Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Northern Coalfields Limited

2026-05-03T21:45:33Z

RobertSwale:

{{Short description|Coal-mining company in India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL)
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertakings(PSU)]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Coal Mining]]
| foundation = 1985
| location_city = [[Singrauli]], Madhya Pradesh
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Manish Kumar (Chairman and managing director (CMD))<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-02 |title=Manish Kumar takes charge as CMD of Northern Coalfields Limited |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2024/02/manish-kumar-takes-charge-as-cmd-of-northern-coalfields-limited/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref>
| products =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.nclcil.in/}}
}}

'''Northern Coalfields Limited''' (NCL) is a coal-producing company in India and a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Coal India|Coal India Limited]] (CIL), operating under the [[Ministry of Coal]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-04-01 |title=NCL achieves new highs in coal production & dispatch |url=https://psuwatch.com/latestnews/ncl-achieves-new-highs-in-coal-production-dispatch |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was established in 1985 and is headquartered in [[Singrauli]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. NCL operates ten mechanized opencast coal mines in the [[Singrauli Coalfield|Singrauli coalfield]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Coal India arm NCL supplies 87% of total coal to power producers in FY21 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coal-india-arm-ncl-supplies-87-of-total-coal-to-power-producers-in-fy21-121040500648_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In April 2020, NCL recorded a 26.22% increase in coal production and an 18% rise in coal dispatch compared to the previous year. During the month, the company produced 10.81 million tonnes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-03 |title=NCL posts 26% rise in coal production in April |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ncl-posts-26-rise-in-coal-production-in-april/articleshow/91293481.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2021, the company produced 122 million tonnes of coal and removed 410 million cubic meters of overburden. A total of 125 million tonnes of coal were dispatched, with 110.6 million tonnes supplied to power plants.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=NCL posts 26pc rise in coal production in April - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/ncl-posts-26pc-rise-in-coal-production-in-april/91301742 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, NCL partnered with [[NTPC Limited]] to develop a 50 MW solar power project in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-23 |title=Coal India arm NCL joins hands with NTPC to install solar power project in MP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/coal-india-arm-ncl-joins-hands-with-ntpc-to-install-solar-power-project-in-mp/articleshow/86453839.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On March 23, 2025, NCL published the merit list for its apprentice recruitment program, listing 1,765 vacancies for Graduate, Diploma, and Trade Apprentices.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2025-03-24 |title=NCL apprentice 2025 merit list released for 1765 posts at nclcil.in, check here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncl-apprentice-2025-merit-list-released-for-1765-posts-at-nclcil-in-check-here/articleshow/119413740.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
In August 2024, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] arrested five individuals, including two senior officials of NCL, in connection with a bribery and corruption case in [[Singrauli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-19 |title=CBI arrests Northern Coalfields officials along with Rs 3.85-crore cash |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/cbi-arrests-northern-coalfields-officials-along-with-rs-3-85-crore-cash/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> The investigation resulted in the recovery of approximately Rs. 4 [[Crore]], or 480480.48 US dollars in cash from the residence of Subedar Ojha, who was serving as Manager (Secretariat) and Personal Secretary to the Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of NCL.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=NCL scandal: Five remanded in CBI custody by spl court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/cbi-custody-for-ncl-scandal-suspects/articleshow/112637581.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The case is currently under judicial review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=CBI arrests officials of Northern Coalfields Limited, recovers Rs. 3.8 crore cash from residence in Singrauli - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/cbi-arrests-officials-of-northern-coalfields-limited-recovers-rs-3-8-crore-cash-from-residence-in-singrauli-19461723.htm |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-19 |title=CBI arrests five, including two NCL officials, in Madhya Pradesh, agency officer caught taking bribe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/cbi-arrests-five-including-two-ncl-officials-in-madhya-pradesh-agency-officer-caught-taking-bribe/article68543425.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mining in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Coal India subsidiaries]]

Sarojini Sahoo

2026-04-29T04:39:35Z

RobertSwale: new initial data nd citations

{{Short description|Indian (Odia) Writer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=May 2024}}
{{original research|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sarojini Sahoo
| image = Sarojinisahoo.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Sarojini Sahoo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1956|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], [[Orissa]] (now [[Odisha]]), India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* Short story writer
* poet
* essayist
* academician
}}
}}

'''Sarojini Sahoo''' (born 4 January 1956) is an Indian [[feminist]] writer, a columnist in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and an associate editor of Chennai-based English magazine ''Indian AGE.''<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080305184440/http://oriyanari.com/id45.html Oriya Nari ]}}. Accessed 7 November 2010</ref><ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/searchresult/sarojini-sahoo Express Buzz]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Accessed 7 November 2010</ref> She has been enlisted among '' 25 Exceptional Women of India'' by [[Kindle Magazine]] of Kolkata.<ref>[http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=16983 Orissa Diary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327052759/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=16983 |date=27 March 2010 }}. Accessed 8 April 2010</ref> and is an [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]] winner.<ref>[http://www.orissasahityaakademi.org/english/common/sahitya-awards/award2.htm Orissa Sahitya Akademy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410215206/http://www.orissasahityaakademi.org/english/common/sahitya-awards/award2.htm |date=10 April 2012 }}. Accessed 7 November 2010</ref>

== Life ==
Born in the small town of Dhenkanal in [[Odisha]] (India), Sahoo earned her MA and PhD degrees in [[Odia language|Odia]] Literature and a Bachelor of Law from [[Utkal University]]. She now teaches at a degree college in [[Belpahar]], [[Jharsuguda]], Odisha.

She is the second daughter of Ishwar Chandra Sahoo and the late Nalini Devi and is married to [[Jagadish Mohanty]], a veteran writer of [[Odisha]]. She has a son and a daughter.<ref>[http://sarojinisahoo.com/ Official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930151308/http://sarojinisahoo.com/ |date=30 September 2007 }}. Accessed 11 August 2007</ref>

== Fictions ==
[[File:The dark abode.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''[[The Dark Abode]]'' cover]]Her novel ''[[The Dark Abode|Gambhiri Ghara]] '' proved to be a bestseller in [[Odia literature]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061217121022/http://www.oriyanari.com/id21.html Books: Oriya Nari]}}. Accessed 7 November 2010</ref> Her novels have gained a reputation for their feminist outlook and sexual frankness<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Agarwal.pdf |title=Accessed 04 August 2010. |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> and have been translated into English and published from India under the title ''[[The Dark Abode]]'' (2008) ({{ISBN|978-81-906956-2-6}}) and published from [[Bangladesh]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Mithya Gerosthali'' ( 2007 ) ({{ISBN|984 404 287-9}}). Prameela K.P has translated this novel into [[Malayalam]] and has been published as "Irunda Koodaram" by Chintha Publishers, Thiruvananthapuram. Martina Fuchs for German and Dinesh Kumar Mali for [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. Another novel ''Pakhibas'' has been translated into Bengali and published from Bangladesh under the same title in 2009. This novel has been translated into [[Hindi]] by Dinesh Kumar Mali and has been published with same title by Yash Publication, Delhi ({{ISBN|81-89537-45-8}}) in 2010. Also, Dinesh Kumar Mali translated two more novel in Hindi titled बंद कमरा and विशादेश्वरी published from Rajpal and Sons, New Delhi and Yash publication, New Delhi. The same translator had translated सरोजिनी साहू की दलित कहानियाँ and रेप तथा अन्य कहानियां published from Yash publication, New Delhi as well as Rajpal and Sons, New Delhi.

== Essays ==
She has published a collection of essays titled '[[Sensible Sensuality]]'' (2010),<ref>{{ISBN|978-81-7273-541-8}} published by Authors Press, E-35/103, Jawahar Park, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi- 110 092</ref>'' where redefining femininity with Eastern perspective, the book explores why sexuality plays a major role in our understanding of Eastern feminism. The author thinks feminism should not act in opposition to men as individuals. To her, feminism is against oppressive and outdated social structures which forces both men and women into positions which are false and antagonistic. Thus, everyone has an important role to play in the feminist movement. It seems ironic that feminism has been characterized as anti-male, when in fact, it seeks to liberate men from the macho stereotypic roles men often have to endure such as the need to suppress feelings, act aggressively, and be deprived of contact with children. Sahoo thinks people should emphasize their femininity rather to impose the so-called stereotyped feministic attitude of the second wave.''<ref>Note by publisher of Sensible Sensuality, {{ISBN|978-81-7273-541-8}}, Accessed 3 September 2010.</ref>''

As an Indian feminist, many of Sarojini Sahoo's writings deal candidly with female sexuality, the emotional lives of women, and the intricate fabric of human relationships, depicting extensively about the interior experiences of women and how their burgeoning sexuality is seen as a threat to traditional patriarchal societies; this book is rare of its kind and has covered the topics that never be discussed so far in any Indian discourse. Her debatable concept on feminism, her denial of [[Simone De Beauvoir]]'s 'the other theory', make her a prominent feminist personality of South Asia and for which KINDLE Magazine of India has placed her among 25 exceptional mindset women of India.<ref>Preface by publisher of Sensible Sensuality, {{ISBN|978-81-7273-541-8}}.</ref>

== Thoughts and themes ==

=== Feminism ===
Sarojini Sahoo is a key figure and trendsetter of [[feminism]] in contemporary [[Indian literature]]. For her, feminism is not a "gender problem" or confrontational attack on male [[hegemony]] and, as such, differs from the feminist views of [[Virginia Woolf]] or [[Judith Butler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/personality/writer/sarojinisahoo%20.asp |title=Accessed 8 May 2008 |publisher=Orissadiary.com |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Sahoo accepts feminism as an integral part of femaleness separate from the masculine world. Writing with a heightened awareness of women's bodies, she has developed an appropriate style that exploits openness, fragmentation, and nonlinearity.<ref>Dominic, K.V. "Preface." Critical Studies on Contemporary Indian English Women Writers. Ed. K.V.Dominic. New Delhi: Sarup Publishers. Page:ix. {{ISBN|978-81-7625-631-5}}. Accessed 4 August 2010</ref> Sahoo, however contends that whilst the woman identity is certainly constitutionally different from that of man, men and women still share a basic human equality. Thus the harmful asymmetric sex /gender "Othering" arises accidentally and 'passively'from natural, unavoidable [[intersubjectivity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jemmer |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlN_kz8th4cC&dq=Sarojini+Sahoo&pg=PA5 |title=Engage Newcastle Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Newcastle Philosophy Society |isbn=978-1-907926-00-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Treating female sexuality from [[puberty]] to [[menopause]], her fiction always projects a feminine sensibility. Feminine feelings such as restrictions during [[adolescence]] or [[pregnancy]], fear factors such as [[rape]] or being condemned by society, the concept of the "bad girl," and so on, are treated thematically and in-depth throughout her novels and short stories.

Her feminism is constantly linked to the sexual politics of a woman. She denies patriarchal limits of sexual expression for a woman and she identifies women's [[sexual liberation]] as the real motive behind the women's movement.<ref name="Sahoo, Sarojini 2010">Sahoo, Sarojini, Sensible Sensuality, Authors press, Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-7273-541-8}}, Accessed 4 September 2010.</ref> In South Asian Outlook, an e-magazine published from Canada, Menka Walia writes: "Sahoo typically evolves her stories around Indian women and sexuality, which is something not commonly written about, but is rather discouraged in a traditionalist society. As a feminist, she advocates women's rights and usually gives light to the injustices Eastern women face. In her interviews, she usually talks about the fact that women are second-class citizens in India, backing up these facts with examples of how love marriages are forbidden, the rejection of divorces, the unfairness of dowries, and the rejection of female politicians."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/june_2008/sarojini_sahoo_advocating_womens_rights_through_literature.html | title=Home - IDN-InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters }}</ref>
For her, [[orgasm]] is the body's natural call to feminist politics: if being a woman is this good, women must be worth something. Her novels like ''Upanibesh'', ''Pratibandi'' and ''[[The Dark Abode|Gambhiri Ghara]] '' cover a myriad of areas from sexuality to [[philosophy]]; from the politics of the home to politics of the world. According to American journalist Linda Lowen, Sarojini Sahoo has written extensively as an Indian feminist about the interior lives of women and how their burgeoning sexuality is seen as a threat to traditional patriarchal societies.<ref>Cf. Lowen, Linda, ''Indian Feminist Author Sarojini Sahoo Explores Female Sexuality'', women's issue guide of [[New York Times]] portal [[About.com]] [http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia_2.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703225536/http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia_2.htm|date=3 July 2008}}</ref> Sarojini's novels and short stories treat women as sexual beings and probe [[culturally sensitive]] topics such as [[rape]], [[abortion]] and [[menopause]] – from a female perspective.<ref>Lowen, Linda, ''Sarojini Sahoo Explores Female Sexuality'' [http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia_2.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703225536/http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia_2.htm|date=3 July 2008}} </ref>

===Sexuality===
Sexuality is something that can be related to many other aspects of culture, tightly-linked with an individual life, or into the evolution of a culture. Anyone's class or ethnic or geographic identity could be closely associated to his/her sexuality, or anyone's sense of art or literature. Sexuality is not just an entity in itself.<ref name="Sahoo, Sarojini 2010"/>

Still, either in West or in East, there is a reluctant outlook towards sexuality. Society has always tried to hide it from any open forum. But neither society, nor the legislature, or even the judiciary stand by the side of sexuality to support it.

In the West, [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' or even [[Radclyffe Hall]]'s ''Loneliness in the Well'' or [[Virginia Woolf]]'s ''[[Orlando: A Biography|Orlando]]'' are some examples which have to suffer a lot for describing sexuality in literature. Sexuality in literature grew with feminism.

Simone De Beauvoir, in her book ''[[The Second Sex]]'', first elaborately described the gender role and problem away from biological differences. In [[Odia literature]], Sarojini is considered a key figure to discuss sexuality in her fiction with a sincere effort to express her feminist ideas.<ref>Oriya Women's Writing: Paul St-Pierre and Ganeswar Mishra, Sateertha Publication, {{ISBN|81-900749-0-3}}</ref>

Her novel ''Upanibesh'' was the first attempt in [[Odia literature]] to focus on sexuality as a part of social revolt by any woman.<ref name=amarigapa>''The Amari Gapa'': Special Issue on Sarojini, May–July 2006</ref> Medha, the protagonist of her novel, was a [[bohemian style|bohemian]] . In her pre-marital stage, she was thinking that it was boring to live with a man lifelong. Perhaps she wanted a chain free life, where there would be only love, only sex and would not be any monotony. But she had to marry Bhaskar. Can Indian society imagine a lady with bohemianism?

In her novel ''Pratibandi'', Sarojini has also described the thematic development of sexuality in a woman. Priyanka, the protagonist of the novel has to encounter the loneliness in the exile of Saragpali, a remote village of India. This loneliness develops into a sexual urge and soon, Priyanka finds herself sexually attached with a former [[Member of Parliament]]. Though there is an age gap between them, his intelligence impresses her and she discovers a hidden archaeologist in him.

In her novel ''[[The Dark Abode|Gambhiri Ghara]]'', she describes an unusual relationship between two people: a [[Hindu]] housewife of India and a [[Muslim]] artist of [[Pakistan]]. It is a net-oriented novel. A woman meets a very sexually experienced man. One day he asks if she had any such experience. The woman, Kuki, scolds him and insults him by calling him a caterpillar. She said without love, lust is like hunger of a caterpillar. Gradually they become involved with love, lust, and spiritually. That man considers her as his daughter, lover, mother, and above all these, as a Goddess. They both madly love each other, through the [[Internet]] and on the phone. They use obscene language and they kiss each other online. Kuki does not lead a happy conjugal life though she has a love marriage with Aniket. But the novel is not limited to only a love story.

It has a greater aspect. It deals with the relationship between State and individual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/women/099.htm |title=accessed 8 May 2008 |publisher=Boloji.com |date=14 October 2007 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Safique is not a Muslim by temperament, but as a historian, thinks the Pakistan of today has separated itself from its roots and looks towards Arabian legends for his history. He protests that the syllabus of history for the school would start from seventh century A.D., not from the Mahenjodaro and Harappa. Safique was once arrested after the bomb blast of London for allegation of being associated with the terrorist, but is it a fact? Later Kuki learned that Safiques is trapped by a military junta. The ex-lover of Safique's wife had retaliated against Safique by arresting him with an allegation of terrorism.

Here, the author deals with the question of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oriyanari.com/id21.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217121022/http://www.oriyanari.com/id21.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 December 2006 |title=accessed 8 May 2008 |publisher=Oriyanari.com |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> There is often discussion about terrorism caused by an individual or by a group. Society rarely discusses terrorism caused by a state.

What is a state? Is it a group of people that resides within political and geographical boundaries? Are a state's identity, mood and wishes separate from its ruler? Is the wish of [[George W. Bush]] not considered as the wish of America? Has it reflected the mood and wish of the people of America? So, every time, the state's arranged anarchism or terrorism is merely a reflection of a terrorism caused by an individual. The great truth lies beneath Safique, as a terrorist, develops from the mind of a military man.

The author has successfully painted the difference of sensibility towards sexuality between male and female and has her own credibility for the frankness to deal with sensitive matters, be they matters of politics or matters of sexuality. She has gained a reputation and has her own place in the history of Odia fiction.<ref name="amarigapa"/>

== Awards ==

* Odisha Sahitya Academy Award, 1993
* Jhankar Award, 1992
* Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award, 1993
* Prajatantra Award, 1981,1993
* Ladli Media Award, 2011

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Novels ===

* ''Upanibesh'' (1998)
* ''Pratibandi'' (1999) {{ISBN|81-7411-253-7}}
* ''Swapna Khojali Mane'' (2000)
* ''Mahajatra'' (2001)
* ''[[The Dark Abode|Gambhiri Ghara]]'' (2005)
* ''Bishad Ishwari'' (2006)
* ''Pakshibasa'' (2007)
* ''Asamajik'' (2008)

=== Short stories ===
She has published ten [[Anthology|anthologies]] of short stories.

Her English anthologies of short stories are:

* ''[[Sarojini Sahoo Stories]]'' (2006) {{ISBN|81-89040-26-X}}
* ''Waiting for Manna'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-81-906956-0-2}}

Her some of short stories have been anthologised in Hindi:

* ''Rape Tatha Anya Kahaniyana'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-81-7028-921-0}}

Some of her short stories have also been anthologized into Bengali:

* ''Dukha Aprimita''(2012) is one of her Bengali version of short stories, translated by Arita Bhoumik Adhikari and published from Bangladesh.<ref>{{ISBN|978-984-404-243-8}}, published by Milan Nath, Anupam Prakashani,38/4, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka 1100</ref>

Her other Odia anthologies of short stories are:

* ''Sukhara Muhanmuhin'' (1981)
* ''Nija GahirareNije'' (1989)
* ''Amrutara Pratikshare'' (1992)
* ''Chowkath'' (1994)
* ''Tarali Jauthiba Durga'' (1995)
* ''Deshantari'' (1999)
* ''Dukha Apramita'' (2006)
* ''Srujani Sarojini'' (2008)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

===Print===

====Primary sources====
* Sahoo, Sarojini. ''Sarojini Sahoo Short Stories''. Grassroots, 2006. {{ISBN|81-89040-26-X}}
* Sahoo, Sarojini. ''Waiting for Manna'', ''Indian'' AGE Communication, 2008. {{ISBN|978-81-906956-0-2}}
* Sahoo, Sarojini. ''The Dark Abode'', ''Indian'' AGE Communication, 2008. {{ISBN|978-81-906956-2-6}}
* Sahoo, Sarojini. ''Mithya Gerosthali'', Anupam Prakashani, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2007. {{ISBN|984-404-287-9}}
* ''Sukhara Muhanmuhin'' (1981)
* ''NijaGahirareNije'' (1989)
* ''Amrutara Pratikshare'' (1992)
* ''Chowkath'' (1994)
* ''Tarali Jauthiba Durga'' (1995)
* ''Upanibesh'' (1998)
* ''Pratibandi '' (1999)
* ''Gambhiri Ghara '' (2005)

====Secondary sources====
* ''Oriya Women's Writing '': Paul St-Pierre and Ganeswar Mishra, Sateertha Publication, {{ISBN|81-900749-0-3}}
* ''The Amari Gapa (Odia Literary Journal)'', Special Issue on Sarojini: May–July 2006
{{Odia literature}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Feminism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Sarojini}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia short story writers]]
[[Category:Odia-language novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

1957 elections in India

2026-04-22T19:38:04Z

RobertSwale: expanded content

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1955 elections in India
| previous_year = 1955
| election_date = 1957
| next_election = 1960 elections in India
| next_year = 1960
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''1957 elections in India''' consists of several elections, including the presidential election, general election, and Legislative Assembly elections.

==Presidential election==
{{main|1957 Indian presidential election}}

The Election Commission of India held the second [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on May 6, 1957. [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his nearest rival Chowdhry Hari Ram.

==General election==
{{main|1957 Indian general election}}

'''General elections''' to the [[2nd Lok Sabha|second]] [[Lok Sabha]] since independence were held in [[India]] between 24 February to 14 March 1957. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) easily won the second term, winning 371 of the 494 seats and their vote share increased from 45.0% to 47.8%.<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=July 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="GE1957V2">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-II | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=July 11, 2015}}</ref>

==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] were conducted for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]], [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]], [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]], [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] [[Legislative Assembly|legislative assemblies]] in 1957.

===Andhra Pradesh*===
{{Main|1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
'''*''' : On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], to form a single state, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The districts of Raichur, Gulbarga and the Marathwada district were detached from the Hyderabad State, while merging with [[Andhra State]]. In addition, the Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were transferred from [[Mysore State]] to Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=October 15, 1955 | access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

===Assam===
{{Main|1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Bihar*===
{{Main|1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : Bihar was reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to [[West Bengal]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Bombay*===
{{Main|1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

*: On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] was re-organized by the addition of [[Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], [[Nagpur Division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Marathwada]] region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost districts of Bombay were transferred to [[Mysore State]] while Abu Road taluk of the Banaskantha district was transferred to [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Kerala*===
{{Main|1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
* : In 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], Kerala was formed by the merger of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state with the [[Malabar district]] of Madras State, [[Kasaragod]] taluk of the [[South Canara]] district and the Amindive Islands. The southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]], [[Kanyakumari district]] was transferred to [[Madras State]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madhya Pradesh*===
{{Main|1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Madhya Bharat]] (except the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district), [[Vindhya Pradesh]], [[Bhopal State|Bhopal state]] and the Sironj sub-division of the Kota district of [[Rajasthan]] were merged into Madhya Pradesh while the [[Nagpur Division]] was transferred to Bombay State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madras*===
{{Main|1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, the southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]] ([[Kanyakumari district]]) was added to the [[Madras State]] while the [[Malabar district]] of the state was transferred to the new state of [[Kerala]], and a new union territory, [[Laccadive|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]], was created.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Mysore*===
{{Main|1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, Mysore state was enlarged by the addition of [[Coorg State]], the [[Kollegal]] taluk of the Coimbatore district and the [[South Kanara]] district (except the [[Kasaragod]] taluk) of [[Madras State]], and the [[Kannada]] speaking districts from southern Bombay state and western [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. The Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were detached from the Mysore State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Odisha===
{{Main|1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Punjab*===
{{Main|1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Patiala & East Punjab States Union]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Rajasthan*===
{{Main|1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the [[Ajmer State]], the Abu Road taluk of the Banaskantha district of [[Bombay State]], the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district and the Lohara sub-tehsil of the Hissar district of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] was merged with Rajasthan while the Sironj sub-division of the Kota district of Rajasthan was transferred to [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===West Bengal*===
{{Main|1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : West Bengal was enlarged by the addition of minor territories from [[Bihar]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

==See also==
* [[1951–52 elections in India]]
* [[1954 elections in India]]
* [[1955 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1957 elections in India]]
[[Category:1957 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1957 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Civil Lines Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:27Z

RobertSwale: added first stub w/ refs...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Civil Lines
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-51-Civil Lines.svg
| mla = [[Gopal Sharma (Indian politician)|Gopal Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:245558}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
}}
'''Civil Lines Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Arun Chaturvedi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Gopal Sharma (Indian politician)|Gopal Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]:Civil lines<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopal Sharma (Indian politician)|Gopal Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98661}}
|percentage = 56.88
|change = +14.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70332}}
|percentage = 40.55
|change = -12.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1216}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28329}}
|percentage = 16.33
|change = +5.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173451}}
|percentage = 70.64
|change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Civil Lines<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pratap Singh Khachariyawas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:87937}}
|percentage = 53.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Chaturvedi
|votes = {{formatnum:69859}}
|percentage = 42.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1744}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18078}}
|percentage = 11.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164271}}
|percentage = 69.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.91|75.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

C. P. Singh (Indian politician)

2026-04-19T01:14:10Z

RobertSwale: added initial bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandreshwar Prasad Singh
| image = CP Singh.jpg
| office = Minister of Urban Development & Housing [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 28 December 2014
| term_end = 29 December 2019
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Raghubar Das]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start1 = 28 December 2014
| term_end1 = 29 December 2019
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Raghubar Das]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Alamgir Alam]]
| office2 = [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 6 January 2010
| term_end2 = 19 July 2013
| predecessor2 = [[Alamgir Alam]]
| successor2 = [[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]]
| office3 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1996
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Ranchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1956|1|16}}
| birth_place = [[Palamu district|Naugarha]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| mother =
| education =
| occupation = Politician
| website = https://cpsingh.in/index.php
}}
'''Chandreshwar Prasad Singh''', also known as '''C.P. Singh''' is an Indian Politician and a prominent leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he has served as Minister of Urban Development, Transport, Parliamentary Affairs, Registration, Housing, Disaster Management & Civil Aviation in the Govt. of Jharkhand and was also Chairman of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly i.e. ‘Speaker’ from 2010-2013. He is member of Jharkhand legislative assembly from Capital City Ranchi for over decades, and is elected seven times in a row since 1996, more than any other BJP leader of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Jharkhand-Urban-Development-Minister-C-P-Singh-Rolls-Out-Red-Carpet-For-Investors/17-02-2017-113079|title=Jharkhand Urban Development Minister C P Singh Rolls Out Red Carpet For Investors|first=Abid|last=Hasan|website=BW Businessworld|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909212315/https://www.businessworld.in/article/Jharkhand-Urban-Development-Minister-C-P-Singh-Rolls-Out-Red-Carpet-For-Investors/17-02-2017-113079/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Singh was born to Rajeshwari Devi and Jaimohan Singh in Naugarha Village in district Palamu, [[Jharkhand]]. Born in a farmer family, He received his early education in Naugarha village till class 7th. After then, he moved to Ranchi for further education. He completed his secondary and higher secondary schooling from Marwari School. He got his graduation from Ranchi University in 1978 and enrolled in Chota Nagpur Law College. After accomplishing his law degree in 1982, he practiced law for 2 years.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Early political life==

During his graduation, he became a member of Akhil Bharatiya Vidhyarthi Parisad (known as ABVP) in 1973 and was involved in student movement during Indira Gandhi regime. Being district head of AVBP from 1973 to 1976, Singh led student protest against Congress government in JP movement and went to prison. He was kept in Hazaribagh jail from January 1976 to July 1976.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He joined Janta Party in 1978 but when Janta party got divided, he joined [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] in 1980. In his early tenure he served in youth wing of Bharatiya Janta Party and held positions within party like Ranchi District president and vice president of Youth Bharatiya Janta Yuva Morcha in Bihar from 1982 till 1996. He had been deeply engaged by Bharatiya Janta Party in electoral politics of Jharkhand.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Early Political Life
|-
! Year
! Activity in electoral politics
|-
|1982
|Vidhan Sabha in-charge in Lohardagga Parliament By Election
|-
|1983
|Membership in-charge of Ranchi district
|-
|1984
|Election Agent of Parliament election in Ranchi District
|-
|1989–1996
|Election in charge of Bharatiya Janta Party from District Ranchi.
|-
|}

==Political career and image==

Singh is seven consecutive term member of legislative assembly. He was elected as MLA from Ranchi in years 1996, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2014, 2019 and 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhandosree |title=Say hello to your MLA |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/say-hello-to-your-mla/cid/1596154 |accessdate=16 December 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=24 December 2014 |location=India |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010430/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/say-hello-to-your-mla/cid/1596154 |url-status=live }}</ref> In legislative assembly, he held some of the places as member of government and as member of opposition. From 2000 to 2006, he was ‘Chief Whip’ of ruling party and from 2006 to 2009, he was Chief Whip of opposition party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/speaker-wants-ministers-to-be-present-in-house/articleshow/1903417.cms|title=Speaker wants ministers to be present in House | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909212314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/speaker-wants-ministers-to-be-present-in-house/articleshow/1903417.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2010, he was elected as 4th Speaker of [[Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand]], a constitutional position.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nda-elects-c-p-singh-for-speakers-post/articleshow/5408020.cms|title=NDA elects C P Singh for Speaker's post | Ranchi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 January 2010|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909213817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nda-elects-c-p-singh-for-speakers-post/articleshow/5408020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Recognition==

[[Limca Book of Records]] recognized efforts of Singh and therefore conferred award for Public Grievance Management System. When he received the award, "Jansewa Portal" was the only portal all across India to be started by Singh as an MLA to register complaints of citizens online and to set up a volunteer based grievance redressal system so that complainants could actually track status of their complaints on real time basis 24/7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-minister-cp-singh-jan-seva-portal-recognised-by-limca-book-of-records-19692857.html|title=Limca Book Of Records: मंत्री सीपी सिंह के जन सेवा पोर्टल को लिम्का बुक ऑफ रिकार्ड्स में मिली जगह|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909212315/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-minister-cp-singh-jan-seva-portal-recognised-by-limca-book-of-records-19692857.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, C. P.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Palamu district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]

Velunachi

2026-04-18T03:04:44Z

RobertSwale: new basic info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Velunachi Colors Tamil Serial.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Drama
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Pugazhendhi Singaravelan|V. Arun Prakash, Balakumaran }}
| director = AL Abaninthiran
S.prabhu shankar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[V. J. Chitra]]
* Manikandan
}}
| theme_music_composer = Visuva
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120
| list_episodes =
| producer = S Kushmavathi
| cinematography =
| editor = A.Ezakiraj S.Murugan Neminaathan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Colors Tamil]]
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|2|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|7|26}}
| screenplay =
}}

'''Velunatchi''' is a 2018 Tamil Language soap opera starring [[V. J. Chitra]], Manikandan. It aired on [[Colors Tamil]] from 20 February 2018 to 26 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cover365.in/colors-tamil-new-serials-shows-launches-february-20-4103/|title=Colors Tamil New serials and shows launches from February 20|publisher=www.cover365.in|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204843/http://www.cover365.in/colors-tamil-new-serials-shows-launches-february-20-4103/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/120218/lending-colour-to-powerful-women.html|title=Lending colour to powerful women|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2022-06-11|first=Uttara|last=Bhattacharya|date=12 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

The series marks Manikandan's first small screen role since 2014. It is a story of a young girl Velunatchi ([[V. J. Chitra]]) who transforms herself into a strong woman carrying her father's lineage. It is a first soap opera about [[Silambam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/65118289.cms|title=Velunachi to go off-air soon - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Velunaachi's father was a [[silambam]] artist. He was everything to her. When he became physically challenged after an incident she takes care of him.

==Cast==
* [[V. J. Chitra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velunachi-actress-chithra-learns-to-climb-trees/articleshow/63876816.cms|title=Velunachi actress Chithra learns to climb trees|work=The Times of India|date=23 April 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en}}</ref> as Velunachi
* Manikandan Rajesh as Arul
*[[Kavitha (Tv actress)|S.Kavitha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWW46MxidmSoM5WvgGo21lA Colors Tamil Official Youtube Channel] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*{{IMDb title|id=tt11193728}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language martial arts television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports television series]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian sports television series]]

Ahmed Sher Khan

2026-04-13T05:12:46Z

RobertSwale: Made

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1914–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] | [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Ahmed Sher Khan''' (15 December 1914 – September, 1982) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]. He was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian field hockey team]], which won the gold medal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-09 |title=Dhyan Chand, Hitler and Olympic gold: On Indian hockey’s centenary, hockey great Aslam Sher Khan takes a trip down memory lane |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/dhyan-chand-hitler-olympics-aslam-sher-khan-memory-lane-10353937/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His son [[Aslam Sher Khan]] is also a former hockey player who was a part of the gold-winning Indian hockey team at the [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975 World Cup]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Olympedia}}
*{{Sports reference}}
*{{DatabaseOlympics}}

{{India FH Squad 1936 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ahmed}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Kasturi Nivasa (TV series)

2026-04-10T13:02:59Z

RobertSwale:

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Soap opera]]
}}
| creator =
| writer =
| screenplay = Sri Harsha C A, Geervani Bhat
| director = Mussanje Mahesh
| creative_director =
| story = Dialogues: Chaitrika Hegde
| starring = *Risha Nijaguna
*Dileep Shetty
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 833
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Jayashree Raj]] Rakesh Chandru
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–23 minutes
| company = Devi Studios Pvt Ltd
| network = [[Udaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|09|9|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|08|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Kasthuri Nivasa''''' ({{translation}} Kasthuri's House) was an Indian [[Kannada]] [[soap opera]] which premiered on 9 September 2019 and ended on 13 August 2022 in [[Udaya TV]] starring Risha Nijaguna and Dileep Shetty in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kasthuri-nivasa-to-be-premiered-on-monday/articleshow/70989993.cms|title=Kasthuri Nivasa to be premiered on Monday|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-kasthuri-nivasa-from-tomorrow-at-630pm/articleshow/71023625.cms|title=Watch Kasthuri Nivasa from tomorrow at 6:30pm|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amrutha-rammoorthy-lands-a-lead-role-in-kasturinivasa-replaces-actress-varsha/articleshow/73724219.cms|title=Amrutha Rammoorthy lands a lead role in 'Kasturinivasa'; replaces actress Varsha|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-amrutha-ramamoorthy-aka-mruduala-opts-out-of-kasturinivasa-details-inside/articleshow/81186136.cms|title=Actress Amrutha Ramamoorthy aka Mruduala opts out of Kasturinivasa; details inside|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-risha-nijaguna-joins-team-kasturinivasa/articleshow/81289219.cms|title=Actress Risha Nijaguna joins Team Kasturinivasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/a-twist-in-kasthuri-nivasa-is-set-to-captivate-viewers/articleshow/84495307.cms|title=A twist in Kasthuri Nivasa is set to captivate viewers|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Parvathi and Mahanadhi's youngest son Raghav marries Mridula, his estranged aunt Kasthuri's daughter. In a cruel twist of fate Mridula's sudden death plunges Raghav into desolation. Unaware of his conniving sister Sarvamangala, can Raghav infuse joy back into Kasturi Nivasa when Kushi enters his life like a breath of fresh airless is what the story unfolds.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Varsha / Amrutha Ramamoorthy as Mridula Raghav (Dead)
*Risha Nijaguna as Kushi Raghav
*Dileep Shetty as Raghav Mahanadi

===Supporting===
*Asha Rani as Parvathi Mahanadi
*Sitara as Sarvamangala Gopinath
*[[Jyothi Rai]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/jyothi-rai-lands-a-prominent-role-in-kasturinivasa/articleshow/76544497.cms|title=Jyothi Rai lands a prominent role in Kasturinivasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref> / Nandini Gowda as Kasthuri
*Rakesh Chandru<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actor-chandru-joins-kasthuri-nivasa-as-vasishta/articleshow/78400891.cms|title=Actor Chandru joins Kasthuri Nivasa as Vasishta|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Vasishta
*Rajgopal Joshi as Mahanadi
*Shilpa Iyer / Varshitha Seni<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/varshitha-seni-gets-replaced-in-kasturinivasa-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82274077.cms|title=Varshitha Seni gets replaced in Kasturinivasa after testing positive for COVID-19|website=The Times of India}}</ref> / Sangeetha Narayan as Nagaveni Madhav
*Ruthu Sai as Sathyabhama Keshav
*Suved Das as Abhay Gopinath
*Sourav / Viyan Shikhar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/viyan-shikhar-replaces-sourav-as-madhava-in-the-serial-kasthuri-nivasa/articleshow/81871082.cms|title=Viyan Shikhar replaces Sourav as Madhava in the serial Kasthuri Nivasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Madhav Mahanadi
*[[Padma Vasanthi]] as Lakkima
*Jyothi as Dr. Jayamma
*[[Jai Jagadish]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/viyan-shikhar-replaces-sourav-as-madhava-in-the-serial-kasthuri-nivasa/articleshow/81871082.cms|title=My daughters expect me to be a cool dad just like my on-screen character: Actor Jai Jagadish on his new show Kasturinivasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Uday Narayan

===Cameo appearances===
*[[Ajay Rao]] as himself<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/filmstar-ajay-rao-to-make-his-small-screen-debut-with-kasturinivasa/articleshow/76209845.cms|title=Filmstar Ajay Rao to make his small screen debut with Kasturinivasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Sudha Rani]] as herself<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sudharani-to-play-a-cameo-in-kasthuri-nivasa-sevanthi-special-episodes/articleshow/79036786.cms|title=Sudharani to play a cameo in Kasthuri Nivasa, Sevanthi special episodes|website=The Times of India}}</ref> (Mahasangama with Sevanthi)
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Brahmachari
*Amrutha Ramamoorthy as Mridula Raghav<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-happy-to-relive-the-character-of-mrudhula-again-says-amrutha-rammoorthi/articleshow/84783742.cms|title=I am happy to relive the character of Mrudhula again, says Amrutha Rammoorthi|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Jayashree Raj]] as Durga

==Crossover and Special episodes==
*It aired a one-hour special episode from 13 January 2020 to 18 January 2020 and from 22 February 2021 to 1 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-special-episodes-of-kasthuri-nivasa-from-monday/articleshow/81044369.cms|title=Watch special episodes of Kasthuri Nivasa from Monday|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*From 7 September 2020 to 11 September 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-special-combined-episodes-of-sevanthi-and-kasthuri-nivasa-from-monday/articleshow/77888.cms|title=Watch special combined episodes of Sevanthi and Kasthuri Nivasa, from Monday|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and from 2 November 2020 to 8 November 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-kasturi-nivasa-sevanthi-special-episodes-from-today/articleshow/78742471.cms|title=Watch Kasturi Nivasa, Sevanthi special episodes from today|website=The Times of India}}</ref> it had a Mahasangama with ''[[Sevanthi (Kannada TV series)|Sevanthi]]''.
*It had a one-hour episode aired on 1 August 2021.

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
|[[Kannada]]||Kasthuri Nivasa ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ನಿವಾಸ||9 September 2019||[[Udaya TV]]||13 August 2022||Original
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Aruvi அருவி||18 October 2021||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||11 May 2024
|Remake
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Udaya original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]

P. K. Kaul

2026-04-05T18:15:52Z

RobertSwale: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian ambassador to USA}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Ambassador]]
| name = Pratap Kishen Kaul
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| order = [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]]
| office =
| occupation = Diplomat, Ambassador of India to USA
| term_start = 1986
| term_end = 1989
| alongside = 
| president =
| prime_minister = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| succeeding = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|03|01|1929|07|03}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]
| birth_name =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[University of Allahabad]]
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pratap Kishen Kaul''' (3 July 1929<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gale Group|author2=60th 96-97|title=The International Who's Who: 1996-97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s90MD22wtA4C|year=1996|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-1-85743-021-9}}</ref> – 2 March 2007) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Civil Servant and held several important and sensitive posts in the Government of India. He was from the 1951 batch of the Indian Administrative Service and served as the Cabinet Secretary, Government of India from 1985 to 1986. He was also the [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]] from 1986 to 1989.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=The Kauls are Everywhere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/02/us/washington-talk-briefing-the-kauls-are-everywhere.html |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Wayne King |last=Irvin Molotsky |date=2 September 1986 |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref><ref name = ind_emb_web>{{Citation |title = Ambassadors of India to the United States |publisher = Embassy of India - Washington DC |url = http://www.indianembassy.org/archive/gallery/amb(us).htm |accessdate = 2008-11-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504235913/http://www.indianembassy.org/archive/gallery/amb(us).htm |archive-date = 4 May 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kaul was a [[postgraduate]] in economics from the [[University of Allahabad]], and went on to earn a master's degree in [[public administration]] at [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet Secretary (former) P.K. Kaul cremated |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/20226 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218005755/http://www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/20226 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=indianmuslims.info |accessdate=8 August 2012 }}</ref>

He died of cancer on 2 March 2007 in [[New Delhi]] aged 77. He is survived by his wife Usha, three daughters, five grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.<ref name=webindia>{{cite web| url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20070302/606491.html |title=Former cabinet secretary P.K. Kaul cremated |first=online news |last=webindia123 |date=2 March 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
===Civil services===
He was from the 1951 batch of the IAS and was assigned to the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre where he served for 14 years before moving to the government of India. He served in various capacities in New Delhi and was Deputy Secretary, Director, and Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs. He was also Commissioner and Secretary of, the Industries department in the Government of Uttar Pradesh from 1973 to 1975. He was secretary of three important ministries and held the posts of commerce secretary, defense secretary, and finance secretary<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga.gov/house/transcripts/htrans85/HT050388.pdf |title=85th general assembly, house of representatives, Transcription debate |first=www.ilga.com |last=Illinois general assembly page |date=3 May 1988 |page=13}}</ref> of the [[government of India]]. He served as cabinet secretary of India from 1985-1986. He also served as alternate governor to [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), [[World Bank]] (WB) and [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB).<ref name="webindia"/>

As a [[Finance Secretary (India)|finance secretary]], Kaul played an important role in formulating policies for export and import promotion, infrastructure for movement and financing of exports, and developing free trade zones in India. Kaul also served as the alternate governor of the Asian development bank (ADB), World Bank (WB), and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref name="webindia"/> Kaul was the chairman of the [[SEBI]] appointed committee which oversaw the implementation and facilitation of the SEBI Mutual Funds regulations, 1996. The committee helped the trustees of [[Mutual funds]] to best perform their role so that the mutual funds could be managed more ethically and responsibly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutual Funds 2000 |url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/commondocs/pt1b3_h.html |publisher=sebi.gov.in |first=Securities & Exchange Board of India |last=SEBI |author-link=SEBI |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>
He was the [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]] from 1986 to 1989.<ref name="ind_emb_web"/>

===Advisory role===
Kaul was on the advisory council of the [[All India Kashmiri Samaj]] (AIKS). He also advised industrial and financial firms on financial management and corporate planning matters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scholarship Board: Pratap Kishen Kaul |url=http://karna.org/body_scholarship_board.html |publisher=karna.org |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> In 2005, he was appointed a head of a high-powered committee to review the functioning of Central Government Health Service (CGHS) by the government of India.
He was also a member of the Space Commission and the Atomic Energy Commission of India. He retired as cabinet secretary.<ref name="Pandits">{{cite book |author=T.N. Pandit |title=Kashmiri Pandits: A Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP49MH_vl7UC&pg=PA163 |accessdate=8 August 2012 |year=1995 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation, 5 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj |isbn=81-7648-812-7 |page=163}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, P. K.}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Directorate General of Health Services (India)

2026-03-26T22:15:03Z

RobertSwale: added the data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian government advisory health body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Directorate General of Health Services
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type =
| seal = Ministry of Health India.svg
| seal_size = 180px
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
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| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = {{Start date|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| preceding1 = Director General, Indian Medical Service
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
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| superseding2 = 
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction = {{flag|Republic of India}}
| status =
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| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Dr. Sunita Sharma ([[Central Health Service|CHS]])
| chief1_position = Director General of Health Services
| chief2_name =
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| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| parent_agency_type = 
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| website = {{URL|dghs.mohfw.gov.in}}
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}}
The '''Directorate General of Health Services''' ('''Dte.GHS''') is an attached organisation of the Indian [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)]]. It is the apex technical advisory and regulatory body of healthcare. It functions as a repository of technical knowledge regarding public health, medical education and healthcare, and provides technical guidance to the ministry in these domains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=Government Implementing Preventive Public Health Measures Against the Disease |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=152119&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=MoHFW defends DGHS Chief Dr Arun Goel, terms 'insensitive remark' report misleading - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/mohfw-defends-dghs-chief-dr-arun-goel-terms-insensitive-remark-report-misleading/97950567 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government appoints Sanjay Tyagi as Director General of Health Services |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/government-appoints-sanjay-tyagi-as-director-general-of-health-services-4431541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522211420/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/government-appoints-sanjay-tyagi-as-director-general-of-health-services-4431541.html |archive-date=2022-05-22 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Dte.GHS is headed by the '''Director General of Health Services''' ('''DGHS'''), a Secretary level (Apex Grade) officer of the [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]. Sunita Sharma is the current Director General of Health Services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Directorate General of Health Services Charge Assumption Report |url=https://dghs.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/assets/Ehp612CqO1P36fophDq70khCkKrqOlcFMpEZicZD.pdf |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Dr Sunita Sharma to take charge as new Director General of Health Services |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/dr-sunita-sharma-to-take-charge-as-new-director-general-of-health-services-146708 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The Dte.GHS manages the Central Government Hospitals and performs its role in public health through various subordinate organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Centre-run hospitals asked to prescribe generic medicines only: Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/centre-run-hospitals-asked-to-prescribe-generic-medicines-only-health-minister-mansukh-mandaviya/102014142 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Prior to independence, the officers of the [[Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service (IMS)]] used to hold the post of Director General, Indian Medical Service.<ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-01-50-51.pdf First annual report of UPSC 1951]</ref> The Directorate General of Health Services (Dte.GHS) was established in 15 August 1947 and the Director General of Health Services (DGHS) replaced the Director General, Indian Medical Service and the Public Health Commissioner. The first DGHS was [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] and he also functioned as the Health Secretary to the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-1-43-606|title=Amrita Bazar Patrika [Weekly]. Vol: 79; Issue:31 (21 August 1947)|website=Endangered Archives Programme}}</ref><ref>[https://nihfw.ac.in/Doc/Reports/Mudalier%20%20Vol.pdf Health Survey and Planning Committee (Mudaliar Committee) 1962]</ref> The Contributory Health Service Scheme (the predecessor of [[Central Government Health Scheme]]) for the healthcare of Central Government Employees was under the administrative control of Dte.GHS.<ref>[[iarchive:dli.csl.1182|Report of the Contributory Health Service Scheme Assessment Committee 1962]]</ref>

== List of DGHS of India ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
! colspan="2" |CHS Sub-cadre
!Start of Term
!End of Term
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|Sunita Sharma
| style="background-color: #C71585;" |
|Teaching (T)
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2025|April|28}}
|{{center|_}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dghs.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/assets/Ehp612CqO1P36fophDq70khCkKrqOlcFMpEZicZD.pdf|format=PDF|title=कार्यालय आदेश Directorate General of Health Services Charge Assumption Report|date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Atul Goel
| style="background-color: #C71585;" |
|Teaching (T)
|
|27 April 2025
|
|-
|Sunil Kumar
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Rajiv Garg
|
|
|1 January 2020
|
|<ref name=":1">https://dghs.mohfw.gov.in/mainsitedghs/uploads/assets/Ag7MLk500hvZBihoUXBDS9dwNYcJM8HtdrWfPiFu.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Tyagi
| style="background-color: #C71585;" |
|Teaching (T)
|14 September 2019
|31 December 2019
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|A K Saxena
|
|Non-Teaching (NT)
|12 July 2019
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|S Venkatesh
|
|
|17 June 2018
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Promila Gupta
|
|
|3 April 2018
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|B D Athani
|
|
|17 January 2018
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Jagdish Prasad
|
|
|1 December 2011
|2017
|<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/List%20of%20Officers%20of%20DGHS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref><ref>https://www.ilbs.in/?page=content&itemid=314</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/adma-shree-awardee-moves-delhi-court-seeking-nia-probe-into-origins-of-covid-19-pandemic-178287|title="Mischievous Handiwork Of Persons": Former DGHS & Padma Shree Awardee Moves Delhi Court Seeking NIA Probe Into Origins Of Covid 19 Pandemic|first=Nupur|last=Thapliyal|date=28 July 2021|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref>
|-
|R K Srivastava
|
|
|1 November 2005
|1 December 2011
|<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Seniority%20list%20of%20HAG%20officers%20of%20CHS%20as%20on%2001.11.2008.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|J. B. Shrivastav
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/health-services-and-medical-education-a-programme-for-immediate-action/|title=Health Services and Medical Education: A Programme for Immediate Action|date=1 January 1975|via=ruralindiaonline.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami]]
|
|
|1960
|1974
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322360895_Legends_of_Indian_Orthopedics_Puliyur_Krishnaswamy_Duraiswami|title=(PDF) Legends of Indian Orthopedics: Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami}}</ref>
|-
|C K Lakshmanan
|
|
|
|
|[https://dciindia.gov.in/History_DCI.aspx]
|-
|[[Rai Bahadur|Rao Bahadur]] K C K E Raja
|
|
|1 June 1948
|17 September 1952
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tbcindia.mohfw.gov.in/about-us/|title=About us – Central Tuberculosis Division|website=tbcindia.mohfw.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1944-12-07a.713.0|title=Secretary.—Rao Bahadur Dr. K....: 7 Dec 1944: House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou}}</ref>[https://dciindia.gov.in/History_DCI.aspx]
|-
|[[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]]
|
|
|15 August 1947
|1948
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/jivraj-narayan-mehta/|title=Jivraj Narayan Mehta}}</ref><ref>https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/resources/UploadCDSCOWeb/2018/UploadCommitteeFiles/7thdtab.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Central Govt. hospitals and medical colleges ==
The DteGHS has the administrative control of the Central Government hospitals and medical colleges:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Barsha |date=2023-05-21 |title=Health Ministry Implements Centralized Cadre System of Administrative Staff in Delhi Central Govt Hospitals, seeks Details |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/government-policies/health-ministry-implements-centralized-cadre-system-of-administrative-staff-in-delhi-central-govt-hospitals-seeks-details-111762 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital|Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital|Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=DCW notice to RML Hospital, state and central govts over 'non-availability of free sex-reassignment surgery' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dcw-notice-to-rml-hospital-non-availability-of-free-sex-reassignment-surgery-8943108/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]] and associated hospitals<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title=Generics-only order has docs at Centre-run hosps in a fix |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/generics-only-order-has-docs-at-centre-run-hosps-in-a-fix/articleshow/100263470.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Vardhman Mahavir Medical College|Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College]] and [[Safdarjung Hospital]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Barsha |date=2022-05-11 |title=Vacancies in Central Govt Hospitals: DGHS reinstates Ad-hoc appointment until formulation of new uniform policy |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/vacancies-in-central-govt-hospitals-dghs-reinstates-ad-hoc-appointment-until-formulation-of-new-uniform-policy-92797 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh<ref name="auto"/>

== Nursing Colleges ==
* [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Debmitra |date=2023-07-10 |title=MCC issues notice on BSc Nursing Counselling Process For Colleges Affiliated To IP University, Check out details |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/nursing/mcc-issues-notice-on-bsc-nursing-counselling-process-for-colleges-affiliated-to-ip-university-check-out-details-114227 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Lady Reading Health School

== Public health institutes and organisations ==
* [[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=DGHS Result 2023 Declared at hlldghs.cbtexam.in: Download Group A B C Marks PDF |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/dghs-result-2023-declared-at-hlldghs-cbtexam-in-download-group-a-b-c-pdf-1703577802-1 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>
* All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation<ref name=":0" />
* [[National Centre for Disease Control]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Prof. S P Singh Baghel inaugurates three-day National Public Health India Conference |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2008388 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007140928/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2008388 |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varshney |first=Vibha |date=2020-07-27 |title=India's mysterious diseases: 'We need a public health system' |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/health/india-s-mysterious-diseases-we-need-a-public-health-system--72486 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajeli-Datt |first=Kavita |date=2024-08-21 |title=Centre to soon issue advisory to states on new virulent strain of Mpox |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/21/centre-to-soon-issue-advisory-to-states-on-new-virulent-strain-of-mpox |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nivedita Mookerji & Ruchika Chitravanshi |title=Where is NCDC? It should have been better utilised amid Covid, say experts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/national-centre-for-disease-control-s-elusive-role-amid-covid-19-pandemic-121070400783_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230012127/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/national-centre-for-disease-control-s-elusive-role-amid-covid-19-pandemic-121070400783_1.html |archive-date=2021-12-30 |access-date=2025-02-22 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Health Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya virtually reviews preparedness of States for prevention and control of Vector Borne diseases, ahead of the Monsoon Season |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1936542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006142631/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1936542 |archive-date=2024-10-06 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Initiatives & Achievements-2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1990674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813222711/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1990674 |archive-date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Point of entries health units ===
(Airport Health Organisation, Port Health Organisation, Land Port Health Organisation)
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!State/UT
!APHO
!PHO
!LBQU
|-
|Andaman
|Port Blair
|
|
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|Visakhapatanam
|
|
|-
|Assam
|Guwahati
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|Gaya
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|Chandigarh
|
|
|-
|Delhi
|New Delhi
|
|
|-
|Goa
|Goa
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|Ahmedabad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Karnataka
|Bengaluru
|
|
|-
|Mangaluru
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Kerala
|Calicut
|
|
|-
|Kochi
|
|
|-
|Thiruvananthapuram
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|Indore
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Maharashtra
|Mumbai
|
|
|-
|Nagpur
|
|
|-
|Pune
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|Bhubaneswar
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|Amritsar
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|Jaipur
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Tamil Nadu
|Chennai
|
|
|-
|Coimbatore
|
|
|-
|Madurai
|
|
|-
|Tiruchirappalli
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|Hyderabad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Uttar Pradesh
|Kanpur
|
|
|-
|Lucknow
|
|
|-
|Varanasi
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|Kolkata
|
|
|}

== Medical regulatory bodies ==
* [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation|Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]] (CDSCO)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=CDSCO disallow import of refurbished medical device: Move divides the industry |url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/cdsco-disallow-import-of-refurbished-medical-device-move-divides-the-industry/447687/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Express Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref>
* National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare organizes National Webinar on National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation as part of Angdaan Mahotsav and during the Organ Donation month of July |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919011510/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941862 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Health ministry asks states, UTs to act strictly against hospitals involved in illegal transplant - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/health-ministry-asks-states-uts-to-act-strictly-against-hospitals-involved-in-illegal-transplant/109477450 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Serum and vaccine institutes ==
* [[Central Research Institute, Kasauli]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[BCG vaccine|BCG Vaccine]] Laboratory, Guindy
* Institute of [[Serology]], Kolkata

== Drug procurement organisations ==
* Medical Stores Organisation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unlimited |first=Web |title=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Recruitment 2024: Application Open For Consultants Post, Apply Now |url=https://studycafe.in/ministry-of-health-and-family-welfare-recruitment-2024-application-open-for-consultants-post-apply-now-342348.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Studycafe |language=en}}</ref>
* GMSD

== Leprosy and TB institutes ==
* Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chengalpattu
* Regional Leprosy Training and Research Institute
** Aska
** Gouripur
** Raipur
* TB Institute, Ghaziabad

== Central institutes ==
* Central [[Health education|Health Education]] Bureau:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Team |date=2025-02-07 |title=State Level Training programs on Musculoskeletal disorders held at SDGH {{!}} Goemkarponn - Goa News Team Goemkarponn PANAJI:The State AYUSH Society Goa and National AYUSH Mission under Directorate of Health Services has organized the State Level Training programs on Musculoskeletal disorders at Hospicio South Goa District Hospital, Margao. Ayush Vertical DGHS in Coordination with Central Health Education Bureau (CHEB) had undertaken the modular training program on musculoskeletal disorder for Master |url=https://goemkarponn.com/state-level-training-programs-on-musculoskeletal-disorders-held-at-sdgh/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=goemkarponn.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Started functioning in 1955.<ref>[[iarchive:b31407390|Annual Report of the Dte.GHS, 1957]]</ref>
* [[Central Institute of Psychiatry|Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi]]

== See also ==
* [[Central Health Service]]
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://dghs.mohfw.gov.in/ Directorate General of Health Services]
* [https://mohfw.gov.in/ Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]
* [https://lhmc-hosp.gov.in/ Lady Hardinge Medical College]
* [https://rhtcnajafgarh.in/ Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh]
* [https://www.ladyreadinghealthschool.com/ Lady Reading Health School]
* [https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/ National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme]
* [https://ihpoe.mohfw.gov.in/ Point of Entries Health Organisations (APHO, PHO, LPHO)]
* [https://www.notto.mohfw.gov.in/ National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation]
* [https://dirbcglab.gov.in/ BCG Vaccine Laboratory, Guindy]
* [https://cltri.gov.in/ Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chengalpattu]
* [https://rltriaska.org/ Regional Leprosy Training and Research Institute, Aska]
* [https://rltrird.cg.gov.in/ Regional Leprosy Training and Research Institute, Raipur]
* [https://cheb.nic.in/ Central Health Education Bureau]

[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]

Department of Backward Communities Development (Kerala)

2026-03-25T13:41:23Z

RobertSwale: added first post and citations...

{{Short description|Department of the Government of Kerala}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Backward Communities Development
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = {{flag|India}} Kerala
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
| minister1_name = [[O. R. Kelu]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes
| chief1_name = 
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government
| child_agency = Directorate of Backward Classes Development
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child12_agency = Directorate of Backward Classes Development
| website = [https://bcdd.kerala.gov.in/en/home/ bcdd.kerala.gov.in]
}}
The '''Department of Backward Communities Development''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The department is tasked with formulating and implementing policies aimed at promoting education, employment and overall welfare for [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) and Other Eligible Classes (OEC). It has its headquarters in [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Government Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==Leadership==
The Department of Backward Classes Development is headed by a [[Cabinet Minister]] of the Government of Kerala. The incumbent Minister for Welfare of Backward Classes is [[O. R. Kelu]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Villa | first=Stefania | title=Storia del Falò di Sant'Antonio. Come nasce la tradizione varesina – VareseInforma | website=VareseInforma – News, video, attualità, foto e tutti gli ultimi aggiornamenti dalla Città di Varese | date=2024-01-12 | url=http://www.vareseinforma.it/storia-falo-santantonio-varese/ | language=it | access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/en/council-of-ministers |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

The department is administratively headed by a Secretary to Government, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]], assisted by joint secretaries, deputy secretaries, under secretaries and other clerical staffs.<ref name=":0" />

== Functions ==
The department is tasked with overall welfare of backward classes in the state. It includes reservation of seats for backward classes in educational institutions, reservation of jobs for backward classes in public services and public sector undertakings, classification and identification of communities as Backward Classes, etc. The department is also tasked with administrative matters of [[National Commission for Backward Classes]], Kerala State Commission for Backward Classes and Directorate of Backward Classes Development.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|title=Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala: Part II – First Schedule (See Rule 4)
|url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf
|website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala
|publisher=Government of Kerala
|access-date=14 November 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Dileep V. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Even after 25 years, Kerala's Backward Classes Development Department stands at a crossroads |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/even-after-25-years-keralas-backward-classes-development-department-stands-at-a-crossroads/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-02-05 |title=HC asks backward class dept. to decide on Anglo-Indian quota in college admissions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/hc-asks-backward-class-dept-to-decide-on-anglo-indian-quota-in-college-admissions/article69184530.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Sub-Departments ==
* Directorate of Backward Classes Development<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcdd.kerala.gov.in/en/home/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316022915/http://bcdd.kerala.gov.in/en/home/|archive-date=2025-03-16|title=Backward Classes Development Department|access-date=2025-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Autonomous institutions==
* Kerala State Backward Classes Development Corporation
* [[Kerala State Development Corporation for Christian Converts from Scheduled Castes and the Recommended Communities|Kerala State Development Corporation for Christian Converts from SC and the Recommended Communities Ltd.]]
* Kerala State Commission for Backward Classes

== See also ==
* [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Development Department (Kerala)]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]

Jos Theatre

2026-03-24T15:45:40Z

RobertSwale: creating new data

{{Short description|First permanent movie theatre in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Jose Theater
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| address = [[Swaraj Round]], [[Thrissur]]
| city = [[Thrissur]]
| country = India
| designation =
| architect =
| owner = [[Jose Kattookkaran]]
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1930
| reopened =
| years_active =
| rebuilt =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.522379|N|76.215527|E|display=title}}
| closed =
| demolished =
| other_names = ''Jose Electrical Bioscope''
| production =
| current_use =
| website =
}}

'''Jos Theatre''' is the first permanent movie theatre in [[Kerala]], India. Located in [[Swaraj Round]] in [[Thrissur]] city, it was built by [[Kattukkaran Varunny Joseph]], the first man to screen the film in Kerala. The movie theatre was earlier known as ''Jose Electrical Bioscope''. It was Kerala's first permanent brick‑and‑mortar cinema hall and remains in continuous operation under the ownership of its founder's descendants.

== History ==
Kattukkaran Varunny Joseph was known as the "Father of Malayalam Cinema Exhibitors". He was the first to introduced film projection to [[Kerala]] in 1913 with his battery‑powered "Jose Electrical Bioscope" at [[Ollur]], [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C.S. |date=2013-11-21 |title=Lights, camera, cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lights-camera-cinema/article5374952.ece |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-19 |title=Kerala's first film projector to become a museum piece in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/keralas-first-film-projector-to-become-a-museum-piece-in-city/articleshow/77042880.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Building on that pioneering venture, he established '''Jose Theatre''' on Thrissur's [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur|Swaraj Round]] in 1930. It was the state's first permanent brick‑and‑mortar cinema hall. It is being operated by Joseph's descendants, the theater weathered the transition from silent films to talkies, multiple ownership changes and successive renovations continuously screening regional and national releases for over nine decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Barco Electronic Systems Pvt |title=Sapna Theatre in Thrissur Embraces Auro 11.1 Barco's Immersive Sound |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/sapna-theatre-in-thrissur-embraces-auro-111-barcos-immersive-sound-287889601.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cityjournal.in/hundred-years-of-filial-indifference/
|title=Hundred years of filial indifferenc
|publisher=City Journal
|accessdate=2013-10-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213608/http://cityjournal.in/hundred-years-of-filial-indifference/
|archive-date=4 October 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-true-adventurer/article5179374.ece
|title=A true adventurer
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2013-10-01}}</ref>

== Significance ==
As Kerala's inaugural dedicated movie house, Jose Theatre institutionalized regular film exhibition, by transforming cinema from a transient novelty into a cornerstone of public entertainment in Thrissur. It provided [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam filmmakers]] with a reliable exhibition platform and nurtured communal viewing traditions that fostered the state's vibrant film culture. Today, Jose Theatre stands as a living monument to early Indian cinema's exhibition history and to the entrepreneurial vision of its founder, whose touring bioscopes and permanent hall laid the groundwork for Kerala's cinematic boom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-29 |title=A true adventurer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-true-adventurer/article5179374.ece |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1936]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya

2026-03-23T17:44:49Z

RobertSwale:

{{Short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
| image =
| alt = Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
| caption = Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
| birth_date = 1884
| death_date = 1954
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| native_name_lang =
| other_names = Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
| known_for = scholar hailing from Kerala
| occupation =
| father = Imadudheen aliyyusswalihathi
| website =
}}
{{Islam}}

'''Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi''' ([[Arabic]]:شهاب الدين احمد كويا شاليات, [[Malayalam]]:ശിഹാബുദ്ദീന് അഹ്മദ് കോയ ശാലിയാത്തി), who played vital roles in the reformation process of the Kerala Muslims, was the scholar hailing from Kerala, the southern state of India. He had occupied crucial positions in Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, the official organization of Sunni scholars in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_2.xhtml |title=Samastha Kerala |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918202439/http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_2.xhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |title=Samastha Kerala |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918202450/http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was renowned south Indian Shafi scholar who was student of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], founder of Sunni [[Barelvi movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60798/11/11_chapter%204.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born to Mohyaddin Kutty Haji at Koyamarakkarakamin [[Kozhikode]]. He was brought under the strict supervision of his parents in a religious background and earned the primary education from his father. He was admitted in Darse (Masjid based university) borne by Ali Musliyar, the scholar and freedom fighter. He traveled to Bareilly city and got Islamic and spiritual education under Imam [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], Mujaddid and famous Sunni scholar of the previous century. He was given permission to accept disciples in Sufi Qadri order by him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wink |first1=A.|title=Islamic Education and Scholastic Intellectualism |date=2013 |s2cid=73555815 }}{{Full citation needed|date=January 2022}}</ref>

He carried on his further studies under Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji, the reformer hailing from Kerala, and Shamsul Ulama Moulana Mufti Mahmood, then grand mufti of Madras. He fetched the excellence in Bayan, Badie, Manthiq, and Hadeeth. He completed Nizamiya course from Velore Lathifiya college as per his father's will.

==Personal life==
He married from Chaliyath, but it didn't last more and ended in the premature death of the spouse. After the demise of the first spouse, he tied knot with cousin and two sons were born. He was compelled to divorce her due to some technical reason and married daughter of Manekkal Kunnahmed Musliyar.{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

==Activism==
During the time of course at Lathifiya College, he was included in Darul Iftha (Fatwa council) and was appointed as teacher in some subjects. After the completion of course from Latifiya college, he was appointed as the teacher in Riyala Jiyan College Tirunnelvel, [[Tamil Nadu]]. He carried on the official duty on the behalf of Ali during his leave for the Hajj pilgrimage and worked in Kolayattur Juma Masjid for five years. He took the duty as the chief professor in Badukkal Masjid after the invitation of Sheikh Ubaidullahi Madirasi. In Hijra 1245, he was installed on the grand Mufthi position due to his vast knowledge in four school of thoughts.

=== Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama ===
He was the spearhead of the organization in the early intellectual counterattack against the novelty based groups. He chaired the convocation organized at Feroke, Kozhikode district in 1933.

==Works==
He had thirty-seven books in various subject and handwritten copies of them were preserved in Azhariya Library.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
He died in 1954.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ilias |first=M. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTZwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Shihabuddeen+Ahmed+Koya&pg=PT216 |title=Research in the Islamic Context: Political and Methodological Reflections from South Asia, Indian Ocean, and the Arab World |date=2022-07-01 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-60600-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Palazhi |first=Wakat Abdulatif |date= |title=അല്ലാമാ ശിഹാബുദ്ദീൻ അഹ്മദ് കോയ അശ്ശാലിയാത്തി (റ) |url=https://www.sirajlive.com/allama-shihabuddin-ahmad-koya-ashsaliyati-r.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Sirajlive.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Students of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]

List of galleries, libraries, museums and archives in Goa

2026-03-18T14:13:32Z

RobertSwale: new first post initial version

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of [[galleries, libraries, archives and museums]] in the State of Goa, India.

==Galleries==
*[[Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery]], [[Old Goa]]
*[[Institute Menezes Braganza]]/[[Instituto Vasco da Gama]], [[Panjim]]
*[[Kala Academy]], [[Panjim]]
*[[Sunaparanta, Goa Centre for the Arts]]

==Libraries==
{{see also|List of libraries in India}}
*[[Bookworm Children's Library]], [[Taleigao]]
*[[Dr Francisco Luis Gomes District Library]], [[Navelim]]
*[[Goa State Central Library]]
*[[Goa University Library]], [[Taleigao]]
*[[Goa Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] Library, Near [[Azad Maidan]], [[Panjim]]
*[[Goa Engineering College]] Library, [[Farmagudi]], [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]]
*[[Goa Legislative Assembly]] Library, [[Alto-Porvorim]]
*[[Gomantak Marathi Academy]], [[Porvorim]]
*[[Institute Menezes Braganza]] Library, [[Panjim]]
*[[Kala Academy]] Library, [[Panjim]]

==Archives==
*[[Xavier Centre of Historical Research]], [[Alto Porvorim]]
*[[Archdiocese of Goa]], [[Altinho]], [[Panjim]]/[[Panaji]]

==Museums==
*[[Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery]], [[Old Goa]]
*[[Ashvek Vintage World]], [[Nuvem]]
*[[Big Foot Museum]], [[Loutolim]]
*[[Goa Chitra Museum]], [[Benaulim]]
*[[Goa Science Centre]], [[Panaji]]
*[[Goa State Museum]], [[Panaji]]
*[[Museum of Christian Art]], [[Old Goa]]
*[[Museum of Goa]], [[Pilerne]]
*[[Naval Aviation Museum (India)]], [[Vasco da Gama]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://cis-india.org/openness/blog/promoting-glam-in-goa Report of launch of GLAM project in Goa]
*[https://archive.org/details/GlamInGoa Audio recording of the launch of the GLAM project in Goa]

{{Library nav}}

[[Category:Museums in Goa]]
[[Category:India education-related lists|Galleries, Libraries, Museums and Archives in Goa]]
[[Category:Education in Goa|Galleries, Libraries, Museums and Archives]]
[[Category:Lists of libraries in India|Goa]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|Galleries, Libraries, Museums and Archives]]
[[Category:Libraries in Goa]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Goa|Galleries, libraries, museums and archives]]

Vijay Kumar Arora

2026-03-15T08:48:35Z

RobertSwale: new initial bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Kumar Arora
| image = Vijay Kumar Arora.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = Daddu
| birth_place = Amritsar, Punjab, India
| occupation = Film director and cinematographer
| years_active = 1990s–present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Arora''', also known as '''Daddu''', is an Indian filmmaker and cinematographer who predominantly works in the [[Cinema of India|Hindi]] and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film industries]]. As a cinematographer, he is known for his collaborations with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Anubhav Sinha]], and [[Remo D'Souza]].

For his work as a filmmaker, he was awarded the 66th [[National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film]] for ''[[Harjeeta]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=Son of Sardaar 2: What to Expect from the Ajay Devgn starrer sequel under the direction of Vijay Kumar Arora |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/son-of-sardaar-2-what-to-expect-from-the-ajay-devgn-starrer-sequel-under-the-direction-of-vijay-kumar-arora-13843734.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=Harjeeta wins best Punjabi Film Award: 'If movie based on me can inspire youngsters, I will feel lucky' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/harjeeta-national-award-best-punjabi-film-harjeet-singh-tuli-hockey-world-cup-5893839/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His other directorial Punjabi film, ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'', earned him a nomination for Best Director at the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020|PTC Punjabi Film Awards in 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-06 |title=Here's the full list of nominations for PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-nominations-list-ptc-network-en |access-date= |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> The film went on to win the Jury's Choice Award for Best Film at the 10th [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020|PTC Punjabi Film Awards in 2020]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=28 March 2021 |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329154547/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Arora began his career in the late 1990s and worked as a cinematographer on Hindi films such as ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' (1999), ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2000), ''[[Tum Bin]]'' (2001), ''[[Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha|Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaata]]'' (2003), ''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007), and [[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance|''ABCD'']] (2013). His later cinematographic work includes ''[[ABCD 2|Any Body Can Dance 2]]'' (2015), ''[[A Flying Jatt]]'' (2016), and ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' (2020). He also worked on television projects, including ''[[Hasratein]]'', Sea Hawks, Hum Bombay Nahi Jayenge, and Shikast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-17 |title=Vijay Kumar Arora Returns To Bollywood With Ajay Devgn Starrer 'Son Of Sardaar 2' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-kumar-arora-returns-to-bollywood-with-ajay-devgn-starrer-son-of-sardaar-2-1738854 |access-date= |website=ABP News |language=en}}</ref>

In the early 2010s, Arora made his directorial debut with the Punjabi film Ronde Sare Vyah Picho (2013), starring Neeru Bajwa. He went on to direct films such as ''[[Harjeeta]]'' (2018), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-24 |title=66th National Film Awards 2019: Team 'Harjeeta' Wins Big For 'Best Punjabi Film', and 'Best Child Artist' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/66th-national-film-awards-2019-team-harjeeta-wins-big-for-best-punjabi-film-and-best-child-artist |access-date= |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' (2019), ''[[Kali Jotta]]'' (2023), and ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Misfire or Masterstroke? Fans ask as Ajay onboards this Punjabi director for Son Of Sardaar 2 |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/159008-ajay-devgn-onboards-vijay-arora-for-son-of-sardaar-2.html |access-date= |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=2024-05-17 |title=Ajay Devgn To Kickstart Son of Sardaar 2 Shoot - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-to-kickstart-son-of-sardaar-2-shoot-exclusive-article-110215848 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Arora has also directed music videos for artists such as [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Mika Singh]], [[B Praak]], [[Raftaar]], and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], in collaboration with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], and for [[Sonu Nigam]]'s album ''Deewana''.<ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==
=== As cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''Aai'' || Marathi || Debut
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000 || ''[[Jungle (2000 film)|Jungle]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nidaan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Astitva]]'' || Marathi Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || rowspan="28" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001 || ''[[Tum Bin]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ehsaas: The Feeling]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Pitaah]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaata]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai]]'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Rakht]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005 || ''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dus (2005 film)|Dus]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[It Was Raining That Night]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Viruddh]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Naksha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Deha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dhamaal]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Love Story 2050]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[ABCD: Anybody Can Dance]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[ABCD 2]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[A Flying Jatt]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Nawabzaade]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mohalla Assi]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Be Happy (film)|Be Happy]]'' ||
|-
|}

=== As director ===
* ''Ronde Sare Vyah Picho'' (2013)
* ''[[Harjeeta]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Kali Jotta]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'' (2025)

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film|Best Punjabi Feature film]]
|''[[Harjeeta]]''
| {{win}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2018
|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
|Best Director
|''[[Harjeeta]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2019
|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
|Best Director
|''[[Guddiyan Patole]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-09 |title='Guddiyan Patole' Gets Highest Opening For Female Lead Punjabi Film |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/guddiyan-patole-gets-highest-opening-for-female-lead-punjabi-film |access-date= |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[National Film Awards]]
|Best Punjabi Feature film
|''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |author=|date=2 August 2025 |title=Sonam Bajwa calls Godday Godday Cha winning National Award a 'truly humbling experience' |url=https://ianslive.in/sonam-bajwa-calls-godday-godday-cha-winning-national-award-a-truly-humbling-experience--20250802204507 |work=[[IANS]] |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm4417706}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hamish Imlach

2026-03-13T14:29:07Z

RobertSwale: creating a pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Hamish Imlach
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|01|1|1940|2|10}}
| death_place = [[Motherwell]], [[Scotland]]
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]]
| occupation = Musician, songwriter
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Hamish Imlach''' (10 February 1940 – 1 January 1996) was a Scottish [[Folk music|folk singer]].<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|page=641}}</ref> Imlach was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to Scottish parents,<ref name="Larkin"/> although he claimed to have been conceived in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. His commercial success was limited, but he influenced many other artists, including most notably [[John Martyn (singer)|John Martyn]], [[Billy Connolly]], and [[Christy Moore]]. In Central and Northern Europe Imlach enjoyed a strong reputation as a vivid live artist.

==Career==
He had his biggest hit in the late 1960s with ''[[Cod Liver Oil and the Orange Juice]]'', a scurrilous and hilarious take on the American [[gospel music|gospel]] standard "Virgin Mary Had a Little Baby" written by Ron Clark and Carl MacDougall. The song was, for a time, banned by the [[BBC]] as it was assumed to be full of double meanings, but at one point became the most requested song on British Forces Radio.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the late 1960s whilst performing at the [[Manchester Sports Guild]], Imlach struck up a conversation with a then little known [[Christy Moore]] after noticing their guitar case in the queue outside the venue, which was an uncommon sight in those days, inviting him into the venue as his guest. This encounter lead to a long-time friendship.{{sfn|Moore|2000|p=18}} Whilst touring together for many years after, the pair were heavy drinkers and users of [[cannabis]], Imlach smoking it but Moore only chewing it.{{sfn|Moore|2000|p=18}}

He was described by Ewan McVicar, the Scottish storyteller and singer, as ''"a raconteur who taught [[Billy Connolly]], a singer who taught [[Christy Moore]], a blues guitarist who taught [[John Martyn (singer)|John Martyn]]."'' Imlach was invited to join the Irish trad and folk group [[The Dubliners]].<ref name=obituary>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-hamish-imlach-1322328.html|title=OBITUARY: Hamish Imlach|date=4 January 1996|website=Independent.co.uk|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> He was also an early anti-nuclear protester,<ref name="Larkin"/> and wrote and performed protest songs as well as comic ones.

After recovering from a serious illness in the 1970s he regularly toured with Iain MacKintosh as well as doing solo tours. For the last 18 months of his professional life, his stage partner was Kate Kramer, a Canadian fiddle player and singer who lived in Scotland, with whom he recorded his last CD, ''More and Merrier'' (1996).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Personal life==
Hamish Imlach was married to Wilma Dundas, who died on 10 March 2019 and had four children named Mairead, Fiona, Jim and Vhari.

Imlach's health deteriorated again towards the latter part of his life with bronchial troubles and obesity, and he died on 1 January 1996, six weeks short of his 56th birthday. In his 1992 autobiography, ''Cod Liver Oil and the Orange Juice'', co-written with Ewan McVicar, Imlach jested "When I die I want everything to be knackered!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/folk/2010/08/remembering-hamish-imlach.html|title=BBC - Folk: Remembering Hamish Imlach|website=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="obituary" />

==Discography==
* ''Hamish Imlach'' (XTRA, 1966)
* ''Before and After'' (XTRA, 1967)
* ''Live'' (XTRA, 1967)
* ''The Two Sides of Hamish Imlach'' (XTRA, 1968)
* ''Ballads of Booze'' (XTRA, 1969)
* ''Old Rarity'' (XTRA, 1971)
* ''Fine Old English Tory Times'' (XTRA, 1972)
* ''Murdered Ballads'' (XTRA, 1973)
* ''Scottish Sabbath'' (Autogram, 1976)
* ''A Man's a Man'' (Autogram, 1978) with Iain MacKintosh
* ''The Sporting Life'' (Musikiste, 1981)
* ''Sonny's Dream'' (Lismor, 1985)
* ''Portrait'' (Musikiste, 1989)
* ''I Was Born in Glasgow'' (Gallus Music, 1991)
* ''Two's Company'' (Vindaloo Music, 1993) with [[Muriel Graves]]
* ''More and Merrier'' (Lochshore, 1995) with Muriel Graves and Kate Kramer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Christy |editor1-link=Christy Moore |title=One Voice: My Life in Song |date=2000 |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-0-340-76840-2 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/onevoicemylifein0000chri/mode/2up |access-date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imlach}}
[[Category:Scottish folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish male singers]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish musicians]]
[[Category:Transatlantic Records artists]]

Adipapam

2026-03-03T20:53:49Z

RobertSwale: basic refine structure after review additionally

{{confused|text=the 1979 film [[Aadipaapam]]}}
{{No plot|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadyapapam
| image = Adipapam.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[P. Chandrakumar]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{based on|[[Old Testament]]}}
| starring = Vimal Raja [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]]
| music = [[Jerry Amaldev]] [[Usha Khanna]]
| cinematography = P. Chandrakumar
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = [[Super Good Films|Super Film International]]
| released = {{Film date|1988|9|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}} 7 lakh<ref name="Metrovaartha" />
| gross = {{INR}} 2.5 crore<ref name="Metrovaartha" />
}}

'''''Adipapam''''' ({{Translation|[[First sin]]}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[erotic film]] directed and filmed by [[P. Chandrakumar]] and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. It is based on the [[Old Testament]] and features Vimal Raja and [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]] as [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], respectively. Upon release, the film grossed ₹2.5 [[crore]] against a budget of ₹7.5 [[lakh]]. The film was released in Tamil as ''Muthal Paavam''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 1988 |title=Mudhal Paavam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881209&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It is regarded as the first successful [[Malayalam softcore pornography|Malayalam softcore film]] with nudity.

== Cast ==
* Vimal Raja as [[Adam]]
* [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]] as [[Eve]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Jerry Amaldev]] and [[Usha Khanna]], with lyrics written by Devadas.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Daivathin Srishtiyil" || [[P Jayachandran]]
|-
| "Maanavan Mannil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Snehamithallo Bhoovileeshan" || Chorus, [[Krishnachandran]]
|}

== Reception ==
The film, made at a budget of {{INR}} 750,000, grossed {{INR}} 25 million.<ref name="Metrovaartha">{{Cite news |last=R. Rins |date=9 July 2011 |title=ഞാന്‍ ഏകനായിരുന്നു |language=ml |work=Metrovaartha |url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420235343/http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html |archive-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with softcore nudity. The success of the film inspired a series of similar productions in the next few years. Chandrakumar himself went on to direct eight more adult films and Abhilasha became the most sought [[B movies|B-grade]] actress.<ref name="Adipapam">{{Cite web |last=Ayyappan |first=R. |date=1 January 2000 |title=Sleaze time, folks |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |access-date=14 April 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204191304/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malayalam softcore pornography]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0352132}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928105510/http://www.spicevienna.org/showMovie.php?m=11755 ''Adipapam''] at Spicevienna.org

{{Adam and Eve}}
[[Category:1980s erotic films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s pornographic films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Christian mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films about Adam and Eve]]
[[Category:Films based on the Book of Genesis]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Chandrakumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Indian erotic films]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]

Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu

2026-03-03T20:46:10Z

RobertSwale: small fixed citations for clarity and corrected details

{{No plot|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu
| image = Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]'' by A. K. Velan}}
| producer = Sundarlal Nahatha T. Ashwadanarayana
| writer = [[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = A. K. Velan
| screenplay = C. S. Rao
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Rajasulochana]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = A. K. Gopal C. Hari Rao
| studio = Sri Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1958|8|15}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu''''' ({{translation|Good Days for Good People}}) is 1958 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Sundarlal Nahatha, T. Ashwadanarayana under the Sri Productions banner and directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Rajasulochana]] with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]'' (1958).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=9 July 2015 |title=Manchi manasuku manchi rojulu (1958) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-manchi-manasuku-manchi-rojulu/article7403694.ece |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village where Raju, a peasant, dotes & rears his sibling Janaki. Zamindar Venkatappa, a tyrant, tramples the farmers whom Raju consistently antagonizes. Dr. Raghu, the benevolent son of Venkatappa, supports & serves the needy. From childhood, Venkatappa's niece, Advocate Rani, loves Raghu, and elders want to knit them. Anyhow, Raghu denies it, yet uppity Rani pledges to possess him. Meanwhile, Raju fixes Janaki's alliance when Venkatappa ruses by confiscating his property to pay off his debts. Thus, it calls off the wedding and penalizes Raju for a deceitful cover-up. Janaki, left alone, encounters consequences, and destiny tosses her towards Raghu, who shelters and nuptials her. Though the Venkatappa couple is hostile, Janaki gains their affection with her virtue, and she conceives. Currently, Raju is out. One night, in Raghu's absence, he seeks vengeance on Venkatappa. Nevertheless, Raju views Janaki, via whom he is aware of the status quo, and silently backs. Venkatappa couple spots it and expels her, suspecting her chastity. Exploiting it, Rani bruits her elopement, which collapses Raghu. After facing many hardships, Janaki delivers a baby boy. Since she is helpless, she endorses him to the childless, wealthy Venkataramaiah couple. Rani tries to get hold of Raghu, who is upset for Janaki, who gains humiliation instead. Fortuitously, Raju rescues Janaki from suicide and retrieves her baby, too. Now enraged, Rani wants revenge and publishes a paper advertisement for the groom. Raju comes across and approaches her in disguise. At this, she proclaims to him that the only way to splice her is to slaughter Raghu. Here, Raju makes a play by divulging actuality to Raghu, counterfeiting his death, and hiding-uniting him with Janaki. At last, the Venkatappa couple & Rani beg forgiveness from Raju & Janaki. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Raju & Rani.

== Cast ==
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raju
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Janaki
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Chinna Puli
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Venkatappaiah
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kethana
* [[J. V. Ramana Murthi|Ramana Murthy]] as Dr. Raghu
* [[Peketi Sivaram]] as Compounder
* K.V.S.Sarma as Goppala Ganapathi
* [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Kantham
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Lawyer Rani
* [[M. Jayashree]]
* Vasundara Devi

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu (1958)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/BZY/info |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Manchi Manasu"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|5:58
|-
|2
|"Vinavamma Vinavamma"
|[[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|2:48
|-
|3
|"Kalavari Swardham"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:09
|-
|4
|"Raave Naa Chelaya"
|Samudrala Jr.
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:50
|-
|5
|"Bharatha Naari"
|Samudrala Jr
|Ghantasala
|3:13
|-
|6
|"Hailo Hailessa"
|Samudrala Jr.
|Ghantasala
|2:36
|-
|7
|"Dharaniki Giri Bharama"
|Samudrala Jr.
|[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|2:54
|-
|8
|"O Chinni Bala"
|Samudrala Jr.
|[[Jikki]]
|3:43
|-
|9
|"Anukunnadokkati"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala
|3:35
|}

== Reception ==
The film has celebrated [[Silver Jubilee]] and ran for 152 days in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |title=Silver Jubilee Films Of NTR |date=9 January 2007 |website=CineGoer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616014403/http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0261819|Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu}}

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]

Maharani (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:39:04Z

RobertSwale: new new info from scratch.

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film by G. Marthandan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharani
| image = Maharani poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. Marthandan]]
| writer = Ratheesh Ravi
| producer = Sujit Balan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Roshan Mathew]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
* Lizabeth Tomy
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Govind Vasantha]] (songs)
* [[Gopi Sundar]] (score)
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* SB Films
* Badusha Productions
}}
| distributor = Badushaa Cinemas Release (through Aan Mega Media)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2023 |title=Maharani: Roshan Mathew, Shine Tom Chacko's comedy entertainer gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maharani-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chackos-comedy-entertainer-gets-a-release-date/a6707be102595 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Maharani''''' ({{Translation|The Great Queen}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by [[G. Marthandan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Maharani |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3odez |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206135207/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3odez |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Roshan Mathew]] and [[Shine Tom Chacko]], alongside [[Johny Antony]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Nisha Sarang]] and [[Sruthy Jayan]].

The film was officially announced in September 2022. [[Principal photography]] began in October in [[Cherthala]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in November. The songs were composed by [[Govind Vasantha]], while the background score was given by [[Gopi Sundar]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Loganathan Srinivasan]] and Noufal Abdullah.

''Maharani'' was released on 24 November 2023.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Roshan Mathew]] as Vijeesh a.k.a. Viji
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Ajeesh a.k.a. Aji
* [[Johny Antony]] as Manmadhan, Vijeesh and Ajeesh's father
* Lizabeth Tomy as Rani
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Maniyan, Rani's father
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Renny, Rani's brother
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as Kavya, Ajeesh's girlfriend
* [[Nisha Sarang]] as Mangalam, Vijeesh and Ajeesh's mother
* [[Sminu Sijo]] as Radhamani, Rani's mother
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Anzar
* [[Unni Lalu]] as Shibu
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Sakhavu
* [[Reghunath Paleri]] as Karunan Master
* Aswath Lal as Sajith
* Sujith Balan as Tony
* Gowi Gopan as Arya Gopinath

}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Maharani'' marks the return of [[G. Marthandan]] after a five-year gap following ''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]'' (2018).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=20 November 2023 |title=Maharani director Marthandan: My films should be paisa vasool for the audience |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/nov/20/maharani-director-marthandan-my-films-should-be-paisa-vasool-for-the-audienc-49727.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206135146/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/nov/20/maharani-director-marthandan-my-films-should-be-paisa-vasool-for-the-audienc-49727.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', he said that the film was planned earlier and the cast was finalised in 2019 but things got delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=23 November 2023 |title=Malayalam movie 'Maharani,' starring Roshan Mathew and Shine Tom Chacko is a mass entertainer: G Marthandan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-movie-maharani-starring-roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-is-a-mass-entertainer-g-marthandan/article67561390.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120431/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-movie-maharani-starring-roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-is-a-mass-entertainer-g-marthandan/article67561390.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was officially launched in late September 2023 in [[Kochi]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Roshan Mathew and Shine Tom Chacko to headline 'Maharani' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/30/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-to-headline-maharani-2503548.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014132542/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/30/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-to-headline-maharani-2503548.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sujit Balan produced the film under the banner of SB Films, in association with Badusha Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=Roshan Mathew And Shine Tom Chacko Team Up Upcoming Malayalam Film Maharani |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-team-up-upcoming-malayalam-film-maharani-6078679.html |website=News18 |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201163631/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-team-up-upcoming-malayalam-film-maharani-6078679.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also marks the banner's initial production.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Roshan Mathew and Shine Tom Chacko to headline Maharani |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/29/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-to-headline-maharani-35166.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018134003/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/29/roshan-mathew-and-shine-tom-chacko-to-headline-maharani-35166.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The script was written by Ratheesh Ravi, who is known for ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' (2019) and ''[[Adi (film)|Adi]]'' (2023).<ref name=":1" /> It marks his first collaboration with G. Marthandan.<ref name=":1" /> [[Loganathan Srinivasan]] and Noufal Abdullah were assigned as the cinematographer and editor, respectively.<ref name=":3" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] reportedly began on 1 October 2022 in [[Cherthala]] and [[Alappuzha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Release Date Of Roshan Mathew, Shine Tom Chacko-starrer Maharani Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/release-date-of-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-maharani-out-8601668.html |website=News18 |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230018/https://www.news18.com/movies/release-date-of-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-maharani-out-8601668.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in the first week of November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 November 2022 |title=റോഷന്‍, ഷൈന്‍, ബാലു; ജി മാര്‍ത്താണ്ഡന്‍റെ 'മഹാറാണി' പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/maharani-malayalam-movie-wrapped-shine-tom-chacko-g-marthandan-roshan-mathew-balu-varghese-rkxrdh |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206135108/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/maharani-malayalam-movie-wrapped-shine-tom-chacko-g-marthandan-roshan-mathew-balu-varghese-rkxrdh |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reportedly the first film in [[Kerala]] to be completely shot with [[Sony]]'s Venice 2 camera.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
The songs were composed by [[Govind Vasantha]] and the background score was provided by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2023 |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122200035/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first song "Chathayadina Paatu" was released on 31 August 2023, sung by [[Kapil Kapilan]] and written by [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Chathayadina Paatu: Maharani makers release first single |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/31/chathayadina-paatu-maharani-makers-release-first-single-47163.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907112854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/31/chathayadina-paatu-maharani-makers-release-first-single-47163.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was censored with a U/A certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Shine Tom Chako, Roshan Mathews' Maharani clears censor formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/12/shine-tom-chako-roshan-mathews-maharani-clears-censor-formalities-49481.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206135212/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/12/shine-tom-chako-roshan-mathews-maharani-clears-censor-formalities-49481.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Maharani'' was released in theatres on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=Roshan Mathew, Shine Tom Chacko starrer 'Maharani' gets a release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-maharani-gets-a-release-date/article67371881.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012003933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-maharani-gets-a-release-date/article67371881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Maharani'' is a watchable film if you are ready to completely switch off your brain and let the movie guide you on its journey."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=24 November 2023 |title=Maharani movie review: Roshan Mathew, Shine Tom Chacko film is a laugh riot if and only if you are willing to switch off your brain |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharani-movie-review-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-film-a-laugh-riot-switch-off-your-brain-9041068/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125214112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharani-movie-review-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko-film-a-laugh-riot-switch-off-your-brain-9041068/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Ultimately, it feels strange that director G Marthandan, the actors and producer Sujit Balan felt that this story by Ratheesh Ravi was worth their effort."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=24 November 2023 |title=Maharani Movie Review : Roshan Mathew & Shine Tom struggle with a weak story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/maharani/movie-review/105478649.cms |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125101730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/maharani/movie-review/105478649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "The film seems decent but lacks brilliance. Although there are scenes that provoke laughter and curiosity – such as Aji and his gang embarking on a bike journey in search of Rani – the overall impact is moderate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=24 November 2023 |title='Maharani' review: Compelling performances lift this Roshan Mathew-Shine Tom movie despite lacking brilliance |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/24/maharani-malayalam-movie-review-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125142544/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/24/maharani-malayalam-movie-review-roshan-mathew-shine-tom-chacko.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film gets funniest when Roshan, Shine and Johny Antony are together, but this union doesn't happen too often."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=24 November 2023 |title=Maharani Movie Review: A well-intentioned but overlong comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/24/maharani-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-but-overlong-comedy-49854.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128114337/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/24/maharani-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-but-overlong-comedy-49854.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]

Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)

2026-03-03T03:32:02Z

RobertSwale: put up a data.

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Agasthiya Bharathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninaivil Nindraval
| image = Ninaivil Nindraval 2014.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Agasthiya Bharathi
| producer = Sree Sabari Movies
| screenplay = [[S. Ve. Sekhar]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Ashwin Shekhar]] [[Keerthi Chawla]] [[Gayathiri Iyer]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = N. Ravi
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sree Sabari Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Ninaivil Nindraval''''' ({{Translation|She remembered}}) is a 2014 Tamil-language film directed by Agasthiya Bharathi and produced by Sree Sabari Movies. The film features [[Ashwin Shekhar]], [[Keerthi Chawla]] and [[Gayathiri Iyer]] in the lead roles, while [[D. Imman]] composes the film's music. The film, which began in 2008, went through significant production delays before releasing on 31 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-21 |title=Ashwin in Ninaivil Nindraval |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ashwin-in-Ninaivil-Nindraval/etarticleshow/3056830.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-21/news-interviews/27755774_1_film-love-story-hero |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ashwin Shekhar]] as Ramana
*[[Keerthi Chawla]]
*[[Gayathri Iyer (Actress)|Gayathri]]
*[[S. Ve. Sekhar]]
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
*[[Ilavarasan]]
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]]
*[[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Sona Heiden]]
*[[Manobala]]
*Archana Mariappan
}}

==Production==
Production on the film began in April 2008, with Ashwin Sekhar appearing in his second film. The film, which was also announced to feature [[Keerthi Chawla]] and Gayathri in lead roles, was to be directed by newcomer Agasthiya Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-30 |title=Stargazing — CHEN |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050510400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602013027/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050510400.htm |archive-date=2008-06-02 |access-date=2016-08-09 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was initially reported to be scheduled for a release date in September 2008, though delays meant the deadline was not met.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-03 |title=Ashwin in Ninaivil Nindraval |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/3453/ashwin-in-ninaivil-nindraval/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100511/http://www.southdreamz.com/3453/ashwin-in-ninaivil-nindraval/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=Southdreamz.com}}</ref>

The audio and trailer of the film were released in July 2011 in an event attended by Union Minister of Shipping, G. K. Vasan and the first copy was received by G. Asokan, publisher of pocket novels, along with members of the film unit.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |date=2011-07-12 |title=Double delight — Coimbatore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/double-delight/article2219632.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203075623/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/double-delight/article2219632.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=2016-08-09 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However the film was further delayed and remained unreleased. The director of the film, Agasthya Bharathi died in 2012 before the film released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Ve Shekhar announces Rs 1 lakh for late director Agasthiya Bharathi's family |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-s-ve-shekhar-announces-rs-1-lakh-for-late-director-agasthiya-bharathis-family-s-ve-shekha-agasthiya-bharathi-09-07-135184.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085358/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-s-ve-shekhar-announces-rs-1-lakh-for-late-director-agasthiya-bharathis-family-s-ve-shekha-agasthiya-bharathi-09-07-135184.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=Tamilstar.com}}</ref>

The film was screened in January 2014 for the film industry, with S. Ve. Sekhar taking up the duty to release the film.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The film was also briefly called ''Ninaivil Niraivil'' as the team geared up for release, but was eventually released under the original title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ninaivil Niraivil Chennai Theatre List | Movie Posters |url=http://kollytalk.com/posters/ninaivil-niraivil/ninaivil-niraivil-chennai-theatre-list-105104.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129185305/http://kollytalk.com/posters/ninaivil-niraivil/ninaivil-niraivil-chennai-theatre-list-105104.html |archive-date=29 January 2014 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=kollytalk.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs for the film were composed by [[D. Imman]] and lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], and were released in July 2011. The soundtrack contains a remix version of "Nila Adhu" from ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2011 |title=Double Delight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/double-delight/article2218700.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525110710/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/double-delight/article2218700.ece |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Track title !! Lyricist !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Chinna Poove" || rowspan="3"|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || Balram, Anuradha Shekhar
|-
| "Kalvane En Kalvane" || [[Bombay Jayashri]], Sricharan
|-
| "Nila Adhu" || [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram|Seerkazhi Sivachidambaram]], Anuradha Shekhar
|-
| "Senthamizhe" || Kirithiya || [[Benny Dayal]], [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]
|-
| "Sollitaru Thalaivar" || Vaali || [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Ashwin Shekhar]], Sheeba
|-
| "Ennavale" || Kirithiya || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|}

==Release and reception ==
The film was released on 31 January 2014. The reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "the director has confined the narration to less than two hours and touched on an issue rarely handled on screen by taking a nice stand on it is appreciable."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2014-02-01 |title=Ninaivil Nindraval is a Thriller Weaved Around a 'Rare' Plot |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Ninaivil-Nindraval-is-a-Thriller-Weaved-Around-a-Rare-Plot/2014/02/01/article2030765.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224190011/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Ninaivil-Nindraval-is-a-Thriller-Weaved-Around-a-Rare-Plot/2014/02/01/article2030765.ece |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=2016-08-09 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=நினைவில் நின்றவள் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=46 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529024414/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=46 |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]

1953 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-03-02T23:59:31Z

RobertSwale: minor edit

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Indian Parliament}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name = 1953 Rajya Sabha elections
|country = India
|type = parliamentary
|previous_election = 1952 Rajya Sabha elections
|previous_year = 1952
|election_date = 17 March 1953 (1 seat) 26 May 1953 (1 seat) 16 November 1953 (1 seat) 30 November 1953 (4 seats)
|next_election = 1954 Rajya Sabha elections
|next_year = 1954
|seats_for_election = 7 (of 228 seats) to the [[Rajya Sabha]]
|majority_seats = 115
|image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =|bSize = 130|cWidth = 113|cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
|leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|seats1 = '''169'''
|seat_change1 = '''{{increase}} 1'''
|percentage1 = '''74.12%'''
|swing1 = '''{{decrease}} 0.22%'''
|image2 = <div style="width:115px;"> '''CPI'''</div>
|leader2 =
|party2 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|seats2 = 9
|seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1
|percentage2 = 3.95%
|swing2 = {{increase}} 0.41%
}}
'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held on various dates in 1953, to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]].<ref name="alist">{{cite web |title= Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url= http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |accessdate= 28 September 2017 |archive-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Elections==
Elections were held to elect members from various states.

===Members elected===
The following members are elected in the elections held in 1953. They are members for the term 1953-1959 and retire in year 1959, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.
''The list is incomplete.''

State - Member - Party

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rajya Sabha members for term 1953-1959
! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark
|-

|-
| Nominated || || NOM ||
|-

|-
|}

==By-elections==
The following by-elections were held in the year 1953.

State - Member - Party

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rajya Sabha members for term 1952-1956
! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark
|-
| Punjab || [[Hans Raj Raizada]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Elected 17/03/1953
|-
| Madras || [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Elected 26/05/1953
|-
| Nominated || Dr [[P V Kane]]
| bgcolor=#F7DF05|[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] || Elected 16/11/1953
|-
| Andhra || [[N. D. M. Prasad Rao]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || Elected 30/11/1953
|-
| Andhra || [[Alluri Satyanarayana Raju]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Elected 30/11/1953
|-
| Andhra || [[A. Balarami Reddy]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Elected 30/11/1953
|-
| Andhra || [[Villuri Venkataramana]]
| bgcolor= {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Elected 30/11/1953
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:1953 elections in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|1953]]

Shafi Inamdar

2026-03-01T14:23:12Z

RobertSwale: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actor (1945–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shafi Inamdar
| image = Shafi_Inamdar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shafi Inamdar passport photo 1988
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|10|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pangari Tarf Haveli|Pangari]], [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|03|13|1945|10|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, producer, director
| years_active = 1979–1995
| spouse = [[Bhakti Barve]]
| children =
| signature =
}}

'''Shafi Inamdar''' (23 October 1945 – 13 March 1996) was an Indian actor. He started his film career with the film ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' and continued it in ''[[Ardh Satya]]''. He acted in a number of television serials including ''[[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]]''. His most notable film roles include the inspector in ''[[Aaj Ki Awaz]]'', the villain in ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]'' and the friend of the hero in films like ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]'', ''[[Anokha Rishta]]'', ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]''. Some of his other films are ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]'', ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', ''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]'', ''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' and ''[[Love 86]]'', all are successful.

==Life and career==
Shafi Inamdar received his early education at [[Pangari Tarf Haveli|Pangari]] Dapoli, Ratnagiri, MS and at St. Joseph's High School in Umerkhadi ([[Dongri]]) in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], where he passed his S.S.C exam in 1958. He did his B.Sc. from [[Kishinchand Chellaram College|K.C College]] in 1963.

He is particularly known for playing the common man's role. He has acted in numerous television shows, the most notable being [[Kundan Shah]]'s ''[[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]]'', telecast on [[Doordarshan]] in the 80s which made him a household name.<ref>{{citation|url=http://fondmemories.in/mobile/memories/shafi-inamdar|title=Shafi Inamdar|access-date=27 August 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195059/http://fondmemories.in/mobile/memories/shafi-inamdar|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show went on to become so popular that it even started affecting the business of films, as it used to be aired late on Friday nights.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/what-made-yeh-jo-hai-zindagi-such-an-important-show/story-boYysrZZEnwgemlRVFVUFO.html|title=What made Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi such an important show}}</ref> The serial was such a hit that it ran for 61 episodes when generally a serial ran for a maximum of 25 weeks.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/history/shafi-inamdar|title=Shafi Inamdar}}</ref> One of his last performances on television was in ''Teri Bhi Chup Meri Bhi Chup''. He also played the role of an advocate in the Hindi film ''[[Yeshwant]]'', which was released after his death. He appeared in Ramesh Sippy's film ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''. Inamdar also directed a film titled ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]'', starring [[Nana Patekar]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Pooja Bhatt]]. The film was a hit and he was considered a good director.

From his schooling days he was interested in dramas and used to act and direct school plays. He participated in elocution competition and debates. This continued through his college days and intensified his desire to become a performing artist and a theatre personality. He started his career as an actor and director under the guidance of Gujarati theatre personality [[Pravin Joshi|Praveen Joshi]]. He directed and acted in about 30 one act plays in Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi and English from 1973 to 1978. Later he joined the Indian National Theatre and [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] where he met [[Balraj Sahni]] and other members of Indian Theatre and learned the finer aspects of acting.

The turning point in his career was [[Ismat Chugtai]]’s play ''Nila Kamra'', which he staged as his first commercial production in Hindi. In the late seventies when the [[Prithvi Theatre]] was started Shafi Inamdar got an opportunity to produce several Hindi plays that paved the way for establishing him as a theatre personality to be reckoned with. He founded his own theatre group Hum Productions in 1982 and directed, produced and acted in various plays. He also staged comedies and folk theatre based on human drama, Naag Mandala.

In 1984 came India's most popular television sitcom ''Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi'', a comedy serial starring Shafi Inamdar in the main lead as the character Ranjeet Verma, [[Swaroop Sampat]] played his wife Renu while [[Rakesh Bedi]] played his brother-in-law Raja. Shafi later acted in many other television serials like ''Adha Sach, Aadha Jooth'', ''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' and ''Teri Bhi Chup meri Bhi Chup''. In 1983, he made first appearance on the Hindi screen in the [[Shashi Kapoor]] produced and [[Govind Nihalani]] directed film ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'', followed by the hard-hitting but popular ''[[Ardh Satya]]''. He acted in [[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]] films like ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]'' (for which he also won a nomination in [[32nd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] award for Best Supporting Actor), ''Awaam'' and ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]'', and became a regular with the B. R. film camp.

One of his most notable efforts comes from the film ''[[Krantiveer]]'', in which he plays a TV anchor,
a caricature of TV journalist [[Rajat Sharma]] of ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' fame, and exposes a group of corrupted people regarding politics, law and police. His witty dialogues were appreciated. ''Krantiveer'' was one of the highest-grossing movies of 1994.

==Personal life==
Shafi married actress [[Bhakti Barve]], who died in a road accident on 12 February 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhakti Barve - Trivia |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080268/trivia/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

Shafi died on 13 March 1996 following a massive heart attack while watching the [[India]] vs [[Sri Lanka]] [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] semifinal match,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/actors-who-died-too-soon/4066/42579|title=Actors who died too soon}}</ref> which India lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs SL Cricket Scorecard, 1st Semi-Final at Kolkata, March 13, 1996 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-world-cup-1995-96-60981/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-semi-final-65190/full-scorecard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327180325/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-world-cup-1995-96-60981/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-semi-final-65190/full-scorecard |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> At the time, he was acting in the comedy show ''Teri Bhi Chup Meri Bhi Chup'', which was shelved due to his death and [[All the Best (TV series)|All The Best]] in which his role was later played by [[Satish Shah]].

==Filmography==
Here is the updated table with the rowspan attributes applied to the Year column. This cleans up the visual repetition and makes the filmography much easier to read.

Shafi Inamdar Filmography
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' || || Tamil-Telugu film; uncredited
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' || Parulkar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' || Inspector Haider Ali ||
|-
| ''Ashray'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1984 || ''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]'' || Inspector Pratap ||
|-
| ''[[Party (1984 film)|Party]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (film)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'' || Football Match Refry ||
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ki Awaz]]'' || Inspector Shafi ||
|-
| ''[[Kamla (film)|Kamla]]'' || Jaspal ji (editor) ||
|-
| ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' || Anand Patkar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Mahaguru (1985 film)|Mahaguru]]'' || Shyam Kumar Talwari ||
|-
| ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' || Inspector Ranjeet Waghmare ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1986 || ''[[Love 86]]'' || Ramniwas Tilak ||
|-
| ''Pahuche Huwey Log'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' || Advocate Abdul Rahim Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'' || Advocate Sharafat Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Anokha Rishta]]'' || Alex Lobo ||
|-
| ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]'' || Major General Khushal Singh ||
|-
| ''Jumbish: A Movement - The Movie'' || Shaitaan ||
|-
| ''Swarthi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Main Balwaan]]'' || Jailor ||
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ki Awaaz]]'' || Sanyasi Raja ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987 || ''Ghar Ka Sukh'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]'' || Shafi ||
|-
| ''Anjaam'' || Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Sansar (1987 film)|Sansar]]'' || Albert Fernandes ||
|-
| ''[[Dacait]]'' || S. P. Srivastava ||
|-
| ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]'' || Mohanlal ||
|-
| ''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]'' || Minister Chunautilal ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1988 || ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]'' || Karamat Khan ||
|-
| ''Tera Naam Mera Naam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' || Inspector Ram Avatar ||
|-
| ''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]'' || Amit Foster Father ||
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]'' || D.S.P ||
|-
| ''Insaf Ki Jung'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1989 || ''Socha Na Tha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]'' || Shambhu ||
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || G.S. Parmeswaran ||
|-
| ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Dana Paani]]'' || Advocate Gautam Tripathi ||
|-
| ''[[Gola Barood]]'' || Jailor Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Kala Bazaar]]'' || Sampta (Kamini's dad) ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'' || Ravi's dad ||
|-
| ''Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga'' || ||
|-
| ''Police Ke Peechhe Police'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]'' || Barrister Vikas Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1990 || ''Asli Haqdaar'' || ||
|-
| ''Zahreelay'' || A.V. Raxdan ||
|-
| ''[[Izzatdaar]]'' || Prem Chand ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (1990 film)|C.I.D.]]'' || Police Inspector Faizaan ||
|-
| ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' || Barrister Pramod Saran Gupta ||
|-
| ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]'' || Inspector Pramod Kadam ||
|-
| ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]'' || Police Inspector Haider Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Paap Ki Kamaee]]'' || Abu Bhai Gang Villain ||
|-
| ''[[Pratibandh]]'' || Corrupt Police Officer ||
|-
| ''Jai Shiv Shankar'' || ||
|-
| ''Jaan-E-Wafa'' || ||
|-
| ''Haar Jeet'' (1990 film) || Ajit ||
|-
| ''Andher Gardi'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1991 || ''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]'' || Chandrakant Srivastav ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'' || Jailor ||
|-
| ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' || Pak Police Superintendent Iqbal ||
|-
| ''[[Pratigyabadh]]'' || Lawyer S Merchant ||
|-
| ''[[Love (1991 Indian film)|Love]]'' || Maggie's father ||
|-
| ''Meet Mere Man Ke'' || Virendra ||
|-
| ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]'' || Muralidhar ||
|-
| ''[[Narsimha (film)|Narasimha]]'' || Inspector Vinod Rastogi ||
|-
| ''Maskari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Parivaar]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Fateh (1991 film)|Fateh]]'' || Inspector Doshi ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1992 || ''Sagale Sarkhech'' || Albert Pinto ||
|-
| ''[[Inteha Pyar Ki]]'' || Dr.Lall Jaiswal ||
|-
| ''[[Humlaa]]'' || Puthran Dada ||
|-
| ''[[Humshakal (1992 film)|Humshakal]]'' || Inspector Kulkarni ||
|-
| ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]'' || Yashraj Ahuja ||
|-
| ''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]'' || Raja Saaheb ||
|-
| ''Naseebwaala'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Daulat Ki Jung]]'' || Mr Chaudhary (Rajesh's father) ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993 || ''[[Divya Shakti]]'' || Police Commissioner Anand Patkar ||
|-
| ''[[Hasti]]'' || Bhisham ||
|-
| ''Badi Bahen'' || Seth Dwarkaprasad ||
|-
| ''Yugandhar'' || Ballu ||
|-
| ''Sadhna'' || Dhaniram ||
|-
| ''Chahoonga Main Tujhe'' || Neelu's father ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994 || ''[[Janam Se Pehle]]'' || Dr.Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'' || Police Commissioner Shafi ||
|-
| ''Ishq Mein Jeena Ishq Mein Marna'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krantiveer]]'' || TV Interviewer ||
|-
| ''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]'' || Iqbal Miya ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1995 || ''Meri Mohabbat Mera Naseeba'' || ||
|-
| ''Jeena Nahin Bin Tere'' || ||
|-
| ''Faisla Main Karungi'' || Chandra ||
|-
| ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]'' || DCP Mishra ||
|-
| ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' || Kaushikji (music director) ||
|-
| ''[[Nishana (1995 film)|Nishana]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''Kis Kaam Ke Yeh Rishte'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]'' || Ashok Mishra ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]'' || || Director
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996 || ''Hukumnama'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Zordaar]]'' || ACP Sharma (Anju's dad) ||
|-
| ''[[Hahakaar]]'' || Inspector N.A. Pradhan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''Anyay Hi Anyay'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yeshwant]]'' || Advocate Vikram ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' || || Final film role
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role || Notes
|-
| 1984–1986 || ''[[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]]'' || Ranjeet<ref>[http://www.kokanworld.com/details.aspx?pid=99 Eminent Konkanis >> Mr Shafi Ali Inamdar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714034302/http://www.kokanworld.com/details.aspx?pid=99 |date=14 July 2015 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 1986|| ''Bahadur Shah Zafar (TV series)''|| [[Mirza Ghalib]] || Episode No 7
|-
| 1987-1988 || ''Aadha Sach Aadha Jooth'' || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' || [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]] ||
|-
| 1995-1996 || ''Teri Bhi Chup Meri Bhi Chup'' || Ramakant ||
|-
| 1996 || ''All the Best'' || Dr. Raj ||
|-
| 1996-1997 || ''Biwi Toh Biwi Salla Re Salla'' || Dr. Raj Sethi|| Episodes 1 - 16 ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
* 1986: [[32nd Filmfare Awards|Nominated]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0408371}}
*[http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/filmography/11165/index.html Shafi Inamdar] at IndiaFM

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inamdar, Shafi}}
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]

Kaaba

2026-02-28T01:14:55Z

RobertSwale: minor edit

{{Short description|Building at the center of Masjid al-Haram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{About|the Islamic holy site in Mecca|other cube-shaped places of worship in ancient Arabia|Kaabas|other uses|Kaba (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Kaab|other uses|Kaab (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = The Kaaba
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الكعبة}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = The Ka'ba, Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (4).jpg
| caption = The Kaaba
| map_type = Saudi Arabia
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the Kaaba in [[Saudi Arabia]]
| mapframe = yes
| location = [[Great Mosque of Mecca]], [[Mecca]], [[Mecca Province]], [[Hejaz]]
| country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:SA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite = [[Tawaf]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership = [[Abdul-Rahman Al-Sudais]]: ([[General Presidency of Haramain|President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques]])
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = Temple{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=319}}
| established = [[Pre-Islamic Arabia#Religion|Pre-Islamic era]]
| administration = The Agency of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques
| founded_by =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| specifications =
| length = {{cvt|12.86|m|ftin}}
| width = {{cvt|11.03|m|ftin}}
| height_max = {{cvt|13.1|m|ftin}}
| materials = [[Stone]]; [[marble]]; [[limestone]]
}}

The '''Kaaba''' ({{langx|ar|الكعبة|al-Kaʿba|the Cube}}),{{efn|ALA-LC: {{Transliteration|ar|al-Ka{{ayin}}bah}}; DMG: {{Transliteration|ar|al-Ka{{ayin}}ba}}; Wehr: {{Transliteration|ar|al-ka{{ayin}}ba}} {{IPA|ar|alˈkaʕba}}}} also spelled '''Ka{{ayin}}ba''', '''Ka{{ayin}}bah''' or '''Kabah''', sometimes referred to as '''al-Ka{{ayin}}ba al-Musharrafa''' ({{langx|ar|الكعبة المشرفة|lit=the Honored Ka'ba}}),{{efn|ALA-LC: {{Transliteration|ar|al-Ka{{ayn}}bah al-Musharrafah}}; DMG: {{Transliteration|ar|al-Kaʿba al-Mušarrafa}}; Wehr: {{Transliteration|ar|al-kaʿba al-mušarrafa}} {{IPA|ar|alˈkaʕba‿lmuˈʃarrafa}} }} is a stone building at the center of [[Islam]]'s most important [[mosque]] and [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site]], the [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/15/explosives-detectors-mecca-holy-mosque |title=Explosives detectors to be installed at gates of Mecca's Holy Mosque |access-date=23 May 2021 |date=15 August 2011 |website=[[The Guardian]] |first=Riazat |last=Butt}}</ref><ref name="Al-Azraqi-2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GydWAAAAYAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%87 |title=Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca |author=Al-Azraqi |year=2003 |isbn=9773411273 |page=262}}</ref>{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}} It is considered by [[Muslim]]s to be the ''Baytullah'' ({{langx|ar|بيت اللَّٰه||House of God|links=no}}) and determines the [[qibla]] ({{langx|ar|قبلة||direction of [[Salah|prayer]]|links=no}}) for Muslims around the world.

According to Islamic tradition, the Kaaba was rebuilt several times throughout history, most famously by [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismail]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Ayoub, M. |year=2013 |title=Islam |edition= |publisher=Oneworld Publications |url=https://www.perlego.com/book/949928 |access-date=7 February 2025 |page= }}</ref> when he returned to the valley of Mecca several years after leaving his wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] and Ismail there upon [[God in Islam|Allah]]'s command. The current structure was built after the original building was damaged by a fire during the [[Siege of Mecca (683)|siege of Mecca]] by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] in 683 [[Common Era|CE]].{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=319}} Circling the ''Kaaba'' seven times counterclockwise, known as ''[[Tawaf]]'' ({{Langx|ar|طواف |translit=tawaaf|links=no}}), is a ''[[Fard]]'' rite for the completion of the ''[[Hajj]]'' and ''[[Umrah]]'' pilgrimages.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}} The area around the Kaaba where pilgrims walk is called the ''Mataaf''.

In [[Historiography of early Islam|early Islam]], Muslims faced in the general direction of [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]] as the [[qibla]] in [[salah|their prayers]] before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a [[Quran]]ic verse revelation to [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Mubarakpuri|1976}} The Kaaba and the Mataaf are surrounded by pilgrims every day of the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]], except the 9th of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], known as the [[Day of Arafah]], on which the cloth covering the structure, known as the ''[[Kiswah]]'' ({{Langx|ar|كسوة |translit=kiswa|lit=Cloth|links=no}}), is changed. However, the most significant increase in their numbers is during [[Ramadan]] and the ''Hajj'', when millions of pilgrims gather for ''Tawaf''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/7769689.stm |title=In pictures: Hajj pilgrimage |date=7 December 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 December 2008}}</ref> According to the Saudi [[Ministry of Hajj and Umrah (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Hajj and Umrah]], 6,791,100 external pilgrims arrived for the Umrah [[pilgrimage]] in {{AH|1439|link=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Umrah Statistics Bulletin 2018 |url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/umrah_statistics_bulletin_2018_en.pdf |website=General Authority for Statistics |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606070450/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/umrah_statistics_bulletin_2018_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Etymology and pre-Islamic usage ==
In Arabic, the literal meaning of the word ''Ka'ba'' ({{Langx|ar|كعبة}}) is ''cube''. Therefore, the most popular etymology has been that the Kaaba was named after its ''kaʿb'' form.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wher, Hans |title=Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |year=1994 |isbn= |page=}}</ref> Some have questioned that the cubic sense of ''kaʿb'' is pre-Islamic, seeking etymologies elsewhere.{{Sfn|Atbuosh|2025|p=78–79}} One disputed hypothesis suggests that the name "Kaaba" is related to the southern [[Arabian]] or [[Ethiopia]]n word "''mikrab''", signifying a temple.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=318}}{{sfn|Crone|2004}} Another relates it to ''Kʿbt'', which is related to the [[Kaaba of Najran]].{{Sfn|Atbuosh|2025|p=}}
(See for a word with similar pronunciation: [[Qubba]])
[[File:The_Blackstone.jpg|thumb|The [[Black Stone]] is seen through a portal in the Kaaba.<ref name="uscmsa">{{cite web |author=University of Southern California |title=The Prophet of Islam – His Biography |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/profbio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721113854/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/profbio.html |archive-date=21 July 2006 |access-date=12 August 2006}}</ref>]]


The architectural style of the Meccan Kaaba is shared by a number of pre-Islamic religious buildings, which have broadly been labelled as [[Kaabas]]. They are primarily known from the [[Arabian Peninsula]], but some have also been found in other regions, including the [[Kaaba of Zoroaster]].{{Sfn|Finster|2010|p=83–86}} Imoti contends that there were numerous such Kaaba sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, although only the Meccan Kaaba was built of stone.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Imoti, Eiichi |year=1979 |title=The Ka'ba-i Zardušt" |journal=Orient |publisher=The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan |volume=XV |pages=65–69 }}</ref> The [[Black Stone]] of the Kaaba has been compared to pre-Islamic religious stones called [[baetyl|baetyls]], which were often black, thought to be of meteorite origins, and venerated in houses or temples of worship for a particular deity.{{Sfn|Durand|2019|p=27, 27n41}} Imoti argues that the other Kaabas also allegedly had their own counterparts of the Black Stone. There was a "Red Stone", in the Kaaba of the South Arabian city of Ghaiman; and the "White Stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near modern-day [[Tabalah, Saudi Arabia|Tabalah]]). Grunebaum, in ''Classical Islam'', points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with the [[fetishism]] of stones, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth."{{sfn|von Grunebaum|1970|p=24}}

== History ==
{{See also|Hejaz|History of Islam|History of Saudi Arabia}}

[[Patricia Crone]] and a group of historians later called the [[revisionist school of Islamic studies]] has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost,{{sfn|Crone|2004|p=7}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Holland, Tom |year=2012 |title=In the Shadow of the Sword |publisher=Little, Brown |page=303 |location= |isbn= }}</ref> and proposed a more northern region as the origin of Islam. Other scholars such as [[Glen Bowersock]] disagree and assert that it was.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Haji Hassan, Abdullah Alwi |title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law |year=1994 |isbn=978-9694081366 |pages=3 ff |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowersock |first=Glen. W. |author-link=Glen Bowersock |title=The crucible of Islam |location=Cambridge (Mass.) |publisher=Harvard University Press. |pages=50 ff |year=2017 |isbn= }}</ref>

=== Before Muhammad ===
{{see also|Pre-Islamic Arabia|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
In [[pre-Islamic Arabic poetry]] attributed to [[Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma]], the builders of the Kaaba are said to be the [[Quraysh]] and [[Jurhum]] tribes.{{Sfn|Webb|2023|p=40}} [[Christian J. Robin]] argues that the Kaaba may have become prominent in the last decades of the 6th century in the aftermath of the military defeat of [[Abraha]] by the [[Quraysh]].{{Sfn|Robin|2015|p=152}} However, Peter Webb, based on pre-Islamic poetry, argues that the Kaaba was never a prominent site of pilgrimage and that it largely played a local role in Western Arabia as opposed to a pan-Arabian one.{{Sfn|Webb|2023}}

In [[Islamic cosmology]], the [[Zurah]] pilgrimage site was the precursor to the Kaaba.<ref name="Efendi1987">{{cite book |author=Efendi, Caʻfer |title=Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1987 |isbn=90-04-07846-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dJk3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49 49]}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, the pre-Islamic Kaaba was a site of worship for various [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] [[Bedouin]] tribes, who would make pilgrimage once every lunar year, setting aside their tribal feuds.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kuran, Timur |chapter=Commercial Life under Islamic Rule |title=The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |pages=45–62}}</ref> The Kaaba hosted 360 pagan idols (potentially one representing each day of the year) including sculptures and paintings before Islam, notably including a statue of [[Hubal]], the principal idol of Mecca.<ref name="King-2004">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=G. R. D. |date=2004 |title=The Paintings of the Pre-Islamic Kaʿba |journal=Muqarnas |volume=21 |pages=219–229 |jstor=1523357}}</ref>{{sfn|Armstrong|2000|p=11}} Paintings of [[Angels in Islam|angels]], of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] holding [[Belomancy|divination arrows]], and of [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and his mother [[Mary in Islam|Maryam]] ([[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]), which Muhammad spared.<ref name="EllenbogenTugendhaft2011">{{cite book |last1=Ellenbogen |first1=Josh |title=Idol Anxiety |last2=Tugendhaft |first2=Aaron |date=18 July 2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804781817 |page=47 |quote=When Muhammad ordered his men to cleanse the ''Kaaba'' of the statues and pictures displayed there, he spared the paintings of the Virgin and Child and of Abraham.}}</ref> Undefined decorations, money and a pair of ram's horns were recorded to be inside the Kaaba.<ref name="King-2004" /> The pair of ram's horns were said to have belonged to the ram sacrificed by Ibrahim in place of his son Ismail as held by Islamic tradition.<ref name="King-2004" /> Islamic tradition traces the polytheism of the Kaaba to the descendants of [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]] who settled around the [[Zamzam Well]] and gradually turned it away from its original monotheist practice during the time of Abraham.{{sfn|Ibn Ishaq|1955|pages=88–9}} The [[Book of Idols]] by [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi]] describes the origins of idolatry at the Kaaba: about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named '[[Amr ibn Luhay]], who descended from [[Qahtan]] and was the king of [[Hijaz]], placed an idol of Hubal on the roof of the Kaaba. This idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe. The idol was made of red [[agate]] and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were used for [[divination]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Peters, Francis E. |title=Muhammad and the origins of Islam |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1994 |isbn= |page=109}}</ref> To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within {{cvt|20|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.{{sfn|Armstrong|1997|pp=221–22}} A king named Tubba' is considered the first one to have a door be built for the Kaaba according to sayings recorded in [[Al-Azraqi]]'s {{transliteration|ar|Akhbar Makka}}.<ref name="Al Arabiya">{{cite news |date=26 December 2018 |title=IN PICTURES: Six doors of Ka{{ayin}}aba over 5,000 years |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2018/12/26/Oldest-out-of-six-Kaaba-doors-tours-the-world.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Al Arabiya}}</ref>

[[Alfred Guillaume]], in his translation of the [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s [[Prophetic biography|seerah]], says that the Kaaba itself might be referred to in the feminine form.<ref>{{harvnb|Ibn Ishaq|1955|page=85 footnote 2}}: The text reads 'O God, do not be afraid', the second footnote reads 'The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed'</ref> [[Circumambulation]] was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women.{{sfn|Ibn Ishaq|1955|pages=88–9}} It is disputed whether Allah and Hubal were the same deity or different. According to a hypothesis by [[Uri Rubin]] and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by [[Quraysh]] and the Kaaba was first dedicated to Allah, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in the Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robin, Christian Julien |title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |year=2012 |isbn=9780195336931 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304 304–305]}}</ref>

====Ptolemy and Diodorus Siculus====
Writing in the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called ''Macoraba'' mentioned by [[Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neuwirth |first1=Angelika |url=http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Personal/heidemann/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_Quran_in_Context_2010_Representation.pdf |title=The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu |last2=Nicolai Sinai |first2=Michael |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |isbn=9789047430322 |location=Leiden |pages=63,123,83, 295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002140559/http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Personal/heidemann/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_Quran_in_Context_2010_Representation.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=318}} [[Gustave E. von Grunebaum|G. E. von Grunebaum]] states: "Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary."{{sfn|von Grunebaum|1970|p=19}} In ''[[Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam]]'', [[Patricia Crone]] argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca is false and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as [[Arabia Felix]].{{sfn|Crone|2004|pp=134–137}} A recent study has revisited the arguments for Macoraba and found them unsatisfactory.<ref name="IslamicHistory2018">{{Cite journal |author=Morris, Ian D. |year=2018 |title=Mecca and Macoraba |url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā |volume=26 |pages=1–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

Based on an earlier report by [[Agatharchides of Cnidus]], [[Diodorus Siculus]] mentions a temple along the Red Sea coast, "which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siculus |first1=Diodorus |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3C*.html |title=Bibliotheca Historica |series=Book 3 |chapter=44}}</ref> [[Edward Gibbon]] believed that this was the Kaaba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, Ian D. Morris argues that Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.<ref name="IslamicHistory2018"/>

==== In the Quran ====
In the Qur'an, from the era of the life of [[Muhammad]], the Kaaba is mentioned by the following names:
*''al-Bayt'' ({{langx|ar|ٱلْبَيْت|lit=the house|link=yes}}) in 2:125 by Allah{{Cite Quran|2|125}}
*''Baytī'' ({{langx|ar|بَيْتِي|lit=My House|link=no}}) in 22:26 by Allah{{Cite Quran|22|26}}
*''Baytik al-Muḥarram'' ({{langx|ar|بَيْتِكَ ٱلْمُحَرَّم|lit=Your Inviolable House|link=no}}) in 14:37 by Ibrahim{{Cite Quran|14|37}}
*''al-Bayt al-Ḥarām'' ({{langx|ar|ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْحَرَام|lit=The Sacred House|link=no}}) in 5:97 by Allah{{Cite Quran|5|97}}
*''al-Bayt al-ʿAtīq'' ({{langx|ar|ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْعَتِيق|lit=The Ancient House|link=no}}) in 22:29 by Allah{{Cite Quran|22|29}}
The Qur'an contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first [[Islamic architecture#Beginning|House of Worship]] for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions:<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |year=1986 |isbn=0918720583 |editor1=Goss, V. P. |volume=21 |page=208 |oclc=13159056 |editor2=Bornstein, C. V.}}</ref><ref name="Abu Sway 2011">{{cite news |author=Sway, Mustafa Abu |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |publisher=[[Central Conference of American Rabbis]]}}</ref><ref name="Dyrness2013">{{cite book |author=Dyrness, W. A. |title=Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities |date=29 May 2013 |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers |isbn=978-1620321362 |volume=7 |page=25 |oclc=855764827}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Verily, the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a guidance for mankind.|Quran|[[Surah]] [[Al Imran]] (3), [[Ayah]] 96<ref name="Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|3|96 |t=y |s=ns}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Behold! We gave the site, to Ibrahim, of the (Sacred) House, (saying): "Associate not anything (in worship) with Me; and sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or stand up, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)."|Quran|Surah [[Al-Hajj]] (22), Ayah 26<ref name="Cite quran|22|26|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|22|26 |t=y |s=ns}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|And remember Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations of the House (With this prayer): "Our Lord! Accept (this service) from us: For Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-knowing."|Quran|[[Al-Baqarah]] (2), Ayah 127<ref name="Cite quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|2|127 |t=y |s=ns}}</ref>}}

[[Ibn Kathir]], in his famous [[exegesis]] ({{transliteration|ar|[[tafsir]]}}) of the Quran, mentions two interpretations among the Muslims on the origin of the Kaaba. One is that the temple was a place of worship for {{transliteration|ar|[[mala'ikah]]}} ([[angel]]s) before the creation of man. Later, a house of worship was built on the location and was lost during the flood in [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]] ([[Noah]])'s time and was finally rebuilt by Ibrahim and Ismail as mentioned later in the Quran. Ibn Kathir regarded this tradition as weak and preferred instead the narration by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] that although several other temples might have preceded the Kaaba, it was the first {{transliteration|ar|Bayt Allah}} ('House of God'), dedicated solely to him, built by his instruction, and sanctified and blessed by him, as stated in {{qref|22|26-29|b=y|pl=y}}.<ref>{{Cite Tafsir|en:ibn kathir|3|96}}</ref> A [[hadith]] in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] states that the Kaaba was the first {{transliteration|ar|masjid}} on Earth, and the second was [[Al-Aqsa]] in Jerusalem.<ref>{{href|bukhari|3366|b=y}}</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = Narrated [[Abu Dhar al-Ghifari|Abu Dhar]]: I said, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! Which mosque was first built on the surface of the earth?" He said, "Al- Masjid-ul-,Haram (in Mecca)." I said, "Which was built next?" He replied "The mosque of Al-Aqsa ( in Jerusalem) ." I said, "What was the period of construction between the two?" He said, "Forty years." He added, "Wherever (you may be, and) the prayer time becomes due, perform the prayer there, for the best thing is to do so (i.e. to offer the prayers in time).
| quoted = 2
| width = 40%
| align = right
| source = {{href|bukhari|3366|b=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arabworldbooks.com/Readers2010/articles/aqsa_mosque_history.htm |title=A history of the Al Asqa Mosque |work=Arab World Books}}</ref>
}}

{{citation needed span|date=November 2023|reason=The specific details are not directly supported by the reference of Quran 22:26–33.|While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. Another stone was the {{transliteration|ar|[[Maqam Ibrahim]]}}, the Station of Abraham, where Abraham stood for elevation while building the structure. The Black Stone and the {{transliteration|ar|Maqam Ibrahim}} are believed by Muslims to be the only remnants of the original structure made by Abraham, as the remaining structure had to be demolished and rebuilt several times over history for its maintenance.}} After the construction was complete, God enjoined the descendants of Ismail to perform an annual pilgrimage: the Hajj and the [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|Qurban]], sacrifice of cattle. The vicinity of the temple was also made a sanctuary where bloodshed and war were forbidden.{{qref|22|26-33|s=y|b=y}}

===During Muhammad's lifetime===
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 151b.jpg|thumb|"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |title=Ottomans : religious painting |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, {{circa|1595}} CE.]]
[[File:One of the oldest depictions of the Kaaba, from 1307.jpg|thumb|Miniature from ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'', {{AH|706}}, depicting Muhammad and others moving the black stone into the Kaaba]] 

During Muhammad's lifetime (570–632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy site by the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba around 600 CE, after its structure was weakened by a fire, and then damaged by a subsequent flood. Sources including [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s ''[[Sirat Rasūl Allāh]]'', one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated by Guillaume), as well as [[Al-Azraqi]]'s chronicle of Mecca, describe Muhammad settling a quarrel between the Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone in its place. According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, after which Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guillaume |first=A. |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955 |location=Oxford}} pp. 84–87</ref>{{sfn|Mubarakpuri|1976|loc="Muhammad's Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood"}} The [[Lumber|timber]] for the reconstruction of the Kaaba was purchased by Quraysh from a Byzantine ship that had been wrecked on the [[Red Sea]] coast at Shu'aybah. The work was undertaken by a Coptic Egyptian carpenter from the same ship, called Baqum (باخوم Pachomius), the name indicates an Egyptian Origin, The name Pachomius means "eagle" or "falcon", It comes from the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] word "akhōm" (eagle/falcon), which originally meant "divine image" in Middle Egyptian.<ref name="King-2004"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Glasse, Cyril |title=New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Rowman Altamira |year=2001 |isbn=0-7591-0190-6 |page=245}}</ref> Financial constraints during this rebuilding caused Quraysh to exclude six cubits from the northern part of the Kaaba. This portion is what is currently known as Al-Hateem الحطيم or [[Hijr Ismail]] حجر اسماعيل.

Muhammad's [[Isra and Mi'raj|Isra']] is said to have taken him from the Kaaba to the [[Temple Mount|Masjid al-Aqsa]] and heavenwards from there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Isra - 1-111 |url=https://quran.com/al-isra |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref>

Muslims initially considered Jerusalem as their qibla, or prayer direction, and faced toward it while offering prayers; however, pilgrimage to the Kaaba was considered a religious duty though its rites were not yet finalized. During the first half of Muhammad's time as a prophet while he was at Mecca, he and his followers were severely persecuted which eventually led to their migration to [[Medina]] in 622 CE. In 624 CE, Muslims believe the direction of the qibla was changed from the Masjid al-Aqsa to the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, with the revelation of {{qref|2|144|c=y|pl=y}}.{{sfn|Mubarakpuri|1976|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n129 130]}} In 628 CE, Muhammad led a group of Muslims towards Mecca with the intention of performing the ''Umrah'', but was prevented from doing so by the Quraysh. He secured a peace treaty with them, the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]], which allowed the Muslims to freely perform pilgrimage at the Kaaba from the following year.{{sfn|Mubarakpuri|1976|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n212 213]}}

At the culmination of his mission,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A history of Islamic societies |date=13 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521514309 |oclc=853114008}}</ref> in 630 CE, after the allies of the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr, violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad [[Conquest of Mecca|conquered Mecca]]. His first action was to remove statues and images from the ''Kaaba''.<ref name="EllenbogenTugendhaft2011" /> According to reports collected by [[Ibn Ishaq]] and [[al-Azraqi]], Muhammad spared a painting of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] and [[Jesus]], and a fresco of Ibrahim.<ref>{{harvnb|Ibn Ishaq|1955|page=552}}: Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.</ref><ref name="EllenbogenTugendhaft2011" /><ref name="Rogerson2003">{{cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |author-link=Barnaby Rogerson |title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography |publisher=Paulist Press |year=2003 |isbn=9781587680298 |page=190 |quote=Muhammad raised his hand to protect an icon of the Virgin and Child and a painting of Abraham, but otherwise his companions cleared the interior of its clutter of votive treasures, cult implements, statuettes and hanging charms.}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Narrated Abdullah: When the Prophet entered Mecca on the day of the conquest, there were 360 idols around the Kaaba. The Prophet started striking them with a stick he had in his hand and was saying, "Truth has come and Falsehood has vanished..." (Qur'an 17:81) |[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] |source=Book 59, Hadith 583}}

Al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad, after he entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam:

{{Blockquote|text=Shihab (said) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, and in it was a picture of the angels (mala'ika), among others, and he saw a picture of Ibrahim and he said: "May Allah kill those representing him as a venerable old man casting arrows in divination (shaykhan yastaqsim bil-azlam)." Then he saw the picture of Maryam, so he put his hands on it and he said: "Erase what is in it [the Kaaba] in the way of pictures except the picture of Maryam." |author=[[al-Azraqi]]|title=|source=Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca}}

After the conquest, Muhammad restated the sanctity and holiness of Mecca, including its Great Mosque (Masjid al-Haram), in Islam.<ref name="Grolier_Society_Book_of_History">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=W. M. Flinders |author-link=Flinders Petrie |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofhistoryhis04bryciala |title=The Book of History: A History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present |last2=Helmolt |first2=Hans F. |last3=Lee-Warner |first3=William |author3-link=William Lee-Warner |last4=Lane-Poole |first4=Stanley |last5=Bain |first5=Robert Nisbet |last6=Winckler |first6=Hugo |last7=Sayce |first7=Archibald H. |last8=Wallace |first8=Alfred Russel |last9=Thompson |first9=Holland |publisher=The Grolier Society |year=1915 |display-authors=3 |first10=W. Stewart |last10=Wallace}}</ref> He performed the Hajj in 632 CE called the [[Farewell Pilgrimage|Hujjat ul-Wada']] ("Farewell Pilgrimage") since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.{{sfn|Mubarakpuri|1976|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n297 298]}}

After Muhammad's [[conquest of Mecca]], it is said that the 360 idols of the Kaaba were destroyed. The Kaaba became a site for the veneration of [[Allah]] only, identified as the same God as that of other monotheists. The Kaaba continued to be a site of annual pilgrimage,<ref name="King-2004" /> and Muslims would perform the Salat prayer facing [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in Jerusalem, as instructed by Muhammad, and turning their backs on the pagan associations of the Kabah.{{sfn|Armstrong|2000|p=11}}

===After Muhammad===
[[File:Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen MG 0723.tif|thumb|View of the Kaaba, 1718. [[Adriaan Reland]]: ''Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen'']]
[[File:Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of Mecca - Walters 481307 - View A.jpg|thumb|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[tile]]s representing the Kaaba in the [[17th century]]]]

The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times. The structure was severely damaged by a fire on 3 [[Rabi' al-awwal|Rabi' I]] 64 AH (Sunday 31 October 683 CE), during the [[Siege of Mecca (683)|first siege of Mecca in 683]] in the [[Second Fitna|war]] between the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and [[Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr|'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selwood |first1=Dominic |date=31 October 2017 |title=On this day in 683 AD: The Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam, is burned to the ground |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/31/day-683-ad-kaaba-holiest-site-islam-burned-ground/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/31/day-683-ad-kaaba-holiest-site-islam-burned-ground/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of power by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]]. 'Abdullah rebuilt it to include the ''hatīm''. He did so on the basis of a tradition (found in several [[hadith collection]]s) that the ''hatīm'' was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild it so as to include it.<ref name="Ibn Khaldun">{{cite book |last=Ibn Khaldun |first=Abd al-Rahman |author-link=Ibn Khaldun |title=Al-Muqaddimah |title-link=Muqaddimah |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1967 |isbn=0-691-09797-6 |edition=2 |series=Bollingen series |volume=2 |publication-place=Princeton, N. J. |publication-date=1980 |pages=253–255 |translator-last1=Rosenthal |translator-first1=Franz |trans-title=An Introduction to History |chapter=IV. Countries and cities, and all other forms of sedentary civilization. The conditions occurring there. Primary and secondary considerations in this connection. |orig-date=1377}}</ref>

The Kaaba was bombarded with stones in the [[Siege of Mecca (692)|second siege of Mecca in 692]], in which the Umayyad army was led by [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]. The fall of the city and the death of 'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr allowed the Umayyads under [[ʿAbdu l-Malik ibn Marwan|'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] to finally reunite all the Islamic possessions and end the long civil war. In 693 CE, 'Abd al-Malik had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt it on the foundations set by the Quraysh. The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time. Its basic shape and structure have not changed since then.<ref name="Ibn Khaldun" />

During its history, the [[Black Stone]] at the Kaaba has been struck and smashed by a stone fired from a [[catapult]],<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Office of the Blessed Mantle, Topkapı Palace Museum |title=The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul |last2=Aydın |first2=Hilmi |last3=Uğurluel |first3=Talha |last4=Doğru |first4=Ahmet |date=2004 |publisher=Light |isbn=1-932099-72-7 |location=Somerset, New Jersey |oclc=56942620}}</ref> it has been smeared with excrement,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Richard Francis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139162302 |title=Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-16230-2 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139162302 |hdl=2027/coo.31924062544543}}</ref> stolen and ransomed by the [[Qarmatians]]<ref name="Peters 1994">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |others=Mazal Holocaust Collection |isbn=0-691-03267-X |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=30671443}}</ref> and smashed into several fragments.<ref name="Peters 1994" /><ref name="King-2004" />

During the Hajj of 930 CE, the [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] [[Qarmatians]] [[Sack of Mecca|attacked Mecca]] under [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]], defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis in Eastern Arabia known as [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Aḥsāʾ]], where it remained until the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] ransomed it in 952 CE.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad |author-link=Javed Ahmad Ghamidi |title=The Rituals of Hajj and 'Umrah |url=http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JanIslamiShari2y5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307022435/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JanIslamiShari2y5.htm |archive-date=7 March 2010 |access-date= |work=renaissance.com.pk |translator=Saleem, Shehzad |location=[[Mizan]], [[Al-Mawrid]]}}</ref>

After heavy rains and flooding in 1626, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor [[Murad IV]], the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated.

In 1916, after [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]] had launched the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]], during the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)|Battle of Mecca]] between [[Arabs|Arab]] and Ottoman forces, the Ottoman troops bombarded the city and hit the Kaaba, setting fire to the protective veil.<ref name="Le Naour-2017">{{Cite book |last=Le Naour |first=Jean-Yves |url=http://www.cairn.info/djihad--9782262070830.htm |title=Djihad 1914-1918 |date=2017 |publisher=Éditions Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-07083-0 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/perri.lenao.2017.01}}</ref><ref name="Murphy-2008">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=David |title=The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze |date=2008-11-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-84603-339-1 |language=en |oclc=212855786}}</ref> This incident was later exploited by the propaganda of the Great Arab Revolt to attempt to demonstrate the impiety of the Ottomans and the legitimacy of the revolt as a holy war.<ref name="Le Naour-2017" /><ref name="Murphy-2008" />

On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate King [[Ibn Saud]] during his performance of Hajj.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Jerald L. Thompson |title=H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA111290 |degree=MA |location=University of Kansas |date=December 1981}}</ref><ref name=amin>{{cite web|author=Amin K. Tokumasu|title=Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd |url=http://www.darah.info/bohos/Data/15/13.htm |work=Darah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081440/http://darah.info/bohos/Data/15/13.htm |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=richard/> He survived the attack unhurt, through the intervention of the [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|crown prince]], and the three attackers were killed by bodyguards.<ref name=amin/><ref name=richard>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Halliburton |authorlink=Richard Halliburton |title=Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-star-ibn-saud-king-of-a/177981176/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |newspaper=[[The Kansas City Star]] |page=16 |date=24 June 1935 |via=newspapers.com |quote=Two of the assassins, in the shadow of the Kaaba, were hacked to pieces; and the third, breaking free...was overtaken and struck down.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45334930 |journal=Current History |title=Arab King Escapes Assassins |volume=42 |number=2 |date=May 1935 |pages=218-220 |first=Robert L. |last=Baker |accessdate=August 1, 2025 |via=[[JSTOR]] |quote=While the Emir Suad grappled with the leader the King's alert bodyguard killed the would-be regicides.}}</ref>

The Kaaba is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of 500 [[Saudi Riyal|Saudi riyal]] and 2000 [[Iranian rial]] banknotes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Banknotes & Coins: 500 Rials |url=http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203093839/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=24 March 2009 |work=Central Bank of Iran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banknotes & Coins: 2000 Rials |url=http://www.cbi.ir/page/1980.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309064805/https://www.cbi.ir/page/1980.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2009 |work=Central Bank of Iran}}</ref>

[[Al-Azraqi]] provided the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather:<ref name="King-2004" />
{{blockquote|I have heard that there was set up in ''al-Bayt'' (referring to the Kaaba) a picture ({{Langx|ar|تمثال|lit=Depiction |translit=Timthal}}) of Maryam and 'Isa. ['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (''muzawwaqan''); in her lap, her son Isa sat adorned."|[[al-Azraqi]], ''Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca''<ref name="Al-Azraqi-2003" />}}

The Kaaba came to be considered the [[axis mundi]] (world center), with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a [[meteorite]] that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.{{sfn|Armstrong|1997|p=221}}[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage txt-0471-front CROP.jpg|thumb|The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram depicted on a [[talismanic shirt]], 16th or early 17th century]]{{multiple image |width=220 |direction=vertical
|image1=Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage arc.pp 0211.04 CROP.jpg |caption1=Photographed in 1880 by [[Muhammad Sadiq (photographer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]
|image2=Masjid al-Haram 1.jpg |caption2=In 1907
}}

=== In non-Islamic literature ===
The [[Khuzistan Chronicle]] is a short [[Church of the East|Nestorian]] (Christian origin) chronicle written no later than the 660s CE covers the history up to the Arab conquest and gives an interesting note on Arabian geography. The section covering the geography starts with a speculation about the origin of the Muslim sanctuary in Arabia:

{{blockquote|Regarding the K'bta (Kaaba) of Ibrahim, we have been unable to discover what it is except that, because the blessed Abraham grew rich in property and wanted to get away from the envy of the Canaanites, he chose to live in the distant and spacious parts of the desert. Since he lived in tents, he built that place for the worship of God and for the offering of sacrifices. It took its present name from what it had been, since the memory of the place was preserved with the generations of their race. Indeed, it was no new thing for the Arabs to worship there, but goes back to antiquity, to their early days, in that they show honor to the father of the head of their people.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Hoyland, Robert G. |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |publisher=The Darwin Press |year=1997 |pages=187}}</ref>}}

According to the [[The Asatir|''Asatir'']], a 10th-century work of [[Samaritan]] literature,<ref>{{cite book |last=Crown |first=Alan David |title=Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts' |date=2001 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&dq=samaritan+Book+of+the+%E2%80%9CSecrets+of+Moses%E2%80%9D&pg=PA27 27]}}</ref> Ismail and his eldest son [[Nebaioth]] built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca."<ref>{{cite book |last=Gaster |first=Moses |url=https://archive.org/stream/MN40245ucmf_0#page/n271/mode/2up |title=The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses |publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society |year=1927 |location=London |pages=71, 262 |quote=Ishmaelites built Mecca (Baka, Bakh)}}</ref>

== Architecture and interior ==
The Kaaba is a [[Cube|cuboid]]-shaped structure made of [[stones]]. It is approximately {{cvt|15|m|ftin}} high with sides measuring {{cvt|12|m|ftin}} × {{cvt|10.5|m|ftin}} wide.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |date=1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/142/mode/2up?q=box- 142] }}</ref>{{efn|Hawting states {{cvt|10|m|ftin}}.{{sfn|Hawting|2003|page=75}}}} Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of [[marble]] and [[limestone]]. The interior walls are clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor. The floor of the interior stands about {{cvt|2|m|ftin}} above the ground area where [[tawaf]] is performed.<ref name=Peterson />{{sfn|Hawting|2003|page=75}}

The wall directly adjacent to the entrance of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are several more tablets along the other walls. Along the top corners of the walls runs a black cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. Three pillars (some erroneously report two) stand inside the Kaaba, with a small altar or table set between one and the other two. [[Oil lamp|Lamp]]-like objects (possible lanterns or [[crucible]] [[censer]]s) hang from the ceiling. The ceiling itself is of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming. The ''Bāb ut-Tawbah''—on the right wall (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling (collectively dual-layered) are made of [[stainless steel]]-capped [[teak|teak wood]].{{fact|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Kaaba.png|alt=|center]]
[[File:Kaaba-plan.svg|thumb|A technical drawing of the Kaaba showing dimensions and elements]]
[[File:Rukn al-Yamani 01.jpg|thumb|Rukn al-Yamani (The Yemeni Corner)]]
Each numbered item in the following list corresponds to features noted in the diagram image.
# The ''Ḥajar al-Aswad'' ({{Langx|ar|الحجر الأسود|lit=The Black Stone |translit=al-Hajar al-Aswad}}), is located on the Kaaba's eastern corner. It is the location where Muslims start their circumambulation of the Kaaba, known as the ''tawaf''.
# The entrance is a door set {{cvt|2.13|m|ftin|frac=2}} above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, called the ''Bāb ar-Raḥmah'' ({{Langx|ar|باب الرحمة|lit=Door of Mercy |translit=Bāb ar-Raḥmah}}), that also acts as the façade.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}} In 1979, the {{cvt|300|kg|lb}} gold doors made by artist [[Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr]], replaced the old silver doors made by his father, Ibrahim Badr, in 1942.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2009 |title=Saudi Arabia's Top Artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Passes Away |work=Khaleej Times |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=&section=middleeast&xfile=data/middleeast/2009/November/middleeast_November268.xml |url-status=dead |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930091632/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=&section=middleeast&xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fmiddleeast_November268.xml |archive-date=30 September 2012}}</ref> There is a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of ''Banū Shaybah'' and the [[Zamzam Well]]. The oldest surviving door dates back to 1045 AH (1635–6 CE).<ref name="Al Arabiya"/>
# The ''[[Mīzāb al-Raḥmah|Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah]]'', commonly shortened to ''Mīzāb'' or ''Meezab'' is a rain spout made of gold. Added when the Kaaba was rebuilt in 1627, after a flood in 1626 caused three of the four walls to collapse.
# This slant structure, covering three sides of the Kaaba, is known as the ''Shadherwaan'' ({{Langx|ar|شاذروان}}) and was added in 1627 along with the ''Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah'' to protect the foundation from rainwater.
# The ''Hatīm'' (also romanized as ''hateem'') and known as the ''[[Hijr Ismail]]'', is a low wall that was part of the original Kaaba. It is a semi-circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north-west wall of the Kaaba. It is {{cvt|1.31|m|ftin|frac=2}} in height and {{cvt|1.5|m|ftin|0}} in width, and is composed of white marble. The space between the ''hatīm'' and the Kaaba was originally part of the ''Kaaba'', and is thus not entered during the ''tawaf''.
# ''al-Multazam'', the roughly {{cvt|2|m|ft|adj=on|frac=2}} space along the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door. It is sometimes considered pious or desirable for a pilgrim to touch this area of the Kaaba, or perform [[dua]] here.
# The Station of Ibrahim ''([[Maqam Ibrahim]])'' is a glass and metal enclosure with what is said to be an imprint of Ibrahim's feet. Ibrahim is said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.<ref>According to [[Muslim]] tradition: ''"God made the stone under Ibrahim's feet into something like clay so that his feet sunk into it. That was a miracle. It was transmitted on the authority of Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (may [[Peace be upon him (Islam)|peace be upon him]]) that he said: Three stones were sent down from [[Jannah|the Garden]]: the Station of Ibrahim, [[Foundation Stone|the rock of the children of Israel]], and the Black Stone, which God entrusted Ibrahim with as a white stone. It was whiter than paper, but became black from the sins of [[Son of man|the children of Adam]]."'' (The Hajj, [[F.E. Peters]] 1996)</ref>
# The corner of the Black Stone. It faces very slightly southeast from the center of the ''Kaaba.'' The four corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the four [[cardinal direction]]s of the [[compass]].{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}}
# The ''Rukn al-Yamani'' ({{Langx|ar|الركن اليمني |translit=ar-Rukn al-Yamani|lit=The Yemeni Corner}}), also known as ''Rukn-e-Yamani'' or ''Rukn-e-Yemeni'', is the corner of the ''Kaaba'' facing slightly southwest from the center of the Kaaba.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}}{{sfn|Hawting|2003|page=76}}
# The ''Rukn ush-Shami'' ({{Langx|ar|الركن الشامي |translit=ar-Rukn ash-Shami|lit=The Levantine Corner}})'','' also known as ''Rukn-e-Shami'', is the corner of the ''Kaaba'' facing very slightly northwest from the center of the Kaaba.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1978|p=317}}{{sfn|Hawting|2003|page=76}}
# The ''Rukn al-'Iraqi'' ({{Langx|ar|الركن العراقي |translit=ar-Rukn al-'Iraqi|lit=The Iraqi Corner}}), is the corner that faces slightly northeast from the center of the Kaaba.
# [[Kiswah]], the embroidered covering. Kiswa is a black silk and gold curtain which is replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-02-11 |title='House of God' Kaaba gets new cloth |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/11/1044725746252.html |access-date=17 August 2006 |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne, Australia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kiswa – (Kaaba Covering) |url=http://members.tripod.com/worldupdates/newupdates10/id43.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20030722203309/http://members.tripod.com/worldupdates/newupdates10/id43.htm |archive-date=22 July 2003 |access-date=17 August 2006 |publisher=Al-Islaah Publications}}</ref> Two-thirds of the way up is the ''hizam'', a band of gold-embroidered Quranic text, including the [[Shahada]], the Islamic declaration of faith. The curtain over the door of the Kaaba is especially ornate and is known as the ''[[Sitara (textile)|sitara]]'' or ''burqu'''.<ref name="textiles2">{{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Venetia |url= |title=Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam |publisher=The British Museum |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-674-06218-4 |editor=Porter, Venetia |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=257–258 |chapter=Textiles of Mecca and Medina |oclc=709670348}}</ref> The ''hizam'' and ''sitara'' have inscriptions embroidered in gold and silver wire,<ref name="textiles2"/> including verses from the [[Quran]] and supplications to [[Allah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ghazal |first=Rym |date=28 August 2014 |title=Woven with devotion: the sacred Islamic textiles of the Kaaba |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/woven-with-devotion-the-sacred-islamic-textiles-of-the-kaaba-1.258782 |access-date=2021-01-07 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref name="daralkiswa">{{Cite book |last=Nassar |first=Nahla |url= |title=The Hajj: collected essays |publisher=The British Museum |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-86159-193-0 |editor1=Porter, Venetia |location=London |pages=176–178 |chapter=Dar al-Kiswa al-Sharifa: Administration and Production |oclc=857109543 |editor2=Saif, Liana}}</ref>
# Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumambulation.<ref>Key to numbered parts translated from, accessed 2 December</ref>
Note: The major (long) axis of the Kaaba has been observed to align with the rising of the star [[Canopus]] toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east–west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of [[summer solstice]] and the sunset of [[winter solstice]].<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YYqiXm-lkC&q=kaaba+canopus&pg=PA202 202] |title=Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth |author=Ruggles, Clive L. N. |edition=Illustrated |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-477-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pheL_ubbXD0C&q=kaaba+canopus&pg=PA137 137] |title=Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya |author=Teresi, Dick |edition=Reprint, illustrated |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7432-4379-7}}</ref>

{{gallery|width=200 |height=200
|File:Calligraphy on Cover of Kaba.jpg|Textile cover of the Kaaba (called [[Kiswah]]) with Islamic inscriptions calligraphed in Arabic with golden threads
|File:Gate of Ka-bah.JPG|The ''Bāb at-Tawbah'', "Door of Repentance"|File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|The Kaaba with the signature minarets. A similar view is printed on the obverse side of 500-[[Saudi riyal|riyal]] (approximately 133 [[United States dollar|USD]]) notes in Saudi Arabia.
|File:Maqam Ibrahim, Makkah.jpg|The Station of Ibrahim (''Maqam Ibrahim'')
|File:Meezab -e- rehmat.jpg|The ''Mīzāb al-Raḥmah''
|File:Kaaba during expansion in 2013.jpg|The Kaaba during an expansion phase in 2013
}}

== Written marble documents inside the Kaaba ==
Inside the Kaaba, there were nine engraved marble stones, all written in the [[Thuluth script]], except for one which is written in prominent [[Kufic]] script. In the eastern wall between the door and the Gate of Repentance another document was added by the custodian of the Two Holy Mosques at the time [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]], regarding his expansion of the mosque, thus bringing the number of documents to ten, all of which are inscribed on white marble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holy Kaaba |url=https://gph.gov.sa/index.php/ar/about-the-two-holy-mosques-ar/grand-mosque-ar/2020-05-28-09-37-55/95-2020-05-28-09-32-8 |work=gph.gov.sa |date=2020-05-28 |access-date= }}</ref>

Islamic sanctities received great attention from the [[Burji dynasty|Circassian sultans]] during the period in which they ruled the Islamic world (784{{ndash}}924{{nbsp}}AH, 1382–1517{{nbsp}}CE), with the Kaaba receiving significant attention. Of the ten marble slabs chronicling the architectural contributions of various rulers to [[Masjid al-Haram|Al-Masjid al-Haram]], two of the slabs pertain to [[Burji dynasty|Circassian sultans]].
[[File:نقش السلطان الجركسي برسباي داخل الكعبة المشرفة.jpg|thumb|Sultan Barsbay inscription on the slab in Kaaba]]
One of these two records the achievements of one of the most notable circassians, [[Barsbay|Sultan Barsbay]]. The document, dated to 1423 (CE), attests to a wide reconstruction and restoration process in the mosque by the Sultan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsheerf |first=Prof Adnan |date=2011-01-01 |script-title=ar:أعمال الأشرف برسباي بالمسجد الحرام في ضوء نقش مؤرخ بسنة 826هـ/1423م محفوظ بالكعبة المشرفة دراسة أثرية حضارية |url=https://www.academia.edu/38302836 |script-journal=ar:كتاب المؤتمر الرابع عشر للاتحاد العام للاثاريين العرب |lang=ar |access-date= }}</ref> The inscription on the slab reads: <blockquote>بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم تقرب الى الله تعالى بتجديد رخام هذا البيت المعظم المشرف العبد الفقير الى الله تعالى السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر برسباي خادم الحرمين الشريفين بلغه الله اماله و زين بالصالحات اعماله بتاريخ سنة ست و عشرين و ثمان مئه</blockquote>

This translates to:<blockquote> "In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. Our Lord, accept from us that you are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. Draw nearer to God Almighty by renewing the marble of this noble and honorable house. The poor servant of God Almighty, the honorable Sultan King Abu al-Nasr Barsbay, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. May God reach his hopes and adorn his deeds with good deeds. The year eight hundred and twenty-six AH" </blockquote>
[[File:Qait Bay (81651352).jpg|alt=Sultan Barsbay portrait|thumb|The Circassian Sultan Barsbay]]
The other of the two circassian slabs is dedicated to Barsbays son, [[Qaitbay|Sultan Qaitbay]], known for his great architectural achievements throughout the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Dated to 1479 (CE), the document attests to a wide reconstruction and restoration process undertaken by Sultan [[Qaitbay|Sultan Qaitbay]] for [[Masjid al-Haram|Al-Masjid Al-Haram]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bāsalāmah |first=Ḥusayn ʻAbd Allāh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9ptAAAAMAAJ |script-title=ar:تاريخ الكعبة المعظمة: عمارتها وكسوتها وسدانتها |date=2000 |publisher=مكتبة الثقافة الدينية، |isbn=978-977-5250-63-6 |lang=ar }}</ref>

The inscription reads:<blockquote>بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم أمر بتجيد ترخيم داخل البيت مولانا السلطان الأشرف أبو النصر قايتباي خلد الله ملكه يارب العالمين بتاريخ مستهل رجب الفرد عام أربع و ثمانين و ثمانمائة من الهجرة</blockquote>

Which translates to: <blockquote>"In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. Our Lord, accept from us that You are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. He commanded the perfection of melodious chanting inside the house. Our Lord, the honorable and victorious Sultan Qaytbay, may God immortalize his kingdom, Lord of the worlds, on the first of the month of Rajab in the year eight hundred and eighty-four AH." </blockquote>

==Significance in Islam==
The ''Kaaba'' is the [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site in Islam]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Lyn |last2=Kramer |first2=John |last3=Fusco |first3=Angela. |title=Dad's house, mom's house |date=2012 |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |oclc=812009749}}</ref> and is often called by names such as the ''Bayt Allah'' ({{Langx|ar|بيت الله|lit=House of Allah |translit=Bayt Allah}}).<ref>''The Basis for the Building Work of God'' p. 37, Witness Lee, 2003</ref><ref>Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana, p. 186, Anas, 2013</ref> and ''Bayt Allah al-Haram'' ({{Langx|ar|بيت الله الحرام |translit=Bayt Allah il-Haram|lit=The Sacred House of Allah}}).

=== Tawaf ===
{{Further|Hajj|Umrah}}
[[File:Hajj.ogg|thumb|Pilgrims perform Tawaf around the Kaaba during [[Umrah]] (video)]]
[[File:Al-Haram mosque - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|The Kaaba and the [[Masjid Al-Haram]] during Hajj, 2008]]

''Ṭawāf'' ({{langx|ar|طَوَاف|lit=going about}}) is one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage and is compulsory during both the [[Hajj]] and Umrah. Pilgrims [[Circumambulation#Islam|go around]] the Kaaba (the [[Most holy place#Islam|most sacred site]] in Islam) seven times in a [[counterclockwise]] direction; the first three at a hurried pace on the outer part of the ''Mataaf'' and the latter four times closer to the Kaaba at a leisurely pace.<ref>{{citation |author=Ruqaiyyah Maqsood |title=World Faiths, teach yourself – Islam |year=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs/page/76 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs/page/76 76] |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=0-340-60901-X}}</ref> The circling is believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the [[Tawhid|One God]], as they move in harmony together around the Kaaba, while supplicating to [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shariati |first=Ali |title=HAJJ: Reflection on Its Rituals |publisher=Islamic Publications International |year=2005 |isbn=1-889999-38-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick Mathewson |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-13814477-7}}</ref> To be in a state of [[Wudu]] (ablution) is mandatory while performing tawaf as it is considered to be a form of worship (''[[Ibadah|<nowiki/>'ibadah]]'').

Tawaf begins from the corner of the Kaaba with the [[Black Stone]]. If possible, Muslims are to kiss or touch it, but this is often not possible because of the large crowds. They are also to chant the [[Basmala]] and [[Takbir]] each time they complete one revolution. Hajj pilgrims are generally advised to "make ṭawāf" at least twice – once as part of the Hajj, and again before leaving Mecca.<ref name="AtoZ2">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |publisher=Mamdouh Mohamed |year=1996 |isbn=0-915957-54-X |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The five types of ṭawāf are:
*''Ṭawāf al-Qudūm'' (arrival ṭawāf) is performed by those not residing in Mecca once reaching the Holy City.
*''Ṭawāf aṭ-Ṭaḥīyah'' (greeting ṭawāf) is performed after entering ''al-Masjid al-Haram'' at any other times and is ''[[Mustahabb]]''.
*''Ṭawāf al-'Umrah'' (Umrah ṭawāf) refers to the ṭawāf performed specifically for Umrah.
*''Ṭawāf al-Wadā''' ("farewell ṭawāf") is performed before leaving Mecca.
*''Ṭawāf az-Zīyārah'' (ṭawāf of visiting), ''Ṭawāf al-'Ifāḍah'' (ṭawāf of compensation) or ''Ṭawāf al-Ḥajj'' (Hajj ṭawāf) is performed after completing the Hajj.

The Tawaf has its origins in the religion of the Najranite pagans, who walked around the Kaaba in an act of devotion to their creator god, Allah (not to be confused with the monotheistic god of Islam by the same name). This practice was adopted by Mohammad after some reform.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/9781783269150_0002|chapter=The Historical Development of Paganism in Najran during the Pre- and Early Islamic Era (524–641 CE)|doi=10.1142/9781783269150_0002 |title=Proceedings of the Eighth Saudi Students Conference in the UK|year=2016 |last1=Al-Nahee |first1=Owed Abdullah |pages=13–24 |isbn=978-1-78326-914-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/41324836 |title=Kaaba a house built under the Sun|first=Reza|last=Assasi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Francis E. |last=Peters|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam}}</ref>

===As the Qibla===
{{main|Qibla}}
The ''Qibla'' is the direction faced during prayer.<ref>{{qref|2|144|b=y}}</ref> The direction faced during prayer is the direction of the Kaaba, relative to the person praying. Apart from praying, Muslims generally consider facing the Qibla while reciting the [[Quran]] to be a part of good etiquette.

==Cleaning==
The building is opened biannually for the ceremony of "The Cleaning of the Sacred Kaaba" ({{Langx|ar|تنظيف الكعبة المشرفة |translit=Tanzif al-Ka'bat al-Musharrafah|lit=Cleaning of the Sacred Cube}}). The ceremony takes place on the 1st of [[Sha'ban|Sha'baan]], the eighth month of the [[Islamic calendar]], around thirty days before the start of the month of [[Ramadan]] and on the 15th of [[Muharram]], the first month. The keys to the ''Kaaba'' are held by the [[Bani Shaiba|Banī Shayba]]h ({{Langx|ar|بني شيبة}}) tribe, an honor bestowed upon them by Muhammad.<ref>{{cite news |title=الرسول شرّف بني شيبة بحمل مفتاح الكعبة حتى قيام الساعة |url=http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/6c992375-dbb6-4376-bc85-89a282d01554 |publisher=[[Al Khaleej (newspaper)|Al Khaleej]]}}</ref> Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaaba |url=http://enc.slider.com/Enc/Kaaba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707172635/http://enc.slider.com/Enc/Kaaba |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The Governor of the [[Makkah Province]] and accompanying dignitaries clean the interior of the Kaaba using cloths dipped in [[Zamzam water]] scented with [[Agarwood|oud perfume]]. Preparations for the washing start a day before the agreed date, with the mixing of Zamzam water with several luxurious perfumes including Tayef rose, 'oud and [[musk]]. Zamzam water mixed with rose perfume is splashed on the floor and is wiped with [[palm leaves]]. Usually, the entire process is completed in two hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=This is how the Kaaba is washed |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2016/10/17/Prince-Khaled-cleans-the-Holy-Kaaba.html |access-date=8 July 2020 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>

== Events related to the Kaaba ==
Many Islamic sources include [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] sources ([[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]],<ref>[[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn]], Volume 3, Page 550.</ref> [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]],<ref>Tazkerat al-Khawas, Page 10.</ref> Halabi Shafi'i,<ref>Al-Sirat al-Halabia, Volume 3, Page 485.</ref> [[Al-Fakihi]],<ref>Ikhbar al-Mecca, Volume 3, Page 226.</ref> Sheikh Abu Zakariyya al-Azdi,<ref>Tarikh Mosul, Kitab al-Salis al-Ashar, Page 58.</ref> [[Mahmud al-Alusi]],<ref>Sarah al-Kharidah, Pages 3 and 15.</ref> Ibn Sabbagh Maliki,<ref>Al-Fosul al-Mohemmah, Page 29.</ref> Ganji Shafi'i,<ref>Kefayat al-Talib fi Manaqibi Ali ibn Abi Talib, Pages 405-406.</ref> Saffuri Shafi'i,<ref>Nazhat al-Majalis, Page 159.</ref><ref>Mokhtasar al-Mahaasein al-Mojtama'ah, Page 156.</ref> [[Al-Masudi]],<ref>Isbat al-Vasia'ah, Page 142.</ref><ref>[[The Meadows of Gold]], Volume 2, Page 273.</ref> Zarandi Hanafi,<ref>Ma'arej al-Vosul, Page 49.</ref><ref>Nazm Dorrar al-Samtein, Page 76.</ref> Amir San'ani<ref>Al-Rozat al-Nadiyyah, Page 36.</ref>) have written that [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] of the [[Shia Islam|Shiites]], was the only person to have been born in the Kaaba.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7677488/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF
|title = تنها کسی که در خانه خدا بدنیا آمد
|trans-title = The only one born in the house of God
|language = fa
|access-date = 27 February 2025
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1726444/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B9
|title = اسناد تاریخی درباره ولادت امام علی(ع) در کعبه
|trans-title = Historical documents about the birth of Imam Ali (AS) in the Kaaba
|language = fa
|access-date = 27 February 2025
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/8898017/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF
|title = زندگی‎نامه امام علی (ع)/ تنها کسی که در خانه خدا به دنیا آمد
|trans-title = Biography of Imam Ali (AS)/ The only one who was born in the house of God
|language = fa
|access-date = 27 February 2025
}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Islam|Saudi Arabia}}
*[[Glossary of Islam]]
*[[Outline of Islam]]
*[[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]
*''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]'', the [[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library|house]] where Muhammad is believed to have been born
*[[List of largest mosques]]
*[[List of mosques in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]] (Unicode block), which contains a pictogram for the Kaaba, {{unichar|1F54B}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hawting |first=G. R. |author-link=G. R. Hawting |title=Kaʿba |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=3: J-O |date=2003 |pages=75–80 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran-6-volumes-jane-dammen-mc-auliffe/page/n1291}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ibn Ishaq |first=Muhammad |author-link=Ibn Ishaq |translator-last=Guillaume |translator-first=Alfred |translator-link=Alfred Guillaume |title=Sirat Rasul Allah |trans-title=The Life of Muhammad |date=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780196360331 |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume}}
*Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). ''Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z''. Amana Publications. {{ISBN|0-915957-54-X}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |lang=ar |translator-first=Issam |translator-last=Diab |date=1976 |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum  |trans-title=The Sealed Nectar |url=https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324152212/https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peterson, Andrew |year=1997 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn= }}
* {{Cite book |last=Robin |first=Christian J. |author-link=Christian J. Robin |title=Arabs and Empires before Islam |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Greg |pages=127–171 |chapter=Ḥimyar, Aksūm, and Arabia Deserta in Late Antiquity. The Epigraphic Evidence |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37672841}}
* {{cite book |last=von Grunebaum | first=G. E. |author-link=Gustave E. von Grunebaum |year=1970 |title=Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalislamhi0089grun |url-access=registration |publisher=Aldine Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-202-30767-1 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/3674390}}
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |volume=4 |first1 = A. J. |last1=Wensinck |first2=J. |last2=Jomier |title=Ka‘ba |pages=317–322 }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFWensinckJomier1978}}
*[1915] ''The Book of History, a History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present'', Viscount Bryce (Introduction), The Grolier Society.

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q29466|c=Category:Kaaba|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905}}
*[http://kabahinfo.net Ka'bah info: Everything you want to know about the Holy Ka'bah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501200859/http://www.kabahinfo.net/ |date=1 May 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423174338/http://live.gph.gov.sa/ SA's Official Live Webcam of the Kaaba]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140809215043/http://www.roadsofarabia.com/exhibition/artifact_11.html Former door of the Kaaba (ca. 1635)]
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kaaba-shrine-Mecca-Saudi-Arabia Kaaba | Definition, Interior, Black Stone, & Fact]
*[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/islam-apah/a/the-kaaba The Kaaba (article) | Islam]
*[https://smarthistory.org/the-kaaba/ The Kaaba]
*[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/religions/article/2022/07/07/mecca-pilgrimage-10-things-to-know-about-the-kaaba_5989372_63.html Mecca pilgrimage: 10 things to know about the Kaaba]
*[https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge-base/five-pillars-of-islam/hajj/the-kaaba/ About The Ka'aba]
*[https://www.umrahservices.in/blog/history-and-evolution-of-the-kaaba/ The History Of Kaaba]
*[https://www.hajinformation.com/main/j1091.htm Kaaba - Hajj]

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Hajj topics}}
{{Holiest sites in Shia Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kaaba| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques]]
[[Category:Geography in the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Hajj]]
[[Category:Masjid al-Haram]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Arabic architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mecca]]

Chikkabanavara inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-27T21:12:39Z

RobertSwale: added initial data needs work

{{Short description|Temple inscriptions in Karnataka, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.083861|N|77.502583|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Kalyani at Chikkabanavara 08.jpg|thumb|349x349px|Kalyani at Chikkabanavara. ]]
[[Chikkabanavara]] is a residential locality in north [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[Wikipedia:India|India]]. [[Chikkabanavara]] is also an ancient locality as evidenced by six inscriptions that have been discovered there. Additionally an ancient Kalyani and a few old temples allude to the historicity of the locality. [[Chikkabanavara]] is also home to one of the [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]'s ancient lakes, its documented history traced to at least a thousand years based on inscriptional references. Additionally, other ancient artefacts such as, Nagastones, fragmented pillars, memorial stones are also found at Chikkabanavara.

Of the six inscriptions, one is documented in the Volume 9, [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], however this inscription stone is not traceable today. The other five inscriptions were discovered in December 2021 by Dileep Simha, a resident of Chikkabanavara and are all preserved in the precincts of the Kalyani in Chikkabanavara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Rerecording history: Bengaluru's Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project helps preserve millenia-old stone inscriptions |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/rerecording-history-bengaluru-based-inscriptions-3d-digital-conservation-project-helps-preserve-millenia-old-stone-inscriptions/article38445335.ece |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> These five inscriptions were read and documented by the [[Daly Memorial Hall|Mythic Society]] Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team in the Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/44618177 | title=3D Digital Scanning of Epigraphs: In the Context of Bengaluru's Inscriptions | journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society | date=January 2020 | last1=L | first1=Udaya Kumar P. }}</ref>

== Chikkabanavara 17th century CE Naga Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Chikkabanavara 17th century CE Naga Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 17th-century Naga Inscription 02.png
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 17th-century Naga Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|17|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|13.083861|77.502583}}
| language = Kannada
| created = 17th Century
}}
It is an incomplete [[Kannada]] inscription dated to the 17th century CE, the record can be read as "King Banasura, Kshaya Vamsha and Naga Shasana", from this reading the context cannot be deciphered. It was discovered in 2021 by Dileep Simha a [[Chikkabanavara]] resident during restoration work of the Kalyani there. Subsequently, The Mythic Society Bengaluru inscriptions 3D digital conservation project team 3D have documented and published in the inscription.

=== Characteristics of the inscription ===
This fragmented inscription stone measures 17 cm tall by 33 cm wide, while the c

haracters are approximately 2.6 cm tall, 3.0 cm wide, and 0.2 cm deep. The inscription is inscribed in the [[Kannada]] script and [[Kannada]] language and is dated to the 17th century based on paleography.

=== Transliteration Of The Text ===
The inscription is of 4 lines and the transliteration in modern Kannada and IAST as is follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!Line No
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1.
|ರಾಜ ಬಾಣಸುರ
|rāja bāṇasurarāja
|-
|2.
|ವಂಶ ಕ್ಷಯದವರು
|ruvaṃśa kṣayadava
|-
|3.
|ನಾಗ ಶಾಸನ ಕಂಬಿವರ
|naga sasana kambivaru
|-
|4.
|ರಾಜ
|rāja
|}

== Chikkabanavara Inscription 17th century 'Kam. .Banavara' Fragment Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Chikkabanavara Inscription 17th century 'Kam. .Banavara' Fragment Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 17th-century "kam Banavara" Fragment Inscription 01.png
| image_size = 170
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 17th-century "kam Banavara" Fragment Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = 17th Century
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|13.083861|77.502583}}
| language = Kannada
}}

The inscription is in the [[Kannada]] script and [[Kannada]] language and is dated to the 17th century based on paleography. It has only two words "kam. . .banavara" This inscription was discovered in 2021 by Dileep Simha a [[Chikkabanavara]] resident during restoration work of the Kalyani there. Subsequently, the Mythic Society Bengaluru 3D digital conservation project team have archived and published the inscription.

=== Characteristics of the inscription ===
This fragmented inscription stone measures 15 cm tall by 35 cm wide, while the characters themselves are approximately 3.6 cm tall, 4.3 cm wide, and 0.3 cm deep.

=== Transliteration ===
The inscription is in two lines, the transliteration of the text in modern Kannada and IAST is as follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಕಂ
|kaṃ
|-
|2
|ಬಾಣವಾರ
|bāṇavāra
|}

== Chikkabanavara 17th Century Shiva Stuti Fragment Inscription ==
It is a Kannada inscription and records only the beginning of a verse commonly found in inscriptions related to Shaivism. The complete verse is as follows: ''"Namastumga sirastumbi camdra camara carave trailokya nagararambha milastambhaya sambhavé".''

This verse first appears in the [[Harshacharita|Harshacharitha]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.487060 |title=Harshacharita |date=1918}}</ref> penned by the renowned poet [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Bana]].This Inscription was discovered at the time of the restoration of the Chikkabanavara Kalyani.

=== Characteristics ===
The inscription is inscribed in the [[Kannada]] script and Kannada language and is dated to the 17th century based on paleography. This fragmented inscription stone measures 30 cm tall by 43 cm wide, while the characters themselves are approximately 3.3 cm tall, 4.1 cm wide, and 0.3 cm deep.

=== Transliteration ===
{| class="wikitable"
!sl.no
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ನಮಸ್ತುಂಗ ಶಿರಚು
|namastuṃga śiracu
|-
|2
|ಚ ಚಾ .ವರ
|ca cā .vara
|}

== Chikkabanavara 14th-century Donation Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Chikkabanavara Inscription 17th century 'Kam. .Banavara' Fragment Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 14th-century Donation Inscription 05.png
| image_size = 100
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 14th-century Donation Inscription - Portion 1
| image2 = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara 14th-century Donation Inscription 04.png
| image2_size = 100
| image2_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabanavara Kannada 14th-century Donation Inscription - Portion 2
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|111|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|43|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = 14th Century
| discovered_date = 2022
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|13.083861|77.502583}}
| language = Kannada
}}

The inscription is in 14th-century [[Kannada script]] and records the donation of lands measuring (unreadable) some kandugas to the east of some place. Most of the inscription is worn out and the names of the donor, donee and the reason for making the donation are not readable. This inscription stone was discovered by Dileep Simha, a Chikkabanavara resident in 2021 when it was being used as cover for a road side drain. The stone has since been shifted to a Kalyani in Chikkabanavara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions |date=April 2022}}</ref>

=== Characteristics of the inscription ===
The inscription is inscribed in the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] script and [[Kannada]] language. The stone measures 111 cm tall and 43 cm wide, with characters approximately 6.3 cm tall, 11.7 cm wide, and 0.25 cm deep.

The inscription has been dated to the 14th century based on paleography.

=== Transliteration of the text ===
The inscription is a total of 15 lines''.'' with 8 lines in front and 7 on the back side of the stone. The transliterated text of the inscription in Kannada and IAST is as follows:<ref>{{Cite journal |publisher=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume=113 |issue=2 |title=Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions |date=April 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|
|(ಮುಂಭಾಗ)
|(Front Side)
|-
|1
|ಸಾದಾರಣ . . .(ಸಂವತ್ಸ)
|sādāraṇa . . .(saṃvatsa)
|-
|2
|ರದ ಚ . . .
|rada ca . . .
|-
|3
|ಬುದ . . . .
|buda . . . .
|-
|4
|ನು ಮಹ . . . .
|nu maha . . . .
|-
|5
|. . . . . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|6
|. . . . . . . ರ . . .
|. . . . . . . ra . . .
|-
|7
|. . . . . . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|8
|. . . . (ಪ್ರಿಥ್ವಿರಾ) . . . . . .
|. . . . (prithvirā) . . . . . .
|-
|
|(ಹಿಂಭಾಗ)
|(Back Side)
|-
|9
|. . . . . ಟ್ಟಣ
|. . . . . ṭṭaṇa
|-
|10
|ಸೋಮ. . . . . ಇ
|soma. . . . . i
|-
|11
|ಮೂಡಲು ಖಂ
|mūḍalu khaṃ
|-
|12
|ಡುಗ . . ಸಲು
|ḍuga . . salu
|-
|13
|ಉದು ಧರೆ ಚಂದ್ರ
|udu dharĕ caṃdra
|-
|14
|ನುಳಂನಬರ ಸಲು
|nul̤aṃnabara salu
|-
|15
|ಲುವುದು
|luvudu
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="450" mode="nolines" heights="200">
File:Ancient Nagastones that were discovered during restoration at the Chikkabanavara Kalyani.jpg|Ancient Nagastones that were discovered during restoration at the Chikkabanavara Kalyani
File:3D scanning of the Chikkabanavara 14th-century Donation Inscription 11.jpg|3D scanning of the Chikkabanavara 14th-century Donation Inscription
File:Ancient stone pillar bearing sculptures of Venugopala, Shankha and a Dancer discovered at the Chikkabanavara Kalyani.jpg|Ancient stone pillar bearing sculptures of Venugopala, Shankha and a Dancer discovered at the Chikkabanavara Kalyani.
File:Ancient sculpture at Chikkabanavara. The sculpture shows a seated person, two ladies with fly whisks and two women with folded palms.jpg|A Veeramasti Memorial Stone dating to 13-14th Century
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Early Indian epigraphy|Indian inscription]]
* [[Kannada inscriptions|Kannada inscription]]
* [[History of Bangalore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Encounter (Indian TV series)

2026-02-23T14:17:19Z

RobertSwale: added basic post w/ infobox

{{About|the Indian TV series|the South Korean TV series|Encounter (South Korean TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator =
| writer =
| director = Sudip Biswas
| creative_director = Surojit Adhikari
| starring = Manika Pal De [[Parag Tyagi]] [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] [[Adaa Khan]] [[Rohit Khurana]] Shabaaz Abdullah Badi [[Mishal Raheja]] [[Mazher Sayed]] [[Eijaz Khan]] [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] Samiksha Bhatt Alan Kapoor Kabir Khan [[Piyush Sahdev]] [[Manish Wadhwa]] [[Vishal Karwal]] [[Shaleen Malhotra]] [[Mahhi Vij]] [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] [[Sanjay Gagnani]]
| presenter = Professor Soumya Ghosh
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 28
| list_episodes = #Episode list
| runtime = 43 minutes approximately
| producer =
| company = [[Endemol|Endemol India]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|4|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2014|6|27}}
}}

'''''Encounter''''' is an Indian [[crime]] television series, produced by [[Endemol|Endemol India]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/manoj-bajpayee-returns-to-tv-with-encounter-114032200667_1.html|title=Manoj Bajpayee returns to TV with 'Encounter'|work=Business Standard|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> Its central plot was based on 35 [[Encounter killings by police|encounters]] in Mumbai over 35 one-hour episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Manoj-Bajpayee-to-anchor-TV-series-based-on-Mumbais-35-encounters/articleshow/32487962.cms|title=Manoj Bajpayee to anchor TV series based on Mumbai's 35 encounters|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series was based on reality based crimes, which was made to trace the encounters that took place in different places of India and those which were in media headlines for months and later everyone forgot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollymirror.com/tv-news/new-serial/manoj-bajpai-host-encounter-sony-tv/|title=Encounter, The New Crime Show on Sony Tv|work=BollyMirror|access-date=26 March 2014|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529114927/http://www.bollymirror.com/tv-news/new-serial/manoj-bajpai-host-encounter-sony-tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Anchor
* [[Aditya Redij]] as Inspector Bhagat Dave
* [[Shalmalee Desai]] as Mrs. Bhagat Dave
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Inspector Ajay Vishwas
* Shivani Manchanda as Ragini Ajay Vishwas
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Shankar "Shankya" Mane
* Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Ujjwal
* [[Adaa Khan]] as Sonali
* [[Rohit Khurana]] as Shaikh Ali
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Commissioner Lawrence Perreira
* [[Mishal Raheja]] as Inspector Nitin Kamte
* [[Megha Gupta]] as Dr. Preeti
* [[Mazher Sayed]] as Sub Inspector Manish Kadam
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Assistant Police Commissioner Vikramjeet Shinde
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Shamsher Bhopali
* [[Avantika Hundal]] as Poonam
* [[Gopal Singh (actor)|Gopal Singh]] as Sikandar Bagdadi
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Inspector Ali Rizvi
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Mangesh "Mangya" Waghmare
* Sushmita Daan as Razia Ali Rizvi
* Prakash Ramchandani as MLA Janak Shetty
* [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] as Inspector Vinod More
* Samiksha Bhatt as Malini Vinod More
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Sub Inspector Avinash Salunkhe
* [[Mahesh Shetty]] as Mahesh Murthy
* [[Vishal Nayak]] as Anand Murthy
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Babu Rode
* [[Rohit Roy]] as Senior Inspector Milind Mandlik <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/rohit-roy-murli-sharma-back-on-television-with-encounter/|title=Rohit Roy, Murli Sharma back on television|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
* Yuvraj Malhotra as Inspector Rizwan Mirza
* [[Murli Sharma]] as Katta Shridhar
* Alan Kapoor as Krishna
* [[Shresth Kumar]] as Amay
* [[Nandish Sandhu]] as Inspector Sartaj Qureshi
* Saurabh Dubey as Mr. Qureshi
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Ayesha Raza
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Kallan
* [[Vishal Karwal]] as Inspector Vikas Sawant
* [[Akshay Dogra]] as Ramya Narvekar
* Raj Singh Suryavanshi as Varun Surve
* Vishal Thakkar as Baburam Sawant
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Police Commissioner Vijay Mohanty
* Raman Khatri as Ramesh Solanki
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Inspector Anil Barve
* [[Mita Vashisht]] as Maya Sinha
* [[Rohit Purohit]] as Girish Sinha
* [[Nidhi Jha]] as Geeta Sinha
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Ritu Joshi
* Arup Pal as Police Commissioner Kapil Mhatre
* [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra]] as Inspector Tilak Nambiyar
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Urmila
* [[Parakh Madan]] as Sub Inspector Sapna
* Behzaad Khan as Ulhas
* [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]] as Inspector Praveen Joshi
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Dr. Roshan Lal
* Govind Khatri as Bhau
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Inspector Mita Gaekwad
* [[Mahhi Vij]] as Aashna
* Vinay Jain as Police Commissioner Surya Paneskar
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as Bijoy
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Fazlu
* Ganesh Hedge as Pasha
* [[Bhanu Uday]] as Inspector Praveen Waghle
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Hegde
* [[Arti Singh]] as Naina
* Kabir Khan as Dariyab Pathan
* [[Sanjay Gagnani]] as Inspector Farid Khan
* Siddharth Vasudev as Suhas Kariyappa Kunchenaad
* Puneet Vashisht as Vikas Kariyappa Kunchenaad
* Nikhil Arya as Inspector Ajay Karmakar
* Jignesh Mehta as Inspector Sudeep Sharma
* Pankaj Vishnu as Prasadrao Godse
* Rio Kapadia as Police Commissioner
* [[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Inspector Achal Kutty
* Hanif Hilal as Sharib Dabba
* Tushar Jha as Child Achal Kutty

{{div col end}}

==Episodes list==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode number !! Episode title !! Telecast date
|-
|1
|'Dongri ki Chowkdi' terrorizes Mumbai
|11 April 2014
|-
|2
|Police searches for gangster Shankya
|12 April 2014
|-
|3
|Shankya's Encounter
|13 April 2014
|-
|4
|Rise of the Killing Machine
|18 April 2014
|-
|5
|Sharp Shooter Shamsher's Encounter
|19 April 2014
|-
|6
|Story of Contract Killer Sikander Bagdadi
|20 April 2014
|-
|7
|The Police hunts down 'Mangya'
|25 April 2014
|-
|8
|Mangya's master plan
|26 April 2014
|-
|9
|Mangya's Encounter
|27 April 2014
|-
|10
|Mafia Queen - Part 1
|2 May 2014
|-
|11
|Mafia Queen - Part 2
|3 May 2014
|-
|12
|{{Unknown}}
|4 May 2014
|-
|13
|The rise of Mahesh Murthy
|9 May 2014
|-
|14
|{{Unknown}}
|10 May 2014
|-
|15
|Mahesh Murthy's Encounter
|11 May 2014
|-
|16
|Rise of the Byculla boys
|16 May 2014
|-
|17
|Babu gets killed
|17 May 2014
|-
|18
|Ramya's Encounter
|18 May 2014
|-
|19
|Katta Shiv - Part 1
|23 May 2014
|-
|20
|Katta Shiv - Part 2
|24 May 2014
|-
|21
|Katta Shiv - Part 3
|25 May 2014
|-
|22
|Sinha Family Gang
|30 May 2014
|-
|23
|Ulhas and Urmila's Revenge
|1 June 2014
|-
|24
|Aashna's shocking story
|6 June 2014
|-
|25
|Bollywood Extortions - Part 1
|13 June 2014
|-
|26
|Bollywood Extortions - Part 2
|14 June 2014
|-
|27
|A thrilling story of Kachra Pada Gang
|20 June 2014
|-
|28
|Story of Achal Kuty and Sharif Dabba
|27 June 2014
|}

==Reception==
Throughout the globe, ''Encounter'' received mostly mixed to positive critical reception. The show has managed to make a mark with its storyline and presentation along with some brilliant casting.<ref name ="Sony TV's Encounter to air its last episode on 4 July">{{cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-tvs-encounter-air-its-last-episode-4-july-140628|title=Sony TV's Encounter to air its last episode on 4 July|work=Tellychakkar|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:Works about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about murder]]
[[Category:Fiction about police brutality]]

Malavas

2026-02-23T08:50:41Z

RobertSwale: minor enhance content additionally and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Ancient Indian tribe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Malavas
| linking_name = the Kingdom of Malwa
| native_name = Mālava-deśa or Mālava-gaṇa
| conventional_long_name = Malavas
| image_map = {{South Asia in 150 BCE|center|Location on the Malavas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 150 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|85|112|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}||none}}
| year_start = c. 4th century BCE
| year_end = c. 7th century CE
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
 [[Ājīvika|Ajivikism]]
| government_type = [[Ganasangha|Aristocratic republic]]
| p1 = Avanti (Ancient India)
| p2 = Western Satraps
| s1 = Chalukyas
| s2 = Kingdom of Valabhi
| s3 = Gurjara Confederacy
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Malavas''' ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 ''Mālava'') or '''Malwas''' were an ancient [[India]]n tribe and confederation. They are a federation attested in various states in North and Central India. The modern regions of [[Malwa (Punjab)]] and [[Malwa]] region in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] are eponyms attributed to them.<ref name="grover222">{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Parminder Singh |title=Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab |last2=Singh |first2=Davinderjit |publisher=Golden Point Pvt Lmt. |others=Photographs by Bhupinder Singh |year=2011 |location=Ludhiana, Punjab, India |pages= |chapter=Section 1: Introduction – Regions of Punjab |quote=Regions of Punjab: The much-truncated India's portion of present Punjab is divided into three natural regions: The Maiha, The Doaba, The Malwa. Majha: Majha starts northward from the right bank of river Beas and stretches up to the Wagha village, which marks the boundary between India and Pakistan. Majha in Punjabi means the heartland. The region is divided into three districts: 1. Amritsar, 2. Gurdaspur, 3. Tarn Taran. Doaba: The rivers Sutlei in the south and Beas in the North bound the Doaba of Puniab. The Doaba region is divided into four districts: 1. Jalandhar, 2. Nawanshahr, 3. Kapurthala, 4. Hoshiarpur. Malwa: The area south of the river Sutlej is called Malwa. The name has stuck because a clan called Molois (sometimes written as Malawis in ancient works) once ruled this area, which must have spread up to present State of Gujrat which was known as the Subah of Malwa as late as the Mughul times. Malwa the largest part of the Punjab is divided into the following 12 districts after the names of their headquarters: 1. Bathinda, 2. Barnala, 3. Faridkot, 4. Fatehgarh Sahib, 5. Ferozepur, 6. Ludhiana, 7. Mansa, 8. Moga, 9. Sangrur, 10. Muktsar, 11. Patiala, 12. Rup Nagar, 13. SAS Nagar – Mohali. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy-pOAnlQL0C&q=malwa+punjab&pg=PT16}}</ref> Their power gradually declined as a result of defeats against the [[Western Satraps]] (2nd century CE), the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]] (4th century), and the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] emperor [[Pulakeshin II]] (7th century).

The [[Malava era]], which later came to be known as Vikram Samvat, may have been first used by them.

== Vedic Era ==
The Malavas are a tribe mentioned in several ancient Indian texts, including the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Mahabhashya]]''.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=148}} According to the [[Mahabharata]], the hundred sons of the [[Madra kekaya]] king Ashvapati, the father of Savitri were known as the ''Malava''s, after the name of their mother, Malavi.{{sfn|Bela Lahiri|1974|pp=262-278}}

They are later regarded as a [[Gana]] which functions as a republic or confederation. Panini mentions a group of tribes called ''ayudhajivi samgha''s (those who live by the profession of arms) including the Malavas and the Kshudrakas his sutra V.3.117.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Oriental Institute (Vadodara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1pjAAAAMAAJ&q=malawa+gana+panini&dq |title=Journal of the Oriental Institute |date=1983 |publisher=Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University |language=en}}</ref> The Malavas are also mentioned in the ''Mahabhashya'' (IV.1.68) by [[Patanjali]].{{sfn|B. C. Law|1973|pp=60-65}} Patanjali states that the serfs and slaves of the Malava Gana were not to be considered Malavya, a term only applied to children of tribesmen with full rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC&pg=PA119&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0827-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Macedonian Empire ==
The location of the original homeland of the Malavas is not certain, but modern scholars generally connect them with the "[[Mallian Campaign|Malli]]" or "Malloi" mentioned in the ancient Greek accounts, which describe [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s war against them.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=205}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=147}} At the time of Alexander's invasion in the 4th century BCE, the Malloi lived in present-day [[Punjab region]], in the area to the north of the confluence of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] rivers.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=205}}

== Territorial Extent ==
[[File:Mmālava in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|The name "Malava" ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 ''Mmālava'') in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (350-375 CE).]]
The Malavas extent and timeline is not fully elucidate. During the time of their conflicts with Alexander, they were attested in Punjab, however their presence in other regions at that time is not known. Furthermore, there are no literary or epigraphical mention of the Malavas during the [[Maurya Empire]]. The Malava gana resurfaced again three centuries later when they began to issues thousands of coins in [[Uniara]] in [[Tonk district]] near [[Jaipur]], which likely represented Malavanagara (present-day Nagar Fort) their historical capital. These coins bear the legend Malavanam jayah (lit. 'victory of the Malavas'), and have been dated between 250 BCE and 250 CE during the Saka Era. Several inscriptions dated in the Malava era have been found in various parts of Rajasthan, which suggests that the Malava influence extended to a wider part of Rajasthan. It is unknown if they claimed the region prior or relocated here following their conflicts with entities such as Macedonians, Mauryans, [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]], or [[Indo-Scythians]] during their occupation of Punjab.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=205}} Following their resurgence in Malavanagar, the Malavas ultimately claimed the [[Malwa]] region in central India: this region was named after them some time after the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|P. K. Bhattacharyya|1977|p=147}} Some historians attribute the Malavas, originally residing in the Punjab region, migrating to Central India/Rajasthan due to the Huna invasion.{{sfn|Kapur Singh|1959|p=340}}

===Conflict against the Western Satraps===
[[File:Gangdhar inscription of Vishvavarman.jpg|thumb|[[Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Viśvavarman]], king of the [[Aulikaras]], a branch of the Malavas, and contemporary of [[Kumaragupta]], 423 CE.<ref name="CII"/>]]
Around 120 CE, the Malavas are mentioned as besieging the king of the [[Uttamabhadras]] to the south, but the Uttamabhadras were finally rescued by the [[Western Satraps]], and the Malvas were crushed.{{sfn|Parmanand Gupta|1989|p=33}} The account appears in an inscription at the [[Nashik Caves]], made by [[Nahapana]]'s viceroy [[Ushavadata]]:

{{blockquote|... And by order of the Lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar
(of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors.|Inscription in Cave No.10 of the [[Nashik Caves]].<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 [https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndica p.78-79]</ref>}}

=== Conflict with the Guptas ===
In the 4th century CE, during the reign of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]], the Malavas most probably lived in Rajasthan and western Malwa.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=147}} The [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription of Samudragupta names the Malavas among the tribes subjugated by him:{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=119}}

{{blockquote|'''(Lines 22–23)''' ([[Samudragupta]], whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of [[Samatata|Samataṭa]], [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Nepala|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the Mālavas, [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], [[Abhira dynasty|Ābhīras]], Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (''tribes'')."|Lines 22–23 of the [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (r.c.350-375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

The [[Aulikaras]] who ruled in the Malwa region may have been a Malava clan, and may have been responsible for the name "Malwa" being applied to the region.{{sfn|P. K. Bhattacharyya|1977|p=147}}

== Post-Gupta period ==
{{ Annotated image
| image=Map of the Gupta Empire.png
| width=290
| image-width = 290 
| image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|82|112|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|South-Asia 400-450 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|85|80|[[Yaudheya|YAUDHEYAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|70|[[Arjunayanas|ARJUNAYANAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|80|60|[[Madra Kingdom|MADRAKAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|85|115|MALAVAS|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|175|84|[[Licchavi (kingdom)|LICCHAVIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|142|[[Abhira dynasty|ABHIRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Kalabhra dynasty|KALABHRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|text-align=center|120|195|[[Western Ganga dynasty|WESTERN GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|43|65|[[Hind (Sasanian province)|SASANIAN HIND]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|85|152|[[Traikutaka dynasty|TRAITAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|165|[[Vakatakas|VAKATAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|185|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|210|130|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|235|113|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|247|90|[[Varman dynasty|KAMARUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|45|20|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHON HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|45|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=right|270|190|MAPS [[Template:South Asia in 500 BCE|-500]] [[Template:South Asia in 150 BCE|-150]] [[Template:South Asia in 120 CE|120]] [[Template:South Asia in 350 CE|350]] [[Template:South Asia in 500 CE|500]] [[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|600]] [[Template:South Asia in 1000|1000]] [[Template:South Asia in 1175|1175]] [[Template:South Asia in 1250|1250]] [[Template:South Asia in 1400|1400]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Approximate location of the Malavas within the Gupta Empire, and neighbouring polities in South Asia, circa 400-450 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}}}
Post-Gupta records attest to the Malava presence in multiple regions, including present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|pp=207-208}}

=== Present-day Gujarat ===

[[Xuanzang]] (also 7th century) locates Malava (transcribed as 摩臘婆, "Mo-la-p'o")<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Jas. |title=Mo-la-p'o, 摩臘婆 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1906 |pages=220–222 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00034109 |jstor=25210226 |s2cid=211514829 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210226 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> in present-day Gujarat, describing Kheta ([[Kheda]]) and Anandapura ([[Vadnagar]]) as parts of the Malava country.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|pp=206-207}} Xuanzang suggests that this Malava country was a part of the [[Maitraka]] kingdom.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=208}} Like Banabhatta, he describes Ujjayini ("Wu-she-yen-na") as a distinct territory, but unlike Banabhatta, he locates Malava to the west of Ujjayini. The 7th century [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]], who defeated the Malavas, also locates them in present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|pp=206-207}} The 9th century [[Rashtrakuta]] records state that their emperor [[Govinda III]] stationed governor Kakka in the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] country (southern Gujarat) to check the advance of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] into Malava.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=208}}

=== Present-day Madhya Pradesh ===

Although the region that ultimately came to be known as [[Malwa]] included [[Ujjain]], the post-Gupta records distinguish between the territory of the Malavas and the region around Ujjain. [[Banabhatta]]'s ''Kadambari'' (7th century) describes [[Vidisha]] in present-day eastern Malwa as the capital of the Malavas, and Ujjayini (Ujjain) in present-day western Malwa as the capital of the distinct [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] kingdom.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=206}} This Malava king was defeated by the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Pushyabhuti]] king Rajyavardhana around 605 CE, as attested by Banabhatta's ''[[Harshacharita]]'' as well as the Pushyabhuti inscriptions.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=208}} The distinction between these Malava and Ujjain regions is also found in the writings of the 9th century Muslim historian [[Al-Baladhuri]], who states that [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri|Junayd]], the Arab governor of [[Sindh]], raided Uzain (Ujjain) and al-Malibah (Malava) around 725 CE.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=209}}

From the 10th century onward, historical records use the term "Malavas" to refer to the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]], who ruled the present-day Malwa region. It is probable that the Paramaras were descended from the ancient Malavas. However, they came to be called "Malavas" after they started ruling the Malwa region, which was named after the ancient Malavas. {{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=209}} In the kayastha-prakasha's ''Vijayanti'' (c. 11th century), Avanti (the area around Ujjain) and Malava are stated to be identical. Thus, it appears that the present-day definition of Malwa became popular in the later half of the 10th century.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1971|p=210}}

== Malavagan era ==

The era, which later became known as the [[Vikrama Samvat]] is associated with the Malavas. Initially it was mentioned as the ''Krita'' era and then as the ''Malavagans'' era. Most probably this era was mentioned as the ''Vikrama'' era for the first time in the Dholpur stone inscription of Chaitravamasakulam ruler Chaitarmahasena in 898 CE.{{sfn|Bela Lahiri|1974|pp=262-278}}

==Rulers==
* Soma, under whom the Malavas re-asserted their independence from the [[Western Satraps|Sakas of Ujjayini]] after the death of [[Rudrasena I (Saka king)|Rudrasena I]]{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=58}}
* Vishvavarman circa 423 CE.<ref name="CII"/>
* Bandhuvarman, his son and feudatory of [[Kumaragupta]].<ref name="CII"/>

==See also==
* [[Malwa]]
* [[Malwa (Punjab)]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="CII">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.72]</ref>
</references>

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=B. C. Law |title=Tribes in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YApuAAAAMAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute }}
* {{cite book |author=Bela Lahiri |title=Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdu1AAAAIAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=University of Calcutta }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA205 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. K. Bhattacharyya |title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA147 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=978-81-208-3394-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Parmanand Gupta |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA33 |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-248-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kapur Singh |title=Parasharprasna: Or the Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Sing (an Exposotion of Sikhism) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoP5mUhwU6AC&q=huna+parmars |page=340 |year=1959 |publisher= Hind }}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Malavas| ]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Former republics in Indian history]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]

Roshan Abdul Rahoof

2026-02-21T23:47:37Z

RobertSwale: put up post.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{unreliable sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshan Abdul Rahoof
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|04|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, Dancer
| years_active = 2019
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Oru Adaar Love]]
}}
'''Roshan Abdul Rahoof''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Malayalam film Industry]], who debuted in the Malayalam movie [[Oru Adaar Love]],directed by [[Omar Lulu]].<ref>{{cite news |title = I am not jealous of PriyaVarrier:RoshanAbdulRahoof|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/roshan-abdul-rahoof-oru-adaar-love-5578009/
|publisher = indianexpress |date = 11 February 2019 |accessdate = 1 October 2024 |language = English }}</ref>
Roshan along with [[Priya Prakash Varrier]] became a sensation on social platforms after the release of the song [[Manikya Malaraya Poovi]] and the classroom sequence in the [[Teaser (trailer)|teaser]] from the movie Oru Adaar Love.<ref>{{cite news|title = Who is Roshan Abdul Rahoof? The boy captivated by Priya Prakash Varrier's wink in Oru Adaar Love video|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-who-is-roshan-abdul-rahoof-the-boy-captivated-by-priya-prakash-varriers-wink-in-oru-adaar-love-video-1064138/
|publisher = financialexpress |date = 13 February 2018|accessdate = 1 October 2024|language = English }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title = Priya Prakash Varrier, Roshan Abdul Rahoof To Recreate Manikya Malaraya Poovi Magic With New Romantic Track (Video)|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/priya-prakash-varrier-roshan-abdul-rahoof-to-recreate-manikya-malaraya-poovi-magic-with-new-romantic-track-video-2909218/
|publisher = india|date = 22 February 2018|accessdate = 1 October 2024 |language = English }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Audio of 'Oru Adaar Love' released|url = http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/67794915.cmsutm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|publisher = timesofindia |date = 1 February 2019
|accessdate = 1 October 2024 |language = English }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Priya Prakash Varrier rocks again, through 'Oru AdaarLove'..|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/62911739.cmsutm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|publisher = timesofindia|date = 18 February 2018|accessdate = 1 October 2024|language = English }}</ref>
==Personal life and career==
Roshan was born in Abu Dhabi. He is a native of Guruvayur, Thrissur. He went to scholars{{typo help inline|reason=similar to scholars|date=August 2025}} indian higher in school Abu Dhabi, Raja Senior Secondary School,Chavakkad and graduated from ICA college, Thrissur.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Who is Roshan Abdul Rahoof? Know all about the guy Priya Pra ..

|url =
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/62928392.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

|publisher = timesofindia
|date = 18 February 2018
|accessdate = 1 October 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref>
He competed in the 3rd season of the dance reality show D3 - D4 Dance with his brother Raees Abdul Rahoof in 2016<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Roshan Abdul Rahoof
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Roshan-Abdul-Rahoof
|publisher = timesofindia
|date =
|accessdate = 1 October 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref>
His father is Abdul Rahoof. He has four siblings named Raees, Rashid, Seesha Naz, and Rinciya Ciya.{{fact|date=June 2025}}
He has gained 750,000 followers on Instagram.

==Filmography==

*''All films and series are in Malayalam language''

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''|| Roshan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors|LLB]]''|| Roshan ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=The trailer of 'LLB' trailer starring Sreenath Bhasi, Anoop Menon, and Visakh Nair is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-the-official-trailer-of-llb-starring-sreenath-bhasi-anoop-menon-and-visakh-nair/articleshow/107119541.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanandhapuram Diaries]]'' || Adithyan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Aanandhapuram Diaries: A Heartwarming Tale Of A Woman's Determination And Resilience |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/aanandhapuram-diaries-a-heartwarming-tale-of-a-womans-determination-and-resilience-review-108153783 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ronth]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-15 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{{Pending series key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! clas="unsortable" | Platform !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending series|Cousins and Kalyanams}} || {{TBA}} ||[[JioHotstar]]||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Dec/10/malayalamnews2025dec10jiohotstar-south-unbound-six-malayalam-web-shows-among-streamers-25-new-south-titles |title=JioHotstar South Unbound: Six Malayalam web shows among streamer’s 25 new South titles |work=The New Indian Express|date=10 December 2025 |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9648061}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahof, Roshan Abdul}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Actors from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Pune Grand Tour

2026-02-18T02:08:45Z

RobertSwale: put up a data

{{Short description|Indian multi-day road cycling race}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}{{Infobox cycling race|name=Pune Grand Tour|image=Pune Grand Tour 5.jpg|current_event=|date=January|region=[[Pune district]], [[India]]|
discipline=[[Road bicycle racing|Road]]|competition=[[UCI Asia Tour]] 2.2|type=[[Race stage|Stage race]]|organiser=[[Cycling Federation of India]]|website={{url|https://punegrandtour.in/}}|first={{start date|2026}}|firstwinner=[[Luke Mudgway]] (2026)|mostrecent=}}

The '''Pune Grand Tour''' is an annual professional [[Road bicycle racing|road bicycle]] [[Race stage|stage race]] held across various locations in [[Pune district]]. It was rated by the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|International Cycling Union (UCI)]] as a 2.2 category race. The inaugural edition of the race took place from 19 to 23 January 2026.

== Background ==
The Pune Grand Tour was initiated by the administrators of Pune district, as a way to tie sporting legacy with the development of the district's infrastructure while attracting tourism and potential for more revenues in the district. The district administration, together with [[Cycling Federation of India]] (CFI), presented the race proposal to UCI in June 2025, who granted approval of the race with category 2.2. The race is the first UCI-sanctioned stage race in India.<ref name="PGT-IE">{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Sunanda |title=Pune Grand Tour: How a lapsed ‘cycle city’ clinched India’s biggest international cycling race |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pune-grand-tour-cycle-race-urban-planning-10481452/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=22 January 2026 |language=en |date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Race route ===
The race spans a total {{Convert|437|km|mi}} divided into four stages across various locations in Pune district including [[Pune]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], [[Maval]], [[Mulshi]], [[Bhor]], [[Baramati]] and [[Velhe taluka|Velhe]]. It is designed to cover various terrains through the [[Western Ghats]], [[Deccan Plateau]] and the urban area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Pune Grand Tour 2026: All you need to know about India's biggest cycling event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pune-grand-tour-2026-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-biggest-cycling-event/articleshow/126610694.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
The [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] spent {{INRConvert|123|c|year=2025|lk=}} for upgrading the infrastructure within its jurisdiction. This included resurfacing of the roads, manhole cover alignment, along with signage placement on a stretch of {{Convert|75|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Proper signage, speed breakers, footpath repair: PMC to spend Rs 123 crore to make roads ready for Pune Grand Challenge Tour cycling|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmc-pune-grand-challenge-tour-cycling-roads-construction-10243513/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-09-11|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref>

===Other details===
The logo and mascot named Indu (inspired by [[Indian giant squirrel]], the state animal of [[Maharashtra]]) of the race was unveiled on 29 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cycling solution to pollution, traffic, lifestyle diseases, says Fadnavis; unveils Pune Grand Tour Logo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/cycling-solution-pollution-traffic-lifestyle-diseases-fadnavis-pune-grand-tour-logo-10335056/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-10-30|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref> Being a UCI sanctioned race, the 2026 edition provided ranking points for qualification to the [[2028 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Grand Tour 2026: Luke Mudgway wins Stage 2 to retain overall lead |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/pune-grand-tour-2026-cycling-stage-2-report |website=olympics.com |access-date=22 January 2026 |date=22 January 2026}}</ref>

== Race overview ==
The inaugural race was divided into four stages with a prologue on the first day of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Grand Tour makes UCI history in India: How to watch, teams, stages. Here’s all you need to know |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/pune-grand-tour-makes-uci-history-in-india-how-to-watch-teams-stages-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-1768728118907 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Starting from Goodluck Chowk on [[List of roads in Pune|Fergusson College Road]] to [[Deccan Gymkhana]] bus station via Ganeshkhind Road, the prologue was a {{Convert|7.5|km|mi}} [[time trial]] to decide the start list for the first stage. [[Fergus Browning]] ([[Terengganu Cycling Team]]) was the fastest overall and thus became the first holder of the yellow jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Grand Tour 2026: Fergus Browning wins prologue stage and takes Yellow Jersey |url=https://khelnow.com/cycling/prologue-stage-pune-grand-tour-202601 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> After winning the first stage, [[Luke Mudgway]] ([[Li-Ning Star Cycling Team]]) claimed the yellow jersey.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-20 |title=Pune Grand Tour 2026: Luke Mudgway claims thrilling Stage 1 after gruelling Mulshi–Maval ride |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pune-grand-tour-2026-luke-mudgway-claims-thrilling-stage-1-after-gruelling-mulshimaval-ride/articleshow/126818484.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the second stage, Mudgway finished the race again at the first position and retained the yellow jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-22 |title=Pune Grand Tour 2026 – Stage 2: Mudgway Rules the Maratha Heritage Circuit, Extends Yellow Jersey Lead |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/pune-grand-tour-2026-stage-2-mudgway-yellow-jersey-lead-mp99 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Stage three saw [[Cameron Scott (cyclist)|Cameron Scott]] (Li-Ning Star Cycling Team) as the winner, with Mudgway still at the top of the general classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajaj Pune Grand Tour 2026: Cameron Scott Takes Stage 3 Glory As Luke Mudgway Tightens Grip On Overall Lead With Yellow Jersey |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/bajaj-pune-grand-tour-2026-cameron-scott-takes-stage-3-glory-as-luke-mudgway-tightens-grip-on-overall-lead-with-yellow-jersey |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Winners==
{{Cycling past winner start}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2026|name=[[Luke Mudgway]]|nat=NZ|natvar=|team=[[Li-Ning Star Cycling Team|Li-Ning Star]]}}
{{Cycling past winner end}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://punegrandtour.in/}}

[[Category:UCI Asia Tour races]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cycle races in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2026]]

St. George's Church, Kadamattom

2026-02-01T06:57:41Z

RobertSwale: added intro for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Battle of Surajgarh

2026-01-22T23:19:59Z

RobertSwale: Details

{{Short description|Sher Shah Suri's war with Sultanate of Bengal in 1534 AD}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image =
| caption =
| date = March 1534
| place = [[Bihar]]
| coordinates =
| result = Sur victory
| combatant1 = [[Sur Empire]] [[Ujjainiya]]
| combatant2 = [[Bengal Sultanate]] [[Noohani dynasty|Lohani Chiefs]]
| commander1 = [[Sher Shah Suri]] [[Gajpati Ujjainia]]
| commander2 = [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] Jalal Khan Ibrahim Khan{{KIA}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| conflict = Battle of Surajgarh
}}
The '''Battle of Surajgarh''' took place at [[Surajgarha|Surajgarh]] in [[Bihar]] between [[Sher Shah Suri]] and the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of [[Bihar]] and [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah|Sultan Mahmud Shah]] of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] in 1534.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=J.M. Belal Hossain |title=History of the Indian Subcontinent |date=2012 |publisher=Hasan Book House |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anwar |first1=Shakeel |title=The Sur Empire |journal=Jagran Josh |date=December 13, 2017 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-sur-empire-1445426940-1 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>

== Background ==
Makhdum Alam refused to accept [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] as the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Sultan of Bengal]] with a plea of assassinating Sultan Alauddin Firuz. Makhdum formed an alliance with [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Khan]] who was the deputy ruler of Bihar. And afterwards he showed a rebellious attitude. At that time, Sher Khan was the ruler of Bihar as he was the acting guardian of Jalal Khan Lohani. Sher Khan's growing power created two groups in Bihar, one led by Sher Khan and the other by Jalal Khan. Jalal Khan asked for Mahmud's help against Sher Khan and with an excuse of attacking Bengal, he crossed the border with his supporters and surrendered himself to Mahmud's shelter, acknowledging his allegiance. The asylum of Jalal Khan at the court of the Sultan of Bengal gave Mahmud Shah the exclusive right to subdue Sher Khan. Mahmud Shah sent an army of [[artillery]], [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]] under Ibrahim Khan in 1534 to conquer Bihar. Jalal Khan was also with Ibrahim Khan in this expedition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=ABM Shamsuddin |title=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah |url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9 |website=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>

== Battle ==
Sher Khan abruptly attacked the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of Bihar and Mohamud Shah of Bengal and defeated them at Surajgarh in March 1534. In this battle Ibrahim Khan was defeated and killed and Jalal Khan was forced to return to his patron Mahmud Shah.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Afghan Emperor Sher Shah Suri defeats Mughal Emperor Humayun, forcing him to live in exile |journal=The Free Press Journal |date=May 17, 2018 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/on-this-day-in-history-may-17-1940-afghan-emperor-sher-shah-suri-defeats-mughal-emperor-humayun-forcing-him-to-live-in-exile |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref> Sher Shah invaded the whole Bihar with the victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sher Shah Suri Biography |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/sher-shah-suri.html |website=MapsofIndia.com |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The battle of Surajgarh destroyed the [[military]] status of Bengal. The Lohanis then left the scene. Both [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] and Sher Khan were determined to continue fighting till the end. Meanwhile, the arrival of the [[Portuguese Empire]] on the [[Bay of Bengal|coast of Bengal]] and their activities put Mahmud in more trouble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Portuguese,_The |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> In 1534, the Portuguese came to [[Chittagong port]] to start trade in Bengal. But they misbehaved with the Muslim governors and businessmen of Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=d0e768&toc.id=d0e768&brand=ucpress |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref> As a result, they were taken prisoner on the orders of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah and were sent to [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]] as prisoners. But due to Sher Khan's aggressive activities, which were intensified by the conquest of Surajgarh, Mahmud was forced to change his course. Mahmud Shah realized the need to establish friendship with the Portuguese in order to deal with Sher Khan. The prisoners were released with this realization; afterwards he appointed de Melo Jusarte as a [[military adviser]]. The Portuguese were also allowed to build [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong|factories]] in Chittagong and [[Saptagram|Satgaon]] ([[Hooghly district|Hooghli]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sonali |title=The Early Carrier & Military Achievements of Sher Shah Suri |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-early-carrier-military-achievements-of-sher-shah-suri/2776 |website=History Discussion |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sur Empire]]
* [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)]]
* [[Delhi Sultanate]]
* [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
*[[Gajpati Ujjainia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1534 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1534]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]

Akshay Laxman

2026-01-17T13:37:02Z

RobertSwale: Done

{{Short description|Indian stage magician and mentalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Laxman
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 April 1990
| birth_place = [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = Tilak College, Vashi
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Magician (illusion)|Magician]]|[[Mentalist]]}}
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Akshay Laxman''' (born 13 April 1990), is an Indian [[stage magician]] and [[mentalist]].<ref name="B 2017">{{cite web |last=B |first=Roshne |date=2017-03-08 |title=He can unlock your password |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/mar/08/he-can-unlock-your-password-1579216.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Winner of an episode of the talent show [[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]] on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] in the year 2014.

== Early life and education ==
Akshay was born in [[Navi Mumbai]], India. He attended the Fr. Agnel School in [[Vashi]] and completed bachelor's degree in mass media and psychology from the Tilak College from Vashi.<ref name="Chronicle. 2019">{{cite web |last=Chronicle. |first=Deccan |date=2019-07-12 |title=Akshay Laxman finds a fan in Bollywood superstar Aamir Khan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/120719/akshay-laxman-finds-a-fan-in-bollywood-superstar-aamir-khan.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akshay was inspired by the illusionist [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] at the age of five.<ref name="Mohammed 2017">{{cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Nishadh |date=2017-03-09 |title=Mentalism: Power of magic rooted in science - - Mentalism: Power of magic rooted in science |url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2017/03/09/mentalism-power-of-magic-rooted-in-science |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=DT next}}</ref> He first performed in a stage show in 2003. He gained attention in 2011 after he performed magic shows in [[Carnival Cruise Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=IBT Entertainment |date=2019-07-13 |title=Combo of psychological skills and magic sets Akshay Laxman apart from other magicians |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/combo-psychological-skills-magic-sets-akshay-laxman-apart-other-magicians-801553 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> Akshay's career got a breakthrough after performing in the [[India's Got Talent]].<ref name="Narayanan 2017">{{cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Lavanya |date=2017-03-13 |title=Recreating an illusive world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/recreating-an-illusive-world/article17456447.ece |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Later, he performed a magic show for [[Aamir Khan]] and his family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=In Pics: Journey of Famous Indian Magician Akshay Laxman |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/indiwo/in-pics-journey-of-famous-indian-magician-akshay-laxman-2234511.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Akshay is also known for appearing in shows such as Entertainment Ke Liye.<ref name=":0" />

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2008
|''Magic Hai Hindustani''
|[[Aaj Tak]]
|Hidden Camera Prank Show
|
|-
|2008
|''Hole In The Wall''
|[[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]
|Magicians Special
|
|-
|2013
|''[[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|Masterchef INDIA]]''
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|Cameo
|
|-
|2013
|''[[India's Got Talent|India’s Got Talent]]''
|[[Colors TV|Colors]]
|Contestant
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|Episode Winner
|
|-
|2015 –2019
|''[[Big celebrity challenge|Big Celebrity Challenge]]''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Guest Performer
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
|[[ABP Majha]]
|Guest Performer with [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev|Dance Deewane]]''
|[[Colors TV|Colors]]
|Guest Performer with [[Nora Fatehi]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxman, Ak}}
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Mumbai]]

Narendra Nath Bery

2026-01-04T14:32:22Z

RobertSwale: new basic data w/ sources

'''Narendra Nath Bery''' was an Indian dentist, president of the [[Dental Council of India]], dental advisor to the [[Government of India]], and recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] and Elmer S. Best Memorial Award. He was married to [[Prem Bery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Association |first1=All India Dental |title=The Journal of the All India Dental Association |date=1959 |publisher=All India Dental Assoc. |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRMJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT225|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dental Council of India (ch.4) |url=https://dciindia.gov.in/History_DCI.aspx# |website=dciindia.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Presidents Secretariat: notification |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/Notifications/BharatRatna/1963BR.pdf |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Gazette of India |issue=15 |date=26 January 1963 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>[https://commons.ada.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=adanewsletter "ADA News Letter - 02/15/1956"]. American Dental Association, (1956). ADA News Letter. 200.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=BERY NN - Search Results - PubMed |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?sort=fauth&term=BERY+NN&cauthor_id=18117212 |website=PubMed |access-date=24 February 2025 |language=en}}

[[Category:Indian dentists]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}
{{dentistry-stub}}

Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T23:17:37Z

RobertSwale: creating a article.

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Jaunpur {{Small|UP-62}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| mp = [[Babu Singh Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Jaunpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Badlapur Assembly constituency|Badlapur]] [[Shahganj Assembly constituency|Shahganj]] [[Jaunpur Assembly constituency|Jaunpur]] [[Malhani Assembly constituency|Malhani]] [[Mungra Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Mungra Badshahpur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kushwaha.JPG
| established = 1952- Present
}}
'''Jaunpur Lok Sabha Constituency''' is a parliamentary constituency in [[Purvanchal]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in northern India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
The legislators on assembly segments of Jaunpur as of 2024 is:
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|364
|[[Badlapur Assembly constituency|Badlapur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|Ramesh Chandra Mishra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|365
|[[Shahganj Assembly constituency|Shahganj]]
|Ramesh Singh
|{{party name with color|NISHAD Party}}
|-
|366
|[[Jaunpur Assembly constituency|Jaunpur]]
|[[Girish Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|367
|[[Malhani Assembly constituency|Malhani]]
|[[Lucky Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|368
|[[Mungra Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Mungra Badshahpur]]
|[[Pankaj Patel (politician)|Pankaj Patel]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Birbal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Brahmjeet Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|1963^
|rowspan=3 | [[Rajdeo Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Yadavendra Dutt Dubey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Azizullah Azmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Kamla Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Yadavendra Dutt Dubey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Arjun Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Raj Keshar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Parasnath Yadava|Parasnath Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Parasnath Yadava|Parasnath Yadav]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Dhananjay Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Krishna Pratap|Krishna Pratap Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Babu Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}
^ by poll

== Demographics ==
As per various estimates, the constituency has a population of nearly 2.50- 3 lakh voters in this constituency are [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], approximately 2.25 lakh voters are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]], [[Forward caste]] voters mainly [[Thakur (caste)|Thakur]] make up another 2.55 lakhs, approximately 2 lakhs voters are Kushwaha[Maurya] &[[Muslims]] around 2.15 lakhs and [[Yadav are 1.50 lakhs|Non- Yadav]] [[Other Backward Class]] makes up a little over two lakhs. In 2019, there were nearly 10.4 lakh voters in Jaunpur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2024-05-15 |title=Candidate switch unsettles U.P.’s Jaunpur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bsps-withdrawal-of-support-to-a-popular-candidate-leaves-jaunpur-sullen-and-seething/article68178332.ece |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections|General Election, 2024]]: [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jaunpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jaunpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2473.htm |accessdate=17 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617095355/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2473.htm |archivedate=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jaunpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Jaunpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur |accessdate=17 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617095500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur |archivedate=17 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = [[Babu Singh Kushwaha]]
| votes = 5,09,130
| percentage = 46.21
| change ={{increase}}46.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = BJP
| candidate = [[Kripashankar Singh]]
| votes = 4,09,795
| percentage = 37.19
| change = {{decrease}}5.11
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
| votes = 1,57,137
| percentage = 14.26
| change = {{decrease}}35.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,329
| percentage = 0.57
| change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 99,335
| percentage =9.02
| change = {{increase}}1.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,01,788
|percentage =55.72
|change ={{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Samajwadi Party
| loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2473.htm

=== General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Jaunpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 500543

|percentage = 50.08
|change = +32.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Pratap|Krishna Pratap Singh]]
|votes = 4,40,192
|percentage = 42.30
|change = +5.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Deo Vrat Mishra
|votes = 27,185
|percentage = 4.25
|change = -1.64
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,441
|percentage = 0.23
|change = -0.03
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 80,936
|percentage = 7.78
|change = -6.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,41,833
|percentage = 55.77
|change = +1.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +13.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Jaunpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Pratap|Krishna Pratap (K. P.)]]
|votes = 3,67,149
|percentage = 36.45
|change = +17.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subhash Pandey
|votes = 2,20,839
|percentage = 21.93
|change = -17.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Parasnath Yadava|Parasnath Yadav]]
|votes = 1,80,003
|percentage = 17.87
|change = -11.23
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = [[Dhananjay Singh]]
|votes = 64,137
|percentage = 6.37
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. K. P. Yadav
|votes = 43,471
|percentage = 4.32
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ravi Kishan]]
|votes = 42,759
|percentage = 4.25
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Ravikant Yadav
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 20,832
|percentage = 2.07
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shahabuddin
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|votes = 19,636
|percentage = 1.95
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Jogendra Prasad
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,281
|percentage = 0.72
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,595
|percentage = 0.26
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,46,310
|percentage = 14.52
|change = +4.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,07,243
|percentage = 54.48
|change = +8.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = -3.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jaunpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}

{{Coord|25.74|82.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2025-12-20T10:39:28Z

RobertSwale: rd

#REDIRECT [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar#Career]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in India]]

Dharampeth College metro station

2025-12-19T17:50:26Z

RobertSwale: added first data from scratch...

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dharampeth College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Dharampeth College metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Ambazari - Hingna Rd, Rajendra Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440033
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.12865|79.04574|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021|04|06}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=LAD Square|right=Subhash Nagar}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Dharampeth College''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Behl |first1=Manka |title=4 new Metro stations operational from today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-new-metro-stations-operational-from-today/articleshow/81920428.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 April 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The station was designed on an aqua theme and covers an area of 5,427.03 square meters.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEWLY OPENED NAGPUR METRO STATIONS FOR PUBLIC |url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/download/Newsletter/Newsletter_Apr_2021.pdf |website=Pune Metro |publisher=Mahametro |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Dharampeth College track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur)|Subhash Nagar]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[LAD Square metro station|LAD Square]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[LAD Square metro station|LAD Square]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur)|Subhash Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]

Panvel taluka

2025-12-08T12:52:36Z

RobertSwale:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panvel
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| map_caption = Location of Panvel
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.989|N|73.116|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Panvel]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = Panchayat Samiti Panvel Raigad
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = '''NA'''
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''
| leader_title2 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Shrirang Barne]] {{small|([[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Alibag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = *[[Prashant Thakur]] {{small|([[Panvel (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panvel constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = PANVELKAR
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410206/ 410217/ 410208/410218
| area_code = 02141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46, MH-06
| population_total = 205,585
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panvel taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], Panvel, [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad-Pali taluka|Sudhagad-Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Panvel taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|8.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|5.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.46}}
}}

Panvel taluka has a population of 750,236 according to the 2011 census. Panvel had a literacy rate of 87.77% and a sex ratio of 889 females per 1000 males. 94,362 (12.58%) are under 7 years of age. 497,759 (66.59%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.64% and 6.42% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Panvel taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 66.10 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 14.58 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 4.17 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Malayalam]] |value4 = 2.06 |color4 = cornflowerblue
|label5 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value5 = 1.85 |color5 = skyblue
|label6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value6 = 1.35 |color6 = orchid
|label7 = [[Kannada]] |value7 = 1.34 |color7 = darkslateblue
|label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value8 = 1.11 |color8 = gold
|label9 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value9 = 1.06 |color9 = pink
|label10 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value10 = 0.94 |color10 = royalblue
|label11 = Others |value11 = 5.44 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 66.10% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 14.58% [[Hindi]], 4.17% [[Urdu]], 2.06% [[Malayalam]], 1.85% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 1.35% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.34% [[Kannada]], 1.11% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.06% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 0.94% [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

2025-12-03T18:02:56Z

RobertSwale: new initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|State University in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = University of Agricultural Sciences
|image_name = University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore logo.png
|caption =
|motto =
|established = {{Start date and age|1964}}
|chancellor = [[Governor of Karnataka]]
|vice_chancellor= Dr. S. V. Suresha<ref>{{cite book|title=University Website|publisher=University of Agricultural Science|place=Bangalore|url=https://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/vice-chancellor-en}}</ref>
|city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|students =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/}}
|logo =
}}
'''University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore''' ('''UAS Bangalore''') is located in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]. It was established in 1964 as UAS Bangalore by a legislative act.
[[File:Mysore Agriculture Department 1926.jpg|thumb|Lehmann's laboratory, now housing the department of agriculture in Bangalore]]

==Origin==
The British government in India, shaken by several famines in India, set up a commission to improve the state of agriculture to reduce the impact of famines. This led to the Famine Commission of 1880 and in 1889 a commission was set up with [[J. A. Voelcker (chemist, born 1854)|Voelcker]] to examine agriculture in India. The report led the rulers of Mysore kingdom ([[Wodeyar|The Wodeyars]]) to establish research units in the field of agriculture and donated about {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land to set up an Experimental Agricultural Station at [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]], and appointed German-Canadian chemist [[Adolf Lehmann]] in 1900 who began research on soil fertility at a laboratory that now houses the Directorate of Agriculture. About 30 acres of land was then acquired at Hebbal for experimental fields. Later in 1906, [[Leslie Coleman]], a Canadian [[Entomologist]] and [[Mycologist]] succeeded Lehmann and served for 25 years.<ref name="UAS Genesis History">{{cite web|title=University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore: Genesis Milestone and History|url=http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/asp/aboutus.asp|access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref name="UAS History">{{cite web|title=University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore: History|url=http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/asp/history.asp|access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Agricultural College, Hebbal 1946-1971. Silver Jubilee Souvenir.|publisher=University of Agricultural Science|place=Bangalore|url=https://archive.org/stream/AgricultureCollegeHebbal/Agriculture%20college%20hebbal#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Coleman MS-012 5 1 3 15 J 0023.jpg|Mysore Agricultural School
File:Agri department Bangalore 1904.jpg|Plan of Lehmann's laboratory
File:Wetland_experimental_plots_Hebbal.jpg|Plan of the wetland experimental plots at Hebbal (now the site of the Hebbal flyover)
File:Coleman_group_agriculture_diploma.jpg|Diploma students in front of the Mysore Agricultural School, c. 1930
File:Coleman MS-012 5 1 3 15 J 0039.jpg|Farm day at the Mysore Agricultural School, c. 1930
</gallery>
What began on a {{convert|30|acre|m2|adj=on}} land was soon extended to about {{convert|1300|acre|km2}}. The increasing reputation of this experimental station as a training center led to the foundation of the Mysore Agricultural College at [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] in 1946 affiliated to the [[Mysore University]]. This was soon followed by the Agricultural College at [[Dharwad]] in 1947 which was then affiliated to [[Karnataka University]]. In 1958, veterinary science as a discipline was started with the establishment of the [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinary]] College at Hebbal also affiliated to Mysore University.<ref name="UAS Genesis History"/><ref name="UAS History"/>

===Formation===
[[File:Gkvk.jpg|Administrative building of University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, at [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra]] also known as Naik Bhavan. The buildings were designed by Kanvinde who was trained in the Bauhaus School of Walter Gropius.|thumb]]
In 1948 a University Education Commission had been started under [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]] with members that included Zakir Hussain and the American educationist [[John J. Tigert|J.J. Tigert]], and [[Arthur Ernest Morgan]]. They examined the Land-Grant colleges of the United States as a potential model for rural and agricultural education. This recommendation was taken up in 1961 with the formation of an Indo-American team to develop the universities and their curriculum. This resulted in a first Joint Indo-American team in 1954 that studied American universities leading to US-AID supported collaboration between American and Indian universities. A second team was established in 1959 that made recommendations to make agricultural universities autonomous and to have veterinary, home science, and agricultural education on a single campus with integrated teaching, extension and research. This was followed by a committee headed by Ralph W. Cummings of the Rockefeller Foundation, along with Ephraim Hixon of the USAID, L. Sahai (Animal Husbandry Commissioner) and [[Kullal Chickappu Naik|K.C. Naik]] as convener.<ref name=goldsmith>{{cite book|author=Goldsmith, Arthur A.|title=Building Agricultural Institutions: Transferring The Land-grant Model To India And Nigeria|publisher=Routledge|year=2019}}</ref> The then Mysore State Government through its Act No. 22 passed in 1963 provided for the creation of the University of Agricultural Sciences. The university came into existence on 21 August 1964 and was meant to serve the agricultural education needs of the state of Karnataka<ref name="UAS Genesis History" /><ref name="UAS History" /> with a campus that included the old experimental stations at Hebbal established by Lehmann and Coleman with an additional campus at GKVK added in 1969. K.C. Naik served as the first Vice Chancellor. The UAS was inaugurated on 21 August 1964 by [[Vice President of India]] [[Zakir Husain]] in the presence of [[Chester Bowles]], [[United States Ambassador to India]] and [[S. Nijalingappa]], Chief Minister of Karnataka. On 12 July 1969, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] inaugurated GKVK campus with its buildings designed by the architect [[Achyut Kanvinde]] who was influenced by [[Walter Gropius]].<ref name="UAS Genesis History" /><ref name="UAS History" /> The Ford Foundation made a grant of $331000 in 1966 to develop graduate research in entomology at the university.<ref name=goldsmith /><ref>{{cite book|title= A history of agricultural universities| author1=Naik, K.C.| author2=Sankaram, A.| publisher=Oxford & IBH| year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112050}}</ref>

The university initially included the agricultural colleges at Hebbal and Dharwad, the Veterinary College at Hebbal, the fisheries college at Mangalore, and 35 research stations located in different parts of the state following agroclimatic zonation and focus on specific crops along with 45 [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] projects which were with the State Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries.<ref name="UAS Genesis History" /><ref name="UAS History" />

===Later years and growth===
Later on the Marine Product Processing Training Centre (MPPTC) at [[Mangalore]] and [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra]], Hanumanamatti, Dharwad were also transferred to the university.

The university established the Fisheries College at Mangalore in 1969 to provide degree level training and the Agricultural Engineering Institute at Raichur in the same year to offer a three-year diploma course in [[Agricultural Engineering]]. The Home Science College was started to impart education on rural based home science at Dharwad campus in 1974, besides establishing a College of Basic Sciences and Humanities and College of Post Graduate Studies at Hebbal.<ref name="UAS Genesis History"/><ref name="UAS History"/>

The phenomenal growth of the university, the differences in agroclimate in the parts of the state, led to the bifurcation of the university into two agricultural universities. An amendment to the University of Agricultural Sciences Act in 1986 saw the birth of the second university for agriculture in the state. The University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore was entrusted territorial jurisdiction over 15 southern districts of Karnataka comprising nearly fifty percent of the total area of the state, while the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]], was given jurisdiction over the remaining area in the northern districts of the state.<ref name="UAS Genesis History"/><ref name="UAS History"/>

In 2005, with the needed to provide better autonomy to the veterinary education and research in the state, the Veterinary and Animal sciences faculty was bifurcated form both the Universities of Agricultural Sciences - Bangalore and Dharwad and placed under the single university - [[Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University]] with its headquarters in the northern district of [[Karnataka]], [[Bidar]] by the passing of the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University Bill, 2004 in the Legislative Assembly on 10 February 2004.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb192004/edu6.asp Deccan Herald]</ref>

==Constituent colleges==
The university has constituent colleges at places of Karnataka:
* College of Agriculture, [[GKVK]], Bengaluru<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-agriculture-bangalore-en | title=College of Agriculture - Bangalore }}</ref>
* College of Agriculture, Mandya<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-agriculture-mandya-en | title=College of Agriculture - Mandya }}</ref>
* College of Agriculture, Hassan<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-agriculture-hassan-en | title=College of Agriculture - Hassan }}</ref>
* College of Sericulture, Chintamani<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-sericulture-chinthamani-en | title=College of Sericulture - Chinthamani }}</ref>
* College of Agriculture, Chamaraja Nagara<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-agriculture-chamarajanagara-en | title=College of Agriculture, Chamarajanagara }}</ref>
* College of Agricultural Engineering, [[GKVK]], Bengaluru<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/college-of-agricultural-engineering-en | title=College of Agricultural Engineering }}</ref>

==Ranking and notability==
In 2012, the university was recognised as the best agricultural university in [[India]] by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for which it was conferred the Sardar Patel Outstanding ICAR Institution Award for excellence in [[teaching]], [[research]] and [[Agricultural extension|extension]].<ref>{{cite book|title=University Website|publisher=University of Agricultural Science|place=Bangalore|url=https://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/about-us-home-en/objectives-en}}</ref> In 2021, the university was recognised as the best agricultural university in South India and 3rd best state university in India. As Per Now This University Ranks Top 7 in India. In 2025 it is Accredited with A+ Grade From [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework) ranked it 11th among Agriculture institutes in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Alumni===
* [[Subbanna Ayyappan]]
* [[Krishna Ella]], Cofounder of [[Bharat Biotech]]
* [[K. N. Ganeshaiah]]
* [[Sonny Ramaswamy]], former director of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]'s [[National Institute of Food and Agriculture]]<ref name="USDA NIFA Sonny">{{cite web|url=https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2012/03/09/president-obama-announces-intent-appoint-dr-sonny-ramaswamy-director-usdas-national-institute-food|title=President Obama appoints Dr. Sonny Ramaswamy as Director of USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=10 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[Kalidas Shetty]], Professor at [[North Dakota State University]], [[Fargo, North Dakota]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_046478 |title=Kalidas Shetty |work=sites.nationalacademies.org |access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[M. Mahadevappa]]
* [[Tapas Kumar Kundu]]
* [[K. Puttaswamy (scholar)|K. Puttaswamy]]

====Civil service====
* [[D. K. Ravi]]
* [[S. M. Raju]]
* [[J. Radhakrishnan]]

====Politics====
* [[R. Dhruvanarayana]]
* [[G. Parameshwara]]

== See also ==
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]]
* [[University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shimoga]]
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur]]
* [[University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot]]
* [[Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/}}
* [https://archive.today/20130103132204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/university-of-agricultural-sciences UAS, Bengaluru] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|13.08220|77.57627|display=title}}

[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities in Bengaluru|University of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1964]]
[[Category:Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India]]

Siddheshwar

2025-11-09T07:19:10Z

RobertSwale: Content updated and refined

{{distinguish|Siddharameshwar}}
{{Short description|Mystic and Kannada poet}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Lingayat leader
| name = Siddheshwar
| native_name = Siddharameshwar
| other_name = Siddharama
| image = Sri Shivyogi Siddharameshwara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shri Shivyogi Siddharameshwar
| birth_place = [[Solapur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Bhãratiya]], Indian
| father = Muddanna
| mother = Suggaladevi
| honors =
| founder = 
| order =
| guru = 
| philosophy = [[Shivayoga]]
| literary_works = 
| disciple = 
| influenced = 
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Siddheshwar''' also known as ''Siddharameshwar'' and ''Siddharama'' was one among the five [[acharya]] ("saint") of the [[Lingayatism|Veerashaiva]] faith. Siddheshwar was a great contributor to Lingayat sampradaya of Hinduism. He was a great [[mysticism|mystic]] and a [[Kannada]] poet who was a part of [[Basavanna]]'s [[Lingayat]] revolution during the 12th century. His philosophy was one of service to mankind, the path of [[Shivayoga]]. Siddarama was instrumental in saving the vachana literature from destruction. Shri Siddharameshwar was born in [[Solapur]] City of [[Maharashtra]].

Siddharama (c.1150) claimed to have written 68,000 [[Vachana sahitya|vachanas]] out of which only 1379 are available.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Ayyappappanikkar|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1997|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref> Along with [[Basava]], [[Allama Prabhu]], [[Devar Dasimayya|Devara Dasimayya]] and [[Channabasavanna|Channabasava]], Siddharama is regarded as the most acknowledged and respected poets.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Vachanakaras wrote in the genre of [[Veerashaiva]], under Kannada literature from the mystic period. He shares the world view of other vachana poets in his rejection of blind conventions of [[caste]] and sex discrimination and emphasis on realization through personal experience. He too borrows Metaphors from diverse spheres of everyday life. Apart from vachanas, he has written several devotional works in [[tripadi]]. writing three-line verse, used from the 7th century.

{{lingayatism}}

==Siddarama at Srisailam==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srisailamonline.com/siddha-ramappa-kolanu.html|title = Srisailam Devasthanam Online}}</ref>

Siddarama was born in a oddar family,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/VnYC_siddharama-charitra-by-raghavanka-kannada-karnataka-sangha/|title=Siddharama Charitra by Raghavanka ( Kannada ) Karnataka Sangha}}</ref> the son of Muddanna and Suggaladevi, born in [[Solapur]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virashaiva.com/life-of-sri-siddharameshwar/|title=Life of Sri Siddharameshwar}}</ref> When Siddarama was seven years old, [[Shiva]] appeared in the guise of a Jangam Swamiji and called himself Mallinath from [[Srisailam]]. The place where Mallinath met Siddharam is known as '[[Gurubhet]]', which is now in front of the Collector's Bungalow in Solapur. This [[Jangam]] requested Siddharama to serve him hot fried tender Jowar. Next he demanded curd-rice in order to soothe the burning sensation in his stomach. Siddharama ran to his home and asked his mother for curd-rice. On his return to the fields, he searched for him, shouting, "Mallayya, Mallayya" did not find him. There he inquired the [[Kawadi Jangams]] who were on a pilgrimage to Shrishail. They promised to show him Mallayya. His quest for Mallayya made him determined to go to [[Shrishail]].

At Shrishail Siddarama was shown the Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga, but this linga of black stone did not please him. Then he inquired every object and every person about the whereabouts of Mallayya running over the length and breadth of Shrishail. Siddharama began to weep. His tears were collected in a tank in the ground, which presently became known as [[Nayan-Kunda]]. When Siddeshwar reached the brink of a very deep valley called '[[Rudrakada]]' and peeping down he yelled out "Mallayya, Mallayya!, but Mallayya did not appear. As Siddharama was about to jump in the valley, Lord Mallikarjun (Mallinath) appeared and caught hold of him by his hands. The Lord pacified him and offered 'Vajrakundal' and 'Yoga Danda' which possesses the potential to fulfill all wishes. He visualized Mallayya telling him to return to Sonnalige and work towards making it the second Srishailam. The Lord Mallinath asked Siddharam to return to Sonnalgie to end grief on earth{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}. The Lord Mallinath assured him that he himself would appear in the form of Shivalinga in Sonnalgie.

To this day Siddha Ramappa Kolanu, a beautiful scenic spot can be seen located just a kilometre from main Srisailam temple, on its northern side.

==Siddarama at Sonnalgie==
Shivayogi Siddharama returned to Sonnalgie; the ruler of that time Nannappa and his wife [[Chamala Devi]] gave him 5 [[Kos (unit)|kosa]] land as they were told to do by a vision of Lord Shiva. Shivayogi Siddharama consecrated 68 [[Lingam|lingas]] by the holy hands of [[Jagadguru Kapilasiddha Panditardhya]], within the [[Panch Crosh]] of Sonnalgie making Sonnalgie a "[[Kshetra]]" (holy place). He saw divinity in every existence of the world. As part of [[Sharana]] revolution in the 12th century, he encouraged inter-caste marriages. Siddarama involved himself in public works. He undertook many irrigation projects for the common good. He dug lakes and built temples. He encouraged people to conduct mass weddings, and do other public works, which would benefit mankind. Many people joined him in transforming Sonnalige.

[[File:Siddheshwar-mandir-solapur. 1.jpg|thumb|Shri.Siddheshwar at Siddheshwar Temple, Solapur]]

==Siddarama at Kalyana==
Allama Prabhu’s purpose was to make Siddharama worship Ishtalinga. Hence he proposed that Siddharama should accompany him to Kalyana, which was then the home of Basavanna and Ishtalinga worship. At [[Anubhava Mantapa]] Allama, Siddarama, [[Chennabasavanna]], [[Basavanna]] and others discussed the need for '''[[Istalinga]]'''.

Siddarama accepted Chennabasavanna as his Guru. Chennabasavanna performed the Istalinga initiation for Siddarama. After his initiation, Siddarama made rapid progress along the path of Shivayoga, and in course of time succeeded Chennabasavanna on Shunya Simhasana, or the pontificial throne. Siddarama participated in various discussions of the Anubhavamantapa. These discourses made him a Shiva yogi.

==Siddarama Back at Sonnalige ==
He returned to Sonnalige and entrusted his work to Havinahala Kallaiah. He constructed a cave in the middle of a lake. There he practiced Shiva yoga until he attained his '''Ikya state'''.

==Shivyogi siddarameshawara samadhi at Solapur==

[[File:Siddheshwar temple Solapur.jpg|thumb|Shri.Siddheshwar Temple (Lake view)]]

Shivayogi Siddharama consecrated 68 [[Lingam|lingas]] by the holy hands of [[Jagadguru Kapilasiddha Panditardhya]], within the [[Panch Crosh]] of Sonnalgie making Sonnalgie a "[[Kshetra]]" (holy place). Siddarama returned to Sonnalige and involved himself in public works. He dug lakes and built temples. He encouraged people to conduct mass weddings, and do other works, which would benefit mankind. Many people joined him in transforming Sonnalige. He returned to Sonnalige and entrusted his work to Havinahala Kallaiah. He constructed a cave in the middle of a lake. There he practiced Shiva yoga until he attained his '''Ikya state''' and entombed himself alive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingayatreligion.com/Sharanaru/Siddarameswara.htm|title=Siddarameswara}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
His influence on several contemporaneous as well as subsequent Sharanas is evident from many sources. His tradition has come down continuously from his time to ours throughout South India. Gifts and charities made in his name by kings and other rulers are recorded in inscriptions.
He was an ardent believer in Action. Though he was at first inclined towards visible works such as construction of tanks and temples, installation of Lingas, establishment of alms-housed etc., as calculated to lead him to Heaven, he came later, under Prabhu's influence, to believe that such philanthropic works by themselves, any more than the possession of the third eye, the daily access to Kailasa and such other yogic accomplishments, would not lead to Mukti. As apparent from his vachanas as well as from his biography by Raghavanka, his mastery of yoga was extraordinary. His meeting with Prabhu proved to be a turning-point in his life, and his yoga was transformed into Shivayoga. Another important stage in his life is the initiation given him by Chennabasavanna. His sojourn at Kalyana gave a new orientation to his life, living as he now did among numerous Sharanas in Basavanna's Anubhava Mantapa, and the feeling that he was God made way for a spirit of utter submission to God.

[[File:Siddheshwar Temple.JPG|thumb|left|Shri.Siddheshwar Temple During (makar Sankranti) Gadda Fair]]

Another important point is the citing of Siddharama's vachanas in the inscriptions of the '''Sevuna''' period. It is not known under what circumstances these vachanas came to be a part of the Sevuna inscriptions. It is possible that Siddharama's vachanas became very popular and obviously the composers of the inscriptions wanted to enhance the value of them by quoting the vachanas of Siddharama. It is also possible that Siddharama specially wrote these two vachanas as a preamble to gifts made to the temples so that nobody would have the moral courage to go against the purpose of the grant, as it had the sanction of a great saint like Siddharama. Whatever might have been the real purpose of these vachanas, there is no doubt that they were important. Many Sevuna '''inscriptions''' contain the vachanas of Siddharama. A town by name Hilli in '''[[Akkalkot]]''' was another well-known Virasaiva centre. There was a temple here dedicated to [[Kudala Sangamadeva]] which attracted pilgrims and devotees from Karnataka and other places.

==Siddarama's Vachanas in. Kannada==
Siddarama<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anubhavamantapa.com/Sharanas/sharanas.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508161619/http://anubhavamantapa.com/Sharanas/sharanas.htm |archive-date=8 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}<meta /></ref> wrote vachanas with the name "Kapilasidda Mallikarjuna". There are 1,679 vachanas of his. In addition to vachanas, Siddarama wrote Sthotra Threevidhigalu with "Yoginatha" as his signature.

* Ragavanka wrote Siddarama Charitra, the history of Siddarama.
* [[Jayadevi-thai Ligade]] has written Siddarama Purana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article683702.ece|title=Siddarameshwara's birth anniversary observed|work=The Hindu|date=14 January 2010|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

==Notes==
Scholars like M. M. Kalburgi, M. S. Vrishabhendraswamy, M. S. Nagaraja Rao and others have studied this problem in great detail. It is said that at least 22 inscriptions of the Sevuna period contain Siddharama's vachanas. Vide: M. M. Kalburgi, Sasanagalalli Sivasaranaru; M. S. Vrishabhendraswamy, Sasanagalalli Sri Siddharamana Vachanagalu (The Karnatak University Journal - Humanities, Vol. x, p. 204; M.S. Nagaraja Rao, Karnataka Bharati, Vol.3.4 and Vol. 4.3, pp 3–14 and p. 101-112)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Siddheshwar}}
{{Lingayatism topics}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Lingayat saints]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lingayat poets]]

Chaudhry Nadeem Abbas

2025-10-20T15:16:26Z

RobertSwale:

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhry Nadeem Abbas
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 29 February 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[NA-135 Okara-I]]
| term_start1 = 13 August 2018
| term_end1 = 10 August 2023
| constituency1 = [[NA-141 (Okara-I)]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Okara, [[Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2013-present)
| native_name = {{nq|چوہدری ندیم عباس}}
| term_start2 = 1 June 2013
| term_end2 = 31 May 2018
| constituency2 = [[Constituency NA-143|NA-143 (Okara-I)]]
}}

'''Chaudhry Nadeem Abbas Rebaira''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ندیم عباس ربیرہ}}}}; born 16 December 1970) is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] since February 2024 and previously served in this position from August 2018 till August 2023 and from June 2013 to May 2018. He was also a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web| title=Chaudhry Nadeem Abbas – MPA (2008–2013) |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/politics/politician/ch-nadeem-abbas-rebera-10286.html|website= www.urdupoint.com }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abbas was born on 16 December 1970 in [[Okara City|Okara]].<ref name="pas/2008">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/648|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2005 from the [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="pas/2008" />

==Political career==

Abbas served as [[Administrative units of Pakistan#Tehsil|Tehsil Nazim]] of Okara.<ref name="dawn/21feb2008" /> He ran for the seat of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-153 (Okara-I) in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]] but was unsuccessful. He received 15,488 votes and lost the seat to Syed Ghulam [[Mohyeddin|Mohi-ud-Din]] Shah, a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N).<ref name="ecp/pa-88-97">{{cite web |title=Punjab Assembly election results 1988-97 |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf |archivedate=30 August 2017 }}</ref>

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) from [[Constituency PP-189 (Okara-V)]] in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="dawn/21feb2008">{{cite news|title=Okara sends first-timers to NA|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/290274|accessdate=6 April 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=21 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407060857/https://www.dawn.com/news/290274|archivedate=7 April 2017}}</ref> He received 33,298 votes and defeated Rao Khalid Khan, a candidate of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archivedate=5 January 2018}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-N from [[Constituency NA-143|Constituency NA-143 (Okara-I)]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dozens of turncoats make it to National Assembly|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/15-May-2013/dozens-of-turncoats-make-it-to-national-assembly|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Nation|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306132202/http://nation.com.pk/national/15-May-2013/dozens-of-turncoats-make-it-to-national-assembly|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N, PTI, JUI-F and AML chiefs win elections|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/12-May-2013/pml-n-pti-jui-f-and-aml-chiefs-win-elections|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Nation|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328141054/http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/12-May-2013/pml-n-pti-jui-f-and-aml-chiefs-win-elections|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N lines up NA candidates in Punjab|url=http://nation.com.pk/elections-2013/20-Apr-2013/pml-n-lines-up-na-candidates-in-punjab|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Nation|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306034027/http://nation.com.pk/elections-2013/20-Apr-2013/pml-n-lines-up-na-candidates-in-punjab|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Okara: PML-N names aspirants|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/803179|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=17 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131655/https://www.dawn.com/news/803179|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref> He received 90,652 votes and defeated Rai Muhammad Aslam Kharal, a candidate of PML-Q.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archivedate=1 February 2018}}</ref>

In October 2017, he was appointed as Federal Parliamentary Secretary for information technology and telecommunication.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Junaidi|first1=Ikram|title=Three NA panel heads, two state ministers and 11 parliamentary secretaries appointed|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1363211|accessdate=9 November 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=12 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108202444/https://www.dawn.com/news/1363211|archivedate=8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=11 MNAs appointed parliamentary secretaries of various ministries, divisions - Samaa TV|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/10/11-mnas-appointed-parliamentary-secretaries-various-ministries-divisions/|accessdate=9 November 2017|work=www.samaa.tv|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009182651/https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/10/11-mnas-appointed-parliamentary-secretaries-various-ministries-divisions/|archivedate=9 October 2017}}</ref> He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency [[NA-141 (Okara-I)]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Abbas PML-N wins NA-141 election |url=https://www.app.com.pk/nadeem-abbas-pml-n-wins-na-141-election/ |accessdate=3 August 2018 |work=Associated Press Of Pakistan |date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from [[NA-135 Okara-I]] in the [[2024 Pakistani general election]]. He received 129,281 votes and defeated Malik Muhammad Akram Bhatti, an independent candidate supported by [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=ecp.gov.pk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Chaudhry Nadeem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Okara, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2024–2029]]

Criminal Investigation Department (India)

2025-10-17T09:42:11Z

RobertSwale: updated page

{{Short description|Crime investigation department Indian State Police}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Not to be confused with| CID (Indian TV series)}}
A '''Criminal Investigation Department''' ('''CID'''), also known as '''Crime Branch''', is a specialized branch of the [[State Police Services|state police departments]] of [[India]] responsible for the [[Criminal investigation|investigation of crime]], based on the [[Criminal Investigation Department]]s of British police forces. It's the specialised investigation wing of the state police, and headed by an officer of the rank of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] '''(DGP)''' or [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] '''(ADGP)'''.

== Formation and organization ==
The first CID was created by the [[British Raj|British Government]] in 1902, based on the recommendations of the Indian Police Commission, chaired by [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Fraser]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Indian Police Commission, 1902-03 |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/report-indian-police-commission-1902-03 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> At the entrance of the CID office at Gokhale Marg, [[Lucknow]], there is a portrait of Rai Bahadur Pandit Shambhu Nath, King's Police Medalist (KPM) "Father of Indian CID".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cbcid.pdf | title=CBCID | publisher=TN police | access-date=2013-05-27 | format=pdf | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144545/http://tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cbcid.pdf | archive-date=2011-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mahacid.com/aboutus_history.htm#history | title=CID - History | publisher=Maharashtra CID | access-date=2013-05-27 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003914/http://mahacid.com/aboutus_history.htm#history | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1929, the CID was split into Special Branch, CID and the Crime Branch (CB-CID).

Some states use different names for their CID units, despite the fact that many states use the term "Criminal Investigation Department". In [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh Police|Chhattisgarh]], the CID is known as the Crime Investigation Department. In [[Assam Police|Assam]], [[Bihar Police|Bihar]], [[Haryana Police|Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan]], [[West Bengal Police|West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka Police|Karnataka]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Jammu and Kashmir]], it is known as the Criminal Investigation Department. In [[Delhi Police|Delhi]] and [[Kerala Police|Kerala]], the CID is referred to as the Crime Branch, and in [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu]], it is known as the Crime Branch-Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police - Crime Branch |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/crime-branch |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CID, Crime Branch |url=https://odishapolicecidcb.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=odishapolicecidcb.gov.in}}</ref> In [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab]], the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is known as the Punjab Bureau of Investigation (PBI or BoI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-31 |title=Separate cadre for Punjab Bureau of Investigation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/separate-cadre-for-punjab-bureau-of-investigation/articleshow/53478580.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=Explained: What is the Punjab Bureau of Investigation? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-punjab-bureau-of-investigation-5866368/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is headed by an officer of the rank of Additional Director General of Police. The CID or Crime Branch has its own ranks up to the level of Additional Director General of Police, just as its counterparts in the law and order police. Senior officers in the Crime Branch include superintendents, deputy superintendents, inspectors, and sub-inspectors. In general, officers and men assigned to this wing prefix "''detective''" before their regular police rank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} CID, Crime Branch |url=https://odishapolicecidcb.gov.in/?q=node/17 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=odishapolicecidcb.gov.in}}</ref>

=== CID branches ===
A CID may have several branches from state to state. These branches include:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sikkimpolice.nic.in/crime.html | title=CID COMPOSITION | publisher=Sikkim police | access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref>

* CB-CID
* [[Anti-human trafficking|Anti-Human Trafficking]] & Missing Persons Cell
* Anti-Narcotics Cell
* Finger Print Bureau
* Criminal Intelligence Division
*[[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti-Terrorism squad]]
*Economic Offences Wing
*High-Tech Crime Enquiry Cell

== Crime Branch CID ==
'''CB-CID''' is a special wing in a CID headed by the [[Additional Director General of Police]] '''(ADGP)''' and assisted by the [[Inspector General of Police]] '''(IGP)'''. This branch investigates serious crimes including [[murder]], [[riot]], [[forgery]], [[counterfeiting]] and cases entrusted to '''CB-CID''' by the [[State governments of India|state government]] or the [[High courts of India|High Court]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/cbcid.html | title=Crime Branch CID | publisher=Kerala police | access-date=2013-05-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404041914/http://keralapolice.org/newsite/cbcid.html | archive-date=2013-04-04 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
The State Crime Branch/ Criminal Investigations Department has statewide jurisdiction and investigates cases referred by the [[State governments of India|State Government]], [[High courts of India|High Court]], or the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (''Head of Police Force''), including organized crime, inter-district cases, cybercrime, economic offenses, and high-profile or politically sensitive cases.

== In popular culture ==
Based on Mumbai's branch, a television series ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] and [[Netflix]] with a successful run of 20 years.

== See also ==
* [[CID West Bengal|West Bengal CID]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]

Jibon Moran

2025-09-08T15:41:03Z

RobertSwale:

{{Short description|ULFA-I functionary who served as the finance secretary of the proscribed outfit}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Jibon Moran
| death_date = 27 April, 2022
| allegiance = [[ULFA]]
| rank = [[Major general]]
| servicenumber = 1984-2021
| unit = [[28th Battalion (ULFA)|28th Battalion ]]
| battles = [[Operation Bajrang]] [[Operation All Clear]]
}}

'''Jibon Moran''' alias '''Jibon Asom''' was a former high-ranking [[ULFA]]-I functionary who served as the finance secretary of the proscribed outfit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalantri |first=Rishu |date=2021-04-25 |title=Top ULFA (I) functionary Jibon Moran to return home after four decades |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/04/25/top-ulfa-i-functionary-jibon-moran-to-return-home-after-four-decades/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also a member of the outfit's central executive committee. Moran joined the organization in 1984, went to [[Kachin State|Kachin]] for his initial training, and exited in 2021 due to his deteriorating health, serving for nearly 4 decades. Moran hailed from Uban village in Kakopathar, [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-08-28 |title=Assam: Senior ULFA (I) leader Jibon Moran passes away in Guwahati |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-senior-ulfa-i-leader-jibon-moran-passes-away-in-guwahati.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2021-04-29 |title=Top ULFA-I leader Jibon Moran in Dibrugarh police station, interrogation on |url=https://hubnetwork.in/top-ulfa-i-leader-jibon-moran-in-dibrugarh-police-station-interrogation-on/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref>

He died at the age of 66 on April 27, 2022, in Guwahati Apollo Hospital, after a prolonged illness. Issuing a press statement on his death, [[ULFA]]-I paid tributes to him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=ULFA-I pays tribute on the death of its senior functionary Jibon Moran |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/ulfa-i-pays-tribute-death-its-senior-functionary-jibon-moran-440776-2022-08-28 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-08-29 |title=ওপজা গাঁৱতে পঞ্চভূতত বিলীন হ’ল জীৱন মৰাণ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/tinsukia/tribute-to-ex-ulfa-leader-jibon-moran/assam20220829174106024024084 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of top leaders of ULFA]]
*[[Sanjukta Mukti Fouj]]
*[[ULFA]]
*[[Paresh Baruah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moran, Jibon}}
[[Category:ULFA members]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
{{Authority control}}

List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat

2025-08-25T06:05:12Z

RobertSwale: expand section for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. [[Gujarat]] elects 11 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Gujarat. Earlier since 1952, Bombay State elects 17 seats, Saurashtra State elects 4 seats and Kutch State elects 1 seat. After Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act of 1956, Bombay State elects 27 seats. After Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960, three seats were increased and effective from 1 May 1960, the new Gujarat State elects 11 seats while new Maharashtra State elects 19 seats. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using [[Single transferable vote]] with [[proportional representation]].<ref name=RSat-work>{{cite web|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha At Work|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=28 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

==Current members==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|10}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|-
! Name<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
!colspan="2"| Party affiliation
!Date of Appointment<ref name="term">{{cite web|title=Statewise Retirement|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
!Date of Retirement<ref name="term" />
|-
![[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
!Jasvantsinh Salamsinh Parmar
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
!Mayankbhai Nayak
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
![[Govind Dholakia]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
![[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19-Aug-2023
|18-Aug-2029
|-
![[Kesridevsinh Jhala]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19-Aug-2023
|18-Aug-2029
|-
! [[Babubhai Desai]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19-Aug-2023
|18-Aug-2029
|-
! [[Rambhai Mokariya]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22-Feb-2021
|21-Jun-2026
|-
![[Ramilaben Bara]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22-Jun-2020
|21-Jun-2026
|-
![[Narhari Amin]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22-Jun-2020
|21-Jun-2026
|-
![[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|22-Jun-2020
|21-Jun-2026
|-
|}

==BJP MP List==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical Last Name) !! colspan=2 |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|[[Suryakantbhai Acharya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2005 || 18/08/2011 || 1st || Death-21/12/2009
|-
|[[Narhari Amin]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22/06/2020 || 21/06/2026 || 1 || *
|-
|[[Dineshchandra Anavadiya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22/02/2021 || 18/08/2023 || 1 || [[2021 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#By-elections|Bye-e Ahmed Patel]]
|-
|[[Lekhraj Bachani]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2000 || 02/04/2006 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Ramilaben Bara]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22/06/2020 || 21/06/2026 || 1 || *
|-
|[[Abhay Bharadwaj]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22/06/2020 || 01/12/2020 || 1 || Death: 1 December 2020
|-
|[[Bangaru Laxman]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1996 || 09/04/2002 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Jayantilal Barot]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2002 || 09/04/2008 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Anantray Devshanker Dave]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1990 || 09/04/1996 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Anantray Devshanker Dave]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1996 || 09/04/2004 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Babubhai Desai]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2023 || 18/08/2029 || 1 || *<ref name ="2023 election"></ref>
|-
|[[Chunibhai K Gohel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2014 || 09/04/2020 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Prafull Goradia]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 07/04/1998 || 02/04/2000 || 1 || bye 1998 res of [[Anandiben Patel|A Patel]]
|-
|[[Smriti Zubin Irani]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2011 || 18/08/2017 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Smriti Zubin Irani]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2017 || 18/08/2023 || 2 || Res.29/05/2019 -Ele 17-LS, [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]<ref name=17LS>{{cite web |title=Amit Shah, Ravi Shankar Prasad and Smriti Irani Resign From Rajya Sabha After Being Elected to Lower House |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amit-shah-ravi-shankar-prasad-and-smriti-irani-resign-from-rajya-sabha-after-being-elected-to-lower-house-2163825.html |website=new18.com |publisher=News 18 |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Jaitley]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2000 ||02/04/2006 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Arun Jaitley]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2006 ||02/04/2012 || 2 ||
|-
|[[Arun Jaitley]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2012 ||02/04/2018 || 3 ||
|-
|[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 06/07/2019 ||18/08/2023 || 1st || bye 2019 res of [[Amit Shah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=S Jaishankar takes oath as Rajya Sabha member |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/s-jaishankar-rajya-sabha-member-1564342-2019-07-08 |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=India Today |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2023 ||18/08/2029 || 2nd || *<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaishankar takes oath as Rajya Sabha member after re-election to Upper House |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jaishankar-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-after-re-election-to-upper-house20230821165252/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |publisher=ANI |date=21 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kesridevsinh Jhala]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2023 || 18/08/2029 || 1 || *<ref name ="2023 election">{{cite news |title=3 BJP Candidates, Including S Jaishankar, Elected To Rajya Sabha "Uncontested" From Gujarat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-bjp-candidates-including-s-jaishankar-elected-to-rajya-sabha-uncontested-from-gujarat-4216057 |access-date=24 August 2023 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jana Krishnamurthi]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2002 || 09/04/2008 || 1st || Death-25/09/2007
|-
|[[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2012 ||02/04/2018 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2018 || 02/04/2024 || 2nd || *
|-
|[[Kanaksinh Mohansinh Mangrola]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/1994 || 02/04/2000 || 1st ||Res.-02/11/1996
|-
|[[Lalitbhai Mehta]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/1999 || 18/08/2005|| 1 ||
|-
|[[Rambhai Mokariya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22/02/2021 || 21/06/2026 || 1 || * [[2021 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Bye-elections|Bye-e Abhay Bharadwaj]]
|-
|[[Pravin Naik]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/02/2010 || 18/08/2011 || 1st ||[[2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Bye-elections|Bye-e D. Acharya]]
|-
|[[Dilip Pandya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2011 || 18/08/2017 || 1st ||
|-
|Dr [[A. K. Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2000|| 02/04/2006 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Anandiben Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/1994 || 02/04/2000 || 1st || Res 12/03/1998 Ele GJ Assembly
|-
|[[Bharatsinh Parmar]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2008|| 09/04/2014 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Kanjibhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2006 || 02/04/2012|| 1st ||
|-
|[[Keshubhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2002 || 09/04/2008|| 1st ||
|-
|[[Surendra Motilal Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2005 || 18/08/2011 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Urmilaben Chimanbhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/1993 || 18/08/1999<ref name="aug1999">{{cite web|title=Biennial Election to the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) to fill the seats of members retiring on 7 July and 18 August, 1999|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/cp19990630.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref> || 1st ||
|-
|[[Parsottambhai Rupala]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2008 || 09/04/2014 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Parsottambhai Rupala]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 01/06/2016 || 02/04/2018 || 2nd || [[2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Bye elections|Bye-e D Rashtrapal]]
|-
|[[Parsottambhai Rupala]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2018 || 02/04/2024 || 3rd || *
|-
| [[Vijay Rupani]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2006 || 02/04/2012 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Amit Shah]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/2017 || 18/08/2023 || 1st || Res.29/05/2019 -Ele 17-LS, [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]<ref name=17LS/>
|-
|[[Chimanbhai Haribhai Shukla]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/1993 || 18/08/1999<ref name="aug1999"/> || 1st || Died-21/04/2008
|-
|[[Savita Sharda]]|| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 19/08/1999 || 18/08/2005 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Gopalsinh G Solanki]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1990 || 09/04/1996 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Gopalsinh G Solanki]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1996 || 09/04/2002 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
| [[Jugalji Mathurji Thakor]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 06/07/2019 || 18/08/2023 || 1 || bye 2019 res of [[Smriti Irani]]
|-
| [[Natuji Halaji Thakor]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2008 || 09/04/2014 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Mahant Shambhuprasadji Tundiya]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2014 || 09/04/2020 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Shankarbhai Vegad]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 03/04/2012 ||02/04/2018 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Lal Sinh Vadodia]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/2014 || 09/04/2020 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Shankersinh Vaghela]] || {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10/04/1984 || 09/04/1990 || 1 ||Res.27/11/1989 -Ele 9-LS, [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
|}

==INC MP List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical Last Name) !! colspan=2 |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|[[Brahma Kumar Bhatt]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1996 || 09/04/2002 || 1 || died 6/1/2009
|-
|[[Jitendrabhai Labhshanker Bhatt]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1987 || 13/08/1993 || 1st ||
|-
| Nanabhai Shah|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || Saurashtra
|-
|[[Khemchandbhai Chavda]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 13/08/1960 || 02/04/1966 || 1st || bye 1960
|-
|[[Khemchandbhai Chavda]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1966 || 02/04/1972 || ''2nd'' ||Res.10/03/1971 Ele 5th LS, Patan
|-
|[[Suresh J Desai]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1960 || 02/04/1966|| 1st || Bombay State
|-
|[[Suresh J Desai]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} || 03/04/1966 || 02/04/1972|| ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Tilok Gogoi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 20/07/1977 || 02/04/1980 || 1 || bye 1977
|-
|[[Mohammed Husain Golandaz]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1976 || 02/04/1982 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Jethalal Harikrishna Joshi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 22/04/1957 || 02/04/1960 || 1 || [[Bombay State]] Madhya Saurashtra 1952-57
|-
|[[Jethalal Harikrishna Joshi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1960 || 02/04/1966 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 22/06/2020 || 21/06/2026 || 1 || *
|-
|[[Jaisukh lal Hathi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || Saurashtra (state)Res-12/03/1957 Elected to 2nd LS
|-
|[[Jaisukh lal Hathi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1962 || 02/04/1968 || 2 ||
|-
|[[Jaisukh lal Hathi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1968 || 02/04/1974 || 3 ||
|-
|[[Kumud Ben Joshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 15/03/1973 || 02/04/1976 || 1 || bye 1973 dea [[Dahyabhai Patel|D Patel]]
|-
|[[Kumud Ben Joshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1976 || 02/04/1982 || 2 ||
|-
|[[Kumud Ben Joshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1982 || 02/04/1988 || 3 ||Res.-25/11/1985
|-
|[[Maganlal Bhagwanji Joshi]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 22/04/1957 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || bye 1957 res[[Jaisukh lal Hathi|Hathi]] [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Ibrahim Kalaniya]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1972 || 09/04/1978 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Ibrahim Kalaniya]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1978 || 09/04/1984 || 2 ||Died 27-7-1987
|-
|Prof. [[Alka Balram Kshatriya]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/2002 || 09/04/2008 || 1 ||
|-
|Prof. [[Alka Balram Kshatriya]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/2008 || 09/04/2014 || 2 ||
|-
|[[Sumitra Kulkarni]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|| 10/04/1972 || 09/04/1978 || 1st ||Switched to Janata Party in mid-term
|-
| [[Raoof Valiullah]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1984 || 09/04/1990 || 1st ||
|-
|Dr [[Dara Hormusji Variava]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1st || Saurashtra State
|-
|Dr [[Dara Hormusji Variava]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Shamprasad R Vasavada]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 30/08/1968 || 02/04/1970 || 1st || bye 1968
|-
|[[Shamprasad R Vasavada]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} || 03/04/1970 || 02/04/1976 || ''2nd''||Death -20/11/1972
|-
|[[Amee Yajnik]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/2018 || 02/04/2024 || 1 || *
|-
|[[Lavji Lakhamshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 24/09/1952 || 04/02/1954 || 1st || bye 1952 Kutch State res [[Premji B Thaker|Thaker]]
|-
|[[Lavji Lakhamshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 04/03/1954 || 04/02/1960 || 1st || Bombay State
|-
|[[Iqbal Mohammed Khan Lohani]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 13/08/1960 || 02/04/1964 || 1st || bye 1960
|-
|[[Harisinh Bhagubava Mahida]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1975 || 13/08/1981 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Harisinh Bhagubava Mahida]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1981 || 13/08/1987 || ''2nd'' || Res.-15/03/1985
|-
|[[Yogendra Makwana]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 05/03/1973 || 02/04/1976 || 1st || bye 1973 dea [[Shamprasad R Vasavada|S Vasavada]]
|-
|[[Yogendra Makwana]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 04/03/1976 || 04/02/1982 || 2nd ||
|-
|[[Yogendra Makwana]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1982 || 02/04/1988 || ''3rd'' ||
|-
|[[Madhav Singh Solanki]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1988 || 02/04/1994 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Madhav Singh Solanki]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1994 || 02/04/2000<ref name=r2000>{{cite web|title=Jethmalani, Kesri's RS term ends on April 2, 2000 |url= http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/28rspoll.htm |website= rediff.com|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> || ''2nd'' ||
|-
| [[Premji B Thaker]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || Saurashtra State res 26/07/1952
|-
|[[Himmat Sinh]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1972 || 09/04/1978 || 1st ||
|-
|[[P Shiv Shankar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/05/1985 || 13/08/1987 || 1st || bye 1985 res [[Harisinh Bhagubava Mahida|H Mahida]]
|-
|[[P Shiv Shankar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1987 || 13/08/1993 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Mahipatray M Mehta]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1960 || 02/04/1966 || 1 || Bombay State - 5th LS Kutch
|-
|[[Pushpaben Mehta]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} || 03/04/1966 || 02/04/1972 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Irshad Baig Mirza]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 21/03/1983 || 09/04/1984 || 1st || bye 1983 dea of [[Piloo Modi]]
|-
|[[Irshad Baig Mirza]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1984 || 09/04/1990 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Madhusudan Mistry]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/2014 || 09/04/2020 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Raju Parmar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1988 || 02/04/1994 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Raju Parmar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1994 || 02/04/2000 || 2nd ||
|-
|[[Raju Parmar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/2000 || 02/04/2006 || ''3rd'' ||
|-
|[[Ahmed Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 19/08/2011 || 18/08/2017 || 4 ||
|-
|[[Ahmed Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 19/08/2017 || 25/11/2020 || 5 || Death, 25/11/2020
|-
|[[Chhotubhai Sukhabhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1987 || 13/08/1993 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 1st || Bombay State
|-
|[[Chimanbhai Mehta]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 10/04/1984 || 09/04/1990 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1964 || 02/04/1970 || 2nd ||
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1970 || 02/04/1976 || ''3rd'' ||Death-11/08/1973
|-
|[[Jadhavji Keshavji Modi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 21/11/1957 || 02/04/1962 || 1 || bye 1957 res [[Manubhai Shah|Shah]] Bombay State
|-
|[[Gulam Haider Valimohmed Momin]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1964 || 02/04/1970 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 14/08/1981 || 13/08/1987 || 3 || WB 1969-81 WB 1993-2004
|-
|[[Maganbhai Shankerbhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 16/08/1960 || 02/04/1962 || 1st || bye 1960
|-
|[[Maganbhai Shankerbhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1962 || 02/04/1968 || ''2nd'' || Death-16/04/1967
|-
|[[Maniben Vallabhbhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1964 || 02/04/1970 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 21/07/1967 || 02/04/1968 || 1st || bye 1967 dea [[Maganbhai Shankerbhai Patel|M Patel]]
|-
|[[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1968 || 02/04/1974 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Vithalbhai Motibhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1982 || 02/04/1988 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Vithalbhai Motibhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1988 || 02/04/1994 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Praveen Rashtrapal]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/2006 || 02/04/2012 ||1 ||
|-
|[[Praveen Rashtrapal]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/2012 || 02/04/2018 || 2nd ||Death-12/05/2016
|-
|[[Naranbhai Rathwa]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/2018 || 02/04/2024 || 1 || *
|-
|[[Ramsinh Rathwa]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1982 || 02/04/1988 || 1st ||
|-
|[[Ramsinh Rathwa]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1988 || 02/04/1994 || 2nd ||
|-
|[[Sagar Rayka]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 27/01/1986 || 02/04/1988 || 1 || bye 1986 res of [[Kumud Ben Joshi|K Joshi]]
|-
| Bhogilal Maganlal Shah|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || Saurashtra-Died.5-12-1976
|-
|[[Kodardas Kalidas Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1960 || 02/04/1966 || 1st || Bombay State
|-
|[[Kodardas Kalidas Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1966 || 02/04/1972 || ''2nd'' || Res.22/05/1971-[[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|Gov of TN]]
|-
| [[Maneklal Chunilal Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1962 || 02/04/1968 || 1 || 13/03/1967
|-
|[[Manubhai Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || 1st || Res.-12/03/1957 Ele to [[2nd Lok Sabha|2 LS]] Madhya Saurashtra
|-
|[[Manubhai Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1970 || 02/04/1976 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
|[[Meghji Pethraj Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || 1st || Bombay State Res.-26/07/1957
|}
==Other MP List==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical Last Name) !! colspan=2 |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|[[Chimanbhai Mehta]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}} || 10/04/1990 || 09/04/1996 || ''2nd'' ||
|-
| [[Dinesh Trivedi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}} || 10/04/1990 || 09/04/1996 || 1 || WB 2002 - 08
|-
|[[Ghanshyam Oza]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}} || 10/04/1978 || 09/04/1984 || 1st ||
|-
|Prof [[Ramlal Parikh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}} || 14/08/1975 || 13/08/1981 || 1st ||
|-
|[[H M Trivedi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}} || 10/04/1972 || 09/04/1978 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Manubhai Patel]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}} || 10/04/1978 || 09/04/1984 || 1st ||Died 27/03/2015
|-
|[[Piloo Modi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}} || 10/04/1978 || 09/04/1984|| 1 ||Death-29/01/1983
|-
|[[Sumitra Kulkarni]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|10/04/1972
|09/04/1978
|1st
|Switched from INC in mid-term
|-
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}} || 03/04/1976 || 02/04/1982 || 2nd || [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|DL 1970-76]], [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|MP 1982-89]]
|-
|[[Devdatt Kumar Kikabhai Patel]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}} || 03/04/1970 || 02/04/1976 || 1st ||Died 27-12-2001
|-
|[[Rohit Manushankar Dave]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Praja Socialist Party}} || 03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 1st || Bombay State Died 11/10/1987
|-
|Dr [[Biharilal Naranji Antani]] || {{Full party name with colour|Swatantra Party}} || 03/04/1966 || 02/04/1972|| 1st ||Death-16/09/1971
|-
|[[U N Mahida]] ||{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} || 03/04/1968 || 02/04/1974|| 1st || Died 4-3-1991
|-
|[[Viren J. Shah]] || {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} || 14/08/1975 || 13/08/1981 || 1st || MH-RS 1990-96
|-
|[[Kishor Chandulal Mehta]] ||{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} || 14/08/1981 || 13/08/1987 || 1 ||
|-
|Dr [[Yoginder K Alagh]] || {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} || 26/11/1996 || 02/04/2000 || 1st || bye 1996 res [[Kanaksinh Mohansinh Mangrola|K Mangrola]]
|-
|-Prabhudas Ramji Mehta Independent Politician 1952 to 1958- From Talaja Dist.
|-
|}
* Star (*) Represents current Rajya Sabha members from GJ

==External links==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155536/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/faq/freaq.htm Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government]
*[http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/mpterms.aspx - List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419110344/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/hindiwhoswho.htm Nominated members list]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419165814/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/StatewiseList.asp State wi]
<references/>

{{Rajya Sabha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat}}
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Gujarat]]

1994–95 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2025-07-13T18:22:50Z

RobertSwale: Details

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1994/95 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1994/95 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=18th - 21st March 1995
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series=
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Sharma]]
|runs1= [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (206)
|runs2= [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (156)
|runs3= [[Sourav Ganguly]] (104)
|wickets1= [[Javagal Srinath]] (6)
|wickets2= [[Sairaj Bahutule]] (5)
|wickets3= [[Atul Wassan]] (2)
|next =[[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1995-96|1995–96]]
}}

The 1st [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] or Kedia Cup was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Kolkata]] from 18 March to 21 March 1995. The series was invented to involve the domestic and national players from India to showcase their talent, and were allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B accordingly. The inaugural edition was won by India Seniors after they defeated India A by 73 runs in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Seniors are the winners of inaugural Kedia Cup |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-A_CHLNGR-FINAL_21MAR1995_MR |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Squads ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Seniors Squad - India Seniors Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1994/95 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/TRIAL_1994-95_SQUADS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>{{Cite web |title=India A Squad - India A Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1994/95 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/TRIAL_1994-95_SQUADS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>{{Cite web |title=India B Squad - India B Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1994/95 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/TRIAL_1994-95_SQUADS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Ajay Jadeja]]
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Prashant Vaidya]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
|
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Vikram Rathour]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Gagan Khoda]]
* [[Amol Muzumdar]]
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
* [[Avinash Vaidya]]
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[Paras Mhambrey]]
* [[Utpal Chatterjee]]
* [[Rajesh Chauhan]]
* [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
|
* [[Ajay Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[Manoj Joglekar]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (cricketer, born 1970)|Bhupinder Singh]]
* [[Rizwan Shamshad]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Atul Wassan]]
* [[Salil Ankola]]
* [[P. Krishnakumar|Pudiyangum Krishnakumar]]
* [[Pankaj Dharmani]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
* [[Nilesh Kulkarni]]
|}

== Points Table ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India Seniors|team2=India A
|team3=India B

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India Seniors=2 |loss_India Seniors=0 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=+0.757
|win_India A=1 |loss_India A=1 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=-0.0975
|win_India B=0 |loss_India B=2 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=-0.650

|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

== Matches ==

=== Group stage ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 18 March 1995
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 214/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 218/4 (47.1 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 50 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 68 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 6 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-A_IND_CHLNGR_18MAR1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A 1994/95 - Score Report &#124|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Subroto Porel|SK Porel]] (IND) and [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Seniors 2, India A 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 19 March 1995
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 219/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 220/3 (39 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 69 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/27 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 84 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Atul Wassan]] 1/49 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 7 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-B_IND_CHLNGR_19MAR1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India B 1994/95 - Score Report &#124|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Subroto Porel|SK Porel]] (IND) and [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 20 March 1995
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 224/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 227/6 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Ajay Sharma]] 64 (79)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 117* (138)
| wickets2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 2/37 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 4 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-B_IND-A_CHLNGR_20MAR1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B 1994/95 - Score Report &#124|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[S. Choudhary|S Choudhary]] (IND) and [[S. K. Bansal|SK Bansal]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 2, India B 0
}}

== Final ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 March 1995
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 225 (47.3 overs)
| score2 = 152/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 54 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 4/26 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] 37*
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/18 (6 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 73 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1994-95/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-A_CHLNGR-FINAL_21MAR1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of Final:India Seniors vs India A 1994/95 - Score Report &#124|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[S. Choudhary|S Choudhary]] (IND) and [[S. K. Bansal|SK Bansal]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = India Seniors became the winners of NKP Salve Challenger Trophy (Kedia Cup) 1994/95.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1994-95}}
[[Category:1994 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1995 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1994–95]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Vidyavihar

2025-05-18T21:50:43Z

RobertSwale: enhance article and cleaned formatting

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vidyavihar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.080|N|72.896|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ghatkopar
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Vidyavihar''' is a small suburb of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It has a [[Vidyavihar railway station|railway station]] with the same name on the [[Mumbai suburban railway]] on the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] line. The area consists of mainly the [[Somaiya Vidyavihar University|Somaiya Vidyavihar]] campus.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]

1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India

2025-04-11T15:50:26Z

RobertSwale: basic correct references after review

{{Short description|Terrorist incidents in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India
| location = [[Delhi]], India
| date = {{start date|1994|09|29|df=yes}}–{{end date|1994|10|19|df=yes}}
| weapons = [[Firearms]] ([[gun]]s)
| victims = 4
| perpetrators = [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (Al-Hadid), including [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]]
| perpetrator =
}}

The '''1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India''' were the abductions of four foreign tourists in [[Delhi]], India, between 29 September and 20 October 1994, by terrorists. The kidnappings were perpetrated by the anti-Indian terrorist group [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (HuA),{{Efn|Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again in 1998. [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by [[Masood Azhar]] in 2000.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/harakat-ul-mujahedeen Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]. [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]. [[Foreign Service Institute]]. [[Stanford University]].</ref>|name=groups}} under the pseudonym of Al-Hadid, led by [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] to secure the release of HuA leaders. Sheikh was caught and ultimately imprisoned at the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |date=2020 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri through the Prism of HuJI, HuA, HuM, JeM, Brigade 313 and al Qaeda |url=https://www.academia.edu/44824474/Ilyas_Kashmiri_through_the_Prism_of_HuJI_HuA_HuM_JeM_Brigade_313_and_al_Qaeda |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> The abductees included three British citizens, Myles Croston, Paul Rideout, and Rhys Partridge, and one American, Béla Nuss; all of them were rescued unharmed by the police.<ref name="McGinty">McGinty, Stephen. ''The Scotsman'', 16 July 2002. {{cite news |date=16 July 2002 |title=The English Islamic Terrorist. |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919151256/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002 |archive-date=19 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |author-link=Celia W. Dugger |date=8 February 2002 |title=A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

HuA would also perpetrate the [[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] where most of the hostages were killed with one being beheaded.<ref name=":2" /> Sheikh was released (along with Harkat leader [[Masood Azhar]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]]) in 1999 in exchange for hostages of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] which had been hijacked by fellow Harkat members. He would go on to kidnap and allegedly murder [[Daniel Pearl]] in 2002.

==Background==
A violent insurgency had been going on in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1989. Kidnappings of foreign tourists had been attempted by [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri Militants]], most notably the attempt to kidnap seven [[Israelis]] in 1991.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/world/kashmir-rebels-kill-israeli-tourist-marking-new-phase-in-conflict.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Kashmir Rebels Kill Israeli Tourist, Marking New Phase in Conflict], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1991-06-28</ref> However, until this point the separatists had not kidnapped anybody outside of the disputed state.<ref name=nyt2>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/02/world/indian-police-free-3-britons-held-hostage.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Indian Police Free 3 Britons Held Hostage], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1994-11-02</ref>

Three of those kidnapped, Paul Benjamin Ridout and Christopher Miles Croston (both kidnapped on 16 October)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410160004 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410160004 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> and Rhys Partridge (Australian citizen of British heritage, kidnapped on 29 September),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199409290011 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199409290011 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> were from Great Britain and a fourth, Béla Nuss (kidnapped on 19 October),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410190005 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410190005 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> was an American citizen of Hungarian heritage from [[San Francisco, California]]; all were kidnapped at gunpoint.<ref name=nyt1>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/01/world/3-britons-and-1-american-freed-from-kashmiri-militants-in-india.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink 3 Britons and 1 American Freed From Kashmiri Militants in India], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1994-11-01</ref>

==Kidnapping==
The tourists were all befriended by young British [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] who was a member of [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} and pretending to be an Indian under the name "Rohit Sharma".<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2002/02/15/int4.htm Briton recalls brush with ‘reluctant kidnapper’], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2002-02-15</ref> He told them that his uncle had died and left a village for him. He then invited them to visit the village with him. The three Britons were taken to a village near [[Saharanpur]] and kept captive there by his associates.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2002-02-08</ref> Béla Nuss was the last to be kidnapped and was kept in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] just outside Delhi.<ref>[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2002/01/0079027 My big adventure], ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', January 2002</ref> The kidnappers demanded that the Indian government free ten militants imprisoned in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] and threatened to behead their captives if the demand was not met.<ref name=nyt2/>

==Rescue==
Béla Nuss was freed on 31 October by the police, while investigating a robbery, police came across the house where she was being kept captive. After information given to the police by Nuss about other hostages being held, police staked out the house, captured one of the drivers, and the interrogation of two terrorists, later arrested at the site, led them to the village of Saharanpur, where the Britons were being held captive. Omar Saeed was also captured and wounded when he had returned to the Ghaziabad house to talk to Nuss after being informed that he had stopped eating four days before. Two policemen and a militant were killed in a pre-dawn shoot-out at the second location on 1 November. All the tourists were freed unhurt.<ref name=nyt1/>

==Aftermath==
Three Pakistani militants belonging to [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} were given death sentences and three others life sentences by a Delhi court in April 2002 for their roles in the kidnapping, while Sheikh's charges had been dropped in exchange for his release.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-Harkat-militants-awarded-death-sentence/articleshow/8176584.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-27/india/27138652_1_life-imprisonment-pakistani-militants-foreign-tourists |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=3 Harkat militants awarded death sentence |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 April 2002 |access-date=4 January 2020 |author=PTI |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/04/28/stories/2002042801050800.htm |title=3 Pakistanis sentenced to death |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712021457/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/04/28/stories/2002042801050800.htm |archive-date=12 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 April 2002 |access-date=4 January 2020 |url-status=usurped |via=Hinuonnet}}</ref>

[[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] was incarcerated in [[Tihar Jail]] and stayed in prison till December 1999 when he was released in exchange for the passengers aboard hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020216/main4.htm |title=Tihar — base of Islamic radicals? |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 February 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He subsequently was alleged to be involved in the murder of [[Daniel Pearl]]. He was sentenced to death on 14 July 2002 in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15pak.htm |title=Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=15 July 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Under [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] interrogation [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammad]] confessed to being the one who personally wielded the blade that killed Daniel Pearl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |last2=Zagorin |first2=Adam |title=Fingering Danny Pearl's Killer |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1545441,00.html |magazine=[[time.com]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |access-date=27 September 2014 |date=12 October 2006}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The kidnapping was the subject of a 2008 episode of the television series, ''[[Banged Up Abroad|Kidnapped Abroad]]''. The Indian film [[Omerta (2017 film)|''Omerta'']] (2017 film) is based on this kidnapping and [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omerta |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/omerta/0-0-189437 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[ZEE5]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
*[[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1804710.stm Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh], [[BBC]], 2002-07-16

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kidnapping of western tourists in India}}
[[Category:1994 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1994]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1994]]
[[Category:1990s in Delhi]]
[[Category:October 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:October 1994 in India]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in India]]

Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils

2025-02-20T11:14:39Z

RobertSwale: small edit

{{Short description|DNA analysis of Sri Lankan Tamil populations}}
Although '''[[Sri Lankan Tamils]]''' are culturally and linguistically distinct, [[genetics|genetic]] studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the [[Tamils|Indian Tamils]] from [[South India]] and [[Bengalis]] from the [[East India]] as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese and [[Indian people|Indian ethnic groups]].

==Study by Dr. Gautam K. Kshatriya==
According to a [[genetic admixture]] study by Dr. Gautam K. Kshatriya in 1995, the Sri Lankan Tamil are closely related to the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] who are closely related to [[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]]. Kshatriya found that the genetic makeup of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] shows an overlap of about 55.2% (± 9.47%) with that of Sinhalese people while the Sinhalese had the greatest contribution from [[Tamil people|South Indian Tamils]] (69.86% +/- 0.61), followed by [[Bengalis]] from the [[East India]] (25.41% +/- 0.51). With both the Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese in the island sharing a common gene pool of 55%. They are farthest from the indigenous [[Veddahs]].<ref name=GKK>{{cite journal | author = Kshatriya, G.K. | year = 1995 | title = Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations | journal = Human Biology | volume = 67 | issue = 6 | pages = 843–66 |pmid=8543296 |publisher = American Association of Anthropological Genetics}}</ref> This is also supported by a genetic distance study, which showed low differences in genetic distance between Tamils and the Sinhalese.<ref name="gd"/> Tamils and the Sinhalese also share similar cultures in terms of kinship classification, cousin marriage, dress and housing.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=667927|title=The Structure of the Sinhalese Kindred: A Re-Examination of the Dravidian Terminology|first=Nur|last=Yalman|date=1 January 1962|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=64|issue=3|pages=548–575|doi=10.1525/aa.1962.64.3.02a00060}}</ref>

==Other studies==
Furthermore, a study looking at genetic variation of the [[FUT2]] gene in the Sri Lankan Tamil and Sinhalese population, found similar genetic backgrounds for both ethnic groups, with little genetic flow from other neighbouring Asian population groups.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Soejima M, Koda Y |title=Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography-based genotyping and genetic variation of FUT2 in Sri Lanka |journal=Transfusion |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1934–9 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16371047 |doi=10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00651.x|s2cid=10401001 }}</ref> Studies have also found no significant difference with regards to [[Human blood group systems|blood group]], blood genetic markers and [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] between the Sri Lankan Tamils and other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2799860|title=Blood Groups of the Sinhalese|first1=D. F.|last1=Roberts|first2=C. K.|last2=Creen|first3=K. P.|last3=Abeyaratne|date=1 January 1972|journal=Man|volume=7|issue=1|pages=122–127|doi=10.2307/2799860}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330760210 |title=Blood genetic markers in Sri Lankan populations—reappraisal of the legend of Prince Vijaya |year=1988 |last1=Saha |first1=N. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=76 |pages=217–25 |pmid=3166342 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dissanayake VH, Giles V, Jayasekara RW, etal |title=A study of three candidate genes for pre-eclampsia in a Sinhalese population from Sri Lanka |journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=234–42 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19708171 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00926.x|s2cid=24958292 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another study has also found "no significant genetic variation among the major ethnic groups in Sri Lanka".<ref>Ruwan J. Illeperuma, Samudi N. Mohotti, Thilini M. De Silva, Neil D. Fernandopulle, W.D. Ratnasooriya, Genetic profile of 11 autosomal STR loci among the four major ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, Forensic Science International: Genetics, Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2009, Pages e105-e106</ref> This is further supported by a study which found very similar frequencies of alleles [[Rs1801133|MTHFR 677T]], [[Thrombin|F2 20210A]] & [[Factor V Leiden|F5 1691A]] in South Indian Tamil, Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamil and Moor populations.<ref name="Vajira H.W. Dissanayake 2009, Pages 159-162">Vajira H.W. Dissanayake, Lakshini Y. Weerasekera, C. Gayani Gammulla, Rohan W. Jayasekara, Prevalence of genetic thrombophilic polymorphisms in the Sri Lankan population – implications for association study design and clinical genetic testing services, Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Volume 87, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 159–162</ref>

However, another study looking at [[Alu sequence|Alu]] [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]],<ref name="krep">http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-29-Mastana-S/Anth-SI-03-29-Mastana-S-Tt.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Variable number tandem repeat|VNTR]]<ref name="mastana">{{cite journal |vauthors=Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Purandare CA, Jayasekara R, Chakraborty R |title=Population genetic study of three VNTR loci (D2S44, D7S22, and D12S11) in five ethnically defined populations of the Indian subcontinent |journal=Human Biology |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=819–35 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8908803}}</ref> and genetic distance<ref name="gd">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330450112 |title=The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins |year=1976 |last1=Kirk |first1=R. L. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=91–99}}</ref> have found the genetic relationship between the South Indian Tamil and Sinhalese to be much smaller than Kshatriya's findings (11–30%).

Dr Sarabjit Mastanain finding states [[cophenetic correlation]] was 0.8956 and it indicates Sinhalese & Tamil as native population. Also, it reflects on [[genetic distance]] among five populations of Sri Lanka as per given below [[Eigenvector analysis|eigenvector plot]] of the [[R-matrix]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mastana |first=Sarabjit |date=November 1996 |title=Genetic variation in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14297881 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=26–27|pmid=8908798 }}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=''Genetic distance''
|sublabel1=(''5 populations of Sri Lanka'')
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Burgher
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Malay
|2={{clade
|1=Moor
|2={{clade
|1=Tamil
|2=Sinhalese
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==See also==
*[[Genetic studies on Sinhalese]]
*[[South Asian ethnic groups]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]]
*[[Haplogroup M30 (mtDNA)]]
*[[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)]]
*[[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)]]
*[[Haplogroup M18]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}
{{human genetics}}

[[Category:Genetic genealogy|Sri Lankan Tamils]]
[[Category:Genetics by ethnicity|Tamils]]
[[Category:Human population genetics|Sri Lankan Tamils]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history]]

Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences

2025-01-28T20:01:15Z

RobertSwale: improve information as per guidelines and added references

#REDIRECT [[Adani Group]]

Lansdowne Building

2024-08-30T23:11:41Z

RobertSwale: new a info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Lansdowne Building
| former_names = Range Bazaar
| location = Mysore, India
| location_town = [[Mysore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| completion_date = 19 November 1892
| owner = [[Mysore City Corporation]]
}}

'''Lansdowne Building''', initially called '''Range Bazaar''', is a commercial complex and a heritage building in [[Mysore]], [[India]].

This over-a-century old building was built to facilitate basic needs in commercial spaces such as pharmacy, refreshment rooms, bookstalls, hotel, printing presses, desktop publishing, letter typing, stationery, photo framing and wallpaper outlets, and other business establishments. The structure was built using wood, iron, limestone and around 200 girders. Kannada poet [[D. V. Gundappa]] called it the "ornamental festoon of the city".<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Times News Network|date=Jun 24, 2018 |title=Six years after a aportion of Lansdowne building caved in, renovation efforts leave a lot to be desired {{!}} Mysuru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/six-years-after-a-aportion-of-lansdowne-building-caved-in-renovation-efforts-leave-a-lot-to-be-desired/articleshow/64714875.cms |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ch |first=R. Raja |last2=says |first2=R. A. |date=2021-07-04 |title=Eyesores Galore in Mysore ! |url=https://starofmysore.com/eyesores-galore-in-mysore/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ch |first=R. Raja |last2=says |first2=R. A. |date=2021-07-11 |title=A Continuing Saga of Shameful Neglect |url=https://starofmysore.com/a-continuing-saga-of-shameful-neglect/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The building was commissioned by [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]] [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] to honour the visit of the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor General of India]] [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice]]''',''' the Marquess of Lansdowne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-30 |title=Lansdowne Building, a British landmark in Mysore |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mysore-city-herald/lansdowne-building-a-british-landmark-in-mysore-230872.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-02 |title=Heritage Laid Bare: The crumbling Lansdowne Building |url=https://starofmysore.com/heritage-laid-bare-the-crumbling-lansdowne-building/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Building collapse ==
[[Mysore City Corporation]], the gatekeeper of the building, had formed a committee in the 2000s, headed by Sangameshwara, the then-Principal of Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, to study the fate of the structure. It was reported that the building was dilapitated and could sustain damages during the ensuing monsoon. A part of the building collapsed in August 2012, killing 4 people; following this, a task force committee was formed by the [[Government of Karnataka]] for restoration. Before the restoration could be completed, an arch at the Devaraja Market collapsed on 28 August 2016, resulting in halting of the restoration process at Lansdowne Building, too. Reconstruction of both Lansdowne Building and Devaraja Market are awaited, and it was estimated that INR 135 crore (USD 18mn) may be invested for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Reconstruction of Devaraja Market and Lansdowne buildings: MLA appeals CM for Rs.135 cr. budgetary allocation |url=https://starofmysore.com/reconstruction-of-devaraja-market-and-lansdowne-buildings-mla-appeals-cm-for-rs-135-cr-budgetary-allocation/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Budgetary allocation to be made for re-construction of Lansdowne and Devaraja Market buildings |url=https://starofmysore.com/budgetary-allocation-to-be-made-for-re-construction-of-lansdowne-and-devaraja-market-buildings/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Place behind Lansdowne Building turns into a public toilet! |url=https://starofmysore.com/place-behind-lansdowne-building-turns-public-toilet/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|greenhotelindia.com}}

{{Mysore topics}}

{{coord|12.307481055360874|76.65261568337507|display=title}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in British India]]

Halnad

2024-05-31T06:10:53Z

RobertSwale: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

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{{R from related topic}}
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1994 plague epidemic in Surat

2024-04-23T15:49:52Z

RobertSwale: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[1994 plague in India]] {{R from merge}}