13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Telugu commentary by Ayyalu Somayaji Balaya<br /> * Malayalam commentary (1732 CE), attributed to Puthumana Soamayaji<br /> <br /> The following historical works are derived from the ''Laghu-mānasa'':{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=15, 17-18}}<br /> <br /> * A text (1178 CE), possibly a commentary, by Mallikarjuna Suri; quoted in Yallaya's commentary<br /> ** A commentator on Mallikarjuna's work may have been responsible for introducing two corrections in Mañjula's work.<br /> * ''Makaranda-mānasa'' (1478 CE), a now-lost work by Makaranda; mentioned in Bhudhara's commentary; possibly a revised edition of Laghu-mānasa with new initial constants (epoch)<br /> ''Laghu-mānasaritya Surya-chandra-grahananayanam'' is a 16th-century text based on ''Laghu-mānasa''<br /> <br /> The following texts adopt Mañjula's rules:{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=50,81-83}}<br /> <br /> * ''Rajamrganka'' (11th century), attributed to [[Bhoja]] of Malwa; adopts several of Mañjula's verses with or without alteration<br /> * ''Ganakananda'' (1460 CE) of Surya Suri alias Suryacharya of Andhra, the teacher of Yallaya<br /> * ''Siddhanta-sara'' (1596 CE) of Mallaya Yajva of Andhra<br /> * ''Karanamrta''(1530 CE) by Chitrabhanu of Shivapura (Covvuram) in present-day Kerala; adopts several verses<br /> * ''Siddhanta-sangraha'' (1606 CE) of Vira Suri, son of Kottachenna of Andhra<br /> * ''Graha-ganita-bhaskara''(1613 CE) by Tamma Yajva of Andhra<br /> * ''Karana-kamala-martanda'' of Dashabala; adopts Mañjula's formula for evection, and improves his formula for calculating the hour-angle from the day-length<br /> * '''Karanottama'' of Achyuta (died 1621) of Kerala; adopts several verses with or without alteration<br /> <br /> == Critical editions ==<br /> <br /> A printed edition with commentary of Parameshvara was published as part of the Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series from Pune in 1944. An English translation by N.K. Majumdar was published from Calcutta in 1951.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=196}}<br /> <br /> Kripa Shankar Shukla's critical edition of the text with an English translation and notes was published as a supplement to the Volume 25 of the ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' (1990) by the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=iii}} It was based on 11 manuscripts, available at [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Government Oriental Library]] (Mysore; now Oriental Research Institute), Government Oriental Manuscripts Library (Madras), and [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampurnananda Sanskrit University Library]] (Varanasi).{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|pp=52-55}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=K.S. Shukla |title=Supplement: A critical study of the Laghumānasa of Mañjula |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=25 |issue=1–4 |year=1990 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmu4AAAAIAAJ |oclc=24307203 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=Dennis W. Duke |title=The Second Lunar Anomaly in Ancient Indian Astronomy |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |issn=0003-9519 |volume=61 |issue=2 |year=2007 |pages=147–157 |jstor=41134243}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/laghumānasawithparamesvaravyakhyabalvantdattatreyaapteanandashram_762_o Laghu mānasa with commentary by Paramesvara] edited by Balvant Dattatreya Apte<br /> <br /> [[Category:10th-century books]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Sanskrit literature]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya_Lalage&diff=484659 2026-04-13T06:21:56Z

<p>Robigk: starting new pg initial version - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2003)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey player<br /> | name = Aditya Lalage<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Aditya Arjun Lalage<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Vidala, [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | height = <br /> | position = Forward<br /> | currentclub = [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]<br /> | clubs1 = Hockey Maharashtra<br /> | years1 = <br /> | clubs2 = [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]<br /> | years2 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2023<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 17<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 6<br /> | nationalyears2 = 2024–<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = 8<br /> | nationalgoals2 = 3<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Salalah]]|}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Aditya Arjun Lalage''' (born 15 January 2003) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aditya Arjun Lalage - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/aditya-lalage-profile-7475 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his Indian debut in the two-match series against Germany in October 2024. He is a forward and represents Maharashtra and [[Services Sports Control Board]] in the domestic tournaments. He plays for [[Delhi SG Pipers]], in the Hero Hockey India League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-24 |title=IND vs GER, bilateral hockey series: Aditya Lalage’s goal in penalty shoot-out creates controversy |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/aditya-lalage-india-vs-germany-2024-bilateral-series-penalty-shootout-goal-controversy-explained/article68791354.ece |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Lalage is from a farmer's family in Vidala village, [[Satara district|Satara]], Maharashtra. He is the youngest of four children. He learnt his basics at Krida Prabodhini Academy, a Maharashtra government's sports scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Chak De! India' inspired Shah Rukh Khan fan Aditya Arjun Lalage to take up hockey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/chak-de-india-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-fan-aditya-arjun-lalage-to-take-up-hockey-3241813 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikdar |first=Sandip |date=23 October 2024 |title=New India hockey forward Aditya chases his Chak De! moments |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/new-india-hockey-forward-aditya-chases-his-chak-de-moments-101729628520554.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was into [[sugarcane]] farming, helping his family members in the farms, but soon took up hockey after he was inspired by the film, [[Chak De! India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Lalage was part of the junior India team that won the [[gold medal]] in the Men's Junior Asia Cup 2023. Later, he was also part of the team that won a [[bronze medal]] in the [[Sultan of Johor Cup]] at Johor Bahru, Malaysia. In December 2023, he played the [[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]] at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where India finished fourth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He scored three goals in the tournament, two against Canada and one in the quarterfinals against the [[Netherlands men's national under-21 field hockey team|Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-12-09 |title=Hockey Men’s Junior World Cup: India beats Canada 10-1, makes it to quarterfinals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/india-beats-canada-10-1-fih-hockey-mens-junior-world-cup-2023-results-makes-it-quarterfinals/article67621830.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Junior Hockey World Cup: India Beat Netherlands 4-3 In Thrilling Quarterfinal {{!}} Hockey News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/junior-hockey-world-cup-india-beat-netherlands-4-3-in-thrilling-quarterfinal-4659803 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Sports links}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lalage, Aditya}}<br /> [[Category:2003 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:People from Satara district]]<br /> [[Category:Men's field hockey forwards]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Peter_Ellis&diff=541096 2026-04-12T06:33:54Z

<p>Robigk: created new stub</p> <hr /> <div>'''Thomas Peter Ellis''' (4 June 1873 - 1936) was a Welsh judge in the [[Indian Civil Service]].&lt;ref name=Wales&gt;{{cite web |last=Williams|first=Stephen Joseph|title=Ellis, Thomas Peter (1873 - 1936), judge (I.C.S.) and authority on Punjab customary law and medieval Welsh law|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-ELLI-PET-1873 |website=biography.wales |access-date=6 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207093849/https://biography.wales/article/s-ELLI-PET-1873|archive-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O’Dwyer |first1=Michael |title=India as I knew it 1885-1925 |date=1925 |publisher=Constable &amp; Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13879/page/235/mode/2up|pages=235, 339, 353}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dhillon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D |language=en |issn=0018-246X |url-access=subscription|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=C&amp;MG1924&gt;{{cite news |title=The O'Dwyer Case|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19240613/112/0009|access-date=7 February 2026 |work=Civil &amp; Military Gazette |date=13 June 1924|location=Lahore |page=9|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Thomas Ellis was born in Wrexham, Wales, on 4 June 1873, to Peter Ellis and Mary.&lt;ref name=Wales/&gt; Following his father's premature death, he spent his childhood with his mother on a farm near [[Glyndyfrdwy]].&lt;ref name=Wales/&gt; He completed his early education from Oswestry high school and then gained admission to [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]], [[Oxford]].&lt;ref name=Wales/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:Bedd Thomas Peter Ellis 1873 - 1936.jpg|thumb|Grave of Thomas Peter Ellis 1873 - 1936]]<br /> Ellis died in 1936.&lt;ref name=Wales/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected publications==<br /> *{{cite book |title=Law of Pre-emption in the Punjab |date=1945 |publisher=Law Book Company |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Law_of_Pre_emption_in_the_Punjab/pPPQngEACAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Notes on Punjab custom |date=1921 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/notesonpunjabcus00elli/page/n3/mode/2up}}<br /> *'' Digest of Civil Law for the Punjab'' (1921), revision of {{cite book |last1=Rattington |first1=W. H. |title=Digest of civil law for the Punjab, Customary law as at present judiciary ascertained |date=1901 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazettee, Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7395}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Welsh Tribal Law and Custom in the Middle Ages by T.P. Ellis |date=1926 |publisher=At the Clarendon Press |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Welsh_Tribal_Law_and_Custom_in_the_Middl/4GWttgAACAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{UK-bio-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ellis, Thomas Peter}}<br /> [[Category:1873 births]]<br /> [[Category:1936 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Wrexham]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&diff=463582 2026-03-29T15:45:24Z

<p>Robigk: reworked article for accuracy and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|American non-profit digital archive}}<br /> {{redirect-distinguish|archive.org|arXiv|archive.today}}<br /> {{use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{use American English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{infobox website<br /> | name = Internet Archive<br /> | logo = [[File:Internet Archive logo and wordmark.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|alt=Internet Archive logo]]<br /> | logo_size = 194px<br /> | logo_alt = Logo of Internet Archive<br /> | caption = Logo of the Internet Archive<br /> | company_type = [[501(c)(3) organization|Nonprofit organization]]<br /> | website_type = [[Digital library]]<br /> | language = English<br /> | launch_date = {{start date and age|1996}}<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1996|05|10}}<br /> | location = {{Plainlist|<br /> * 300 Funston Avenue<br /> * [[Richmond District, San Francisco|Richmond District]]<br /> * [[San Francisco]], California, U.S.<br /> * {{coord|37.782321|-122.471611|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=title,inline}}<br /> }}<br /> | founder = [[Brewster Kahle]]<br /> | chairman = Brewster Kahle<br /> | services = {{ubl|[[#Archive-It|Archive-It]]|[[Open Library]]|[[Wayback Machine]] (since 2001)|[[#Vault|Vault]]|Netlabels|[[NASA]] Images|[[Prelinger Archives]]}}<br /> | revenue = {{Decrease}} $23.7 million (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;form990-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202413189349306331/full|title=Full text of &quot;Full Filing&quot; for fiscal year ending Dec. 2023|date=May 9, 2013 |via=[[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer|access-date=June 13, 2025|archive-date=December 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231221120/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202413189349306331/full|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | assets = {{Increase}} $16.6 million (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;form990-2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> | num_employees = {{Decrease}} 122 (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202233199349312193/full|title=Full text of &quot;Full Filing&quot; for fiscal year ending Dec. 2021|date=May 9, 2013 |via=[[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer|access-date=June 13, 2025|archive-date=April 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415075005/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202233199349312193/full|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | commercial = No<br /> | current_status = Active&lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE STATUS UNLESS ENTIRE SITE IS DOWN for multiple days. isitdownrightnow.com is useful to track short duration outages. We are an encyclopedia, not a website health check with minute to minute updates. --&gt;<br /> | url = {{Official URL}}{{br}}{{Onion URL|archivep75mbjunhxc6x4j5mwjmomyxb573v42baldlqu56ruil2oiad}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Offline Internet Archive |url=https://blog.archive.org/the-offline-internet-archive/ |website=Internet Archive Blogs |date=25 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | module = {{Infobox network service provider|child=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Internet Archive - 5079018246.jpg|thumb|Since late 2009, the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the [[Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco)|Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist]] in San Francisco, California.]]<br /> <br /> The '''Internet Archive''' is an American [[501(c)(3) organization|non-profit]] library founded in 1996 by [[Brewster Kahle]] that runs a [[digital library]] website, archive.org.&lt;ref name=&quot;Found1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=&lt;!-- no byline --&gt; |title=archive.org WHOIS, DNS, &amp; Domain Info – DomainTools |url=http://whois.domaintools.com/archive.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105233448/http://whois.domaintools.com/archive.org |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=March 13, 2016 |publisher=[[WHOIS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20230813&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=August 13, 2023 |title=The Dream Was Universal Access to Knowledge. The Result Was a Fiasco. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/business/media/internet-archive-emergency-lending-library.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230815104111/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/business/media/internet-archive-emergency-lending-library.html |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |access-date=August 15, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=In the pandemic emergency, Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive freely lent out digital scans of its library. Publishers sued. Owning a book means something different now.}}<br /> ----The archive link provides access to full text of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; It provides free access to collections of digitized media including [[website]]s, [[Application software|software applications]], [[music]], [[audiovisual]], and print materials. The Archive also advocates a [[Information wants to be free|free]] and open [[Internet]]. Its mission is committing to provide &quot;universal access to all knowledge&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archive2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About IA |url=https://archive.org/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230714065227/https://archive.org/about |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zomorodi |first1=Manoush |title=How do you create an internet archive of all human knowledge? |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151702292/how-do-you-create-an-internet-archive-of-all-human-knowledge |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[TED Radio Hour]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=27 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its [[web crawler]]s, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. The [[Wayback Machine]], its [[web archiving|web archive]], contains more than 1 trillion web captures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gold |first=Hadas |date=2025-11-16 |title=Inside the old church where one trillion webpages are stored |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/16/tech/internet-archive-wayback-machine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251117024946/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/16/tech/internet-archive-wayback-machine |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-01 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Grotke |first=A. |date=December 2011 |title=Web Archiving at the Library of Congress |url=http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/dec11/Grotke.shtml |magazine=[[Computers in Libraries]] |publisher=[[Information Today]] |volume=31 |pages=15–19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215201723/http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/dec11/Grotke.shtml |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |number=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archive also oversees numerous [[#Book collections|book digitization projects]], collectively one of the world's largest book digitization efforts. The archive is used frequently by journalists and Wikipedia editors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Benton |first=Joshua |date=March 24, 2022 |title=After 25 years, Brewster Kahle and the Internet Archive are still working to democratize knowledge |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/03/after-25-years-brewster-kahle-and-the-internet-archive-are-still-working-to-democratize-knowledge/ |work=NiemanLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Finley |first=Klint |title=The Internet Archive Is Making Wikipedia More Reliable |url=https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-wikipedia-more-reliable/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2025-11-03 |title=Internet Archive's legal fights are over, but its founder mourns what was lost |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/11/the-internet-archive-survived-major-copyright-losses-whats-next/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Internet Archive headquarters exterior February 2008.jpg|thumb|Headquarters in Building 116 of the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] in 2008]]<br /> <br /> [[Brewster Kahle]] founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit [[Web crawler|web crawling]] company [[Alexa Internet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444314861 |title=The Handbook of Internet Studies |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-8588-2 |editor-last=Consalvo |editor-first=Mia |editor-link=Mia Consalvo |edition=1st |pages=24–42 |chapter=Web Archiving – Between Past, Present, and Future |doi=10.1002/9781444314861 |access-date=September 11, 2022 |editor-last2=Ess |editor-first2=Charles |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444314861.ch2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910053354/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444314861 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/sciam_article.html |title=Brewster Kahle . In Scientific American |work=Internet Archive |date=November 4, 1997 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971011050140/https://archive.org/sciam_article.html |archive-date=October 11, 1997 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest known archived page on the site, the download page for [[Internet Explorer]], was saved on May 10, 1996, at 14:42 [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]] (7:42&amp;nbsp;am [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the oldest page on the Wayback Machine? |url=https://archive.org/post/60275/what-is-the-oldest-page-on-the-wayback-machine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311133459/https://archive.org/post/60275/what-is-the-oldest-page-on-the-wayback-machine |archive-date=March 11, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |website=Internet Archive Forums |type=Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=Forum posts are generally not considered reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2025}} By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the [[World Wide Web]] in large amounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pegoraro |first1=Rob |title=In case you missed it: The Internet Archive turns 25 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2021/10/29/internet-archive-25-take-wayback-machine-back-1996/6196494001/ |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=USA TODAY |date=November 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The archived content became more easily available to the general public in 2001, through the [[Wayback Machine]].<br /> <br /> In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the [[Prelinger Archives]]. Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and [[software]]. It hosts a number of other projects: the [[NASA]] Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site [[Open Library]]. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the [[information access]] needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected [[Digital Accessible Information System]] (DAISY) format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/printdisabled |title=Daisy Books for the Print Disabled |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104215902/https://archive.org/details/printdisabled |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |date=February 25, 2013 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Self-published inline|date=December 2025|certain=Y}}<br /> <br /> In August 2012, the Archive began adding [[BitTorrent]] to its file download options.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McAllister |first1=Neil |title=Internet Archive serves up 1.4 million BitTorrent downloads |url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/08/08/internet_archive_bittorrent/ |access-date=19 January 2026 |publisher=The Register |date=August 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in [[Richmond District, San Francisco|San Francisco's Richmond District]] caught fire,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=B |first=Sarah |date=November 6, 2013 |title=Part of Internet Archive building badly burned in early morning fire |url=http://richmondsfblog.com/2013/11/06/part-of-internet-archive-building-badly-burned-in-early-morning-fire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190737/http://richmondsfblog.com/2013/11/06/part-of-internet-archive-building-badly-burned-in-early-morning-fire |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=Richmond District Blog |type=Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;fire2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Internet-Archive-s-S-F-office-damaged-in-fire-4960703.php |title=Internet Archive's S.F. office damaged in fire |date=November 16, 2013 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |first=Kurtis |last=Alexander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212061948/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Internet-Archive-s-S-F-office-damaged-in-fire-4960703.php |archive-date=December 12, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and &quot;maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/ |title=Fire Update: Lost Many Cameras, 20 Boxes. No One Hurt |date=November 6, 2013 |work=Internet Archive Blogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150230/http://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/ |archive-date=November 7, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/06/internet-archive-seeking-donations-to-rebuild-its-fire-damaged-scanning-center/ |title=Internet Archive Seeking Donations To Rebuild Its Fire-Damaged Scanning Center |first=Catherine |last=Shu |date=November 6, 2013 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706012604/https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/06/internet-archive-seeking-donations-to-rebuild-its-fire-damaged-scanning-center/ |archive-date=July 6, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rossi|first=Alexis|date=5 November 2014|title=Redesigning Archive.org|url=https://blog.archive.org/2014/11/05/redesign/|access-date=17 October 2021|website=Internet Archive Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2016-03-25|title= Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music &amp; Wayb…|url=https://archive.org/|access-date=17 October 2021|website=Internet Archive |archive-date=March 25, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160325215847/https://archive.org/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in [[Canada]]. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming [[First presidency of Donald Trump|presidency of Donald Trump]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KahleCanada&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/ |title=Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |date=November 29, 2016 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521080543/http://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/ |archive-date=May 21, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article118256733.html |title=Donald Trump scares Internet Archive into moving to Canada |last=Johnson |first=Tim |date=December 1, 2016 |website=McClatchy DC |access-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202113547/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article118256733.html |archive-date=December 2, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/13238/the-internet-archive-is-moving-to-canada-due-to-trump-presidency |title=The Internet Archive Is Moving to Canada to Protect Itself from Trump |last=Rothschild |first=Mike |date=December 2, 2016 |website=Attn |access-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060818/http://www.attn.com/stories/13238/the-internet-archive-is-moving-to-canada-due-to-trump-presidency |archive-date=December 3, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning in 2017, [[OCLC]] and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in [[WorldCat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Michalko |first=Jim |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Syncing Catalogs with thousands of Libraries in 120 Countries through OCLC |url=https://blog.archive.org/2017/10/12/syncing-catalogs-with-thousands-of-libraries-in-120-countries-through-oclc/ |website=blog.archive.org |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2020-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 [[Byte#Multiple-byte units|petabyte]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/~tracey/mrtg/du.html|title=Used Paired Space|website=archive.org|date=March 8, 2019|access-date=March 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402184848/https://archive.org/~tracey/mrtg/du.html|archive-date=April 2, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90179133/the-internet-archive-is-helping-these-artists-get-inspired-by-digital-history|title=The Internet Archive is helping these artists get inspired by digital history|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=July 3, 2018|website=Fast Company|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171518/https://www.fastcompany.com/90179133/the-internet-archive-is-helping-these-artists-get-inspired-by-digital-history|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previous artists in residence include [[Taravat Talepasand]], [[Whitney Lynn]], and [[Jenny Odell]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=September 27, 2019|title=Jenny Odell – Neo-Surreal|url=https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/whats-on/display/jenny-odell-neo-surreal|date=May 30, 2018|website=The Photographers' Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927183322/https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/whats-on/display/jenny-odell-neo-surreal|archive-date=September 27, 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/how-do-i-make-a-physical-donation-to-the-internet-archive/ |title=How do I make a physical donation to the Internet Archive? |website=Internet Archive Help Center |access-date=July 4, 2022}} See also: {{cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/tag/donations/ |title=Tag Archives: donations |website=Internet Archive Blogs |access-date=December 4, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; such as hundreds of thousands of 78&amp;nbsp;rpm discs from [[Boston Public Library]] in 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bpl.org/news/boston-public-library-transfers-sound-archives-collection-to-internet-archive-for-digitization-preservation-and-public-access/ |title=Boston Public Library transfers sound archives collection to Internet Archive for digitization, preservation, and public access |website=[[Boston Public Library]] |date=October 11, 2017 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123103821/https://www.bpl.org/news/boston-public-library-transfers-sound-archives-collection-to-internet-archive-for-digitization-preservation-and-public-access/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; a donation of 250,000 books from [[Trent University]] in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.trentu.ca/news/story/22235 |title=Trent University donates 250,000 books to be digitized by Internet Archive as part of Bata Library transformation |website=[[Trent University]] |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175028/https://www.trentu.ca/news/story/22235 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the entire collection of [[Marygrove College]]'s library after it closed in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/10/21/marygrove-college-library-materials-have-been-digitized-and-placed-online-will |title=A new home online for closed college libraries? |last=Seltzer |first=Rick |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204122351/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/10/21/marygrove-college-library-materials-have-been-digitized-and-placed-online-will |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the [[controlled digital lending]] (CDL) theory of the [[first-sale doctrine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=internet-archive-expands-partnerships-for-open-library-project|title=Internet Archive Expands Partnerships for Open Libraries Project|author=Matt Enis|date=May 2, 2019|access-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503180918/https://www.libraryjournal.com/%3FdetailStory%3Dinternet-archive-expands-partnerships-for-open-library-project|archive-date=May 3, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – [[Hachette Book Group]], [[Penguin Random House]], [[HarperCollins]], and [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley]] – filed [[Hachette v. Internet Archive|a lawsuit against the Internet Archive]] before the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of [[controlled digital lending]] constituted [[copyright infringement]]. On March 25, 2023, the court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which [[Ebook|electronic copies]] are on sale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wolfson |first1=Stephen |title=A look at the latest ruling against the Internet Archive |url=https://www.library.upenn.edu/news/internet-archive-update |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=Penn Libraries |date=October 2, 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also on August 11, 2023, the [[music industry]] giants [[Universal Music Group]], [[Sony Music]] and [[Concord (entertainment company)|Concord]] (together with their respective [[Record label|labels]] [[Capitol Records]], [[Arista Records]] and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued the Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's [[The Great 78 Project|Great 78 Project]] for $621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Brittain |first=Blake |title=Music labels sue Internet Archive over digitized record collection |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=August 12, 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/music-labels-sue-internet-archive-over-digitized-record-collection-2023-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230812032031/https://www.reuters.com/legal/music-labels-sue-internet-archive-over-digitized-record-collection-2023-08-12 |url-status=live |location=Washington |editor-first1=David |editor-last1=Bario |editor-last2=Craft |editor-first2=Diane |archive-date=August 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |title=Internet Archive sued by record labels as battle with book publishers intensifies |work=[[The Register]] |date=August 14, 2023 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/14/internet_archive_sued_by_music_labels |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010215518/https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/14/internet_archive_sued_by_music_labels/ |url-status=live |archive-date=October 10, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blistein&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |title=Inside the $621 Million Legal Battle for the 'Soul of the Internet' |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=September 29, 2024 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/internet-archive-major-label-music-lawsuit-1235105273 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240929134254/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/internet-archive-major-label-music-lawsuit-1235105273/ |url-status=live |archive-date=September 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lawsuit was settled in September 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2025-09-15 |title=Internet Archive's big battle with music publishers ends in settlement |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/09/internet-archives-big-battle-with-music-publishers-ends-in-settlement/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Ars Technica |archive-date=September 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923010050/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/09/internet-archives-big-battle-with-music-publishers-ends-in-settlement/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2024, [[Google]] and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration where links to the Wayback Machine would be included in the 'more about this page' menu in [[Google Search]]. This collaboration effectively replaced Google's own [[Search engine cache#Google Cache|Google Cache]] service that it had retired earlier that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verge&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/2/24058985/google-search-cache-feature-discontinued | title=Google Search's cache links are officially being retired | date=2 February 2024 | access-date=March 25, 2025 | archive-date=March 25, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325153157/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/2/24058985/google-search-cache-feature-discontinued | url-status=live |website=The Verge|last=Porter|first=Jon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Freeland |first=Chris |title=New Feature Alert: Access Archived Webpages Directly Through Google Search |work=[[The Internet Archive]] |date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11 |url=https://blog.archive.org/2024/09/11/new-feature-alert-access-archived-webpages-directly-through-google-search/}}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 24, 2025, Internet Archive was designated as a [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal Depository Library]] by the U.S. Senate, allowing it to store public access government records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Freeland |first=Chris |date=2025-07-24 |title=Internet Archive Designated as a Federal Depository Library {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2025/07/24/internet-archive-designated-as-a-federal-depository-library/ |access-date=2025-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/general/internet-archive-is-now-an-official-us-government-document-library-123036065.html | title = Internet Archive is now an official US government document library | first = Steve | last = Dent | date = July 25, 2025 | access-date = July 25, 2025 | work = [[Engadget]] | archive-date = July 25, 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250725140836/https://www.engadget.com/general/internet-archive-is-now-an-official-us-government-document-library-123036065.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It opened a new headquarters for its European branch on 19 September 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bustillos |first1=Maria |date=23 September 2025 |title=Freedom and Sharing at the Internet Archive Europe |url=http://www.flaminghydra.com/freedom-and-sharing-at-the-internet-archive-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926142200/https://flaminghydra.com/freedom-and-sharing-at-the-internet-archive-europe/ |archive-date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[Flaming Hydra]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> === 2024 cyberattacks ===<br /> During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of [[Denial-of-service attack#Distributed DoS|distributed denial of service]] (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Irwin |first=Kate |date=2024-05-28 |title=Internet Archive Hit With DDoS Attacks |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/internet-archive-hit-with-ddos-attack |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240528174629/https://www.pcmag.com/news/internet-archive-hit-with-ddos-attack |url-status=live |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=[[PCMag]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Baran |first=Guru |date=2024-05-28 |title=Internet Archive is Under DDoS Attack For Several Hours |url=https://cybersecuritynews.com/internet-archive-under-ddos-attack/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240528174657/https://cybersecuritynews.com/internet-archive-under-ddos-attack/ |url-status=live |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Cyber Security News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=2024-05-29 |title=The Internet Archive has been fending off DDoS attacks for days |url=https://www.engadget.com/the-internet-archive-has-been-fending-off-ddos-attacks-for-days-035950028.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011044638/https://www.engadget.com/the-internet-archive-has-been-fending-off-ddos-attacks-for-days-035950028.html |url-status=live |archive-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[Engadget]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA,&lt;ref name=&quot;JL&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Lyons |first=Jessica |title=Multi-day DDoS storm batters Internet Archive |publisher=[[The Register]] |date=29 May 2024 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/29/ddos_internet_archive |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240601081103/https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/29/ddos_internet_archive |archive-date=1 June 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WD&quot; /&gt; with possible links to [[Anonymous Sudan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Radware&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Six-day, 14.7 Million RPS Web DDoS Attack Campaign Attributed to SN_BLACKMETA |publisher=[[Radware]] |date=24 July 2024 |url=https://www.radware.com/security/threat-advisories-and-attack-reports/six-day-web-ddos-attack-campaign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010155819/https://www.radware.com/security/threat-advisories-and-attack-reports/six-day-web-ddos-attack-campaign/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The incident drew a comparison with the 2023 [[British Library cyberattack]], which affected the [[UK Web Archive]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |title=We're losing our digital history. Can the Internet Archive save it? |publisher=[[BBC News Online|BBC]] |date=September 16, 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240912-the-archivists-battling-to-save-the-internet |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240916094805/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240912-the-archivists-battling-to-save-the-internet |url-status=live |archive-date=September 16, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Internet_archive_website,_during_DOS_attack,_13th_October_2024.png|thumb|Internet Archive main page showing partially available services]]<br /> <br /> Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist [[Jason Scott]] and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported [[Hacktivism|hacktivist]] group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleep&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive hacked, data breach impacts 31 million users |first=Lawrence |last=Abrams |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-hacked-data-breach-impacts-31-million-users/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010052448/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-hacked-data-breach-impacts-31-million-users/ |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=[[Bleeping Computer|BleepingComputer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there was a &quot;catastrophic&quot; [[Data breach|security breach]], stating &quot;Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on [[Have I Been Pwned?|HIBP]]!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Newman |first1=Lily Hay |first2=Kate |last2=Knibbs |title=Internet Archive Breach Exposes 31 Million Users |url=https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-hacked/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010021313/https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-hacked/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-11 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |issn=1059-1028}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/9/24266419/internet-archive-ddos-attack-pop-up-message |title=The Internet Archive is under attack, with a breach revealing info for 31 million accounts |first=Wes |last=Davis |publisher=[[The Verge]] |url-status=live |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010052449/https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/9/24266419/internet-archive-ddos-attack-pop-up-message |archive-date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called &quot;ia_users.sql&quot;, dated September 28, 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleep&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hacker Defaces Internet Archive, Steals Data on 31 Million Users |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/hacker-defaces-internet-archive-claims-it-suffered-a-breach |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241009235004/https://www.pcmag.com/news/internet-archive-remains-offline-to-focus-on-data-security-after-breach |url-status=live |first=Michael |last=Kan |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=[[PCMag]] |date=October 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attackers stole users' email addresses and [[Bcrypt]]-hashed passwords.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Poireault |first=Kevin |date=2024-10-10 |title=Internet Archive Breached, 31 Million Records Exposed |url=https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/internet-archive-breach-31m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010174332/https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/internet-archive-breach-31m/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=[[Infosecurity Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal &quot;in days, not weeks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2024-10-11 |title=The Internet Archive is still down but will return in 'days, not weeks' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/11/24268040/internet-archive-data-breach-outage-hacked |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Verge |archive-date=October 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241017015640/https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/11/24268040/internet-archive-data-breach-outage-hacked |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=After Breach, Internet Archive Expects to Return Within 'Days, Not Weeks' |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-breach-internet-archive-expects-to-return-within-days-not-weeks |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=PCMAG |date=October 11, 2024 |archive-date=November 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115003826/https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-breach-internet-archive-expects-to-return-within-days-not-weeks |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91209670/the-internet-archive-is-back-online-after-a-cyberattack |title=The Internet Archive is back online after a cyberattack |first=Jessica |last=Bursztynsky |work=[[Fast Company]] |date=2024-10-14 |access-date=2024-10-14 |archive-date=November 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102205606/https://www.fastcompany.com/91209670/the-internet-archive-is-back-online-after-a-cyberattack |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 15, 2024, the website was still mostly offline for &quot;prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kan |first=Michael |date=2024-10-10 |title=Internet Archive Remains Offline to Focus On Data Security After Breach |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/internet-archive-remains-offline-to-focus-on-data-security-after-breach |archive-date=10 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010210237/https://www.pcmag.com/news/internet-archive-remains-offline-to-focus-on-data-security-after-breach |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=PCMag}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated [[API]] tokens and breached Internet Archive on its [[Zendesk]] email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;bc-abrams&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Abrams |first=Lawrence |date=2024-10-20 |title=Internet Archive breached again through stolen access tokens |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-breached-again-through-stolen-access-tokens/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Bleeping Computer]] |archive-date=October 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022205118/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-breached-again-through-stolen-access-tokens/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Having been told that threat actors (behind other breaches than SN_BLACKMETA's DDoS attacks) leaked some stolen data to others in the data-trafficking community, [[Bleeping Computer]] posited that said threat actors breached the &quot;well-known and extremely popular&quot; Internet Archive not to extort money but to &quot;gain cyber street cred&quot;, thus &quot;increasing their reputation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bc-abrams&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Services Update: 2024-10-21 |url=https://blog.archive.org/2024/10/21/internet-archive-services-update-2024-10-21/ |last=Freeland |first=Chris |date=2024-10-21 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=blog.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Townsend |first=Chance |date=2024-10-22 |title=Internet Archive and Wayback Machine are down again |url=https://mashable.com/article/internet-archive-down-again?test_uuid=01iI2GpryXngy77uIpA3Y4B&amp;test_variant=a |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Mashable |archive-date=October 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028133506/https://mashable.com/article/internet-archive-down-again?test_uuid=01iI2GpryXngy77uIpA3Y4B&amp;test_variant=a |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Matt L. |date=2024-10-22 |title=Hackers Disable Internet Archive's Wayback Machine Once Again |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/hackers-again-cause-wayback-machine-outage/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=MUO |archive-date=November 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104090306/https://www.makeuseof.com/hackers-again-cause-wayback-machine-outage/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; By October 25, service was fully restored.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Niamh |last=Ancell |title=Internet Archive is back online, but for how long? |website=cybernews |date=25 October 2024 |url=https://cybernews.com/news/internet-archive-back-online/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Operations ==<br /> [[Image:Internet Archive - Bibliotheca Alexandrina.jpg|thumb|Mirror of the Internet Archive in the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]|alt=]]<br /> The Archive is a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $37&amp;nbsp;million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the [[Brewster Kahle|Kahle-Austin Foundation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Andrea |last2=Suozzo |first2=Ken |last3=Schwencke |first3= Mike |last4=Tigas |first4=Sisi |last5=Wei |first5=Alec |last6=Glassford |first6=Brandon |date=2013-05-09 |title=Internet Archive – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2019 – Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/943242767/04_2021_prefixes_94-95/943242767_201912_990_2021040217865349 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=ProPublica |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325133357/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/943242767/04_2021_prefixes_94-95%2F943242767_201912_990_2021040217865349 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6&amp;nbsp;million in donations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Jessen |first=Jenica |date=2019-12-19 |title=I'm Done Selling Sweaters. Instead I'm Selling a Vision I Believe In. |url=http://blog.archive.org/2019/12/19/im-done-selling-sweaters-instead-im-selling-a-vision-i-believe-in/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Internet Archive Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt; It uses [[Ubuntu]] as its choice of [[operating system]] for the website servers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thank you Ubuntu and Linux Communities - Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2021/02/04/thank-you-ubuntu-and-linux-communities/ |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Internet Archive Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Internet-archive-brewster-kahle-2013-0329.webm|thumb|thumbtime=20|[[Brewster Kahle]] of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations.]]<br /> The Archive is headquartered in [[San Francisco]], California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the [[Presidio of San Francisco]], a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former [[Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco)|Christian Science Church]]. At one time, most of its staff worked in its [[Book scanning|book-scanning]] centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=November 5, 2019|title=The Internet Archive Fights Wiki Citation Wars With Books|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-internet-archive-fights-wiki-citation-wars-with-boo-1839609540|website=Gizmodo|author=Whitney Kimball|date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105075950/https://gizmodo.com/the-internet-archive-fights-wiki-citation-wars-with-boo-1839609540|archive-date=November 5, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archive also has [[data center]]s in three Californian cities: San Francisco, [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]], and [[Richmond, California|Richmond]]. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 20, 2002 |title=Donation to the new Library of Alexandria in Egypt |url=https://archive.org/about/bibalex.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125175155/https://archive.org/about/bibalex.php |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bibliotheca Alexandrina |url=https://archive.org/about/bibalex_p_r.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902052347/https://archive.org/about/bibalex_p_r.php |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Egypt]] and a facility in [[Amsterdam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://longnow.org/seminars/02011/nov/30/universal-access-all-knowledge/|title=Brewster Kahle: Universal Access to All Knowledge |website=longnow.org – The Long Now|at=45'47&quot;|access-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020231907/http://longnow.org/seminars/02011/nov/30/universal-access-all-knowledge/|archive-date=October 20, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025, it is reported that Internet Archive operates six data centers,&lt;ref name=&quot;Vault Support-2025&quot; /&gt; mainly in California, with smaller ones in other U.S. states, Canada and Europe. They have controlled access and fire protection systems, and are monitored for security. All Internet Archive data centers adhere to [[ISO/IEC 27001]] standard, and some of them meet additional certifications.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Vault Data &amp; Data Center Security &amp; Procedures |url=https://vault-webservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/21020250928276-Vault-Data-Data-Center-Security-Procedures |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Vault Support |archive-date=August 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808083808/https://vault-webservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/21020250928276-Vault-Data-Data-Center-Security-Procedures |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also in 2025, it was reported that copies of the archive are kept in locations around the world, as a protection against possible disasters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gold |first=Hadas |date=2025-11-16 |title=Inside the old church where one trillion webpages are stored |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/16/tech/internet-archive-wayback-machine |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=CNN }}&lt;/ref&gt; Back in 2016, all redundancy was provided by [[RAID]]-like paired storage, with the 2 copies usually stored at different data centers, while backups were not a regular practice at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-10-25 |title=20,000 Hard Drives on a Mission |website=Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/25/20000-hard-drives-on-a-mission/ |access-date=2025-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2016, Internet Archive started to work to create a decentralized prototype of the digital library. From 2020, content from Internet Archive started to be stored in [[Filecoin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Filecoin Foundation Grants 50,000 FIL to the Internet Archive {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2021/04/01/filecoin-foundation-grants-50000-fil-to-the-internet-archive/ |access-date=2025-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; By October 2023, one petabyte of data had been uploaded to the Filecoin network.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Joyce |first=Jamie |date=2023-10-20 |title=Celebrating 1 Petabyte on the Filecoin Network! {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2023/10/20/celebrating-1-petabyte-on-the-filecoin-network/ |access-date=2025-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archive is a member of the [[International Internet Preservation Consortium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://netpreserve.org/about/memberList.php |title=Members |access-date=April 24, 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613021711/http://netpreserve.org/about/memberList.php |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }} International Internet Preservation Consortium. Netpreserve.org&lt;/ref&gt; and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive officially a library |url=https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=121377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204103557/http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=121377 |archive-date=February 4, 2010 |access-date=May 2, 2007 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=McCoy|first=Adrian|date=June 24, 2007|title=The Internet gives birth to an 'official' online library|url=https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/07175/796164-96.stm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127142633/https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/07175/796164-96.stm|archive-date=January 27, 2021|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Web archiving ==<br /> {{further|Web archiving}}<br /> <br /> === Wayback Machine ===<br /> {{main|Wayback Machine}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Wayback Machine logo 2010.svg|right|thumb|alt=Wayback Machine logo with text: &quot;INTERNET ARCHIVE WayBackMachine&quot;|Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001]]The [[Wayback Machine]] is a service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020601134105/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm| archive-date = June 1, 2002| title = A Library as Big as the World| last = Green | first = Heather | date = February 28, 2002| publisher = [[Business Week]] Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between [[Alexa Internet]] (owned by [[Amazon.com]]) and the Internet Archive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003552/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php |archive-date=October 21, 2009 |access-date=April 13, 2013 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. {{As of|2024|9|5|df=US}}, the Internet Archive held over 866&amp;nbsp;billion web pages, more than 42.5&amp;nbsp;million print materials, 13&amp;nbsp;million videos, 3&amp;nbsp;million TV news reports, 1.2&amp;nbsp;million software programs, 14&amp;nbsp;million audio files, 5&amp;nbsp;million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archive2024&quot; /&gt; In October 2025, the Internet Archive announced that the Wayback Machine had archived one [[trillion]] webpages, equivalent to more than 100,000 [[terabyte]]s of data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Wayne |date=14 October 2025 |title=30 years on, Internet Archive hits 1-trillion preserved pages |url=https://www.techradar.com/pro/internet-archive-reaches-new-1-trillion-page-landmark-almost-30-years-after-it-started-backing-up-the-www-and-more-than-100-000tb-of-files-have-been-safeguarded-since |website=[[TechRadar]] |access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Internet Archive servers 5034 - Jason Scott.jpg|thumb|[[Server (computing)|Servers]] at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco]]<br /> [[File:Incoming additional storage at Internet Archive.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Disk enclosure#Hard drive shucking|purchase of additional storage]] at the Internet Archive]]<br /> <br /> ===Archive-It{{anchor|Archive-It}}===<br /> Created in late 2005, Archive-It&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Archive-It |url=http://www.archive-it.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124234136/http://archive-it.org/ |archive-date=November 24, 2005 |access-date=November 24, 2005 |publisher=Archive-It}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Truman |first=Gail |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25658314 |title=Web Archiving Environmental Scan |date=January 2016 |series=Harvard Library Report |access-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317232127/http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25658314 |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In terms of accessibility, the archived websites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bragg |first=Molly |date=July 28, 2014 |title=What is the Difference between the General Archive (sometimes called the Wayback Machine) and Archive-It? |url=https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/ARIH/Archive-It+How-to+FAQ#Archive-ItHow-toFAQ-differencebetween |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224713/https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/ARIH/Archive-It+How-to+FAQ#Archive-ItHow-toFAQ-differencebetween |archive-date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Archive-It |via=Jira.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a [[WARC (file format)|WARC file]]. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archive-it.org/learn-more |title=About Archive-It |publisher=Archive-It. |access-date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160344/https://archive-it.org/learn-more |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.<br /> <br /> {{As of|2014|03}}, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4&amp;nbsp;billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the [[Electronic Literature Organization]], North Carolina State Archives and Library, [[Stanford University]], [[Columbia University]], [[The American University in Cairo|American University in Cairo]], Georgetown Law Library, and many others.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Internet Archive Scholar ===<br /> {{main|Internet Archive Scholar}}<br /> <br /> In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve [[open access]] academic journals, called [[Internet Archive Scholar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Internet Archive Will Digitize &amp; Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, 'Internet Archive Scholar'|url=http://www.openculture.com/2020/09/internet-archive-scholar.html |date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=Open Culture|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922161701/http://www.openculture.com/2020/09/internet-archive-scholar.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bryan|first=Newbold|date=2021-03-09|title=Search Scholarly Materials Preserved in the Internet Archive|url=https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/09/search-scholarly-materials-preserved-in-the-internet-archive/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Scholar [homepage&amp;#93; |url=https://scholar.archive.org/ |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=24 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its full-text search index includes over 25&amp;nbsp;million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> === General Index ===<br /> In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the [[General Index (academia)|General Index]], a publicly available [[Index (publishing)|index]] to a collection of 107&amp;nbsp;million academic [[Article (publishing)|journal article]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Else|first=Holly|date=2021-10-26|title=Giant, free index to world's research papers released online|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02895-8|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02895-8|pmid=34703019|s2cid=240000069|access-date=November 12, 2021|archive-date=November 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113162341/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02895-8|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;The General Index&quot;: New tool allows you to search 107 million research papers for free|url=https://bigthink.com/the-present/general-index-open-access/|access-date=2021-11-12|website=Big Think|date=November 5, 2021 |archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112214225/https://bigthink.com/the-present/general-index-open-access/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Items and collections ==<br /> The Archive stores [[computer file|files]] inside so-called items, which are similar to [[Directory (computing)|directories]] in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional [[metadata]] such as a description and tags which make them more searchable.<br /> <br /> Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview [[thumbnail]] that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case the picture is used as thumbnail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/how-to-upload-files-to-create-a-new-item-page/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |title=How to upload files to create a new item page – Internet Archive Help Center }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/movies-and-videos-tips-troubleshooting/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |title=Movies and Videos – Tips &amp; Troubleshooting – Internet Archive Help Center }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/media-players-a-basic-guide/ |title=Media Players – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center |access-date=2024-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/archive-org-page-overview/ |title=Archive.org page overview – Internet Archive Help Center |access-date=2024-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://help.archive.org/help/collections-a-basic-guide/ |title=Collections – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center |access-date=2024-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Book collections==<br /> ===Text collection===<br /> [[File:Scribe Machine Acquisition 3.jpg|thumb|right|Internet Archive &quot;Scribe&quot; [[book scanning]] workstation]]<br /> [[File:A Real Page-Turner.jpg|thumb|An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing]]<br /> <br /> The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |date=May 23, 2008 |title=Books Scanning to be Publicly Funded |url=https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=194217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924105740/http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=194217 |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |website=Internet Archive Forums}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2008|11}}, when there were approximately 1&amp;nbsp;million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, [[PDF]]s, and raw [[Optical character recognition|OCR]] data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=November 24, 2008 |title=Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books |url=https://blog.openlibrary.org/2008/11/24/bulk-access-to-ocr-for-1-million-books/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124013/http://blog.openlibrary.org/2008/11/24/bulk-access-to-ocr-for-1-million-books/ |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |website=Open Library Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2013|July}}, the Internet Archive was operating 33 [[book scanning|scanning centers]] in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2&amp;nbsp;million books, in a total collection of 4.4&amp;nbsp;million books{{snd}}including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15&amp;nbsp;million downloads per month.&lt;ref name=Hoffelder2013/&gt;<br /> <br /> The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by [[Microsoft]] through its [[Live Search Books]] project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive.&lt;ref name=msdown&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx |title=Book search winding down |date=May 23, 2008 |work= MSDN Live Search Blog&lt;!-- Official announcement from Microsoft--&gt;|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820220749/http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx |archive-date=August 20, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners.&lt;ref name=msdown/&gt;<br /> <br /> Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading [[public domain]] books from [[Google Books|Google Book Search]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Google Books at Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/googlebooks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206201549/https://archive.org/details/googlebooks |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2008 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2013|November}}, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=sponsor%3A%28Google%29 |title=List of Google scans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126055407/https://archive.org/search.php?query=sponsor%3A%28Google%29 |archive-date=January 26, 2014 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.{{efn|Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the &quot;All Files: HTTPS&quot; link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly [[DjVu]], which Google Books does not offer.}} Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by [[Aaron Swartz]], who, with a &quot;bunch of friends&quot;, downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the [[public domain]]. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries &quot;grumbled&quot;. According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's &quot;genius&quot; to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.&lt;ref name=kahle-aswmem&gt;Brewster Kahle, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680 Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629062022/https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680 |date=June 29, 2015 }}&quot;, 2013-01-24, via [https://wellpreparedmind.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/aaron-swartz-freed-over-900000-public-domain-books-from-googles-restrictions/ The well-prepared mind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814162152/http://wellpreparedmind.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/aaron-swartz-freed-over-900000-public-domain-books-from-googles-restrictions/ |date=August 14, 2014 }}, via [http://scinfolex.com/2013/02/06/cest-aaron-swartz-qui-liberait-les-livres-de-google-books-sur-internet-archive/ S.I.Lex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808094118/http://scinfolex.com/2013/02/06/cest-aaron-swartz-qui-liberait-les-livres-de-google-books-sur-internet-archive/ |date=August 8, 2014 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2009, the Text Collection contained more than 1,700,000 items. The largest grouping was the American libraries collection, which included more than 1,100,000 texts, with the next largest, the Canadian libraries collection, having roughly 200,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Polanka |editor1-first=Sue |title=No Shelf Required. E-Books in Libraries |date=2011 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |isbn=9780838910542 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ8QJwD1Nm8C&amp;dq=%22american+libraries%22+%22canadian+libraries%22+%22internet+archive%22&amp;pg=PA8}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2025, the American collection had grown to 3,900,000 items,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=American Libraries |url=https://archive.org/details/americana |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Canadian libraries collection to 900,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Canadian Libraries |url=https://archive.org/details/toronto?get=params |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, the total content exceeded 47,000,000 texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=eBooks and Texts |url=https://archive.org/details/texts |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{anchor|RECAP US Federal Court Documents}}In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the [[Federal judiciary of the United States|United States Federal Courts]]' [[PACER (law)|PACER]] electronic document system via the [[RECAP]] web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.&lt;ref name=kahle-aswmem/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Archive's BookReader [[Web application|web app]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BookReader&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Internet Archive BookReader |url=https://archive.org/details/BookReader |website=archive.org |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621131721/https://archive.org/details/BookReader |archive-date=June 21, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and [[thumbnail]] modes; fullscreen mode; [[page zooming]] of [[Image resolution|high-resolution]] images; and [[flip page]] animation.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookReader&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Jeff |date=December 10, 2010 |title=New BookReader! |url=https://blog.archive.org/2010/12/10/2685/ |website=blog.archive.org |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621200255/https://blog.archive.org/2010/12/10/2685/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2024, the Internet Archive agreed to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued dissertations from the [[Leiden University Library]], from the period 1851–2004, that the library wanted to dispose of. The university had received them from foreign universities as part of a dissertation exchange program that had begun with its foundation in 1575, continuing for nearly 430 years. The Archive plans to digitise them and make them accessible online. The original full collection included theses by [[Niels Bohr]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Émile Durkheim]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Otto Hahn]], [[Carl Jung]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], [[Max Planck]], [[Luigi Pirandello]], [[Gustav Stresemann]] and [[Max Weber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Funnekotter |first=Bart |title=Leidse proefschriften worden tóch niet vernietigd, 400.000 dissertaties gaan naar de VS |trans-title=Leiden dissertations not destroyed after all, 400,000 dissertations go to the US |newspaper=[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]] |date=October 9, 2024 |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/10/09/leidse-proefschriften-worden-toch-niet-vernietigd-400000-dissertaties-gaan-naar-de-vs-a4868698 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241009111945/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/10/09/leidse-proefschriften-worden-toch-niet-vernietigd-400000-dissertaties-gaan-naar-de-vs-a4868698 |archive-date=October 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Open Library===<br /> {{main|Open Library}}<br /> <br /> The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25&amp;nbsp;million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main [[#Text collection|texts collection]]), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) |date=February 13, 2019 |url=https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/faq/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=February 15, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200330193826/https://nwu.org/book%2Ddivision/cdl/faq/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; many of which are fully readable, downloadable&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Antone |last=Gonsalves |title=Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196701339 |magazine=InformationWeek |date=December 20, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014174528/http://informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196701339 |archive-date=October 14, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut |url=http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=2235?=atwc |publisher=Chronicle of Higher Education |work=The Wired Campus |date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184259/http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=2235%3F%3Datwc |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[full-text search]]able;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Search Inside |url=https://openlibrary.org/search/inside |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130821/http://openlibrary.org/search/inside |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |website=OpenLibrary.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; it offers a two-week loan of [[ebook|e-book]]s in its [[controlled digital lending]] program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffelder2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Hoffelder |first=Nate |date=July 9, 2013 |title=Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month |url=https://www.the-digital-reader.com/2013/07/09/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527192428/https://the-digital-reader.com/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/ |archive-date=2023-05-27 |publisher=The Digital Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 25, 2011 |title=In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries |url=https://blog.archive.org/2011/06/25/in-library-ebook-lending-program-expands-to-1000-libraries/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813035522/https://blog.archive.org/2011/06/25/in-library-ebook-lending-program-expands-to-1000-libraries/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a [[free and open-source software]] project, with its source code freely available on [[GitHub]].<br /> <br /> The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the [[Society of Authors]], who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge|title=Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge|first=Alison|last=Flood|date=22 Jan 2019|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070623/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.&lt;ref name=&quot;open library lawsuit&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | title = Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending | first = Russell | last = Brandom | date = June 1, 2020 | access-date = June 1, 2020 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = June 1, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185706/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Digitizing sponsors for books===<br /> Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).&lt;ref&gt;For example, the [[Princeton Theological Seminary Library]] has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: {{cite web |url=https://library.ptsem.edu/partnering-with-the-internet-archive |title=Partnering with the Internet Archive |website=[[Princeton Theological Seminary Library]] |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130110259/https://library.ptsem.edu/partnering-with-the-internet-archive |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's [[Robarts Library]], [[University of Alberta Libraries]], [[University of Ottawa]], [[Library of Congress]], [[Boston Library Consortium]] member libraries, [[Boston Public Library]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary Library]], and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3A%28texts%29+AND+mediatype%3A%28collection%29&amp;sort=-downloads |title=Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts) |website=archive.org |access-date=December 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, the [[MIT Press]] authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's [[backlist]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/mitpress |title=The MIT Press |website=archive.org |access-date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; with financial support from the [[Arcadia Fund]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hanamura |first=Wendy |date=May 30, 2017 |title=MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org |url=https://blog.archive.org/2017/05/30/mit-press-classics-available-soon-at-archive-org/ |website=blog.archive.org |access-date=2020-06-27 |quote=For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Green |first=Alex |date=December 1, 2019 |title=New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/81872-new-takes-on-academic-publishing.html |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |access-date=2020-06-27 |quote=Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations. |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627161843/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/81872-new-takes-on-academic-publishing.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called &quot;Unlocking University Press Books&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Freeland |first=Chris |date=May 21, 2018 |title=Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections |url=https://blog.archive.org/2018/05/21/internet-archive-awarded-grant-from-arcadia-fund-to-digitize-university-press-collections/ |website=blog.archive.org |access-date=2020-06-27 |quote=Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Albanese |first=Andrew |date=May 25, 2018 |title=Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/76974-is-it-time-to-rethink-how-we-do-library-advocacy.html |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |access-date=2020-06-27 |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627172007/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/76974-is-it-time-to-rethink-how-we-do-library-advocacy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Library of Congress]] created numerous [[Handle System]] identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.&lt;ref&gt;For example: {{cite web |title=hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083 |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |mode=cs2 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233132/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |title=hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933 |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |mode=cs2 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233036/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |title=hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248 |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |mode=cs2 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233041/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |title=hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908 |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |mode=cs2 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233037/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |title=hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005 |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |mode=cs2 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233038/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> * {{cite web |title=External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services) |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/external.html |website=Library of Congress |access-date=November 25, 2020 |date=2017 |orig-date=April 2011 |first1=J. Cheyenne |last1=Hohman |first2=Yasmeen |last2=Mughal |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125170006/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/external.html |url-status=deviated |quote=The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts.}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services) |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/devicesformats.html |website=Library of Congress |access-date=November 25, 2020 |date=2017 |orig-date=April 2011 |first1=J. Cheyenne |last1=Hohman |first2=Yasmeen |last2=Mughal |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212005106/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/devicesformats.html |url-status=deviated |quote=Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive.&amp;nbsp;... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other text collections ===<br /> ==== Children's Library &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;childrens-library&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ====<br /> <br /> Children's Library is a collection of digitized books from the [[University of California Libraries]], the [[University of Florida]]'s &quot;Literature for Children&quot; Collection, [[National Yiddish Book Center]], [[New York Public Library]], [[International Children's Digital Library]] and some other libraries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/iacl|title=Children's Library: Free Texts : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; This collection contains many free historical [[ebooks]] for children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://libguides.butler.edu/content.php?pid=1689&amp;sid=8048|title=Children's/YA Literature - Education Resource Guide - LibGuides at Butler University|publisher=Butler University Libraries|access-date=March 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201143/http://libguides.butler.edu/content.php?pid=1689&amp;sid=8048|archive-date=March 15, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Media collections ==<br /> [[File:IMG 5020 - Flickr - Jason &quot;Textfiles&quot; Scott.jpg|thumb|Media reader]]<br /> [[File:Unrelated Microfilm.jpg|thumb|Microfilms at the Internet Archive]]<br /> [[File:Videocassettes and VCRs at Internet Archive.jpg|thumb|[[Videocassette]]s at the Internet Archive]]<br /> <br /> In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the [[public domain]] in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as [[Creative Commons]] licenses.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a &quot;Community&quot; sub-collection (formerly named &quot;Open Source&quot;) where general contributions by the public are stored.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Audio ===<br /> ==== Audio Archive &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;aa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;!---redirect targets this anchor (aa).---&gt; ====<br /> The [[Sound archive|Audio Archive]] includes music, [[audiobook]]s, news broadcasts, [[Golden Age of Radio|old time radio]] shows, [[podcasts]], and a wide variety of other audio files. {{As of|2023|January}}, there are more than 15,000,000 free [[digital recording]]s in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Download &amp; Streaming : Audio Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/audio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190205122014/https://archive.org/details/audio |archive-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sound collections are curated by [[B. George]], director of the [[ARChive of Contemporary Music]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pritchard|first1=Will|title=How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity|url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/|website=The Vinyl Factory|access-date=November 2, 2017|date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004227/https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications ====<br /> A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Holt |first=Kris |date=2022-10-05 |title=The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts |url=https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications-180509856.html |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Engadget |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009003206/https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications-180509856.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue |url=http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=American Radio Relay League |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009003212/http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Live Music Archive ====<br /> {{main|Live Music Archive}}<br /> <br /> The [[Live Music Archive]] sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the [[Grateful Dead]], and more recently, [[The Smashing Pumpkins]]. Also, [[Jordan Zevon]] has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father [[Warren Zevon]]'s concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Tirpack |first=Alex |title=Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/warren-zevon-live-shows-hit-the-web-possible-film-in-the-works-20090603 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=June 3, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202232253/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/warren-zevon-live-shows-hit-the-web-possible-film-in-the-works-20090603 |archive-date=February 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== The Great 78 Project ====<br /> {{main|The Great 78 Project}}<br /> <br /> Launched in 2019, [[The Great 78 Project]] aims to digitize 250,000 [[78 rpm|78&amp;nbsp;rpm]] singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Netlabels ====<br /> &lt;!-- Please do not rename without amending redirect at [[Netlabels]]--&gt;<br /> {{distinguish|Netlabel}}<br /> The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its ''Netlabels'' service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Welcome to Netlabels |url=https://archive.org/details/netlabels |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404162519/https://archive.org/details/netlabels |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lifehacker free music&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/208221/download-free-music-at-the-internet-archive |title=Download free music at the Internet Archive |work=[[Lifehacker]] |date=October 21, 2006 |first=Wendy |last=Boswell |quote=The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ...|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505115952/http://lifehacker.com/208221/download-free-music-at-the-internet-archive |archive-date=May 5, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Images ===<br /> This collection contains more than 3.5&amp;nbsp;million items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/image |title=Image|publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=October 12, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220616194450/https://archive.org/details/image |archive-date=16 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[MusicBrainz#Cover Art Archive|Cover Art Archive]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] – Gallery Images, NASA Images, [[Occupy Wall Street]] [[Flickr]] Archive, and [[Libre Map Project|USGS Maps]] are some sub-collections of Image collection.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==== Cover Art Archive ====<br /> [[File:Cover Art Archive Logo with text (2020).svg|thumb|Logo of Cover Art Archive]]<br /> The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and [[MusicBrainz]], whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. {{As of|2021|04|post=,}} this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive |title=Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170625002924/https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive |archive-date=25 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Metropolitan Museum of Art images ====<br /> The images of this collection are from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140654/https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== NASA Images ====<br /> The NASA Images archive was created through a [[Space Act Agreement]] between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The Internet Archive NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nasaimages.org/ |title=NASA Images |type=archive |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=April 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111124412/http://www.nasaimages.org/ |archive-date=November 11, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.<br /> <br /> ==== Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive ====<br /> This collection contains [[Creative Commons]]-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows |title=Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140621/https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== USGS Maps ====<br /> This collection contains more than 59,000 items from [[Libre Map Project]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs |title=USGS Maps: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140641/https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Video ===<br /> <br /> ==== Machinima Archive ====<br /> One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the [[Machinima]] Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which [[PC game|computer games]], [[game engine]]s, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as [[Rooster Teeth]] and [[Machinima, Inc.|Machinima.com]] as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Welcome to Machinima |url=https://archive.org/details/machinima |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323173619/https://archive.org/details/machinima |archive-date=March 23, 2013 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Moving image collection ====<br /> {{see also|Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Internet Archive film{{!}}Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive}}<br /> The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Afeature_films&amp;sort=-%2Fadditional%2Fitem%2Fdownloads |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402214317/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Afeature_films&amp;sort=-%2Fadditional%2Fitem%2Fdownloads |archive-date=April 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: [[newsreel]]s, classic [[cartoon]]s, pro- and anti-war [[propaganda]], The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's &quot;A.V. Geeks&quot; collection, early television, and ephemeral material from [[Prelinger Archives]], such as [[advertising]], educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> Subcategories of this collection include:<br /> * IA's [[Brickfilm|''Brick Films'']] collection, which contains [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] animation filmed with [[Lego]] bricks, some of which are &quot;remakes&quot; of feature films.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> * IA's ''Election 2004'' collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the [[2004 United States presidential election]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> * IA's ''FedFlix'' collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features &quot;the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the [[National Fire Academy|U.S. Fire Academy]] and the Postal Inspectors&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Internet Archive|title=FedFlix|url=https://archive.org/details/FedFlix|access-date=November 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IA's ''Independent News'' collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating &quot;why access to history matters&quot;. Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> * IA's ''September 11 Television Archive'', which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks]] of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=September 11th Television Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403154832/https://archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Microfilm ===<br /> This collection contains approximately 160,000 [[Microform|microfilm]]ed items from a variety of libraries including the [[University of Chicago#Library system|University of Chicago Libraries]], [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], [[University of Alberta]], [[Allen County Public Library]], and [[National Technical Information Service]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Amicrofilm%20AND%20collection%3Aadditional_collections |title=Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331224824/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Amicrofilm%20AND%20collection%3Aadditional_collections |archive-date=March 31, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/microfilm |title=Microfilm |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320180301/https://archive.org/details/microfilm |archive-date=March 20, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === TV News Search &amp; Borrow ===<br /> [[File:TV tuners at the Internet Archive.jpg|thumb|TV tuners at the Internet Archive]]<br /> In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search &amp; Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/tv/ |title=TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=April 13, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420214957/https://archive.org/details/tv |archive-date=April 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained &quot;350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443720204578002592487339454 |title=Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips |last1=Fowler |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Hagey |first2=Keach |date=September 18, 2012 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal Online |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424135135/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443720204578002592487339454.html |archive-date=April 24, 2013 }}{{subscription required|date=November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the [[Vanderbilt Television News Archive]], a similar library of televised network news programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2012/09/17/launch-of-tv-news-search-borrow-with-350000-broadcasts |title=Launch of TV News Search &amp; Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts |first=Brewster |last=Kahle |date=September 17, 2012 |work=Internet Archive Blogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101356/https://blog.archive.org/2012/09/17/launch-of-tv-news-search-borrow-with-350000-broadcasts/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search &amp; Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of &quot;approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes&quot; from the estate of a [[Philadelphia]] woman, [[Marion Stokes]]. Stokes &quot;had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and [[Boston]] with her [[VHS]] and [[Betamax]] machines&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Brownell |first=Brett |author2=Benjy Hansen-Brandy |title=Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet |work=Mother Jones |access-date=June 7, 2014 |date=May 22, 2014 |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/05/internet-archive-wayback-machine-brewster-kahle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607031007/https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/05/internet-archive-wayback-machine-brewster-kahle |archive-date=June 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Open Educational Resources ===<br /> {{see also|Open educational resources}}<br /> Open Educational Resources is a digital collection containing courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and [[China]]. The contributors of this collection are [[ArsDigita]], [[Hewlett Foundation]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey|Monterey Institute]], and [[Naropa University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/education |title=Download &amp; Streaming : Open Educational Resources |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=June 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702122916/https://archive.org/details/education |archive-date=July 2, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Miscellaneous collections ===<br /> Brooklyn Museum collection contains approximately 3,000 items from [[Brooklyn Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum |title=Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140547/https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2020, the film research library of [[Lillian Michelson]] was donated to the archive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-01-28/hollywood-history-lillian-michelson-digital-internet-archive|title=Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending|date=January 28, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208035207/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-01-28/hollywood-history-lillian-michelson-digital-internet-archive|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other services and endeavors ==<br /> === Physical media ===<br /> [[File:Vintage wall intercom at Internet Archive.jpg|thumb|A vintage wall intercom, an example of another &quot;archived&quot; item]]<br /> <br /> Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]], Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. &quot;We're not going to get there, but that's our goal&quot;, he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle|title= Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book|date= August 1, 2011|work= The Guardian|quote= Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420092930/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle |url-status= live|archive-date=April 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Vault ===<br /> Vault is a digital repository and preservation service provided by Internet Archive to institutions that need to preserve digital collections. Data stored in Vault is kept in at least 2 different Internet Archive datacenters, with at least 2 copies in each of them. Access control, fire protection and monitoring systems are used to protect all content stored in Vault.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vault Support-2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=About Vault |url=https://vault-webservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/14173270954132-About-Vault |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Vault Support |archive-date=August 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831235623/https://vault-webservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/14173270954132-About-Vault |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Software ===<br /> The Internet Archive has &quot;the largest collection of historical software online in the world&quot;, spanning 50 years of [[History of computing hardware|computer history]] in [[terabyte]]s of computer magazines and journals, books, [[shareware]] discs, FTP sites, [[video game]]s, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as &quot;vintage software&quot;, as a way to preserve them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project |url=https://archive.org/details/clasp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019034848/https://archive.org/details/clasp |archive-date=October 19, 2007 |access-date=October 21, 2007 |publisher=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project advocated an exemption from the United States [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] to permit them to bypass [[copy protection]], which the [[United States Copyright Office]] approved in 2003 for a period of three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/about/dmca.php| title=Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software| access-date=October 21, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071020011825/https://archive.org/about/dmca.php| archive-date= October 20, 2007 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely &quot;for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.html |title=Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies |journal=[[Federal Register]] |volume=71 |issue=227 |pages=68472–68480 |date=November 27, 2006 |author=[[Library of Congress]] [[United States Copyright Office|Copyright Office]] |access-date=October 21, 2007 |quote=Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101055030/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.html |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Library of Congress]] renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2009/74fr55138.pdf |date=October 28, 2009 |title=Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies |author=[[Library of Congress]] [[United States Copyright Office|Copyright Office]] |journal=[[Federal Register]] |volume=27 |issue=206 |pages=55137–55139 |access-date=December 17, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091202003904/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2009/74fr55138.pdf| archive-date=December 2, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Library reiterated the exemption as a &quot;Final Rule&quot; with no expiration date in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;75_fr_43825&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/27/2010-18339/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control |title=Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies |author=Library of Congress Copyright Office |journal=Federal Register |date=July 27, 2010 |volume=75 |issue=143 |pages=43825–43839 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627172044/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/27/2010-18339/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control |archive-date=June 27, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide select video games [[Web browser|browser]]-playable via [[Multi Emulator Super System|MESS]], for instance the [[Atari 2600]] game [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)|''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5028974/internet-archives-new-historic-software-collection |title=The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser |first=Adi |last=Robertson |date=October 25, 2013 |website=[[The Verge]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027202242/http://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5028974/internet-archives-new-historic-software-collection |archive-date=October 27, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based [[DOSBox]] emulation, thousands of [[MS-DOS|DOS]]/PC games&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/05/you-can-now-play-nearly-2400-ms-dos-video-games-in-your-browser/ |title=You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser |first=Abby |last=Ohlheiser |date=January 5, 2015 |access-date=January 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107210746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/05/you-can-now-play-nearly-2400-ms-dos-video-games-in-your-browser/ |archive-date=January 7, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Jason |date=December 23, 2014 |title=Each New Boot a Miracle |url=http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/4471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109113609/http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/4471 |archive-date=January 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=collection:softwarelibrary_msdos |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Asoftwarelibrary_msdos&amp;page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628201230/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Asoftwarelibrary_msdos&amp;page=1 |archive-date=June 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gamasutra.com/view/news/238156/Saving_video_game_history_begins_right_now.php |title=Saving video game history begins right now |date=March 5, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |first=Kris |last=Graft |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307161450/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/238156/Saving_video_game_history_begins_right_now.php |archive-date=March 7, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; for &quot;scholarship and research purposes only&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/about/terms.php |title=Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy |date=December 31, 2014 |access-date=January 8, 2015 |quote=''Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only.'' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103160557/https://archive.org/about/terms.php |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lu |first1=Kathy |title=Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free |url=http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article6061104.html |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=The Kansas City Star |date=January 12, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192530/http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article6061104.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=O'Neil |first1=Lauren |title=90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community |url=http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2015/01/90s-kids-rejoice-as-internet-archive-releases-2300-ms-dos-games-for-free.html |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=CBCNEWS |date=January 7, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017084634/http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2015/01/90s-kids-rejoice-as-internet-archive-releases-2300-ms-dos-games-for-free.html |archive-date=October 17, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for [[Adobe Flash]] called [[Ruffle (software)|Ruffle]], and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020, end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/19/21578616/internet-archive-preservation-flash-animations-games-adobe | title = The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations | first = Ian Carlos | last = Campbell | date = November 19, 2020 | access-date = November 19, 2020 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = November 20, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201120014816/https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/19/21578616/internet-archive-preservation-flash-animations-games-adobe | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Table Top Scribe System &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;ttscribe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===<br /> A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.&lt;ref name=&quot;ttscribe1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/tabletopscribesystem|access-date=October 23, 2018|title=Table Top Scribe System|website=Internet Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010084141/https://archive.org/details/tabletopscribesystem|archive-date=October 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LinuxsSavesCongress&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.linux.com/news/linux-help-library-congress-save-american-history|title=Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history|first=Michael|last=Stutz|publisher=The Linux foundation|website=Linux.com|date=March 28, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023085241/https://www.linux.com/news/linux-help-library-congress-save-american-history|archive-date=October 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Credit Union ===<br /> From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a [[Credit union|federal credit union]] based in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the [[National Credit Union Administration]], which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving [[Bitcoin]] firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cutimes.com/2015/12/18/death-of-a-credit-union-internet-archive-fcu-volun/|title=Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates|first=Peter|last=Strozniak|date=December 18, 2015|work=Credit Union Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006060504/https://www.cutimes.com/2015/12/18/death-of-a-credit-union-internet-archive-fcu-volun/|archive-date=October 6, 2019|access-date=October 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2015/11/24/difficult-times-at-our-credit-union/|title=Difficult Times at our Credit Union|website=Internet Archive Blogs|date=November 24, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616165210/http://blog.archive.org/2015/11/24/difficult-times-at-our-credit-union/|archive-date=June 16, 2019|access-date=October 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Decentralization ===<br /> Since 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2019-03-24 |title=Coming this Summer: The First DWeb Camp {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2019/03/24/coming-this-summer-the-first-dweb-camp/ |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Internet Archive organizes an event called Decentralized Web Camp (DWeb Camp). It is an annual camp that brings together a diverse global community of contributors in a natural setting. The camp aims to tackle real-world challenges facing the web and co-create decentralized technologies for a better internet. It aims to foster collaboration, learning, and fun while promoting principles of trust, human agency, mutual respect, and ecological awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=DWeb Camp 2023 |url=https://dwebcamp.org/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=dwebcamp.org |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703083648/http://dwebcamp.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wayforward Machine ===<br /> [[File:Wayforward Machine screenshot.png|thumb|Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine]]<br /> On September 30, 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the &quot;Wayforward Machine&quot;, a [[satire|satirical]], [[Web fiction|fictional website]] covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a [[fiction]]al [[dystopia]]n timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of [[Section 230]] of the [[United States Code]] in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Holt |first1=Kris |date=7 October 2021 |title=The Internet Archive's 'Wayforward Machine' paints a grim future for the web |work=[[Engadget]] |url=https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-wayforward-machine-web-future-wayback-175936050.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007182944/https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-wayforward-machine-web-future-wayback-175936050.html |archive-date=October 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imagine the future of the Internet |url=https://wayforward.archive.org/ia2046/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117143420/https://wayforward.archive.org/IA2046/ |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ceramic archivists collection ===<br /> [[File:Ceramic Archivists by sculptor Nuala Creed at Internet Archive.jpg|thumb|[[Ceramic]] figures of Internet Archive employees]]<br /> <br /> The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 [[Ceramic art|ceramic figures]] representing employees of the Internet Archive, with the 100th statue immortalizing [[Aaron Swartz]]. This collection, inspired by the [[Terracotta Army|statues of the Xian warriors in China]], was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by [[Nuala Creed]], and as of 2014, is ongoing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Karyne |date=April 29, 2014 |title=These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet |work=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Insider Inc.]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-internet-archives-100-ceramic-statues-2014-4?IR=T |url-status=live |access-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233123/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-internet-archives-100-ceramic-statues-2014-4?IR=T |archive-date=July 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Artists in residence ===<br /> The Internet Archive visual arts residency,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Internet-Archive-is-a-treasure-trove-of-material-11751319.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801171741/https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Internet-Archive-is-a-treasure-trove-of-material-11751319.php |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |last1=Desmarais |first1=By Charles }}&lt;/ref&gt; organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open [[Freedom of information|access to information]] intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;res2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Amir Saber Esfahani |date=June 22, 2019 |title=The Internet Archive's 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition |url=https://blog.archive.org/2019/06/22/the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residency-exhibition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624180808/https://blog.archive.org/2019/06/22/the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residency-exhibition/ |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=Internet Archive Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2024–2025 Residency Artist Swilk&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=New Installation from Swilk, Artist in Residence, Opens November 9 {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2024/11/06/new-installation-from-swilk-artist-in-residence-opens-november-9/ |access-date=2025-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2021–2022 Residency Artist Casey Gray&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esfahani |first=Amir Saber |date=2022-02-01 |title=Artist in Residence Casey Gray Exhibits New Work at Hashimoto Contemporary {{!}} Internet Archive Blogs |url=https://blog.archive.org/2022/02/01/artist-in-residence-casey-gray-exhibits-new-work-at-hashimoto-contemporary/ |access-date=2025-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2019 Residency Artists: [[Caleb Duarte]], [[Whitney Lynn]], and Jeffrey Alan Scudder&lt;ref name=&quot;res2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Internet Archive's 2019 Artist In Residence Exhibition |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/ever-gold-projects-the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residence-exhibition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305020427/https://www.artsy.net/show/ever-gold-projects-the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residence-exhibition |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=Artsy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and [[Taravat Talepasand]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Amir Saber Esfahani |date=June 19, 2018 |title=The Internet Archive's 2018 Artis in Residency Exhibition |url=https://blog.archive.org/2018/06/19/the-internet-archives-2018-artist-in-residency-exhibition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626031827/https://blog.archive.org/2018/06/19/the-internet-archives-2018-artist-in-residency-exhibition/ |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=Internet Archives Blogs}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=The Internet Archive's 2017 Artist in residence Exhibition |url=https://minnesotastreetproject.com/exhibitions/1275-minnesota-st/internet-archive%E2%80%99s-2017-artist-residence-exhibition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726234423/https://minnesotastreetproject.com/exhibitions/1275-minnesota-st/internet-archive%E2%80%99s-2017-artist-residence-exhibition |archive-date=July 26, 2017 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=Minnesota Street Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies, legal disputes, and activism ==<br /> {{see also|Wayback Machine#In legal evidence|l1=Wayback Machine §&amp;nbsp;In legal evidence}}<br /> [[File:The main hall at Internet Archive (2013).jpg|thumb|The main hall of the current headquarters]]<br /> <br /> === Opposition to national security letters, bills and settlements ===<br /> {{Anchor|National security letter}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 160<br /> | image1 = EFF-IA National security letter.pdf<br /> | image2 = EFF-IA National security letter.pdf{{!}}page=2<br /> | footer = A [[national security letter]] issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user<br /> |direction = horizontal}}<br /> <br /> On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[national security letter]] asking for logs on an undisclosed user.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Broache, Anne |date=May 7, 2008 |url=http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9938603-7.html |title=FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records |work=CNet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515080212/http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9938603-7.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Nakashima, Ellen |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/07/AR2008050703808.html |title=FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 8, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906223324/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/07/AR2008050703808.html |archive-date=September 6, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter asking for logs on another undisclosed user was successfully challenged.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Crocker, Andrew |date=December 1, 2016 |url=https://www.eff.org/press/releases/internet-archive-received-national-security-letter-fbi-misinformation-about |title=Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order |work=Electronic Frontier Foundation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213125951/https://www.eff.org/press/releases/internet-archive-received-national-security-letter-fbi-misinformation-about |archive-date=December 13, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Internet Archive blacked out its website for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] and the [[PROTECT IP Act]] [[Bill (law)|bills]], two pieces of legislation in the [[United States Congress]] that they argued would &quot;negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive&quot;. This occurred in conjunction with the [[Protests against SOPA and PIPA#Wikimedia community|English Wikipedia blackout]], as well as [[Protests against SOPA and PIPA|numerous other protests]] across the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.archive.org/2012/01/17/12-hours-dark-internet-archive-vs-censorship/ |title=12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship |last=Kahle |first=Brewster |date=January 17, 2012 |work=Internet Archive Blogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813030617/https://blog.archive.org/2012/01/17/12-hours-dark-internet-archive-vs-censorship/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Internet Archive is a member of the [[Open Book Alliance]], which has been among the most outspoken critics of the [[Google Book Search Settlement Agreement|Google Book Settlement]]. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opencontentalliance.org/ |title=Open Content Alliance |publisher=opencontentalliance.org |access-date=April 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410032304/http://www.opencontentalliance.org/ |archive-date=April 10, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hosting of disputed media ===<br /> On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in [[Turkey]] after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17&amp;nbsp;GB of leaked government emails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-restores-access-to-google-drive-after-blocking-cloud-storage-services.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=104784&amp;NewsCatID=339|website=Turkey Blocks| date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=October 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924185119/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-restores-access-to-google-drive-after-blocking-cloud-storage-services.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=104784&amp;NewsCatID=339|archive-date=September 24, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2017/turkey|title=Turkey Country Report &amp;#124; Freedom on the Net 2017|date=November 14, 2017|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084718/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2017/turkey|archive-date=December 27, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Because the Internet Archive only lightly moderates uploads, it includes resources that may be valued by extremists and the site may be used by them to evade [[Blacklist (computing)|block list]]ing. In February 2018, the [[Counter Extremism Project]] said that the Archive hosted terrorist videos, including the beheading of [[Alan Henning]], and had declined to respond to requests about the videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.counterextremism.com/blog/dark-side-internet-archive|title=The Dark Side of the Internet Archive|first=Joanna|last=Fisher-Birch|date=14 February 2018|access-date=25 February 2024|publisher=Counter Extremism Project|archive-date=February 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225233253/https://www.counterextremism.com/blog/dark-side-internet-archive|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the [[Islamic State]] was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.&lt;ref name=BBC2018&gt;{{cite web|access-date=6 February 2022|title=IS propaganda 'hidden on Internet Archive'|date=15 May 2018|last=Kelion|first=Leo|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44112431|archive-date=February 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206225416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44112431|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.&lt;ref name=BBC2018/&gt; In April 2019, [[Europol]], acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of &quot;terrorist propaganda&quot;.&lt;ref name=BBC2019&gt;{{cite web|access-date=6 February 2022|title=Internet Archive denies hosting 'terrorist' content|date=12 April 2019|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-47908220|archive-date=February 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206225410/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-47908220|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.&lt;ref name=BBC2019/&gt; On July 14, 2021, the Internet Archive held a joint &quot;Referral Action Day&quot; with Europol to target terrorist videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/jihadist-content-targeted-internet-archive-platform|title=Jihadist content targeted on Internet Archive platform|publisher=Europol|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=September 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161333/https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/jihadist-content-targeted-internet-archive-platform|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 2021 article said that [[jihadist]]s regularly used the Internet Archive for &quot;[[dead drop]]s&quot; of terrorist videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27044234|title=The Dead Drops of Online Terrorism: How Jihadists Use Anonymous Online Platforms|last1=Weimann|first1=Gabriel|last2=Vellante|first2=Asia|journal=Perspectives on Terrorism|volume=15|number=4|pages=39–53|date=August 2021|jstor=27044234|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023005815/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27044234|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2022, a former [[UCLA]] lecturer's 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, was uploaded to the Internet Archive.&lt;ref name=Vice&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/archivists-are-putting-terrorist-manifestos-online-should-they-stay-there/|title=Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online. Should They Stay There?|last=Woodcock|first=Claire|date=14 February 2022|access-date=2 March 2022|publisher=Vice|archive-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302220806/https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvn5g3/archivists-are-putting-terrorist-manifestos-online-should-they-stay-there|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.&lt;ref name=Vice/&gt; A 2022 paper by [[Gabriel Weimann]] found &quot;an alarming volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1076559|chapter=Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive|pages=10–24|title=Proceedings of the 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities|date=2022|publisher=[[Scientia Moralitas Research Institute]]|archive-date=October 23, 2023|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023005816/https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1076559|url-status=live|last=Weimann|first=Gabriel|author-link=Gabriel Weimann}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Additional citation needed|date=February 2026}} A 2023 paper reported that Neo-Nazis collect links to online, publicly available resources to be shared with new recruits. As the Internet Archive hosts uploaded texts that are not allowed on other websites, Nazi and neo-Nazi books in the Archive (e.g., ''[[The Turner Diaries]]'') frequently appear on these lists. These lists also feature older, public domain material created when [[white supremacist]] views were more mainstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Boucher |first1=Geoff |last2=Young |first2=Helen |date=2023 |title=Digital books and the far right |journal=[[Continuum (journal)|Continuum]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2023.2191905 |s2cid=257783779 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2020 National Emergency Library ===<br /> In the midst of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4&amp;nbsp;million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an [[encryption|encrypted file]] that would become unusable after the lending period was completed.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20230813&quot; /&gt; This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/internet-archive-offers-thousands-of-copyrighted-books-for-free-online/|title=Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online|last=Lee|first=Timothy B.|date=2020-03-28|website=Ars Technica|access-date=2020-04-10|archive-date=March 28, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200328195723/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/internet-archive-offers-thousands-of-copyrighted-books-for-free-online/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArchiveResponse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library |url=https://blog.archive.org/2020/03/30/internet-archive-responds-why-we-released-the-national-emergency-library/ |last=Freeland |first=Chris |date=2020-03-30 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/story/the-national-emergency-library-and-its-discontents/ | title = The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents | first = Noam | last = Cohen | date = April 20, 2020 | access-date = April 20, 2020 | magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | archive-date = April 20, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200420142718/https://www.wired.com/story/the-national-emergency-library-and-its-discontents/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = an&gt;{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy' |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/30/internet-archive-accused-of-using-covid-19-as-an-excuse-for-piracy |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2020-03-30 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331001559/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/30/internet-archive-accused-of-using-covid-19-as-an-excuse-for-piracy |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an &quot;unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material&quot; due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public |url=http://blog.archive.org/2020/03/24/announcing-a-national-emergency-library-to-provide-digitized-books-to-students-and-the-public/ |last=Freeland |first=Chris |date=2020-03-24 |website=Internet Archive Blogs |access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in [[fair use]] principles. The Archive continued implementing their [[controlled digital lending]] policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArchiveResponse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library |url=http://hurstassociates.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-national-emergency-library.html |last=Hurst-Wahl |first=Jill |date=2020-04-20 |website=Digitization 101 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531053252/http://hurstassociates.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-national-emergency-library.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue with The Archive and its [[Open Library#Copyright violation accusations|Open Library]] project, equating the move to [[copyright infringement]] and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;an&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hampton |first1=Rachelle |title=The Internet Archive Started an &quot;Emergency&quot; Online Library. Authors Are Furious. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2020/04/internet-archive-national-emergency-library-controversy.html |website=Slate |date=April 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403000508/https://slate.com/culture/2020/04/internet-archive-national-emergency-library-controversy.html |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/2020/03/30/823797545/authors-publishers-condemn-the-national-emergency-library-as-piracy | title = Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy' | first = Colin | last = Dwyer | date = March 30, 2020 | access-date = March 30, 2020 | work = [[NPR]] | archive-date = March 30, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200330193055/https://www.npr.org/2020/03/30/823797545/authors-publishers-condemn-the-national-emergency-library-as-piracy | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | title = Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library | first = Constance | last = Grady | date = April 2, 2020 | access-date = April 2, 2020 | work = [[Vox (website)|Vox]] | archive-date = April 4, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404010247/https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's [[Jason Scott]] requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: &quot;I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://locusmag.com/2020/05/internet-archive-controversy/|title=Internet Archive Controversy|newspaper=Lotus|access-date=25 May 2020|date=2 May 2020|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526205517/https://locusmag.com/2020/05/internet-archive-controversy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Access blocking in Indonesia ===<br /> On 27 May 2025, the [[Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs|Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs of Indonesia]] (abbreviated as Komdigi) blocked access to the Internet Archive in Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|number=1927152357206372376|user=OpenObservatory|title=Today, on 26th May 2025, #Indonesia started blocking access to @internetarchive.|access-date=2025-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Alexander Sabar]], the Director General of the Supervision of Digital Space, stated that the reason was the presence of pornography and online gambling on the site. He denied a rumor that there was motive to rewrite or hide history. He also acknowledged the importance of the Internet Archive, and claimed that the blocking was temporary and would be rescinded if they removed the offending content, and that they only blocked it after the Internet Archive did not respond to their requests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shabrina |first=Dinda |date=2025-05-28 |title=Pemerintah Bilang Tak Ada Motif Sejarah di Balik Pemblokiran Situs Archive.org |trans-title=Government Says No History Motive Behind The Blocking of Archive.org Site |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/pemerintah-bilang-tak-ada-motif-sejarah-di-balik-pemblokiran-situs-archive-org--1573556 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Tempo |language=id |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530132427/https://www.tempo.co/politik/pemerintah-bilang-tak-ada-motif-sejarah-di-balik-pemblokiran-situs-archive-org--1573556 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramadan |first=Muhamad |title=Gudang Arsip Dunia Kena Blokir! Internet Archive Dibungkam Komdigi: Konten Judi Online &amp; Porno Jadi Biang Keladi! |trans-title=The World's Archive Warehouse Has Been Blocked! Internet Archive Silenced By Komdigi: Online Gambling &amp; Porno Content Becomes A Troublemaker! |url=https://tekno.sindonews.com/read/1573753/207/gudang-arsip-dunia-kena-blokir-internet-archive-dibungkam-komdigi-konten-judi-online-porno-jadi-biang-keladi-1748567159 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=SINDOnews Tekno |language=id-ID |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530132427/https://tekno.sindonews.com/read/1573753/207/gudang-arsip-dunia-kena-blokir-internet-archive-dibungkam-komdigi-konten-judi-online-porno-jadi-biang-keladi-1748567159 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 30, 2025, Indonesia lifted the block on the Internet Archive after they removed the offending content.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fauziyah |first=Najla Nur |date=2025-05-30 |title=Indonesia Lifts Block on Archive.org Following Compliance on 'Harmful Content' Removal |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/2012488/indonesia-lifts-block-on-archive-org-following-compliance-on-harmful-content-removal |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Tempo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Access blocking in Iraq ===<br /> In November 2024, the Internet Archive was blocked in [[Iraq]]. The [[Ministry of Communications (Iraq)|Ministry of Communications of Iraq]] has not publicly addressed the restriction.&lt;ref name=&quot;intellinews-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Iraq blocks 4chan in latest internet crackdown |url=https://www.intellinews.com/iraq-blocks-4chan-in-latest-internet-crackdown-355802/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=www.intellinews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Copyright issues ==<br /> In November 2005, free downloads of [[Grateful Dead]] concerts were removed from the site, following what seemed to be disagreements between some of the former band members. [[John Perry Barlow]] identified [[Bob Weir]], [[Mickey Hart]], and [[Bill Kreutzmann]] as the instigators of the change, according to an article in ''[[The New York Times]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;leeds&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Leeds |first1=Jeff |last2=Mayshark |first2=Jesse Fox |date=December 1, 2005 |title=Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/01/technology/01iht-deadheads.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508194949/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/01/technology/01iht-deadheads.html |archive-date=May 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phil Lesh]] supported keeping the concerts free.&lt;ref name=&quot;lesh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Lesh |first=Phil |author-link=Phil Lesh |date=November 30, 2005 |title=An Announcement from Phil Lesh |url=http://www.phillesh.net/philzonepages/friends_stuff/hotline-051130.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715072102/http://www.phillesh.net/philzonepages/friends_stuff/hotline-051130.html |archive-date=July 15, 2007 |work=Hotline |publisher=PhilLesh.net |type=blog |quote=It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A November 30 forum post from [[Brewster Kahle]] summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but [[Mixing console|soundboard]] recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kahle |first1=Brewster |last2=Vernon |first2=Matt |date=December 1, 2005 |title=Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/post/49553/good-news-and-an-apology-gd-on-the-internet-archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806205924/https://archive.org/post/49553/good-news-and-an-apology-gd-on-the-internet-archive |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |work=Live Music Archive Forum |publisher=Internet Archive}} ''Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of ''[[Nintendo Power]]'', [[Nintendo]]'s official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'', &quot;[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/8/12405278/nintendo-power-issues-disappear-from-free-online-archive |title=Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it |last=Frank |first=Allegra |date=August 8, 2016 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811134720/http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/8/12405278/nintendo-power-issues-disappear-from-free-online-archive |archive-date=August 11, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2017, the [[Department of Telecommunications]] of the [[Government of India]] blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the [[Madras High Court]],&lt;ref name=&quot;gtech&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted? Confirmation Awaited |url=https://www.guidingtech.com/70862/wayback-machine-ban-india-internet-archive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412131313/https://www.guidingtech.com/70862/wayback-machine-ban-india-internet-archive/ |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |publisher=Guiding Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; citing piracy concerns after copies of two [[Bollywood]] films were allegedly shared via the service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40875528 |title=Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive |last=Kelion |first=Leo |date=August 9, 2017 |work=BBC |url-status=live |access-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806052316/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40875528 |archive-date=August 6, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[HTTP]] version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the [[HTTPS]] protocol.&lt;ref name=&quot;gtech&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, the Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of ''[[India: The Modi Question]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=23 January 2023 |title=Internet Archive takes down upload of BBC's Modi documentary |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet-archive-takes-down-upload-of-bbcs-modi-documentary/article66425460.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129001541/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet-archive-takes-down-upload-of-bbcs-modi-documentary/article66425460.ece |archive-date=January 29, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[BBC]] documentary released on January 17 and banned in India by January 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why India has banned this documentary about its Prime Minister Narendra Modi |publisher=[[SBS World News]] |date=January 27, 2023 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/why-india-has-banned-this-documentary-about-its-prime-minister-narendra-modi/6b947mrug |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012041814/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/why-india-has-banned-this-documentary-about-its-prime-minister-narendra-modi/6b947mrug |archive-date=October 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K. |title=I&amp;B Ministry blocks BBC documentary critical of PM Modi; Opposition slams 'censorship' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 21, 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ib-ministry-orders-blocking-of-bbc-documentary-india-the-modi-question-critical-of-pm-modi-on-youtube-twitter/article66416654.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230122091400/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ib-ministry-orders-blocking-of-bbc-documentary-india-the-modi-question-critical-of-pm-modi-on-youtube-twitter/article66416654.ece |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on January 23.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot; /&gt; The Internet Archive then stated, on January 27, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Chris |date=January 27, 2023 |title=BBC Modi Documentary Removal |url=https://blog.archive.org/2023/01/27/bbc-modi-documentary-removal/ |access-date=January 29, 2023 |publisher=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012040904/https://blog.archive.org/2023/01/27/bbc-modi-documentary-removal/ |archive-date=October 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 2026, ''The New York Times'' and ''The Guardian'' are among the outlets concerned about scraping of the Internet Archive of their content as a way to get around the defenses against scraping from their own websites. Some news organizations are restricting the Internet Archive's crawlers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Deck |first=Andrew |last2=Tameez |first2=Hanaa' |date=January 28, 2026 |title=News publishers limit Internet Archive access due to AI scraping concerns |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2026/01/news-publishers-limit-internet-archive-access-due-to-ai-scraping-concerns/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260215163153/https://www.niemanlab.org/2026/01/news-publishers-limit-internet-archive-access-due-to-ai-scraping-concerns/ |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=Nieman Lab}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neilson |first=Tai |date=2026-02-05 |title=News sites are locking out the Internet Archive to stop AI crawling. Is the 'open web' closing? |url=http://theconversation.com/news-sites-are-locking-out-the-internet-archive-to-stop-ai-crawling-is-the-open-web-closing-274968 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Book publishers' lawsuit ===<br /> {{main|Hachette v. Internet Archive}}<br /> <br /> The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers—Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley &amp; Sons, and Penguin Random House—in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20230813&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;open library lawsuit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=DiFeliciantonio|first=Chase|date=6 September 2021|title=He founded the Internet Archive with a utopian vision. That hasn't changed, but the internet has|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/He-founded-the-Internet-Archive-with-a-Utopian-16434559.php|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115095138/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/He-founded-the-Internet-Archive-with-a-Utopian-16434559.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | title = Internet Archive ends &quot;emergency library&quot; early to appease publishers | first = Timothy | last = Lee | date = June 11, 2020 | access-date = June 14, 2020 | work = [[Ars Technica]] | archive-date = June 14, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074641/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dwyer |first1=Colin |title=Publishers Sue Internet Archive For 'Mass Copyright Infringement' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/03/868861704/publishers-sue-internet-archive-for-mass-copyright-infringement |access-date=16 October 2020 |agency=NPR |date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030042353/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/03/868861704/publishers-sue-internet-archive-for-mass-copyright-infringement |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The plaintiffs, supported by the [[Copyright Alliance]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Copyright Alliance Statement on Book Publishers' Infringement Suit Against Internet Archive |url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/press-releases/june-1-2020/ |website=Copyright Alliance |date=June 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122182325/https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/press-releases/june-1-2020/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a &quot;willful mass copyright infringement&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes lawsuit june2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth |date=11 June 2020 |title=Internet Archive Will End Its Program for Free E-Books |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/books/internet-archive-national-emergency-library-coronavirus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615094026/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/books/internet-archive-national-emergency-library-coronavirus.html |archive-date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=NY Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Judge Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, against Internet Archive in the case, saying the National Emergency Library concept was not fair use, so the Archive infringed copyrights by lending out the publisher's books without the waitlist restriction. An agreement was then reached for the Internet Archive to pay an undisclosed amount to the publishers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.techspot.com/news/99769-internet-archive-reaches-agreement-publishers-digital-book-lending.html|title=The Internet Archive reaches an agreement with publishers in digital book-lending case|last=Maruccia|first=Alfonso|date=14 August 2023|publisher=Tech Spot|archive-date=October 23, 2023|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023005815/https://www.techspot.com/news/99769-internet-archive-reaches-agreement-publishers-digital-book-lending.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Internet Archive appealed the ruling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=2023-03-25 |title=The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23655804/internet-archive-hatchette-publisher-ebook-library-lawsuit |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Verge |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325001705/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23655804/internet-archive-hatchette-publisher-ebook-library-lawsuit |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hernandez |first1=Joe |title=A judge sided with publishers in a lawsuit over the Internet Archive's online library |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/26/1166101459/internet-archive-lawsuit-books-library-publishers |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=NPR |date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010123/https://www.npr.org/2023/03/26/1166101459/internet-archive-lawsuit-books-library-publishers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On September 4, 2024, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] upheld the district court's ruling, calling the Internet Archive's argument that they were shielded by fair use doctrine &quot;unpersuasive&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-4sep2024&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Knibbs |first1=Kate |title=The Internet Archive Loses Its Appeal of a Major Copyright Case |url=https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-loses-hachette-books-case-appeal/ |access-date=September 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] |date=September 4, 2024 |archive-date=September 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918140951/https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-loses-hachette-books-case-appeal/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, the ruling also benefited Internet Archive because the restrictions did not apply to out of print books; and for in-print books, it only applies if the book has an electronic version available for sale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freeland 2023&quot; /&gt; Further the archive could continue offering short passages of books, for example linking to a page number from a Wiki&lt;!-- The Wikipedia example is explicit in the source --&gt;pedia citation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freeland 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Freeland |first=Chris |title=What the Hachette v. Internet Archive Decision Means for Our Library |work=Internet Archive |date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=2025-12-15 |url=https://blog.archive.org/2023/08/17/what-the-hachette-v-internet-archive-decision-means-for-our-library/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ruling still reduced the number of books available to researchers and Wikipedians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Music publishers' lawsuit ===<br /> {{main|Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive}}<br /> <br /> In August 2023, the [[music industry]] corporations [[Universal Music Group]] (UMG), [[Sony Music]] and [[Concord (entertainment company)|Concord]] sued the Internet Archive over its Great 78 Project, asserting the project was engaged in copyright infringement. The Great 78 Project stores digitized versions of pre-1972 songs and albums from 78&amp;nbsp;rpm [[phonograph record]]s, for &quot;the preservation, research and discovery of 78rpm records&quot;. The project had started in 2016, when pre-1972 recordings had not been protected by copyright; in 2018, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Music Modernization Act]] (MMA) which enabled [[Legal remedy|legal remedies]] for unauthorized use of pre-1972 recordings until 2067, thus effectively covering them with copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;MIP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Internet Archive could face major hurdles in latest case |work=[[Managing Intellectual Property]] |date=August 17, 2023 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2865693633|id={{ProQuest|2865693633}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> UMG and Sony had been the two largest companies in this sector for more than a decade, with respective market shares of 31.8% and 22.1% in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Digital and physical revenue market share of the largest record companies worldwide from 2012 to 2023 |work=[[Statista]] |date=May 29, 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/422926/record-companies-market-share-worldwide-physical-digital-revenues |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012025203/https://www.statista.com/statistics/422926/record-companies-market-share-worldwide-physical-digital-revenues/ |archive-date=October 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concord was a rapidly expanding music business closely partnered with UMG since its transformation into Concord Music Group in 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;BV&quot;&gt;{{cite interview |last=Valentine |first=Bob |interviewer=Tim Ingham |title=Concord has $550m in fresh funding, a recent expansion in Australasia and now a new CEO. What's its next move? |publisher=[[Music Business Worldwide]] |date=July 27, 2023 |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/concord-has-550m-in-fresh-funding-a-recent-expansion-in-australasia-and-now-a-new-ceo-whats-its-next-move |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012030919/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/concord-has-550m-in-fresh-funding-a-recent-expansion-in-australasia-and-now-a-new-ceo-whats-its-next-move/ |archive-date=October 12, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and backed since at least 2000 by [[J.P. Morgan &amp; Co.|J.P. Morgan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Concord Raises $600M for Continued Expansion, Assigned B1/B+ Corporate Ratings |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=August 18, 2020 |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200818005101/en/Concord-Raises-600M-for-Continued-Expansion-Assigned-B1B-Corporate-Ratings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012033246/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200818005101/en/Concord-Raises-600M-for-Continued-Expansion-Assigned-B1B-Corporate-Ratings |archive-date=October 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first music company to perform an [[Asset-backed security|asset-backed]] [[securitization]], led by [[Apollo Global Management]], in December 2022. Its assets consisted of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Stassen |first=Murray |title=Concord prices $1.8bn bond offering backed by over 1m music copyrights |work=[[Music Business Worldwide]] |date=December 8, 2022 |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/concord-prices-1-8bn-bond-offering-backed-by-over-1m-music-copyrights |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230110185414/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/concord-prices-1-8bn-bond-offering-backed-by-over-1m-music-copyrights/ |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Arroyo |first1=Carmen |last2=Williams |first2=Charles E. |title=Apollo to Lead Bond Sale Tied to Phil Collins, R.E.M. Royalties |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=November 29, 2022 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-29/apollo-to-sell-bonds-backed-by-phil-collins-r-e-m-royalties |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221130091903/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-29/apollo-to-sell-bonds-backed-by-phil-collins-r-e-m-royalties |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue &quot;from catalog, rather than newly developed, music&quot;. As Valentine stated in his first interview, &quot;The phenomenon of artists' IP has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BV&quot; /&gt; The share of catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to 72.6% between 2019 and 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Richter |first=Felix |title=New Music Plays Second Fiddle to Catalog Titles |work=[[Statista]] |date=February 23, 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/27679/current-versus-catalog-music-in-total-album-consumption-in-the-us/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014165114/https://www.statista.com/chart/27679/current-versus-catalog-music-in-total-album-consumption-in-the-us/ |archive-date=October 14, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a maximum possible fine of $621&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blistein&quot; /&gt; The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of &quot;fair use&quot; to digitize for preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blistein&quot; /&gt; The plaintiffs said in response, &quot;if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://completemusicupdate.com/internet-archives-crackle-based-fair-use-defence-in-copyright-case-is-perverted-say-labels/|title=Internet Archive's crackle based 'fair use' defence in copyright case is perverted, say labels|publisher=Complete Music Update|access-date=15 April 2024|date=23 February 2024|first=Chris|last=Cooke|archive-date=March 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326230940/https://completemusicupdate.com/internet-archives-crackle-based-fair-use-defence-in-copyright-case-is-perverted-say-labels/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a legal source at [[Mayer Brown]], the music publishers' case could be challenged as [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]], since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;MIP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Both parties submitted requests to drop the case on September 15, 2025, after reaching undisclosed settlement terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Blistein |first1=Jon |title=Internet Archive and Major Labels Settle $621 Million Copyright Lawsuit |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/internet-archive-labels-settle-great-78-copyright-lawsuit-1235427887/ |website=rollingstone.com |date=September 15, 2025 |publisher=Rolling Stone |access-date=17 September 2025 |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916142128/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/internet-archive-labels-settle-great-78-copyright-lawsuit-1235427887/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The case was officially dropped as requested in October 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Internet Archive|opinion=Case 3:23-cv-06522-MMC|court=United States District Court for the Northern District of California|date=2025-10-16|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68101636/184/umg-recordings-inc-v-internet-archive/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124022518/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68101636/184/umg-recordings-inc-v-internet-archive/|archive-date=2025-11-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{portal|Internet|History}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order &amp; add a short description per [[WP:SEEALSO]]. --&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[List of online image archives]]<br /> * [[Public domain music]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order. --&gt;<br /> <br /> === Similar projects ===<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order &amp; add a short description per [[WP:SEEALSO]]. --&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[archive.today]]<br /> * [[Internet Memory Foundation]]<br /> * [[LibriVox]]<br /> * [[National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program]] (NDIIPP)<br /> * [[National Digital Library Program]] (NDLP)<br /> * [[Project Gutenberg]]<br /> * [[UK Government Web Archive]] at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]]<br /> * [[UK Web Archive]]<br /> * [[WebCite]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order. --&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other ===<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order &amp; add a short description per [[WP:SEEALSO]]. --&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[Anna's Archive]]<br /> * [[Archive Team]]<br /> * [[Digital dark age]]<br /> * [[Digital preservation]]<br /> * [[Heritrix]]<br /> * [[Library Genesis]]<br /> * [[Link rot]]<br /> * [[Memory hole]]<br /> * [[PetaBox]]<br /> * [[Search engine cache]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{library resources box}}<br /> * [https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/technology/internet-archive-celebrates-preserving-1-trillion-webpages/article_be666a38-77e3-4fdb-bc8b-8cba93f7ef97.html &quot;Internet Archive relishes its ‘phenomenal, fabulous success story’&quot;] (October 26, 2025) ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]''<br /> * {{cite news|author=Kahle, Brewster|url=https://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html|title=Archiving the Internet|work=Scientific America|date=November 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971011050140/https://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html|archive-date=October 11, 1997}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/|title=Scanning Center Fire – Please Help Rebuild|author=Kahle, Brewster|website=Internet Archive Blogs|date=November 6, 2013|author-link=Brewster Kahle}}<br /> * {{cite news |author=Lepore, Jill|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb |title=The Cobweb|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|date= January 26, 2015|author-link=Jill Lepore }}<br /> * {{cite news |author=Ringmar, Erik|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=401386 |title=Liberate and Disseminate|work=Times Higher Education Supplement|date= April 10, 2008}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{for|help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) on this version of Wikipedia|Help:Using the Wayback Machine|selfref=y}}<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> * [https://scholar.archive.org/ Internet Archive Scholar]<br /> * {{ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer|943242767}}<br /> <br /> {{Internet Archive navbox}}<br /> {{ebooks}} <br /> {{Tor onion services}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Internet Archive| ]]<br /> [[Category:1996 establishments in California]]<br /> [[Category:1996 in San Francisco]]<br /> [[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Access to Knowledge movement]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Charities based in California]]<br /> [[Category:File sharing communities]]<br /> [[Category:Foundations based in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Libraries established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Online archives of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Public libraries in California]]&lt;!-- See https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=121377 --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Richmond District, San Francisco]]<br /> [[Category:Sound archives]]<br /> [[Category:Tor onion services]]<br /> [[Category:Web archiving initiatives]]<br /> [[Category:Federal depository libraries]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hindi&diff=472632 2026-03-28T18:01:36Z

<p>Robigk: quick refined structure further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Twelver Shia Muslim scholar (1800–1869)}}<br /> {{For|the Jordanian Paralympic athlete|Ahmad Hindi (athlete)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | native_name = سید احمد موسوی هندی<br /> | birth_place = [[Kintoor]], [[Oudh State]], British India (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)<br /> | honorific prefix = [[Sayyid|Syed]]<br /> | denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]<br /> | jurisprudence = [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari]] ([[Usulism|Usuli]])<br /> | creed = [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]]<br /> | death_date = 1869<br /> | birth_date = 1800<br /> | relatives = [[Khomeini family]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Sayyid|Syed]] '''Ahmad Musavi Hindi''' ({{langx|fa|سید احمد موسوی هندی}}; 1800–1869) was an Indian-born Iranian [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Muslim]] cleric. He was the paternal grandfather of the [[Supreme Leader of Iran|supreme leader]] of the Islamic republic of [[Iran]], [[Ruhollah Khomeini]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> His family migrated towards the end of the 18th century from [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]] to [[Oudh State|Oudh]] in northern [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Algar|first1=Hamid|authorlink1=Hamid Algar|editor1-last=Koya|editor1-first=Abdar Rahman|title=Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy|date=2010|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|isbn=978-9675062254|page=19|chapter=A short biography}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&amp;dq=awadh+persian&amp;pg=PA8 Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam] By Juan Ricardo Cole&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=7BaVwfpWZgUC&amp;dq=awadh+origin&amp;pg=RA2-PA17 Art and culture: endeavours in interpretation] By Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib&lt;/ref&gt; They settled in the town of [[Kintoor]], [[Barabanki district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranian&quot;&gt;[https://www.iranian.com/Books/1999/June/Khomeini/index.html From Khomein, ''A biography of the Ayatollah''], 14 June 1999, The Iranian&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moin1999&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=B-ihPNR4iaoC&amp;dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&amp;pg=PA2 Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah, Volume 1999] By Baqer Moin&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot;&gt;Ruhollah Khomeini's brief biography by Hamid Algar&lt;/ref&gt; Zayn al-'Abidin al-Musavi, who was progenitor of [[Sayyid|''Syeds'']] of Kintoor, was the great-great-grandfather of Syed Ahmad.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6JrL2GdwkVsC&amp;dq=Sayyids+in+Awadh&amp;pg=PA284 Islam, Politics, and Social Movements] By Edmund Burke, III, Ervand Abrahamian&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in [[Kintoor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moin1999&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbia&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&amp;dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&amp;pg=PA199 The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism] By Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Iraq===<br /> In about 1830, he permanently left India, initially on a pilgrimage to the tomb of [[Ali]] in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Moin1999&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbia&quot; /&gt; According to Moin, this movement was to escape colonial rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;moin18&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last = Moin |first = Baqer |title = Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn = 0-312-26490-9 |year=2000|url = https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Iran===<br /> He visited Iran in 1834 and bought a house in [[Khomeyn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranian&quot; /&gt; He later purchased more land in and around Khomeyn, including an orchard and [[caravanserai]]. These properties remained in the family up to modern times.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbia&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1841, he had married three wives: Shirin Khanum, Bibi Khanum, and Sakineh (his friend Yusuf Khan Kamareh'i's sister), all from Khomeyn. He had five children, including a son named Mostafa (father of [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]), who was born in 1856 in Sakineh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranian&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He died in 1869 and was buried in [[Karbala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranian&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Hindi ''nisba'' (title)==<br /> He continued to be known by the ''nisba'' (title) ''Hindi'' (i.e. from [[Al-Hind|Hind]] or India), indicating his stay there. Even [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] used ''Hindi'' as a pen name in some of his [[ghazal]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot; /&gt; Ruhollah Khomeini's brother was known by the name Nur ed-Din ''Hindi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moin1999&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Ruhollah Khomeini}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1869 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Iranian Shia clerics]]<br /> [[Category:Iranian Shia scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nishapur]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Iranian expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Khomeini family]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Musawis]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]<br /> [[Category:1800 births]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharak_Singh&diff=464482 2026-03-27T16:53:55Z

<p>Robigk: added page per standard format and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Maharaja of the Sikh Empire in 1839}}<br /> {{About|the Maharaja|20th century political leader|Baba Kharak Singh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Maharaja Kharak Singh<br /> | title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Punjab]] &lt;br&gt; [[Maharaja]] of [[Lahore]] &lt;br&gt; Sarkar-i-Wallah&lt;ref name=&quot;Suri. 1961&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Suri.|first=Sohan Lal|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163394684|title=Umdat-ut-tawarikh ['Umdat at-tawārīh, engl.] An outstanding original source of Panjab history by Lala Sohan Lal Suri.|date=1961|oclc=163394684}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; [[Sarkar (surname)|Sarkar]] [[Khalsa]]ji&lt;ref name=&quot;Suri. 1961&quot;/&gt;<br /> | image = Detail of a painting of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Punjab or Delhi, circa early-to-mid 19th century.jpg<br /> | caption = Detail of a painting of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Punjab or Delhi, circa early-to-mid 19th century<br /> | succession = [[Sikh Empire|Maharaja of Punjab, Kashmir and Jammu]]<br /> | reign = 27 June 1839 – 8 October 1839<br /> | cor-type = Coronation<br /> | predecessor = [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]]<br /> | successor = [[Nau Nihal Singh]]<br /> | coronation = 1 September 1839<br /> | birth_date = 22 February 1801<br /> | birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Sikh Empire]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|5 November 1840|22 February 1801}}<br /> | death_place = Lahore, Punjab, Sikh Empire<br /> | spouse = [[Chand Kaur|Chand Kaur Kanhaiyā]]&lt;ref name=eos&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx<br /> | title=KHAṚAK SIṄGH MAHĀRĀJĀ (1801–1840) |last=Āhlūwālīā |first=M. L.<br /> | website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala <br /> | access-date=19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | spouse-type = Consort<br /> | spouses = [[Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon]]&lt;ref name=dhillon1&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/khemkaurdhillon.html |title=&quot;Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon&quot;, URL accessed 11/16/06 |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218030926/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/khemkaurdhillon.html |archive-date=18 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; Kishan Kaur Samra &lt;br&gt; Inder Kaur Bajwa<br /> | religion = [[Sikhism]]<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | house = [[Sukerchakia]]<br /> | father = [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]]<br /> | mother = [[Maharani Datar Kaur|Datar Kaur]]<br /> | issue = [[Nau Nihal Singh]]<br /> | reg-type1 = {{nowrap|Wazir}}<br /> | regent1 = [[Dhian Singh]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Sikh Empire]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kharak Singh''' (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the second [[maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], ruling from June 1839 until his dethronement and imprisonment in October 1839. He was the eldest son of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], and his [[Queen consort|consort]], [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]]. Kharak was succeeded by his only son, [[Nau Nihal Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eos&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> [[File:Depiction of maharajas Ranjit Singh and Kharak Singh, with their ancestors Mahan Singh, Charat Singh, and Budh Singh, including Guru Har Rai, lithograph, Umdat-ut-Tawarikh (vol. II), Albert Press, Lahore, 1886.jpg|thumb|Young Kunwar Kharak Singh (bottom left) sits opposite his father, Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Top row features Sardar Budh Singh of Sukerchak paying respects to Shri Guru Har Rai ji (top right). Middle row features Sardar Charat Singh (left) and his son Sardar Mahan Singh (right). Image is from Umdat-ut-tawarikh (vol. II).]]<br /> <br /> Kharak Singh was born on 22 February 1801 in [[Lahore Fort|Lahore]], [[Punjab]] to [[Ranjit Singh|Sardar Ranjit Singh]] of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] and his second wife [[Datar Kaur|Datar Kaur Nakai]], lovingly called Nakain by his father and popularly known as Mai Nakain or Maharani Nakain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3ddqH-rw0C&amp;pg=PA60&amp;dq=nakahun&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwja_LOl6_KQAxWoBu8CHWD3KSAQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=nakahun&amp;f=false |title=Bengal, Past &amp; Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |date=1926 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Hügel |first=Baron Charles |title=Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab |pages=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mother was the daughter of [[Ran Singh Nakai]], third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEwAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA388&amp;dq=daughter+of+Ran+Singh+Nakai&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwje5qeW7fKQAxUFIEQIHQaaCUgQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=daughter%20of%20Ran%20Singh%20Nakai&amp;f=false |title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A [[horoscope]] was commissioned for newborn prince, as was customary among the nobility of the time. Horoscopes were regarded as valuable indicators of the character and destiny of a future ruler.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA70&amp;dq=royals+and+rebels+birth+of+heir+to+Mehtab+kaur&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjE1oPvjPOQAxWXPUQIHWryLXgQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=royals%20and%20rebels%20birth%20of%20heir%20to%20Mehtab%20kaur&amp;f=false |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756694-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Astrologers suggested the prince be named according to the martial tradition of his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;vah1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vaḥīduddīn |first=Faqīr Sayyid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaQGAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kharak+singh+1802+the+real+ranjit+singh&amp;dq=kharak+singh+1802+the+real+ranjit+singh&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-k8COjfOQAxXgD0QIHW47LtIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#En%20fete |title=The Real Ranjit Singh |date=1965 |publisher=Lion Art Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The prince was named by his father&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vaḥīduddīn|first=Faqīr Sayyid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaQGAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=raj+kaur+triumphed+over+mehtab+kaur|title=The Real Ranjit Singh|date=1965|publisher=Lion Art Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kharak&quot; (ਖੜਕ) which means 'Wielder of the Sword' he was named after the unconquerable warrior mentioned in [[Dasam Granth]]. According to [[Gyani]] Sher Singh, Ranjit Singh knew the entire Dasam Granth by heart.<br /> <br /> Ranjit Singh believed the birth of his son to be auspicious and his happiness was so great that Lahore was ''en fete.'' A full forty days were spent in alms giving, thanksgiving and celebration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lafont |first=Jean Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=raj+kaur+left+the+decision+to+the+maharaja&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjk-q3W69SPAxXimO4BHSAVKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=raj%20kaur%20left%20the%20decision%20to%20the%20maharaja&amp;f=false |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distri |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Sohan Lal |title=Umdat-ut-Tawarikh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jN8jcpx8uh0C&amp;q=Nakai+on+12th+Phagan+1857+Bk+.+,+and+full+forty+days+were+spent+in+great+rejoicings+and+thanksgivings&amp;dq=Nakai+on+12th+Phagan+1857+Bk+.+,+and+full+forty+days+were+spent+in+great+rejoicings+and+thanksgivings&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJz9e87NSPAxUcJEQIHf_HGLsQ6AF6BAgIEAM#Nakai%20on%2012th%20Phagan%201857%20Bk%20.%20,%20and%20full%20forty%20days%20were%20spent%20in%20great%20rejoicings%20and%20thanksgivings |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial |date=1939 |publisher=Khalae College |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbGfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Nakai+on+12th+Phagan+1857+Bk+.+,+and+full+forty+days+were+spent+in+great+rejoicings+and+thanksgivings&amp;dq=Nakai+on+12th+Phagan+1857+Bk+.+,+and+full+forty+days+were+spent+in+great+rejoicings+and+thanksgivings&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJz9e87NSPAxUcJEQIHf_HGLsQ6AF6BAgJEAM#Nakai%20on%2012th%20Phagan%201857%20Bk%20.%20,%20and%20full%20forty%20days%20were%20spent%20in%20great%20rejoicings%20and%20thanksgivings |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, as Patron of the Arts |date=1981 |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vah1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sohan Lal Suri]], the court biographer of the Sukerchakia royal family in his magnum opus, [[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]] mentions the baby prince's arrival as a blessing to the local population and how everyone rejoiced.<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There was general pleasure and merry-making. The dust of distress and suffering was removed from the minds of the people. The persons who had been blinded with adversity procured the kohl of sight on account of abundant charities and alms. The oppressed ones derived great pleasure.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> It was his birth that persuaded Ranjit Singh to proclaim himself the [[Maharaja|Maharaja of Punjab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&amp;q=kharak+singh|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To celebrate his birth, his mother, Datar Kaur, asked her husband, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, to rebuild [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das|Gurdwara Janam Asthan of Guru Ram Das]] in the Chuna Mandi Bazaar at the birthplace of Guru Ram Das Ji. She felt that the ancestral home of Guru Sahib was too small, so Ranjit Singh purchased the surrounding buildings from the Qazis and had the gurdwara constructed in the architectural style of Sri Harmandir Sahib.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baig |first=Ali Usman |date=2022-06-27 |title=Ali Usman Baig : Gurdwara Sri Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das Chuna Mandi Bazar, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (2020) |url=http://aliusmanbaig.blogspot.com/2022/06/gurdwara-sri-janam-asthan-guru-ram-das.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Ali Usman Baig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sun1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Sohan Lal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Umdat_Ut_tawarikh/KJQYSQAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Umdat Ut-tawarikh |date=2001 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |isbn=978-81-7770-072-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das, located in Chuna Mandi, Lahore, Punjab, circa late-19th or early-20th century.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das taken by [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] in the 1920s and published in the ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'' (1930)]]<br /> <br /> The following year, adorned with [[Tilaka]], he was paraded through the streets of Lahore as Punjab's prince.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sood |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hw-AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ranjit+Singh+Made+Him+heir-+apparent&amp;dq=Ranjit+Singh+Made+Him+heir-+apparent&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjmn7z18c-PAxUble4BHb3wMLUQ6AF6BAgHEAM#Ranjit%20Singh%20Made%20Him%20heir-%20apparent |title=Ranjit Singh |date=1968 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1816, in a formal ceremony, Kharak Singh was appointed [[Crown prince|Yuvraj Shri Tikka Kanwar]] by his father.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tugJAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kharak+singh+1816&amp;dq=kharak+singh+1816&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjFjcTP7tSPAxUbMUQIHfqBDHoQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharak%20singh%201816 |title=Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi |date=1977 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early military campaigns and alliances ==<br /> <br /> Kharak Singh was brought up in his family's martial tradition and assigned to a variety of military expeditions. While barely six years old, he was given the command of an expedition to conquer [[Sheikhupura]] the prince's mother then was gifted [[Sheikhupura Fort]] by his father.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=royals+and+rebels+Sheikhupura&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjApYqKr_OQAxWdPkQIHdgdFgYQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=royals%20and%20rebels%20Sheikhupura&amp;f=false |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756694-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g7mEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA196&amp;dq=royals+and+rebels+Sheikhupura&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjApYqKr_OQAxWdPkQIHdgdFgYQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=royals%20and%20rebels%20Sheikhupura&amp;f=false |title=Sikhs: A Story of a People, Their Faith and Culture |date=2023-04-25 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-593-84942-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1811, at the age of ten, the precocious Kharak Singh reportedly asked his father for control over the estates of the [[Nakai Misl]]—his mother’s kingdom—promising that he would render a far greater tribute than his cousin, [[Kahan Singh Nakai]]. His request was granted. Despite the revered [[Sahib Singh Bedi|Baba Sahib Singh Bedi]]'s support for the Nakais the Nakai estates were obvertaken by Kharak Singh claiming he is &quot;the grandson of the Nakais&quot; while Kahan Singh Nakai was allowed to retain [[Baherwal Kalan|Baherwal]] with a jagir worth Rs. 20,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Lala Sohan Lal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/UMDAT_UT_TAWARIKH/L0zoSAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=UMDAT-UT-TAWARIKH: An Outstanding Original Source of Panjab History; Daftar III, Parts (I-V); Chronicle of the Reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh; 1831-1839 A.D. |date=1961 |publisher=S. Chand &amp; Company |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhagat Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals |title=History Of The Sikh Misals}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At a young age, he was engaged to Chand Kaur, the daughter of Jaimal Singh Kanhaiya of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]], a match arranged by his father to ensure that the Kanhaiyas could not directly oppose the Sukerchakia heir-apparent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51&amp;dq=royals+and+rebels+junior+branch&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiDka6EsPOQAxUpmO4BHexBEiMQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=royals%20and%20rebels%20junior%20branch&amp;f=false |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756694-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following his marriage in 1812, he was placed in charge of the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya estates]]. That same year, he was deputed—along with [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] and his tutor, Ram Singh—to punish the recalcitrant chiefs of [[Bhimber]] and [[Rajouri]]. Later in 1812, Kharak Singh received the principality of [[Jammu]] as his [[jagir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Latif |first=Syad Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owqil72dVXgC&amp;pg=PA393&amp;dq=kharak+singh+Bhimbar&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjCqKTYsPOQAxVYkO4BHfe_Dl0Q6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=kharak%20singh%20Bhimbar&amp;f=false |title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1891 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51&amp;dq=royals+and+rebels+junior+branch&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiDka6EsPOQAxUpmO4BHexBEiMQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=royals%20and%20rebels%20Bhimber%20&amp;f=false |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756694-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Another Fresco in Main Sikh Haveli (100 8661).JPG|thumb|Kunwar Kharak Singh rides his horse as his mother, Maharani Datar Kaur, looks on.]]<br /> <br /> [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] had a deep influence on her son and paid great attention to her son's education, as a result Kharak Singh mastered several languages and developed interests in cosmic sciences from an early age. Like his parents, Kharak Singh was deeply religious since childhood. He was a devout Sikh and admired for his piety and simplicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vaḥīduddīn |first=Faqīr Sayyid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaQGAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=the+real+ranjit+singh+piety&amp;dq=the+real+ranjit+singh+piety&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiau_vap_OQAxUEDkQIHXRsFUMQ6AF6BAgNEAM#the%20real%20ranjit%20singh%20piety |title=The Real Ranjit Singh |date=1965 |publisher=Lion Art Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kharak Singh shared a close relationship with his parents, particularly with his mother.<br /> <br /> He cared for her deeply and was devoted to her throughout his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;la1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lala (Lala.) |first=Sohan Lal Suri |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Umdat_ut_Tawarikh/fEmUPwAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Umdat-ut- Tawarikh: Daftar 3 |date=1961 |publisher=Chand |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon her death at Sheikhupura on June 20, 1838, he is recorded by Suri as having been inconsolable.&lt;ref name=&quot;la1&quot;/&gt; He mourned for twenty-one days, attended no public meetings, and was unable to eat properly. Ranjit Singh even remarked to his son that he had lost a great deal of weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;la1&quot;/&gt; His consort, [[Chand Kaur|Yuvrani Chand Kaur]], personally supervised the distribution of alms in commemoration of her mother-in-law.&lt;ref name=&quot;la1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administration as the crown prince ==<br /> [[File:Fresco_of_Maharani_Datar_Kaur_martially_training_Kharak_Singh.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Maharani Datar Kaur martially training her son, Kharak Singh]]<br /> <br /> Since birth, Kharak Singh was the designated heir of his father. In 1816, at the age of 14, Maharaja Ranjit Singh officially anointed him as [[heir apparent]], coronating him [[Crown prince|Yuvraj Shri Tikka Kanwar]] (crown prince).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilZJDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=kharak+singh+1816&amp;pg=PT115|title=Golden Crystal|date=2013|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=978-93-5113-048-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Archives|first=India (Republic) National|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tugJAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=in+1816+kharak+singh+to+put+an+end|title=Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kharak Singh was a popular and well-regarded crown prince.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels |date=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The same year, his mother, [[Datar Kaur|Mai Nakain]] took over his training for 18 months and even accompanied him to his expedition to Multan.&lt;ref name=&quot;thewire.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book Review: The Hidden History of Female Agency in the Sikh Empire|url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-royals-and-rebels-priya-atwal|access-date=2021-09-12|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was invested with the command of [[Siege of Multan (1818)]]. During the battle the queen herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to [[Kot Kamalia]], a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.&lt;ref name=&quot;chop&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chopra, Gulshan Lall|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/16516859|title=The Panjab as a sovereign state (1799-1839)|date=1929|publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur &amp; Sons|oclc=16516859}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1818, together with [[Misr Diwan Chand]] he commanded an expedition against the [[Afghans|Afghan]] ruler of [[Multan]] [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]], achieving a decisive victory at the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan]].<br /> <br /> The crown prince showed military talent hence was given a battalion to command during the [[Battle of Shopian]], which resulted in the annexation of [[Srinagar]] and [[Kashmir]] into the Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large [[Shawl]]-making industry, was also the center of trade between [[Punjab region|Panjab]], [[Tibet]], [[Skardu]], and [[Ladakh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chop&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He commanded during similar campaigns undertaken by his father, Ranjit Singh for the conquest of [[Peshawar]] during the [[Battle of Nowshera]] and against the Mazaris of Shikarpur.<br /> <br /> In 1839, Ranjit Singh awarded [[Kashmir]] to Kharak Singh, which was seen as a check on the ambitions of [[Gulab Singh|Gulab Singh Dogra]].&lt;ref&gt;Vanit Nalwa, Hari Singh Nalwa, &quot;champion of the Khalsaji&quot; (1791-1837), Manohar, New Delhi, 13 January 2009&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Maharaja of the Sikh Empire==<br /> [[File:Maharaja Kharak Singh on horseback.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Kharak Singh on horseback]]<br /> On the death of his father he was proclaimed the Maharajah and installed on the throne at [[Lahore Fort]] on 1 September 1839.<br /> <br /> Kharak Singh was a patron of the arts, and commissioned a Sanskrit astronomy manuscript – the ''Sarvasiddhantattvacudamani''.&lt;ref name=&quot;thewire.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Though courageous and good in battle, Kharak was regarded as simple minded&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobby&quot;&gt;Bobby Singh Bansal, Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India &amp; Pakistan, Hay House, Inc, 1 Dec 2015,&lt;/ref&gt; and believed to lack his father's shrewdness and diplomatic skills.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobby&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C. Grey 1849&quot;&gt;C. Grey, European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785 to 1849, Asian Educational Services, 1996,&lt;/ref&gt; He developed a close relationship with his tutor Chet Singh Bajwa after the death of his mother, who gained such an ascendancy over him as to render him a puppet.&lt;ref name=&quot;C. Grey 1849&quot; /&gt; This relationship with Chet Singh created tensions with Prime Minister Raja Dhian Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;C. Grey 1849&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Austrians|Austrian]] physician [[Johann Martin Honigberger]], who was present at court, described his coronation as a dark day for the Punjab, and referred to the Maharaja as a blockhead who twice a day deprived himself of his senses and spent his whole time in a state of stupefaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;William Dalrymple, Anita Anand, Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond, Bloomsbury Publishing, 15 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; Historians challenge the popular oriental notion of Kharak Singh being considered &quot;imbecile&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2019-06-23|title=HARKING BACK: Exquisite haveli with bloody tales of treachery|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1489836|access-date=2021-10-23|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; as said by [[Alexander Burnes]] and [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]] -who had never met Kharak Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Swamy|first=M. R. Narayan|title=Palace Women, Princes in Sikh Empire|url=https://www.southasiamonitor.org/books/palace-women-princes-sikh-empire|access-date=2021-09-12|website=South Asia Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Burns was the first to refer to Kharak Singh as imbecile but also mentions that Kharak was extremely kind hearted and noted that the prince was the master of an impressive military and good at the administrating and handling important strategic and governing duties assigned to him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atwal&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Claude Martin Wade]], who was at the Lahore Durbar for 16 years disagreed as well, stating that Kharak Singh was a man with a &quot;mild and humane disposition, who was &quot;loved by his dependants&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Wade suggests that Kharak Singh seemed to have a dismal reputation as he maintained a low profile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=royals+and+rebels|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021-01-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756694-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Priya Atwal and Sarbpreet Singh note that Kharak Singh was politically intelligent and well versed in multiple languages, the most educated prince of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who not only led military expeditions but also diplomatic events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarbpreet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWUoygEACAAJ|title=The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2019|publisher=Tranquebar by Westland Publications Private Limited|isbn=978-93-88689-47-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Atwal&quot;/&gt; Sarbjeet Singh states Kharak Singh along with his brothers was a victim of circumstance, something he labeled &quot;A Shakespearean tragedy&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[Dhian Singh|Raja Dhian Singh]] is known to resent the influence of Chet Singh Bajwa, tutor of Kharak Singh on the emperor, as well as the court. It was rumored that both the Maharaja and Chet Singh were secretly planning to sell out the Punjab to the British, pay them six annas in every [[rupee]] of state revenue (37.5%) and, worse of all, disband the Sikh army. Misled by these fictitious tales, the court and [[Nau Nihal Singh]] became estranged from Kharak Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Koh-i-Noor Diamond|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_12469|work=Dictionary of Gems and Gemology|year=2009|pages=500|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_12469|isbn=978-3-540-72795-8|access-date=2021-09-12|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chet Singh was assassinated on 9 October 1839. Early that morning the conspirators entered the Maharaja's residence in the fort and assassinated Chet Singh in the presence of their royal master, who vainly implored them to spare the life of his friend.<br /> <br /> In February 1840 Kharak Singh was officially deposed and imprisoned for supposed crimes.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay, The Tartan Turban: In Search of Alexnder Gardner (Kashi House: London, 2017) page 144&lt;/ref&gt; According to one account he was poisoned with white lead and mercury.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Within six months he was bedridden, and eleven months after the poisoning he died on 5 November 1840 in Lahore.&lt;ref&gt;G. S. Chhabra, Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803-1920), Lotus Press, 2005, p.176&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; The official announcement blamed a sudden mysterious illness.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Though never proven, most contemporaries believed [[Dhian Singh]] to be behind the poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Dhian Singh also murdered one of Kharak Singh's wives, Rani Inder Kaur, by setting her on fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Two of Kharak Singh's wives committed sati on his funeral pyre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=Sep 21, 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=200 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhian Singh had previously resisted attempts to allow Kharak training in statecraft, and on 8 October 1839 he instigated his removal from the throne with Nau Nihal Singh becoming [[De facto|de facto ruler]].<br /> <br /> == Family ==<br /> <br /> === Wives ===<br /> According to Priya Atwal, the known wives of Kharak Singh were:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197548318 |pages=216–223 |chapter=Appendices: Queens of the Sikh Empire - Appendix II. List of All Known Queens of the Empire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Chand Kaur|Chand Kaur Kanhaiya]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]](1802-1842), daughter of Jaimal Singh Kanhaiya was the first wife and queen consort of Kharak Singh. They were married in 1811 when they were both only 10 years old. In 1821 she gave birth to their only son [[Nau Nihal Singh]]. [[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]], the chronological account of the reign of the [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia family]] by their historiographer [[Sohan Lal Suri]] states that she was murdered on the orders of her brother-in-law, [[Sher Singh]] and Prime Minister [[Dhian Singh]]. The account further states that Sher Singh ordered for &quot;medicines&quot; to be given to widows of her son to terminate their pregnancies to avoid any future claimants to the throne resulting in the death of her grandchild and daughter-in-law, [[Sahib Kaur]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Khem Kaur Dhillon]] from Kalalwali, daughter of Jodh Singh Kalalwala was the second wife of Kharak Singh. They were married on 3 July 1815, given a pension worth Rs. 2,400. She had a ''jagir'' worth Rs. 12,000 that was confiscated as she colluded with the Multani rebels to overthrow the British her government in Punjab. Khem Kaur later adopted her cousin's son, Bhagwan Singh.<br /> * Kishan Kaur Samra (also known as Subhrawali), daughter of a Jatt zamindar from Gurdaspur was the third wife of Kharak Singh and they were also married 1815. She was the only queen to live after the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849, had an annual pension paid by the British Raj of RS 2324 and died in Lahore in 1876 while living at the [[Lahore Fort]].<br /> * Inder Kaur Bajwa was his last wife and they were married by proxy in a &quot;chadar dalna&quot; ceremony in 1816. She was a relative of Chet Singh Bajwa, Kharak Singh's tutor and close confidant.<br /> <br /> === Issues ===<br /> The known male issues of Kharak Singh were:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Nau Nihal Singh]], born to Maharani Chand Kaur in 1821.<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[File:Fresco of a tree and flowers from Kharak Singh's haveli within the Lahore Fort.jpg|Fresco of a tree and flowers from Maharaja Kharak Singh's Haveli within the Lahore Fort]]<br /> <br /> A ''[[haveli]]'' known as Kharak Singh's Haveli, located in [[Lahore Fort|Shahi Qila]], [[Lahore]], is associated with him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Atta |first=Ayesha |date=6 October 2023 |title=300-year-old documents found in Kharak Singh's Haveli |url=https://www.samaa.tv/208732195-300-year-old-documents-found-in-kharak-singh-s-haveli |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Samaa}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, a treasure-trove of historical documents was discovered at the haveli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Gurdaspur District]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Commons category|Kharak Singh}}<br /> *Singh, Harbans &quot;The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol III.&quot; pages 494–495<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171218030926/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/khemkaurdhillon.html &quot;Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon&quot;, URL accessed 11/16/06]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140621130115/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/maharaja_kharak_singh.html Genealogy of Kharak Singh]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]<br /> | years = 27 June 1839 – 8 October 1839<br /> | before = [[Ranjit Singh]]<br /> | after = [[Nau Nihal Singh]]<br /> }} <br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kharak Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Sikh emperors]]<br /> [[Category:1801 births]]<br /> [[Category:1840 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Ranjit Singh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Lahore]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_King_George%27s_Own_Ferozepore_Sikhs&diff=455447 2026-03-26T07:14:00Z

<p>Robigk: further update article to improve readability for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> |unit_name=14th Sikhs<br /> |image=14th K.G.O. Sikhs Indian Army.jpg<br /> |caption=<br /> |dates=1846–1922<br /> |country=[[British Raj|Indian Empire]]<br /> |branch=Army<br /> |type=Infantry<br /> |size=<br /> |command_structure=[[Bengal Army]] (to 1895)&lt;br /&gt;[[Bengal Command]]<br /> |garrison=<br /> |ceremonial_chief=[[Edward VII]] (1904)<br /> |ceremonial_chief_label=Colonel-in-Chief<br /> |colonel_of_the_regiment=<br /> |nickname=<br /> |motto=<br /> |colors=Red; faced yellow<br /> |colors_label=Uniform<br /> |march=<br /> |mascot=<br /> |battles=Lucknow&lt;br /&gt;1878–80 Afghanistan&lt;br /&gt;1878 Ali Masjid&lt;br /&gt; Defence of Chitral&lt;br /&gt;1900 China <br /> |notable_commanders=<br /> |anniversaries=<br /> }}<br /> The '''14th (King George's Own) Ferozepore Sikhs''' was a [[regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]]; they can trace their origins to the ''Regiment of Ferozepore'' formed in 1846. The regiment had a number of different titles over the following years: the 14th Bengal Native Infantry 1861–1864, the 14th (The Ferozepore) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry 1864–1885, the 14th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (Ferozepore Sikhs) 1885–1901, the 14th (Ferozepore) Sikh Infantry 1901–1903 and finally, after the [[Kitchener Reforms|Kitchener reforms]] of the Indian Army in 1903, the 14th Ferozepore Sikhs.<br /> <br /> The regiment was part of the international force compiled in China to fight the [[Boxer Rebellion]] 1900, and left China two years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval &amp; Military intelligence|date=22 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36905}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further changes in name followed: the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Ferozepore Sikhs 1906–1910, the 14th (King George's Own) Ferozepore Sikhs 1910–1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=British Empire: Armed Forces: Units: Indian Infantry: 14th Sikhs |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/14thsikhs.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207035827/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/14thsikhs.htm |archivedate=2009-12-07 |url-status=live |accessdate=2009-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> To honour the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Indian they took part in the [[Rawalpindi Parade 1905]].<br /> <br /> In World War I they took part in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] with the [[29th Indian Brigade]] and the [[Mesopotamia Campaign]] with the [[51st Indian Brigade]], [[17th Indian Division]].<br /> <br /> In the post [[World War I]] reforms of the Indian Army they were amalgamated into a large regiment and became the 1st Battalion [[11th Sikh Regiment]].&lt;ref&gt;Sumner p.15&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[independence of India]] the regiment was allocated to the present-day Indian Army.<br /> <br /> ==Battle and theatre honours==<br /> [[File:14th Ferozepore Sikhs en-route for China, 1900.jpg|thumb|14th Ferozepore Sikhs en route for China, 1900]]<br /> ''Lucknow, 1878 Afghanistan, 1878 Ali Masjid, Defence of Chitral 1895, China 1900'', ''The Great War''<br /> <br /> ==Name changes==<br /> *Regiment of Ferozepore (1846–1861)<br /> *15th Regiment (1861)<br /> *14th Bengal Native Infantry (1861–1864)<br /> *14th (The Ferozepore) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (1864–1885)<br /> *14th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (Ferozepore Sikhs) (1885–1901)<br /> *14th (Ferozepore) Sikh Infantry (1901–1903)<br /> *14th Ferozepore Sikhs (1903–1906)<br /> *14th Prince of Wales's Own Ferozepore Sikhs (1906–1910)<br /> *14th (King George's Own) Ferozepore Sikhs (1910–1922)<br /> <br /> ==Campaigns==<br /> *[[Siege of Lucknow]]<br /> *[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]<br /> *[[Boxer Rebellion]]<br /> *[[World War I]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> *{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860–1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br /> [[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1846]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:1846 establishments in British India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-mil-stub}}<br /> {{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=LTIMindtree&diff=511461 2026-03-25T19:22:15Z

<p>Robigk: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian multinational IT services company}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = LTM Limited<br /> | logo = LTM Coral.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|540005}}|{{NSE|LTM}}}}<br /> | ISIN = INE214T01019<br /> | industry = [[Information technology]]&lt;br&gt;[[Consulting]]&lt;br&gt;[[Outsourcing]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4440082 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209151115/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4440082 |archive-date=9 December 2008 |title=Larsen &amp; Toubro Infotech Limited: Private Company Information – BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |url-status=dead |access-date=11 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|23 December 1996}}<br /> | location_city = L&amp;T House, [[Ballard Estate]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = [[S. N. Subrahmanyan]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Non-Executive Chairman)}}&lt;br /&gt;Venu Lambu&lt;br&gt;{{small|(CEO and Managing Director)}}<br /> | revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|38997|c}} (2025)<br /> | operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6214|c}} (2025)<br /> | net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4602|c}} (2025)<br /> | assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|30630|c}} (2025)<br /> | equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|22711|c}} (2025)<br /> | num_employees = 81,650 (March 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=LTIMindtree reports 1.2% Y-o-Y decline in net profit |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2024/04/24/ltimindtree-reports-1-2-y-o-y-decline-in-net-profit/ |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=Techcircle |date=24 April 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | parent = [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]] (68.73%)<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | former_name = L&amp;T Infotech Limited (2001–2022)&lt;br /&gt;LTIMindtree Limited (2022–2026)<br /> | homepage = {{url|https://www.ltm.com/}}<br /> | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Financial Results For Q4 FY25 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/d9adc968-e6d3-4eb3-afd4-542e55dd78d4.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=LTIMindtree |access-date=23 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''LTM Limited''' (formerly '''LTIMindtree Limited''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[information technology]] services and [[consulting]] company based in [[Mumbai]]. A subsidiary of [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]], the company was incorporated in 1996 and employs more than 81,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Shilpa |last2=Mani |first2=Veena |title=LTIMindtree aspires to be $10bn in revenue: CEO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ltimindtree-aspires-to-be-10bn-in-revenue-ceo/articleshow/95544693.cms |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | align = right<br /> | width = <br /> | image1 = Mt Front, Mindtree Chennai (2014).jpg<br /> | image2 = L ^ T Powai - panoramio.jpg<br /> | image3 = Sattva Global City, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore (2024) 75.jpg<br /> | footer = LTM campuses<br /> | total_width = <br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = [[Ramanujan IT City]], Chennai<br /> | caption2 = Global Headquarters [[Powai]], Mumbai<br /> | caption3 = [[Global Village Tech Park|Sattva Global City]], Bangalore<br /> }}<br /> The company was founded as L&amp;T Information Technology Ltd in December 1996 as a subsidiary of Larsen &amp; Toubro.&lt;ref name=&quot;L&amp;T Subsidiaries&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Sanjay Jalona CEO &amp; MD of LTI|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/LT-appoints-ex-Infosys-executive-Sanjay-Jalona-CEO-of-IT-unit/articleshow/48452076.cms|work = lntinfotech.com| date=12 August 2015 |access-date = 8 February 2016|publisher = L&amp;T Infotech}}&lt;/ref&gt; During 2001–2002, the company's name was changed from L&amp;T Information Technology Ltd. to L&amp;T Infotech Ltd., and in the same year, the company achieved the assessed level of the Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) Maturity Level 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=expresscomputeronline| url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20020401/indnews17.shtml| date=1 April 2002| access-date=25 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904095904/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20020401/indnews17.shtml| archive-date=4 September 2004| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/l-t-infotech-18105/information/company-history|title=Larsen &amp; Toubro Infotech Ltd.|access-date=16 April 2019|via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 2009 and 2012, parent Larsen &amp; Toubro sought to scale up L&amp;T Infotech by making a series of acquisition attempts, for [[Satyam Computer Services]], [[Patni Computer Systems]] and Hexaware Technologies, all three of which proved to be unsuccessful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sanjai |first1=P R.|last2=Khan |first2=Zahra |title=L&amp;T Infotech plans to enter new markets, make acquisitions |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/36CTM7eP21M66qfkhcr9oL/LT-Infotech-plans-to-enter-new-markets-make-acquisitions.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Mint |date=14 October 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Barman |first1=Arijit|last2=Shinde |first2=Shivani |title=Now, L&amp;T jumps into Hexaware race to reboot Infotech |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/now-l-t-jumps-into-hexaware-race-to-reboot-infotech-112030700027_1.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, L&amp;T Infotech's engineering services segment was acquired by parent [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]]'s newly created technology and engineering services subsidiary called [[L&amp;T Technology Services]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=L&amp;T to set up new arm L&amp;T Technology Services |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/lt-to-set-up-new-arm-lt-technology-services/articleshow/21982025.cms |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sanjai |first1=P. R. |title=L&amp;T to sell 15% stake in L&amp;T Technology Services via IPO |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3qE6Qrm4YrKmqdl1LZuJiJ/LT-to-sell-15-stake-in-LT-Technology-Services-via-IPO.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=mint |date=15 July 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2016, L&amp;T Infotech went [[public company|public]] via an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) of {{INRconvert|1243|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Ami |title=L&amp;T Infotech falls 1.74% on debut; first IPO to list at a discount in 4 months |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/xoHJj0L7R2sT0cIJvJ2xTO/LT-Infotech-shares-fall-611-first-IPO-to-open-at-a-disco.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=mint |date=21 July 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 2016 and 2017, L&amp;T Infotech had contracts with the [[Income Tax Department]] and [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] to detect income tax evasion using [[Profiling (information science)|profiling]], [[data model]]s and [[social media analytics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Seth |first1=Dilasha |title=L&amp;T Infotech bags contract for Project Insight |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/l-t-infotech-bags-contract-for-project-insight-116071700799_1.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=18 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=L&amp;T Infotech gets $100 million project from CBDT to help pin down tax evaders |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/sxRN0AjjwUkUGFBHboQsGI/LT-Infotech-gets-100-million-project-from-CBDT-to-help-pin.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=1 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company rebranded itself as 'LTI' with a tag line of 'Let's Solve' in May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/lt-infotech-rebrands-itself-as-lti-in-keeping-with-new-business-reality-2270673.html|title=L&amp;T Infotech rebrands itself as LTI in keeping with new business reality|website=Moneycontrol|date=4 May 2017 |access-date=16 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mindtree merger===<br /> In June 2019, Larsen &amp; Toubro completed its [[Takeover#Hostile takeover|hostile takeover]] of Bengaluru-based company [[Mindtree]], despite opposition from the latter's promoters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |date=2019-06-26 |title=With 60% stake, L&amp;T completes its hostile takeover of Mindtree |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/with-60-stake-l-t-completes-its-hostile-takeover-of-mindtree-1561536743325.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2022, it was announced that Mindtree, which was then a different IT services subsidiary of Larsen &amp; Toubro, will be merged into LTI,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |first= |date=2022-06-19 |title=L&amp;T Infotech-Mindtree merger likely by December, says LTI COO |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-infotech-mindtree-merger-likely-by-december-official-122061900849_1.html |access-date=2022-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the company will be renamed as LTIMindtree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ltimindtrees-banking-fin-portfolio-to-be-5th-largest/articleshow/91425364.cms|title=LTIMindtree to have fifth largest BFSI portfolio|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Larsen &amp; Toubro Group chairman [[A. M. Naik]] commented that there was not much overlap between the two companies in terms of industries and clientele; LTI had a plurality in [[BFSI]] industry and was active in the oil and gas sector, while Mindtree had a plurality in [[Media (communication)|technology, media and telecommunications]] (TMT) with a presence in travel and hospitality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ltimindtree-begins-life-in-the-big-league-11668454288057.html|title=LTIMindtree begins life in the big league|date=15 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The merger was completed in November 2022. Subsequent to Merger, company changed name to LTIMindtree, becoming India's fifth largest provider of IT services by market capitalization and sixth largest by revenue. Shares of Mindtree were delisted and shareholders were allotted 73 shares of LTI for every 100 shares of Mindtree held. The parent company, Larsen &amp; Toubro, held a 68.73% stake in the merged entity.&lt;ref name=&quot;m-cap&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/lti-mindtree-merger-takes-effect-latter-to-delist-from-bourses-on-nov-24/article66135921.ece|title=Merged entity. LTI-Mindtree merger takes effect; latter to delist from bourses on Nov 24|date=14 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2026, LTIMindtree Limited announced that it would change its name to LTM Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shinde |first1=Shivani |title=LTIMindtree unveils new identity, to be renamed LTM Limited; board approves |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ltimindtree-rebrands-to-ltm-limited-126021101202_1.html |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=Business Standard |date=11 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BSEINDIA |url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=2192554f-1775-4b3b-8fb7-862d56fe1a17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.bseindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Acquisitions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Company acquired<br /> ! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Country<br /> ! width=&quot;15%&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;usLongDate&quot; | Date<br /> ! width=&quot;35%&quot; | Business<br /> ! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Reference<br /> |-<br /> |Citigroup Fund Services Canada<br /> | {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada<br /> |February 2011<br /> |IT consulting<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L&amp;T Infotech acquires Citigroup's Canadian IT unit|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/l-t-infotech-acquires-citigroup-s-canadian-it-unit-111020100101_1.html|access-date=2013-01-25|website=Business Standard|date=February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Information Systems Resource Centre (ISRC)<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |October 2014<br /> |IT services<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L&amp;T Infotech buys Otis Elevator's Information Systems Resource Centre|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/LampT-Infotech-buys-Otis-Elevator%E2%80%99s-Information-Systems-Resource-Centre/article20897668.ece|access-date=2014-10-28|website=The Hindu Business Line|date=28 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |AugmentIQ Data Sciences<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |October 2016<br /> |[[Big data]], [[data analytics]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L&amp;T Infotech to acquire analytics start-up AugmentIQ|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/OFHtFgn1Jz0GwFD0muUSjL/LT-Infotech-to-acquire-Analytics-startup-AugmentIQ.html|access-date=2016-10-25|website=Mint|date=25 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Syncordis<br /> |{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg <br /> |November 2017<br /> |[[Core banking]] technology<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Larsen &amp; Toubro Infotech to acquire Syncordis SA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/larsen-toubro-infotech-to-acquire-syncordis-sa/articleshow/61647343.cms|access-date=2017-11-14|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Ruletronics<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |January 2019<br /> |[[Business process management]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Larsen &amp; Toubro Infotech acquires Ruletronics for $7.48 million|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/larsen-toubro-infotech-acquires-ruletronics-for-7-48-million/articleshow/67578486.cms |access-date=2019-01-17|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Nielsen+Partner<br /> |{{flagicon|Germany}} Germany <br /> |February 2019<br /> |IT consulting<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=LTI to acquire Germany's Nielsen+Partner in a $31.6M deal|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corporate/lti-to-acquire-germanys-nielsenpartner-for-31-6m/articleshow/67989138.cms |access-date=2019-02-14|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Lymbyc<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |July 2019<br /> |[[Artificial intelligence|AI]], [[machine learning]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=LTI to acquire advanced analytics firm Lymbyc|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/lti-to-acquire-advanced-analytics-firm-lymbyc/articleshow/70257025.cms |access-date=2019-07-17|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Powerupcloud Technologies<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |October 2019<br /> |[[Cloud computing]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Larsen &amp; Toubro Infotech to acquire PowerupCloud|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/larsen-toubro-infotech-to-acquire-powerupcloud/article29728323.ece |access-date=2019-10-17|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Cuelogic Technologies<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |July 2021<br /> |Digital engineering<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LTI concludes acquisition of Pune-Based Cuelogic|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/lti-concludes-acquisition-of-pune-based-cuelogic-121070800360_1.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Business Standard|date=8 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mindtree]]<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> |May 2022<br /> |IT services<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mudgill |first=Amit |title=L&amp;T Infotech announces merger with Mindtree |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lt-infotech-announces-merger-with-mindtree/articleshow/91373633.cms |access-date=2022-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Logo ==<br /> {{Gallery|height=100|width=150|mode=traditional|align=center}}&lt;gallery caption=&quot;History of logo&quot;&gt;<br /> File:LT Infotech First Logo.jpg|Original logo used till 2007<br /> File:L&amp;T Infotech logo.jpg|Logo used from 2007 to 2017<br /> File:LTI Lets solve.png|Logo used from 2017 to 2022<br /> File:LTIMindtree Logo.svg|Logo used from 2022 to 2026<br /> File:LTM Coral.svg|Logo used from 2026 onwards<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[L&amp;T Technology Services]]<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{official}} <br /> {{Larsen &amp; Toubro|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Nifty 200 companies}}<br /> {{Contract research organization|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:LTIMindtree}}<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Software companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]<br /> [[Category:Larsen &amp; Toubro]]<br /> [[Category:Software companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Software companies established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodstock_Villa&diff=474778 2026-03-25T10:12:56Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2008 film by Hansal Mehta}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Woodstock Villa<br /> | image = Woodstockvilla poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Hansal Mehta]]<br /> | producer = [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ekta Kapoor]]&lt;br /&gt;Shobha Kapoor<br /> | writer = [[Rajiv Krishna]]&lt;br /&gt;S. Farhan<br /> {{Infobox<br /> | decat=yes<br /> | child=yes<br /> | label1=Dialogues by<br /> | data1=[[Milap Zaveri]]<br /> }}<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''[[Chaos (2000 film)|Chaos]]''|[[Hideo Nakata]]}}<br /> | starring = [[Sikandar Kher]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Neha Oberoi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Arbaaz Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gulshan Grover]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sachin Khedekar]]<br /> | music = [[Anu Malik]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Vikash Nowlakha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mahesh Aney]]<br /> | editing = Bunty Nagi<br /> | distributor = White Feather Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|2008|05|30|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 94 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/woodstock-villa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode2ndy|title=Woodstock Villa|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101150423/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/woodstock-villa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode2ndy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|380 million}}&lt;ref name=budg&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.allindianewssite.com/5797/shahrukhs-my-name-is-khan-already-made-rs-100-crore/ |publisher=All India Today |title=MNIK earns 100 crore before release |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003101/http://www.allindianewssite.com/5797/shahrukhs-my-name-is-khan-already-made-rs-100-crore/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|200 million}}&lt;ref name=&quot;boiworldwide&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3997&amp;nCat= |title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3997&amp;nCat= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Woodstock Villa''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and jointly produced by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-05-30 |title=Review: Woodstock Villa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-woodstock-villa/story-UPmTzxdSj6W8f7algaOP9M.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104052019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-woodstock-villa/story-UPmTzxdSj6W8f7algaOP9M.html |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Loosely based on the 2000 Japanese film ''[[Chaos (2000 film)|Chaos]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/Woodstock-Villa-2008--Kao-433|title=Woodstock Villa (2008) &amp; Kaosu / Chaos (1999)|website=BObbytalkscinema.com|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207213358/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/Woodstock-Villa-2008--Kao-433|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; it stars debutants [[Sikandar Kher]] and [[Neha Oberoi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/woodstock-villa-to-unveil/|title='Woodstock Villa' to unveil|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 May 2007 |access-date=9 May 2007|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618054105/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/woodstock-villa-to-unveil/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongside [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Sachin Khedekar]]. [[Sanjay Dutt]] makes a guest appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-shoots-a-music-video-for-woodstock-villa/|title=Sanjay Dutt shoots a music video for Woodstock Villa|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 January 2008 |access-date=22 January 2008|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118070427/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-shoots-a-music-video-for-woodstock-villa/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film follows an unemployed man who helps a woman plot her own abduction in order to test her husband's love and dedication towards her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/05/16/bollywood_previews_woodstock_villa_feature.shtml|title=Woodstock Villa|website=[[BBC]]|access-date=16 May 2008|archive-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803143027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/05/16/bollywood_previews_woodstock_villa_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;The soundtrack was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. It was filmed in [[Mumbai]] and [[Mauritius]]. <br /> <br /> The film was released on 30 May 2008, and was a box-office faliure. Kher's performance received praise, while the song placement was criticized.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/06/06/bollywood_reviews_woodstock_villa_feature.shtml|title=Woodstock Villa Review by Manish Gajjar|website=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 June 2008|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171508/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/06/06/bollywood_reviews_woodstock_villa_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=211|title=Woodstock Villa - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101151228/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=211|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Zara Kampani meets Sameer in a pub and lands in his flat, asking him to kidnap her so that she can test her husband, Jatin's love. Sameer can't refuse because he is in desperate need of money. He hasn't paid his rent for months and has to return a huge sum of money to a relative.<br /> <br /> Zara takes Sameer to Woodstock Villa, the location of the kidnapping. Sameer orders Jatin to hand over 5 million dollars to him. After returning, Sameer discovers Zara is dead. An anonymous caller then threatens that he has only 30 minutes to bury the body and clear up all the evidence. He disposes of her body in a forest and returns.<br /> <br /> To be on the safe side, he goes to [[Bangalore]]. Sameer sees Zara's video on television and heads back to find the truth. He finds Zara, and he convinces her to tell him the truth. Zara reveals that she and Jatin truly loved each other. Once in a fight, Jatin's real wife, Zara, accidentally died, and as her and Zara's faces were quite similar, she played the role of Zara. The kidnapping plan was hatched by Jatin and his girlfriend to get out of this murder and trap somebody else. Sameer calls Jatin to Woodstock Villa with the money, and he pays his rent and loan.<br /> <br /> He goes to the airport while Jatin gets caught by the police. Jatin tells the police that he was not the only one to commit the crime. Sameer gives a bag to Zara, but there is no money inside that bag; he had taken the real bag of money. The ball was in Zara's court. If she boarded the plane, Sameer would have trusted her. She decided to cheat Sameer and got cheated herself. Sameer's flight takes off while Jatin's partner gets arrested.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Sikandar Kher]] as Sameer Shroff<br /> * [[Neha Oberoi]] as Zara Kampani / Reshma<br /> * [[Arbaaz Khan]] as Jatin Kampani<br /> * [[Gulshan Grover]] as Karim Bhai<br /> * [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Mr. Amit Chawla, Sameer's landlord<br /> * [[Sachin Khedekar]]<br /> * [[Gaurav Gera]] as Ajay Verma<br /> * [[Sanjay Dutt]] (special appearance in the song &quot;Kyun&quot;)<br /> * Aryans (special appearance in the song &quot;Kyun&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ramani|first1=Nithya|title=Sikander does well in Woodstock Villa|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/30wood.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=26 May 2017|date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612030415/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/30wood.htm|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> [[Sikandar Kher|Sikander Kher]] had several expectations from the media for his debut film.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikander_name_credits&quot;&gt;{{cite news |access-date=2 June 2008 |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1429288 |title=Sikander Ka Muqaddar |date=2 June 2006 |last=Nair |first=Rajeev |work=[[MSN]] India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603093637/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1429288|archive-date=3 June 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although his family name would provide recognition, he chose to have his only his first name listed on the credits.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikander_name_credits&quot;/&gt; [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]], the producer of ''Woodstock Villa'', is the uncle of the other newcomer, Neha Oberoi, who found it exciting and challenging to play the role of a kidnapped wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;uberoi_thoughts&quot;&gt;{{cite news |access-date=2 June 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14685634 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605000053/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14685634 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2008 |title=Dad stays away from Uberoi's premiere |date=2 June 2006 |work=Sify.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gupta offered Mehta the opportunity to direct the film at the point where the latter was out of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ekta-kapoor-sacked-hansal-mehta-from-daily-soap-after-just-15-days-9401365/|title=Ekta Kapoor 'sacked' Hansal Mehta from daily soap after just 15 days: 'It's looking too much like a film, please leave'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=19 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it a stylish thriller and praising the Kher's screen presence, cinematography and songs.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI_review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |access-date=2 June 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/moviereview/3086663.cms |title=Woodstock Villa – Hindi movie review |date=30 May 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |archive-date=2 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602060917/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/moviereview/3086663.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5, feeling the film would have left a stronger impact without having any songs, which he stated were like obstances and &quot;unwanted guests&quot;. However, he praised Kher along with the subject treatment, screenplay, dialogues, cinematography and background score.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/woodstock-villa/critic-review/woodstock-villa-movie-review/|title=Woodstock Villa Review 2/5 &amp;#124; Woodstock Villa Movie Review &amp;#124; Woodstock Villa 2008 Public Review &amp;#124; Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 May 2008 |access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118063419/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/woodstock-villa/critic-review/woodstock-villa-movie-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 1 star out of 5, terming it a purported noir thriller and a &quot;killer waste&quot; of one's time and physical tolerance.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT_review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |access-date=2 June 2008 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-woodstock-villa/story-UPmTzxdSj6W8f7algaOP9M.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828161326/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=b6010bfe-7d97-4a7c-8cac-74cf7bab7e99&amp;ParentID=8dc54409-2bea-47d3-a6f0-02cf935def4d&amp;MatchID1=4688&amp;TeamID1=4&amp;TeamID2=1&amp;MatchType1=1&amp;SeriesID1=1182&amp;PrimaryID=4688&amp;Headline=Review%3A+EMWoodstock+Villa%2FEM |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2008 |title=Out of stock villa |date=30 May 2006 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> * &quot;Dhoka&quot; – Anchal Bhatia<br /> * &quot;Saawan Mein Lag Gayee Aag&quot; – [[Mika Singh]]<br /> * &quot;Kyun&quot; – The Aryans, Bappi Lahiri<br /> * &quot;Yeh Pyaar Hai&quot; – Anchal Bhatia, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> * &quot;Koi Chala Ja Raha Hai&quot; – [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]<br /> * &quot;Raakh Ho Ja Tu&quot; – [[Shibani Kashyap]]<br /> * &quot;Dhoka Dega&quot; – Shibani Kashyap<br /> * &quot;Saawan Mein Lag Gayee Aag&quot; (Club Mix) – Mika Singh<br /> * &quot;Dhoka&quot; (Remix) – Anchal Bhatia<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.woodstockvilla.com|Woodstock Villa}}<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=1043876|title=Woodstock Villa}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s erotic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s erotic thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 films]]<br /> [[Category:BDSM in films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Japanese novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of Japanese films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about infidelity]]<br /> [[Category:Films about adultery in India]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Police detective films]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berhampore_(community_development_block)&diff=469731 2026-03-22T13:02:56Z

<p>Robigk: expand references also and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Berhampore<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Community development block<br /> | image_skyline = File:Berhampore in Murshidabad.svg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.10|N|88.25|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 194.67<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 22<br /> | population_total = 446,887<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Literacy <br /> | demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)<br /> | demographics2_info2 = 73.51%<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 742101 (Baharampur)&lt;br/&gt;742188 (Goaljan)&lt;br/&gt;742102 (Kasim Bazar Raj)<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br /> | area_code = 03482<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baharampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]], [[Nabagram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabgram]], [[Kandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kandi]], [[Beldanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beldanga]], [[Hariharpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hariharpara]]<br /> | website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Berhampore''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Berhampore is located at {{coord|24.10|N|88.25|E|format=dms|}}<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block lies in the Ganges-Bhagirathi Basin, which is a long and narrow river valley. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. It has fertile soil suitable for cultivation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block is bounded by [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj]] CD block in the north, [[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]] CD block in the east, [[Beldanga I]] CD block in the south and [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] CD block, in the west.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plain with the shape of an [[isosceles triangle]]. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is vulnerable to flooding caused by the spill of the Bhagirathi and other rivers.&lt;ref name=river&gt;{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block has an area of 314.19&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 17 [[gram panchayat]]s, 317 gram sansads (village councils), 144 [[mouza]]s and 124 inhabited villages. [[Baharampur#Police stations|Baharampur]] and [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad#Police station|Daulatabad]] police stations serve this block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD block is at Baharampur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gram panchayat]]s of Berhampore block/ panchayat samiti are:<br /> Bhakuri I, Bhakuri II, Chhaighari, Doulatabad, Gurudaspur, Haridasmati, Hatinagar, Madanpur, Manindra Nagar, Neallishpara Goaljan, Naoda, Nowdapanur, Radharghat I, Radharghat II, Rajdharpara, Rangamati Chandpara, Sahajadpur and Satui Chowrigachha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> ===Population===<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Berhampore CD block had a total population of 446,887, of which 337,623 were rural and 109,264 were urban. There were 228,650 (51%) males and 218,237 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 54,097. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 76,935 (17.22%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 10,809 (2.42%).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per 2001 census, Berhampore block has a total population of 378,830, out of which 94,861 were males and 86,466 were females. Berhampore block registered a population growth of 26.80 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census Commission of India&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The decadal growth of population in Berhampore CD block in 2001-2011 was 17.95%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)'''<br /> {{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart<br /> | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 26.8 : 17.95 <br /> | group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1<br /> | group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9<br /> <br /> | colors = olive : yellow : violet<br /> | group names = Berhampore CD Block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal<br /> | x legends = 1971-1981 : 1981-1991: 1991-2001: 2001-2011<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census Commission of India&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | title = Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey | work = Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941-1991 | publisher = South Asian Research Society | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081840/http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | title = Final Population Totals West Bengal | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Census towns and villages===<br /> [[Census towns]] in Berhampore CD block were (2011 population figures in brackets): [[Goaljan]] (4,850), [[Kasim Bazar]] (11,724), [[Banjetia]] (10,400), [[Sibdanga Badarpur]] (12,829), [[Gopjan]] (23,415), [[Gora Bazar]] (5,200), [[Ajodhya Nagar]] (8,883), [[Chaltia]] (25,336) and [[Haridasmati]] (6,627).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Large villages in Berhampore CD block were (2011 population in brackets): Moktarpur (5,881), Andar Manik (7,938), Shahjadpur (7,299), Nischintapur (5,148), Katalia (4,198), Chumarigacha (4,481), Bara Satui (5,136), Chhota Satui (4,745), Charmahula (4,575), Bezpara (4,612), Sundipara (5,627), Rajdharpara (5,687), Purbba Narayanpur (8,664), Kharasdanga (4,219), Naoda Panur (5,743), Tarakpur (7,584), Bairgachhi (8,148), Kalikapur Kadamkhandi (4,258), Putijol (4,011), Hatinagar (8,057), Janmahmmadpur (6,679), Usta (5,645), Kulbaria (5,659), [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad|Daulatabad]] (5,761), Chutipur (5,001), Selamatpur (8,032), Dadpur (6,300), Chhayaghari (12,388) and Kaladanga (8,182).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Berhampore CD block was 288,728 (73.51% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 153,930 (76.52% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 134,798 (70.34% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 6.18%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br /> <br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language and religion===<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Berhampore CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|53.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|45.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.43}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 239,651 and formed 53.63% of the population in Berhampore CD block. Hindus numbered 205,321 and formed 45.94% of the population. Others numbered 1,915 and formed 0.43% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Berhampore CD block while the proportion of Muslims increased from 52.45% in 1991 to 52.83% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 47.44% in 1991 to 46.84% in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.&lt;ref name=censusreligion2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Murshidabad was the only Muslim majority district in West Bengal at the time of [[partition of India]] in 1947. The proportion of Muslims in the population of Murshidabad district in 1951 was 55.24%.&lt;ref name=telegraph&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 5, 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Radcliffe Line]] had placed Muslim majority Murshidabad in India and the Hindu majority [[Khulna District|Khulna]] in Pakistan, in order to maintain the integrity of the Ganges river system In India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&amp;q=murshidabad+khulna&amp;pg=PA45|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|work=pages 42-60|publisher= University of Cambridge, first published 2007|isbn= 978-0-521-87536-3|access-date = 23 July 2017|date=2007-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 97.92% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural poverty==<br /> As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> In Berhampore CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 17.01%, agricultural labourers 35.12%, household industry workers 4.23% and other workers 43.63%.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 124 inhabited villages in Berhampore CD block. 100% villages have power supply and 123 villages (99.19%) have drinking water supply. 37 villages (29.84%) have post offices. 112 villages (90.32%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 57 villages (45.97%) have a pucca approach road and 51 villages (41.13%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 17 villages (13.71%) have agricultural credit societies and 14 villages (11.21%) have banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture&lt;br/&gt;in Berhampore CD block'''<br /> |value1 = 4.78<br /> |label1 = Bargadars<br /> |value2 = 9.66<br /> |label2 = Patta holders<br /> |value3 = 4.28<br /> |label3 = Small farmers<br /> |value4 = 28.92<br /> |label4 = Marginal farmers<br /> |value5 = 52.36<br /> |label5= Agricultural labourers}}<br /> <br /> From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Berhampore CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4,950 (4.78%,) patta (document) holders 10,008 (9.66%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4,432 (4.28%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 29,946 (28.92%) and agricultural labourers 103,550 (52.36%).&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block had 119 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 80 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, Berhampore CD block produced 34,732 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 11,654 hectares, 43,306 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 11,293 hectares, 3,161 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 1,093 hectares, 22,533 tonnes of wheat from 8,478 hectares, 227,638 tonnes of jute from 13,631 hectares, 4,405 tonnes of potatoes from 154 hectares and 79 tonnes of sugar cane from 1 hectare. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Berhampore CD block was 10,249 hectares, out of which 1,120 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 1,417 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,204 hectares by deep tube wells, 108 hectares by shallow tube well and 6,400 hectares by other means.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Silk and handicrafts===<br /> Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.&lt;ref name=handicrafts&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. [[Beedi]] making has flourished in the Jangipur subdivision.&lt;ref name=handicrafts/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Banking===<br /> In 2013–14, Berhampore CD block had offices of 21 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Berhampore CD block has 10 ferry services and 22 originating/ terminating bus routes.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat-Lalgola branch line]] was opened in 1905. It passes through this CD block and there are stations at Cossimbazar and [[Berhampore Court railway station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/murshidabad.html |title = Murshidabad District (1914) |last= L.S.S.O’Malley | publisher= [[IRFCA]]| access-date = 24 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.&lt;ref name=&quot;renumber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=4 August 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]], running from Mahammad Bazar (in Birbhum district) to Ranaghat (in Nadia district) passes through this CD Block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2013–14, Berhampore CD block had 192 primary schools with 19,964 students, 41 middle schools with 3,991 students, 9 high school with 8,108 students and 26 higher secondary schools with 41,349 students. Berhampore CD Block had 4 technical/ professional institutions with 1,610 students and 683 institutions for special and non-formal education with 30,926 students&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In Berhampore CD block, amongst the 124 inhabited villages, 8 villages did not have a school, 67 villages had more than 1 primary school, 63 villages had at least 1 primary school, 53 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 26 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> In 2014, Berhampore CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 9 private nursing homes with total 35 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 57 family welfare subcentres. 6,207 patients were treated indoor and 145,229 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block has Karnasuvarna Block Primary Health Centre at PO [[Karnasuvarna]] (with 15 beds), Chourigacha [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] at PO Satui (with 10 beds), and Hatinagar PHC (with 10 beds).&lt;ref name=medical&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Berhampore CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&amp;nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&amp;nbsp;mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300&amp;nbsp;mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Berhampore CD Block is 635&amp;nbsp;mg/litre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikivoyage inline|Baharampur}}<br /> <br /> {{Wikivoyage inline|Murshidabad}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{Murshidabad topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howrah_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481302 2026-03-22T09:54:31Z

<p>Robigk: brief refine section per sources further and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Howrah, West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Howrah Municipal Corporation<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- Don't add Indic script here, per [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] --&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | coa_pic =<br /> | coa_res = 200px<br /> | coa_alt = Logo of the Howrah Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Howrah Municipal Corporation<br /> | house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1980}}<br /> | disbanded = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | succeeded_by = <br /> | leader1_type = Mayor<br /> | leader1 = ''Vacant''<br /> | party1 = <br /> | election1 = <br /> | leader2_type = Deputy Mayor<br /> | leader2 = ''Vacant''<br /> | party2 = <br /> | election2 = <br /> | leader3_type = Chairperson<br /> | leader3 = Sujoy Chakraborty<br /> | party3 = <br /> | election3 = <br /> | seats = 50<br /> | structure1 = <br /> | structure1_res = 300px<br /> | political_groups1 = <br /> | session_res = 300px<br /> | meeting_place = [[Headquarters]] of the Howrah Municipal Corporation<br /> | last_election1 = 2013<br /> | next_election1 = TBA<br /> | motto = <br /> | website = {{URL|www.myhmc.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Howrah Municipal Corporation''' (abbreviated as '''HMC''') is the [[Local self-government in India|local government]] of the city of [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is the second largest municipal corporation and urban area in the state. Howrah Municipal Corporation is under Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, KMDA and it falls in greater Kolkata. This civic administrative body administers an area of {{convert|63.55|km2}} now.&lt;ref name='HC'&gt;{{cite web|title=Howrah Corporation|url=https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=HMC|url=https://www.hmcgov.in/hmcweb/pdf/Mission%20and%20Vision.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bally Municipality|url=http://www.ballymunicipality.org/1.php?page_id=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114655/http://www.ballymunicipality.org/1.php?page_id=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Foundation===<br /> [[File:Howrah Municipal Corporation - Howrah 050032.JPG|thumb|HMC old gate]]<br /> The introduction of the East India Railway in 1854 caused an influx of people in Howrah city. As a result, public nuisance and threat of epidemics arose. So, the Howrah Offence Act was founded in 1857 to ensure prevention of local nuisances. The district magistrate was empowered to prosecute the law breaker with a fine of Rs 200 or rigorous imprisonment of one month. But nothing changed much. Ultimately, the Governor General vouched Section No. 12 of the Act of 1858, by which the Howrah Municipality was formed with the legislative council's due approval. However, the municipal committee was dissolved after a few years.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-dirtiest-since-1889/cid/247307|title=The dirtiest since 1889|website=m.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1862, Howrah Municipality was reorganised.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hmcgov.in/hmcweb/abt_hmc.php?id=2|title=About HMC|website=hmcgov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 May 1864, by the Municipal District Improvement Act III (1864), the Howrah Municipality Board was formed and from 2 August 1864 it started execution vide Gazette Notification.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia.com&quot;/&gt; As per the Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980, Howrah became a municipal corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |title=Other Municipal Corporation Acts |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810200753/http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |archive-date=10 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> [[File:Howrah Municipal Corporation building.jpg|thumb|150px|HMC building in June 2022]]<br /> ===History===<br /> The first board comprised Mr E. C. Craster as the District Magistrate and chairman and Mr N. Macnicol as vice-chairman. The first board also comprised D. R. Bird as managing director, C. H. Denham as chief engineer, R. W. King, W Stalkartt, R. N. Barges, D W Campbell, Babu Gopal Lal Chowdhury, Babu Rajmohan Basu and Babu Kshetra Mohan Mitra as other members. The first board meeting was held on 6 May 1864. The first municipal election in Howrah took place on 1 December 1884 declaring the following commissioners from their respective wards.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kedarnath Bhattacharya]] was the first Indian elected vice-chairman and chairman. In 1886, when Mr. E C Craster stepped down, Babu Upendra Chandra was elected as chairman and Baboo Kedarnath Bhattacharya was selected as vice-chairman. But due to a discrepancy in his election, Upendra Chandra's chairmanship was cancelled and Kedarnath Bhattacharya had to officiate in his position for a few years. After some years, nearly from 1890 the district magistrate was appointed as chairman till 1916 when [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]] won the election with a huge majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia.com&quot; /&gt; He subsequently was largely responsible for the development of the city and was largely responsible for its modernisation of the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Alok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE |title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization |date=1992 |publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=978-81-85089-08-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bally Municipality===<br /> [[Bally Municipality]] was formed, separating it out from Howrah on 31 March 1883.&lt;ref name=OMC31&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2015, Howrah Municipal Corporation and Bally Municipality were merged. 35 wards of the Bally Municipality were decreased to 16 under the Howrah Municipal Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-10-01 |title=All that you need to know about the Howrah added area (Bally) civic polls |url=https://newsmen.in/news/all-that-you-need-to-know-about-the-howrah-added-area-bally-civic-polls/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=NEWSMEN |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=HMC sets up 'Mayor's Cop' to monitor civic amenities|journal=Millennium Post|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977|first=Pritesh|last=Basu|date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2021, [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] passed a bill to separate Bally Municipality from Howrah Municipal Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Bengal's Howrah Municipal Corporation Bifurcated Month Before Civic Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengals-howrah-municipal-corporation-bifurcated-month-before-civic-polls-2615081 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The corporation area is divided into sixty-six wards.&lt;ref name='HC'/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=HMC|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each ward elects a councillor and each borrow elects a chairman.&lt;ref name=hmc&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php | title = About us page | publisher = Howrah Municipal Corporation | access-date = 2008-12-29 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193802/http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php | archive-date = 2008-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.&lt;ref name=hmc/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Services ==<br /> The HMC is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructure to the city.<br /> * Water purification and supply<br /> * Sewage treatment and disposal<br /> * [[Garbage disposal]] and street cleanliness<br /> * [[Solid waste management]]<br /> * Building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers.<br /> * [[Street lighting]]<br /> * Maintenance of [[parks]] and open spaces<br /> * [[Cemeteries]] and Crematoriums<br /> * Registering of births and deaths<br /> * Conservation of heritage sites<br /> * Disease control, including [[immunization]]<br /> * Public municipal schools etc.<br /> <br /> == Elections ==<br /> === 2013 election ===<br /> Elections to the 50 wards of Howrah Municipal Corporation were held on 22 November 2013. [[Trinamool Congress]] got the majority by winning 42 wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-25 |title=TMC wins howrah civic polls |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/tmc-wins-howrah-civic-polls-26850.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Municipal General Election 2013 Detailed Result - West Bengal State Election Commission |url=http://www.wbsec.gov.in/results/municipal_election_detailed_result/cURnbVZDVzYwS0poUEZRbGZLd3JjWDNad05WQzNKZUxadnFIQWtVR2tKdG9FRjRYNENocWxLQSt3QjNxY3FsQ1ZQdk5kV0pqYkVETkh3c0k3SjBnalhNLzl0Qmx6d3pPV3JoTVo5MWk3ZGwxMExLT3ZMa1VDenphWmFZQnc5MzJXcFJNVCtNaFRhaFRCRXcrWEpqck8rd1hHdmpZUkJCU0ZYclkxSmUxUGt6R3JHVDdYSi9KV1BrSEM4Wml1OGZVK0ZxREpSWHhJNlFCVWlCRG5uRUdPUFNmU0dPTVduT1FuV0kyZ2FiSkVmV2E1TmhseldQTlpoV1ZGUnN4MWQ3eGg4WEdOQ1lkb1l4WFA2ckd6MmE0NjMxTmVwcFdrWmV0M3MrV3dOQzdGVWRHNTVxK2JXeXZEbWRPeUdLTFJtdnJ0aElNSDhFZFdpUTg1R1FpcnFnZnM1VlVqRGkzUVNaenVMNnFlQT09 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.wbsec.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2015, elections to 16 wards of newly merged [[Bally Municipality]] were held, with Trinamool Congress winning all 16 wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-10-10 |title=Trinamool wins 127 of 163 seats in municipal polls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/trinamool-wins-127-of-163-seats-in-municipal-polls/article7748300.ece |access-date=2022-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L. S. S. |last2=Chakravarti |first2=Monmohan |year=1909 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Howrah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55774 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Howrah]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:1862 establishments in India]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Sajjad_Gul&diff=534814 2026-03-15T04:34:30Z

<p>Robigk: created entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kashmiri militant}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sheikh Sajjad Gul<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974}}<br /> | birth_place = Nawa Bazar, Srinagar India<br /> | occupation = &lt;!-- Occupation or profession --&gt;<br /> | organization = [[The Resistance Front]]<br /> | known_for = Founding [[The Resistance Front]]<br /> | movement = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sheikh Sajjad Gul''' (born 1974), is a Kashmiri militant and the founder of [[The Resistance Front]], a designated terrorist group which has been active in India's [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Sajjad Gul, who took part in conspiracy to kill journalist Shujaat Bukhari, designated as militant.|url=https://www.kashmirnewszone.com/sajjad-gul-who-took-part-in-conspiracy-to-kill-journalist-shujaat-bukhari-designated-as-militant/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Kashmir News Zone |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=LeT proxy TRF banned, chief tagged 'terrorist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/let-proxy-trf-banned-chief-tagged-terrorist/articleshow/96776322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Sheikh Sajjad Gul, born in 1974 in the Shah Mohalla area of Nawa Bazar in the [[Downtown, Srinagar|old city of Srinagar]], was educated at the National School in Srinagar’s [[Karan Nagar]]. In 1996, Gul successfully completed his BSc degree from [[Sri Pratap College]] located in [[Lal Chowk]], Srinagar. Following this, he pursued higher education and earned an MBA from the Asia Pacific Institute of Management in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], graduating in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title='Mastermind' of Shujaat Bukhari's assassination planned blasts in Delhi in 2002, was arrested by police |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/shujaat-bukhari-assassination-journalist-greater-kashmir-editor-murder-srinagar/247475 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this time, he established connections with individuals associated with groups such as Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2018-07-06 |title=Ground Zero: Who killed Shujaat Bukhari? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-killed-shujaat-bukhari/article61516749.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early militancy career ==<br /> In 2002, Gul faced arrest in [[New Delhi]] on charges related to a [[hawala]] racket. While in [[Tihar Jail|Tihar jail]], he reportedly established connections with prominent LeT militants also incarcerated there. Later, in 2005, Gul was transferred to Srinagar Central Jail and subsequently released in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mastermind of Kashmir editor's murder did MBA from Bengaluru |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/mastermind-of-kashmir-editors-murder-did-mba-from-bengaluru-1530256401106 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Inshorts - Stay Informed |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Throughout 2016, he remained under constant police scrutiny following intelligence intercepts indicating his involvement in receiving a pistol from across the [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]] for an undisclosed mission. Then, in March 2017, Gul managed to obtain a passport using a fake address in [[Jammu]], secured a visa for Pakistan, and crossed the [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony|Wagah]] border. His acquisition of the passport was deemed fraudulent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title='Mastermind' of Shujaat Bukhari's assassination planned blasts in Delhi in 2002, was arrested by police |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/shujaat-bukhari-assassination-journalist-greater-kashmir-editor-murder-srinagar/247475 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Resistance Front ==<br /> In 2019, following the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370]], Sheikh Sajjad Gul, along with Muhammad Abbas Sheikh,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who was Abbas Sheikh, TRF chief who revived militancy in Srinagar? - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/08/26/who-was-abbas-sheikh-trf-chief-who-revived-militancy-in-srinagar.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.theweek.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founded [[The Resistance Front]], a separatist militant organization actively engaged in advocating for the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India. Presently, Sheikh Sajjad Gul serves as the supreme leader of The Resistance Front.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=TRF conspiracy case: NIA raids several locations in Kashmir, arrests terrorist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/srinagar/trf-conspiracy-case-nia-raids-several-locations-in-kashmir-arrests-terrorist/articleshow/92396482.cms |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2023-01-05 |title=Centre declares The Resistance Front a terrorist organisation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-declares-the-resistance-front-a-terrorist-organisation/article66343702.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Designation ==<br /> On 5 January 2023, the Indian central government banned [[The Resistance Front|The Resistance Front (TRF)]] and designated Sheikh Sajjad Gul as a terrorist. Additionally, the [[National Investigation Agency|National Investigation Agency (NIA)]] has placed a reward of 1 million INR on Gul's head.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=LeT proxy TRF banned, chief tagged 'terrorist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/let-proxy-trf-banned-chief-tagged-terrorist/articleshow/96776322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why The Resistance Front was under terror watch in Kashmir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-resistance-front-was-under-terror-watch-in-kashmir-2318904-2023-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=India Today |date=8 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joy, DHNS |first=Shemin |title=Centre bans LeT's proxy outfit 'The Resistance Front' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-bans-lets-proxy-outfit-the-resistance-front-1178338.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gul, Sheikh Sajjad}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1974 births]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri militants]]<br /> [[Category:People from Srinagar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Islamists]]<br /> [[Category:Members of jihadist groups]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of jihadist groups]]<br /> [[Category:Islamist insurgents]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Kashmir conflict]]<br /> [[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]<br /> [[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba members]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naalai_Manithan&diff=445154 2026-03-12T09:27:29Z

<p>Robigk: page fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1989 Tamil film directed by Velu Prabhakaran}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Naalai Manithan<br /> | image = Naalai Manithan.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]<br /> | producer = [[Thakkali Srinivasan]]<br /> | writer = Velu Prabhakaran<br /> | starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ajay Rathnam]]<br /> | music = Premi–Srini<br /> | cinematography = Velu Prabhakaran<br /> | editing = V. Chakrapani<br /> | studio = Perfect Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|1989|1|14|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 108 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Naalai Manithan''''' ({{translation|''The Man of Tomorrow''}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action horror]] film directed by [[Velu Prabhakaran]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Ajay Rathnam]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. It is a remake of the American film ''[[Silent Rage]]'' (1982).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 May 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம் |language=ta |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=http://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-may-28/cinema/119458-sutta-padam-silent-rage-%E2%80%98naalaya-manithan.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005330/http://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-may-28/cinema/119458-sutta-padam-silent-rage-%E2%80%98naalaya-manithan.html |archive-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Manava 2022'' (1997).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title='Naalai Manithan' to 'Miruthan': Five Tamil movies that had their plot revolving around a virus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naalai-manithan-to-miruthan-five-tamil-movies-that-had-their-plot-revolving-around-a-virus/photostory/74655131.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924211518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naalai-manithan-to-miruthan-five-tamil-movies-that-had-their-plot-revolving-around-a-virus/photostory/74655131.cms |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sequel named ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' was released a year later.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> In 2008, [[Chennai]], Dr. Shankar invents a drug which gives back life to the dead if injected within two hours of death. He along with Ramesh and Kanth, experiments the drug on the dead body of a man named John and finds it successful. Unknown to them, the drug induces side effects which makes the recipient immortal and, at the same time murderous. As such, John starts to kill people in the town, the city is soon flooded with murders.<br /> <br /> While murdering a group of youngsters at a resort, John is arrested by police officer Vijay and his deputy Shekar. But he breaks out of the handcuffs, overpowers the other officers, forcing the officers to shoot him. Severely injured John is again transported to the hospital.<br /> <br /> Kanth requests to Shankar to kill John, as he is a threat towards the society. Overhearing this, John escapes from the institute and follows Kanth to his home. John breaks into Kanth's home and the two fight. Despite shooting John several times and pushing him down a flight of stairs, Kanth is killed. Kanth's wife Shree returns home after shopping finds her husband's body and is killed by John as well. At the time, Shree's friend Preethi arrives there for a feast, which Shree had invited for Preethi's upcoming marriage with Vijay. Preethi discovers Shree and Kanth's corpses. But John flees as Vijay arrives at the place.<br /> <br /> Shekar takes Preethi to the institute, unaware that John has also returned there to get treat his wounds. Realizing that the situation is out of control, Ramesh attempts to kill John by injecting him with an acid. But being immortal John kills Ramesh and even Shankar, who comes to cure John. John chases to kill Preethi. Where Shekar saves Preethi. John kills Shekar and follows to kill Preethi too. Vijay returns in time but finds Shekar dying. He also rescues Preethi from John, by shooting him, which makes John fell off the balcony.<br /> <br /> But John revives and tries to kill Vijay. John hangs on to Vijay's car as Vijay and Preethi try to escape and climbs into its back window, forcing them to jump out. The car crashes and explodes, lighting John on fire. This burns him, but he jumps into a nearby lake and quickly recovers and attacks them. After some intense bloodshed and fight, Vijay defeats John by hitting him several times before throwing him into a nearby well. As John seems to be killed, Vijay leaves the place along with Preethi. However,<br /> deep in the well, John comes out from water, having survived.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Inspector Vijay<br /> * [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Preethi<br /> * [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Dr. Shankar<br /> * [[Thakkali Srinivasan]] as Dr. Kanth<br /> * [[Jai Ganesh]] as Dr. Ramesh<br /> * [[Ajay Rathnam]] as John<br /> * [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]] as Shree<br /> *[[Janagaraj]] as Sergeant Shekar<br /> *[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Preethi's father<br /> ;Cameo appearances<br /> * [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as himself, the chief guest<br /> *[[Disco Shanti]] as a dancer in the bar<br /> *[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as himself, the TV presenter.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Naalai Manithan'' marked the directorial debut of [[Velu Prabhakaran]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 June 2017 |title=60-year-old director Velu Prabhakaran marries actress Shirley Das |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/60-year-old-director-velu-prabhakaran-marries-actress-shirley-das-photos-tamil-director-regional-cinema-news/18307158 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010005741/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/60-year-old-director-velu-prabhakaran-marries-actress-shirley-das-photos-tamil-director-regional-cinema-news/18307158 |archive-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; who also wrote the screenplay and served as cinematographer. [[Thakkali Srinivasan]] produced the film and also acted.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N |date=20 January 1989 |title=Naalai Manithan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19890120&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ajay Rathnam]] made his acting debut with this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 March 2013 |title=கல்லாய் இருந்த என்னை வைரமாக்கியவர் கமல்! அஜய்ரத்னம் பேட்டி |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/11789/special-report/Ajay-Ratnams-special-interview.htm |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109185627/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/11789/special-report/Ajay-Ratnams-special-interview.htm |archive-date=9 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was by Premi–Srini, with lyrics by Muthu Bharathi. The background music and re-recording was by Manachanallur Giridharan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Naalai Manithan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Premi Srini |url=https://mossymart.com/product/naalai-manithan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-premi-srini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027102830/https://mossymart.com/product/naalai-manithan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-premi-srini/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Song !! Singer!! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sangamathil Sangamein&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|| 04:26<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ye Solai Pookkalae&quot; ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 03:54<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Manithanum&quot; ||Sirkazhi Sivachidambaram || 03:48<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Punnagai Pothuma&quot; ||[[Vani Jairam]] || 03:36<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mele Mele Bode&quot; || Mano|| 03:01<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Naalai Manithan'' was released on 14 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nalaya manithan ( 1989 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nalaya%20manithan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722173256/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nalaya%20manithan |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt; N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 20 January 1989, &quot;The murderous hunt is what the film is about, and such sequences are put together with crisp finesse. 2008 notwithstanding, ''Naalai Manithan'' is closer to what [[Cain and Abel|Cain did to Abel]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress&quot; /&gt; P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave a negative review, saying that though the final scene teases a sequel, enough was enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=29 January 1989 |title=நாளை மனிதன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-01-29/page/n2/mode/2up |access-date=15 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> {{Main|Adhisaya Manithan}}<br /> The sequel ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' was released in 1990,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhusiya |first=Mithuraaj |title=Indian Horror Cinema: (En)gendering the Monstrous |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-69318-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was also directed by Prabhakaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Velu Prabhakaran ties the knot with Shirley Das, his heroine from Kadhal Kadhai |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/velu-prabhakaran-ties-the-knot-with-shirley-das-his-heroine-from-kadhal-kadhai-3512601.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022458/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/velu-prabhakaran-ties-the-knot-with-shirley-das-his-heroine-from-kadhal-kadhai-3512601.html |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{Velu Prabhakaran}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1980s action horror films]]<br /> [[Category:1980s serial killer films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 science fiction action films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 science fiction horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian serial killer films]]<br /> [[Category:Mad scientist films]]<br /> [[Category:Retrofuturism]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal&diff=461379 2026-03-10T21:36:54Z

<p>Robigk: enhanced section to improve readability for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Distinguish|text=[[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]], a center-right constitutional monarchist party under the chairmanship of [[Rajendra Lingden]]}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | colorcode = orange<br /> | colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal}}}}<br /> | chairman = [[Kamal Thapa]]<br /> | foundation = October 2006<br /> | ideology = [[Hindu nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Economic liberalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/08/12/interview/nepali-people-never-launched-a-revolution-to-remove-monarchy/376298.html |title=Nepali people never launched a revolution to remove monarchy |publisher=ekantipur |access-date=1 September 2013 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815092257/http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/08/12/interview/nepali-people-never-launched-a-revolution-to-remove-monarchy/376298.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | split = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]<br /> | merged = <br /> | headquarters = [[Kathmandu]]<br /> | international = <br /> | website = [http://www.rpp.org.np www.rpp.org.np]<br /> | country = Nepal<br /> | native_name = {{lang|ne|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी नेपाल}}<br /> | dissolution = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | student_wing = National Democratic Student Organisation, Nepal<br /> | youth_wing = National Democratic Youth Organisation, Nepal<br /> | womens_wing = National Democratic Women Organisation Nepal<br /> | wing1_title = Labour<br /> | wing1 = National Democratic Trade union confederation<br /> | position = [[Right-wing]]<br /> | symbol = [[File:Logo RPP, Nepal.png|100px]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Rastriya Prajatantra Party, Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी नेपाल}}; [[translation]]: ''National Democratic Party Nepal'') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[right-wing]], [[Cultural conservatism|cultural conservative]] party. It previously existed as [[Monarchism|royalist]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party in Nepal]] from 2006 to 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-747CN9?OpenDocument |title=Situation Reports: Nepal, OCHA Nepal Situation Overview - Jun 2007&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |date=12 June 2007 |access-date=2008-02-07 |archive-date=2008-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401072422/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-747CN9?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The party was formed as a splinter of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] in 2006 and was later reunified in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 November 2016|title=RPP, RPP-N formally unite as Rastriya Prajatantra Party|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/11/21/rpp-rpp-n-unite|access-date=5 December 2020|website=kathmandupost.com|language=en|publication-place=Kathmandu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party was reformed in 2022 by [[Kamal Thapa]].<br /> <br /> The party supported the restoration of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] kingdom in Nepal under the [[Shah dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/jun/jun19/news13.php Nepalnews.com Mercantile Communications Pvt. Ltd&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Presently, the party advocates only [[Hindu nationalism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The party was registered with the [[Election Commission of Nepal]] ahead of the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|April 2008 Constituent Assembly election]] for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.election.gov.np/NP/legal/list.php पार्टीको सूची — Election Commission of Nepal&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124711/http://www.election.gov.np/NP/legal/list.php |date=2013-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahead of the election, the party sought to form a front of royalist parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?nid=136515 |title=eKantipur.com - Nepal's No.1 News Portal&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2008-02-07 |archive-date=2008-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401092059/http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?nid=136515 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 elections]], the party had emerged as the fourth largest party in the [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] winning 24 out of 575 seats.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Founding, 2006–2008 ===<br /> It was started as a breakaway faction of the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] under leadership of [[Kamal Thapa]], home minister under [[King Gyanendra]]'s direct rule. Thapa resigned as party chair in October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&amp;nid=89698 |title=eKantipur.com - Nepal's No.1 News Portal&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2008-02-07 |archive-date=2008-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401092053/http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&amp;nid=89698 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> RPP won the largest number of mayors in the 2006 municipal election. Rajaram Shrestha won in the capital [[Kathmandu]]; also Khadga Prasad Palungua in [[Dharan, Nepal|Dharan]], Pralhad Prasad Shah Haluwai in [[Biratnagar]], Ram Shankar Shah in [[Jaleswor]], Sumitra Madhinne in [[Bhaktapur]], Madhukar Prasad Adhikari in [[Hetauda]], Bimal Prasad Shrivastav in [[Birgunj]], Bidur Khadka in [[Baglung]] and Bhimsen Thapa in [[Pokhara]]. However this election was boycotted by most major parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/feb/feb10/news01.php |title=Nepalnews.com Mercantile Communications Pvt. Ltd&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2008-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516215424/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/feb/feb10/news01.php |archive-date=2008-05-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2006, the [[Nepal Samata Party (Socialist)]] merged into the party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/apr/apr05/news12.php |title=Nepalnews.com Mercantile Communications Pvt. Ltd&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2008-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516230235/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/apr/apr05/news12.php |archive-date=2008-05-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2007 the splinter group [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist)]] of [[Rajeshwor Devkota|Rajeswor Devkota]] rejoined the party. Bidwai Parishad of Jit Bahadur Arjel also merged with them&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113714/http://www.ipcs.org/Feb_07_SAnepal.pdf Microsoft Word - Feb_07_SAnepal.doc&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On March 2, 2008, [[Rabindra Nath Sharma]] stepped down as party chairman, citing health reasons. [[Kamal Thapa]] again became chairman.&lt;ref name=&quot;march&quot;&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/mar/mar02/news17.php &quot;Sharma resigns as RPP-N chief; Thapa takes over&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nepalnews, March 2, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Constituent Assembly, 2008–2015 ===<br /> The party won four seats in the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly election]]. At the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly on May 28, 2008, the party was the only party to oppose the declaration of a republic; there were 560 votes in favor of a republic and only the party's four votes against.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may29/news01.php &quot;RPP-Nepal becomes the only party against republic; some lawyers question procedures adopted by CA&quot;]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nepalnews, May 29, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Thapa subsequently said on June 20, 2008 that the country faced an impending &quot;disaster&quot;, urging alertness among the party. He said that the party's policies and programmes would remain the same despite the political change.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jun/jun21/news01.php &quot;Thapa predicts disaster soon&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nepalnews, June 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; On July 13, 2008, he described the abolition of the monarchy as merely &quot;an interim decision&quot;, saying that the party sought the restoration of the monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul14/news03.php &quot;Thapa hopes for revival of monarchy&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nepalnews, July 14, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party boycotted the [[2008 Nepalese presidential election|July 2008 presidential election]] in the Constituent Assembly, on the grounds that the major parties were treating the election as a partisan contest.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul18/news10.php &quot;RPP-Nepal to boycott the presidential election&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012043418/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul18/news10.php |date=2008-10-12 }}, Nepalnews, July 18, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2008 some senior leaders, including [[Rabindra Nath Sharma]] and [[Rajeshwor Devkota]], left the party and joined the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/aug/aug21/news06.php |title=Archived copy |website=www.nepalnews.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122023055/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/aug/aug21/news06.php |archive-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party won 24 seats under proportional representation in the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 Constituent Assembly elections]] making it the fourth largest party in the [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|house]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Final Results of PR Vote Count|url=http://election.gov.np/CA2070/CAResults/reportBody.php?selectedMenu1=2&amp;rand=1388399954|work=Election Commission of Nepal|access-date=2013-12-30|archive-date=2013-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233134/http://election.gov.np/CA2070/CAResults/reportBody.php?selectedMenu1=2&amp;rand=1388399954|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party split following differences over naming candidates to the proportional representation seats won by the party. Central leaders of the party including former minister Tanka Dhakal and former Kathmandu mayoral candidate Rajaram Shrestha registered a new party the 'Nepali Rastriya Prajatantra Party' at the [[Election Commission of Nepal|Election Commission]] on 30 December 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=RPP-N splits over PR list candidates|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/12/30/top-story/rpp-n-splits-over-pr-list-candidates/383162.html|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=eKantipur|date=30 December 2013|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101003942/http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/12/30/top-story/rpp-n-splits-over-pr-list-candidates/383162.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Election Commission turned down the breakaway group's request seeking recognition as a new party and claim of [[proportional representation]] seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Bhadra|title=EC turns down RPP-N faction's pleas|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/01/01/top-story/ec-turns-down-rpp-n-factions-pleas/383226.html|access-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=eKantipur|date=1 January 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213200322/http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/01/01/top-story/ec-turns-down-rpp-n-factions-pleas/383226.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanka Dhakal later announced his return to the party stating &quot;Splitting the party at this moment is not in our interest. It will weaken democracy&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=RPP-N rebel faction backtracks|url=http://english.setopati.com/politics/61/RPP-N-rebel-faction-backtracks/|access-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=Setopati|date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103231410/http://english.setopati.com/politics/61/RPP-N-rebel-faction-backtracks/|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other dissidents leaders said it was Chairman Kamal Thapa's &quot;concession on monarchy and Hindu state&quot; that precipitated the split.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Thapa's concession on monarchy, Hindu state caused RPP-N split'|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/01/13/capital/thapas-concession-on-monarchy-hindu-state-caused-rpp-n-split/383808.html|access-date=13 January 2014|newspaper=The Kathmandu Post|date=13 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maila Baje|title=Crowning Touches Of Exasperation|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/01/13/capital/thapas-concession-on-monarchy-hindu-state-caused-rpp-n-split/383808.html|work=Nepali Netbook|access-date=13 January 2014}}&quot;A deeper reason for the crisis is considered to be Thapa's perceived post-election dilution of the party's avowed agenda of restoring the monarchy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Unification, 2015–2016 ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> |width1=150<br /> |header=<br /> |image1=Rppnepalflagnewversion.png<br /> |alt1=<br /> |caption1=Party flag prior to unification<br /> |width2=150<br /> |image2=Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal-electionsymbol2064.jpg<br /> |alt2=<br /> |caption2=Party election symbol prior to unification<br /> }}<br /> When the party joined the government of [[Khadga Prasad Oli]], Bikram Bahadur Thapa and Kunti Devi Shahi became state ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2015-11-09/pm-oli-expands-cabinet.html|title = PM Oli expands Cabinet}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 November 2016, Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party|Rastriya Prajtantra Party]] announced their unification. The new party retained the name of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]. The new party had a total strength of 37 in the [[Parliament of Nepal]] becoming the fourth largest party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rastriya-prajatantra-party-merges-with-rastriya-prajatantra-party-nepal/|title=RPP merges with RPP-N|website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=21 November 2016|access-date=2017-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamal Thapa was elected chairman of the party in a special general convention in Kathmandu in February 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-20/kamal-thapa-reelected-as-rpp-chairman.html|title=Kamal Thapa reelected as RPP chairman|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en|archive-date=2017-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008172725/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-20/kamal-thapa-reelected-as-rpp-chairman.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revival, 2022–present ===<br /> On 13 February 2022, [[Kamal Thapa]] who had prior made a declaration of leaving [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] made a press release about joining the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal soon as the national president of the party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Setopati|first=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता|title=राप्रपा नेपालको अध्यक्ष भएपछि कमल थापाले भने- अलमलपछि फेरि आफ्नो घर फर्किएँ|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/262106/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Setopati|language=hi|archive-date=2022-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213090122/https://www.setopati.com/politics/262106/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the revival, the party left the agenda of Constitutional monarchy which the party had taken as its ideology for a long period. The main agenda of the new party remains [[Hindu nationalism]] or [[Hindutva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=कमल थापाले ब्यूँताए राप्रपा नेपाल, फागुन ७ मा घोषणा गर्ने|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/02/1078321|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral performance ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Leader<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Votes<br /> !Seats<br /> !Position<br /> !Resulting government<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |[[Kamal Thapa]]<br /> |110,519<br /> |1.03<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Infobox political party/seats|4|275|orange}}<br /> |12th<br /> |{{no2|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]]–CPN (UML)–[[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal|MJFN]]}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |[[Kamal Thapa]]<br /> |630,697<br /> |6.66<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Infobox political party/seats|24|275|orange}}<br /> |4th<br /> |{{no2|Congress–CPN (UML)–[[Rastriya Prajatantra Party|RPP]]}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Hindu Nationalism}}<br /> {{Political parties in Nepal}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nepalese Hindu political parties]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu nationalism in Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:2022 establishments in Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2016]]<br /> [[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal politicians| ]]<br /> [[Category:Right-wing parties]]<br /> [[Category:2016 disestablishments in Nepal]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Mumbai_attacks&diff=445359 2026-03-10T17:00:34Z

<p>Robigk: page fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Islamist terror attacks in India}}<br /> {{Redirect|26/11|the date|November 26}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Pp-move}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox civilian attack<br /> | title = 2008 Mumbai attacks<br /> | image = 2008 Mumbai terror attacks Taj dome burned 2.jpg<br /> | caption = The burned dome of the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel on 3 December 2008.<br /> | map = Bombaymapconfirmed attacks.png<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Places of the attacks<br /> | location = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> {{bulleted list |[[Leopold Cafe]]|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]|[[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]|[[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point]]|[[Cama Hospital]]|[[Nariman House]]|[[Metro Big Cinemas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnier&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03,0,798102.story |title=Facing attackers with little more than courage |last=Magnier |first=Mark |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206235300/http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03%2C0%2C798102.story |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FOXNews-Sites-List&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> | target = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|18|55|19|N|72|50|00|E|type:event_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}<br /> | date = {{start date|2008|11|26|df=yes}} – {{end date|2008|11|29|df=yes}}<br /> | time = 21:30 (26/11) – 08:00 (29/11)<br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> | type = [[Bombings]], [[mass shootings]], [[mass murder]], [[hostage crisis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-27-fg-mumbai27-story.html |title=Terror attacks ravage Mumbai |first1=Mark |last1=Magnier |first2=Subhash |last2=Sharma |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |page=A1 |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://articles.latimes.com/print/2008/nov/27/world/fg-mumbai27 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Police siege|siege]]<br /> | fatalities = 175 (including 9 attackers)&lt;ref name=&quot;Journal.Mortality&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal <br /> | pmid=22673262 <br /> | year=2012 <br /> | last1=Bhandarwar <br /> | first1=A. H. <br /> | last2=Bakhshi <br /> | first2=G. D. <br /> | last3=Tayade <br /> | first3=M. B. <br /> | last4=Chavan <br /> | first4=G. S. <br /> | last5=Shenoy <br /> | first5=S. S. <br /> | last6=Nair <br /> | first6=A. S. <br /> | title=Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks <br /> | journal=The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery <br /> | volume=72 <br /> | issue=5 <br /> | pages=1329–1334; discussion 1334 <br /> | doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e31824da04f <br /> | s2cid=23968266 <br /> | issn=0022-5282 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | injuries = 300+&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 |title=Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195250/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | victims = See [[#Casualties and compensation|casualty list]] for complete list<br /> | perpetrators = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] led by [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] and [[Hafiz Saeed]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Masood&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html |title=Pakistan Backtracks on Link to Mumbai Attacks |last=Masood |first=Salman |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409223205/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=8 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604171330/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/pakistan-admits-mumbai-terror-link-1.537744 |title=Pakistan admits Mumbai terror link |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629114125/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/pakistan-admits-mumbai-terror-link |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | susperps = <br /> | weapons = [[Kalashnikov rifle|AK rifles]], [[RDX]], [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]], [[grenade]]s<br /> | numparts = 10<br /> | dfens = {{bulleted list |[[National Security Guard]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//articleshow/3765874.cms |title=Army preparing for final assault, says Major General Hooda |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 December 2008 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207193057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3765874.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DW-ENDSIEGE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3835517,00.html |title=India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege Ends |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=29 November 2008 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203085829/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3835517,00.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[MARCOS]]|[[Greater Mumbai Police]]|[[Rapid Action Force|CRPF RAF]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36786420081130 |title=&quot;War level&quot; security in India after Mumbai attacks |work=[[Reuters]] |date=30 November 2008 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606100950/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36786420081130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Railway Protection Force]]|[[Mumbai Fire Brigade]]}}<br /> | motive = [[Islamic terrorism]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''2008 Mumbai attacks''', also known as 26/11, were a series of twelve coordinated [[Islamic terrorist]] attacks carried out in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India, from 26 to 29 November 2008 by ten members of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistani Islamic terrorist organisation. A total of 175 people died, including nine of the attackers, with more than 300 injured.&lt;ref name=Journal.Mortality /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-condemn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-international-response |title=Attacks draw worldwide condemnation |last=Black |first=Ian |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |access-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201072241/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-international-response |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Eight of the attacks occurred in [[South Mumbai]] at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]; [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point]]; [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]; [[Leopold Cafe]]; [[Cama Hospital]]; [[Nariman House]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03jews.html |title=Jews of Mumbai, a Tiny and Eclectic Group, Suddenly Reconsider Their Serene Existence |last=Kahn |first=Jeremy |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820093304/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03jews.html?ref=world |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2018 |title=Ten years after 26/11 Chabad House continues to stand tall |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ten-years-after-26/11-chabad-house-continues-to-stand-tall/articleshow/66784843.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308104856/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ten-years-after-26/11-chabad-house-continues-to-stand-tall/articleshow/66784843.cms |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=25 February 2020 |newspaper=The Economic Times |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Metro Big Cinemas]] and in a lane behind [[the Times of India]] building and [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FOXNews-Sites-List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 November 2008 |title=Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes India's Mumbai, Killing at Least 182 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,457885,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204073907/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C457885%2C00.html |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=3 December 2008 |publisher=Fox News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the mass shootings, an explosion occurred at [[Mazagaon]], in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at [[Vile Parle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tracing the terror route&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 December 2008 |title=Tracing the terror route |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Tracing-the-terror-route/396335 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200354/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tracing-the-terror-route/ |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=9 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by the [[Mumbai Police]] and security forces. On 29 November, India's [[National Security Guards]] conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining terrorists; it culminated in the death of the last remaining terrorists at the Taj Hotel and ended the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2008-11-29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7756068.stm |title=Police declare Mumbai siege over |date=29 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129143000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7756068.stm |archive-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before his execution in 2012, [[Ajmal Kasab]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Terrorist's name lost in transliteration&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=6 December 2008 |title=Terrorist's name lost in transliteration |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208090328/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=7 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}&lt;/ref&gt; the sole surviving attacker captured by the [[Mumbai Police]] stated and confessed that the terrorists were members of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) |first=Jayshree |last=Bajoria |date=14 January 2010 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151918/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and were [[Agent handling|controlled]] from Pakistan, corroborating initial claims from the Indian Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-2008-12-03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/world/asia/04india.html |title=Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attackers |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032918/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/world/asia/04india.html |archive-date=2 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially denying the claims, Pakistan later confirmed that the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 January 2009 |title=Mumbai siege: 'Kill all the hostages – except the two Muslims' |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mumbai-siege-kill-all-the-hostages-ndash-except-the-two-muslims-1232074.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mumbai-siege-kill-all-the-hostages-ndash-except-the-two-muslims-1232074.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TIME08JAN2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1870267,00.html |title=Pakistan Continues to Resist India Pressure on Mumbai |first=Omar |last=Waraich |date=8 January 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114080611/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1870267%2C00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The subsequent capture and interrogation of [[David Headley]], a Pakistani-American DEA informer, and [[Tahawwur Rana]], a Canadian citizen of Pakistani origin and a former [[Pakistan Army]] Captain, who was Headley's partner, pointed to the involvement of rogue officials of Pakistan Army and ISI in the terrorist attacks, who provided support to the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20091118&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=David |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |date=November 18, 2009 |title=Ex-Military Officer in Pakistan Is Linked to 2 Chicago Terrorism Suspects |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/world/asia/19mumbai.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, Headley was also accused of traveling to Denmark to scout the offices ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'', which had [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|published cartoons of Muhammad]], and a nearby [[synagogue]].&lt;ref name=tribune&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/10/31/in-alleged-terror-plot-a-troubling-twist/ |title=In alleged terror plot, a troubling twist |author= Sebastian Rotella |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The capture of [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] aka Abu Hamza in July 2012, an Indian national radicalised by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], provided further clarity to the plot.&lt;ref&gt;Chauhan, Neeraj (27 June 2012). [https://archive.today/20130103075057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-27/india/32440860_1_abu-jundal-control-room-lashkar At the end of 26/11 terror attacks, Karachi control room wore a celebratory look: Abu Jundal]. The Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/isi-destroyed-26-11-control-room-in-karachi-after-zaki-ur-rehman-lakhvi-s-arrest-abu-jundal-236977 ISI destroyed 26/11 control room in Karachi after Zaki-ur Rehman Lakhvi's arrest: Abu Jundal], Surabhi Malik, Prasad Sanyal, 28 June 2012, ndtv.com&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]], was released on bail and disappeared;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32250763 |title=Mumbai attack suspect Lakhvi released on bail in Pakistan |work=BBC News |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412183524/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32250763 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; he was arrested again in [[Lahore]] on 2 January 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Asim |last=Tanveer |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-2008-mumbai-attacks-counterterrorism-mumbai-india-aa6214946a60375bcd0bd7a60ae193db |title=Pakistan arrests key militant on terror financing charges |work=Associated Press |date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104113819/https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-2008-mumbai-attacks-counterterrorism-mumbai-india-aa6214946a60375bcd0bd7a60ae193db |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bukhari |first=Mubasher |date=2 January 2021 |title=Pakistan arrests alleged militant group leader Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi on terrorism financing charge |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-arrest-mumbai-idUSKBN2970C0 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105095106/https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-arrest-mumbai-idUSKBN2970C0 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] questioned the Pakistani government's allowance of those who committed the attacks to cross into India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Imran |first=Mohammad |date=14 May 2018 |title='What did I say that was wrong?': Nawaz responds to controversy around remarks on Mumbai attacks |work=[[Dawn News|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1407622 |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514104403/https://www.dawn.com/news/1407622 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |quote=“Militant organisations are active. Call them non-state actors, should we allow them to cross the border and kill 150 people in Mumbai?” [Nawaz Sharif] had asked [...]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, one of the masterminds of the attack, [[Sajid Mir]] —who had earlier been claimed to be dead by the Pakistan Government— was convicted for funding terrorist activities by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pakistan quietly jails 26/11 handler Sajid Mir for 15 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/pakistan-quietly-jails-26/11-handler-sajid-mir-for-15-years-in-terror-financing-case/articleshow/92449112.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625094736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/pakistan-quietly-jails-26/11-handler-sajid-mir-for-15-years-in-terror-financing-case/articleshow/92449112.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Following are the top foreign stories at 1700 hours |website=The Week |date=2022-06-25 |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2022/06/25/fgn41-top-foreign-stories-at-1700-hours.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |quote=was earlier declared dead by Pakistan, has been jailed for over 15 years in a terror-financing case |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625204838/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2022/06/25/fgn41-top-foreign-stories-at-1700-hours.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistan Court Sentences 26/11 Terror Attack Mastermind to 15 Years in Jail |website=The Wire |date=2018-11-26 |url=https://thewire.in/law/pakistan-court-sentences-26-11-terror-attack-mastermind-to-15-years-in-jail |access-date=2022-06-27 |quote=Pakistani authorities had in the past claimed he had died, but Western countries remained unconvinced and demanded proof of his death. |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627075842/https://thewire.in/law/pakistan-court-sentences-26-11-terror-attack-mastermind-to-15-years-in-jail |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, several masterminds such as LeT founder [[Hafiz Saeed]] and [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]], were convicted for terror financing in 2021–22, as Pakistan went into an economic crisis after the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF) threatened the Government of Pakistan to be put in the [[Financial Action Task Force#Current FATF blacklist|FATF Blacklist]] for failure to comply on money laundering and financing of terrorism.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistani-court-finds-hafiz-saeed-guilty-two-more-charges-terrorism-financing-2022-04-08/#:~:text=The%20latest%20sentencing%20comes%20as,supporting%20separatist%20rebels%20in%20Pakistan.|title= Pakistani court jails Islamist Hafiz Saeed for an extra 31 years|website= [[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gabol|first=Imran|date=2021-01-02|title=LeT leader Lakhvi arrested from Lahore on terrorism financing charge: CTD|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1599281|access-date=2021-02-19|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Known as one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Mumbai and across India, the 2008 attacks caused extensive property damage estimated at over $1 billion through fire, grenade attacks, and gunfire; although the human casualties were lower than in the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]], which were also carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and killed 209 people while injuring more than 700, the attacks had a significant impact on the city’s infrastructure and security measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Arya |first=Avni |date=11 April 2025 |title=Rs 120,000,000,000 Worth Property Damage: Mumbai Paid A Heavy Price In 26/11 Terror Attack |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-saw-property-damage-of-rs-twelve-thousand-crore-in-26-11-terror-attack-tahawwur-hussain-rana-article-151397158 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attacks strained diplomatic relations between [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;edition.cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |title=Mumbai attacks probed as India-Pakistan relations strained |date=1 December 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219205611/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and made a huge impact on law enforcement and security officials to deal with such scenarios in the future.&lt;ref name=&quot;HTMN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/how-the-26-11-attacks-gave-rise-to-maharashtra-s-newest-commando-unit/story-GNnKhLVdTVFK5J9Dxw5WmO.html|title=How the 26/11 attacks gave rise to Maharashtra's newest commando unit|date=2018-11-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attacks also caused a major political impact on the then ruling government led by the [[United Progressive Alliance]], as the same year, several other cities suffered from Islamic terrorism, which were also perpetrated by Pakistani terror groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Demarche_to_Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=No military action against Pakistan: India |work=Times of India |location=India |date=2 December 2008 |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No_military_action_against_Pakistan_India/articleshow/3783853.cms<br /> |access-date=9 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bangalore-ahmedabad-blasts-uncannily-similar/69675-3.html Bangalore, Ahmedabad blasts uncannily similar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> {{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Mumbai terrorism}}<br /> <br /> Many terrorist attacks had occurred in Mumbai since the [[1993 Bombay bombings|13 coordinated bomb explosions]] that killed 257 people on 12 March 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |date=12 March 1993 |website=BBC News |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1993 attacks were carried out as revenge for the earlier [[Bombay riots]], in which many Muslims were killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33713846 |title=How the 1993 blasts changed Mumbai forever |date=30 July 2015 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626125420/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33713846 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 December 2002, a blast in a [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus near [[Ghatkopar]] station killed two people and injured 28.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm |title=Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 10 killed |date=6 December 2002 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811153416/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the [[Babri Mosque#Demolition|demolition of the Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm |title=1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya |date=6 December 1992 |website=BBC News |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207084212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[bicycle bomb]] exploded near the [[Vile Parle]] station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms |title=1 killed, 25 hurt in Vile Parle blast |date=28 January 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114012444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the [[Mulund]] station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm |title=Fear after Bombay train blast |date=14 March 2003 |website=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm |title=Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured |first1=Vijay |last1=Singh |first2=Syed Firdaus |last2=Ashra |date=29 July 2003 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908095938/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the [[Gateway of India]] and the other at [[Zaveri Bazaar]] in [[Kalbadevi]]. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm |title=2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs |date=25 August 2003 |website=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410202413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11&amp;nbsp;minutes on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban Railway]] in Mumbai,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/11slid1.htm |title=For the record: The 11/7 chargesheet |date=11 July 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012085159/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/11slid1.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; killing 209 people, including 22 foreigners&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms |title=India: A major terror target |date=30 October 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112172125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms |archive-date=12 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-Gunfire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.attacks/ |title=Gunfire heard at two Mumbai hotels |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144853/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.attacks/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami |url-access=registration |title=Terror Threat: International and Homegrown Terrorists and Their Threat to Canada |first1=Dwight |last1=Hamilton |first2=Kostas |last2=Rimsa |date=19 November 2007 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-1-55002-736-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami/page/103 103] |access-date=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and more than 700 injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404 |title=Rs 50,000 not enough for injured |date=21 July 2006 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034406/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404 |archive-date=14 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/editorial4ijcjs.html |title=India's 26/11: From Communal Violence to Communal Terrorism to Terrorism |last=Jaishankar |first=K. |year=2007 |journal=International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144919/http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/editorial4ijcjs.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Mumbai Police]], the bombings were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) and [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world# |title=India police: Indian Government spy agency behind Mumbai bombings |date=1 October 2006 |publisher=CNN |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423062022/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2052996.cms |title=Mumbai Police blames ISI, LeT for 7/11 blasts |date=30 September 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819125401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2052996.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Training ==<br /> A group of men said to number between 24 and 26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mumbai-attacks-city-fears-five-terrorists-are-missing-lhtj8lwtdcf |title=City fears five terrorists are missing |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous [[Muzaffarabad]] in Pakistan.{{why|date=August 2024}} Part of the training was said to have taken place on the [[Mangla Dam]] reservoir in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1 |title=Rumours abound as inquiry begins its search for truth |last1=Rahman |first1=Maseeh |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202011506/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The recruits went through extensive training: <br /> * Psychological: [[Indoctrination]] to [[Islamist]] ''jihadi'' ideas, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |title=A journey into the Lashkar |first=Praveen |last=Swami |date=2 December 2008 |location=Chennai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205005025/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and globally.<br /> * Basic combat: Lashkar's basic combat training and methodology course, the ''Daura Aam''<br /> * Advanced training: Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near [[Mansehra]], a course the organisation calls the ''Daura Khaas''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu.com&quot; /&gt; According to an unnamed source at the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Defense Department]], this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by former members of the [[Pakistan Army]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-2008-12-03&quot; /&gt; along with [[survival training]] and further [[indoctrination]].<br /> * [[Commando]] training: Finally, an even smaller group was selected for specialised commando tactics training, and marine navigation training was given to the [[Fedayeen]] unit that was selected, to target Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mumbai-militants-sb-idUSTRE4AS09W20081129 |title=Militants in Mumbai wanted an Indian 9/11 |last=Williams |first=Matthias |date=29 November 2008 |work=Reuters |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022700/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/29/us-india-mumbai-militants-sb-idUSTRE4AS09W20081129 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From the recruits, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/02/AR2008120202968_2.html |title=Indian Investigators Reveal Details Culled From Arrested Gunman |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113084552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/02/AR2008120202968_2.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and [[explosives]] under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Department of Defense official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined{{when|date=August 2024}} that former officers from Pakistan's Army and [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] agency assisted actively and continuously in training.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-2008-12-03&quot; /&gt; They were given blueprints of all the four targets&amp;nbsp;– [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]], [[Nariman House]], and [[Mumbai CST|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]].<br /> <br /> == Attacks ==<br /> {{For timeline|Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> The terrorists first hijacked an Indian fishing boat and killed five people on board.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hemangi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-19 |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020445/https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first events were detailed around 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in [[Colaba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=CNN |language=en-US |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704013315/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They reportedly told local [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to &quot;mind their own business&quot; before they split up and went in two different ways. The fishermen's subsequent report to the police department received little response and local police failed to act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/171056 |title=India-Pakistan Tensions Grow in Wake of Attacks |first1=Ron |last1=Moreau |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Sudip |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206064557/http://www.newsweek.com/id/171056 |archive-date=6 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ===<br /> [[File:2008 Mumbai terror attack VT bullet mark.jpg|right|thumb|Bullet holes on the wall at the CSMT]]<br /> The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) was attacked by two gunmen, Ismail Khan and [[Ajmal Kasab]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rainbowskill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rainbowskill.com/news/meet-the-men-who-attacked-mumbai.php |title=Meet the men who attacked Mumbai |date=14 December 2008 |website=Rainbow Skill |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112720/http://www.rainbowskill.com/news/meet-the-men-who-attacked-mumbai.php |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasab was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30, when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire&lt;ref name=&quot;CCTV&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 June 2009 |title=3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618223439/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |archive-date=18 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[AK-47]] [[assault rifle]]s.&lt;ref name=recalls /&gt; The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,&lt;ref name=&quot;recalls&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 June 2009 |title=Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks |newspaper=[[The News International]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617081640/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |archive-date=17 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; their assault ending at about 22:45.&lt;ref name=CCTV /&gt; Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Announcements by a railway announcer, Vishnu Dattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the station, which saved many lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-2611-attacks-two-years-on-rail-announcer-vishnu-zende-has-moved-on-1471388 |title=26/11 attacks: Two years on, rail announcer Vishnu Zende has moved on |date=24 November 2010 |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-2611-attacks-two-years-on-rail-announcer-vishnu-zende-has-moved-on-1471388 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cst-announcer-who-saved-lives-rewarded/398228/1 |title=CST announcer who saved lives rewarded |first=Raghavendra |last=Rao |date=14 December 2008 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cst-announcer-who-saved-lives-rewarded/398228/1 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at [[pedestrian]]s and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Knowing that they were outgunned against the heavily armed terrorists, the police officers at the station, instead of confronting the terrorists, decided to switch off the lights and secure the gates.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with intent to kill patients,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |title=Judgement, The High Court of Judicature at Bombay, The Judgment Reserved : 7 February 2011; The Order Is Pronounced: 21 February 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227030101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |archive-date=27 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad]], led by Police Chief [[Hemant Karkare]], searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and received return fire in response. Karkare, [[Vijay Salaskar]], [[Ashok Kamte]], and three of their officers were killed. The only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was severely wounded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/031208-News-Mumbai-Lone-survivor-Hemant-Karkare-Kasab-terrorist-Arun-Jadhav.htm |title=Info from cop in Karkare's jeep led to Kasab's arrest |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617083920/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/031208-News-Mumbai-Lone-survivor-Hemant-Karkare-Kasab-terrorist-Arun-Jadhav.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/mumbai-gunman-guilty-of-act-of-war-1.559374 |title=Mumbai gunman guilty of 'act of war' |date=4 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=Abu Dhabi |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917111105/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/south-asia/mumbai-gunman-guilty-of-act-of-war |url-status=live |archive-date=17 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://canopycanopycanopy.com/8/jukeboxes_on_the_moon |title=Jukeboxes on the Moon |first=Rafil |last=Kroll-Zaidi |date=July 2010 |website=[[Triple Canopy (online magazine)|Triple Canopy]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713075615/http://canopycanopycanopy.com/8/jukeboxes_on_the_moon |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A police officer, [[Tukaram Omble]], was also killed when he tried to disarm Kasab by wrestling his weapon away from him.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Leopold Cafe ===<br /> [[File:Cafe leopold damage Mumbai nov 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe]]<br /> The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on [[Colaba Causeway]] in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites to be attacked.&lt;ref name=&quot;times-5260641&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/defiant-leopold-caf-shows-that-mumbai-is-not-afraid-7rp52p0g2xj |title=Defiant Leopold café shows that Mumbai is not afraid |first1=Rhys |last1=Blakely |first2=Jeremy |last2=Page |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=19 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two attackers, Shoaib alias Soheb and Nazir alias Abu Umer,&lt;ref name=&quot;rainbowskill&quot; /&gt; opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November between 21:30 and 21:48, killing 10 people (including some international visitors) and injuring many more.&lt;ref name=&quot;deccanherald&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Dec12008/national20081130103900.asp |title=Leopold Cafe reopens amidst desolation |first=Kalyan |last=Ray |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=Karnataka |access-date=19 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205034308/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Dec12008/national20081130103900.asp |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bomb blasts in taxis ===<br /> Two explosions happened in taxis caused by [[time bomb]]s. The first explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi, were killed, and about 15 others were injured. The second one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle, killing the driver and a passenger.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tracing the terror route&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2008 |title=Mumbai attack: Timeline of how the terror unfolded |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] |location=London, UK |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/11/27/mumbai-attack-timeline-of-how-the-terror-unfolded-115875-20929121/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014230411/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/11/27/mumbai-attack-timeline-of-how-the-terror-unfolded-115875-20929121/ |archive-date=14 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and Oberoi Trident ===<br /> [[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Oberoi Restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|The damaged [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]] hotel]]<br /> Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and the Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj Hotel – one in the lobby, two in the elevators, and three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBN-Taj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taj-hotel-burns-2-terrorists-killed/79137-3.html |title=Taj Hotel Burns, 2 Terrorists Killed |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824211653/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taj-hotel-burns-2-terrorists-killed/79137-3.html |archive-date=24 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TTKN News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ttkn.com/world/terror-attacks-army-stormed-taj-hotel-mumbai-217.html |title=Taj Hotel Attacked |date=27 November 2008 |website=TTKN News |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113213148/http://www.ttkn.com/world/terror-attacks-army-stormed-taj-hotel-mumbai-217.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the Taj, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Pics: facts, twists, turns about Kasab trial |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/in-pics-facts-twists-turns-about-kasab-trial-768419-12.html |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126134554/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/in-pics-facts-twists-turns-about-kasab-trial-768419-12.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj Hotel had been resolved and quoted the police chief of [[Maharashtra]], stating that all hostages were freed;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-Gunfire&quot; /&gt; later that day, though, two attackers were found to be still holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Hotel.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-27th&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/india.attacks/index.html |title=Fighting reported at Mumbai Jewish center |first1=Andrew |last1=Stevens |first2=Mallika |last2=Kapur |first3=Phil |last3=O'Sullivan |first4=Phillip |last4=Turner |first5=Ravi |last5=Hiranand |first6=Yasmin |last6=Wong |first7=Harmeet |last7=Shah Singh |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202132254/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Taj Hotel Wasabi Restaurant burned.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The first floor of the Taj Hotel was completely gutted.]]<br /> <br /> Several members of the [[European Parliament]] [[Committee on International Trade]] were staying at the Taj Hotel when it was attacked,&lt;ref name=&quot;MEP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5240689.ece |title=Tory MEP flees for his life as gunman starts spraying the hotel bar with bullets |first=David |last=Charter |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-date=18 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918074117/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5240689.ece |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; but none were harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;dpa-eu-del&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.topnews.in/node/93372 |title=EU trade delegation in Mumbai safe, delegate says |first=Sahil |last=Nagpal |date=27 November 2008 |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |website=TopNews.in |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105071408/http://www.topnews.in/node/93372 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) [[Sajjad Karim]] (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrat]] MEP [[Erika Mann (politician)|Erika Mann]] were hiding in different parts of the building.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEP&quot; /&gt; Also reported present was Spanish MEP [[Ignasi Guardans]], who was barricaded in a hotel room.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227738722.36 |title=EU parliament staff member wounded in India shootout |date=27 November 2008 |website=EU Business |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203141240/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227738722.36 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://euobserver.com/9/27253 |title=MEP attacks EU consular reaction in Mumbai |last=Runner |first=Philippa |date=8 December 2008 |website=EUobserver |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003735/http://euobserver.com/9/27253 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another British Conservative MEP, [[Syed Kamall]], reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEP&quot; /&gt; Kamall also reported that Polish MEP [[Jan Masiel]] was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tvn24.pl/12691,1574853,,,relacja-polaka-z-piekla,wiadomosc.html |title=Relacja Polaka z piekła |trans-title=Pole's report from hell |date=27 November 2008 |agency=Reuters |website=TVN24 |language=pl |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405070542/http://www.tvn24.pl/12691,1574853,,,relacja-polaka-z-piekla,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPs-staff&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/EU_parliament_staff_member_wounded_in_India_shootout/articleshow/3762103.cms |title=EU parliament staff member wounded in India shootout |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413065729/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/EU_parliament_staff_member_wounded_in_India_shootout/articleshow/3762103.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also caught up in the shooting were the [[President of Madrid]], [[Esperanza Aguirre]], while checking in at the Oberoi Trident,&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPs-staff&quot; /&gt; and Indian MP [[N. N. Krishnadas]] of [[Kerala]] and [[Gulam Noon]] while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj Hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074226&amp;type=News |title=200 people held hostage at Taj Hotel |agency=Press Trust of India |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122183237/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074226&amp;type=News |archive-date=22 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5245365.ece |title=Sir Gulam Noon, British 'Curry King': how I escaped bombed hotel |last1=Thomson |first1=Alice |first2=Rachel |last2=Sylvester |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104652/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5245365.ece |archive-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gautam Adani]], a billionaire business tycoon of India, was having dinner in the Taj on November 26; he hid in the hotel kitchen and later in the toilet, and came out safely the next morning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Alexander |last1=Sazonov |first2=Bhuma |last2=Shrivastava |first3=P R |last3=Sanjai |title=Billionaire Survivor of Ransom, Terror Attacks Now Rivals Ambani |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-13/billionaire-survivor-of-ransom-terror-attacks-now-rivals-ambani |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=13 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Nimish |title=Gautam Adani felt safe in Taj toilet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Gautam-Adani-felt-safe-in-Taj-toilet/articleshow/3767246.cms |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 November 2008 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/throwback-gautam-adani-indias-richest-man-survived-2008-mumbai-terror-attack-kidnapping-article-90626081 | title=Throwback: Gautam Adani, India's richest man survived 2008 Mumbai terror attack, kidnapping | date=3 April 2022 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922063241/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/throwback-gautam-adani-indias-richest-man-survived-2008-mumbai-terror-attack-kidnapping-article-90626081 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nariman House ===<br /> [[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Nariman House front view 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks]]<br /> Nariman House, a [[Chabad Lubavitch]] Jewish centre in Colaba known as the Mumbai [[Chabad House]], was taken over by two attackers, and several residents were held hostage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Consulate-Unspecified-number-of-Israelis-missing-in-Mumbai |title=Consulate: Unspecified number of Israelis missing in Mumbai |first=Vaakov |last=Lappin |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706111748/https://www.jpost.com/International/Consulate-Unspecified-number-of-Israelis-missing-in-Mumbai |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from [[Delhi]], and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle,{{clarify|how long|date=August 2024}} one NSG commando, Sergeant [[Gajender Singh Bisht]] was killed, as were both perpetrators.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi-nariman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/NSG_ends_reign_of_terror_at_Nariman/articleshow/3771314.cms |title=NSG ends reign of terror at Nariman |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205011234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/NSG_ends_reign_of_terror_at_Nariman/articleshow/3771314.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200811290340.htm |title=Siege at Nariman House ends, two terrorists killed |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100425/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200811290340.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rabbi [[Gavriel Holtzberg]] and his wife [[Rivka Holtzberg]], who was six months pregnant, were shot and killed along with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AR52W20081129 |title=Rabbi killed in Mumbai had gone to serve Jews |first=Daniel |last=Trotta |date=28 November 2008 |work=Reuters |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203070651/https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AR52W20081129 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers &quot;would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews&quot;.{{Attribution needed|date=August 2024}} Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6896107.ece |title=Mumbai terror attacks: And then they came for the Jews |last=Gee |first=Alastair |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |date=1 November 2009 |access-date=15 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&amp;id=15442%3Aand-then&amp;option=com_content&amp;Itemid=57 |title=And then they came for the Jews |last=Gee |first=Alastair |newspaper=[[Samoa Observer]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510111633/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&amp;id=15442%3Aand-then&amp;option=com_content&amp;Itemid=57 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:NSG Air Assault Mumbai Attacks.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Security Guard|NSG]] Commandos beginning the assault on Nariman House by [[fast-roping]] onto the terrace.]]<br /> <br /> === NSG raid ===<br /> During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by [[Rapid Action Force]] personnel, [[MARCOS (India)|Marine Commandos]] (MARCOS), and [[National Security Guards]] (NSG) commandos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa9.cfm |title=Commandos Launch Operations to Clear Luxury Hotels Seized by Gunmen in Mumbai |first=Anjana |last=Pasricha |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=Voice of America |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090317163829/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa9.cfm |archive-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi_army_storms&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Army_storms_Mumbais_besieged_five-star_hotels_/articleshow/3762100.cms |title=We want all Mujahideen released: Terrorist inside Oberoi |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715025042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Army_storms_Mumbais_besieged_five-star_hotels_/articleshow/3762100.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2008/tv/asia/indian-journalists-in-media-firestorm-1117996604/ |title=Indian journalists in media firestorm |first=Patrick |last=Frater |date=30 November 2008 |website=Variety |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202024047/http://www.variety.com/VR1117996604.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/index.html |title=Mumbai operation appears nearly over |date=29 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308091722/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=8 March 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn-oberoi-end&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/ |title=Oberoi standoff ends |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=7 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083956/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/ |url-status=live |archive-date=1 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]] of the NSG was fatally shot during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-terrorists-had-no-plans-to-blow-up-taj.htm |title=Terrorists had no plan to blow up Taj: NSG DG |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622030627/http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-terrorists-had-no-plans-to-blow-up-taj.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nsg-commando-recounts-gunfight-with-terrorists/79466-3.html |title=NSG commando recounts gunfight with terrorists |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081135/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nsg-commando-recounts-gunfight-with-terrorists/79466-3.html |archive-date=4 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/a-taste-of-defiance-as-massacre-hotel-opens-for-high-tea-jxgnng7xxhb |title=A taste of defiance as massacre hotel opens for high tea |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=22 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202032054/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-taste-of-defiance-as-massacre-hotel-opens-for-high-tea-jxgnng7xxhb |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> NSG commandos then took on the Nariman House, and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, nine hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Sergeant [[Gajender Singh Bisht]], who was part of the team that fast-roped onto Nariman House, died from injuries sustained by a grenade&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB&quot;&gt;{{citation|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=46980|access-date=14 September 2014|date=25 January 2009|title=Ashoka Chakra awardees and their saga of gallantry |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; after a long battle in which both perpetrators were also killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi-nariman&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http&quot; /&gt; By the morning of 28 November, the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach centre at Nariman House, as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jewish&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/28/news/29MUMBAI.php |title=Indian forces battle pockets of militants |first1=Keith |last1=Bradsher |first2=Somini |last2=Sengupta |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083533/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/28/news/29MUMBAI.php |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;back&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.ttkn.com/business/mumbai-takes-control-terrorists-260.html |title=Mumbai takes back control from terrorists |date=28 November 2008 |website=TTKN Oxford |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228183602/http://www.ttkn.com/business/mumbai-takes-control-terrorists-260.html |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv-third&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074405&amp;type=News |title=Gunbattle enters third day, intense firing at Taj hotel |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201002326/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074405&amp;type=News |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, later news reports indicated that two or three attackers were still in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv-third&quot; /&gt; Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj, with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv-third&quot; /&gt; The final operation at the Taj Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=2653de0a-434a-4f90-bb24-59598fd65686Mumbaiunderattack_Special&amp;MatchID1=4858&amp;TeamID1=1&amp;TeamID2=5&amp;MatchType1=1&amp;SeriesID1=1224&amp;PrimaryID=4858&amp;Headline=62-hour+Taj+operation+ends%2c+3+terrorists+killed |title=Taj operation over, three terrorists killed |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202235541/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=2653de0a-434a-4f90-bb24-59598fd65686Mumbaiunderattack_Special&amp;MatchID1=4858&amp;TeamID1=1&amp;TeamID2=5&amp;MatchType1=1&amp;SeriesID1=1224&amp;PrimaryID=4858&amp;Headline=62-hour%2BTaj%2Boperation%2Bends%2C%2B3%2Bterrorists%2Bkilled |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj, and 60 (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Battle_ends_in_Mumbai_death_toll_rises_to_195/articleshow/3771119.cms |title=Battle for Mumbai ends, death toll rises to 195 |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715032050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Battle_ends_in_Mumbai_death_toll_rises_to_195/articleshow/3771119.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai Harbour.&lt;ref name=&quot;es&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23593839-details/Timeline:+one+night+of+slaughter+and+mayhem/article.do |title=Timeline: one night of slaughter and mayhem |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |location=London, UK |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205105713/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23593839-details/Timeline%3A%2Bone%2Bnight%2Bof%2Bslaughter%2Band%2Bmayhem/article.do |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Attribution ==<br /> {{Main|Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> [[File:Mohammed Ajmal Kasab.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ajmal Kasab]] at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in his hand.]]<br /> The search regarding the identity of the terrorists started during the first attacks. During the searches, an unknown group calling itself the Mujahideen Hyderabad Deccan claimed responsibility for attacks in an email, which was later traced to Pakistan and was regarded as [[hoax]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008: Events, Death Toll, &amp; Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan and carried out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan by mobile phones and [[VoIP phone|VoIP.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-2008-12-03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |last3=Perlez |first3=Jane |date=3 December 2008 |title=US and India See Link to Militants in Pakistan |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03mumbai.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626121047/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03mumbai.html |archive-date=26 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-2008-12-03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTdeepties&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/asia/27pstan.html?pagewanted=print |title=Terror Ties Run Deep in Pakistan, Mumbai Case Shows |first1=Jane |last1=Perlez |first2=Salman |last2=Masood |page=A4 |date=27 July 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104022/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/asia/27pstan.html?pagewanted=print |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2009, Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and [[Thatta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Islamabad Tells of Plot by Lashkar |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |date=28 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc20091125&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schifrin |first=Nick |date=25 November 2009 |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged&amp;nbsp;– Action Comes a Year After India's Worst Terrorist Attacks; 164 Die |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127091951/http://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |archive-date=27 November 2009 |access-date=17 May 2010 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mumbai police department originally identified 37 suspects—including two [[Pakistan Army]] officers—for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5806381.ece |title=Pakistani Army colonel 'was involved' in Mumbai terror attacks |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=26 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814030052/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5806381.ece |archive-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David Coleman Headley]] and [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]], arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks, were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/who-are-david-headley-tahawwur-rana/105433-3.html |title=Who are David Headley, Tahawwur Rana? |date=17 November 2009 |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121085401/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/who-are-david-headley-tahawwur-rana/105433-3.html |archive-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Headley-link-traced-to-Pak-2-LeT-men-arrested/articleshow/5205152.cms |title=Headley link traced to Pak, 2 LeT men arrested |first1=Vishwa |last1=Mohan |date=7 November 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716145353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Headley-link-traced-to-Pak-2-LeT-men-arrested/articleshow/5205152.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of these men, [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani American]] David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani), was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks, and gathered video and [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] information on behalf of the plotters.<br /> <br /> In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. Three men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, and Mazhar Iqbal, alias &quot;[[Major Iqbal]]&quot;, were believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and helped plan and train the attackers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Four more men charged in Mumbai attack |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=27 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Negotiations with Pakistan ===<br /> Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] condemned the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM Gilani denounces Mumbai attacks&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2008 |title=PM Gilani denounces Mumbai attacks |newspaper=[[The News International]] |location=Karachi |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61064 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145846/http://thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61064 |archive-date=1 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The International News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2008 |title=PM Gilani expresses condolences for slain ISI men |newspaper=The News International |location=Karachi |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61067 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202042018/http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61067 |archive-date=2 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan promised to assist in the investigation, and President Zardari vowed &quot;strong action against any Pakistani elements found involved in the attack&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3548014/Mumbai-attacks-Pakistans-Asif-Ali-Zardari-vows-action-against-militants.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Pakistan's Asif Ali Zardari vows 'action' against militants |date=4 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713130615/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3548014/Mumbai-attacks-Pakistans-Asif-Ali-Zardari-vows-action-against-militants.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn_Bdeshlink&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/05/top2.htm |title=Investigators see Bangladesh link in Mumbai terror attacks |first1=Baqir |last1=Sajjad Syed |first2=Mohammad |last2=Asghar |date=9 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723061148/http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/05/top2.htm |archive-date=23 July 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a claim refuted by India,&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu020909&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200902092232.htm |title=Chidambaram asserts 26/11 originated from Pak soil |date=9 February 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105141847/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200902092232.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/16/top5.htm |title=Samjhota, Mumbai attacks linked, says Qureshi |first=Shakeel |last=Ahmad |date=16 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219175006/http://dawn.com/2009/02/16/top5.htm |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;TIME08JAN2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PakAdmitsNYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html |title=Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani, Official Says |first1=Richard A. |last1=Oppel |first2=Salman |last2=Masood |date=7 January 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411120649/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Zaidi |first=Mubashir |date=7 January 2009 |title=Surviving gunman's identity established as Pakistani |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/437948/surviving-gunmanaes-identity-established-as-pakistani |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718171030/https://www.dawn.com/news/437948/surviving-gunmanaes-identity-established-as-pakistani |archive-date=18 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.&lt;ref name=&quot;nd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090083331&amp;type=News |title=Part of 26/11 plan made on our land, admits Pakistan |date=12 February 2009 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213155833/http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090083331&amp;type=News |archive-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;DossierNYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html |title=Dossier From India Gives New Details of Mumbai Attacks |first=Somini |last=Sengupta |date=6 January 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409223252/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Jan42009/scroll20090104110538.asp?section=frontpagenews |title=PC heads for US with 26/11 proof |first=Anirban |last=Bhaumik |date=4 January 2009 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |location=India |access-date=21 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani &quot;agencies&quot;, an accusation denied by Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-2008-12-03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PakAdmitsNYT&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg20090128&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&amp;sid=aF44YOpTiIJk |title=Pakistan's Partial Crackdown Lets Imams Preach Jihad |last=Rupert |first=James |date=28 January 2009 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=6 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not co-operating by providing information for their investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu20091123&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Missing-evidence-mars-Mumbai-massacre-probe/article16484366.ece |title=Missing evidence mars Mumbai massacre probe |first=Praveen |last=Swami |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 November 2009 |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507134530/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Missing-evidence-mars-Mumbai-massacre-probe/article16484366.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village.&lt;ref name=&quot;rsf20091113&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-two-journalists-held-after-helping-13-11-2009,34979.html |title=Two journalists held after helping media probe Mumbai attacker's background |date=13 November 2009 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080609/http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-two-journalists-held-after-helping-13-11-2009,34979.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu20091124&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article53785.ece |title=Kasab's village remains a no-go area for journalists |first=Nirupama |last=Subramanian |date=24 November 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=30 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130204126/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article53785.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The then Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects [[David Headley]] and [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]], but that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had been more forthcoming.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi20091201&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-information-on-Headley-Rana-from-Pakistan-says-home-minister-Chidambaram/articleshow/5288207.cms |title=No information on Headley, Rana from Pakistan, says Home Minister Chidambaram |date=1 December 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111082305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-information-on-Headley-Rana-from-Pakistan-says-home-minister-Chidambaram/articleshow/5288207.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of David Headley,&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20101019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |title=Indian gov't: Pakistan spies tied to Mumbai siege |last1=Nessman |first1=Ravi |last2=Sharma |first2=Ashok |date=19 October 2010 |publisher=Yahoo! News |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021114840/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |archive-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;fox-20101019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/report-pakistan-spies-tied-to-mumbai-siege/ |date=19 October 2010 |title=Report: Pakistan Spies Tied to Mumbai Siege |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122010702/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/10/19/indian-report-pakistan-spies-tied-mumbai-siege/ |archive-date=22 November 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20101019&quot; /&gt; He alleged that &quot;every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [the] ISI.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fox-20101019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, during an interview with newspaper ''Dawn'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pakistan's former Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] questioned Pakistan's inaction in preventing the Mumbai attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV_Nawaz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nawaz-sharif-admits-pak-terrorists-carried-out-26-11-mumbai-attacks-1851224 |title=Nawaz Sharif Admits Pak Terrorists Carried Out 26/11 Mumbai Attacks |date=12 May 2018 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512153850/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nawaz-sharif-admits-pak-terrorists-carried-out-26-11-mumbai-attacks-1851224 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-journalist-treason-military.html |title=Treason Trial for Pakistani Journalist Signals New Pressure on Media |date=5 October 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |quote=In the interview, Mr. Sharif appeared to reinforce India's accusation that Pakistan's military aided the militants who carried out the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which killed more than 160 locals and foreign tourists. |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927195328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-journalist-treason-military.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | access-date=2023-11-14 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/14/pakistans-ex-pm-nawaz-sharif-slammed-for-mumbai-attack-comments | title=Ex-Pakistan PM Sharif slammed for Mumbai attack remark | date=2018-05-14 | last=Hashim | first=Asad | language=en | quote=Last week, Sharif told local newspaper Dawn that Pakistan needed to act against anti-India armed groups that are operating on its soil, a claim India has often made and which Pakistan has long officially denied. | url-status=live | website=Al Jazeera | archive-date=9 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009150752/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/14/pakistans-ex-pm-nawaz-sharif-slammed-for-mumbai-attack-comments}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mumbai attacks vinu image01-crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Police looking for attackers outside Colaba.]]<br /> <br /> === Investigation ===<br /> According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from [[Karachi]], Pakistan, across the [[Arabian Sea]], hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ''Kuber'', killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a [[rubber dinghy]]. The captain of ''Kuber'', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Slain_navigator_of_Porbandar_trawler_was_imprisoned_in_Pak/articleshow/3777132.cms |title=Slain navigator of Porbandar trawler was imprisoned in Pak |date=30 September 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302104600/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Slain_navigator_of_Porbandar_trawler_was_imprisoned_in_Pak/articleshow/3777132.cms |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at [[Azizabad (Karachi)|Azizabad]] in Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3816639.cms |title=Terror boat was almost nabbed off Mumbai |date=10 December 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713132124/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3816639.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009, Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and lead in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.html |title=US Had Warnings on Plotter of Mumbai Attack |last1=Perlez |first1=Jane |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Thompson |first3=Ginger |date=16 October 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415020016/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-plot-fbi-was-warned-years-in-advance |title=FBI Was Warned Years in Advance of Mumbai Attacker's Terror Ties |last=Rotella |first=Sebastian |date=15 October 2010 |website=[[ProPublica]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922002007/https://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-plot-fbi-was-warned-years-in-advance |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as [[Major Iqbal]]. The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack and oversaw a model of the Taj Hotel, so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Hotel may be their target.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> US officials believed that the ISI officers provided support to LeT militants who carried out the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;suit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18pstan.html |title=Pakistani Role Is Suspected in Revealing U.S. Spy's Name |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |last2=Masood |first2=Salman |date=17 December 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013437/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18pstan.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Disclosures made by former American intelligence contractor Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and passed the alert on to [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] on 18 November, eight days before the terrorists actually struck Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20151026-why-india-didnt-strike-pakistan-after-26-11-820634-2015-10-14 |title=Why India didn't strike Pakistan after 26/11 |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=26 October 2015 |website=India Today |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303190125/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20151026-why-india-didnt-strike-pakistan-after-26-11-820634-2015-10-14 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the hours after the attack, the [[New York City Police Department]] sent [[Brandon del Pozo]], an official from their intelligence division, to investigate the incident to understand what vulnerabilities its methods posed for New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Temple-Raston |first1=Dina |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97912059 |title=Mumbai Attacks Offer Clues to Security |website=NPR.org |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143017/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97912059 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The arrest of [[Zabiuddin Ansari]], alias Abu Hamza, in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47s and [[RDX]], which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-489999|title= 26/11 had been planned originally for 2006, reveals Abu Hamza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi, but could not complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley's disclosures that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari's revelations during his interrogation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26/11-Abu-Jundal-names-same-Pak-army-officers-as-Headley-did/articleshow/14619870.cms |title=26/11: Abu Jundal names same Pak army officers as Headley did |first=S. Ahmed |last=Ali |date=3 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116024853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26/11-Abu-Jundal-names-same-Pak-army-officers-as-Headley-did/articleshow/14619870.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-489999 |title=26/11 had been planned originally for 2006, reveals Abu Hamza |first=Rashmi |last=Rajput |date=26 June 2012 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-489999 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Ansari's arrest, Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Pakistan-says-Mumbai-attackers-were-helped-by-40-Indians/articleshow/14590556.cms |title=26/11: Pakistan says Mumbai attackers were helped by 40 Indians |date=2 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405140444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Pakistan-says-Mumbai-attackers-were-helped-by-40-Indians/articleshow/14590556.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his confession, [[Ajmal Kasab]], the only gunman captured, shared the location of LeT's training camps in [[Muridke]], Pakistan, called as Markaz Taiba, and in Muzzafarabad, apart from the routine of their training, which included indoctrination, basic combat, advanced weapons and explosives, and commando tactics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.ft.com/content/beeea092-c697-11dd-97a5-000077b07658|title= Transcript: Mumbai terrorist confession}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 May 2025, the Muridke camp was [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|destroyed]] in a missile strike by the Indian Armed Forces in retaliation for the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]], which was also perpetrated by the Lashkar-e-Taiba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://news.sky.com/story/terror-group-supporters-posted-on-tiktok-youtube-and-google-from-site-targeted-in-indian-airstrikes-13363716|title=Terror group supporters posted on TikTok, YouTube and Google from site targeted in Indian airstrikes}}&lt;/ref&gt; The strikes reportedly killed Lashkar's HQ chief Mudassar aka Abu Jundal (not to be confused with 26/11 co-conspirator [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] who used the alias Abu Jundal) among several other terrorists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/lashkar-s-muridke-hq-chief-among-140-terrorists-killed-in-operation-sindoor/ar-AA1ExlfF|title= Lashkar's Muridke HQ chief among 140 terrorists killed in Operation Sindoor|website= [[MSN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Method ===<br /> The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time, and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;locals&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai_locals_helped_us_terrorist_tells_cops/articleshow/3774106.cms |title=Mumbai locals helped us, terrorist tells cops |first1=S. Ahmed |last1=Ali |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010053/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai_locals_helped_us_terrorist_tells_cops/articleshow/3774106.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27mum-lashkar-0operative-ismail-arrested-for-attacks.htm |title=LeT terrorist Ismail arrested in Mumbai |first=Sheela |last=Bhatt |date=27 November 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205113835/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27mum-lashkar-0operative-ismail-arrested-for-attacks.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attackers used at least three [[SIM card]]s purchased on the Indian side of the border with [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1864539,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204123539/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1864539,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Pakistani Involvement in the Mumbai Attacks |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |date=4 December 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=21 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state of [[New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5284594.ece |title=Mumbai gunman says he was paid $1,900 for attack&amp;nbsp;– as new CCTV emerges |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=4 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000346/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5284594.ece |archive-date=5 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police had also mentioned that [[Faheem Ansari]], an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24757587-663,00.html |title=Indian 'scouted attack' in Mumbai |date=6 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Herald Sun]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206232640/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24757587-663,00.html |archive-date=6 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/2-men-accused-of-providing-sim-cards-to-mumbai-attackers-1.711547 |title=Two men accused of providing SIM cards to Mumbai attackers |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322012902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/2-men-accused-of-providing-sim-cards-to-mumbai-attackers-1.711547 |archive-date=22 March 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The attackers used a satellite phone and cell phones to talk to each other, as well as their handlers who were based in Pakistan. In transcripts intercepted by Indian authorities between the attackers and their handlers, the handlers provided the attackers with encouragement, tactical advice, and information gained from media coverage. The attackers used both personal cell phones and those obtained from their victims to communicate with each other and the news media. Although the attackers were encouraged to murder hostages, the attackers were in communication with the news media via cell phones to make demands in return for the release of hostages. This was believed to be done to further confuse Indian authorities that they were dealing with primarily a hostage situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf |first1=Angel |last1=Rabasa |first2=Robert D. |last2=Blackwill |first3=Peter |last3=Chalk |first4=Kim |last4=Cragin |first5=C. Christine |last5=Fair |first6=Brian A. |last6=Jackson |first7=Brian Michael |last7=Jenkins |first8=Seth G. |last8=Jones |first9=Nathaniel |last9=Shestak |first10=Ashley J. |last10=Tellis |display-authors=3 |title=The Lessons of Mumbai |date=2009 |location=Santa Monica, California |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8330-4667-3 |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034757/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Type 86 grenades made by China's state-owned [[Norinco]] were used in the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/13/india-china-relations-population-opinions-columnists-gordon-chang.html |title=India's China Problem |first=Gordon G. |last=Chang |date=13 August 2009 |website=Forbes |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222101609/http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/13/india-china-relations-population-opinions-columnists-gordon-chang.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also, indications arose that the attackers had been taking cocaine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3540964/Mumbai-attacks-Terrorists-took-cocaine-to-stay-awake-during-assault.html |title=Mumbai attacks Terrorists took cocaine to stay awake during assault |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209010040/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3540964/Mumbai-attacks-Terrorists-took-cocaine-to-stay-awake-during-assault.html |archive-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used [[Google Earth]] to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3691723/Mumbai-attacks-Indian-suit-against-Google-Earth-over-image-use-by-terrorists.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Indian suit against Google Earth over image use by terrorists |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |date=9 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=20 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211122758/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3691723/Mumbai-attacks-Indian-suit-against-Google-Earth-over-image-use-by-terrorists.html |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Of the 10 gunmen, nine were subsequently shot dead and one was captured by security forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_NOV29&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |first1=Somini |last1=Sengupta |first2=Keith |last2=Bradsher |date=29 November 2008 |title=India Faces Reckoning as Terror Toll Eclipses 170 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310091334/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bm-saline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&amp;sectid=1&amp;contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&amp;sectxslt= |title=Please give me saline |first=Rakesh |last=Prakash |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302112856/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&amp;sectid=1&amp;contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&amp;sectxslt= |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early 20s, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.&lt;ref name=&quot;cool&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-india |title=They were in no hurry. Cool and composed, they killed and killed |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |last2=Duncan |first2=Campbell |last3=Paul |first3=Lewis |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201071600/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-india |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, some of the attackers reported to be British citizens,&lt;ref name=&quot;numbers&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/british-terrorists-mumbai |title=Claims emerge of British terrorists in Mumbai |last=Balakrishnan |first=Angela |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201071534/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/british-terrorists-mumbai |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-claims-of-britons-amongst-mumbai-gunmen-1039452.html |title=Arrested Mumbai gunmen 'of British descent' |first=Tom |last=Morgan |agency=Associated Press |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London, UK |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062047/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-claims-of-britons-amongst-mumbai-gunmen-1039452.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3533837/Mumbai-attack-Government-has-no-evidence-of-British-involvement.html |title=Mumbai attack: Government 'has no evidence of British involvement' |first=Jon |last=Swaine |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202210536/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3533837/Mumbai-attack-Government-has-no-evidence-of-British-involvement.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, early reports of 12 gunmen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3628614/Mumbai-attacks-police-admit-there-were-more-than-ten-attackers.html |title=Mumbai attacks: police admit there were more than ten attackers |last=McElroy |first=Damien |date=6 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-date=22 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222024843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3628614/Mumbai-attacks-police-admit-there-were-more-than-ten-attackers.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; were also later shown to be incorrect.&lt;ref name=&quot;DossierNYT&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: [[Ajmal Amir Kasab]] from [[Faridkot, Okara|Faridkot]], [[Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan]] from [[Dera Ismail Khan]], Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from [[Multan]], Javed from [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], Shoaib from [[Sialkot]], Nazir Ahmed and Nasir from [[Faisalabad]], Abdul Rahman from [[Arifwalla]], and Fahadullah from [[Dipalpur Taluka]]. Dera Ismail Khan is in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]]; the rest of the towns are in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTFullNames&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/world/asia/10mumbai.html |title=Mumbai Attackers Called Part of Larger Band of Recruits |first1=Jeremy |last1=Kahn |first2=Robert F. |last2=Worth |date=9 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082019/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/world/asia/10mumbai.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of [[Maharashtra]], informed the assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010, although several organizations advocated for a sea burial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Bodies-of-slain-2611-terrorists-buried-R.R.-Patil/article16364419.ece|title= Bodies of slain 26/11 terrorists buried: R.R. Patil}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSGE6350JE20100406 |title=Bodies of nine Mumbai gunmen buried secretly in January |first=Rina |last=Chandran |date=6 April 2010 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502111453/https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSGE6350JE20100406?edition-redirect=in |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Attackers ===<br /> Only one of the attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived the attack. He was [[Capital punishment in India|hanged]] in [[Yerwada Central Jail]] in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Bodies-of-9-terrorists-of-2611-disposed-off/videoshow/4342368.cms |title=Bodies of 9 terrorists of 26/11 disposed of |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014952/http://www.timesnow.tv/Bodies-of-9-terrorists-of-2611-disposed-off/videoshow/4342368.cms |archive-date=5 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- repeat The other nine attackers killed during the onslaught were Hafiz Arshad alias Abdul Rehman Bada, Abdul Rahman Chhota, Javed alias Abu Ali, Fahadullah alias Abu Fahad, Ismail Khan alias [[Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan|Abu Ismail]], Babar Imran alias Abu Akasha, Nasir alias Abu Umar, Nazir alias Abu Umer and Shoaib alias Abu Soheb. --&gt;<br /> <br /> === Arrests ===<br /> {{Main|Ajmal Kasab|Zabiuddin Ansari}}<br /> <br /> Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested by police. At first, he deposed to police inspector Ramesh Mahale that he had come to India &quot;to see [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s bungalow&quot;, and that he was apprehended by the [[Mumbai Police]] outside the bungalow.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmal-kasab-amitabh-bachchan-raw-mumbai-attacks-ramesh-mahale-1396531-2018-11-26 |title=Amitabh Bachchan and RAW: How Ajmal Kasab spun a tale to escape punishment for 26/11 attacks |first=Divyesh |last=Singh |date=26 November 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817230540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmal-kasab-amitabh-bachchan-raw-mumbai-attacks-ramesh-mahale-1396531-2018-11-26 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his subsequent confessions to the Mumbai police.&lt;ref name=&quot;azam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |title=Planned 9/11 at Taj, reveals caught terrorist |date=29 November 2008 |website=[[Zee TV|Zee News]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225174923/http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |archive-date=25 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 February 2009, Pakistani Interior Minister [[Rehman Malik]] said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.&lt;ref name=&quot;nd&quot; /&gt; Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haider&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE51B25820090212?pageNumber=1&amp;virtualBrandChannel=10112 |title=Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plotters |last=Haider |first=Kamran |date=12 February 2009 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044044/https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE51B25820090212?pageNumber=1&amp;virtualBrandChannel=10112 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two Pakistanis were arrested in [[Brescia]], Italy (east of [[Milan]]), on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring more than US$200 to Internet accounts using a false ID.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article52322.ece |title=Italy arrests two for Mumbai attacks |date=21 November 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=21 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20091121-two-pakistanis-arrested-brescia-connection-with-mumbai-attacks-italy-india |title=Two Pakistanis arrested in connection with Mumbai attacks |date=21 November 2009 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214075728/http://www.france24.com/en/20091121-two-pakistanis-arrested-brescia-connection-with-mumbai-attacks-italy-india |archive-date=14 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had [[Red corner notice|Red Corner Notices]] issued against them by [[Interpol]] for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year's strikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Pak-mum-on-2611-terror-duo-held-in-Italy/articleshow/4332698.cms |title=Pak mum on 26/11 terror duo held in Italy |date=22 November 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013259/http://www.timesnow.tv/Pak-mum-on-2611-terror-duo-held-in-Italy/articleshow/4332698.cms |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in &quot;terrorism&quot; abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Headley, a Pakistani American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-police-probe-david-headley-s-links-to-26-11-attacks_1308973 |title=Mumbai police probe David Headley's links to 26/11 attacks |date=8 November 2009 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116155352/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-police-probe-david-headley-s-links-to-26-11-attacks_1308973 |archive-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters20091208&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fbi-mumbai-idUSTRE5B72I620091208 |title=India Plans to Try Chicago Man For Mumbai Attacks |agency=Reuters |date=8 December 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701030824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fbi-mumbai-idUSTRE5B72I620091208 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_david-headley-posed-as-jew-in-mumbai_1309057 |title=David Headley posed as Jew in Mumbai |first=Josy |last=Joseph |date=9 November 2009 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112184125/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_david-headley-posed-as-jew-in-mumbai_1309057 |archive-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 March 2010, Headley pleaded guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.<br /> <br /> In December 2009, the FBI charged [[Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed]], a retired [[Major (rank)|major]] in the [[Pakistani Army]], for planning the attacks in association with Headley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/FBI-nails-Pak-Major-for-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/5317076.cms |title=FBI nails Pak Major for Mumbai attacks |date=9 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220318/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/FBI-nails-Pak-Major-for-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/5317076.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation, [[R&amp;AW]] agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of [[HuJI]] India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, and brought him over to [[Hyderabad, India]], for formal arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/hyderabad/26-11-attacks-handler-arrested/Article1-499019.aspx |title=26/11 attacks handler arrested |last1=Sharan |first1=Abhishek |last2=Das |first2=Ashok |date=18 January 2010 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129053925/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/hyderabad/26-11-attacks-handler-arrested/Article1-499019.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police Department arrested Zabiuddin Ansari, alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab's arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/key-2611-conspirator-abu-hamza-arrested-in-delhi/267741-3.html |title=Key 26/11 conspirator Abu Hamza arrested at IGI airport in Delhi |date=25 June 2012 |website=IBN Live |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711161029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/key-2611-conspirator-abu-hamza-arrested-in-delhi/267741-3.html |archive-date=11 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a LeT ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-Mumbai-terror-attack-handler-arrested-in-Delhi/articleshow/14384313.cms |title=Key Mumbai terror attack handler arrested in Delhi |date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419025559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-Mumbai-terror-attack-handler-arrested-in-Delhi/articleshow/14384313.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hindu_key&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3568185.ece?homepage=true |title=Key 26/11 terrorist arrested |first=Praveen |last=Swami |date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407233752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Zabiuddin-arrest-opens-doors-for-2611-probe/article12914651.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-suspect-abu-jindal-in-delhi-police-net/267804-3.html |title=26/11 suspect Abu Jundal in Delhi Police net |date=28 June 2012 |website=IBN Live |access-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827143103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-suspect-abu-jindal-in-delhi-police-net/267804-3.html |archive-date=27 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Ansari's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari's interrogation further revealed that [[Sajid Mir (terrorist)|Sajid Mir]] and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |title=Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets |first=Deeptimaan |last=Tiwary |date=30 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420181410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Jundal-had-a-very-safe-haven-in-Pakistan-Chidambaram/Article1-880833.aspx |title=Jundal had a very safe haven in Pakistan: Chidambaram |date=29 June 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630092816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Jundal-had-a-very-safe-haven-in-Pakistan-Chidambaram/Article1-880833.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Maharashtra-minister-denies-links-with-Jundal-says-ready-for-probe/Article1-878883.aspx |title=Maharashtra minister denies links with Jundal, says ready for probe |date=26 June 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626225200/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Maharashtra-minister-denies-links-with-Jundal-says-ready-for-probe/Article1-878883.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sajid Mir (terrorist)|Sajid Mir]], a Pakistani citizen and key operative of the militant [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremist]] group LeT,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 April 2011 |title=Four more men charged in Mumbai attack |page=4 |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Namrata Biji |date=26 November 2020 |title=Sajid Mir alias 'Uncle Bill' – FBI's most wanted terrorist and the man behind 26/11 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/11/26/sajid-mir-alias-uncle-bill-fbis-most-wanted-terrorist-and-the-man-behind-26-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127030811/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/11/26/sajid-mir-alias-uncle-bill-fbis-most-wanted-terrorist-and-the-man-behind-26-11.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is seen as one of the main organisers of the 2008 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |date=29 June 2020 |title=De-coding the myth called Sajid Mir, the ISI's top asset |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/de-coding-the-myth-called-sajid-mir-the-isi-s-top-asset-3112066.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630062610/https://www.oneindia.com/india/de-coding-the-myth-called-sajid-mir-the-isi-s-top-asset-3112066.html |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[Oneindia]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptimaan |date=30 June 2012 |title=Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420181410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |archive-date=20 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been called the &quot;mastermind&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rotella |first=Sebastian |date=22 November 2011 |editor-last=Jennings |editor-first=Thomas |title=A Perfect Terrorist – Transcript |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/david-headley/transcript/? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418025607/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/david-headley/transcript/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[Frontline (American TV program)|FRONTLINE (PBS)]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;project manager&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mir is on the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[Most wanted list|Most Wanted]] list and the [[United States Department of State]] offers in its [[Rewards for Justice Program]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Sajid Mir |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/sajid_mir.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106114321/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/sajid_mir.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a reward of up to $5 million for information leading to the arrest and conviction of Mir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Most Wanted: SAJID MIR |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/sajid-mir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217112106/https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/sajid-mir |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |language=en-us |quote=Conspiracy to Injure Property of Foreign Government; Providing Material Support to Terrorists; Killing a Citizen Outside the U.S., Aiding and Abetting; Bombing of Places of Public Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Pakistan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625103548/https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/pakistan/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mir has carried out terrorism operations in different parts of the world, including France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jason M. Blazakis, professor of practice at [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey|Middlebury Institute of International Studies]] at [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], stated in 2018 in [[The Hill (newspaper)|''The Hill'']]: &quot;A lethal, miasmic mix of bureaucratic inertia, diplomatic dysfunction and misperception has contributed to the fact that LeT members [[Sajid Mir (terrorist)|Sajid Mir]], Mazhar Iqbal, Abu Qahafa (his nom de guerre), and their ISI handler, [[Major Iqbal]] (no relation to Mazhar), roam free.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolliver |first=Sandy |date=9 November 2018 |title=10 years after Mumbai attacks, where are they now? |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/415126-10-years-after-mumbai-attacks-where-are-they-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173528/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/415126-10-years-after-mumbai-attacks-where-are-they-now |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On April 10, 2025, the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] formally arrested Tahawwur Rana after his arrival from the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIA formally arrests 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks accused Tahawwur Rana on arrival at Delhi airport |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nia-formally-arrests-2611-mumbai-terror-attacks-accused-tahawwur-rana-on-arrival-at-delhi-airport20250410203956/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Casualties and compensation ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Nationality !! Deaths !! Injured<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|India}} || 141 || 256<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|United States}} || 6{{efn|Two with dual US-Israeli citizenship.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ML-Israel-India&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/28/news/ML-Israel-India.php |title=Israel: 6 bodies removed from Jewish center |agency=Associated Press |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204100914/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/28/news/ML-Israel-India.php |archive-date=4 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1 December 2008 |title=Six US citizens killed in Mumbai attacks: State Dept |url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=255384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202075440/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=255384 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=Turkish Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishpress.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Israel}} || 4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5066649 |title=9 Dead in Mumbai Chabad House Attack; Israel to Help Identify Bodies |first=Anshel |last=Pfeffer |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829221300/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5066649 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||–<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Germany}} || 3&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot; /&gt; || 3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Australia}} || 2&lt;ref name=&quot;Aussies_accounted_for&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/30/2433586.htm?section=justin |title=Aussies in Mumbai accounted for: DFAT |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=14 December 2008 |archive-date=15 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215082303/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/30/2433586.htm?section=justin |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Canada}} || 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/identity-of-2nd-canadian-killed-in-mumbai-attacks-confirmed-1.709811 |title=Identity of 2nd Canadian killed in Mumbai attacks confirmed |date=30 November 2008 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331135401/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/identity-of-2nd-canadian-killed-in-mumbai-attacks-confirmed-1.709811 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|France}} || 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7753639.stm |title=As it happened: Mumbai attacks – 28 November |date=29 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209142814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7753639.stm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | –<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Italy}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/esteri/india-attentato-2/viaggio-figlio/viaggio-figlio.html |title=Ucciso da una granata era in&lt;!--not a mistake--&gt; in viaggio col figlio |trans-title=Killed by a grenade; he was travelling with his son |first=Laura |last=Montanari |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131024/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/esteri/india-attentato-2/viaggio-figlio/viaggio-figlio.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1{{efn|Dual British-Cypriot citizenship.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 |title=Briton killed in Mumbai |first=David |last=Batty |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131025/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 7<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Netherlands}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2008/12/1/011208_vermistenederlanderoverleden.html |title=In Mumbai vermiste Nederlander overleden |trans-title=Dutchman missing in Mumbai died |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS News]] |language=nl |access-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090436/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2008/12/1/011208_vermistenederlanderoverleden.html |archive-date=4 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/1859547/24/Nederlander_gewond_in_Mumbai.html |title=Nederlander gewond in Mumbai |trans-title=Dutchman injured in Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[NU.nl]] |language=nl |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203030009/http://www.nu.nl/news/1859547/24/Nederlander_gewond_in_Mumbai.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Japan}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3536066/List-of-those-known-to-have-died-in-the-Mumbai-attacks.html |title=List of those known to have died in the Mumbai attacks |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131027/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3536066/List-of-those-known-to-have-died-in-the-Mumbai-attacks.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Santosh |last=Andhale |date=February 22, 2010 |title='˜Thank you', say kin of Japanese 26/11 victim |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/thank-you-say-kin-of-japanese-26/11-victim/articleshow/15994425.cms |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810212025/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/thank-you-say-kin-of-japanese-26/11-victim/articleshow/15994425.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Jordan}} || 1 <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Malaysia}} || 1&lt;ref name=Malaysian&gt;{{cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/11/30/nation/2684733&amp;sec=nation |title=Hema died of smoke inhalation, says consul-general |first=Nelson |last=Benjamin |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |access-date=30 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201001200/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F30%2Fnation%2F2684733&amp;sec=nation |archive-date=1 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | –<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Mauritius}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:253500186081 |title=CEO of Mauritian bank reported missing in Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |website=Nerve.in |access-date=22 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204004429/http://www.nerve.in/news:253500186081 |archive-date=4 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263688.html |title=Commandos free Mumbai |first=Pamela |last=Raghunath |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203073604/http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263688.html |archive-date=3 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Mexico}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3775389.cms |title=Mexican national among Mumbai victims: Mexican Foreign Ministry |date=30 November 2008 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713132126/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3775389.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Singapore}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_308041.html |title=S'porean hostage killed |first1=Teh Joo |last1=Lin |first2=Carolyn |last2=Quek |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |location=Singapore |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204032707/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_308041.html |archive-date=4 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Thailand}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/291108_News/29Nov2008_news02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201092323/http://www.bangkokpost.com/291108_News/29Nov2008_news02.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2008 |title=Thai woman shot dead by militants in Mumbai |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |access-date=29 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Austria}} || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | – || 1&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 13 dead&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081129/jsp/jharkhand/story_10182204.jsp |title=13 foreigners died in Mumbai: MHA |first=Raj |last=Kumar |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020074731/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081129/jsp/jharkhand/story_10182204.jsp |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Spain}} || 2&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/matrimonio/espanol/herido/atentado/Bombay/vuelve/casa/elpepuesp/20081130elpepunac_7/Tes |title=El matrimonio español herido en el atentado de Bombay vuelve a casa |trans-title=Spanish couple injured in Bombay attack return home |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=[[El País]] |language=es |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520191733/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/matrimonio/espanol/herido/atentado/Bombay/vuelve/casa/elpepuesp/20081130elpepunac_7/Tes |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;españoles heridos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-dos-espanoles-heridos-atentados-bombay-regresaran-espana-avion-ambulancia-20081130132229.html |title=Los dos españoles heridos en los atentados de Bombay regresarán a España en un avión-ambulancia |trans-title=The two Spaniards injured in the Bombay attacks will return to Spain in an air ambulance |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |language=es |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=6 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506063928/http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-dos-espanoles-heridos-atentados-bombay-regresaran-espana-avion-ambulancia-20081130132229.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|China}} || 1&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Oman}} || 2&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Philippines}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136118/Filipino-tourist-injured-in-Mumbai-hotel-attack |title=Filipino tourist injured in Mumbai hotel attack |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522083352/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136118/Filipino-tourist-injured-in-Mumbai-hotel-attack |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Finland}} || 1&lt;ref name=&quot;ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|Norway}} || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Norway-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-India/menu-id-26.html |title=Norway condemns terrorist attacks in India |first=Rolleiv |last=Solholm |date=28 November 2008 |website=The Norway Post |publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202075415/http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Norway-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-India/menu-id-26.html |archive-date=2 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Total<br /> | '''166'''<br /> | '''293'''<br /> |}<br /> A total of 175 people, including civilians, security personnel, and nine of the attackers, were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 29 foreign nationals.&lt;ref name=Journal.Mortality /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-Gunfire&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7751707.stm |title=Indian forces storm Jewish centre |date=27 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128024751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7751707.stm |archive-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/392538/1/.html |title=One Japanese killed, another wounded in Mumbai shootings |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108181716/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/392538/1/.html |archive-date=8 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;for&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854911900.htm |title=Caught in the crossfire, 9 foreign nationals killed |first=P.S. |last=Suryanarayana |date=27 November 2008 |location=Chennai |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153720/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854911900.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; One attacker was captured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.attacks/index.html |last1=Stevens |first1=Andrew |first2=Mallika |last2=Kapur |author-link2=Mallika Kapur |first3=Harmeet |last3=Shah Singh |first4=Saeed |last4=Ahmed |first5=Sara |last5=Sidner |first6=Alessio |last6=Vinci |first7=Reza |last7=Sayah |first8=Paula |last8=Newton |author-link8=Paula Newton |title=Indian official: Terrorists wanted to kill 5,000 |date=29 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083137/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement.&lt;ref name=&quot;torture&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-doctors-shocked-at-hostagess-torture.htm |title=Doctors shocked at hostages's torture |last1=Krishnakumar |first1=P. |first2=Vicky |last2=Nanjappa |date=30 November 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305213427/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-doctors-shocked-at-hostagess-torture.htm |archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/british-yachting-tycoon-andreas-liveras-killed-in-bombay-terror-attacks-f8sm6wkqzqc |title=British yachting tycoon Andreas Liveras killed in Bombay terror attacks |first=Philippe |last=Naughton |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725035031/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-yachting-tycoon-andreas-liveras-killed-in-bombay-terror-attacks-f8sm6wkqzqc |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;topcopcasualties&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai_3_top_cops_die_on_duty/articleshow/3762023.cms |title=Three top cops die on duty |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725175046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai_3_top_cops_die_on_duty/articleshow/3762023.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nsgkia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |title=Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor's sister, police |date=30 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083222/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[chief minister of Maharashtra]], [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], said that 15 policemen and two [[National Security Guards|NSG]] commandos were killed, including the following officers:&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nsgkia&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Assistant Police Sub-Inspector [[Tukaram Omble]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/09slid1-how-we-caught-the-fidayeen-alive.htm |title=How we caught the fidayeen alive |date=9 December 2008 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705091739/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/09slid1-how-we-caught-the-fidayeen-alive.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; who succeeded in capturing a terrorist alive, with his bare hands.<br /> * Joint Commissioner of Police [[Hemant Karkare]], the Chief of the Mumbai [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;topcopcasualties&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Additional Commissioner of Police: [[Ashok Kamte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;topcopcasualties&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Encounter specialist Senior Inspector [[Vijay Salaskar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;topcopcasualties&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde&lt;ref name=&quot;topcopcasualties&quot; /&gt;<br /> * NSG Commando, Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]<br /> * NSG Commando, Hawaldar [[Gajender Singh Bisht]]<br /> Three railway officials of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] were also killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/nov/271108-Terror-Attack-Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus.htm |title=Three railway men killed in CST encounter |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307061933/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/nov/271108-Terror-Attack-Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The casualties occurred in the following locations:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Location !! Type of attack !! Dead !! Rescued<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mumbai Harbour]] || Shootings; hostages. || 4 || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | none<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CST) railway station; {{Coord|18.940631|72.836426|type:event_region:IN-MH}} (express train terminus), {{Coord|18.94061|72.835343|type:event_region:IN-MH}} (suburban terminus) || Shootings; grenade attacks. || 58&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo_corpses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081130/ap_on_re_as/as_india_three_days_of_terror;_ylt=Av6QjVu3WBqaVaIH9i.lpL1vaA8F |title=India terror begins with corpses on train platform |last1=Sullivan |first1=Tim |first2=Ravi |last2=Nessman |date=30 November 2008 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081203151635/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081130/ap_on_re_as/as_india_three_days_of_terror;_ylt=Av6QjVu3WBqaVaIH9i.lpL1vaA8F |archive-date=3 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Of-58-killed-at-terminus-22-were-Muslims/articleshow/3785932.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022141052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-03/mumbai/27928854_1_muslims-terror-attack-cst |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Of 58 killed at terminus, 22 were Muslims |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leopold Cafe]], a popular tourist restaurant in [[Colaba]]; {{Coord|18.922272|72.831566|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shootings; grenade explosion.&lt;ref name=&quot;times-5260641&quot; /&gt; || 10&lt;ref name=&quot;times-5260641&quot; /&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] near the [[Gateway of India]]; {{Coord|18.921739|72.83331|region:IN-MH_type:event}} || Shootings;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2008/11/2008112617472965818.html |title=Scores killed in Mumbai attacks |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928191240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2008/11/2008112617472965818.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; six explosions; fire on ground, first, and top floors; hostages;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-Gunfire&quot; /&gt; [[RDX]] found nearby.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-27th&quot; /&gt; || 31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-as-india-terror-anniversary,0,7693599.story?track=rss |title=Topic Galleries |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(including 1 commando) || around 250<br /> |-<br /> |[[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]] at [[Nariman Point]]; {{Coord|18.927118|72.820618|region:IN-MH_type:event}} || Shootings; explosions; hostages; fire. || 30&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.taratv.com/national.php?task=full&amp;newsid=4384 |title=Nariman secured, Taj ops on |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=TaraTV |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716193120/http://www.taratv.com/national.php?task=full&amp;newsid=4384 |archive-date=16 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 143<br /> |-<br /> |[[Metro Big Cinemas]] {{Coord|18.943178|72.829474|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shooting from carjacked police jeep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12708194 |title=India under attack |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210075027/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12708194 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || around 10 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | none<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cama Hospital|Cama and Albless Hospital]]; {{Coord|18.94266|72.832993|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shootings; hostages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov272008/scroll20081127103063.asp?section=frontpagenews |title=Mumbai terror kills 65 |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 5 policemen&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo_corpses&quot; /&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[Nariman House]] ([[Chabad House]]) [[Orthodox Jewish outreach|Jewish outreach]] centre; {{Coord|18.916517|72.827682|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Siege; shootings; hostages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/firing-at-nariman-house-in-south-mumbai-intensifies/79156-3-1.html |title=One terrorist killed at Nariman House |date=27 November 2008 |website=IBN Live |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727033448/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/firing-at-nariman-house-in-south-mumbai-intensifies/79156-3-1.html |archive-date=27 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 7 (including 1 commando)&lt;ref name=&quot;ML-Israel-India&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/slain-nsg-commando-paid-tributes-at-special-ceremony-in-delhi_100125076.html |title=Slain NSG commando paid tributes at special ceremony in Delhi |date=29 November 2008 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |website=Thaindian News |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226071605/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/slain-nsg-commando-paid-tributes-at-special-ceremony-in-delhi_100125076.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 9<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vile Parle]] suburb near the airport, North Mumbai || Car bomb blast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&amp;theme=&amp;usrsess=1&amp;id=233003 |title=Terror Takes Over Mumbai |website=The Statesman.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022015526/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&amp;theme=&amp;usrsess=1&amp;id=233003 |archive-date=22 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo_corpses&quot; /&gt; || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | none<br /> |-<br /> | Badruddin Tayabji Lane behind the [[Times of India]] building.{{Coord|18.942117|72.833734|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Police killed by gunfire. || 9 policemen <br /> |-<br /> | [[Mazagaon]] docks in Mumbai's port area; || Explosion; boat with armaments seized.&lt;ref name=&quot;es&quot; /&gt; || none <br /> |}<br /> <br /> The [[government of Maharashtra]] announced about {{INRConvert|500000}} as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about {{INRConvert|50000}} to the seriously injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811271331.htm |title=Key developments in Mumbai terror attacks |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515164132/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811271331.htm |archive-date=15 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2009, the Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about US$28 million as part-payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks on Taj and Trident, from [[General Insurance Corporation of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/15/stories/2009081552020100.htm |title=Taj, Oberoi get Rs 140 cr as terror insurance claims so far |date=15 August 2009 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |location=Chennai |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818163839/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/15/stories/2009081552020100.htm |archive-date=18 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Aftermath ==<br /> {{Main|Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> <br /> The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as &quot;26/11&quot;, after the date in 2008 that the attacks began. The [[Pradhan Inquiry Commission]], appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] more than a year after the events. The report said the &quot;war-like&quot; attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner [[Hasan Gafoor]]'s lack of leadership during the crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindupradhantable&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article68262.ece |title=Pradhan Committee finds serious lapses on Gafoor's part |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 December 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |quote=&quot;There was absence of overt leadership on the part of Hasan Gafoor, the CP, and lack of visible Command and Control at the CP's office,&quot; said the report prepared by former Governor and Union Home Secretary R.D. Pradhan. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731081805/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article68262.ece |archive-date=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose, along with installation of [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] citywide. It also planned to create an anti-terror force called &quot;[[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]]&quot; and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police had prior to the attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |title=No consensus on security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks |first=Sapna |last=Agarwal |date=27 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145849/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |archive-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] on an all-party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the [[FBI]], will be set up soon to co-ordinate action against terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&amp;type=News |title=PM for federal agency, better legal framework |date=1 December 2008 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201234935/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&amp;type=News |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government strengthened anti-terror laws with [[UAPA]] 2008, and the federal [[National Investigation Agency]] was formed.<br /> <br /> A Public Interest Litigation was filed by social activist Ketan Tirodkar to demand equal justice for all the police who were killed in the terror attack; especially for the members of the Bomb Disposal Squad of Mumbai Police. During the hearing of the petition, the Government informed the High Court that the Union Government of India rejected the proposal to award the Bomb Disposal Squad of the city police for their contribution in defusing grenades in the terror attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/challenge-refusal-of-gallantry-awards-to-mumbai-cops-hc-tells-petitioner_1529575.html|title=Challenge refusal of gallantry awards to Mumbai cops, HC tells petitioner|date=13 January 2015|website=Zee News|access-date=15 May 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117124215/https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/challenge-refusal-of-gallantry-awards-to-mumbai-cops-hc-tells-petitioner_1529575.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bombay-high-court-admits-pil-seeking-bravery-awards-for-officers-during-26/11/articleshow/41807814.cms|title=Bombay High Court admits PIL seeking bravery awards for officers during 26/11|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 September 2014|access-date=15 May 2023|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515130406/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bombay-high-court-admits-pil-seeking-bravery-awards-for-officers-during-26/11/articleshow/41807814.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-ruthless-ignoring-its-brave-officers-says-pil/article6299095.ece|title=Govt ruthless, ignoring its brave officers, says PIL|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117161725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-ruthless-ignoring-its-brave-officers-says-pil/article6299095.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The attacks also resulted in the suspension of peace talks between India and Pakistan, significantly increasing tensions between the two countries. India's then External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries,&lt;ref name=&quot;edition.cnn.com&quot;/&gt; the US-led [[NATO]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5263919.ece |title=Mumbai attacks 'were a ploy to wreck Obama plan to isolate al-Qaeda' |first1=Jeremy |last1=Page |first2=Tom |last2=Coghlan |first3=Zahid |last3=Hussain |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211052907/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5263919.ece |archive-date=11 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on the global [[war on terror]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/16mumterror-do-not-look-at-mumbai-attacks-through-prism-of-kashmir.htm |title=Don't look at Mumbai attacks through prism of Kashmir |date=16 December 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302144039/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/16mumterror-do-not-look-at-mumbai-attacks-through-prism-of-kashmir.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; FBI chief [[Robert Mueller]] praised the &quot;unprecedented cooperation&quot; between American and [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|Indian intelligence agencies]] over the Mumbai terror attack probe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/LATEST-NEWS/FBI-chief-hails-India-cooperation-after-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/4219974.cms |title=FBI chief hails India cooperation after Mumbai attacks |date=3 March 2009 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814055044/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/LATEST-NEWS/FBI-chief-hails-India-cooperation-after-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/4219974.cms |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, [[Interpol]] secretary general [[Ronald Noble]] said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with Interpol.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-interpol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7796993.stm |title=Interpol 'not given Mumbai data' |date=23 December 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717063549/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7796993.stm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A new [[National Counter Terrorism Centre]] (NCTC) was proposed to be set up by the then-Home Minister P. Chidambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, integrate, analyse, co-ordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies, state police departments, and other ministries and their departments.<br /> <br /> The attack led to an increase in [[anti-Pakistan sentiment]]s across India, especially from right wing political groups, which continued in the aftermath.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/shiv-sena-vows-to-oppose-pak-cricket-tour-5103.html|title= Shiv Sena vows to oppose Pak cricket tour|date= 16 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/world/asia/bollywood-becomes-india-and-pakistans-latest-battleground.html|title=Bollywood Becomes India and Pakistan's Latest Battleground|first1=Geeta|last1=Anand|first2=Ayesha|last2=Venkataraman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar sentiments were echoed elsewhere, most notably in the United States of America, as 6 American citizens were killed in the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishpress.com&quot;/&gt; Following the attack, as well as [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|raid in Abbottabad]] in May 2011 that killed [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] mastermind [[Osama bin Laden]], anti-Pakistan views and hate crimes against Pakistani origin people surged in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf|title=2014 BBC World Service poll}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-may-02-la-fg-bin-laden-pakistan-20110502-story.html|title= Suspicions grow over whether Pakistan aided Osama bin Laden|website= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date= 2 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, due to such hate crimes and views, many [[Pakistanis]] and [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani-Americans]] have identified themselves as [[Indian people|Indians]] to avoid discrimination and obtain jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistanis pose as Indians after NY bomb scare |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-timessquare-backlash/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare-idUSTRE64655Y20100507 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The attacks caused a major economic loss to the city of Mumbai worth ₹40 billion ($818.33 million in 2008 exchange rates), as hotels, businesses, and shops were closed during that period, along with the temporary suspension of trading at the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/over-rs-4000cr-loss-incurred-during-mumbai-terror-attacks/articleshow/3773396.cms|title= Over Rs 4,000 cr loss during the Mumbai terror attacks|work= The Times of India|date= 29 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, insurance claims worth over ₹6 billion ($122 million) were settled, due to loss of lives and property damage caused by the terrorists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mumbai-attacks-may-cost-insurers-rs-500-cr-110010700207_1.html|title= Mumbai attacks may cost insurers Rs 500 cr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attacks took place at a time, when the [[2008 financial crisis]] caused major economic impact worldwide, despite India's economy being noted as second fastest growing during that period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1= Zachariah|first1= Reeba|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mumbai-attacks-may-have-cost-rs-50000-crore/articleshow/3777977.cms|title= Mumbai attacks may have cost Rs 50,000 crore|work= The Economic Times|date= December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the economic losses, several airlines like [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], [[Continental Airlines|Continental]] (now [[United Airlines|United]]), [[Lufthansa]], and several others temporarily cancelled international flights towards [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai International Airport]] in the interest of passenger and crew safety, and later resuming after the last terrorist was killed, while some airlines like [[British Airways]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] and [[Air India]] maintained their flight schedules during the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122774214504461219?mod=yahoo_hs&amp;ru=yahoo |title=Mumbai Notebook: Squeeze to India's Cash-Strapped Carriers |work=Wall Street Journal |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=27 November 2008 |last=Prada |first=Paulo |author2=Daniel Fitzpatrick|author3=Nitin Luthra|author4=Dan Michaels|author5= Jeanne Whalen| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203035805/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122774214504461219.html?mod=yahoo_hs&amp;ru=yahoo| archive-date= 3 December 2008 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Movement of troops ===<br /> {{Main|2008 India–Pakistan standoff}}<br /> Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not co-operate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government, however, decided to start moving troops away from the border.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India/articleshow/4660681.cms |title=Pak might soon move troops from border with India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729040758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India/articleshow/4660681.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reactions ==<br /> {{Main|Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> <br /> [[File:3 December 2008 Gateway protest march 4.jpg|thumb|200px|Candlelight vigils at the [[Gateway of India]] in Mumbai]]<br /> Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented on its front page that &quot;Our politicians fiddle as innocents die.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP304200.htm |title=India directs anger at politicians after Mumbai attacks |first=Raju |last=Gopalakrishnan |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[Alertnet]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185200/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP304200.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister for Home Affairs]] [[Shivraj Patil]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2008-11-29&quot; /&gt; [[List of Chief Ministers of India|Chief Minister]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21767&amp;issueid=82 |title=Vilasrao Deshmukh quits as Maharashtra CM |first=Aditi |last=Pai |date=4 December 2008 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003737/https://www.indiatoday.in/mumbai-terror-strikes/story/vilasrao-deshmukh-quits-as-maharashtra-cm-34561-2008-12-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and deputy chief minister [[R. R. Patil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-deputy-cm-r-r-patil-resigns/79454-3.html |title=Maharashtra Deputy CM RR Patil resigns |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202022605/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-deputy-cm-r-r-patil-resigns/79454-3.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former's son and [[Bollywood]] director [[Ram Gopal Varma]] to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and the latter's remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city. [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] condemned the attacks and refused to allow burial of the bodies of the attackers in their graveyards. Groups of Muslims marched against the attacks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08muslims.html |title=Muslims in India Put Aside Grievances to Repudiate Terrorism |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |date=7 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717070909/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08muslims.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and mosques observed silence. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor [[Aamir Khan]] appealed to their community members in the country to observe [[Eid al-Adha]] as a day of mourning on 9 December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?642291 |title=Muslims Condemn Mumbai Attacks, Call for Black Eid |date=4 December 2008 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090144/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?642291 |archive-date=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defence capabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20081217/ap_tr_ge/as_travel_brief_india_business_travel |title=Mumbai attack dents business travel |first=Erika |last=Kinetz |date=17 December 2008 |publisher=Yahoo! News |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231201918/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20081217/ap_tr_ge/as_travel_brief_india_business_travel |archive-date=31 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India such as the [[India Today]] Group's &quot;War Against Terror&quot; campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20090119-be-the-change-738729-2009-01-09 |title=Be the change |date=9 January 2009 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405043019/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20090119-be-the-change-738729-2009-01-09 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSG commandos based in [[Delhi]] also met criticism for taking ten hours to reach the three sites under attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;India Today&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21305&amp;issueid=82 |title=Red tape delays NSG by 6 hours |first=Aman |last=Sharma |date=29 November 2008 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112013546/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21305&amp;issueid=82 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Why_did_NSG_take_10_hours_to_arrive/articleshow/3775099.cms |title=Why did NSG take 10 hours to arrive? |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Why_did_NSG_take_10_hours_to_arrive/articleshow/3775099.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, anti-Pakistan protests took place in Mumbai and nationwide in the aftermath of the attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-12-04/thousands-protest-as-anger-grows-in-mumbai/228716|title= Thousands protest as anger grows in Mumbai|work= ABC News|date= 3 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the protests, demonstrators shouted ''Pakistan Murdabad'' (meaning Down with Pakistan), and many demanding cutting any ties with Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.wrkf.org/2008-12-03/in-mumbai-residents-protest-response-to-attacks|title= In Mumbai, Residents Protest Response To Attacks|date= 3 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Anti-Pakistan sentiment|sentiments against Pakistan]] surged after the attack in Mumbai, especially among Indian diaspora worldwide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/Nov/27/indian-americans-protest-outside-pakistani-consulate-demanding-justice-for-2611-victims-2228778.html|title= Indian-Americans protest outside Pakistani Consulate demanding justice for 26/11 victims|date= 27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and largely intensified after the [[2019 Pulwama attack]] and the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-aftermath-massive-anti-pakistan-protests-rock-jammu-1456586-2019-02-15|title= Pulwama terror attack aftermath: Massive anti-Pakistan protests rock Jammu|date= 15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-protest-outside-pak-high-commission-in-delhi-after-jk-terror-attack-2713867-2025-04-24|title= Video: Protest outside Pak High Commission in Delhi after J&amp;K terror attack|date= 24 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mumbai Terror Protest.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Citizens gather outside [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] demanding the government take action.]]<br /> <br /> On 28 December 2010, 2 years after the attack, [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] leader [[Digvijaya Singh]] was criticised for attending a book launch which described that the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] had conspired the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-nawaz-sharifs-admission-of-pakistan-role-in-2611-time-congress-apologised-to-rss-india-4467507.html |title=After Nawaz Sharif's admission of Pakistan role in 26/11, time Congress apologised to RSS, India |first=Raghav |last=Pandey |date=13 May 2018 |website=Firstpost |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807084400/https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-nawaz-sharifs-admission-of-pakistan-role-in-2611-time-congress-apologised-to-rss-india-4467507.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book ''RSS ki Saazish'' (meaning Conspiracy by RSS), written by Aziz Burney, was extremely condemned by RSS members and opposition leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2010 |title=RSS &amp; 26/11: Digvijaya flags it off again,this time in Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/rss-26-11-digvijaya-flags-it-off-again-this-time-in-mumbai/ |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party was also slammed for coining the terms of Hindu terrorists and Saffron terror, relating to several terror attacks across the nation before the November 2008 attack in Mumbai, most notably the bombings in [[Jaipur bombings|Jaipur]], [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|Bangalore]], [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|Ahmedabad]], and [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings|Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://indiafacts.org/manufacturing-a-fake-hindu-terror-narrative-bold-book-by-insider-implicates-congress/|title= Manufacturing a Fake Hindu Terror Narrative – Bold Book by Insider Implicates Congress|date= 7 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;resp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa32.cfm |title=Mumbai Attacks Draw Worldwide Condemnation |first=Tom |last=Rivers |date=27 November 2008 |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090318031207/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa32.cfm |archive-date=18 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Media coverage highlighted the use of [[social media]] and social networking tools, including [[Twitter]] and [[Flickr]], in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers offered live textual coverage of the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3530640/Mumbai-attacks-Twitter-and-Flickr-used-to-break-news-Bombay-India.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Twitter and Flickr used to break news |first=Claudine |last=Beaumont |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219031027/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3530640/Mumbai-attacks-Twitter-and-Flickr-used-to-break-news-Bombay-India.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using [[Google Maps]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/tracking-the-mumbai-attacks/?pagemode=print |title=Tracking the Mumbai Attacks |first=Robert |last=Mackey |date=26 November 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195304/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/tracking-the-mumbai-attacks/?pagemode=print |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&amp;hl=en&amp;msa=0&amp;ll=18.922445,72.832242&amp;spn=0.007054,0.007864&amp;z=17&amp;msid=105055855763538009401.00045c9d8b16af3ad1008 |title=Map of Mumbai attacks |date=26 November 2008 |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713102537/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&amp;hl=en&amp;msa=0&amp;ll=18.922445,72.832242&amp;spn=0.007054,0.007864&amp;z=17&amp;msid=105055855763538009401.00045c9d8b16af3ad1008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The New York Times]]'', in July 2009, described the event as &quot;what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/world/asia/21india.html |title=Suspect Stirs Mumbai Court by Confessing |last1=Polgreen |first1=Lydia |first2=Vikas |last2=Bajaj |date=20 July 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717070909/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/world/asia/21india.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2010, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming Lt. Gen. [[Ahmed Shuja Pasha]], chief of the ISI, as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011, the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> On 30 September 2025, [[P. Chidambaram]], who was appointed as home minister in the aftermath of the attack during the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] Government following the resignation of [[Shivraj Patil]] due to mishandling the event, revealed that in the aftermath of the attack, the government had decided not to retaliate against [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan for sponsoring the attack]], due to intense international pressure, although they were ready to act.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/us-stopped-us-from-acting-against-pak-p-chidambarams-big-26-11-confession-bjp-reacts-too-little-too-late-watch-11759201148165.html|title= 'US stopped us from acting against Pak': Chidambaram's big 26/11 confession; BJP reacts – 'too little, too late' {{!}} Watch|website=LiveMint.com|date= 30 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several BJP leaders condemned the admission and accused the Congress party for being soft on Pakistan, commenting that the statement came too little, too late.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/upa-governments-decision-not-to-act-against-pakistan-after-2611-amounted-to-treachery-eknath-shinde/article70119924.ece|title= UPA government's decision not to act against Pakistan after 26/11 amounted to treachery: Eknath Shinde|work= The Hindu|date= 3 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Trials ==<br /> <br /> === In India ===<br /> ==== Trial of Ajmal Kasab ====<br /> [[Ajmal Kasab|Kasab]]'s trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kasab's lawyer Waghmare removed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/apr/15/kasabs-lawyer-waghmare-removed-41310.html |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502111543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/apr/15/kasabs-lawyer-waghmare-removed-41310.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page [[chargesheet]], formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mumbai-terror-chargesheet-names-47/articleshow/4192720.cms |title=Mumbai terror chargesheet names 47 |author=ET Bureau |date=26 February 2009 |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kasab's trial began on 23 March 2009, and he pled not guilty on 6 May 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Twists and turns of Mumbai court drama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12369356 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 November 2012 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116224559/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12369356 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 June 2009, [[Devika Rotawan]], a child who had been shot in her leg during the attack, identified Kasab as one of the attackers during her testimony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinglay 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pinglay |first1=Prachi |title=Girl 'identifies Mumbai gunman' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8093749.stm |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 June 2009 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116224543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8093749.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=The girl who identified Qasab |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/11/anniversaries_are_remembrances_of_things.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=26 November 2010 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407081557/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/11/anniversaries_are_remembrances_of_things.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He pled guilty on 20 July 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot; /&gt; The judge found many of the 86 charges were not addressed in his confession, and therefore the trial continued 23 July 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot; /&gt; Kasab initially apologised for the attacks and said he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but on 18 December 2009, retracted his confession, and said he had been forced by police to make his confession.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot; /&gt; He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high-ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-guilty-Ansari-Sabauddin-Shaikh-acquitted/articleshow/5885540.cms |title=26/11: Kasab guilty; Ansari, Sabauddin Shaikh acquitted |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-guilty-Ansari-Sabauddin-Shaikh-acquitted/articleshow/5885540.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm |title=Mumbai attack gunman Qasab sentenced to death |date=6 May 2010 |website=BBC News |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=8 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508141053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/03/mumbai-gunman-convicted-murder |title=Mumbai gunman convicted of murder over terror attacks |first=Gethin |last=Chamberlain |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506073534/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/03/mumbai-gunman-convicted-murder |archive-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-held-guilty-2-Indians-walk-free/articleshow/5887615.cms |title=26/11 Kasab held guilty 2 Indians walk free |first1=Swati |last1=Deshpande |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405044036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-held-guilty-2-Indians-walk-free/articleshow/5887615.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21 February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-HC-order-Kasab-one-step-closer-to-gallows/articleshow/7543562.cms |title=With HC order, Kasab one step closer to gallows |first1=Shibu |last1=Thomas |first2=Swati |last2=Deshpande |date=22 February 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2011 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414074736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-HC-order-Kasab-one-step-closer-to-gallows/articleshow/7543562.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, &quot;We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP supreme court&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/745421 |title=Indian Supreme Court upholds death penalty for Kasab |date=29 August 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143119/https://www.dawn.com/news/745421 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided by a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Businessweek ruling&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-29/death-sentence-for-mumbai-gunman-upheld-by-india-s-supreme-court |title=Death Sentence for Mumbai Gunman Upheld by India's Supreme Court |last=Patnaik |first=Pratap |date=29 August 2012 |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721193410/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-29/death-sentence-for-mumbai-gunman-upheld-by-india-s-supreme-court |archive-date=21 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India, which was rejected on 5 November. On November 21, 2012, at 7:30PM, Kasab was hanged in Pune's Yerwada jail. The Indian embassy in Islamabad informed the Pakistani government of Kasab's hanging via letter. Pakistan refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them. His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms |title=Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30&amp;nbsp;am |date=21 November 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204135334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Trial of Zabiuddin Ansari ====<br /> [[Zabiuddin Ansari]], also known as Abu Hamza, a radicalized Indian national working for the Lashkar-e-Taiba, who was extradited from Saudi Arabia in June 2012, was interrogated by authorities in India on his role in the attack. While he revealed that the plot was planned for 2006 using Indian youth, the huge cache of arms and ammunition to be used for the attacks were seized in [[Aurangabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-236374|title=26/11 had been planned originally for 2006, reveals Abu Hamza|publisher=NDTV|date=26 June 2012| access-date=26 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 August 2016, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in relation to the arms haul case by the special [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2006-Aurangabad-arms-haul-case-Abu-Jundal-six-others-sentenced-for-life/articleshow/53500736.cms | title=2006 Aurangabad arms haul case: Abu Jundal, six others sentenced for life | work=Times of India | date=2 August 2016 | access-date=2 August 2016 | author=Rebecca Samervel}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === In Pakistan ===<br /> Indian and Pakistani police exchanged [[DNA]] evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and six others began their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan. Indian authorities said the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytfearnewmumbai&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |title=Militant Network Is Intact Long After Mumbai Siege |first1=Lydia |last1=Polgreen |first2=Souad |last2=Mekhennet |date=30 September 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160509/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said that Pakistan had not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;liveminttranscript&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/23211836/Pakistan-has-not-done-enough-o.html |title=Pakistan has not done enough on attacks |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=23 November 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125112424/http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/23211836/Pakistan-has-not-done-enough-o.html |archive-date=25 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An eight-member commission comprising defence lawyers, prosecutors and a court official was allowed to travel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidence for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyers were barred from cross-examining the four prosecution witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenged/ |title=2008 Mumbai attacks: India's refusal to allow cross-examination challenged |first=Mudassir |last=Raja |date=29 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |location=Karachi |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192642/https://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenged/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial |title=Pakistan, India trade demarches over Lakhvi trial |first=Maqbool |last=Malik |date=14 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |location=Lahore |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144859/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander [[Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi]]. However, the actual trial started on 5 May 2012. The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused, reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel, to 17 July 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/2611-trial-pak-court-reserves-decision-on-lakhvi-plea-377815.html |title=26/11 trial: Pak court reserves decision on Lakhvi plea |date=14 July 2012 |website=Firstpost |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405230005/https://www.firstpost.com/world/2611-trial-pak-court-reserves-decision-on-lakhvi-plea-377815.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 July 2012, the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence. However, it ruled that if a new agreement, which allows the panel's examination of witnesses, is reached, the prosecution may make an application for sending the panel to Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-terror-attacks-pak-court-calls-judicial-panels-report-illegal/975611/0 |title=Mumbai terror attacks: Pak court calls judicial panel's report illegal |date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian Government, upset over the court ruling, however, contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/26-11-Upset-over-Pak-court-ruling-India-says-will-talk-to-govt/Article1-890644.aspx |title=26/11: Upset over Pak court ruling, India says will talk to govt |date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718050038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/26-11-Upset-over-Pak-court-ruling-India-says-will-talk-to-govt/Article1-890644.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 21 September 2013, a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second such visit: the one in March 2012 was not a success&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistani-judicial-panel-to-grill-26/11-witnesses/articleshow/22875065.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/india/42291272_1_26-11-witnesses-pakistani-judicial-panel-chenab |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Pakistani judicial panel to grill 26/11 witnesses |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=22 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence.<br /> <br /> On 17 July 2019, [[Hafiz Saeed]], the founder of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and one of the co-conspirators of the attack, was arrested in [[Gujranwala]] by the Punjab [[Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)|Counter Terrorism Department]] (CTD) on the charges of terror financing, after it was found that Saeed's group Jamat-ud-Dawa (JuD) was financing terrorism from the funds collected by several non-profit organisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;outlookindia Chronology&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chronology of indictment of JuD chief Hafiz Saeed |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/chronology-of-indictment-of-jud-chief-hafiz-saeed/1682893 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=outlookindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saeed was sentenced to serve 15 years in December 2020 on several charges of terror financing, which was extended to 31 years in April 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hafiz Saeed awarded 15-year jail in terror-financing case |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/764125-hafiz-saeed-awarded-15-year-jail-in-terror-financing-case |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=25 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following month, on 2 January 2021, [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]], another mastermind of the attack, was arrested on the same charges of terror financing, and handed a 15-year sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pakistan-arrests-key-militant-terror-financing-charges-75011662 | title=Pakistan arrests key militant on terror financing charges | work=ABC News | date=2 January 2021 | access-date=2 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabol&quot;/&gt; The arrests and sentencing were carried out after the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF) threatened the Government of Pakistan to be put in the [[Financial Action Task Force#Current FATF blacklist|FATF Blacklist]] for failure to comply on money laundering and financing of terrorism, as Pakistan suffered from an [[Pakistani economic crisis (2022–2024)|economic crisis]] in 2022 after being put on the FATF grey list in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 June 2022, Sajid Mir, the co-plotter of the attack and a Pakistan Army Officer, was sentenced to 15 years for terror financing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Wajahat S. |author-link=Wajahat Saeed Khan |date=24 June 2022 |title=Pakistan holds 'dead' alleged mastermind of 2008 Mumbai attacks |work=Nikkei Asia |publisher=[[The Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Terrorism/Pakistan-holds-dead-alleged-mastermind-of-2008-Mumbai-attacks |url-access=registration |access-date=25 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mir was earlier declared dead and Pakistan had denied his presence, but due to compliance of FATF actions, Pakistan was forced to admit about his existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nirupama |last2=Tiwary |first2=Deeptiman |date=25 June 2022 |title=26/11 planner Sajid Mir is in Pak custody, years after it claimed he died |language=en |work=The Indian Express |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/26-11-planner-sajid-mir-is-in-pak-custody-years-after-it-claimed-he-died-7989732/ |access-date=25 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; An interrogation with [[Zabiuddin Ansari|Sayed Zabiuddin Ansari]] revealed that Mir scouted targets in 2005 with a fake name and passport under the cricket diplomacy to watch the India-Pakistan [[One Day International|ODI Cricket match]] at [[Mohali]]. Additionally, Ansari stated that after visiting several places in India, Mir prepared the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]]'s miniature model to familiarise the attackers with the hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Deeptimaan |title=Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mir was reportedly poisoned in prison in December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Pak 'Fools' FATF: 26/11 Plotter, Lashkar Commander Sajid Mir 'Poisoned' In Jail {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/pak-fools-fatf-26-11-plotter-lashkar-commander-sajid-mir-poisoned-in-jail-watch-101701761294292.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sajid Mir, key conspirator of Mumbai 26/11 attacks poisoned inside Pakistan's jail {{!}} TOI Original - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/sajid-mir-key-conspirator-of-mumbai-26/11-attacks-poisoned-inside-pakistans-jail/videoshow/105744788.cms |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the conviction of Mir, Lakhvi and Saeed, the [[Financial Action Task Force]] removed Pakistan from the greylist in October 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/pakistan-fatf-financial-action-task-force-grey-list-blacklist-explained-15000111.htm|title=Pakistan is out of FATF grey list after four years — here's what it took|date=21 October 2022|website=cnbctv18.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 November 2024, 11 days before the 16th anniversary of the attack, a video verified through [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] revealed about co-conspirator [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] participating in a fitness test, which questioned about Pakistan's compliance with international sanctions from the [[Financial Action Task Force|FATF]]. Despite his conviction, Lakhvi was reported to move freely in [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]]. [[Living Media|India Today's]] intelligence sources described his arrest as a pseudo-event and cover-up, with no genuine enforcement of restrictions and pretense on seriousness to tackle terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title='Naya' Pakistan wants to host Team India while terrorists roam freely in Lahore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-cricket-team-pakistani-visit-champions-trophy-let-commander-zaki-ur-rehman-lakhvi-2633952-2024-11-15 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ajit |date=2024-11-15 |title=Zakir Rehman Lakhvi, Mumbai attack mastermind, moving freely in Pakistan with changed look {{!}} Viral video |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/zakir-rehman-lakhvi-mumbai-attack-mastermind-spotted-freely-in-pakistan-gym-video-sparks-outrage-video-2024-11-15-961842 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === In the United States ===<br /> The LeT operative [[David Headley]] (born Daood Sayed Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co-accused [[Tahawwur Rana]]'s trial revealed that Mumbai [[Chabad House]] was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his [[Inter Services Intelligence]] handler [[Major Iqbal]], though the [[Oberoi Hotel]], one of the sites attacked, was not originally on the list.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-oberoi-hotel-accidentally-became-a-26-11-target/20110615.htm |title=How Oberoi hotel accidentally became a 26/11 target |date=15 June 2011 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415064647/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-oberoi-hotel-accidentally-became-a-26-11-target/20110615.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 June 2011, [[Tahawwur Rana]] was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks but was held guilty on two other charges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167713/rana-not-guilty-mumbai-india.html |title=Rana acquitted on terror plot |date=10 June 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126020645/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167713/rana-not-guilty-mumbai-india.html |archive-date=26 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT20130117&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tahawwur-rana-terrorism-plots-20130117,0,37764.story |title=Businessman Tahawwur Rana gets 14 years for role in terrorism plots |first=Michael |last=Muskal |date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118142603/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tahawwur-rana-terrorism-plots-20130117,0,37764.story |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2023, a US court approved his extradition to India where he is sought for his involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-court-approves-extradition-of-26/11-mumbai-attack-accused-tahawwur-rana-to-india/articleshow/100315994.cms|title=US court approves extradition of 26/11 Mumbai attack accused Tahawwur Rana to India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 May 2023|access-date=20 May 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520154913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-court-approves-extradition-of-26/11-mumbai-attack-accused-tahawwur-rana-to-india/articleshow/100315994.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans. On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/us/david-c-headley-gets-35-years-for-mumbai-attack.html |title=Planner Of Mumbai Attacks is Given a 35-Year Sentence |last=Yaccino |first=Steven |date=24 January 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507135433/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/us/david-c-headley-gets-35-years-for-mumbai-attack.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Extradition of Tahawwur Rana===<br /> On 13 February 2025, US President [[Donald Trump]] confirmed the extradition of Rana to India, which was confirmed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in May 2023, after the Government of India renewed its request for his extradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc180523&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Tahawwur Rana: US court approves extradition of 26/11 Mumbai attack accused |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65630608 |access-date=7 March 2025 |date=18 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/trump-approves-26-11-mumbai-terror-attack-accused-tahawwur-ranas-extradition-to-india-7706002|title= Trump Clears Mumbai Terror Attack Accused Tahawwur Rana's Extradition To India}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 April 2025, after Rana's last plea to stop his extradition was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], a team of [[National Investigation Agency]] officers arrived in the United States to take Rana into custody.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/rana-loses-his-last-ditch-bid-to-thwart-extradition-to-india/ar-AA1CxUdQ|title= Rana loses his last ditch bid to thwart extradition to India|website= [[MSN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He arrived in Delhi on 10 April 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mumbai terror attacks accused extradited by US arrives in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3v9w7yldk5o |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Memorials ==<br /> On the first anniversary of the event, the state paid homage to the victims of the attack. [[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]]—a new security force created by the Maharashtra government—staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other memorials and [[candlelight vigil]]s were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-bustles-but-also-remembers-2611-victims/105997-3.html |title=Mumbai bustles but also remembers 26/11 victims |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129130724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-bustles-but-also-remembers-2611-victims/105997-3.html |archive-date=29 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:IAshishTripathi Mumbai 26Nov2008 CST-Memorial.jpg|thumb|200px|Mumbai 26/11 Attacks memorial bearing the names of people killed at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]].]]<br /> <br /> On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again paid to the victims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.mumbai.anniversary/ |title=India remembers Mumbai dead |first=Harmeet |last=Shah Singh |date=26 November 2010 |publisher=CNN |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130101718/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.mumbai.anniversary/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the 10th anniversary of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, Nariman House, one of the several establishments that were targeted by the Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists, were to be declared a memorial and renamed as Nariman Light House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nariman-house-to-be-turned-into-memorial-for-all-26-11-victims-1396122-2018-11-25 |title=Nariman House to be turned into memorial for all 26/11 victims |first=Mustafa |last=Shaikh |date=25 November 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126015126/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nariman-house-to-be-turned-into-memorial-for-all-26-11-victims-1396122-2018-11-25 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian Express group hosts an annual memorial event, 26/11 – Stories of Strength, in Mumbai to pay homage to those killed in the ghastly terror attacks in the city in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/26-11/ |title=26/11 Stories of Strength |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223235416/https://indianexpress.com/26-11/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/photos/26-11-stories-of-strength-a-memorial-to-mark-11th-anniversary-of-mumbai-attacks/ss-BBXlHJO |title=26/11 Stories of Strength: A memorial to mark 11th anniversary of Mumbai attacks |website=[[MSN]] |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724141655/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/photos/26-11-stories-of-strength-a-memorial-to-mark-11th-anniversary-of-mumbai-attacks/ss-BBXlHJO |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The memorial event started in 2016, is now organised at the Gateway of India and brings forth the inspiring stories of courage and strength of more than 100 survivors that the Indian Express has interviewed over the past decade. Actor Amitabh Bachchan has been the brand ambassador for the event over the years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/26-11-stories-of-strength-89636.html |title=26/11 Stories of Strength |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128182141/https://www.adgully.com/26-11-stories-of-strength-89636.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 22 November 2025, 4 days before the 17th anniversary of the attack, actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]], along with prominent public figures and Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] paid tribute to the victims at the Global Peace Awards held the [[Gateway of India]] in Mumbai, near to the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]], one of the sites of the attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-pays-tribute-to-26-11-pahalgam-terror-attack-and-delhi-blast-victims-9683714|title= Shah Rukh Khan Pays Tribute To 26/11, Pahalgam, Delhi Blast Victims: &quot;Nothing Can Shake India&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his speech, Khan also paid tribute to the security personnel who were martyred in the attacks, while stating that when peace prevails, nothing can shake or defeat India, or break the spirit of its people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jawan-actor-shah-rukh-khan-pays-tribute-to-terror-attack-victims-at-global-peace-honours-event-in-mumbai/cid/2134345|title= 'Peace is the real revolution': Shah Rukh Khan pays tribute to terror attack victims}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Published accounts ==<br /> {{Main|:Category:Works based on the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> <br /> === Documentaries ===<br /> * ''Mumbai Massacre'' (2009), television documentary film by Victoria Midwinter Pitt about survivors of the attack. Originally broadcast by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], it was re-edited for PBS' ''[[Secrets of the Dead]]'' as the episode &quot;Mumbai Massacre&quot;, it was also shown in [[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|''Four Corners'']] as the twenty-sixth episode of season 49.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Colin |title=Mumbai Massacre ~ Background Information: Secrets of the Dead |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/mumbai-massacre-background-information/502/ |website=PBS |date=24 November 2009 |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815002237/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/mumbai-massacre-background-information/502/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Terror in Mumbai |url=https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/terror-in-mumbai/8952964 |website=[[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|4 Corners]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en-AU |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164200/https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/terror-in-mumbai/8952964 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Terror in Mumbai'' (2009), British television documentary film by [[Dan Reed (director)|Dan Reed]], broadcast by HBO which features audio tapes of the intercepted phone calls between the young gunmen and their controllers in Pakistan, and testimony from the sole surviving gunman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=Mike |title=Using Tapes and a Timeline to Trace the Mumbai Massacre |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/arts/television/19hbo.html |website=The New York Times |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815002251/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/arts/television/19hbo.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Mumbai Terror Attacks'' (2010), Indian television documentary film by [[Ashish R. Shukla]] produced by [[Miditech]] and broadcast by [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|Nat Geo India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks |url=http://www.natgeotv.com/in/mumbai-terror-attacks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411224349/http://natgeotv.com/in/mumbai-terror-attacks |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2011 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;City Under Siege&quot; (2012), directed by Matthew Hinchcliffe, first episode of the television documentary series ''Black Ops'' with a focus on the rescue operation during the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Black OPS Season 1 Episode 1 – City Under Siege |url=https://www.yidio.com/show/black-ops/season-1/episode-1/links.html |website=[[Yidio]] |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821015606/https://www.yidio.com/show/black-ops/season-1/episode-1/links.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;Terror in Mumbai&quot; (2011), directed by Mike Phillips, fourth episode of the American television docudrama series ''Got Home Alive'', about foreign tourists caught in the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Got Home Alive! - Season 1 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Got-Home-Alive/0HETCDD724JRKMXWVJP9ASF27Y |website=[[Prime Video]] |language=en-us |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164201/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Got-Home-Alive/0HETCDD724JRKMXWVJP9ASF27Y |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;Mumbai Massacre&quot; (2012), directed by Stan Griffin, [[List of Seconds from Disaster episodes|sixth episode of season 5]] of the television docudrama series ''[[Seconds from Disaster]]'', focusing on intelligence failures which lead to the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seconds From Disaster Season 5 |url=https://www.justwatch.com/us/tv-show/seconds-from-disaster/season-5 |website=[[JustWatch]] |language=en |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164201/https://www.justwatch.com/us/tv-show/seconds-from-disaster/season-5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;Operation Black Tornado&quot; (2018), third episode of the Indian television documentary series ''Battle Ops'' on the online channel [[Veer by Discovery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece |title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops' |first=Deepa |last=Alexander |date=25 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806152611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1py-qe26Os |title=9:56 Operation Black Tornado: How 26/11 Mumbai Attack Started |author=Veer by Discovery |date=13 February 2018 |via=YouTube |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420062303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1py-qe26Os |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Rubaru Roshni]]'' (2019), Indian documentary film by Svati Chakravarty Bhatkal broadcast by [[STAR India|Star India]], about survivors of the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rubaru Roshni |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/rubaru-roshni/1000228573 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |language=en |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815002237/https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/rubaru-roshni/1000228573 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> * ''[[Crackers (2011 film)|Crackers]]'' (2011), Indian animated film by Anil Goyal, inspired by the attacks.<br /> * ''Operation Mumbai'' (2012), Indian action film by Ajit Varma which dramatises the events of the attacks including the motivations of [[Ajmal Kasab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-15 |title=Kasab on celluloid |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kasab-on-celluloid/article2230482.ece |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' (2012), Indian biographical drama film by [[Hansal Mehta]], based on the life of lawyer and human rights activist [[Shahid Azmi]] – assassinated in 2010 after agreeing to defend [[Faheem Ansari]] who was accused of abetting the terrorists (was later found not-guilty by the courts).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hansal Mehta's 'Shahid' a gritty expose of deep-rooted prejudices |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hansal-mehtas-shahid-a-gritty-expose-of-deeprooted-prejudices/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=16 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'' (2013), Indian action thriller film directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], depicting the attacks based on the book ''Kasab: The Face of 26/11'' by [[Rommel Rodrigues]] with a focus on Ajmal Kasab.&lt;ref name=&quot;attacksof2611&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013), Indian action-thriller film by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] about counter-terrorism operations in India, inspired by the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/98861.html |title=Rumors on Aarambam Storyline |website=IndiaGlitz |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022060356/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/98861.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' (2015), Indian action-thriller film by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], an alternative-historical account about the assassination of Lashkar-e-Taiba chief [[Hafiz Saeed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Phantom Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/phantom/critic-review/phantom-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 August 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Taj Mahal (2015 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2015), French-Belgian thriller-drama film directed and written by Nicolas Saada. It was screened in the Horizons section at the [[72nd Venice International Film Festival]]. The film is about an 18-year-old French girl who was alone in her hotel room when the terrorists attacked the hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agat films &amp; Cie – ex nihilo |url=http://agatfilmsetcie.com/fiche-film.php?id=655 |website=agatfilmsetcie.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809114925/http://agatfilmsetcie.com/fiche-film.php?id=655 |archive-date=2020-08-09 |date=9 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Mumbai Siege: 4 Days of Terror'' (also known as ''One Less God'') (2017), independent Australian film directed by Lliam Worthington, featuring the situation of some foreigners inside [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=One Less God |url=http://clpr.com.au/work/one-less-god |website=CLPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' (2019), Indian action thriller film directed by [[Anthony Maras]] and written by [[John Collee]] and Maras. It has come under criticism for omitting any reference to the role of Pakistan in the terror strikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/movie-on-mumbai-attacks-criticised-for-not-mentioning-role-of-pakistan/story-KncsLj9gStUIbQuTPJtIqI.html |title=Movie on Mumbai attacks criticised for not mentioning role of Pakistan |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Anirudh |date=9 September 2018 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807084054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/movie-on-mumbai-attacks-criticised-for-not-mentioning-role-of-pakistan/story-KncsLj9gStUIbQuTPJtIqI.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Punha 26/11'' (''Again 26/11''), Indian action film set in the aftermath of the attacks with efforts to avert another strike on Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Punha 26/11 |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-punha-2611-movie-online-796f92c518a9939fcdb6b053c3af8f5f |access-date= |website=[[MX Player]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[The Interview (2021 film)|The Interview]]'' (2021), Indian thriller film written and directed by Laurence Postma, about a journalist who foregoes the coverage of the attacks to interview a Bollywood actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=The Interview: Night of 26/11 Official Trailer {{!}} Jackie Shroff {{!}} Anjum Nayar {{!}} Laurens Postma | date=28 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGluHdXVzec |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en |via=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), Indian action film by [[Rohit Shetty]] set in the aftermath of the counter-terrorism operations following the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Netflix title|qid=Q61994951|title=Sooryavanshi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' (2022), Indian biographical-action film directed by Sashi Kiran Tikka. Shot simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi languages, the film is based on the life of Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]], who was killed while rescuing hostages during the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Netflix title|qid=Q104608137|title=Major}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025), Indian spy action thriller by [[Aditya Dhar]]. The plot revolves around several terror incidents in India such as the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|1999 IC-814 hijacking]], the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Inside Operation Lyari, Pakistan’s crackdown on gangs, which inspired Ranveer Singh’s ‘Dhurandhar' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/dhurandhar-movie-operation-lyari-pakistan-crackdown-gangs-13952441.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251126055043/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/dhurandhar-movie-operation-lyari-pakistan-crackdown-gangs-13952441.html |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> * ''Operation 26/11'' (2021), Indian Hindi-language television miniseries by Ajit Varma, set in the aftermath of the attacks and focusing on counterterrorism operations therein.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajit Varma |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/director/ajit-varma |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]'' (2020), Indian Hindi-language web series released on [[ZEE5]], showing the attacks from the perspective of [[National Security Guard|NSG]] Commandos. It is based on the book ''Black Tornado: The Three Sieges of Mumbai 26/11'' by journalist Sandeep Unnithan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=State of Siege: 26/11 |url=https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/state-of-siege-2611/0-6-2370 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' (2021), Indian Hindi-language medical drama series on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series is directed by [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]] and Nikhil Gonsalves. It follows the staff of [[Cama Hospital|Bombay General Hospital]] during the night of the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Mumbai Diaries 26/11 trailer out. Amazon series shows doctors' struggle during attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mumbai-diaries-26-11-trailer-out-amazon-series-shows-doctors-struggle-during-attack-1845499-2021-08-26 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Mumbai Diaries 26/11 trailer: Amazon series shows the night of terror, as lived by doctors who did not give up |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mumbai-diaries-26-11-trailer-amazon-series-shows-the-night-of-terror-as-lived-by-doctors-who-didn-t-give-up-101629903901656.html |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> * ''Kasab: The Face of 26/11'' (2010), by Rommel Rodrigues focuses on [[Ajmal Kasab]], the sole terrorist who was caught. It is the basis of the aforementioned film ''The Attacks of 26/11''.&lt;ref name=&quot;attacksof2611&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Attacks Of 26/11 |url=http://www.attacksof2611.com/ |website=attacksof2611.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218092040/http://www.attacksof2611.com/ |archive-date=2013-02-18 |date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''26/11: RSS Ki Saazish?'' (2010; {{Translation|26/11: An RSS Conspiracy?}}), by journalist Aziz Burney forwarded a conspiracy theory that the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) was somehow linked to the attack. He launched the book in the presence of [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Digvijaya Singh]]. Burney later apologised after the RSS pursued a legal case against him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-linking-rss-to-2611-aziz-burney-says-sorry-on-front-page/743433/0 |title=For linking RSS to 26/11, Aziz Burney says sorry on front page |first=Seema |last=Chishti |date=29 January 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615140844/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-linking-rss-to-2611-aziz-burney-says-sorry-on-front-page/743433/0 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rss-rejects-aziz-burney-apology-to-pursue-case-against-him-1501809 |title=RSS rejects Aziz Burney apology, to pursue case against him |date=1 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921013013/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rss-rejects-aziz-burney-apology-to-pursue-case-against-him-1501809 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[The Siege: The Attack on the Taj]]'' (2013), non-fiction book by [[Cathy Scott-Clark]] and [[Adrian Levy]]. It is an account of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and was published by [[Penguin Books]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-siege-takes-the-reader-into-the-heart-of-the-2611-attack/437423-40-101.html |title=The Siege takes the reader into the heart of the 26/11 attack |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206123948/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-siege-takes-the-reader-into-the-heart-of-the-2611-attack/437423-40-101.html |archive-date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Black Tornado: The Three Sieges of Mumbai 26/11'' (2016), non-fiction book by Indian journalist Sandeep Unnnithan presenting a blow-by-blow account of the terrorist attack and how it was thwarted by India's security forces including the efforts of the [[Indian Navy]]'s [[MARCOS|Marine Commandos]] as well as an ill-equipped yet valiant [[Mumbai Police]]. Its primary focus is on the [[51 Special Action Group]] of [[National Security Guard]], commanded by the decorated [[Special forces of India|Indian Army Special Forces]] officer [[Brigadier]] Sunil Sheoran. The book delves into the reasons for the delayed arrival of the NSG, including home minister [[Shivraj Patil]] wanting to fly in the NSG aircraft and coming an hour late to board the plane which inturn delayed the NSG's arrival into the city and [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army Commander]] Lt. General. Noble Thamburaj touring the Taj Mahal Hotel with his wife while the NSG operation was still on. It was adapted into the aforementioned web series ''State of Siege: 26/11'' (2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 November 2016 |title=Book Review: Black Tornado: The Three Sieges of Mumbai 26/11 |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/book-review-black-tornado-the-three-sieges-of-mumbai-2611/ |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=India Strategic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=26/11 Mumbai terror attacks: Films, books and documentaries that encapsulate the horrors of a city under siege |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/2611-mumbai-terror-attacks-films-books-and-documentaries-that-encapsulate-the-horrors-of-a-city-under-siege-9054511.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=26/11: Southern Army Commander's terror tourism during Mumbai attack |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/26-11-southern-army-commanders-terror-tourism-during-mumbai-attack/story/1/807.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=DailyO |ref=Sandeep Unnithan's book Black Tornado reveals that Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj toured the Taj Mahal Palace hotel with his wife on 28 November 2008 even as NSG commandos engaged four terrorists there.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=10 May 2019 |title=Sandeep Unnithan's book on 26/11 attacks to be made into a web series |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/sandeep-unnithan-s-book-on-26-11-attacks-to-be-made-into-a-web-series-1521688-2019-05-10 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Let Me Say It Now'' (2020), memoir by Indian police officer [[Rakesh Maria]] who was given the responsibility of investigating the attacks and personally interrogated Ajmal Kasab. He revealed the extent to which terrorists had gone to ensure their bodies would be mis-identified as Hindus, to lend credence to the conspiracy theory that the attack was the handiwork of Hindu extremists, and thus provide the Pakistani authorities with [[plausible deniability]]. According to Maria, Lashkar-e-Taiba wanted Kasab to be killed as a Bengaluru resident named &quot;Samir Dinesh Chaudhari&quot;, with a &quot;red (sacred) thread&quot; tied around his wrist to portray the attack as a case of &quot;[[Hindu terrorism|Hindu terror]]&quot;, but their plan apparently did not succeed and the police nabbed Kasab. LeT had even given each terrorist a fake identity card listing an Indian address, to further strengthen the circumstantial narrative. If everything went according to plan, Kasab would have died as Chaudhari and the media would have blamed 'Hindu terrorists' for the attack. Kasab, in his confessional account, acknowledged this plot, as did [[David Headley]], who corroborated this account by confirming that the sacred threads to be worn around the terrorists' wrists to identify them as Hindus, were procured from Mumbai's [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ajmal-kasab-was-given-hindu-identity-to-make-it-appear-hindu-terror-retired-ips-officer-rakesh-maria-805876.html |title=Ajmal Kasab was given Hindu identity to make it appear Hindu terror |first=Mritunjay |last=Bose |date=18 February 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530051403/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ajmal-kasab-was-given-hindu-identity-to-make-it-appear-hindu-terror-retired-ips-officer-rakesh-maria-805876.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-planned-to-project-26/11-attack-as-hindu-terror-rakesh-maria/articleshow/74192048.cms |title=LeT planned to project 26/11 attack as ''Hindu terror'': Rakesh Maria |date=18 February 2020 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218203604/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-planned-to-project-26/11-attack-as-hindu-terror-rakesh-maria/articleshow/74192048.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[List of massacres in India]]<br /> * [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]<br /> * [[1993 Bombay bombings]]<br /> * [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]]<br /> * [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]<br /> * [[2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata]]<br /> * [[1993 Bowbazar bombing]]<br /> * [[November 2015 Paris attacks]]<br /> * [[Westgate shopping mall attack]], Nairobi, Kenya<br /> * [[Survivor registry]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite journal |title=Nizam, la tanzim (System, not organization): Do organizations matter in terrorism today? A study of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks |last1=Acharya |first1=Arabinda |last2=Marwah |first2=Sonal |year=2010 |journal=[[Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2011.531455 |s2cid=143924893}}<br /> * {{cite journal |title=The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks:(Re-) constructing Indian (counter-) terrorism |last=Kolås |first=Åshild |year=2010 |journal=Critical Studies on Terrorism |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=83–98 |doi=10.1080/17539151003594244 |s2cid=144063969}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduACwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |pages=60–81 |isbn=978-0-8157-2911-2}}<br /> * {{cite journal |title=At the Threshold of Order: Responses to the Mumbai Attacks |last=Svensson |first=Ted |year=2013 |journal=[[Global Society (journal)|Global Society]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=283–298 |doi=10.1080/13600826.2013.790790 |s2cid=144513513}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|November 2008 Mumbai attacks}}&lt;!-- ATTENTION! DO ''NOT'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --&gt;<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> * [https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200811260001 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]]<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/MumbaiDossier/Mumbai-1-20-1st.htm |title=Mumbai Dossier |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117212606/http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/MumbaiDossier/Mumbai-1-20-1st.htm |archive-date=17 January 2009}}<br /> * {{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/20090314200903140230449709332dbe7/They-said-kill-till-you-die-par-hum-bhi-insan-hain-yaar.html |title=They said, kill till you die... par hum bhi insan hain yaar |date=14 March 2009 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020141849/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/20090314200903140230449709332dbe7/They-said-kill-till-you-die-par-hum-bhi-insan-hain-yaar.html |archive-date=20 October 2012}} [Interview of captured terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab]<br /> * {{cite episode |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/mumbai-massacre-watch-a-preview/494/ |title=Mumbai Massacre |date=25 November 2009 |series=[[Secrets of the Dead]] |network=[[PBS]]}}<br /> * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interactive/web-of-terror/ Web of Terror]. ''[[PBS Frontline]]''. [[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]] ([[interactive journalism]]).<br /> <br /> {{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}<br /> <br /> {{2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> {{Mumbai topics}}<br /> {{Indo-Pakistani relations}}<br /> {{PakistaniTerrorism}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai attacks, 2008}}<br /> [[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks| ]]<br /> [[Category:2008 in international relations]]<br /> [[Category:2008 mass shootings in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:2000s in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century attacks on Jewish institutions]]<br /> [[Category:Antisemitism in India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 building bombings]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on hospitals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hotel bombings in India]]<br /> [[Category:Car and truck bombings in India]]<br /> [[Category:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]<br /> [[Category:Grenade attacks in India]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on coffeehouses and cafés in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Hostage taking in India]]<br /> [[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]<br /> [[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Jewish Indian history]]<br /> [[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]<br /> [[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]<br /> [[Category:2008 mass murders]]<br /> [[Category:Mass murders in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]<br /> [[Category:Shootouts in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway|2008 attacks]]<br /> [[Category:November 2008 crimes in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:November 2008 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Spree shootings in India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents on railway systems in India]]<br /> [[Category:Urban warfare in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Filmed killings in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Filmed improvised explosive device bombings]]<br /> [[Category:Filmed executions]]<br /> [[Category:Restaurant bombings in Asia]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribikram_Bhanj_Deo&diff=541856 2026-03-06T16:38:05Z

<p>Robigk: created a info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Raja of Mayurbhanj (1813–1822)}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | succession = [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]<br /> | reign = {{circa|1813}} – {{circa|1822}}<br /> | predecessor = Damodar Bhanj Deo<br /> | successor = [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]]<br /> | death_date = {{circa|1822}}<br /> | issue = [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]]<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mayurbhanj.png}} [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] (by adoption)&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Keonjharflag1.png}} [[Keonjhar State|Keonjhar]] (by birth)<br /> | father = Pratap Balbhadra Bhanj<br /> | dynasty = [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Tribikram Bhanj Deo''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] from 1813 until his death in 1822.<br /> <br /> == Early life, family, and succession ==<br /> He was born to Pratap Balbhadra Bhanj, the [[Raja]] of [[Keonjhar State|Keonjhar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MAYURBHANJ |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113757/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KEONJHAR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/keonjhar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607051142/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/keonjhar.html |archive-date=2017-06-07 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Damodar Bhanj Deo, the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], was on his deathbed and had no issue, either of the body or adoptive, to succeed him, he nominated Tribikram as his successor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, Damodar's widows, Sumitra Devi and Jamuna Devi, did not carry out his wishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Although the officers of the state attempted to transfer the administration to Tribikram, they failed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Consequently, the widows of the deceased ruler governed [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]: the first, Sumitra Devi, from 1796 to 1810, and the latter, Jamuna Devi, from 1810 to 1813, until succession eventually devolved upon Tribikram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=700 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, the [[East India Company]] had recognised him as the ruler of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] in 1810.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He married and had an issue: a son, [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> He executed agreements in 1812 and 1815 with the [[East India Company]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Manager of Publications Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |pages=106}}&lt;/ref&gt; The former concerned tribute, whereby the annual tribute paid by the State was fixed at Rs. 1,001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; By the latter, he agreed to forego his claim to levy a tax on pilgrims passing through the State on their journey to and from [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath]] in [[Puri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died in 1822, and his son, [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]], succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biography_of_the_Maharaja_Sri_Ram_Chandr/BuUwAQAAMAAJ |title=Biography of the Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo |date=1918 |pages=19–20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Date of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:1822 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Maharajas of Mayurbhanj]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_2019&diff=523039 2026-03-06T06:14:20Z

<p>Robigk: entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian political action drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Operation 2019<br /> | image = Operation 2019.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | director = Karanam P. Babji<br /> | writer = <br /> | producer = Alivelu<br /> | starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Yagna Shetty]]|[[Diksha Panth]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Venkat Rama Prasad<br /> | editing = S. B. Uddav<br /> | music = Rap Rock Shakeel<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|12|1}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Operation 2019''''' is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language political action drama film&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=Srikanth starrer 'Operation 2019' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-starrer-operation-2019-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/66825141.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-starrer-operation-2019-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/66825141.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by Karanam P. Babji and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Yagna Shetty]] and [[Diksha Panth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar |date=30 November 2018 |title=Srikanth: Operation 2019 is not based on any political party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/srikanth-operation-2019-547319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901063129/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/srikanth-operation-2019-547319/ |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=‘ఆపరేషన్ 2019’ ట్రైలర్: ఆ పీకుడేంది శ్రీకాంతో.. |trans-title=Operation 2019 trailer: that's it Srikanth |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/srikanths-operation-2019-trailer-released/articleshow/66416610.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042158/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/srikanths-operation-2019-trailer-released/articleshow/66416610.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India Samayam |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Uma Shankar<br /> *[[Yagna Shetty]] as Umadevi<br /> *[[Diksha Panth]]<br /> *Sivakrishna as MLA Narayana Murthy<br /> *[[Posani Krishna Murali]]<br /> *[[Nagineedu]]<br /> *[[Fish Venkat]]<br /> *[[Manchu Manoj]] as a cop (cameo appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jayakrishnan |date=22 February 2018 |title=Manchu Manoj to do a cameo in Srikanth’s ‘Operation 2019’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manchu-manoj-to-do-a-cameo-in-srikanths-operation-2019/articleshow/63031405.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manchu-manoj-to-do-a-cameo-in-srikanths-operation-2019/articleshow/63031405.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as himself (cameo appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=‘Operation 2019’ team commences first song shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/operation-2019-team-commence-first-song-shoot/articleshow/65820746.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921054453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/operation-2019-team-commence-first-song-shoot/articleshow/65820746.cms |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> Music by Rap Rock Shakeel. In a review of the soundtrack album, Neeshi Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;Jarring and even annoying for most part, the numbers on this album have nothing new to offer despite featuring such established vocalists&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshi |date=30 November 2018 |title=Music Review: Operation 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-operation-2019/articleshow/66881168.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-operation-2019/articleshow/66881168.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&quot;Kaka Nuvvu Keka&quot; sung by [[Madhu Priya]] with lyrics by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br /> *&quot;Missed Call Mini Mini&quot; sung by [[Geetha Madhuri]], Rap Rock Shakeel and Swarag with lyrics by Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> *&quot;Amrutapani Andamnadi&quot; sung by Moushmi Neha with lyrics by Bhashashree<br /> *&quot;Life Is Like A Party Time&quot; sung by [[Baba Sehgal]] with lyrics by Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> *&quot;Nara Naramuna&quot; sung and lyrics by Swarag Keertan<br /> *&quot;Vandemataram&quot; sung by [[Kaala Bhairava]] with lyrics by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Sekhar Kusuma of ''[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and praised Srikanth's performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kusuma |first=Sekhar |date=1 December 2018 |title=‘ఆపరేషన్ 2019’ మూవీ రివ్యూ |trans-title=Operation 2019 movie review |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/srikanths-operation-2019-movie-review-rating-in-telugu/moviereview/66894808.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042200/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/srikanths-operation-2019-movie-review-rating-in-telugu/moviereview/66894808.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India Samayam |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' felt that the first half was slow and that the second half was better.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2018 |title=‘ఆపరేషన్ 2019’ మూవీ రివ్యూ |trans-title=Operation 2019 film review |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/srikanth-operation-2019-telugu-movie-review-1140505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062427/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/srikanth-operation-2019-telugu-movie-review-1140505 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajababu A. |title=ఆపరేషన్ 2019 మూవీ రివ్యూ అండ్ రేటింగ్ |trans-title=Operation 2019 review and rating |url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/reviews/operation-2019-movie-review-rating-071491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022073029/https://telugu.filmibeat.com/reviews/operation-2019-movie-review-rating-071491.html |archive-date=2020-10-22 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Filmibeat |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|9390198}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian political drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Indian films]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malabathrum&diff=515306 2026-03-05T02:06:25Z

<p>Robigk: Creating Basic Article Needs Work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Spice plant native to India}}<br /> {{about|the ointment and the leaves from which it was prepared|one of the plants which was a source of those leaves|Cinnamomum tamala}}<br /> {{Refimprove|date=June 2009}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Cinnamomum malabatrum at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[[Cinnamomum malabatrum]]'', young leaves, [[Kerala]], India]]<br /> '''Malabathrum''', '''malabathron''', or '''malobathrum''' is the name used in classical and medieval texts for certain [[cinnamon]]-like aromatic plant leaves and an ointment prepared from those leaves. ''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]'' (sometimes given as ''Cinnamomum tejpata''), grown most commonly in the eastern Himalayas, but also in the Western Ghats, is thought to be a notable source of these leaves,&lt;ref name=&quot;casson1989p241&quot;&gt;Casson, Lionel. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary'' 1989. Princeton University Press {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}} p. 241&lt;/ref&gt; although other species of ''[[Cinnamomum]]'' and even plants in other genera&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2034384&amp;p2=m&amp;p3=2 | title = Latin Lexicon | accessdate = 2012-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; may have been used. In ancient [[Greece]] and [[Rome]], the leaves were used to prepare a fragrant oil, called ''oleum malabathri'', and were therefore valuable.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Malabathrum is mentioned in the first century [[Greek language|Greek]] text ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' and sourced to a people called 'Sêsatai', identified with Kirradai ([[Kirata]]) of Ptolemy.&lt;ref&gt;Casson, Lionel. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary'' 1989. Princeton University Press {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}} pp. 241–242&lt;/ref&gt; Though malabathrum was a product of [[Northeast India]], it was rarely traded by the western traders at the mouth of the Ganges (which is much closer to the source) but at southwestern Indian ports of [[Muziris]]/[[Nelcynda]].&lt;ref&gt;Casson, Lionel. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary'' 1989. Princeton University Press {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}} p. 16&lt;/ref&gt; It is mentioned in the ''Periplus'' that some people collected the green leaves after the Sêsatai in the northeast prepared them and carried them to the ports of trade.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Thus, three grades of malabathron are produced, and then they are transported into India by the people who make them.&quot; Periplus Chap 65. Casson, Lionel. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary'' 1989. Princeton University Press {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}} pp. 91–93&lt;/ref&gt; In the language of Kerala, Malayalam, the plant is called ''vazhana''. It is also known as ''edana'' in Malayalam. The name malabathrum is used in mediaeval texts to describe the dried leaves of a number of trees of the genus ''[[Cinnamomum]]'', which were thought to have [[medicine|medicinal]] properties.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}<br /> <br /> The Greeks used ''kásia'' ([[Cinnamomum cassia|cassia]]) or ''malabathron'' to flavour wine, with absinth wormwood (''[[Artemisia absinthium]]''). ''De Re Coquinaria'', a cookbook sometimes attributed to the Roman gourmet Marcus Gavius [[Apicius]], uses malabathrum leaves (''folia'') in several recipes and for distilling an oil used in a caraway-sauce for oysters.&lt;ref&gt;''De re coquinaria'', I, 29, 30; IX, 7&lt;/ref&gt; Malabathrum is among the spices that, according to ''De Re Coquinaria'', any good kitchen should contain.<br /> <br /> Malabathrum from Egypt (Dioscorides I, 63) was based on beef fat and contained cinnamon, as well; one pound cost 300 ''denarii''.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word &quot;malabathrum&quot; is the Hellenization of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''tamālapattram'' (तमालपत्त्रम्), literally meaning &quot;dark-tree leaves&quot;, with the ''ta'' being mistaken for the Greek definite article.&lt;ref name=&quot;casson1989p241&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pharmacognosy]]<br /> [[Category:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._I._Parameswaran_Pillai&diff=492645 2026-03-04T15:58:49Z

<p>Robigk: starting new pg first draft...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor (1898–1979)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = C. I. Parameswaran Pillai<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth year|1898}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]<br /> | death_date = {{death year and age|1979|1898}}<br /> | death_place =<br /> | known_for = first theatre person from Kerala to win [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1960)<br /> }}<br /> '''C. I. Parameswaran Pillai''' was an Indian actor from Kerala. Winning the national honor [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1960, he is the first theatre person from Kerala to win this award.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> C. I. Parameswaran Pillai was born in 1898 at [[Aluva]] in present-day [[Ernakulam district]] of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Lal |first=Ananda |title=Pillai, C. I. Parameswaran |date=2004 |work=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0491 |access-date=2025-07-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pillai, who had shown a talent for acting in plays since his school days, became active in amateur theatre scene during his college years.&lt;ref name=&quot;VANCHIYOOR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Dr Achuth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYpEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ci+parameswaran+pillai&amp;pg=PA146 |title=VANCHIYOOR VIGNETTES: Local History of a Bygone Village |last2=Sankar |first2=Adithya |date=2021-04-15 |publisher=Adithya Sankar |isbn=978-93-5426-581-5 |language=en |pages=146–147}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Pillai, a [[Socialism|socialist]] by political affiliation, contested the 1954 [[Rajya Sabha]] elections from the [[Travancore–Cochin]] assembly constituency as a [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] candidate and lost to N.C. Shekhar of the [[Communist Party of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Deshabhimani&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ആരൊക്കെയാണ് ഇക്കൂട്ടത്തിലെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റുകാർ ? കേരള സംഗീതനാടക അക്കാദമി രൂപീകരണ ചരിത്രത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ബൈജു ചന്ദ്രൻ എഴുതുന്നു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news_68/1114405 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Parameswaran Pillai died in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;VANCHIYOOR&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Parameswaran Pillai began his theatrical career by acting in English plays, and later entered the Malayalam theatre stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Durga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLEZAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=ci+parameswaran+pillai+Drama |title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900-1980, Also Annual Diary of Events |date=1985 |publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VANCHIYOOR&quot; /&gt; He was elected as the first vice-president of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], when it was formed in 1958 under the Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deshabhimani&quot; /&gt; When the Kerala government officially started giving [[Kerala State Film Awards|film awards]] in 1969, the award selection committee was headed by Parameswaran Pillai.<br /> <br /> Pillai acted in two Malayalam films, the unreleased 1951 film ''Thyagaseema'' and the 1953 film ''Ponkathir'', directed by E.R. Cooper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile of Malayalam Actor CI Parameswaran Pillai |url=https://ml.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&amp;artist=CI%20Parameswaran%20Pillai |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=ml.msidb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tyagaseema'' was also [[Prem Nazir]]'s first film. It was Pillai who suggested Prem Nazir to this film and changed his name from Abdul Khader to Prem Nazir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZsWq3Jnelc |title=C I Parameshwaran Pillai made Abdul Khader Prem Nazir {{!}} Sreekumaran Thampi |date=2019-04-27 |work=Kaumudy TV | publisher= [[Kerala Kaumudi]] group|access-date=2025-07-10 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honors==<br /> Winning the Sangeet Natak Akademi award, in 1960, he is the first theatre person from Kerala to win this award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Biswajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kloqAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Aravindaksha+Menon+Sangeet+Natak+Akademi |title=South Indian Theatre |date=2007 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=978-81-86208-54-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The C I Parameswaran Pillai Endowment Award, a yearly award instituted by [[Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi]] for acting is named after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C. I. Parameswaran Pillai Memorial Endowment Award |url=https://www.keralaculture.org/ciparameswaran-pillai-awards/477 |website=www.keralaculture.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407211017/https://www.keralaculture.org/ciparameswaran-pillai-awards/477 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi fellowships, awar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Feb/05/kerala-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-fellowships-awar-224913.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531201316/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Feb/05/kerala-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-fellowships-awar-224913.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-11-10 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi announces Kalashri awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-announces-kalashri-awards/article5335032.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709103105/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-announces-kalashri-awards/article5335032.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The road in front of the Thiruvananthapuram District Court in [[Vanchiyoor]] is named after him.&lt;ref name=&quot;VANCHIYOOR&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, C. I. Parameswaran}}<br /> [[Category:1898 births]]<br /> [[Category:1979 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stage actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_(2018_film)&diff=467517 2026-03-03T20:31:28Z

<p>Robigk: minor enhance article based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Captain<br /> | image = captain08.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Prajesh Sen]]<br /> | producer = T. L. George<br /> | writer = [[Prajesh Sen]]<br /> | starring = [[Jayasurya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Anu Sithara]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Renji Panicker]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Deepak Parambol]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Saiju Kurup]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br /> | music = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Roby varghese Raj]]<br /> | editing = [[Bijith Bala]]<br /> | studio = Goodwill Entertainments<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|02|16}}<br /> | distributor = Anto Joseph Film Company, Popcorn Entertainments Australia<br /> | runtime = 144 minutes <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> '''''Captain''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Sports film|sports]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Prajesh Sen]] in his directorial debut. The film is about [[V. P. Sathyan]], former captain of the [[India national football team]], with [[Jayasurya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/281016/jaysurya-in-movie-on-v-p-sathyan.html/ |title=Jaysurya in movie on V P Sathyan | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 October 2016 | access-date=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; portraying him. It also stars [[Anu Sithara]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-to-play-football-legend-vp-sathyans-wife-in-captain/articleshow/57392902.cms|title=Anu Sithara to play football legend VP Sathyan's wife in Captain | work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2017 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Renji Panicker]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/renji-panicker-to-play-vp-sathyans-coach-in-captain/articleshow/59001125.cms|title=Renji Panicker to play VP Sathyan's coach in Captain | work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 June 2017 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siddique-to-play-maidaanam-in-jayasuryas-captain/articleshow/59000750.cms |title=Siddique to play Maidaanam in Jayasurya's Captain | work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2017 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Kamal Varadoor and [[Lakshmi Sharma]]. [[Jayasurya]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the film.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Jayasurya]] as [[V. P. Sathyan|V P Sathyan]], former Indian footballer and Inspector of Kerala Police <br /> ** Adwaith as Young [[V. P. Sathyan|V P Sathyan]]<br /> * [[Anu Sithara]] as Anitha Sathyan, wife of V.P Sathyan.<br /> * [[Renji Panicker]] as Coach Jaffer, coach of [[Kerala Police]] football club.<br /> * [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Maithanam, a football enthusiast<br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]] as SP Gupta IPS, senior officer of V.P Sathyan while he worked in [[Kerala Police|Kerala Police Department]].<br /> * [[Deepak Parambol]] as [[U. Sharaf Ali]], former Indian footballer, teammate of V.P Sathyan.<br /> * [[Lakshmi Sharma]] as Sathyan's mother<br /> * [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as [[K.Karunakaran]], ex chief minister of [[Kerala]]<br /> * [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Anitha's grandmother<br /> * [[Ambika Mohan]] as Anitha's mother<br /> * [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as DYSP Rajashekaran<br /> *[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Mr. Sinha<br /> * [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Sathyan's elder brother<br /> * [[Shaiju Damodaran]] as Sports Journalist (cameo appearance) and Football Commentator (voice only)<br /> * [[Mammootty]] in cameo appearance&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/02/15/captain-movie-mammootty-jayasurya-teaser.html|title=ജയസൂര്യയുടെ ക്യാപ്റ്റനിൽ മെഗാസ്റ്റാർ| work=manoramaonline |date=15 February 2018 | accessdate=15 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as himself <br /> * Shiyas Kareem as South Korean Goalkeeper<br /> * [[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Kittan<br /> * Anna A Smith as Athira, Sathyan's daughter<br /> * Joby George Cameo appearance<br /> * Akshaya as Sathyan's sister<br /> * Nilja as Anitha's Friend<br /> * Daya as Anitha (Childhood)<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Based on the life of former [[India national football team]] captain [[V. P. Sathyan]], who, owning a good career history, committed suicide in 2006, [[Jayasurya]] announced the film in October 2016, with debutant [[Prajesh Sen]] as director and T. L. George of Goodwill Entertainments as producer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/captain-malayalam-star-jayasuryas-most-expensive-movie-here-701636|title=Captain: Malayalam star Jayasurya's most expensive movie is here | work=[[International Business Times]] |date=28 October 2016 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It began filming in early April 2017 in [[Kozhikode]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030417/jayasuryas-captain-starts-rolling.html|title=Jayasurya's Captain starts rolling| work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date= 3 April 2017 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Santhosh Trophy]] match sequence was shot at [[Calicut University]] Stadium in [[Thenhipalam]], during which Jayasurya injured his right leg, leading to a stay of filming for one week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/jayasurya-injured-during-shooting-of-captain--1.1906855|title=Jayasurya injured during shooting of 'Captain'| work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date= 30 April 2017 | accessdate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> Songs and score were composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/gopi-sunder-wraps-up-captains-background-score/articleshow/62872409.cms|title= Gopi Sunder wraps up Captain's background score| work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 February 2018 | access-date=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's audio was released by minister [[K. T. Jaleel]] on 28 January 2018, by awarding it to Anitha Sathyan, V. P. Sathyan's wife. As part of the event, a football match between teams ''Golden 90s'' led by [[I. M. Vijayan]] and ''Captain Elevens'' led by Jayasurya was organised at the Safari Ground, [[Edappal]], which was kicked off by [[C.K. Vineeth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.madhyamam.com/music/music-live/jayasurya-film-captain-audio-release-music-news/2018/jan/29/417987 | title= ആരാധകരെ ഇളക്കി മറിച്ച് 'ക്യാപ്റ്റൻ' ഓഡിയോ റിലീസ്‌ | work=[[Madhyamam]] |date=29 January 2018 | accessdate=7 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | headline = Soundtrack<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 20:36<br /> | title1 = Paalthira Paadum<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | length1 = 4:35<br /> | title2 = Peythalinja Nimisham<br /> | lyrics2 = B. K. Harinarayanan<br /> | extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> | length2 = 5:18<br /> | title3 = Paattu Petty (Music by [[Viswajith]])<br /> | lyrics3 = Nitheesh Naderi, Swathy Chakraborthy<br /> | extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]]<br /> | length3 = 5:26<br /> | title4 = Nithyamurulum (Captain Theme)<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br /> | extra4 = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> | length4 = 5:17<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|6747224}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sports drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian association football films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Films about suicide]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> {{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjana_Rangan&diff=486717 2026-02-15T14:54:11Z

<p>Robigk: starting some post initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian video jockey/anchor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anjana Rangan<br /> | image = VJ Anjana2.jpg<br /> | caption = Anjana during a television show<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|08|25}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Television presenter|video jockey}}<br /> | years_active = 2008–present<br /> | othername = Anjana Chandran<br /> | alma_mater = [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Chandran]]|2016}}<br /> | children = 1&lt;!-- &quot;Typically the number of children (e.g., 3); only list names of independently notable or particularly relevant children.&quot; --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Anjana Rangan''' (born 25 August 1989&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2018 |title=VJ Anjana|url=https://behindtalkies.com/vj-anjana/|access-date=12 July 2021 |website=behindtalkies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an Indian television presenter and video jockey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=From Anjana Rangan to Aananya Mani: Meet the gorgeous VJs of the Tamil industry|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/from-anjana-rangan-to-aananya-mani-meet-the-gorgeous-vjs-of-the-tamil-industry-1823291/1823299/|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=www.bollywoodlife.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title=From Aananya Mani to Dhivyadharshini: Hottest female VJs of Tamil TV industry|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-aananya-mani-to-dhivyadharshini-hottest-female-vjs-of-tamil-tv-industry-2889366/anjana-rangan-2889368|access-date=12 July 2021 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known as an anchor in the Tamil channel [[Sun Music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=Anjana Rangan is back to television after a hiatus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anjana-rangan-is-back-to-television-after-a-hiatus/articleshow/68332452.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Anjana Rangan gets fully vaccinated|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anjana-rangan-gets-fully-vaccinated/articleshow/83790061.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Kollywood Actress Anjana Rangan Stands For Adorable Beauty|url=https://telugustop.com/kollywood-actress-anjana-rangan-stands-for-adorable-beauty-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F|access-date=1 November 2021 |website=telugustop.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> She is also credited as one of the ''Most Desirable Women'', according to the [[Times of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2019/articleshow/73733350.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2024 |title=Anjana Rangan elated completing 16 years as a host|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anjana-rangan-elated-completing-16-years-as-a-host/articleshow/113457251.cms|access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She made her first acting on screen in the 2008 television personality competition ''Miss Chinnathirai 2008'' where she emerged as the winner of the competition. She later started her career as a [[Television presenter]] and hosted successful shows such as ''Paattu.Com'' (2010), ''Paattu Pudusu'' (2011), ''Namma Star'' (2012), ''[[Natchathira Jannal]]'' (2013–2017), ''Box Office'' (2013), ''Konjam Uppu Konjam Karam'' (2014), ''Dance Jodi Dance 3.0 '' (2014), ''Neengalum Naangalum'' (2015), ''Cafe Tea Area'' (2016), ''Junior Super Stars'' (2017), ''Sunday Kondattam'' (2017), ''Freeya Vidu'' (2017) and ''Vazhthukkal'' (2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title='Our relationship is perfect': VJ Anjana to actor hubby Chandramouli|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/our-relationship-is-perfect-vj-anjana-to-actor-hubby-chandramouli/|access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.mangalorean.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=VJ Anjana Rangan Pens a Beautiful Note for Her Actor-Husband Chandramouli PS on Their Wedding Anniversary (View Post)|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/vj-anjana-rangan-pens-a-beautiful-note-for-her-actor-husband-chandramouli-ps-on-their-wedding-anniversary-view-post-3458300.html|access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.latestly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=Lockdown Diaries: I feel I am a lot calmer and mature after the lockdown, says Anjana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lockdown-diaries-i-feel-i-am-a-lot-calmer-and-mature-after-the-lockdown-says-anjana/articleshow/90462660.cms|access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Anjana Rangan was born on 25 August 1989 in Chennai. Before becoming a video jockey, she was a television host.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017|title=&quot;WENT THROUGH TOUGH TIME... ITS SCARY!&quot; ANJANA RANGAN SPEAKS ABOUT RECEIVING VULGAR MESSAGES! - WHAT HAPPENED?|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/anjana-rangan-receiving-vulgar-messages-on-social-media.html|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjana also won ''Miss Chinnathirai 2008'' before becoming an anchor or a video jockey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2009|title=Small screen scorchers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/apr/27/small-screen-scorchers-44565.html|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjana also anchored in television shows such as ''Neengalum Naangalum'', ''Namma Star'', Konjam Uppu Konjam Karam and ''Paattu Pudusu''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2020|title=மழையால் மகிழ்ச்சியில் திளைத்துள்ள விஜே அஞ்சனா! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vj-anjana-happy-about-todays-rain/articleshow/75067835.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=tamil.samayam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early-2018, Anjana decided to go on a break after 10 years in the entertainment industry and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] to prioritize family commitments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=VJ Anjana bids adieu to Sun TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-anjana-bids-adieu-to-sun-tv/articleshow/62553630.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=சன் மியூசிக்கில் இருந்து விடைபெற்றார் அஞ்சனா! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/thank-you-sunmusic-for-letting-me-serve-you-for-a-decade-says-anjana-rangan-vj/articleshow/62600132.cms|access-date=12 July 2021 |website=tamil.samayam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2020 |title=VJ Anjana warns fans of fake profile on dating site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-anjana-warns-fans-of-fake-profile-on-dating-site/articleshow/79798357.cms|access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After her break Anjana returned to anchoring in 2019, she anchored in shows like ''Junior Super Stars'', ''[[Natchathira Jannal]]'' on [[Puthuyugam TV]] and ''Sunday Kondattam'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2021 |title=Sunday Kondattam host Anjana Rangan trains in kickboxing; watch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sunday-kondattam-host-anjana-rangan-trains-in-kickboxing-watch/articleshow/81780878.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also ranked 15 in [[Chennai Times]] ''20 Most Desirable Women on TV 2019''. She was also yet again listed in 2020 ranking her 11th.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Women On Television 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/82912504.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anjana faced cyber bullying and harassment over social media, she received [[profanity|vulgar]] and [[inappropriate]] messages on [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] from audiences and followers,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2020|title=விஜே அஞ்சனாவுக்கு இன்ஸ்டா- போனில் வக்கிர தொல்லை: சென்னை போலீசில் புகார் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-tamil-news-vj-anjana-husband-chandran-tweets-about-his-wife-receiving-vulgar-messages-in-social-pages-307943/|access-date=12 July 2021 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; eventually Anjana and her husband reported the issue to [[cyber crime]] security and [[Tamil Nadu Police]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Celeb couple Chandramouli and wife Anjana Rangan complain about online harassment to Tamil Nadu police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/celeb-couple-chandramouli-and-wife-anjana-rangan-complain-about-online-harassment-to-tamil-nadu-police/articleshow/83031846.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=VJ Anjana Had The Most Apt Response To A Fan Who Asked Her An Inappropriate Question!|url=https://jfwonline.com/article/vj-anjana-had-the-most-apt-response-to-a-fan-who-asked-her-an-inappropriate-question/|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=jfwonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the launch event of the film ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' which was hosted by Anjana, fans criticized Anjana saying that the main actor of the film [[Allu Arjun]] walked away from the stage due to how Anjana treated him. However Anjana later clarified that all those rumors were false on social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 December 2021 |title=&quot;Am I the reason for Allu Arjun to angrily leave the stage?&quot; VJ Anjana explains!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anjana-rangan-explains-about-pushpa-press-meet-event-allu-arjun-angry-issue-tamil-news-304741|access-date=10 January 2022 |website=www.indiaglitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Anjana married actor [[Chandran]] on March 10, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title= Chandran and Anjana to get engaged |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151120/entertainment-kollywood/article/chandran-and-anjana-get-engaged|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=VJ Anjana marries actor Chandran (Chandramouli) [PHOTOS] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vj-anjana-marries-actor-chandran-chandramouli-photos-670181|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, the couple had a son.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=VJ Anjana-Chandran blessed with a baby boy|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vj-anjana-chandran-blessed-baby-boy-773766|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2018 |title=VJ Anjana Rangan's son Rudraksh looks adorable; See pics|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-anjana-rangans-son-rudraksh-looks-adorable-see-pics/articleshow/66088543.cms|access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Selected Television===<br /> [[File:Anjana_Rangan_with_playback_singer_Anthony_Daasan_on_sets_of_Natchathira_Jannal.jpg|Anchor Anjana (Facing Front) with playback singer [[Anthony Daasan]] on show ''[[Natchathira Jannal]]''.|right|thumb]]<br /> * Miss Chinnathirai 2008{{snd}}Contestant (winner)<br /> * Paattu.Com{{snd}}Host<br /> * Paattu Pudusu{{snd}}Host<br /> * Namma Star{{snd}}Host<br /> * Konjam Uppu Konjam Karam{{snd}}Host<br /> * Dance Jodi Dance 3.0{{snd}}Host<br /> * Box Office{{snd}}Host<br /> * Neengalum Naangalum{{snd}}Host<br /> * [[Natchathira Jannal]]{{snd}}Host<br /> * Cafe Tea Area{{snd}}Host<br /> * Junior Super Stars{{snd}}Host<br /> * Sunday Kondattam{{snd}}Host<br /> * Freeya Vidu{{snd}}Host<br /> * Vazhthukkal{{snd}}Host<br /> <br /> == Health ==<br /> Anjana Rangan was tested positive to [[COVID-19]] on 19 January 2022, However she later recovered from the virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=Anjana Rangan tests positive for COVID|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjana-rangan-tests-positive-for-covid/articleshow/88996276.cms|access-date=23 January 2022 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title= 'Great Impact on Mental, Physical Health': Tamil TV Host Anjana Rangan Covid Positive|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/great-impact-on-mental-physical-health-tamil-tv-host-anjana-rangan-covid-positive-4683386.html|access-date=23 January 2022 |website=www.news18.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *{{Twitter|id=AnjanaVJ|name=Anjana Rangan}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rangan, Anjana}}<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Female models from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil television presenters]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghuvannan&diff=528075 2026-01-26T20:41:09Z

<p>Robigk: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1984)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name =Raghuvannan<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|2|24}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Actor]]<br /> | othername = Ragavendran, Raghuvannan<br /> | yearsactive = 2002–present<br /> | spouse = Abigail Manivannan <br /> | children = 2<br /> | father = [[Manivannan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raghu Manivannan''' (born 24 February 1984) is an Indian actor, who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema]]. The son of actor [[Manivannan]], he has appeared in films including ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002) and ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' (2013).<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Raghu Manivannan made his debut with the [[Sathyaraj]]-starrer ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002), with a critic from [[The Hindu]] stating &quot;as the studious first year medical college student suits the character so well, that you forget that the lad is just acting out a role&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/27/stories/2002092701040200.htm |title=The Hindu : Maaran |website=thehindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210214543/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/27/stories/2002092701040200.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently failed to get bigger film offers and worked on a couple of low-budget ventures and shelved films including ''Kadhal Valarthen'', where he worked with [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] and [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]]. In 2013, Raghu Manivannan played a leading role alongside [[Sathyaraj]] in his father's 50th directorial venture, ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]''. He had also signed up to act in his father's next project ''Thalattu Machi Thalattu'', but the film was cancelled after [[Manivannan]] died in June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-was-a-father-figure-komal-sharma-news-national-ngppOdcejjcsi.html |title=Manivannan was a father figure: Komal Sharma |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064751/http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-was-a-father-figure-komal-sharma-news-national-ngppOdcejjcsi.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2015, Raghu Manivannan announced that he was working towards directing a remake of his father's ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' (1984). He began scripting the film to adapt it to modern day audiences, while signing on [[Natty Subramaniam]] to portray the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219204453/http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-s-nooravathu-naal-to-be-remade-news-tamil-pcrjIzegechjd.html | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-s-nooravathu-naal-to-be-remade-news-tamil-pcrjIzegechjd.html | website=Sify.com | archive-date=2015-02-19 | title=Manivannan's 'Nooravathu Naal' to be remade?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> !class=unsortable| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || Sudhandhiram ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Vanchinathan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Goripalayam]]'' || Azhagappan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''Thamizh Desam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' || Gangaikondaan ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuvannan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:1984 births]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhumka_Gira_Re&diff=506230 2026-01-21T15:51:47Z

<p>Robigk: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{citation style|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox song<br /> | name = Jhumka Gira Re<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | type =<br /> | artist = [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> | album =<br /> | released = 1966<br /> | format =<br /> | recorded = [[Mumbai]], 1966<br /> | studio =<br /> | venue =<br /> | genre = [[Film score]], [[Filmi]], [[Indian rock]], [[Psychedelic rock]], [[Raga rock]]<br /> | length = 4:54<br /> | label = Saregama India Ltd.<br /> | composer = [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]<br /> | lyricist = [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]]<br /> | producer =<br /> }}<br /> '''&quot;Jhumka Gira Re&quot;''' ({{translation|Earring Has Fallen}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]] song from the 1966 Hindi film ''[[Mera Saaya]]'' directed by ''[[Raj Khosla]]''. It was sung by [[Asha Bhosle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media notes |title=Jhumka Gira Re |title-link=Mera Saaya (1966 film) |others=[[R.D. Burman]] |year=1966 |type=soundtrack album, back cover |publisher=[[Navketan Films]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.hindigeetmala.net/song/jhumka_gira_re.htm Jhumka Gira Re song at Hindigeetmala]&lt;/ref&gt; The song was picturized on [[Sadhana Shivdasani]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sadhana-whose-jhumka-gira-re-made-millions-sway-and-swoon-passes-away/articleshow/50325592.cms Sadhana whose Jhumka Gira Re made millions sway and soon, passes away]&lt;/ref&gt; It was written by [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] and composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]. It has been remixed and sampled by many other artists.<br /> <br /> The song was a hit in the 1960s, and gained cult status in Hindi cinema.<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> The song was sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] and composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]. Although all of the songs were picturized on [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], the songs were split among two twin sisters, one was a naive housewife and another one was a robbery-gang's member. [[Lata Mangeshkar]] sang all the songs made for naive sister while [[Asha Bhosle]] sang two songs for the evil sister.<br /> <br /> The song had a verse, &quot;Phir Kya Hua?&quot; The verse was sung by commentator [[Vinod Sharma]]. He was a close friend of Madan Mohan, composer of this song.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/dyou-know-who-says-phir-kya-hua-in-evergreen-song-jhumka-gira-re-heres-the-answer D'you know who says ‘Phir Kya Hua’ in evergreen song 'Jhumka Gira Re'? Here's the answer]&lt;/ref&gt; It remained a mystery till 2021. Even the singer, Asha Bhosle wasn’t aware of the fact who lent the voice for this line. She called composer Madan Mohan's son Sanjeev Kohli to enquire about this.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-news/mystery-solved-who-says-phir-kya-hua-in-asha-bhosle-s-jhoomka-gira-re-from-mera-saaya/60b4a6e0e5c49b0e58cae300 Mystery Solved: Who Says ‘Phir Kya Hua’ In Asha Bhosle's Jhoomka Gira Re From Mera Saaya?]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Charts and reviews==<br /> The song secured 4th position at the Binaca Geetmala annual list 1966. It was both Asha Bhosle and Madan Mohan's highest charted song that year.&lt;ref&gt;[https://bollywoodproduct.in/binaca-geetmala-1966/ Bianca Geetmala annual top chart 1966]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cultural impact==<br /> The song became such a big hit that the name of the city [[Bareilly]] has been synonymous with the song. In February 2020, the song became a national talk of the country once again when the city's authority built a statue of 14 feet tall, golden Jhumka (earring) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Bareilly finally gets its much-awaited 'jhumka' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bareilly-finally-gets-its-much-awaited-jhumka-11581252790517.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Some newspapers including ''[[India Times]]'' compared it with the Sadhana-starrer song.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/14-foot-tall-bareilly-jhumka-200-kg-jhumka-wala-bareilly-506040.html 'Jhumka Gira Re Bareilly Ke Bazaar Mein' No More, City Now Has A Real 14-Ft-Tall, 200-Kg Jhumka : India Times]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Versions==<br /> This song has been remade and re-sung by many artists including [[Anupama Deshpande]], [[Hard Kaur]]. Singer Asha Bhosle herself remixed the song in late 1990s, which featured [[Riya Sen]] in the music video. <br /> <br /> In 2018, British playback singer and rapper [[Hard Kaur]] made a remake version of it.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-jhumka-gira-re-sung-by-hard-kaur/videoshow/65183407.cms Jhumka Gira Re song by Hard Kaur]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adaptation==<br /> In 2023, [[Pritam]] composed the song titled &quot;What Jhumka?&quot; for the film ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' directed by [[Karan Johar]], starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]], adapted from this song was released on 12 July. The song was featured Singh and Bhatt, sung by [[Arijit Singh]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Ranveer and the lyrics were written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PM0p693lGw|- Watch the song.]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1966 songs]]<br /> [[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Asha Bhosle songs]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepak_Antani&diff=495947 2026-01-18T18:53:12Z

<p>Robigk: starting first stub w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor and director known for portraying Mahatma Gandhi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Deepak Antani<br /> | image = Deepak_Antani_at_the_screening_of_Gandhi_Godse_Ek_Yudh_(cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Deepak Antani at the screening of [[Gandhi Godse - Ek Yudh]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|09|20}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bhuj]], Gujarat, India<br /> | occupation = Actor, film director, screenwriter<br /> | years_active = 1988–present<br /> | known_for = Portraying [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | notable_works = {{flatlist| <br /> *{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]}}<br /> *''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]''<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Deepak Antani''' (born on 20 September 1964) is an Indian actor, director and screenwriter known for his work in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi cinema]], television and theatre. He is widely recognized for portraying [[Mahatma Gandhi]] across multiple platforms including films, plays, documentaries and museum.&lt;ref name=GM1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/photo/gujarati-actor-deepak-antani-honoured-at-limca-book-of-records-for-playing-role-of-mahatma-gandhi--11042/1 |title=બાપુ નહીં પણ બાપુ તરીકે ઓળખાતા અભિનેતાનું નામ Limca Book of Recordsમાં નોંધાયું |date=13 October 2022|work=Gujarati Midday|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; His performance as Gandhi in ''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]'' (2023), directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], received national attention.&lt;ref name=BH1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-motion-poster-deepak-antani-vs-chinmay-mandlekar-rajkumar-santoshi-directorial/ |title=Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh Motion Poster: It is Deepak Antani vs Chinmay Mandlekar in Rajkumar Santoshi directorial |date=27 December 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BT1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-poster-released-filmmaker-rajkumar-santoshi-makes-a-comeback-after-9-yrs-357923-2022-12-27 |title='Gandhi-Godse Ek Yudh' poster released; filmmaker Rajkumar Santoshi makes a comeback after 9 yrs |date=27 December 2022|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TH1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-first-look-of-rajkumar-santoshis-film-unveiled/article66311583.ece |title='Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh': First look of Rajkumar Santoshi's film unveiled |date=27 December 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=LT1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/photos/entertainment/first-poster-of-rajkumar-santoshis-comeback-film-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-unveiled/first-poster-of-rajkumar-santoshis-comeback-film-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-unveiled-8/?utm_source=lokmattimes.com&amp;utm_medium=infiniteGallery-Desktop |title=First poster of Rajkumar Santoshi's comeback film Gandhi Godse-Ek Yudh unveiled! |date=27 December 2022|work=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also played the role in the international film ''Gandhiji My Mentor'' (2016) and stage play ''M.K. Gandhi Hazir Ho'' (2019), which has been performed across India. Antani holds records in both the [[Limca Book of Records]] (2020–22) and India Book of Records (2019) for the maximum number of performances as Mahatma Gandhi on stage and screen.&lt;ref name=TOI5&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/pagal-kar-diya-toone/movieshow/67472741.cms |title=A contemporary take on Gandhi and his life |date=20 September 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=LS1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3360797/who-is-deepak-antatni-playing-mahatma-gandhi-role-in-rajkumar-santoshi-movie-gandhi-godase-ek-yuddha-photos-kak-96/6/ |title=Photos: 'गांधी गोडसे: एक युद्ध'मध्ये महात्मा गांधींची भूमिका साकारणारा अभिनेता कोण? |date=27 December 2022|work=[[Loksatta]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AT1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-mahatma-gandhi-nathuram-godse-who-is-deepak-antani-chinmay-mandlekar-film-teaser-tmovk-1607617-2023-01-04 |title=Gandhi Godse ek yudh: चर्चा में फिल्म 'गांधी गोडसेः एक युद्ध', कौन हैं लीड रोल निभाने वाले एक्टर? |date=4 January 2023|work=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HN1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DB1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/bollywood/news/with-gandhi-in-satyana-prabhoyo-to-be-gandhi-in-the-film-one-has-to-be-like-gandhi-in-130783368.html |title='ગાંધીજી'નો ઇન્ટરવ્યૂ:હવે અમદાવાદના 'ગાંધી' હિન્દી ફિલ્મમાં ગોડસે સામે બાથ ભીડશે, દીપક અંતાણીને જોઇને કહેશો, 'આ તો અસ્સલ ગાંધીજી જ લાગે છે!' |date=11 January 2023|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;&lt;ref name=RF1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepak-antani-he-has-the-most-performances-as-gandhi/20230120.htm |title=How I Finally Played Gandhi In A Film |date=20 January 2023|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/gandhi-godse-actor-deepak-antani-holds-record-playing-mk-gandhi-number-times/| title=Gandhi Godse actor Deepak Antani holds the record of playing MK Gandhi most number of times |date=23 January 2023|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mayapuri.com/hi/latest-news/deepak-antani-yes-i-have-got-gandhijis-seal | title=Deepak Antani: हां, मुझे गांधी जी की मुहर मिली है। |date=29 January 2023 | work=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NN1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bollywood/actors-who-brought-mahatma-gandhi-to-life-ben-kingsley-naseeruddin-shah-and-others-2706022 | title=Actors who brought Mahatma Gandhi to life: Ben Kingsley, Naseeruddin Shah and others |date=27 September 2024 | work=News Nine |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=EB2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/national-martyrs-day-from-oscar-winning-actor-ben-kingsley-to-deepak-antani-7-actors-who-brought-mahatma-gandhi-to-life-onscreen-enn25013001251 | title=National Martyr's Day: From Oscar-Winning Actor Ben Kingsley to Deepak Antani, 7 Actors Who Brought the Mahatma to Life Onscreen |date=30 January 2025 | work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SWM1/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> <br /> Deepak Antani was born in [[Bhuj]], in the [[Kutch district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. He completed a [[Diploma (India)|Diploma]] in [[Electrical engineering]] with distinction. Later, he pursued his passion for performing arts and earned a Bachelor of Performing Arts in Dramatics from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. Before becoming a full-time actor, he worked as an [[Electrician|electrical technician]] at [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]]. (IPCL) and as a production assistant at [[Doordarshan]], India's national broadcaster.&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;&lt;ref name=SWM1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://stories.workmob.com/deepak-antani-arts-entertainment | title=Deepak Madhukant Antani, Always Been an Avid Follower of Art and Films &amp; Has an Extensive Experience in the Field of Entertainment | work=Workmob |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> Deepak Antani began his career as a production assistant at Doordarshan, [[Ahmedabad]], and later served as the Programming Head at [[Viacom18|ETV]] (now Colors Gujarati). He also worked as a consultant for various regional Gujarati TV channels, including [[GSTV]] and Soham TV.&lt;ref name=ST1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.sangritoday.com/deepak-antani-eye-catching-entry-to-bollywood-as-gandhi-in-rajkumar-santoshis-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh |title=DEEPAK ANTANI – eye catching entry to Bollywood as Gandhi in Rajkumar Santoshi's &quot;Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh&quot; |date=12 January 2023|work=Sangri Today|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://gujarati.pratilipi.com/read/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82-%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95-%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80-qoq4iw6hucwm-6134c590xo789p1 | title=ઇન્ટરવ્યૂ – દિપક અંતાણી – પ્રતિલિપિ | work=[[Pratilipi]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SWM1/&gt;<br /> <br /> He made his directorial debut in [[Gujarati cinema]] with ''Bhav Bhav Na Bharthar'' in 2000, which won regional film awards.&lt;ref name=TOI1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/deepak-antani-yet-to-finalize-heroine-for-his-next-gujarati-film/articleshow/36151139.cms |title=Deepak Antani yet to find a heroine for his next Gujarati film |date=6 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, he has acted in more than 25 [[List of Gujarati films|Gujarati]] and [[Lists of Hindi films|Hindi]] films and over 30 television serials. He has also written, directed, and performed in many [[Play (theatre)|stage plays]], [[short film]]s, and documentaries focusing on Indian history and social themes.&lt;ref name=LS1/&gt;&lt;ref name=AT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=HN1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-rajkumar-santoshi-movie-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-will-clash-with-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-who-is-deepak-antani-chinmay-mandlekar-5170415.html |title=शाहरुख खान की 'पठान' से होगी 'गांधी गोडसेः एक युद्ध' की टक्कर, जानें कौन हैं लीड रोल निभाने वाले एक्टर? |date=5 January 2023|work=[[News18 India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Antani is best known for his long-standing portrayal of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He played Gandhi in ''Gandhiji My Mentor'' (2016), which was screened at several international film festivals and later released on [[ZEE5]] and YouTube.&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt; In 2023, he portrayed Gandhi in ''[[Gandhi Godse - Ek Yudh]]'' (2023), directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]],&lt;ref name=BH1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=TH1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PM1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/67776/Rajkumar-Santoshi-unveils-the-motion-poster-of-his-film-Gandhi-Godse-Ek-Yudh-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-January-.html |title=Rajkumar Santoshi unveils the motion poster of his film Gandhi-Godse Ek Yudh; movie to hit theatres on January 26, 2023 |date=27 December 2022|work=Peeping Moon|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=LT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ANI1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/rajkumar-santoshis-daughter-tanisha-unveils-first-look-from-debut-movie-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh20221228185953/ |title=Photos: Rajkumar Santoshi's daughter Tanisha unveils first look from debut movie 'Gandhi Godse Ek Yudh' |date=28 December 2022|work=[[Asian News International]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RF1/&gt;&lt;ref name=GS1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chitralok/another-gujarati-in-the-role-of-gandhi-deepak-antani | title=ગાંધીના રોલમાં એક વધુ ગુજરાતી – દીપક અંતાણી |date=10 February 2023 | work=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]'' (2023), directed by [[Shyam Benegal]].&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=EB1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gu/!state/film-maker-shyam-benegal-has-special-relation-with-gujarat-actor-deepak-antani-remembers-him-gujarat-news-gjs24122405610 | title=ફિલ્મ નિર્માતા શ્યામ બેનેગલનો ગુજરાત સાથે રહ્યો અનેરો નાતો, ગુજરાતી કલાકાર દીપક અંતાણીએ વાગોળ્યા સંસ્મરણો – SHYAM BENEGAL GUJARAT RELATION |date=24 December 2024 | work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=EB2/&gt; He also played the same role in ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' (2025), which was released in 2025 and produced by [[Dharma Productions]].&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;&lt;ref name=FW1/&gt;<br /> <br /> On stage, Antani has performed as Gandhi in more than 190 shows. His notable theatrical works include ''[[Yugpurush (play)|Yugpurush]]'' (2016), which depicted Gandhi's spiritual journey, and ''M. K. Gandhi Hazir Ho'' (since 2019), a solo play that he also wrote and directed.&lt;ref name=TOI5/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt; Yugpurush became part of a record-breaking theatrical run with over 1000 performances in India and abroad.&lt;ref name=CG1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://connectgujarat.com/exhibition-of-paintings-by-indian-and-african-artists-on-mahatma-gandhi-opens-in-vadodara/ |title=Exhibition of Paintings by Indian and African Artists on Mahatma Gandhi opens in Vadodara |date=17 December 2019|work=Connect Gujarat|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;&lt;ref name=SWM1/&gt;<br /> <br /> His image and voice as Gandhi have been featured in several museum exhibits and digital projects. These include ''Walk with Gandhiji'' at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum]] in New Delhi, ''Talk with Bapu'' at [[Mahatma Gandhi Museum, Rajkot]], and an exhibit at the Gandhi Tower in [[Patna]].&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt; He has also appeared in government-supported documentaries such as ''Jang-e-Azadi'', ''Vishwa Manav Mahatma Gandhi'' and ''Gandhiji Amdavad Ma''.&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=AT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;&lt;ref name=SWM1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Antani recently directed the Gujarati feature film ''[[Goti Lo]] (2025)'', continuing his contribution to socially relevant narratives in regional [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].&lt;ref name=DB2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/bollywood/news/gujarati-film-goti-lo-release-rathyatra-deepak-antani-135289170.html | title=દીપક અંતાણીની ફિલ્મ 'ગોતી લો' આજથી સિનેમાઘરોમાં રિલીઝ: મનોજ જોશીના લીડ રોલમાં બનેલી આ ફિલ્મ નાનપણની યાદોને ફરી એકવાર તાજી કરી દેશે |date=26 June 2025| work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=2 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ST2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.sangritoday.com/spotlight/manoj-joshis-gujarati-film-goti-lo-highlights-losing-the-real-world-to-the-lure-of-the-virtual-one | title=Manoj Joshi's Gujarati film 'Goti Lo' highlights losing the real world to the lure of the virtual one |date=22 May 2025| work=Sangri Today |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Writer<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 2000<br /> | ''Bhav Bhav Na Bharthar''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | Streaming on [[Hotstar]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI1/&gt;&lt;ref name=LS1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016<br /> | ''Kanku Purayu Maa Amba Na Chok Ma''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | Revised Title is ''Dil Ma Vasto Desh'', Streaming on [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo Gujarati]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI1/&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/deepak-antani-is-going-to-make-a-devotional-movie-after-kanku/articleshow/36289362.cms |title=Director Deepak Antani's next Gujarati movie will be a devotional |date=9 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Gandhiji My Mentor''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''Pritam Apni Paheli Prit''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI1/&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI2/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019<br /> | ''Daddy I Love You''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | Gujarati<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI3&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/daddy-i-love-you-official-trailer/videoshow/67456129.cms |title=Daddy I Love You – Official Trailer |date=9 Jan 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pagal Kar Diya Toone''<br /> | Dhanraj Sheth<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI4&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/pagal-kar-diya-toone/movieshow/67472741.cms |title=Pagal Kar Diya Toone Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos |date=10 Jan 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''Love You Pappu''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | ''Thank You Boss''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | Streaming on [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo Gujarati]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI6&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/thank-you-boss-official-trailer/videoshow/89644856.cms |title=Thank You Boss – Official Trailer |date=17 February 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI7&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/thank-you-boss/movieshow/89644691.cms |title=Thank You Boss Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos |date=17 February 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Maare Shu''<br /> | News Debater<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Gujarati<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI8&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/maare-shu/movieshow/94401569.cms |title=Maare Shu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos |date=23 September 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2023<br /> | ''[[Lakiro]]''<br /> | Judge<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Gujarati<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]''<br /> | [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | Directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=BH1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=TH1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ANI1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | Indo-Bangla Film Directed by [[Shyam Benegal]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;&lt;ref name=EB1/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2025<br /> | ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Hindi<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;&lt;ref name=FW1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Kesari+Chapter+2-2025-10080183/cast/actors | title=Kesari Chapter 2 (2025) |date=5 May 2025 | work=[[Filmweb]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Auntypreneur''<br /> | Himanshu Bhai<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Gujarati<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=IFH1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/crew/deepak-antani | title=Deepak Antani Filmography and Biography | work=Indian Film History |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IFH2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/auntypreneur-2025 | title=Auntypreneur Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review | work=Indian Film History |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Goti Lo]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | Also Executive producer and lyricist<br /> |&lt;ref name=ST2/&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;&lt;ref name=TV9&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/entertainment/gujarati-cinema/gujarati-film-goti-lo-film-to-release-on-27-june-2025-1257510.html |title=હેંગ થઈ ગયેલી લાઈફને રિચાર્જ કરવાનો OTP એટલે ફિલ્મ&quot;ગોતી લો&quot; અષાઢી બીજના દિવસે રિલીઝ થશે |date=18 June 2025|work=TV9 Gujarati|access-date=19 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SD1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sandesh.com/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-goti-lo-brings-childhood-alive-and-highlights-gujarati-tradition-the-film-releasing-27th-june-2025 |title=બાળપણને જીવંત કરતી, ગુજરાતી પરંપરાને ઉજાગર કરતી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'ગોતી લો' |date=17 June 2025|work=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|access-date=19 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Web series==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''<br /> | Gujarati Driver<br /> | Hindi<br /> | Season 1, Episode 7 Paradise, Streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2022<br /> | ''Kalyanmurti Shrimadji Ni Jivangatha''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | With co-actress [[Rohini Hattangadi]], Streaming on 1 OTT YouTube Channel<br /> |&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=LS1/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Channel<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | [[Sony SAB]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> | Episode 2832<br /> |&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Barrister Babu]]''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | [[Colors TV]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> | Episode 136 and 137<br /> |&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2024<br /> | ''Sardar: The Game Changer''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | [[List of programs broadcast by DD National|DD National]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> | As a young and old Gandhiji in Episodes 1 to 30<br /> |&lt;ref name=MK&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/k-c-bokadias-historic-serial-sardar-the-game-changer-to-air-on-dd-national-from-march-10th/ |title=K.C. Bokadia's Historic Serial 'Sardar: The Game Changer' to Air on DD National from March 10th |date=7 March 2024|work=Morning Kashmir|access-date=5 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BY1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://bollyy.com/latest-news/launch-of-tv-serial-sardar-the-game-changer-4239913 | title=Launch of TV serial SARDAR THE GAME CHANGER |date=5 March 2024 | work=Bollyy |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BW1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://bollywoodtown.in/k-c-bokadias-historic-serial-sardar-the-game-changer-to-air-on-dd-national/ | title=K.C. Bokadia's historic serial 'Sardar: The Game Changer' to air on DD National |date=10 March 2024 | work=Bollywood Town |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Theater Play==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Writer<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | ''Sardar Patel''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Gujarati<br /> | Supported by Gujarat State Sangeet Natak Academy<br /> |&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;&lt;ref name=MP1/&gt;&lt;ref name=PL1/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Yugpurush (play)|Yugpurush]]''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | Gujarati and Hindi<br /> | Produced by [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] Mission Dharampur<br /> |&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST1/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2019<br /> | ''M.K. Gandhi Hazir Ho''<br /> | [[Mahatma Gandhi|M.K. Gandhi]]<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Hindi<br /> | Performed for Global Art Festival and Sponsored by [[Gujarat Tourism]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=TOI5/&gt;&lt;ref name=CG1/&gt;&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DB1/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Social and Cultural Contributions ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Deepak Antani with Mansukh Mandaviya during the Padyatra on the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Deepak Antani with [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] during the [[2019 Gandhi March|Padyatra]] on the 150th birth anniversary of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]<br /> In January 2019, Deepak Antani participated in a [[2019 Gandhi March|150-kilometre Gandhi Padyatra]] across [[Gujarat]], led by Union Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]], along with [[Dileepbhai Sanghani]] and [[Parshottam Rupala]]. The padyatra aimed to promote basic education and Gandhian values. Antani, appearing as [[Mahatma Gandhi]], delivered public speeches during the journey to engage communities on themes of truth, non-violence, and self-reliance.&lt;ref name=BBC1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/india-46972900 |title=જ્યારે હું ગાંધી બનીને ગુજરાતનાં 150 ગામડાંમાં ફર્યો |date=23 January 2019|work=[[BBC Gujarati]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/world-47074523 | title=මහත්මා ගාන්ධි ජීවමාන කරන ඉන්දියානු නළුවා |date=1 February 2019| work=[[BBC]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=PIB1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187573 | title=Shri Mansukh Mandaviya undertakes PadYatra on 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi |date=17 January 2019| work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NDTV1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/150-kilometre-march-in-gujarat-for-mahatma-gandhis-birth-anniversary-1978077 | title=150-Kilometre March In Gujarat For Mahatma Gandhi's Birth Anniversary |date=15 January 2019| work=[[NDTV India]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> <br /> Deepak Antani was featured in the [[Limca Book of Records]] (2020–2022) and the India Book of Records (2019) for the most performances as [[Mahatma Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=AT1/&gt;&lt;ref name=RF1/&gt;&lt;ref name=BH2/&gt;&lt;ref name=NN1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bollywood/actors-who-brought-mahatma-gandhi-to-life-ben-kingsley-naseeruddin-shah-and-others-2706022 | title=Actors who brought Mahatma Gandhi to life: Ben Kingsley, Naseeruddin Shah and others |date=27 September 2024 | work=News Nine |access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=EB2/&gt; He won Best Actor for ''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]'' at the Maharaja Film Festival&lt;ref name=GJ1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-news-maharaja-film-festival-awards-hosted-oscar-reacher-last-show-awarded-world-wide-blockbuster-film-178879 | title=Ahmedabad News: મહારાજા ફિલ્મ ફેસ્ટિવલ એવોર્ડ્સનું આયોજન, ઓસ્કાર સુધી પહોંચેલી ફિલ્મ છેલ્લો શોને વર્લ્ડ-વાઈડ બ્લોકબસ્ટર ફિલ્મનો એવોર્ડ |date=14 August 2023 | work=[[Jagran New Media|Gujarati Jagran]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received a special award at the Transmedia Gujarati Awards (2024) for his portrayal of Gandhi.&lt;ref name=GM1/&gt;&lt;ref name=LS1/&gt;&lt;ref name=GM2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/21st-transmedia-award-nominations-of-gujarati-dramas-and-films-announced-see-full-list-here-212272 | title=ટ્રાન્સમીડિયા એવૉર્ડના ૨૧મા વર્ષના ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો-નાટકોના નૉમિનેશન જાહેર, જુઓ લિસ્ટ |date=4 February 2024 | work=Gujarati Midday|access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> * [[Gujarati theatre]]<br /> * [[List of Gujarati films]]<br /> * [[List of Indian film directors]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm8013741}}<br /> * {{Instagram|antanideepak}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Antani, Deepak}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati theatre]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bhuj]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre directors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati people]]<br /> [[Category:World record holders]]<br /> [[Category:Mahatma_Gandhi]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kutch district]]<br /> [[Category:Kutchi_people]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailesh_Kumar_Bandopadhyay&diff=461254 2026-01-18T09:19:02Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Gandhian activist and historian (1926–2016)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|03|10|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chakradharpur]], [[Jharkhand]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|10|24|1926|03|10|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = [[Social activist]], Gandhian<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]&lt;br&gt;Ananda Puroskar&lt;br&gt;Ashalata Puroskar&lt;br&gt;Annada Shankar Literary Award<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay''' (10 March 1926 – 24 October 2016) was an Indian social activist and [[Gandhian]], who was a close associate of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi Man of peace&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ipeace.us/group/gandhimanofpeace/forum/topics/shailesh-kumar-bandopadhya | title=Gandhi Man of peace | access-date=9 August 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff Interview&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2010, with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award, for his services to the fields of medicine and public health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57307 | title=Padma announcement | access-date=7 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> [[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait Gandhi]]<br /> Sailesh Kumar Bandyopadhyay was born on 10 March 1926, at [[Chakradharpur]], in the erstwhile [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], presently in the [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/alphabrowse/results?from=Bandyopadhyay,%20Ramananda,%201936-&amp;source=author | title=Birth | access-date=9 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father was an Indian Railways employee with moderate financial resources. The young Sailesh soon came under the influence of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and, after passing [[matriculation]] in 1942, he joined [[Quit India Movement]] and was arrested twice by the [[British India]] police.&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ipeace.us/group/gandhimanofpeace/forum/topics/shailesh-kumar-bandopadhya | title=iPeace bio | access-date=9 August 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1944, Bandyopadhyay joined the [[trade union movement]] at [[Tatanagar]], which was being led by known trade union activists such as Abdul Bari, [[Michael John (trade unionist)|Michael John]] and Moni Ghosh. Two years later, in 1946, he joined [[Indian National Congress]]. Soon, he rose up in ranks and in 1951, he became the Office Secretary of the ''District Congress Committee'', with the responsibility of the ''Gandhian Village Reconstruction Centre'', near [[Jamshedpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1951, Bandyopadhyay joined the All India Spinner's Association, known locally as ''Charkha Sangh'', [[Sevagram]] and worked there till 1961. During this time, he was also involved in the [[Bhoodan movement]]. In 1961, he selected as the deputy director of the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] where he worked till 1984 when he retired from service as its deputy chief executive officer. Prior to his retirement, he also worked as the administration director of the commission in [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[West Bengal]]. He was also in charge of the Gandhi Centenary Celebration Committee as its chief executive in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The next two decades saw Bandyopadhyay working in different organizations such as Gandhi Smarak Nidhi, as its secretary, the Khadi Mission as its joint convenor, member of the committee of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission, headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], chairman of the Central Certification Committee on Khadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, he was again selected as the member of the Khadi committee. Bandopadhyay continued to work in the rural areas with many organisations, involved in the promotion of the poor.&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bandyopadhyay died on 24 October 2016, at the age of 90.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=সভাসমিতি ।। বিশিষ্ট গান্ধীবাদী স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী পদ্মভূষণ ও আনন্দ পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত লেখক কেন্দ্রীয় খাদি বোর্ডের অধিকর্তা শৈলেশকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়- এর স্মরণ সভা। |url=https://www.facebook.com/alameen.barta/posts/pfbid02rL3z1d4VSihwAhpXDaf1U6wyU6L8S1diHtvs48pKztsWreNGRSTSZAEjC1j8N7X1l |website=Al Ameen Barta on Facebook |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=বিশিষ্ট গান্ধীবাদী পদ্মভূষণ ও আনন্দ পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত 'দাঙ্গার ইতিহাস' লেখক খাদি বোর্ডের প্রাক্তন অধ্যক্ষ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী শৈলেশকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় আজ সকাল সাড়ে 6 টায় প্রয়াত হয়েছেন । বেলা 12 টার সময় তাঁর দেহ নীলরতন সরকার হাসপাতালে দান করা হবে। |url=https://www.facebook.com/ruma.nag.7/posts/pfbid02MsZRghkYzifgNNQhmnuDzr6UG39UE9nFZgLnS2R2jvLpf5svoSvWBLQAr12sdZp5l?locale=pt_BR |website=Ruma Mazumder Nag on Facebook |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Positions==<br /> [[File:Quit India Movement.ogv|right|thumb|Video footage of the days during [[Quit India Movement]].]]<br /> * Secretary District Congress Committee – 1946 to 1951&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Deputy Director – [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] – 1961&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Chief Executive&amp;nbsp;— Gandhi Centenary Committee – 1969&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Chief Executive Officer – [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] – 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Member&amp;nbsp;— [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] – 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Secretary&amp;nbsp;— Gandhi Smarak Nidhi&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/interview/inter-use-khadi-to-beat-global-warming-woes/20090821.htm | title=Rediff Interview | access-date=9 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Joint Convenor&amp;nbsp;— Khadi Mission&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Chairman, Central Certification Committee on Khadi&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognitions==<br /> * [[Padma Bhushan]] – 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma announcement&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Ananda Puroskar&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Ashalata Puroskar – [[Viswa Bharati University]]&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Annada Shankar Literary Award – [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;iPeace bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Writings==<br /> Sailesh Kumar Bandhopadyaya was a prolific writer and one of his books, ''Gandhi Parikrama'', is prescribed by the [[University of Calcutta]] as text for the three year honors degree on [[Philosophy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Text&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/syllabus/Philosophy.pdf | title=Text | access-date=9 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/mynonviolence/my_nonviolence.htm | title=Peace, Non violence and Conflict Resolution | publisher=Navajivan Mudranalaya | editor=Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyaya | date=November 1960 | location= Ahmedabad | isbn=81-7229-223-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sailesh Kumar |year=2012 |chapter=Basu, Kshudiram |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Basu,_Kshudiram |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sailesh Kumar |year=2012 |chapter=Datta, Kalpana |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Datta,_Kalpana |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> * Sailesh Kumar Bandyopadhyay delivering the presidential address&amp;nbsp;— on [[Flickr]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Presidential address&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.surfat10.com/climateicare/blog3.php/seminar-on-the-significance-of | title=Presidential address | access-date=9 August 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024750/http://www.surfat10.com/climateicare/blog3.php/seminar-on-the-significance-of | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Sailesh Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:2016 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]<br /> [[Category:Gandhians]]<br /> [[Category:Quit India Movement]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:People from West Singhbhum district]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raj_Dogra&diff=474083 2026-01-07T16:00:09Z

<p>Robigk: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''Hans Raj Dogra''' (died August 1999) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress ]]. Dogra was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from Doda constituency in 1967 and 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;jammulinksnews&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/108517/Jammu-Links-News-Sat_pays_tributes_to_Ex_MLA_Hans_Raj_Dogra|publisher=jammulinksnews.com|title=Sat pays tributes to Ex MLA Hans Raj Dogra - Jammu Links News|accessdate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyexcelsior&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/obc-maha-sabha-pays-tributes-ex-mla-hans-raj-dogra/|publisher=dailyexcelsior.com|title=OBC Maha Sabha pays tributes to ex-MLA Hans Raj Dogra|date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;india&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Former J&amp;K BJP MLA passes away &amp;#124; Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/former-jandk-bjp-mla-passes-away_253554.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226045906/http://zeenews.india.com/home/former-jandk-bjp-mla-passes-away_253554.html |archive-date=2017-02-26 |accessdate=2017-02-25 |publisher=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dogra, Hans Raj}}<br /> [[Category:People from Jammu]]<br /> [[Category:Dogra people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]<br /> [[Category:1931 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1972–1977]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netaji_Indoor_Stadium&diff=454552 2025-12-26T07:26:26Z

<p>Robigk: cleanup page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sports venue in Kolkata, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{infobox venue<br /> | name = Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium<br /> | image = Netaji Indoor Stadium - Kolkata 2014-08-25 7446-7450 Compress.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium<br /> | former_names = <br /> | location = Kolkata, West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22|33|58.06|N|88|20|30|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | broke_ground = 1950<br /> | built = 1975<br /> | opened = 1975<br /> | renovated = 2004<br /> | expanded = <br /> | closed = <br /> | demolished = <br /> | owner = [[Governor of West Bengal]]<br /> | operator = [[Governor of West Bengal]]<br /> | surface = <br /> | scoreboard = <br /> | estimated_cost = <br /> | suites = <br /> | architect = <br /> | project_manager = <br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | general_contractor = <br /> | main_contractors = <br /> | capacity = 15,000<br /> | executive_suites = <br /> | dimensions = 60m radius<br /> | acreage = <br /> | tenants = [[Sunfeast Open]] (until 2008) &lt;br /&gt; [[Bengal Warriors]] (since 2014) &lt;br /&gt; IFA [[Futsal]] Championship<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium''' is an [[indoor arena|indoor sports arena]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The facility seats 12,000 people. This indoor stadium is located just beside the [[Eden Gardens]]. It used to host the [[Sunfeast Open]], a [[WTA Tour]] [[tennis]] tournament. Other international events hosted by the Stadium include the [[1981 Asian Basketball Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Netaji Indoor Stadium: Kolkata's Basketball Colosseum|date=21 November 2016|access-date=18 August 2017|publisher=[[NBA]]|url=http://india.nba.com/news/court-chronicles/netaji-indoor-stadium-kolkatas-basketball-colosseum/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819023804/http://india.nba.com/news/court-chronicles/netaji-indoor-stadium-kolkatas-basketball-colosseum/|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently it is best known as the home of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team [[Bengal Warriors]] and [[Mohammedan SC Futsal]].<br /> <br /> The Netaji Indoor Stadium hosts a wide range of activities, from sporting events to cultural programmes. It is a venue for both national and international [[trade fairs]]. It is also used as a center of counting of votes during elections.<br /> <br /> The venue was inaugurated in 1975 by the then [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], for indoor games and cultural events, musical functions and other programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=~::West Bengal Youth and Sports Department ::~ |url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/index.php/netajiindoor |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of indoor arenas in India]]<br /> * [[List of tennis stadiums by capacity]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tennis venues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indoor arenas in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose]]<br /> [[Category:Kabaddi venues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues completed in 1975]]<br /> [[Category:1975 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball venues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Futsal venues]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton venues]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-sports-venue-stub}}<br /> {{tennis-venue-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhargavram_Vitthal_Warerkar&diff=462377 2025-12-22T22:58:42Z

<p>Robigk: quick cleaned up section after review and added references for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Mama Warerkar]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sillakkudi_railway_station&diff=535904 2025-12-09T01:43:29Z

<p>Robigk: created pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Sillakkudi<br /> | name_lang = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = ta<br /> | symbol = <br /> | symbol_location = <br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br /> | style = {{Chord Line, Tamil Nadu}}<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | address = <br /> | borough = Tiruchchirappalli Railway Division<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11|05|50.0|N|79|02|15.0|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | grid_name = <br /> | grid_position = <br /> | elevation = {{convert|69|m}}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]<br /> | manager = <br /> | transit_authority = <br /> | line = [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Viluppuram–Trichy Chord Line]]<br /> | distance = <br /> | platforms = 2<br /> | tracks = 5<br /> | train_operators = <br /> | connections = <br /> | structure = <br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = <br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | accessible = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = SLTH<br /> | zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br /> | division = {{abbrlink|Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli railway division}}<br /> }}<br /> | iata = <br /> | zone = Southern Railway Zone<br /> | classification = <br /> | website = <br /> | opened = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | opening = <br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = <br /> | former = <br /> | original = <br /> | pregroup = <br /> | postgroup = <br /> | prenational = <br /> | years = <br /> | events = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | services = <br /> | other_services = <br /> | other_services_collapsible = <br /> | other_services_header = <br /> | other_services2 = <br /> | other_services2_collapsible = <br /> | other_services2_header = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | route_map = {{Chord Line, Tamil Nadu}}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-custom = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sillakkudi railway station''' (station code:SLTH) is an NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sr_stn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=4 |date=1 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves Sillakkudi, located in [[Perambalur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of now it is the only railway station serving the entire Perambalur district. It is located between {{Stnlnk|Ariyalur}} and {{Stnlink|Kallagam}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Departures from Sillakkudi |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/4828 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=April 2024}} There is an industrial spur line going towards Chettinad Cement Factory from this railway station which creates a considerable revenue for Southern ys<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Trichy railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Perambalur district]]<br /> <br /> {{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Point_Golf_Club&diff=498081 2025-09-29T19:39:50Z

<p>Robigk: starting a post basic info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Golf Course in Vizag, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox golf facility<br /> |name=East Point Golf Club<br /> |establishment=1884<br /> |website=https://epgc.in/<br /> |tournaments=[[2023 Professional Golf Tour of India|2023 PGTI]] Vizag Open<br /> |image=Aerial view of East Point Golf Course.png<br /> |caption=Aerial view of East Point Golf Course<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|17.7675|83.3027|display=inline,title}}<br /> |embedded =<br /> {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|type=shape|id=Q125145591|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#0e2c6c|text=East Point Golf Course}}<br /> <br /> |course1 = East Point Golf Course<br /> |holes=18<br /> |par1 = 71<br /> |length1 = {{convert|5,850|yd|m|-1}}<br /> |rating1 = 66.7<br /> |slope1 = 113<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:East Point Golf Club view.png|thumb|268x268px|Golfers at East Point Golf Course during Vizag Open 2023]]<br /> '''East Point Golf Club''' is a [[golf course]] started in 1884 in [[Visakhapatnam]]. It is one of the very few golf courses in the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, with others being a defense golf course handled by the [[Indian Navy]] in Vizag and another one in [[Rajahmundry]] called the Godavari golf course by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=East Point Golf Club |url=https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/courses/36121-east-point-golf-club |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Golf Advisor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-05 |title=Andhra Pradesh government planning to establish golf courses to promote tourism, says Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-government-planning-to-establish-golf-courses-to-promote-tourism-says-minister/article68721924.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explore Godavari Golf Club in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://golfandtravel.com/golf-courses/godavari-golf-club-rajahmundry-andhra-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was situated at the shore, where the [[VUDA Park]] is situated today, and was later constructed near the Mudasarlova Park. It has a total of 1400 members out of which 300 are active and it is run by 64 staff members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vizag |first=Team Yo! |date=2021-02-24 |title=Exploring the East Point Golf Club in Vizag from a member's perspective |url=https://www.yovizag.com/east-point-golf-club-epgc-vizag-from-members-perspective/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Vizag |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2022-04-04 |title=At the redesigned Visakhapatnam's East Point Golf Club, golfers across India are hitting the fairway in true style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/at-the-redesigned-visakhapatnams-east-point-golf-club-golfers-across-india-are-hitting-the-fairway-in-true-style/article65280922.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was upgraded to Category A Championship Course in 2021 and received the &quot;Best Renovated Golf Course Award&quot; at the GIA Summit 2022 in New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vizag |first=Team Yo! |date=2021-02-22 |title=Golf course in Vizag upgraded to Category- A Championship course |url=https://www.yovizag.com/golf-course-in-vizag-upgraded-to-category-a-championship-course/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Vizag |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tata Steel PGTI |url=https://pgtofindia.com/news/2469 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=pgtofindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | date=2021-02-20 |title=Naval chief inaugurates renovated golf course |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/naval-chief-inaugurates-renovated-golf-course/article33890822.ece |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The club held its first [[Professional Golf Tour of India|PGTI]] tournament from 18 to 23 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-09 |title=East Point Golf Club in Visakhapatnam to host Professional Golf Tour of India tournament from September 18 to 23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/east-point-golf-club-in-visakhapatnam-to-host-professional-golf-tour-of-india-tournament-from-september-18-to-23/article67177021.ece |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The golf course was established at East Point at the shore in 1884 for British officers stationed in Vizag and Indians were not allowed until 1964. The course was shut down in 1964 when a clash arose between Raja Sahib of Gangpur and other members and Gangpur raised the rent of land from 500 rupees per annum to 5000 rupees per annum. This is when Raja of Vizianagaram helped the club acquire 100 acres of land at Mudasarlova under lease for 99 years at 500 rupees per annum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=East Point Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.top100golfcourses.com/golf-course/east-point |access-date= |website=top100golfcourses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGJEAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22East%20Point%20Golf%20Club%22 |title=Bulletin of the Indian Coffee Board |date=1994 |publisher=Coffee Board. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://epgc.in/history.html | title=East Point Golf Club golf course located in Mudasarlova, Visakhapatnam }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the world wars, it was closed and was opened again in 1955 by a subsidiary of [[Caltex|Caltex Oil Refinery]] in India which later became [[Hindustan Petroleum]]. They maintained it till 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZkQr_ij5nAC&amp;dq=%22East%20Point%20Golf%20Club%22&amp;pg=PA32 |title=Yo Vizag April 2009 |publisher=Yo Vizag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tournaments ==<br /> <br /> * Vizag Open 2024 - October 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angad maintains lead on Day 2 in Vizag Open |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/angad-maintains-lead-on-day-2-in-vizag-open/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sun International Vizag Vista Golf Cup - January 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-01-12 |title=Women golfers exhibit exceptional skills |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/women-golfers-exhibit-exceptional-skills-936736 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Commons category|East Point Golf Club}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of golf courses in India]]<br /> * [[Sports in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Golf clubs and courses in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues in Visakhapatnam]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekta_Khosla&diff=498324 2025-09-26T19:19:28Z

<p>Robigk: starting the stub initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ekta Khosla<br /> | image = <br /> | yearsactive = 2005–present<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress}}<br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> '''Ekta Khosla''' is an Indian actress and former model who worked in Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil-language films.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> She worked as a model in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mundinam-paartheney-easy-grooving/articleshow/21904462.cms|title=Mundinam Paartheney: Easy grooving|website=Bangalore Mirror|date=20 March 2010|accessdate=1 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, at the Pond's [[Femina Miss India]] contest, she won the Sony My Miss India title.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/too-much-of-anything-is-bad-dutta/articleshow/586517.cms|title=Too much of anything is bad: Dutta|date=28 March 2004|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her Kannada debut with ''Thunta'' (2005) co-starring [[Balaji (actor)|Balaji]] playing the role of a college student.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tunta02.asp|title=Rebirth of 'Thunta'|date=2005|work=Viggy|access-date=29 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic wrote that she &quot;does not impress but looks good in the song sequences&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thunta/index.htm|title=Thunta Kannada movie review|work=webindia123|access-date=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, she won the title of Miss Beautiful Hair at the Feminia Miss India pageant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ektas-erotic-salsa/articleshow/4624768.cms|title=Ekta's erotic salsa|date=7 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, she made her Telugu debut with ''[[Poramboku]]''. She played a minor role in her second Kannada film ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' (2008).&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/19sld2-top-kannada-films-2008.htm|title=rediff.com: The Top Kannada Films, 2008|website=specials.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her Tamil debut with ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' (2010) in which she played a [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] trainer.&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Fun-foibles-and-%E2%80%A6-love/article16614664.ece|title=Fun, foibles and … love|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic wrote that &quot;Out of the three ladies, Ektha has more footage and delivers well&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mundhinam-paartheney--review-tamil-pclx5cgcjhfdh.html|title=Review : (2010)|date=16 November 2019|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116133241/https://www.sify.com/movies/mundhinam-paartheney--review-tamil-pclx5cgcjhfdh.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She took a hiatus from films and continued to work in ads while also working as a YouTuber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/@ektakhosla/videos | title=Ekta Khosla | website=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/p/Ekta-Khosla-100063714459612/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/@PodTalkWithEkta/videos | title=Pod Talk with Ekta | website=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> !class=unsortable| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''Thunta'' || Priya || [[Kannada]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Poramboku]]'' || Chaitra || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{fact|date=April 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' || Satya || Kannada || &lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' || Aarthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm3749171}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reeta_Sanyal&diff=530180 2025-07-02T07:04:21Z

<p>Robigk: details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Reeta Sanyal.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | genre = [[Legal drama|Legal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Comedy drama]]<br /> | writer = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Amit Khan]]<br /> *Deeptak Das<br /> }}<br /> | director = Abhirup Ghosh<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Adah Sharma]]<br /> * [[Rahul Dev]]<br /> * Manik Papneja<br /> * [[Ankur Rathee]]<br /> }}<br /> | opentheme = <br /> | endtheme = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = &lt;!-- or num_series --&gt;<br /> | num_episodes = 20 &lt;!--as of 30 November 2024. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--&gt;<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = {{ubl|Rajeshwar Nair|Krishnan Iyer}}<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | runtime = 17-27 minutes<br /> | company = Keylight Productions<br /> | network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|14}}<br /> | last_aired = present<br /> }}<br /> '''''Reeta Sanyal''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language pulp [[legal thriller|legal]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[TV series]] directed by Abhirup Ghosh. The show is based on [[Amit Khan|Amit Khan's]] series of crime thriller novels named ''Reeta Sanyal Ke Mukkadmein'' (translation: Reeta Sanyal's lawsuits). It was written and adapted for screen by Deeptak Das. Produced by Rajeshwar Nair and Krishnan Iyer under the banner Keylight Productions, it stars [[Adah Sharma]], [[Rahul Dev]], Manik Papneja and [[Ankur Rathee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Adah Sharma to play detective in Abhirup Ghosh's debut Hindi directorial Reeta Sanyal | website=Telegraph India | date=26 September 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/adah-sharma-to-play-detective-in-abhirup-ghoshs-debut-hindi-directorial-reeta-sanyal/cid/2050755}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series premiered on 14 October 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=OTT releases to watch this week: Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives, Reeta Sanyal, Shrinking Season 2, and more | website=Hindustan Times | date=18 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-releases-to-watch-this-week-fabulous-lives-vs-bollywood-wives-reeta-sanyal-shrinking-season-2-and-more-101729184113684.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Adah Sharma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Pande | first=Shreyas | title=Adah Sharma: I strive to be honest in front of the camera | website=Cinema Express | date=14 October 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2024/Oct/14/adah-sharma-i-strive-to-be-honest-in-front-of-the-camera}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Reeta Sanyal<br /> * [[Rahul Dev]] as M. Raj Thakral<br /> * Manik Papneja as Ishan Dwivedi<br /> * [[Ankur Rathee]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Nonika | title=Ankur Rathee, who is seen in the series Reeta Sanyal, believes the universe works on the law of abundance | website=The Tribune | date=17 October 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ankur-rathee-who-is-seen-in-the-series-reeta-sanyal-believes-the-universe-works-on-the-law-of-abundance/}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Jai Vardhan<br /> * Nirisha Basnett&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Vijaya | title=Nirisha Basnett: Having a godfather in the industry can make the journey easier and shorten the waiting game | website=The Times of India | date=15 October 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nirisha-basnett-having-a-godfather-in-the-industry-can-make-the-journey-easier-and-shorten-the-waiting-game/articleshow/114231867.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Zi<br /> * Surbhi Talodiya as Pari<br /> * Mukesh Agrohari as Acid Anna<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The series was announced on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] by Keylight Productions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Reeta Sanyal: Adah Sharma turns lawyer for Disney+ Hotstar show | website=India Today | date=25 September 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/reeta-sanyal-adah-sharma-turns-lawyer-for-disney-hotstar-show-2606287-2024-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hina Khan]] was considered for the role before it went to [[Adah Sharma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Chakraborty | first=Shamayita | title=Exclusive! Hina Khan to play the lead in Disney+ Hotstar web series by a Bengali director? Here is what we know | website=OTTPlay | date=31 May 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-hina-khan-to-play-lead-in-disney-hotstar-web-series-by-a-bengali-director/4f3078876c237}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=Adah Sharma takes center stage as 'Rapchick Reeta' in new Disney+ Hotstar show | website=The Statesman | date=1 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/adah-sharma-takes-center-stage-as-rapchick-reeta-in-new-disney-hotstar-show-1503315527.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title=ফের বাঙালি পরিচালকের সঙ্গে অদা শর্মা, শেষের পথে শুটিং | website=ETV Bharat News | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/%21entertainment/adah-sharma-starts-shooting-of-a-new-hindi-web-series-with-bengali-director-abhirup-ghosh-west-bengal-news-wbs24082704569}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Ankur Rathee shares his experience of the first day on the sets of Reeta Sanyal; says, &quot;It was a whirlwind&quot; : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=9 October 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ankur-rathee-shares-experience-first-day-sets-reeta-sanyal-says-whirlwind/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Debarati Palit | title=We're either chasing someone or being chased: Ankur Rathee | website=punemirror.com | date=30 October 2024 | url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/we-re-either-chasing-someone-or-being-chased-ankur-rathee/cid1730300247.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer of the series was released on 4 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Chakraborty | first=Urmi | title=Reeta Sanyal trailer: Adah Sharma plays lawyer in quirky crime thriller | website=Telegraph India | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/reeta-sanyal-trailer-adah-sharma-plays-lawyer-in-quirky-crime-thriller/cid/2053176}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> According to Ormax Media, which estimates audience views, Reeta Sanyal secured the second spot on the list of the most-watched streaming originals in India, with approx. 2.5 million views each week. Reeta Sanyal became the most-watched fictional series on OTT during its run.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Irani | first=Shaheen | title=Adah Sharma's Reeta Sanyal overpowers Bhuvan Bam's Taaza Khabar 2 on OTT | website=OTTPlay | date=21 October 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/adah-sharmas-reeta-sanyal-overpowers-bhuvan-bams-taaza-khabar-2-on-ott-see-full-list/96ba0557b0481}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sarthak of Gurucool writes &quot;What sets Reeta Sanyal apart from other thrillers is its ability to evoke genuine emotion while maintaining the suspenseful thrill&quot;. The Production and the lead performances were praised.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Entertainment | first=Sarthak | title= Reeta Sanyal Review Thrilling Emotional | website=Gurucool | date=17 October 2024 | url=https://www.gurucool.life/blogs/reeta-sanyal-review-thrilling-emotional}}&lt;/ref&gt; Entertainment Portal Binged Bureau wrote &quot;Adah Sharma is a perfect choice to play the titular character Reeta. Her portrayal makes the role more vulnerable and witty. She’s relatable and you end up rooting for her&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Bureau Review | first=Binged | title=Reeta Sanyal Review – Adah Sharma Holds the Fort in an Entertaining Legal Drama | website=Binged | date=14 October 2024 | url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/reeta-sanyal-series-review/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lipika Verma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' writes &quot;Adah Sharma Shines in Reeta Sanyal, embraces diverse roles&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Lipika | title=Adah Sharma shines in Reeta Sanyal, embraces diverse roles.<br /> | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=19 October 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/adah-sharma-shines-in-reeta-sanyal-embraces-diverse-roles-1831266}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/reeta-sanyal/1271332761 ''Reeta Sanyal''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br /> <br /> {{Disney+ Hotstar|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thabore&diff=540143 2025-06-10T16:14:58Z

<p>Robigk: created new article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more footnotes needed|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Thabore <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = Thabore Road Map.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Route map<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|15|0|N|75|27|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 670511<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 04602<br /> | registration_plate = KL 59<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 99%<br /> | website = <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Thabore00.jpg|thumb|Thabore Hills]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Thabore02.jpg|thumb|Scenery from Thabore]]<br /> [[File:St Josephs LP School Thabore.jpg|thumb|St Josephs LP School Thabore]]<br /> <br /> '''Thabore''' is a hill top village in [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. Some parts of Thabore comes under [[Udayagiri, Kerala]] [[gram panchayat]] and the rest under [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)]] gram panchayat. [[Tourists]] come here to see the scenery of the hill station.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} A statue of Jesus Christ has been recently{{when|date=October 2020}}? installed on the hilltop which attracts a large number of tourists. Nearby places include [[Udayagiri, Kannur|Udayagiri]], [[Thirumeni]], [[Chathamangalam (Kannur)]] and [[Kozhichal]].<br /> <br /> The altitude is about 500 m above sea level. [[Temperature]] ranges from a minimum of 13&amp;nbsp;°C to a maximum of 28&amp;nbsp;°C. Warm clothes and rain gear is recommended in [[monsoon]] and [[winter]] seasons.<br /> People here are mostly [[Christians]] and [[Hindus]]. Most people are engaged in [[agriculture]]. This area exports hill products: [[rubber]], dry copra, [[piper (genus)|pepper]], [[arecanut]], etc. to industries in the northern part of India. It is a place where a huge number of people migrated during the 1940s and '50s from the Travancore area; now they play a major role in the local economy. The villagers are also politically interested. The main political parties are [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Kerala Congress]] and [[BJP]].<br /> <br /> It is approximately 60&amp;nbsp;km from district center, Kannur town.<br /> <br /> The nearest towns are cherupuzha and alakode which is 13&amp;nbsp;km away and udayagiri about 4&amp;nbsp;km away from thabore.<br /> <br /> == Migration from the south ==<br /> The famine after World War II and the misrule of Sir. [[C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer]] incited a large scale migration of people from [[Travancore]] (South Kerala) to this area. The migration continued well into the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;Kumbattu Varkey Josep. ''Migration and Economic Development of Kerala''. Mittal Publications, 1988, First edition, p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; A vast majority of these migrants were [[Christians]] who had a completely different social and agricultural background. These hard working people brought new agricultural practices to this area. They introduced cash crops like [[rubber]] and daily staples like [[tapioca]] to the region.<br /> <br /> The migrants also brought a new attitude to the region, one that challenged the established [[Janmi]]-Kudian feudal system.&lt;ref&gt;SREEDHARA MENON A. ''KERALACHARITHRAM''. D C Books, First edition.&lt;/ref&gt; The migrants bought large tracts of land outright from the Janmis and put down permanent crops heralding an era of prosperity for the area. The immigrants, despite their cultural and social difference, soon became an integral part of social fabric.<br /> <br /> == Early farming methods ==<br /> <br /> Until the early 1950s,&lt;ref&gt;K.S. MATHEW, MAHAVIR SINGH, JOY VERKEY. ''MIGRATION IN SOUTH INDIA''. Shipra Publications, 2005, First edition.&lt;/ref&gt; this region used outdated agricultural practices and depended on the [[Monsoon of South Asia|Indian monsoons]] for its irrigation needs. Agricultural land lay [[fallow]] after harvest. At the beginning of the next growing season, the bushes that cover the land would be cleared and the plant material burned to prepare the land for the next cycle of rice cultivation. This method, known as 'punam krishi' allowed people to grow staples like rice and [[black gram]].<br /> <br /> == How to reach Thabore ==<br /> <br /> Thabore is 60&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kannur]] and 44&amp;nbsp;km from [[Payyanur]]. Buses ply from [[Kannur]] via [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]] and [[Payyanur]] via [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]] are available.<br /> <br /> The national highway passes through [[Payyanur]] town. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. Taliparamba has a good bus station and buses are easily available to all parts of Kannur district. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. But buses to these cities are available only from [[Kannur]], 22&amp;nbsp;km to the south. The nearest railway stations are [[Kannapuram]] and [[Kannur]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line. <br /> Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. All of them are small international airports with direct flights available only to Middle Eastern countries.<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> St.Joseph's L.P School is a day school for boys &amp; girls, was established in 80's. It is an international institute especially devoted to the education of young kids.<br /> <br /> This institution is open to girls and boys of all communities, irrespective of status, castes, creed and religion. lt imparts not only academic education to kids, but also helps them to form an integrated personality by developing in them a strong character, love of truth, respect loyalty a sense of justice and the necessity for honest, hard work. This will make them an honor for womanhood and a source of happiness and blessing to all with whom they come in contact.<br /> <br /> Physical Training, Social, Cultural and other extracurricular activities are given adequate place in the children's education to make them disciplined and worthy citizens. Moral Education, taught to all children, aims at inculcating in them right values and attitudes.<br /> <br /> == St. Joseph’s Church ==<br /> St. Joseph's Church&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=1737.|title=St. Joseph's Church Thabore::Tellicherry Archeparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish}}&lt;/ref&gt; was established in 1974 by the Christians (the Syro-Malabar Church) who migrated from Travancore. The church in its present form was built in the nineties. This church comes under Cherupuzha forane, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]. The Archdiocese of Tellicherry is an ecclesiastical province of the Syro-Malabar Church in Kerala, India. The Diocese of Tellicherry was erected on 31 December 1953 by the [[papal bull]] ''Ad Christi Ecclesiam regendam'' of [[Pope Pius XII]], against the backdrop of large-scale migration of thousands of Syro-Malabar Catholics from South to the Northern forestlands of Kerala. The boundaries of the diocese were extended in 1955 to some districts in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, for the pastoral care of the migrants settled there. The diocese grew fast and became a stronghold of the Catholic Church in this region within a short period. The diocese was bifurcated in 1973, and the diocese of Mananthavady was erected. Again, the Diocese of Tellicherry was bifurcated twice, in 1986 to form the diocese of Thamarassery and in 1999 to form the diocese of Belthangady. The diocese was raised to the stature of metropolitan archdiocese by the papal bull ''Spirituali bono Christi fidelium'' of Pope John Paul II in 1995. Bishop [[Mar Sebastian Valloppilly]] was the first bishop of the Diocese of Tellicherry. The archdiocese enjoyed the gracious leadership of Archbishop Mar George Valiamattam from 1 May 1989 to 30 October 2014. On 30 October 2014 he resigned and Archbishop Mar George Njaralakatt was installed as the new Archbishop of Tellicherry. He assumed office on the same day.<br /> <br /> == Chathamangalam Hills==<br /> <br /> [[File:Chathamangalam Theruvamala.jpg|thumb|Chathamangalam Theruvamala]]<br /> Chathamangalam Hills is a hill station situated very close to Tabore and has its boundaries overlapping with the Munderithattu region, the border between Chathamangalam and Tabore. Chathamangalam-Cherimavu-Tabore road connects Thabore to the Chathamangalam hills also known as Theruvamala and Alumbumala. Protection of the region from land mafiya is important to the people of Tabore too. Earlier an action committee was formed at Thabore with the same intention.<br /> <br /> == Kottathalachi Mount ==<br /> [[File:Kottathalachi Mount.JPG|thumb|upright|Kottathalachi Mount]]<br /> <br /> Kottathalachi Mount&lt;ref&gt;http://kottathalachimount.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411040657/http://kottathalachimount.com/ |date=11 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Christian pilgrim centre in north Kerala. It is located at around 2,500 feet above sea level. On Good Friday of 1958, the holy cross was installed at &quot;Kottathalachi Mala&quot; by Fr. Mathew Mannuramparambil. Since then the first Sunday after Easter is being celebrated here by thousands of pilgrims every year.<br /> <br /> At present there is road facility until the middle of the mountain (Anakuzhi). One has to reach Pulingome, which is a small village town in Cherupuzha Panchayat, to take the shortest and easiest trip to Mount Kottathalachi. <br /> <br /> Kottathalachi is known as the &quot;Malayattoor of Malabar&quot;.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * https://www.keralatourism.org<br /> * http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/<br /> <br /> {{Kannur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages near Taliparamba]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Rajasthan_Royals_season&diff=483262 2025-05-04T14:35:46Z

<p>Robigk: starting some post and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian Premier League cricket team}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket club season<br /> | club = {{IPL Teams 1|rr }}<br /> | season = [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]<br /> | coach = [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<br /> | captain = [[Sanju Samson]]<br /> | ground = {{ubl|<br /> * [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]<br /> * [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|ACA Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]}}<br /> | comp1 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|IPL League]]<br /> | comp1 result = Qualified for Playoffs (Eliminator)<br /> | comp2 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|IPL Eliminator]]<br /> | comp2 result = Advanced to Qualifier 2<br /> | comp3 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|IPL Qualifier 2]]<br /> | comp3 result = Eliminated (3rd in tournament)<br /> | most runs = [[Riyan Parag]] (573)<br /> | most wickets = [[Avesh Khan]] (19)<br /> | most catches = [[Dhruv Jurel]] (13)<br /> | most dismissals = [[Sanju Samson]] (7)<br /> | prevseason = [[2023 {{IPL Teams 1|rr }} season|2023]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2025 {{IPL Teams 1|rr }} season|2025]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 season]] was the 15th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[{{IPL Teams 1|rr }}]]. They were one of the ten teams competed in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]. They finished at the 5th place in [[2023 Indian Premier League|previous season]]'s League stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL Points Table {{!}} IPL Standings {{!}} IPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After [[2024 Lucknow Super Giants season|Lucknow]]'s 7th loss on [[2024 Indian Premier League#match64|14 May 2024]], Rajasthan qualified for the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Playoffs|Playoffs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DC vs LSG Cricket Scorecard, 64th Match at Delhi, May 14, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/delhi-capitals-vs-lucknow-super-giants-64th-match-1426302/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=IPL 2024: Rajasthan Royals qualify for playoffs after Delhi Capitals' win over Lucknow Super Giants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2024-rajasthan-royals-playoffs-delhi-capitals-vs-lucknow-super-giants-result-13770868.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; They finished the [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]] at the 3rd place with 8 wins and 5 losses, garnering 17 points and seeding their place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]].&lt;ref name=pts/&gt;<br /> <br /> After defeating [[2024 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]] played on 22 May at [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]], Rajasthan advanced to the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RR vs RCB Cricket Scorecard, Eliminator at Ahmedabad, May 22, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-eliminator-1426310/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=RR vs RCB Highlights, IPL 2024 Eliminator: Rovman Powell thumps a six to knock RCB out of the tournament, RR to face SRH in Qualifier 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rr-vs-rcb-live-score-ipl-2024-eliminator-match-today-rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-scorecard-updates-9344485/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After being defeated by [[2024 Sunrisers Hyderabad season|Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]] played on 24 May at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]], Rajasthan were eliminated from the tournament.&lt;ref name=Q2&gt;{{Cite web |title=RR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Qualifier 2 at Chennai, May 24, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-2-1426311/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=IPL 2024, SRH vs RR Live Score: Potential thriller in store as Royals, Sunrisers continue hunt for 2nd title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2024-srh-vs-rr-live-score-match-sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-scorecard-qualifier-2-ipl-match-today-24-may-101716544246397.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They finished at the 3rd place in the tournament after losing the Qualifier 2.&lt;ref name=Q2/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Rajasthan Royals drew an average home attendance of 22,119 in the IPL in 2024.<br /> <br /> == Squad ==<br /> * Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<br /> *Ages are as of 22 March 2024, the date of the first match in the competition<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable<br /> |+Squad for the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]<br /> |-<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Nationality<br /> ! Birth date<br /> ! Batting style<br /> ! Bowling style<br /> ! Year signed<br /> ! Salary<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Captain<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-spin]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|16|c}} || Wicket-keeper<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Batters<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || '''[[Riyan Parag]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|11|10|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2019 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|3.8|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 189 || '''[[Shimron Hetmyer]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|12|26|df=yes}} || Left-handed || – || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|8.5|c}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> | 64 || '''[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|12|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 52 || '''[[Rovman Powell]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|07|23|df=yes}} || Right-handed|| Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|7.4|c}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> | 27 || '''[[Shubham Dubey]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|08|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|5.8|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || ''' [[Donavon Ferreira]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|7|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Wicket-keepers<br /> |-<br /> | 63 || '''[[Jos Buttler]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|10|c}} || Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Eng|[[England cricket team|English cricketers]] (including [[Jos Buttler]]) withdrew on 13 May 2024 due to the upcoming [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20WC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Englishmen leave IPL for T20 World Cup duty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-t20-world-cup-2024-jos-buttler-liam-livingstone-will-jacks-reece-topley-leave-india-1433690 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> | 21 || '''[[Dhruv Jurel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|1|21|df=yes}} || Right-handed || – || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 32 || '''[[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|08|19|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|40|l}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> | 14|| '''[[Kunal Singh Rathore]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2002|10|09|df=yes}} || Left-handed || – || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| All-rounders<br /> |-<br /> | 99 || '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1986|9|17|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|5|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 16|| '''[[Tanush Kotian]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|10|16|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2024 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Replacement{{Efn|name=Zampa}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Pace bowlers<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1989|07|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|8|c}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || '''[[Nandre Burger]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1995|8|11|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]]|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || '''[[Avesh Khan]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|12|13|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2024 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|10|c}} || Traded{{Efn|Ahead of the 2024 auction, [[Avesh Khan]] was traded from [[Lucknow Super Giants]] to Rajasthan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=IPL 2024: List Of Players Traded And Released Ahead Of Mini-Auction |url=https://www.india.com/sports/ipl-2024-list-of-players-traded-and-released-ahead-of-mini-auction-cricket-news-6529924/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=India.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24 || '''[[Prasidh Krishna]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|02|19|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|10|c}} || Withdrew{{Efn|name=Krishna|[[Keshav Maharaj]] replaced [[Prasidh Krishna]], after the latter withdrew due to Left Proximal Quadriceps Tendon surgery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=KKR Name Allah Ghazanfar As Replacement For Mujeeb Ur Rahman; Keshav Maharaj Joins RR In Place Of Prasidh Krishna |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4010/kkr-name-allah-ghazanfar-as-replacement-for-mujeeb-ur-rahman-keshav-maharaj-joins-rr-in-place-of-prasidh-krishna |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=IPLT20}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> | 96 || '''[[Navdeep Saini]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1992|11|23|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|2.6|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 44 || '''[[Kuldeep Sen]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|10|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]'''|| {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|5|18|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{INRConvert|50|l}}||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Spin bowlers<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|7|23|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2022 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|6.5|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 88 || '''[[Adam Zampa]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1992|3|31|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Zampa|[[Tanush Kotian]] replaced [[Adam Zampa]], after the latter withdrew due to Personal reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3998/gujarat-titans-add-b-r-sharath-to-squad-as-replacement-for-robin-minz-tanush-kotian-joins-rajasthan-royals-in-place-of-adam-zampa|title=Tanush Kotian joins Rajasthan Royals in place of Adam Zampa|access-date=7 May 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1|| '''[[Abid Mushtaq]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|01|17|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2023 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 25 || '''[[Keshav Maharaj]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|2|7|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2024 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Krishna}}<br /> |}<br /> * Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Royals Squad – Indian Premier League, 2024 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-squad-1413568/series-squads |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administration and support staff ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Position<br /> !Name<br /> |-<br /> |CEO|| Jake Lush McCrum<br /> |-<br /> |Team manager|| Romi Bhinder<br /> |-<br /> |Head coach|| [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<br /> |-<br /> |Batting coach|| [[Trevor Penney]]<br /> |-<br /> |Bowling coach|| [[Shane Bond]]<br /> |-<br /> |Fielding coach|| [[Dishant Yagnik]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == League stage ==<br /> <br /> === Points table ===<br /> {{2024 Indian Premier League Points table|team={{IPL Teams 2|rr }}}}<br /> <br /> === League progression ===<br /> {{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression<br /> |create<br /> | W4, W9, W14, W19, L24, W27, W31, W38, W44, L50, L56, L61, L65, N70<br /> &lt;!-- League Stage --&gt;<br /> <br /> | W72, L73, E<br /> &lt;!-- Playoffs --&gt;<br /> <br /> |caption=League progression<br /> |teams={{IPL Teams 1|rr }}<br /> |knockoutType=2<br /> |matchesPerTeam=14<br /> |matchReportArticle=2024 Indian Premier League}}<br /> <br /> === Fixtures and results ===<br /> {{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}<br /> <br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match4}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match9}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match14}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match19}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match24}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match27}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match31}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match38}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match44}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match50}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match56}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match61}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match65}}<br /> ----<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match70}}<br /> <br /> == Playoffs ==<br /> <br /> === Bracket ===<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|bracket}}<br /> <br /> === Eliminator ===<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match72}}<br /> <br /> === Qualifier 2 ===<br /> {{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match73}}<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {{Hatnote|Top 5 tiers for each category are listed}}<br /> <br /> === Most runs ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Runs<br /> !Player<br /> !Innings<br /> !Highest score<br /> |-<br /> !573<br /> |[[Riyan Parag]]<br /> |14<br /> |84 [[not out]]<br /> |-<br /> !531<br /> |[[Sanju Samson]]<br /> |15<br /> |86<br /> |-<br /> !435<br /> |[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]<br /> |15<br /> |104 [[not out]]<br /> |-<br /> !359<br /> |[[Jos Buttler]]<br /> |11<br /> |107 [[not out]]<br /> |-<br /> !195<br /> |[[Dhruv Jurel]]<br /> |11<br /> |56 [[not out]]<br /> |}<br /> *Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Most wickets ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Wickets<br /> !Player<br /> !Matches<br /> !Best bowling<br /> |-<br /> !19<br /> |[[Avesh Khan]]<br /> |15<br /> |3/27<br /> |-<br /> !18<br /> |[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br /> |15<br /> |3/11<br /> |-<br /> !16<br /> |[[Trent Boult]]<br /> |15<br /> |3/22<br /> |-<br /> !13<br /> |[[Sandeep Sharma]]<br /> |10<br /> |5/18<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]<br /> |14<br /> |3/24<br /> |}<br /> *Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/}}<br /> * [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/rajasthan-royals {{IPL Teams 1|rr }} on IPLT20 Website]<br /> <br /> {{{{IPL Teams 1|rr }} }}<br /> {{2024 Indian Premier League}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- '''DO NOT REMOVE THIS TAG:'''<br /> This page was created using the Preload stored at [[Template:Indian Premier League Teams by season preload]] --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian Premier League|{{IPL Teams 1|rr }}]]<br /> [[Category:{{IPL Teams 1|rr }} seasons]]</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_English,_Goa_University&diff=496218 2023-05-21T18:35:53Z

<p>Robigk: created redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Goa University]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

Robigk https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_community_development_blocks_in_India&diff=477659 2021-09-29T15:53:13Z

<p>Robigk: Adding a pg needs work</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Community development block]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Robigk