Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mallojula Venugopal

2026-05-06T04:02:11Z

Robctr: Creating the data first draft

{{Short description|Political leader of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mallojula Venugopal Rao
| native_name_lang = Te
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Peddapalli in Karimnagar district, Telangana.
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Sonu Dada, Bhupati, Vivek, Abhay
| known_for = Spokesperson and Politburo Member of CPI (Maoist), Writer, Ideologue, Surrendered Maoist Leader who give up arms and joined mainstream.
| notable_works = Books - Rago, Ye Jangal Hamara hai, Dankarnaya ka Itihas, Bastar ki Jan Sanskriti,
| organization = CPI (Maoist)
| education = B.Com.
| occupation = Maoist Leader
| years_active = Join CPI (ML) People's War 1970
CPI (Maoist) Politburo Member 2004 to 2025
CPI (Maoist) Spokesperson 2011 to 2025
Join Mainstream 14 October 2025
| spouse = Vimala Chandra Sidam Alias Tarakka
| mother = Madhuramma
| father = Mallojula Venkataiah
| relatives = Mallojula Koteshwara Rao, Mallojula Anjanna
| party = Communist Party of India (Maoist)
| movement = Maoist Movement, Naxalite, Adivasi
| criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
}}

'''Mallojula Venugopal Rao''', commonly known by his ''[[nom de guerre]]'' '''Abhay''' (meaning "fearless"), [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/ Bhupati], [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/ Sonu] is a [[Politburo]] and Central Military Commission member and [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/ Spokesperson] of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], a [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)#Legal status|banned]] [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[insurgent]] [[communist party]] in India. He surrendered on October 14, 2025 at the [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] police headquarters in Maharashtra.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bhupathis-surrender-result-of-2018-arrest-of-urban-maoist-leaders-cm/articleshow/124587328.cms]

==Family==
[[File:Kishenji.png|thumb|Koteshwara Rao Alias Kishanji Elder brother of Mallajola Venugopal rao]]
Venugopal is the younger brother of another Maoist guerrilla leader [[Kishenji]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kishenjis-brother-venugopal-to-concentrate-in-jangalmahal/articleshow/9114065.cms|title=kishenji's brother Venugopal to concentrate in Jangalmahal|last=Tamal Sengupta|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> He was born into a poor [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/venugopal-was-face-voice-of-maoist-party-101760467732222.html Brahmin] family in Peddapalli in [[Karimnagar district]], [[Telangana]] which eked out a living on priesthood in nearby temples. His grandfather and father Mallojula Venkataiah were both [[Indian freedom fighters]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzlPyLRwIxkC&q=Kishenji+family+freedom+fighter&pg=PT175|title=Calcutta: Two Years in the City|last=Amit Chaudhuri|date=15 January 2013|isbn=9788184758726|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/12/kishenji-maoist-leader-profile-family.html|title=Kishenji Maoist Leader Profile|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Venugopal left his home for more than 30 years after joining [[Left wing extremism]]. His wife Tarakka, surrendered before the Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] on 31 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/top-woman-naxal-leader-dead/story-u2XLOHhpkPInBc1S4rTqeL.html|title=Top woman Naxal leader dead?|last=Maitra|first=Pradeep Kumar|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Venugopal, a former [[Peoples War Group]] leader who is also known as ''Bhupati'', ''Sonu'', ''Master'' and ''Abhay'' was the Chief of the Maoist's [[Dandakaranya]] Special Zonal committee which includes Garchirouli area of state of [[Maharastra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPqpCQAAQBAJ&q=Maoist+Venugopal+wife&pg=PA73|title=The Naxal Threat: Causes, State Response and Consequences|last=V R Raghavan|date=18 May 2011|isbn=9789381411940|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> He was appointed for the formation of a new guerrilla zone in the [[South India]] which would control areas on either side of [[Western Ghats]], from [[Goa]] to [[Idukki district|Idukki]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/No-dearth-of-leaders-in-CPI-Maoist/articleshow/10876664.cms|title=No dearth of leaders in CPI (Maoist)|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 November 2011 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> He was also deputed as the official spokesperson of CPI (Maoist) after the death of [[Cherukuri Rajkumar]] (Azad) in 2010. Venugopal took charge of publication division of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/09/top-maoist-leader-ganapathi-admits-to-leadership-crisis-in-party/|title=Top Maoist leader Ganapathi admits to leadership crisis in party|date=19 September 2013|website=tehelka.com|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519205026/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/09/top-maoist-leader-ganapathi-admits-to-leadership-crisis-in-party/|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Police intelligence suspect he is one of the brains behind the [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada]] that killed 76 jawans of [[Central Reserve Police Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/the-men-who-run-dandakaranya/602039/|title=The men who run Dandakaranya|website=financialexpress.com|date=9 April 2010 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Both Andhra Pradesh and [[Chhattishgarh]] Police had declared hefty amounts on his head. After the death of Kisenji, his party appointed him to lead [[Lalgarh, Jhargram|Lalgarh]] area movement in [[West Bengal]] against [[Operation Green Hunt]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kishenji-s-brother-venugopal-is-new-maoist-chief-of-lalgarh-1373381|title=Kishenji's brother Venugopal is new Maoist chief of Lalgarh|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

He along with 60 Maoist cadres surrendered to Maharashtra police on October 15, 2025 citing disappointment in how the idea of the insurgency changed over the years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=61 Maoists, including top leader Bhupati, surrender in Maharashtra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/61-maoists-including-top-leader-bhupati-surrender-in-maharashtra/article70163853.ece|access-date=2025-10-16|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Writings of Mallojula Venugopal Rao ==
Bhupati has authored a number of books under different pen name. ‘Rago' (Parrot), a novel authored by him under the pen name [https://www.telugubooks.in/products/raago Sadhana] in 1998. [https://www.telugubooks.in/products/raago Rago] dwelt on the tribal women's conditions and the reasons why they joined the movement. Bhupati promoted the use of [[Gondi language|Gondi]] language and had a deep knowledge of the tribal culture. another book, Ye jungle hamara hai (This Jungle is Our), and [[Bastar district|Bastar]] ki Jan sanskuruti (Peoples culture of Bastar) also gave insights into tribal life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title='Bhupati believed in mass struggle and promoted tribal culture' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bhupati-believed-in-mass-struggle-and-promoted-tribal-culture/articleshow/124561778.cms |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Bhupati also authored a [https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/documents/papers/JANATHANA%20SARKARS.htm document] that spelled out the laws that would govern the Maoists utopia of [https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/documents/papers/JANATHANA%20SARKARS.htm Jantana Sarkar] (Revolutionary peoples Committee).

== Surrender of Venugopal ==
The surrender of Mallojula Venugopal Rao (Bhupathi) in October 2025 was driven by a combination of personal, ideological, and strategic factors that together reflected the declining hold of Maoism in central India.[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/] Senior officials have confirmed their belief that a letter from a surrendered Maoist, known as [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/surrendered-maoist-couple-rehab-policy-ensures-those-coming-from-jungles-dont-regret-decision-10316921/ Asin Rajaram] ‘[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/#:~:text=What%20led%20to%20the%20surrender%3F Anil],’ and his life partner [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/surrendered-maoist-couple-rehab-policy-ensures-those-coming-from-jungles-dont-regret-decision-10316921/ Anju] played a vital role in inspiring Sonu’s decision to surrender.[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhupati-surrender-biggest-maoist-laydown-10306786/] and Also Bhupathi’s surrender was significantly influenced by the earlier defection of his wife, [https://theprint.in/india/senior-maoist-tarakka-a-veteran-of-35-encounters-surrenders-in-gadchiroli/2427201/ Tarakka], a senior Maoist leader who surrendered in January 2025 before the Maharashtra Chief Minister. Her decision established communication channels between Bhupathi and the police, building the trust needed for his own surrender. The loss of close comrades in police encounters and the isolation within the Maoist hierarchy further deepened his disillusionment.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Communist Party of India (Maoist)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Kulanthai Rani

2026-05-05T11:34:12Z

Robctr: adding a post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Kulanthai Rani. A.''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kulanthai Rani A, SIVAGANGA constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/kulanthai-rani-a-1005/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Sivaganga Assembly constituency in [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai district]] representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Sivaganga Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Tamil Nadu (Sivaganga) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sivaganga-election-result-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-winner-10669768/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rani is from [[Sivaganga|Sivagangai]], Tamil Nadu. She is a graduate.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulanthai Rani A Result 2026: Constituency, Party & Status, Tamil-Nadu Election Results |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/sivaganga-constituency/candidate-list/kulanthai-rani-a |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

Rani became an MLA for the first time making a winning debut in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. She polled 73,737 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[P. R. Senthilnathan]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 15,081 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=குலந்தை ராணி ஏ, TVK வேட்பாளர் தொகுதி சிவகங்கை தொகுதி : தேர்தல் வரலாறு & அரசியல் பயணம் |url=https://tamil.elections-v4.news18.com/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/kulanthai-rani-a-candidate-s22aed2008a186c005/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=tamil.elections-v4.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Kulanthai}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-03T23:04:32Z

Robctr: new.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| country = Bengal Presidency
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1937
| next_year = [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 (East Bengal)]] →
 {{nowrap|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952 (West Bengal)]]}}
| election_date = 1946
| seats_for_election = All 250 seats in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.png
| image1_size = 100px
| leader1 = [[Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
| party1 = All-India Muslim League
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 43
| seats1 = 113
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 70
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = File:Sarat Chandra Bose.jpg
| image2_size = 100px
| leader2 = [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| last_election2 = 54
| seats2 = 86
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 32
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = '''[[President's rule|Governor's rule]]'''
| before_party =
| after_election = '''[[Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy]]'''
| after_party = All-India Muslim League
}}

'''The 1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election''' was held in January 1946 as part of the final British [[1946 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial elections]] before independence. The election resulted in a decisive victory for the [[All-India Muslim League]], which formed the provincial government in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] under [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Minister]] [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]. The election played a crucial role in shaping the political future of Bengal, leading to the eventual [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]] of the province in 1947.

== Background ==
The campaign environment was heavily polarized. The All-India Muslim League, led in Bengal by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, framed the election as a referendum on the [[Pakistan Movement|demand for Pakistan]], urging Muslim voters to support the League exclusively. This strategy mobilized Muslim communities around the League’s vision for a separate Muslim homeland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC7ZDgAAQBAJ |title=Bengal Divided |date=2012-11-19 |publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-93-86495-30-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the Indian National Congress, with Sarat Chandra Bose leading the charge in Bengal, emphasized unity and a united India. Congress primarily contested general and Hindu seats, positioning itself as antithetical to partition and working to hold together a composite Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

==Seats==
The allocation of 250 seats in the assembly was based on the communal award. It is illustrated in the following.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite book |author=Sirajul Islam |year=2012 |chapter=Bengal Legislative Assembly |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Legislative_Assembly |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* General elected seats- 78
* [[Muslim]] electorate seats- 117
** Urban seats- 6
** Rural seats- 111
* [[Anglo-Indian]] electorate seats- 3
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] electorate seats- 11
* [[Indian Christian]] electorate seats- 2
* Commerce, Industries and Planting seats- 19
** [[Port of Calcutta]]
** [[Port of Chittagong]]
** [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce]]
** [[Jute]] Interest
** Tea Interest
** Railways
** Traders Associations
** Others
* [[Zamindar]] seats- 5
* Labour representatives- 8
* Education seats- 2
** [[University of Calcutta]]- 1
** [[University of Dacca]]- 1
* Women seats- 5
** General electorate- 2
** Muslim electorate- 2
** Anglo-Indian electorate- 1
{{div col end}}

==Results==
The election resulted in a decisive victory for the All-India Muslim League, giving it a dominant position in the 250-member Assembly. The League’s success was seen as a popular endorsement of the demand for Pakistan, particularly in Bengal, where Muslims constituted a majority of the population. The Indian National Congress secured most of the general (Hindu) seats, becoming the main opposition party. Other parties and independents also won a limited number of seats but failed to challenge the Muslim League’s dominance in Muslim constituencies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mushirul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1aqNAEACAAJ |title=India Partitioned: The Other Face of Freedom |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books Private, Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-955-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Political parties in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Subrata Kumar |edition=1st publ |series=Political parties in context |location=Westport, Conn. |editor-last2=Enskat |editor-first2=Mike |editor-last3=Spieß |editor-first3=Clemens}}</ref>{{Election results
|party1=[[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]|seats1=114
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=86
|colour3=yellow|party3=[[Krishak Praja Party]]|seats3=3
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|seats4=3
|party5=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|seats5=1
|party6=Independent Hindus|seats6=8
|party7=Independent Muslims|seats7=13
|party8=Others|seats8=22
}}

== Aftermath ==

=== Government Formation ===
Following the election, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy of the Muslim League was invited to form the [[Suhrawardy ministry|government]]. He became the Chief Minister of Bengal in April 1946 and led a Muslim League-only ministry, one of the few provinces to be governed solely by the League during this period.<ref name=":1" />

Suhrawardy’s government functioned during a period of intense political negotiations over the future of India. His administration promoted provincial autonomy, economic reform aimed at Muslim-majority rural areas and furthered the League’s vision of Pakistan. The strong electoral mandate in Bengal was later used by Muslim League leaders to argue that Muslims in eastern India supported partition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bennell |first=A. S. |date=April 1983 |title=Escape from empire: the Attlee government and the Indian problem. By R. J. Moore, pp. xii, 376, front. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1983. £19.50. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/escape-from-empire-the-attlee-government-and-the-indian-problem-by-r-j-moore-pp-xii-376-front-oxford-clarendon-press-1983-1950/DD8C595231BE9C58E6B530D8F9B3DF4F?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=329–331 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00137955 |issn=2051-2066|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== United Bengal Plan ===
In the months leading up to Partition, a proposal emerged to create an independent, undivided Bengal, separate from both India and Pakistan. This initiative, known as the [[United Bengal|United Bengal Plan]], was spearheaded by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the then Chief Minister of Bengal, and Sarat Chandra Bose, a prominent Congress leader and elder brother of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/bengal-divided/9B7D8CFAD7BCB416739BF9B5553E02EE |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52328-8 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563256}}</ref>

The plan envisioned Bengal as a sovereign nation-state, free from communal division, where Hindus and Muslims would co-govern a pluralistic society. Proponents argued that Bengal's unique cultural and economic unity should not be destroyed by partition. They emphasized Bengal's interdependent religious communities and sought to avoid the displacement and violence that partition would likely bring.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sole-spokesman/53629540A69011A6E2719E347AA80E91 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511558856}}</ref>

At the same time, constitutional negotiations were underway at the national level. The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 proposed a federal structure for India, grouping provinces into sections with significant autonomy, leaving open the possibility for provinces like Bengal to choose their political future. The United Bengal Plan was thus seen by its advocates as a practical response aligned with the Cabinet Mission’s emphasis on provincial autonomy and regional grouping.<ref name=":2" />

Suhrawardy and Bose received some backing from other political figures, including Kiran Shankar Roy and Abul Hashim, then Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League. They also sought support from Mahatma Gandhi and the British Cabinet Mission, both of whom showed some interest in the idea as a potential solution to the communal deadlock.<ref name=":3" />

However, the proposal faced strong resistance from both the Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha, particularly in western Bengal. Many Hindu leaders feared that an independent Bengal with a Muslim majority would marginalize Hindu interests and effectively align Bengal with Pakistan. The All-India Muslim League, while initially cautious, ultimately supported partition along religious lines, consistent with its wider campaign for Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=1 January 1999 |title=The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengal's Border Landscape, 1947–52 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/fashioning-of-a-frontier-the-radcliffe-line-and-bengals-border-landscape-194752/7DE26E8605CFB3DE9E7BF829D9C33C3B?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=185–242 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003066 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On 20 June 1947, in a special session of the Bengal Legislative Assembly, members voted on the issue of partition. The Muslim-majority legislators voted for joining Pakistan, while non-Muslim members voted for remaining in India. This resulted in the partition of Bengal under the Indian Independence Act 1947, forming East Bengal (Pakistan) and West Bengal (India) on 15 August 1947. The Suhrawardy ministry came to an end with the dissolution of the United Bengal Assembly.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=V. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FY5gI7SGU20C |title=The Transfer of Power in India |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0884-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further sources==
*Shila Sen: ''Muslim Politics in Bengal 1937-47''. Impex India: New Delhi, 1976 ([https://www.1947partitionarchive.org/node/344 online summary])
* ''Assembly Proceedings Official Report Bengal Legislative Assembly Second Session 1946 The 17th 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th and 31st July and 1st August 1946'' ([https://southasiacommons.net/artifacts/2333450/assembly-proceedings-official-report-bengal-legislative-assembly-second-session-1946-the-17th-24th-25th-26th-27th-30th-and-31st-july-and-1st-august-1946/3095538/ online version])
* [https://advocatetanmoy.com/history-of-west-bengal-legislative-assembly-from-1861/ AdvocateTanmoy.com: History of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1861]

[[Category:1946 elections in India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in the Bengal Presidency]]

Uttar Pradesh

2026-05-01T12:41:43Z

Robctr: refined lead also and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|State in northern India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Uttar Pradesh
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg
| caption1 = [[Taj Mahal]]
| image2 = India-5163 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sarnath]]
| image3= Triveni_Sangam.JPG
| caption3= [[Triveni Sangam]]
| image4 = Dudhwa National Park, Lucknow division, Uttar Pradesh, India (30783128830).jpg
| caption4 = [[Dudhwa National Park]]
| image5 = Scindia_Ghat_in_morning,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg
| caption5 = [[Ghats in Varanasi|Varanasi Ghats]]
| image6 = Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg
| caption6 = [[Ram Mandir]]
| image7 = Roomi gate.jpg
| caption7 = [[Rumi Darwaza]]
}}
| type = State
| image_seal = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| etymology = Northern Province
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| image_map = IN-UP.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|26.85|80.91|region:IN-UP_type:adm1st|display=it}}
| region = North India
| before_was = [[United Provinces (1937–1950)]]
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 24 January 1950<ref name="UPDay">{{Cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=United Province, UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24, 1950 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508200722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html |archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>
| capital = Lucknow
| largestcity = capital
| metro = Lucknow
| districts = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|75 (18 divisions)]]<ref name="districts">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh District |url=http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415123851/http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=up.gov.in |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref name="list of district">{{Cite web |title=List of districts in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426231823/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=archive.india.gov.in |publisher=Government of India }}</ref>
| Governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=20 July 2019 |title=Anandiben Patel made UP governor, Lal ji Tandon to replace her in Madhya Pradesh|work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-madhya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720111904/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-madhya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20 |archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Governor of UP">{{Cite web |title=The Governor of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503081924/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly }}</ref>
| Chief_Minister = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] ([[BJP]]) [[Brajesh Pathak]] ([[BJP]])
| legislature_type = Bicameral
| council = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 100 seats
| assembly = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 403 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 31 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 80 seats
| judiciary = [[Allahabad High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 243286
| area_rank = 4th
| length_km = 650
| width_km = 240
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh {{!}} History, Government, Map, & Population {{!}} Britannica|work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 957
| elevation_max_point = Amsot Peak<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=List of Highest Mountain Peaks State-wise |url=https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Wordpandit|archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324212911/https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 60
| elevation_min_point = [[Ganges|Ganges River]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 241,066,874
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank = 1st
| population_density = 1001
| population_urban = 22.27%
| population_rural = 77.73%
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang" />
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref name="UP_budjet">{{Cite web |title=Handbook of Statistics of Indian States 2021–22 |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0HBS19112022_FLFE4F2F9158294692B030A251E00555F8.PDF |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |pages=37–42 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129151430/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0HSIS241121FL7A6B5C0ECBC64B0ABF0A097B1AD40C83.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{INRConvert|30.8|lc}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2025-26 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttar-pradesh-budget-analysis-2025-26 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>
| GDP_year = 2025–2026
| GDP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_per_capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|107468|}} (2023-24 FY)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2025-26 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttar-pradesh-budget-analysis-2025-26 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 28th
| HDI = {{increase}} 0.609 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 34th
| literacy = 78.2%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 30th
| sex_ratio = 1015 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021) |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14 |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 19th
| iso_code = IN-UP
| registration_plate = UP
| website = up.gov.in
| foundation_day = Uttar Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Barasingha]]
| bird = [[Sarus crane]]
| flower = [[Butea monosperma|Palash]]
| tree = [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]]
| image_highway = SH IN-UP.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|UP SH1 – UP SH99]]
}}

'''Uttar Pradesh''' ({{respell|UTT|ər|_|prə|DESH}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''UP'''; {{langx|hi|Uttar Pradēś}}, {{IPA|hi|ˈʊt̪ːəɾ pɾə.ˈdeːɕ|pron|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Aparna Gondhalekar-उत्तर प्रदेश.wav}}, {{literally|Northern Province}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[North India|northern India]]. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populated state]] not just in India but [[List of first-level administrative divisions by population|worldwide]] – if it were a country, it would be the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|sixth-largest]] in the world<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kopf |first1=Dan |last2=Varathan |first2=Preeti |date=11 October 2017 |title=If Uttar Pradesh were a country|work=Quartz India |url=https://qz.com/india/1094942/if-uttar-pradesh-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622011953/https://qz.com/india/1094942/if-uttar-pradesh-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/ |archive-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> – and accounting for 17% of the population of India and around 3% of the total world population. The state is bordered by [[Rajasthan]] to the west, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] to the northwest, [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Nepal]] to the north, [[Bihar]] to the east, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] to the south. It is the [[List of states of India by area|fourth-largest Indian state by area]] covering {{convert|243286|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, accounting for 7.3 per cent of the total area of India. [[Lucknow]] serves as the [[state capital]], with [[Prayagraj]] being the [[Allahabad High Court|judicial capital]]. It is divided into 18 [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|divisions]] and 75 [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]].

Uttar Pradesh was established in 1950 after India had become a republic. It is a successor to the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], established in 1935 by renaming the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], in turn established in 1902 from the [[North-Western Provinces]] and the [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Oudh Province]]. The two major rivers of the state, the [[Ganges]] and its tributary [[Yamuna]], meet at the [[Triveni Sangam]] in Prayagraj, a Hindu pilgrimage site. Other notable rivers are [[Gomti River|Gomti]] and [[Ghaghara|Sarayu]]. Most of the state is covered by the Indo Gangetic plain which is intensely farmed. The forest cover in the state is 6.1 per cent of the state's geographical area, mainly in the northern Terai. The cultivable area is 82 per cent of the total geographical area, and the net area sown is 68.5 per cent of the cultivable area.<ref name="Cultivation">{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=niti.gov.in |publisher=[[NITI Aayog]] |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007073805/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh encompasses several distinct cultural regions, forming a continuum from [[Braj]] and [[Rohilkhand]] in the west to [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Awadh]] in the centre and [[Purvanchal]] in the east.{{not verified in body|date=December 2025}} [[Hindi]] is the official and most widely-spoken language, with [[Urdu]] as an additional official language. The region has been a major centre of political and cultural development throughout Indian history. It was the core area of several dominant Indian dynasties, including the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Vardhana]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires. During the British colonial period, the area contained several princely states, notably [[Rampur State|Rampur]], [[Benares State|Benares]], and Ramgadi, and played a central role in the Indian independence movement, including the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

Though long known for sugar production, the state's economy is now dominated by the services industry. The service sector comprises travel and [[tourism]], [[hotel industry]], [[real estate]], [[insurance]] and financial consultancies. The [[economy of Uttar Pradesh]] is just the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|third-largest state economy]] in India, with {{INRConvert|39.8|t|lk=on}}<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttarpradesh-budget-analysis-2026-27|publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> in [[gross domestic product]] and a per capita GSDP of {{INR|152366}}<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttarpradesh-budget-analysis-2026-27|publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> The [[Allahabad High Court|High Court]] of the state is located in [[Prayagraj]]. The state plays an important role in national politics, sending 80 seats to the lower house [[Lok Sabha]] and 31 seats to the upper house [[Rajya Sabha]]. Uttar Pradesh is significant for several major world religions. It is home to many of [[Hinduism]]'s most important pilgrimage sites, including [[Varanasi]], [[Mathura]], [[Ayodhya]], and [[Prayagraj]]. The state is also important to Buddhism; Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon at [[Sarnath]] near Varanasi. Several sites in the state are associated with Jainism, and Uttar Pradesh has been an important centre of Islamic culture, architecture, and learning since the medieval period. The state contains three [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].

== History ==
{{main|History of Uttar Pradesh}}

=== Prehistory ===
The region of present-day Uttar Pradesh has been inhabited since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times, with evidence of [[Early modern human|modern human]] hunter-gatherers dating to between approximately 85,000 and 72,000 years ago.<ref>Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA69 |title=Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona |year=1985 |isbn=9004075127 |page=69 | publisher=BRILL |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA58 |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=052128550X |page=58 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325035117/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96 |title=Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume |last2=Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo |last3=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |date=1985 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0861320882 |page=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324205017/https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological finds from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods (c. 31,000–21,000 years ago) have been reported, while [[Mesolithic]] or [[microlithic]] settlements, such as those at Sarai Nahar Rai in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], date to around 10,550–9,550 BCE and indicate subsistence patterns based on hunting, fishing, and early burial practices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gibling |first1=Sinha |last2=Sinha |first2=Roy |last3=Roy |first3=Tandon |last4=Tandon |first4=Jain |last5=Jain |first5=M |year=2008 |title=Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=27 |issue=3–4 |page=391 |bibcode=2008QSRv...27..391G |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001 |s2cid=129392697|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Early [[Stone Age]] remains have also been identified in the Belan Valley, where tools such as hand axes and cleavers reflect long-term habitation by hunter-gatherer communities. [[Neolithic]] sites, including [[Koldihwa]], provide evidence of early agriculture, including rice cultivation, alongside domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats, with village settlements emerging as early as 6000 BCE and gradually developing between c. 4000 and 1500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA263 |title=God-apes and Fossil Men |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2000 |isbn=0472110136 |page=263 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA263 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> This developmental phase overlaps with broader cultural transitions from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and [[Culture of Harappa|Harappan traditions]] to the [[Vedic period]]. During the [[Chalcolithic]] phase, the use of copper alongside stone tools is reflected in the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture at sites such as Atranjikhera, along with copper hoards found across the Ganga–Yamuna Doab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA119 |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=052128550X |page=119 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA119 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The subsequent Iron Age is marked by the Painted Grey Ware culture at sites including Hastinapur and Ahichchhatra, followed by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (NBPW) culture at urban centres such as [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]] and Varanasi, reflecting increasing urbanisation and socio-economic complexity in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=V N |date=November 2001 |title=Prehistoric human colonization of India |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Biosciences |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |volume=26 |pages=491–531 |doi=10.1007/bf02704749 |pmid=11779962 |s2cid=26248907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171203/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |access-date=19 September 2017 |number=4 Supp|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Ancient and classical period ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 =
| caption1 = Kausambi fort walls from Period I with burnt brick revetment, 1025–700 BCE, PGW culture. Weeping holes at the base can be clearly observed.
| image2 = Dhamek Stupta and the Ancient Buddhist Site at Sarnath.jpg
| background colour = #FDF5E6
| caption2 = The [[Dhamekh Stupa]] in Sarnath is where [[Gautama Buddha]] first taught the [[Dharma]], and where the Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] came into existence through the [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] of [[Kondanna Buddha|Kondanna]].
| direction =
| alt1 =
}}

Out of the sixteen ''[[mahajanapadas]]'' ({{lit|great realms}}) or [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]s that existed in ancient India, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh – History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |archive-date=1 April 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|quote=A systematic history of India and the area of Uttar Pradesh dates to the end of the 7th century BCE, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India were contending for supremacy. Of those, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of Uttar Pradesh.}}</ref> The kingdom of [[Kosala]], in the [[Mahajanapada]] era, was also located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Sen1999">{{Cite book |last=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105 |title=Ancient Indian History And Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=978-8122411980 |pages=105–106 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155843/http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Hinduism, the divine King [[Rama]] of the [[Ramayana]] epic reigned in [[Ayodhya]], the capital of Kosala.<ref name="Buck2000">{{Cite book |last=William Buck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC |title=Ramayana |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120817203 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604213755/http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC |archive-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Krishna]], another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the [[Mahabharata]] epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation ([[Avatar]]) of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], is said to have been born in the city of [[Mathura]].<ref name="Sen1999" /> The aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]] is believed to have taken place in the area between the [[Doab#Upper Doab|Upper Doab]] and [[Delhi]], (in what was [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] Mahajanapada), during the reign of the [[Pandava]] King [[Yudhishthira]]. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the [[Black and Red Ware]] and [[Painted Gray Ware]] culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BCE.<ref name="Sen1999" />

Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] (320–200 BCE), [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] (100–250 CE), [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] (350–600), and [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] (650–1036) empires.<ref name="White2010">{{Cite book |last=Richard White |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC |title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1107005624 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528145049/http://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Huns]]' invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the [[Doab#The Doab|Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] saw the rise of [[Kannauj]].<ref name="Corporation2007">{{Cite book |last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331 |title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia |date=2007 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0761476313 |pages=331–335 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122741/http://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the reign of [[Harshavardhana]] (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.<ref name="Corporation2007" /> It spanned from [[Punjab]] in the north and [[Gujarat]] in the west to [[Bengal]] in the east and [[Odisha]] in the south.<ref name="Sen1999" /> It included parts of central India, north of the [[Narmada River]] and it encompassed the entire [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref name="Chopra2003" /> Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.<ref name="Bowman2000" /> Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's [[Pala Empire]] for control of the region.<ref name="Chopra2003">{{Cite book |last=Pran Nath Chopra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196 |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |date=2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-8120725034 |page=196 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140148/http://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kannauj was several times invaded by the South Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], from the 8th century to the 10th century.<ref>The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102</ref><ref>The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37</ref> After the fall of the Pala empire, the [[Chero dynasty]] ruled from the 12th century to the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pradyuman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=chero+dynasty&pg=PT71 |title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-9352667697}}</ref>

==== Delhi Sultanate ====
Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1206–90), the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1414), the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–51), and the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526).<ref>* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirvadi Lal |url=https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Sultanate of Delhi 711–1526 A D |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |year=1929 |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408110410/https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |archive-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Unesco1998">{{Cite book |last1=Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA269 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |last2=Bosworth |publisher=UNESCO |year=1998 |isbn=978-9231034671 |pages=269–291 |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162944/https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first Sultan of Delhi, [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], conquered some parts of Uttar Pradesh, including [[Meerut]], [[Aligarh]], and [[Etawah]]. His successor, [[Iltutmish]], expanded the Sultanate's rule over Uttar Pradesh by defeating the King of [[Kannauj]]. During the reign of Sultan [[Balban]], the Mamluk dynasty faced numerous rebellions in the state, but he was able to suppress them and establish his authority. [[Alauddin Khilji]], extended his conquests to various regions in the state, including [[Varanasi]] and [[Prayagraj]]. Apart from the rulers, the Delhi Sultanate era also saw the growth of [[Sufism]] in Uttar Pradesh. Sufi saints, such as [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], lived during this period and their teachings had a significant impact on the people of the region. Sultanat era in the state also witnessed the construction of mosques and tombs, including the [[Atala Masjid]] in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], the [[Jama Masjid]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and the [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb]] in [[Tughlaqabad]].<ref name="Atala">{{cite web | title=Atala Masjid | website=District Jaunpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | date=20 June 2017 | url=https://jaunpur.nic.in/tourist-place/atala-masjid/ | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Tughluq Tomb">{{cite web | last=Datta | first=Rangan | title=The tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq | website=Telegraph India | date=22 July 2022 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-tomb-of-ghiyasuddin-tughlaq-near-tughlaqabad-fort-in-south-delhi/cid/1875958 | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Medieval and early modern period ===
In the 16th century, [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] descendant of [[Timur]] and [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan]] from [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), swept across the [[Khyber Pass]] and founded the [[Mughal Empire]], covering [[India]], along with modern-day [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian [[Turkic people|Turks]] (with significant [[Mongol]] admixture). In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.<ref name="Bowman2000">{{Cite book |last=John Stewart Bowman |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231110044 |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/273 273] |access-date=2 August 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi.<ref name="Schimmel2004">{{Cite book |last=Annemarie Schimmel |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1861891853 |access-date=1 October 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="HindustanHiro2006">{{Cite book |last1=Babur (Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC |title=Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur |last2=Dilip Hiro |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0144001491 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528160214/http://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1540 an Afghan, [[Sher Shah Suri]], took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal King Humanyun.<ref name="Ramirez-Faria2007">{{Cite book |last=Carlos Ramirez-Faria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2007 |isbn=978-8126907755 |page=171 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155918/http://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at [[Gwalior]].<ref name="Hindustan">{{Cite book |last=Stronge |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&q=hindustan+by+mughal |title=Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence |publisher=The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms |year=2012 |isbn=9788174366962 |location=London |page=255 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115741/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&dq=hindustan+by+mughal |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]], his prime minister [[Hemu]] became the ''de facto'' ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of ''[[Hemu|Hemchandra Vikramaditya]]'' (title of [[Vikramāditya]] adopted from [[Vedic period]]) at his formal coronation took place at [[Purana Qila]] in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later, Hemu died in the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor [[Akbar]]'s rule.<ref name="Agrawal1983">{{Cite book |last=Ashvini Agrawal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA30 |title=Studies in Mughal History |date=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120823266 |pages=30–46 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528153902/http://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA30 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Akbar ruled from [[Agra]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>Fergus Nicoll, ''Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor'' (2009)</ref>

In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the [[Maratha Empire]], in the mid-18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in [[Rohilla]]s losing control of [[Rohilkhand]] to the Maratha forces led by [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malha Rao Holkar]]. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]], the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general [[Mahadji Scindia|Mahadaji Scindia]]. In 1803–04, following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], when the [[British East India Company]] defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |title=Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0231127318}}</ref>

==== British India era ====
{{Infobox
| above = Timeline of reorganisation and name changes of UP<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=Uttar Pradesh Day: How the state was born 67 years back |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
| label2 = 1807
| data2 = [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]
| label3 = 14 November 1834
| data3 = [[Presidency of Agra]]
| label4 = 1 January 1836
| data4 = [[North-Western Provinces]]
| label5 = 3 April 1858
| data5 = [[Oudh]] taken under British control, [[Delhi]] taken away from [[North-Western Provinces|NWP]] and merged into [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]
| label6 = 1 April 1871
| data6 = [[Ajmer]], [[Mewar|Merwara]] & [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]] made separate commissioner-ship
| label7 = 15 February 1877
| data7 = Oudh added to [[North-Western Provinces]]
| label8 = 22 March 1902
| data8 = Renamed [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
| label9 = 3 January 1921
| data9 = Renamed [[United Provinces of British India]]
| label10 = 1 April 1937
| data10 = Renamed [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
| label11 = 1 April 1946
| data11 = Self rule granted
| label12 = 15 August 1947
| data12 = Part of independent India
| label13 = 24 January 1950
| data13 = Renamed Uttar Pradesh
| label14 = 9 November 2000
| data14 = Uttaranchal state, now known as [[Uttarakhand]], created from part of Uttar Pradesh
}}

Starting from [[Bengal]] in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the [[British East India Company]] accession over the state's territories.<ref name="Kudaisya2006">{{Cite book |last=Gyanesh Kudaisya |title=Region, nation, "heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's body-politic |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=1994 |isbn=978-3825820978 |pages=126–376}}</ref> [[Ajmer]] and [[Jaipur]] kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "[[North-Western Provinces]]" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.<ref name="Sivaramakrishnan1999">{{Cite book |last=K. Sivaramakrishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240 |title=Modern Forests: Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0804745567 |pages=240–276 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135332/http://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashutosh Joshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=Naini&pg=PA151 |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-8189422820 |page=237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151&dq=Naini&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CN7OUsznI8yTrgeDwYDgCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Allahabad%20capital&f=false |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India, which became known as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]; [[Bengal]] [[regiment]]'s sepoy stationed at [[Meerut]] [[cantonment]], [[Mangal Pandey]], is widely considered as its starting point.<ref name="Mukherjee2005">{{Cite book |last=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ |title=Mangal Pandey: brave martyr or accidental hero? |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0143032564 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605164801/http://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], while the [[Ajmer]]–[[Marwar]] region was merged with [[Rajputana]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]] was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref name="(India)Drake-Brockman1934">{{Cite book |last1=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: supp.D.Pilibhit District |last2=D.L. Drake-Brockman |publisher=Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces |year=1934 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131217/http://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.<ref name="Chakrabarti1997">{{Cite book |last=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |isbn=978-8121507509 |location=Michigan |page=257 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140749/http://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohn1996">{{Cite book |last=Bernard S. Cohn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC |title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0691000435 |page=189 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528150524/http://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Wilkinson-Weber1999">{{Cite book |last=Clare M. Wilkinson-Weber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18 |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0791440872 |page=18 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow.<ref name="Lucknow Bench">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Prakash Narain |title=A History of the Lucknow Bench Of The Allahabad High Court |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Allahabad High Court |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172749/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.<ref name="Nair2004">{{Cite book |last=K. Balasankaran Nair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC |title=Law of Contempt of Court in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2004 |isbn=978-8126903597 |page=320 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528143730/http://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the [[Indian independence movement]]. The state hosted modern educational institutions such as the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Banaras Hindu University]] and [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. Nationally known figures such as [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] were important national leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The [[All India Kisan Sabha]] was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] elected as its first president,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śekhara |first=Bandyopādhyāya |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8125025962 |page=407}}</ref> to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the [[zamindari]] landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāya |first=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8125025962 |page=406}}</ref> During the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, [[Ballia]] district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under [[Chittu Pandey]]. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.<ref name="Chatterji2006">{{Cite book |last=Bankim Chandra Chatterji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC |title=Anandamath |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |year=2006 |isbn=978-8122201307 |page=168 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528130144/http://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Post-independence ====
After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" ({{Lit|northern province}}), preserving UP as the abbreviation of the state's name,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh – States and Union Territories |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715014814/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 July 2015 |website=Know India: National Portal of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2007 |title=Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021112/http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |publisher=What is India}}</ref> with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.<ref name="UPDay" /> The new state was formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], and the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related]] and [[communal violence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2014 |title=Communal violence |work=[[Business Standard]] |publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] |agency=[[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115034/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> In December 1992 the disputed [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] located in [[Ayodhya]] was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.<ref name="communal violence">{{Cite news |last=communal violence |first=in uttar pradesh |title=Communal conflicts in state |work=Tehalka |url=http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/ |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112232933/http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/ |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="separation">{{Cite book |last1=J. C. Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&pg=PA391 |title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future |last2=S. P. Agrawal |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company of India |isbn=978-8170225720 |page=391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324171535/https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&pg=PA391 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:Indo-Gangetic Plain.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Northern Plain or North Indian River Plain|A part of the Gangetic Plain]]
Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of {{convert|240928|km2|sqmi|0}}, is India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,<ref name="land">{{Cite web |title=Most critical factors |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land_830.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215063439/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land_830.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh climate department}}</ref> but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains.<ref name="Geography">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Geography |url=http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/Geography/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723070728/http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/geography/index.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Profile}}</ref> The larger [[Gangetic Plain]] region is in the north; it includes the [[Doab#The Doab|Ganges-Yamuna Doab]], the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the [[Terai]].<ref name="Terai">{{Cite web |title=The larger Gangetic Plain |url=http://www.gecafs.org/publications/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202743/http://www.gecafs.org/publications/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Gecafs}}</ref> The smaller [[Vindhya Range]] and plateau region are in the south.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web |title=Gangetic Plains and Vindhya Hills and plateau. |url=http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104938/http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=[[Zee news]]}}</ref> It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. The [[Bhabar|Bhabhar]] tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall [[Saccharum ravennae|elephant grass]] and thick forests interspersed with [[marshes]] and [[swamps]].<ref name="Terai Area">{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Shakeel |date=16 August 2018 |title=List of major canals and dams in Uttar Pradesh |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Limited |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622130821/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bhabhar">{{Cite web |title=Indo–African Journal for Resource Management |url=http://thehaider.com/4.2.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401145006/https://thehaider.com/4.2.1.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=Indo–African Journal for Resource Management and Planning}}</ref> The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area, their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip. The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions.<ref name="Great Plains">{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Shakeel |title=The Great Plains of India |work=Jagran Josh |publisher=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Private Limited |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plains-of-india-1448281967-1 |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121224151/http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plains-of-india-1448281967-1 |archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref> The first in the [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|eastern]] tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical [[floods]] and [[droughts]] and have been classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the [[Central Uttar Pradesh|central]] and the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|western]], are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.<ref name="Western - Eastern Irrigation">{{Cite journal |last=Clift |first=Charles |year=1977 |title=Progress of Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh: East-West Differences |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365953 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=[[JSTOR]] |volume=12 |issue=39 |pages=A83–A90 |jstor=4365953 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043546/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365953 |url-status=live }}</ref> They suffer from waterlogging and large-scale user tracts.<ref name="Meena">{{Cite book |last=R P Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 |title=Uttar Pradesh Current Affairs Yearbook 2020 |publisher=New Era Publication |page=6 |id=GGKEY:XTXLJ8SQZFE |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164948/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], [[Saraswati river|Saraswati]], [[Sarayu]], [[Betwa]], and [[Ghaghara]] are larger and of religious importance in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="rivers">{{Cite news |title=Rivers of Uttar Pradesh |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013021/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref>

[[Tillage|Cultivation]] is intensive in the state.<ref name="glossary">{{Cite web |title=The Glossary of Meteorology |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005143046/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface2 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Allen Press Inc.}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh falls under three agro-climatic zones viz. Middle Gangetic Plains region (Zone–IV), Upper Gangetic Plains region (Zone–V) and Central Plateau and Hills region (Zone–VIII).<ref name="Agro-Climatic">{{Cite web |title=Agriculture Mechanization Guide for Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area). |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065713/https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area). |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[valley]] areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are deficient.<ref name="Irrigation">{{Cite web |title=Potential Creation and Utilisation |url=http://irrigation.up.nic.in/aboutus_irrigation_potential.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213084300/http://irrigation.up.nic.in/aboutus_irrigation_potential.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Irrigation department U.P}}</ref> The [[Siwalik Range]] which forms the southern foothills of the [[Himalayas]], slopes down into a boulder bed called 'bhabhar'.<ref name="Preface">{{Cite web |title=Purports to define every important meteorological term likely to be found in the literature today. |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712214139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Allen Press, Inc.}}</ref> The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging [[Torrent (stream)|torrents]] during the [[monsoon]].<ref name="Singh1998">{{Cite book |last=Vir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&pg=PA102 |title=Mountain Ecosystems: A Scenario of Unsustainability |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-8173870811 |pages=102–264 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155028/http://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&pg=PA102 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Climate chart|[[Agra]]
|8.0|22.3|9
|10.4|25.2|12
|15.9|32.0|10
|22.3|38.5|10
|26.5|41.6|16
|28.5|40.7|67
|26.8|35.2|196
|25.8|33.7|227
|24.4|34.4|113
|19.9|34.3|27
|13.7|29.7|3
|9.1|24.0|5
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/IN/42261.TXT NOAA]}}

[[File:Sunset in Indirapuram Uttar Pradesh.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Early monsoon days in Lucknow|Monsoon clouds over [[Indirapuram]]]]
Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.<ref name="Board2008" /> The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.<ref name="Climate">{{Cite web |title=Climate change impacts |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Climate_861.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115211430/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Climate_861.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh climate department}}</ref> Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between {{Convert|0-50|C|F}} in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the ''[[Loo (wind)|Loo]]''.<ref name="rana2007">{{Citation |last=S.V.S. Rana |title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC |year=2007 |publisher=Prentice Hall of India |isbn=978-81-203-3300-0}}</ref> The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.<ref name="Climate" /> The mean annual rainfall ranges from {{Convert|650|mm|in|abbr=in}} in the southwest corner of the state to {{Convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=in}} in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.<ref name="rainfall">{{Cite web |last=Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow |first=Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh |title=Average rainfall pattern of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824174636/http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g! |archive-date=24 August 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the [[Monsoon of India|Indian monsoon]] is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the ''[[western disturbances]]'' and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.<ref name="Board2008">{{Cite book |last=Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA26 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |year=2008 |isbn=978-8174824080 |pages=26– |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605095943/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA26 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WesDist">{{Cite news |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=13 February 2007 |title=Met dept blames it on 'western disturbance' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Met-dept-blames-it-on-western-disturbance/articleshow/1600979.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-13/india/27887812_1_met-dept-disturbance-rains |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of {{Convert|170|cm|in|abbr=in}} in hilly areas to {{Convert|84|cm|in|abbr=in}} in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Board2008" /> Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and [[plateau]] is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between {{Convert|1000 and 1200|mm|in|abbr=in}}, most of which comes during the monsoon.<ref name="Climate" /> Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from {{convert|30-38|C|F}}. There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called ''[[loo (wind)|loo]]'' blow all across Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Board2008" />

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{See also|Pilibhit Tiger Reserve|Dudhwa National Park}}
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%"
|+ '''State symbols of Uttar Pradesh'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower |url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=Panna Tiger Reserve}}</ref><ref name="dance">{{Cite web |title=Music & Dance |url=http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123210405/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=uptourism.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism}}</ref>
|-
| '''State animal'''
| [[Swamp deer]] (''Rucervus duvaucelii'')|| [[File:The barasingha.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''State bird'''
| [[Sarus crane]] (''Antigone antigone'')|| [[File:Grus antigone Luc viatour.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''State tree'''
| [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]] (''Saraca asoca'') || [[File:Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) flowers W IMG 7050.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''State flower'''
| [[Butea monosperma|Palash]] (''Butea monosperma'') || [[File:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''State dance'''
| [[Kathak]] || [[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''State sport'''
| [[Field hockey]] || [[File:Field hockey.jpg|50px]]
|}
Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.<ref name="Flora">{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Forest Corporation |url=http://www.upforestcorporation.in/Default.aspx |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120145111/http://www.upforestcorporation.in/Default.aspx |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Forest department uttar pradesh}}</ref> In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was {{convert|16583|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.<ref name="fsiwbforest">{{Cite web |title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107201030/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=India state of forest report 2009 |publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India}}</ref> In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a [[habitat]] for 4.2% of all species of [[Algae]] recorded in India, 6.4% of [[Fungi]], 6.0% of [[Lichens]], 2.9% of [[Bryophytes]], 3.3% of [[Pteridophytes]], 8.7% of [[Gymnosperms]], 8.1% of [[Angiosperms]].<ref name="Plant Diversity">{{Cite web |title=Floral and Faunal Diversity of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.upsbdb.org/diversity-of-up.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705034421/http://upsbdb.org/diversity-of-up.php |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board}}</ref> Several species of trees, large and small [[mammals]], [[reptiles]], and insects are found in the belt of [[temperate]] upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aegyptica |url=http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm#Balanites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506192204/http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=21 September 2009 |publisher=Bsienvis.nic.in}}</ref> and are also grown in [[plantations]]. The [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]] support cattle. Moist [[deciduous]] trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the [[habitat]] of large and small reptiles, [[amphibians]], freshwater fish, and crabs. [[Scrubland]] trees such as the [[Babool]] (''Vachellia nilotica'') and animals such as the [[Chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii'') are found in the arid Vindhyas.<ref name="animals">{{Cite web |title=Bird Sanctuary |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/wild_life.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704191031/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/wild_life.htm |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=U.P tourism}}</ref><ref name="Predominant">{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary Park in U.P |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm#Suhelva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718025605/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=U.P tourism}}</ref> Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.<ref name="Vegetation and Flora">{{Cite web |title=Few patches of natural forest |url=http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140217/http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=State government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly [[Acacia nilotica|babool]] are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.<ref name="Thorny Forest">{{Cite web |last=The Forests and biodiversity |first=in UP are important in many ways |title=Miscellaneous Statistics |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115214704/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive [[Bird|avifauna]].<ref name="Avifauna">{{Cite web |title=Conservation of the Avifauna |url=http://ww.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69LhYrtqy?url=http://ww.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=[[Dudhwa National Park]]}}</ref> The most common birds which are found in the state are [[Columbidae|doves]], [[peafowl]], [[junglefowl]], black partridges, [[house sparrow]]s, [[songbirds]], [[blue jay]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[quail]]s, [[bulbul]]s, [[Knob-billed duck|comb ducks]], [[kingfisher]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, [[snipe]]s, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include [[Bakhira Sanctuary]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], [[Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Okhla Sanctuary]].<ref name="Bakhira">{{Cite web |title=Bakhira Bird Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170352/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=UP Forest and Wildlife Department }}</ref><ref name="Chambal Gharial">{{Cite web |title=National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101110955/http://www.nationalchambalsanctuary.in/ |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |publisher=National Chambal Sanctuary}}</ref><ref name="Chandra Prabha">{{Cite web |title=Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary And Picnic Spots |url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-chandra-prabha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170953/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-chandra-prabha |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=uptourism.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism}}</ref><ref name="Hastinapur Wild Life">{{Cite web |title=Hastinapur Wild Life Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170724/http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=P Forest and Wildlife Department }}</ref><ref name="Kaimoor Wild Life">{{Cite web |title=Kaimoor Wild Life Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171033/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Okhla Bird Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171135/http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=UP Forest and Wildlife Department }}</ref>

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as [[lizard]]s, [[cobra]]s, [[Bungarus|kraits]], and [[gharial]]s. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are [[Mahseer|mahaseer]] and [[trout]]. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the [[rhinoceros]] from the [[Terai]] region, [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]] primarily found in the Ganges have become [[Endangered species|endangered]].<ref name="S.k.agarwal">{{Cite book |last=S. K. Agarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61 |title=Environment Biotechnology |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-8131302941 |page=61 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073400/http://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|government]].<ref name="fauna">{{Cite web |title=Processing of manuscripts of Fauna |url=http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-12/HQ/Fauna.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093620/http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-12/HQ/Fauna.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Indian Government}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Constituent regions}}{{Anchor|Regions and cities}}
{{clear}}

== Divisions, districts and cities ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{See also|Western Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh|Central Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:Uttar Pradesh administrative divisions.svg|right|thumb|200px|alt="Administrative Divisions"|[[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh]]]]

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:<ref name="divisions">{{Cite web |title=State division of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510202421/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

{| style="margin-left:30px"
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=57%}}
{{ordered list|start=1
|[[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur]]
|[[Moradabad division|Moradabad]]
|[[Bareilly division|Bareilly]]
|[[Meerut division|Meerut]]
|[[Aligarh division|Aligarh]]
|[[Agra division|Agra]]
|[[Devipatan division|Devipatan]]
|[[Basti division|Basti]]
|[[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]]
}}
{{col-break}}
{{ordered list|start=10
|[[Kanpur division|Kanpur]]
|[[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
|[[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
|[[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]]
|[[Jhansi division|Jhansi]]
|[[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]
|[[Prayagraj division|Prayagraj]]
|[[Varanasi division|Varanasi]]
|[[Mirzapur division|Mirzapur]]
}}
{{Col-end}}
|}

The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.<ref name="districts1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Districts by population |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=5 October 2012 |website=2011 Census of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Rank (in India) !! District !! Population !! Growth Rate (%) !! Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) !! Literacy Rate (%)
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 13 || [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]|| 5,954,391 || 20.63 || 901 || 72.32
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 26 || [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] || 4,772,006 || 25.22 || 906 || 56.77
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 27 || [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]|| 4,681,645 || 42.27 || 881 || 78.07
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 30 || [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] || 4,613,913 || 17.11 || 1019 || 70.93
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 31 || [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] || 4,589,838 || 25.82 || 917 || 77.29
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 32 || [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]] || 4,581,268 || 9.92 || 862 || 79.65
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 41 || [[Agra district|Agra]] || 4,418,797 || 22.05 || 868 || 71.58
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"
| 50 || [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]|| 4,448,359 || 22.93% || 887 || 58.5
|}

Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] (DM), who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and reports to [[Divisional Commissioner]] of the division in which his district falls.<ref name="panchayat" /> The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority, and part of revenue department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Objectives & Functions {{!}} Division Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://prayagrajdivision.nic.in/about-department/objectives-functions/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Each district is divided into subdivisions, administered by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]], and again into [[Tehsil]]s for land revenue administration. Each district is divided into [[Community development block|Blocks]], primarily for rural development administration, and consists of gram panchayats (village councils).<ref name="blocks">{{Cite web |year=1947 |title=Panchayati Raj Act, 1947 – Chapter 6 – The Nyaya Panchayat |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch6.57-70.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023420/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch6.57-70.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2017 |website=Department of Panchayati Raj, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref> These blocks consists of urban units viz. [[census towns]] and rural units called [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="panchayat">{{Cite web |year=1947 |title=Panchayati Raj Act, 1947 |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712165910/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Department of Panchayati Raj, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref>

Local governance comprises Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Uttar Pradesh |url=https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/About/AboutPrdUP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803212557/https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/About/AboutPrdUP |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref>—[[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]], [[Kshetra panchayat|Kshettra Panchayats]], and [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]—and urban local bodies such as Nagar Nigams (''[[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]]''), Nagar Palikas (''[[Municipal council (India)|municipal councils]]''), and [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayats]], all governed by elected councils with five-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/ULBWard2017.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209151055/https://sec.up.nic.in/site/ULBWard2017.aspx |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=sec.up.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/ https://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/contact.html]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Uttar Pradesh Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961 {{!}} Ministry Of Panchayati Raj {{!}} India |url=https://panchayat.gov.in/en/document/the-uttar-pradesh-kshettra-panchayats-and-zila-panchayats-adhiniyam-1961/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh has more [[List of most populous cities in India|metropolitan cities]] than any other state in India.<ref name="metropolitan cities">{{Cite news |date=30 August 2010 |title=Panels to draft development plans for 13 cities |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/panels-to-draft-development-plans-for-13-cities/674326/ |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Metro cities">{{Cite web |title=The area and density of metropolitan cities |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142027/http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=The Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref> The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second-highest of any state.<ref name="Population info">{{Cite web |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226224319/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Census of India 2011 |page=19}}</ref> According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.<ref name="Datasheet">{{Cite web |title=Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427103412/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Census of India 2011}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has a complex system of municipalities. [[Nagar Nigam]] (Municipal Corporation) are urban local bodies in large cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi and cities having population more than 4 million.<ref name="ULB">{{cite web | title=Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendment | url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/5%20CHAPTER%20I-063076629450a19.40071813.pdf | access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> These governed by a mayor and councillors elected from wards. [[Nagar Palika Parishad]] or Municipal Council, serves medium-sized towns like [[Bela Pratapgarh]], [[Jalaun]], or [[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]] and are governed by a chairperson and councillors.<ref name="Nagar Palika">{{cite web | title= THE UTTAR PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1916 | url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/16228/1/Municipality_1916.pdf | access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nagar Panchayat]] which operate in smaller towns and semi-urban areas like [[Badlapur, Jaunpur]], [[Bikapur]], or [[Chilkana Sultanpur]], are governed by a chairman and councillors.<ref name="Nagar Palika"/> There are 14 [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporations]],<ref>{{Cite web |year=1959 |title=Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 |url=http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233237/http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="GENERAL AMENDMENT">{{Cite web |year=1959 |title=Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 |url=http://sec.up.nic.in/acts_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141206/http://sec.up.nic.in/acts_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission}}</ref> while [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Budha Nagar district]] are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act, 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1976 |title=U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976) |url=http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211441/http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Noida Authority Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaternoida.com/files/attachments/inddevact.pdf|title=U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976)|year=1976|website=Greater Noida Authority|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511075823/http://www.greaternoida.com/files/attachments/inddevact.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister [[Mayawati]] announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the [[Akhilesh Yadav]]–led [[Samajwadi Party]] came to power in the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 election]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2631472.ece | title=Maya splits U.P. poll scene wide open | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=16 November 2011 | access-date=15 June 2013 | author=Khan, Atiq | location=Lucknow | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112191630/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2631472.ece | archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Historical populations
|1901|46647804
|1911|46012663
|1921|44556427
|1931|47478533
|1941|53920630
|1951|60273743
|1961|70143635
|1971|83848797
|1981|105136540
|1991|132061653
|2001|166197921
|2011|199812341
|source=Census of India<ref>{{cite report|title= A-2: DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/09%20A-2Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023521/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/09%20A-2Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.<ref name=population>{{cite web |title=The density of population in U.P. |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Overview_847.aspx |publisher=Environment and Related Issues Department U.P |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062041/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Overview_847.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populous state in India]], with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web|title=Provisional population totals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-22.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=23 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207004512/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-22.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> The state contributes to 16.2 per cent of India's population. As of 2021, the estimated population of the state is around 240 million people.<ref name="Estimated 2021">{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=World population grew by a billion in past 12 yrs & 5% came from just UP & Bihar, data shows |url=https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-surpass-china-2023/1218281/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=ThePrint |agency=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. |date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221830/https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-surpass-china-2023/1218281/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated [[States and territories of India|states]] in the country.<ref name="Statistics">{{cite web|title=Statistics of Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx|website=up.gov.in|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224507/http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx|archive-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> It has the largest [[scheduled caste]] population, making up 23% of the state's population, whereas [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|scheduled tribes]] are less than 1 per cent of the total population.<ref name="Tribe">{{cite web |title=Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_and_sceduled_tribes.aspx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427154205/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_and_sceduled_tribes.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Indigenous">{{cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=Sudesh |title=Indigenous Peoples Policy Framework |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821468035383950/pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181146/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821468035383950/pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.<ref name="pc-census2011">{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref> The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as [[sex-selective abortion]], [[female infanticide]], and discrimination against girls and women.<ref name="UP Foeticide">{{cite news |last1=Ara |first1=Ismat |title=Higher Female Foeticide, Targeted Harassment: UP's Population Control Bill May Be Dangerous |url=https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassment-ups-population-control-bill-may-be-dangerous |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=The Wire (India) |agency=Foundation for Independent Journalism (FIJ) |date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221117/https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassment-ups-population-control-bill-may-be-dangerous |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh21">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Menaka |title=How one Uttar Pradesh district is using technology to prevent sex-selective abortions |url=https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-prevent-female-foeticide |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=Scroll.in |agency=Scroll Media Incorporation |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221117/https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-prevent-female-foeticide |url-status=live }}</ref> The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.<ref name=Decennial>{{cite web|title=Decennil growth of population by census|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf|work=Census of India (2011)|access-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021912/http://www.cwc.nic.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref name=decennialgrowth>{{cite web|title=Decennial growth rate and density for 2011 at a glance for Uttar Pradesh and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html|work=Census of India(2011)|access-date=5 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007014159/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of 74 per cent.<ref name="Literacy rate">{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Profile|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND009_Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=16 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074636/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND009_Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="literacy rates">{{cite web |title= A comparison of the literacy rates |url= http://censusmp.gov.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf |publisher= censusmp.gov.in |access-date= 16 October 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417110338/http://censusmp.gov.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf |archive-date= 17 April 2012}}</ref> The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.<ref name="Literacy">{{cite web |title= Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh |url= http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html |publisher= Census of India 2011 |access-date= 16 October 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430133506/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html |archive-date= 30 April 2011}}</ref> A report based on a [[Central Statistics Office (India)|National Statistical Office]] (NSO) survey{{Efn|name=remark1|National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above.}} revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of 77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4 per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.<ref name="NSO">{{cite news |title=UP literacy rate poor than national average: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/up-literacy-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203635/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/up-literacy-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Economically, a large number of the population lives below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]].<ref name=poverty /> As per a [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.<ref name="World Bank">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187721467995647501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPradesh-Proverty.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116021320/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187721467995647501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPradesh-Proverty.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Estimates released by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.<ref name=poverty>{{cite web|title=The state with large no. of peoples living below poverty line|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49731|work=Government of India|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074013/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49731|archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=commission>{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf |title=Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011–12 |website=Planning Commission |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628120737/http://planningcommission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2014|page=7}}</ref> The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] released in 2020, the state per capita income is below {{INRConvert|80|k}} per annum.<ref name="Annum">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Hemant |title=Per Capita Income of Indian States 2019–20 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1 |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Limited |publisher=Jagran Josh |date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826043616/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)<ref name="religion census">{{cite news |last1=Number |first1=Religion |title=U.P religions by numbers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |issue=26 August 2015 |publisher=N. Ravi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|color5=black
|color4=maroon
|color3=yellow
|color2=green
|color1=darkorange
|label5= Not stated
|label4=Other{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]}}
|label3=[[Sikhism]]
|label2=[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]
|label1=[[Hinduism]]
|value5=0.29
|value4=0.40
|value3=0.32
|value2=19.26
|value1=79.73
|thumb=left
}}
Uttar Pradesh is home to the largest populations of both Hindus and Muslims in India, with the two communities comprising approximately 80% and 19% of the state's population, respectively. The state's Hindu population is estimated at 186 million, making it the largest Hindu population of any state in the country. Uttar Pradesh also has an estimated 44 million Muslims, a figure that exceeds the Muslim populations of several Muslim‑majority countries, including [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Malaysia]], [[Syria]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Libya]]. Hinduism is the predominant religion and is especially strong in rural areas. Islam is more prominent in urban areas and northwestern parts of the state. [[Moradabad]] and [[Rampur district|Rampur]] are the districts in which Muslims constitute an absolute majority, accounting for 50.80 per cent and 50.57 per cent of the population, respectively. There are small pockets of Jainism in urban areas in the northwest and in Bundelkhand, while many Sikhs, mainly descendants of refugees from Partition, are settled in northern districts bordering Uttarakhand or Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497347/muslim-population-grew-faster-census.html|title=Muslim population grew faster: Census|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827035701/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497347/muslim-population-grew-faster-census.html|archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| value1 = 80.16
| value2 = 10.93
| value3 = 5.42
| value4 = 1.9
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| label2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| label4 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| color1 = Orange
| color2 = gold
| color3 = green
| color4 = maroon
| caption = Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Table C-16: Language by States and Union Territories – Uttar Pradesh|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155157/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label5 = Others{{efn|Including Punjabi, Bengali}}
| color5 = pink
| value5 = 1.59
}}

[[Hindi]] is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 49–53 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the second most spoken language of the state,<ref name="Experts">{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhojpuri+second+language+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA117 |title=Amazing Uttar Pradesh – General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams |date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-90486-72-4|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232733/https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhojpuri+second+language+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], spoken in [[Awadh]] in central Uttar Pradesh; Bhojpuri spoken in [[Purvanchal]] in eastern Uttar Pradesh; and [[Braj Bhasha]] spoken in the [[Braj]] region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. [[Urdu]] is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.<ref name="2011lang" /><ref name="census2011-langreport" /> [[English language|English]] is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (0.3 per cent) and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (0.1 per cent).<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Governance and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Uttar Pradesh|Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow}}

[[File:Vidhan Sabha (at day).jpg|left|thumb|alt=refer caption|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the bicameral legislature]]
The state is governed by a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]]. Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the [[Vidhan Parishad]] (Legislative Council).<ref name="vidhan parishad">{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad structure|website=Legislative Bodies of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=19 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175655/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm|archive-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Vidhan Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha structure|website=Legislative Bodies of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=19 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175232/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm|archive-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] consists of 404 members who are elected for five-year terms. The [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] is a permanent body of 100 members with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. The state sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament.<ref name="elections">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/2012286478579763.html|title=Legislative elections in Uttar Pradesh|last=Four other states seen as a barometer of support for the federal government.|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210194222/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/2012286478579763.html|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> The state contributes 80 seats to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], and 31 seats to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house.<ref name="Grover1989">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&pg=PA37|title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures|first=Verinder|last=Grover|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-8171001934|pages=37–255|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528132659/http://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&pg=PA37|archive-date=28 May 2013|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha|work=Rajya Sabha|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|pages=24–25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref>

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] is a [[Democracy|democratically]] elected body in India with the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|governor]] as its constitutional head and is appointed by the [[president of India]] for a five-year term.<ref>{{cite web |title= Role of The Governor |url= http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm |website= upgovernor.gov.in |publisher= Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh |access-date= 17 March 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170407230227/http://www.upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2017}}</ref> The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] by the governor, and the council of ministers is appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]] or a [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], who is usually an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]]/[[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Setup |url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref><ref name=":64">{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M. |title=Governance in India |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |year=2014 |isbn=978-9339204785 |edition=2nd |location=[[Noida]] |pages=4.3–4.5}}</ref>

For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. [[Divisional Commissioner]], an IAS officer is the head of revenue administration on the divisional level.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration |last=Maheshwari |first=S.R. |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-8125019886 |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=563–572 |edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar |last=Singh |first=G.P. |publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993 |isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]] |pages=26–129}}</ref> The administration in each district is headed by a [[District collector|District Magistrate]] (DM), who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P.|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> The District Magistrate, as the head of the district administration, is responsible for revenue administration, maintenance of law and order, disaster management, conducting elections, coordination among various departments, and delivery of public services in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue {{!}} District Varanasi, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://varanasi.nic.in/revenue/ |access-date=1 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[Community development block|block]] level, the [[Block Development Officer]] (BDO) is responsible for the overall development of the [[Block (district subdivision)|block]]. The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of [[Director general of police]] (DGP). A [[Superintendent of Police]] (SP), an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]] manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of [[Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Forest Service]] and Uttar Pradesh Forest Subordinate Service.<ref name="Provincial_Forest">{{cite web |title=LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |url=https://forest.uk.gov.in/uploads/fbd/1637060091.pdf |publisher=Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Allahabad high court.jpg|right|thumb|alt=refer caption|Allahabad High Court]]
The judiciary in the state consists of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in [[Prayagraj]], the [[Lucknow]] Bench of [[Allahabad High Court]], district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the [[tehsil]] level.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="courts">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/local-government/judiciary.html|title=Uttar Pradesh judiciary|publisher=Maps of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904072538/http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/local-government/judiciary.html|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web |title=The Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service Rules, 2001 |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradeshJudicialServiceRules2001.pdf |publisher=Allahabad High Court |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024015107/http://allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradeshJudicialServiceRules2001.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="presiding" /> While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.<ref name=":2" /> The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of [[Etawah]] and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="presiding">{{cite web |last1=Bind |first1=Basini Prasad |title=The History and Role of Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |publisher=Allahabad High Court |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Civil Judiciary">{{cite web |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |title=Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Allahabad High Court]]|access-date=19 September 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>

Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the [[Samajwadi Party]], the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and the [[Indian National Congress]]. The political landscape of the state is often characterised by intense competition and [[Social polarization|polarisation]], leading to [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-based tensions]] and [[Communal violence|communal conflicts]].<ref name="State Tensions">{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=Casteism and social apartheid the norm in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/social-apartheid-is-the-norm/article32882917.ece |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Frontline |agency=The Hindu |date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Critics often suggest that despite Uttar Pradesh's significant political legacy of producing eight [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministers]], the state continues to struggle with issues that hinder its overall advancement.<ref name="politically crucial state">{{cite web|title=UP: the nerve center of politics|url=http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/issues.html|publisher=[[Zee news]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524062808/http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/issues.html|archive-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Crime and accidents ===
According to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of [[Encounter killings by police|encounter killings]] and custodial deaths.<ref name="Express">{{cite news |last1=Sarda |first1=Kanu |title=In Custody: Six died daily in four months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-four-months-1859555.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited D |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607174117/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-four-months-1859555.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.<ref name="deaths">{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=More bad news for Yogi Adityanath as data show UP tops crime chart |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-up-tops-crime-chart-1189660-2018-03-14 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited |date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828232341/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-up-tops-crime-chart-1189660-2018-03-14 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.<ref name="NHRC">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Phalguni |title=NHRC registered 1,782 fake encounter cases between 2000–2017; Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for 44.55% |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter-cases-between-2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Firstpost |agency=Network 18 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607175917/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter-cases-between-2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A data from [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] (MHA) avers, [[Bareilly]] recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by [[Agra]] (21), [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (19) and [[Varanasi]] (9). [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its [[Population density|high population]], the actual per capita crime rate is low.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UP-tops-in-crime-low-on-criminality/articleshow/10537316.cms|title=UP tops in crime, low on 'criminality'|date=30 October 2011|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-30/lucknow/30338628_1_crime-incidents-population-kidnapping-and-abduction-cases|archive-date=26 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum [[Religious violence in India|communal violence]] incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23 per cent of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.<ref name="rise violence">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh tops the list of communal violence hit states in 2017: Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/articleshow/63300833.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225120204/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/articleshow/63300833.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="violence raise">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |title=Communal Violence Goes Up In Country, Uttar Pradesh Still Tops List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917 |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=NDTV |agency=New Delhi Television Limited |date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005415/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a research assembled by [[State Bank of India]], Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).<ref name="SBI">{{cite web |title= Human Development Index Across Indian States: Is the Glass Still Half Empty? |url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |publisher=State Bank of India |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004223/https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Based on sub-national human development index data for [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Indian states]] from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.<ref name="Index">{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Saurabh |title=UP fails to improve human development index ranking in 27 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-27-years/story-RJM0f3tD9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126140936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-27-years/story-RJM0f3tD9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report|date=December 2008|website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020534/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="growth">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Human-Development-Report-raps-Gujarat-praises-UP-and-Bihar/articleshow/10446060.cms|title=India Human Development Report report raps Gujarat, praises UP and Bihar|date=22 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226114722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310270_1_poor-states-bjp-ruled-states-social-inclusion|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], governed by the [[Department of Home and Confidential]], is the largest [[police]] force in the world.<ref name="armed force">{{cite web|last=Shafi |first=Alam |title=The strength of Armed Police in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]] |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085726/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information|title=General Information|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042425/https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=Highlight>{{cite web|title=Highlight of criminal statistics|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-MISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STATISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|publisher=Ministry of statistics and program implementation|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103625/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-MISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STATISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 41,746 – due to road accidents till December 2022, according to "Road Accidents in India" report of [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]].<ref name="Road Deaths">{{cite news |title=UP sees 6.5% rise in road accidents, 4% in fatalities this yr, says govt data |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-road-accidents-up-6-5-this-yr-fatalities-rise-4-9051922/#:~:text=The%20report%20shows%20that%20a,injured%20and%2021%2C227%20people%20died. |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Express News Service |agency=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Highest">{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arvind |title=At 23,219, UP reports highest number of road, rail accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articleshow/56394327.cms |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times Group |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618182651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articleshow/56394327.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UP Transport Department]] report also indicates that the primary cause of road accident fatalities was over-speeding, which accounted for 40 per cent of deaths. Drunken driving contributed to 10 per cent of fatalities, while 12 per cent of deaths were due to driving on the wrong side. Additionally, 10 per cent of accident deaths were caused by the use of mobile phones, and 5 per cent resulted from running red lights. The remaining 23 per cent of deaths were attributed to factors such as losing control of the vehicle, drowsiness, poor road visibility, and engineering defects.<ref>{{cite news|title=An accident reported every two hours in UP: Fatal accidents in the state|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505113620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html|archive-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The [[2006 Varanasi bombings]] were a series of bombings that occurred across the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] holy city of [[Varanasi]] on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.<ref name=bomb09>{{cite news|title=A powerful bomb placed in|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html|access-date=20 July 2012|publisher=[[Zee news]]|date=20 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129235043/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html|archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm|work='[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809032928/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive [[2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings|serial blasts]] occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.<ref name="blast responsible">{{cite news|title=Varanasi blast|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=7 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212033140/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186|archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="2007 bombing">{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Uttar Pradesh bombings mark new phase|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm|access-date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126061742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=bombings>{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Wiretap warning on Uttar Pradesh bombings went in vain|url=http://hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm|access-date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304213229/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm|archive-date=4 March 2008}}</ref> Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the [[2010 Varanasi bombing|blast]] occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.<ref name="people killed">{{cite news|title=Massive terror attacks|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-last-20-years/14/26333/|access-date=20 July 2012|publisher=The Sunday Indian|date=25 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606090350/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-last-20-years/14/26333/|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="terror attack">{{cite web|title=Chronology of recent terror attacks|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|access-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155321/http://in.news.yahoo.com/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in [[Kanpur]], killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.<ref name="Kanpur16">{{cite news |title=Freak blast sets panic alarm ringing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times Group |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=5 March 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502183426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%"
| colspan=2 style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center"| '''Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base)'''

figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s
|-
! Year || Net State Domestic Product<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%20Domestic%20Product/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf|title=Gross State Domestic Product by Economic Activity (crore Rs) Uttar Pradesh|website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042957/http://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%20Domestic%20Product/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–12 || 532,218
|-
| 2015–16 || 1,137,808
|-
| 2016–17 || 1,288,700
|-
|2017–18
|1,446,000<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018–19|last=Khullar|first=Vatsal|date=20 February 2018|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100915/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Small|(est.)}}
|}
[[File:Common Indian Sunflower.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Common sunflower farming in [[Lambhua]], Sultanpur|Sown saplings of [[common sunflower]]s; located in the rich fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state.]]
In terms of [[Net domestic product|net state domestic product]] (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fourth-largest]] economy in India, with an estimated gross state domestic product of {{INRConvert|14.89|lc}},<ref name=":0"/> contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product.<ref name="RBI2023">{{cite web | title= TABLE 27: GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT| url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/27T_15112023E301A02422494F73BFAFD6CDD84EEEAE.PDF | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.<ref name="IBEF2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh: A Rainbow Land |author= |year=2015 |website=ibef.org |publisher=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |access-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230048/https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is the country's largest producer of sugar.<ref name="IBEF2015" /> As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiansugar.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=4584|title=Indian sugar mills association|website=indiansugar.com|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083928/http://www.indiansugar.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=4584|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

The state has significant reserves of cement-grade [[limestone]] and crystalline [[marble]], in districts of [[Mirzapur]] and [[Sonbhadra]], supporting a growing cement and refractory industry. With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|SMEs]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="ET-20130620-SMEs">{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-close-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contribute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2 | title=SMEs employ close to 40% of India's workforce, but contribute only 17% to GDP | work=The Economic Times | date=9 June 2013| access-date=20 June 2013 | first=Malini | last=Goyal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062949/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-close-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contribute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2 | archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.<ref name="UPFC">{{cite web|title=Details of financing & limits of accommodation|url=http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST10-02-07-13.pdf|publisher=UPFC India|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530154018/http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST10-02-07-13.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.<ref name="statements">{{cite web|title=A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Corporation.|url=http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf|publisher=Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation|access-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014458/http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.<ref name="budget">{{cite web|title=The budget allocated to each of its agency|url=http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-xi.pdf|publisher=UPFC India|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014535/http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-xi.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-government-more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html|title=Private investment under Akhilesh government more than doubles|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=27 March 2016|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820114551/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-government-more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> According to a 2015 report by the World Bank on the [[Indian states ranking by ease of doing business|Ease of Doing Business in India]], Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and was the first among the northern states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/world-bank-survey-indias-top-10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/48970813.cms|title=10. Uttar Pradesh – World Bank Survey: India's top 10 states on the ease of doing business ranking – The Economic Times|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623140228/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/world-bank-survey-indias-top-10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/48970813.cms|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> The state is home to over 11,500 leather production units, primarily concentrated in Agra and Kanpur, making it one of India's leading leather manufacturing regions.<ref name="leather">{{cite web | last=Husain | first=Saman | title=Trump's 50% tariff: Beginning to get foothold in US market, Agra's leather belt takes a hit | website=The Indian Express | date=13 August 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/trumps-50-tariff-beginning-to-get-foothold-in-us-market-agras-leather-belt-takes-a-hit-10185625/ | access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh also contributes around 15 per cent of India's total fabric production and employs nearly 30 per cent of the country's artisan workforce.<ref name="BS">{{cite web| title=UP govt's new policy aims to boost leather manufacturing, exports | website=Business Standard | date=7 August 2025 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/up-govt-s-new-policy-aims-to-boost-leather-manufacturing-exports-125080701649_1.html | access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 per cent of the [[Gross domestic product|GSDP]].<ref name="Debt HT">{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Umesh |title=Finance commission asks Uttar Pradesh to bring down its debt burden |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-bring-down-its-debt-burden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518022214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-bring-down-its-debt-burden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The state's total financial debt stood at {{INRConvert|2.09|lc}} in 2011.<ref name="debt burden">{{cite news |date=14 June 2011 |title=State slipping into debt burden |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/state-slipping-into-debt-burden/articleshow/8840055.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506234001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/pune/29656552_1_debt-burden-white-paper-finance-minister |archive-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has not been able to witness double-digit economic growth despite consistent attempts over the years.<ref name="Debt HT" /> The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017–18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018–19 which is about 10 per cent of India's GDP. According to a survey conducted by the [[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]] (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's [[unemployment rate]] increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020.<ref name="Unemployment">{{cite news |title=Unemployment in Uttar Pradesh increased 11.4 pct points, rose to 21.5% in Apr 2020: CMIE Survey |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html |access-date=5 June 2020 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |agency=HT Media |date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605165040/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of [[Human migration|net migrants]] migrating out of the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Abhishek |last2=Kawoosa |first2=Vijdan Mohammad |title=What the 2011 census data on migration tells us |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media |date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814073603/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4 million (14.7%) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwin |first1=Tina |title=Migrants seem to prefer neighbouring States for livelihood |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-livelihood/article28762755.ece |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=Business Line |agency=Kasturi and Sons Limited |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025025600/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-livelihood/article28762755.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.<ref name="Reasons">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2001 – Data Highlights |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020548/https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh continues to have regional disparities, particularly with the western districts of the state showing higher development indicators such as per capita district development product (PCDDP) and gross district development product (GDDP) compared to other regions.<ref name="TOI_Regions">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Mahendra | title=Eastern UP, not Bundelkhand, most backward: Govt data | website=The Times of India | date=21 October 2013 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eastern-up-not-bundelkhand-most-backward-govt-data/articleshow/24453834.cms | access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> Due to inadequate infrastructure and a dense population, [[Purvanchal]] faces notable socio-economic disparities.<ref name="NG Journal">{{cite journal | last1=Tiwari | first1=Anil Kumar | last2=Pandey | first2=Ravindra K. | last3=Sharma | first3=Vishwambhar Nath | title=A study of disparities in the socio-economic development of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India | journal=National Geographical Journal of India | volume=67 | issue=4 | date=31 December 2021 | issn=0027-9374 | pages=438–446 | doi=10.48008/ngji.1789 | url=https://ngji.in/index.php/ngji/article/view/299#:~:text=Eastern%20Uttar%20Pradesh%2C%20an%20economically,disparity%20in%20socio%2Deconomic%20development. | access-date=10 July 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> For 2021–22 the GDDP for Purvanchal it is ₹5.37 lakh crore, while for [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] (including the [[Upper Doab]], [[Rohilkhand]] and [[Braj]]) it is ₹9.44 lakh crore. For the [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Awadh]] regions, the GDDP remained ₹99,029.34 crore and ₹3.36 lakh crore, respectively. As of 2021–22, the per capita annual income in eastern districts is about one-fourth of the national average at ₹12,741 while the state's average stood at ₹17,349.<ref name="HT Data">{{cite web | last=Raghuvanshi | first=Umesh | title=Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 September 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html | access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
[[File:IT Park, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Business park|IT Parks]] in Noida, which are known for their infrastructure and services, as well as high-end housing complexes.<ref name="IT parks">{{cite news|last1=IT park|first1=Infrastructure and|date=4 January 2016|title=Noida-Greater Noida's world class infrastructure to be highlighted in UP Pravasi Diwas|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-world-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Pravasi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081352/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-world-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Pravasi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms|archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>]]
In 2009–10, the [[tertiary sector of the economy]] (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 per cent of the state domestic product compared to 44 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).<ref name="Investment">{{cite web|title=Investment climate of a state|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_Pradesh_060710.pdf|publisher=IBEF organization|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142802/http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_Pradesh_060710.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Service sector">{{cite news|title=Service sector over the present crisis|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 March 2009|date=14 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507005546/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises|archive-date=7 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Noida]], [[Meerut]], and [[Agra]] rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]] rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Diary of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145340/https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average [[Gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 per cent, lower than 15.5 per cent, the average for all states of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html|title=Only 5 states exceed 11th Plan growth targets: Govt: Ruled by CNBC TV18 News|date=13 May 2011|work=[[CNBC]] TV18-MoneyControl Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605114827/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="State Finances">{{cite web|title=RBI releases Study on State Finances 2009–10 |url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) |access-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225162108/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105 |archive-date=25 February 2010}}</ref> The state's per capita GSDP was {{INRConvert|29417}}, lower than the national per capita GSDP of {{INRConvert|60972}}.<ref name="Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt. Of India">{{Cite report|title=Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation |url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf |publisher=Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt. Of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023256/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref> Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labour. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.<ref name="Small Scale Industries">{{cite web|title=Small scale industries and other small trades.|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Small Scale Industries|access-date=17 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410141303/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{Further|List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|List of airports in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation}}

[[File:Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|A section of the Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway]]
The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. {{As of|2015}}, there were {{convert|9,077|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rail in the state.<ref name="route length">{{cite web|title=total railway route length uttar pradesh|url=http://lko.railnet.gov.in/|publisher=Northern Railways Lucknow Division|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814075641/http://lko.railnet.gov.in/|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Network">{{cite web |title=The Network |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2015-16/Year_Book_Eng/9.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Railways |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the [[Indian Railways]] viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] is the headquarters of the [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]<ref name="North Central Railway">{{cite web|title=North Central Railway-The Allahabad Division|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403|publisher=Indian Railways Portal CMS Team|access-date=22 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318062507/http://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403|archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur]] is the headquarters of the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]].<ref name="North-Eastern Railways">{{cite web|title=the Portal of Indian Railways|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=14 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411221732/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/|archive-date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="security system">{{cite news|title=Equipment arrives for integrated security system|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-Railway|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-Railway|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. [[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express]], the second fastest [[Shatabdi Express]] train, connects the Indian capital of [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] while [[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express|Kanpur Shatabdi Express]], connects New Delhi to [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]. This was the first train in India to get the new German [[LHB coaches]].<ref name="train">{{cite news|title=Lucknow New Delhi Shatabdi Express|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shatabdi-Express|access-date=28 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926075420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shatabdi-Express|archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> The railway stations of [[Prayagraj Junction]], [[Agra Cantonment]], Lucknow Charbagh, [[Gorakhpur Junction]], Kanpur Central, [[Mathura Junction]] and [[Varanasi Junction]] are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.<ref name="Railway Budget">{{cite web|title=Introducing the Railway Budget 2011–12|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512215003/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> The [[Lucknow Metro]], along with the [[Kanpur Metro]] (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively.

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.<ref name="ROAD NETWORK">{{cite web |last=Investment Promotion & Infrastructure Development Cell |title=Road |url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/roads.pdf |publisher=Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion |access-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014170737/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/roads.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> It has 42 national highways, with a total length of {{Convert|4942|km|abbr=in}} comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.<ref name="NH Share">{{cite web |title=Basic Road Statistics, 2018 - 19 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (UPSRTC) was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Road network|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pradesh_190111.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907052302/http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pradesh_190111.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> The UPSRTC's current fleet consists of 11,238 buses operating on 2,762 routes across a total distance of {{cvt|768,065|km}} throughout the state, generating an average daily income of {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=|year=2023}}.<ref name="Fleet_Profite">{{cite news |title=UPSRTC to replace 45% of its existing fleet with e-buses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/upsrtc-to-replace-45-of-its-existing-fleet-with-ebuses-101719244472805.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 June 2024}}</ref> Despite its extensive operation, many of UPSRTC buses are now outdated and unreliable, raising concerns about their condition and the impact on passenger safety.<ref name="Fleets">{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Deepak |title=UPSRTC has set a new record by registering the highest profit among all state transport undertakings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-creates-record-registering-highest-profit-among-all-state-transport-undertakings/articleshow/68586093.cms |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=Times of India |agency=The Times Group |date=26 March 2019}}</ref> All cities are connected to [[State highways in India|state highways]], and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]], which is a {{Convert|302|km|abbr=in}} [[controlled-access highway]] constructed by [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome :: U.P. Expressways Industrial Development Authority|url=http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|website=upeida.in|access-date=26 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712131932/http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|archive-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – {{Convert|1027|km|abbr=in}} per {{Convert|1000|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – {{Convert|50721|km|abbr=in}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pervasive road network of Uttar Pradesh|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf|publisher=Planning commission, Government of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222090850/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Socata TB-20.jpg|thumb|left|alt=One of the Socata TB-20 that IGRUA operates|200px|IGRUA's [[SOCATA TB family|Trinidad TB-20]] aircraft taking off]]

By passenger traffic in India, [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in Lucknow and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="Airports">{{cite web |title=contributing to economic growth and prosperity of the nation |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629091735/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Airports Authority of India}}</ref> Another international airport has been built at [[Kushinagar]]. However, since its inauguration, [[Kushinagar International Airport]] has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.<ref name="Kushinagar IA">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Mayank | title=The over-promise of Uttar Pradesh's Kushinagar International Airport | website=The Hindu | date=30 November 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-over-promise-of-uttar-pradeshs-kushinagar-international-airport/article67591556.ece | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=Kushinagar international airport to get ready for take-off |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521031503/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html |archive-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Virendra Singh Rawat}}</ref> [[Ayodhya Airport]], officially known as Maharshi Valmiki International Airport, was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 and currently facilitates domestic air travel.<ref name="Ayodhya Airport">{{cite web | title=PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham | website=Press Information Bureau| url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1991757 | ref={{sfnref|Press Information Bureau}} | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at [[Agra Airport|Agra]], [[Allahabad Airport|Allahabad]], [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]] and [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]].<ref name="DFCCIL">{{Cite web |title=DFCCIL |url=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=dfccil.com |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102211/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=UP gets its 8th airport|work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare-and-other-details-11615267509248.html |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424073306/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare-and-other-details-11615267509248.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the collaboration with [[Airports Authority of India|civilian aviation authority]], these domestic airports are primarily used by the [[Indian Air Force]] for operational flexibility, especially during emergencies or natural disasters. Developed under Regional Connectivity Scheme ([[UDAN]]), [[Chitrakoot Airport]] is the first and only airport in the [[Bundelkhand]] region. Although inaugurated in 2024, the airport has remained largely inactive due to low passenger traffic, and flight operations were suspended in December 2024 owing to poor visibility and operational challenges. Similarly, the airports in [[Azamgarh Airport|Azamgarh]], [[Aligarh Airport|Aligarh]], [[Moradabad Airport|Moradabad]], [[Shravasti Airport|Shravasti]], and [[Sarsawa Airport|Saharanpur]] have faced temporary closures due to limited commercial viability, low passenger traffic, and a shortage of suitable aircraft.<ref name="BT UP">{{cite web | title=Four UP airports shut down during winter schedule 2025 | website=BusinessLine | date=27 October 2025 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/four-up-airports-shut-down-during-winter-schedule-2025/article70209505.ece | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="closed">{{cite web | last=Sahu | first=Rajesh Kumar | title=7 new Uttar Pradesh airports closed after inauguration: Shravasti gets airport despite no railway station; multiple facilities built within 50–70 km | website=Bhaskar English | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/sunday-big-story-uttar-pradesh-airports-seven-new-facilities-closed-after-inauguration-shravasti-gets-airport-despite-no-railway-station-136257735.html | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> The [[Noida International Airport]] is proposed to be built near [[Jewar]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]], district.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2013 |title=UP to seek DGCA nod for Taj airport |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-dgca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-dgca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hindustan Times e-Paper |url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608140626/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Mihir |date=24 June 2017 |title=Jewar to be second airport in Delhi NCR |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/59296768.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133947/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/59296768.cms |archive-date=11 August 2018}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]] (IGRUA) is a premier pilot training institute located in [[Amethi]].<ref name="IGRUA">{{cite web | title=About Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi | website=Official Website of Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India | date=7 November 1985 | url=https://igrua.gov.in/about-indira-gandhi-rashtriya-uran-akademi | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> Established in 1985 under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], IGRUA provides commercial pilot training programs.<ref name="pilot">{{cite web | last=Sinha | first=Saurabh | title=Haryana signs up with IGRUA & Drone Destination to train personnel for speedy implementation of schemes | website=The Times of India | date=23 October 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/haryana-signs-up-with-igrua-drone-destination-to-train-personnel-for-speedy-implementation-of-schemes/articleshow/87221741.cms | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Sports ==
{{See also|Indian Grand Prix|Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association}}

[[File:Force india Buddh.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Force India]] racing at [[Buddh International Circuit]]]]
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include [[wrestling]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[kabaddi]], and track-sports or [[List of water sports|water-sports]] played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).<ref name="Rao2005">{{cite book|first=Mohan|last=Rao|title=From Population Control To Reproductive Health: Malthusian Arithmetic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p1cojMJUtkC&pg=PA244|access-date=26 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0761932697|pages=244–246|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230402/http://books.google.com/books?id=9p1cojMJUtkC&pg=PA244|archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, [[field hockey]] is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.<ref name=player>{{cite web|title=Hapless victim of a TV sting, this hockey player is now a rising star|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hapless-victim-of-a-tv-sting-this-hockey-player-is-now-a-rising-star/938634/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 April 2012 |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

Recently, [[cricket]] has become more popular than [[field hockey]].<ref name="Cricket Legacy">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Sports |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-1 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Jagran Josh |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited |date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170917/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh won its first [[Ranji Trophy]] tournament in February 2006, beating [[Bengal]] in the final.<ref name="Ranji Trophy">{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh win Ranji Trophy|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/20060202.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 February 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019103708/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/20060202.htm|archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> [[Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex]] is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web |title=UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011021/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=2 February 2006 |publisher=First Published:PTI, Friday, 27 November 2009, 21:26}}</ref> Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many [[akhara]]s (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.<ref name="Kushti">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Prithviraj | title=Akhara body caught in successor row after UP mahant's 'murder', 1 group claims leader is elected | website=ThePrint | date=24 October 2021 | url=https://theprint.in/india/akhara-body-caught-in-successor-row-after-up-mahants-murder-1-group-claims-leader-is-elected/755933/ | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>

The [[Uttar Pradesh football team]] (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref name="Football Sangh">{{cite web | title=District Football Association Kanpur – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | website=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | url=https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.com/kanpur-football-association/ | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.<ref name="Official AIFF">{{cite web | title=Arunachal Pradesh to host Final Rounds of 77th National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy | website=Official Website of All India Football Federation | date=6 September 2023 | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/arunachal-pradesh-to-host-final-rounds-of-77th-national-football-championship-for-santosh-trophy | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.<ref name="UPFS">{{cite web | title=About Us – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | website=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | url=https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.com/about-us/ | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to [[Badminton Association of India]] responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.<ref name="TOI_2023">{{cite web | title=Up Players Dominate In Badminton C'ship | website=The Times of India | date=22 June 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-players-dominate-in-badminton-cship/articleshow/101177761.cms | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref>

The [[Buddh International Circuit]] hosted India's inaugural [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|F1 Grand Prix]] race on 30 October 2011.<ref name="Indian Grand Prix">{{cite news|title=The Buddh International Circuit (BIC), which played host to India's first Formula One Grand Prix|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-wins-global-award/203294-5-24.html|access-date=14 July 2012|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=18 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222055639/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-wins-global-award/203294-5-24.html|archive-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered [[Formula One]] to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 | work=BBC News | title=Why India's Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat | date=24 October 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027223718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 | archive-date=27 October 2013}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:Chattar Manzil 2005.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|The [[Central Drug Research Institute]], an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute]]
Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.<ref name=schools>{{cite news|title=Islamic religious schools|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/madrassas|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/madrassas|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 April 2003}}</ref> Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the [[Vedic period|Vedic]] to the [[Gupta period]]s. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding [[Pali]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign [[Christian missionaries]] and the [[British Empire|British colonial administration]].<ref name="Education System">{{cite web|title=British colonial administration system in state education system|url=http://www.upeducation.net/|publisher=State Education Board|access-date=25 April 2003|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421195013/http://upeducation.net/|archive-date=21 April 2003}}</ref>

Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. [[Hindi]] is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or the council for [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] boards.<ref name=Facts>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Facts & Figures|url=http://www.upeducation.net/Facts/|publisher=Uttar Pradesh education department|access-date=16 October 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403071219/http://www.upeducation.net/facts/|archive-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education]] (commonly referred to as U.P. Board) or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. In a study done by [[Child Rights and You]] (CRY) and the Centre for Budgets, Governance, and Accountability (CBGA), Uttar Pradesh spent ₹9,167 per [[Student|pupil]], which is below the national average of ₹12,768.<ref name="pupil ratio">{{cite web | last=Jain | first=Isha | title=At Rs 9, 167, UP spends least on per child school education, reveals study | website=The Times of India | date=12 May 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/at-rs-9-167-up-spends-least-on-per-child-school-education-reveals-study/articleshow/58646292.cms | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref>

The pupil/teacher ratio is 39:1,{{efn|One teacher for every 39 students}} lower than the national average of 23:1.<ref name="NBER Report">{{cite web | last=Balani | first=Khushboo | title=Uttar Pradesh has India's largest population of children, but least teachers per student | website=Scroll.in | date=7 January 2017 | url=https://scroll.in/article/825966/uttar-pradesh-has-indias-largest-population-of-children-but-least-teachers-per-student | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> According to the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], the state reported the second-highest teacher [[absenteeism]] (31 per cent) in rural public schools among 19 surveyed states.<ref name="NBER Data">{{cite web | title= The Fiscal Cost Of Weak Governance: Evidence From Teacher Absence In India| url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w20299/w20299.pdf#page=31 | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> According to an answer given by the [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Education Minister]] in 2020 in the Lok Sabha, about 17.1 per cent of all elementary teacher posts in government schools in Uttar Pradesh are vacant. In terms of absolute numbers, the figure stands at 210,000.<ref name="Vacant posts">{{cite web | title=17% of teaching posts in govt schools vacant | website=The Times of India | date=20 September 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/17-of-teaching-posts-in-govt-schools-vacant/articleshow/78212162.cms | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> In February 2024, the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] informed [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] that, 85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in the state.<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web | title=85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in Uttar Pradesh, says state government | website=Deccan Herald | date=6 February 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/85152-posts-of-headmasters-and-assistant-teachers-are-vacant-in-uttar-pradesh-says-state-government-2881920 | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:La Martiniere, lucknow 39.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martiniere college]], Lucknow]]
Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,<ref name="universities">{{cite web|url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-up.htm|title=List of universities|website=Education info India|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411015723/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-up.htm|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> including six [[Central University, India|central universities]], twenty eight [[State university (India)|state universities]], eight [[Deemed university|deemed universities]], two [[IITs]] in [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Varanasi]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Kanpur]], [[AIIMS Gorakhpur]] and [[AIIMS Rae Bareli]], an [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] in [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|Lucknow]]<ref name=Universities>{{cite web|title=List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.upeducation.net/universities/|publisher=Education department of U.P|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621081900/http://www.upeducation.net/universities/|archive-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=IIM>{{cite web|title=Official Website of IIM Lucknow|url=http://www.iiml.ac.in/|publisher=[[IIM Lucknow]]|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413144029/http://www.iiml.ac.in/|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Founded in 1845, [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martinière Girls' College]] in Lucknow, stands as one of the oldest schools in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Best Schools, 2014|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722053415/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Located in Amethi, [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]] (RGIPT), provides education and training in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] fields, particularly emphasising the petroleum industry. With deemed university status, the RGIPT awards degrees in its own right.

[[King George's Medical University]] (KGMU), located in Lucknow, is an institution for medical education, research, and healthcare services. [[Integral University (Lucknow)|The Integral University]], a state level institution, was established by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] to provide education in different technical, [[applied science]], and other [[Academic discipline|disciplines]].<ref name=institution>{{cite web|title=The Integral University Lucknow state level institution|url=http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Integral_University/|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=28 June 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225558/http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Integral_University/|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national [[Ministry of Culture (India)|ministry of culture]]. [[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University]] is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.<ref name="jansatta">{{cite news | publisher=Jansatta Express | language=hi | first=Dikshit| last=Ragini| title= चित्रकूट: दुनिया का प्रथम विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय |trans-title=Chitrakuta: The world's first handicapped university | date = 10 July 2007}}</ref>

As of 2023, the state has 573 public libraries.<ref name="Libraries">{{cite web |title=No. of public libraries in different States and Union Territories |url=http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Library network">{{cite web |title=Public Library network |url=https://www.library.up.gov.in/Pages/public_library_network/en |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> Established in 1875, [[Maulana Azad Library]] is one of the oldest and is the largest university library in Asia. [[Rampur Raza Library]] is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage established in the last decades of the 18th century.<ref name="Library network"/> It was established in 1774 by nawab [[Faizullah Khan]] and now an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].<ref name="public libraries">{{cite web |title=Top libraries of UP |url=https://www.library.up.gov.in/home/toplibrary/en |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]] also known as Allahabad Public Library, has an approximate collection of 125,000 books, 40 types of magazines, and 28 different newspapers in Hindi, English, Urdu and Bangla and it also contains 21 [[Arabic]] manuscripts.<ref name="Thornhill">{{cite web | title=Public library witnesses 37% increase in readers | website=The Times of India | date=23 September 2014 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Public-library-witnesses-37-increase-in-readers/articleshow/43224473.cms | access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Harish Chandra]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="scholars">{{cite web | title=List of Famous Freedom Fighters from Uttar Pradesh | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=4 September 2018 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-freedom-fighters-from-uttar-pradesh-1536056996-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{See also|Kumbh Mela|Architecture of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:Kumbh Mela 2013 Sangam, Allahabd.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam, Allahabad, 2013]]]]
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.<ref name="Board2010">{{cite book |author=Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board |title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA46 |access-date=26 July 2012 |year= 2010 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=978-8174824080 |pages=46–287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155016/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA46 |archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=Tourism>{{cite journal |title=Performance of Tourist Centres in Uttar Pradesh: An Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis |url=http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Masood%20H%20Siddiqui.pdf |publisher=Administrative Staff College of India |journal=ASCI Journal of Management |volume=40 |issue=1 |first1=Masood H. |last1=Siddiqui |first2=Shalini N. |last2=Tripathi |year=2011 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804081245/http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Masood%20H%20Siddiqui.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] (Government of India), 1.6 million foreign tourists and approximately 317.91 million domestic tourists visited the state in 2023.<ref name="Tourist Data">{{cite web | title=Arrivals of Foreign Tourist | website=Press Information Bureau| url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2109852 | ref={{sfnref|Press Information Bureau}} | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost {{INRConvert|98|c|lk=on}} in ticket sales in 2023–24.<ref name="Taj Revenue">{{cite web | title=Taj Mahal tops ASI charts with INR 98 crore ticket sales in FY24, outshines Red Fort | website=The Times of India | date=5 April 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/taj-mahal-tops-asi-charts-with-inr-98-crore-ticket-sales-in-fy24-outshines-red-fort/articleshow/120013981.cms | access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> The state is home to three [[World Heritage Sites]]: the [[Taj Mahal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000214/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Agra Fort]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Agra Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the nearby [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fatehpur Sikri |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Religious tourism]] plays a significant role in the state's economy. [[Varanasi]] is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (''[[Sapta Puri]]'') in [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fouberg |first1=Erin H. |last2=Moseley |first2=William G. |title=Understanding World Geography |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |page=173 |isbn=9781119473169 |oclc=1066742384 |year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana |author-link=Diana Eck |title=Banaras, the City of Light |publisher=Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press] |orig-year=1981 |page=324 |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |title=Death in Banaras |series=Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |orig-year=1994 |page=1 |isbn=9780521466257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC}}</ref> [[Vrindavan]] is considered to be a holy place for [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Hawley">{{cite book |surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |title=Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0190123987 |place=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="Madan">{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India through the ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176 176]}}</ref> [[Shravasti|Sravasti]] generally considered as revered sites in [[Buddhism]], believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his ''[[Suttas]]'' (sermons).<ref name="PIB 2019">{{cite web | title=Ministry of Tourism presents its latest webinar on "In the Footsteps of the Buddha" under Dekho Apna Desh Webinar Series | website=Press Information Bureau | date=7 February 2019 | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653937 | ref={{sfnref | Press Information Bureau| 2019}} | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of [[Rama]], [[Ayodhya]] (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.<ref name=Paramasivan>{{cite book |last=Paramasivan |first=Vasudha |chapter=Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari |editor=Heidi R. M. Pauwels |title=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05723-3 |pages=101–116}}</ref><ref name=AboutDistrict>{{cite web |title=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh: City Of Lord Rama: India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |access-date=10 August 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |title=About District |website=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Millions gather at [[Prayagraj]] to take part in the [[Magh Mela]] festival on the banks of the Ganges.<ref name="MacLean2008">{{cite book|first=Kama |last=MacLean |title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|access-date=25 July 2012|year= 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195338942|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527022328/http://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the [[Kumbh Mela]], where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.<ref name="Magh Mela">{{cite news |title=Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=25 January 2011 |date=12 February 2010|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127012405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html |archive-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include [[stupas]] and [[monasteries]]. The historically important towns of [[Sarnath]] where [[Gautama Buddha]] gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at [[Kushinagar]]; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for [[Buddhists]].<ref name=SARNATH>{{cite web|title=Sarnath General Information|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist7.html |publisher=Tourism department of Varanasi |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508235741/http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist7.html|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Also at Sarnath are the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=in}} from Varanasi, [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]] is famous not only for its [[Ghat]]s on the Ganges but also for the tomb of [[Lord Cornwallis]], the 18th-century Governor of [[East India Company]] ruled [[Bengal Presidency]]. The tomb is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="Joon">{{cite book |first=Sanjeev |last=Joon |title=Complete Guide for SSC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&pg=RA2-PA93|access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0070706453|page=255|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528151112/http://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&pg=RA2-PA93 |archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

[[Jhansi Fort]], located in the city of [[Jhansi]], is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Jhansi_Fort">{{cite web |title=Jhansi Fort |url=https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/ |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323181613/https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.<ref name="UP_Monuments">{{cite web |title=Ticketed Monuments – Uttar Pradesh jhansi Fort |url=https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/ |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205043357/https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Healthcare ==
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Uttar Pradesh has a mix of [[Publicly funded health care|public]] as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, [[community health centers]], [[district hospital]]s, and [[medical colleges]]. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available [[Healthcare in India|health infrastructure]] is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Manjaree |title=Health status and health care services in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: A comparative study |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=1 July 2014 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=174–9 |doi=10.4103/0019-557X.138624 |pmid=25116823|issn=0019-557X|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=Annual Health Survey 2012–13 Fact Sheet – Uttar Pradesh|year=2013|website=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|ref=health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113214808/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>

Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.<ref name="health" /> The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.<ref name="WHO">{{cite news |last1=Perappadan |first1=Bindu Shajan |title=India facing critical shortage of healthcare providers: WHO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article27096738.ece |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617151333/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article27096738.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of doctors registered with State Medical Councils or the [[Medical Council of India]] in Uttar Pradesh was 77,549.<ref name="Doctors">{{cite web |title=Doctors Registered |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3334.pdf?source=pqals |publisher=The Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

In 2019, the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively. The average population served per government hospital stands at 47,782 individuals.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |title=State/UT wise Number of Government Hospitals |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3295.pdf?source=pqals |publisher=Directorate General of State Health Services |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> {{As of|December 2023}}, [[Out-of-pocket expense|Out-of-pocket expenditures]] in Uttar Pradesh is {{INRConvert|60883|c}}, highest in India.<ref name="OOP">{{cite web |title=Out Of Pocket Expenditure Data |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/262/AU263.pdf?source=pqars |publisher=Department Of Health And Family Welfare |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of [[Bihar]], five years fewer than in [[Haryana]] and seven years fewer than in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all [[Contagious disease|communicable]] and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all [[typhoid]] deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of [[tuberculosis]] deaths (2015).<ref name="health" /> Its [[maternal mortality]] ratio is higher than the national average at 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2021), with 64.2 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum [[ante-natal care]].<ref name="Maternal">{{cite web |title=Maternal & Adolescent Healthcare |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/03Chapter.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW) |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="NITI">{{cite web |title=Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (Per 100000 Live Births) |url=https://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births |publisher=NITI Aayog |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115010734/http://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mortality">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Menaka |title=Uttar Pradesh has a free ambulance service for pregnant women but substandard hospitals |url=https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-pregnant-women-but-substandard-hospitals |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Scroll.in |agency=Scroll Media Inc, US |date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928064649/https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-pregnant-women-but-substandard-hospitals |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, [[Home birth|deliver babies at home]]. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.<ref name="Health and Family">{{cite web|url=http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Reports/up.pdf|title=State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradesh – Urban Health Resource Center|website=[[Urban Health Resource Centre]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722150012/http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Reports/up.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> It has the highest [[child mortality]] indicators,<ref name="Child mortality">{{cite web |title=Estimates of mortality indicators |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/11.%20Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf |publisher=Census of India |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114040231/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/11.%20Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> from the [[neonatal mortality rate]] to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.<ref name="Rural">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf|title=Rural Health Statistics 2014–15|year=2015|website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829050157/http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Uttar Pradesh}}

=== Language and literature ===
{{Main|Languages of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|The [[battle of Kurukshetra]], folio from the Mahabharata]]

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], and [[Tulsidas]], who wrote much of his ''Ram Charit Manas'' in Varanasi. The festival of ''[[Guru Purnima]]'' is dedicated to Sage [[Vyasa]], and also known as ''Vyasa Purnima'' as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.<ref name="ci">{{cite book |title=Awakening Indians to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167 |year=2008 |publisher=Chinmaya Mission |isbn=978-8175974340 |page=167 |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135339/http://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167&dq=%22Guru+Purnima%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Guru%20Purnima%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false |archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

[[Hindi]] became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislature |publisher=U.P assembly |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093010/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> A 1989 amendment to the act added [[Urdu]], as an additional language of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/uttar_pradesh/1989/1989UP28.pdf |title=The Uttar Pradesh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1989 |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707095531/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/uttar_pradesh/1989/1989UP28.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2019 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> There are numerous language varieties spoken in the state. The north and northwestern parts of the state speak [[Kauravi dialect|Khadi Boli]], the language variety from which Standard Hindi and Urdu developed. In the southwest is spoken [[Braj Bhasha]], seen as the language of Krishna and an important literary language for Krishna Bhakti literature. To the east of Braj and Khadi Boli is [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], a transitional dialect between western and eastern Hindi varieties. In the southwest of the state, south of the Yamuna, is spoken [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]. [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], the language of the Ram Charit Manas, is spoken in the centre of the state with small pockets of [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] speakers in the far southeast. East of Awadhi is spoken [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. Rather than having clean linguistic boundaries, these language varieties form part of one large dialect continuum covering north and east India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In urban areas, Standard Hindi and Urdu are dominant, with Lucknow being a major centre for Urdu literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |title=Ethnologue report for language code: bfy |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015135/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |archive-date=16 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232735/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&pg=PA481 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Music of Uttar Pradesh}}

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the [[Medieval India|medieval]] period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]. The other was the religious music stemming from the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Cult]], which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.<ref name="Hindustani Music">{{cite web | title=Visit the land of the Taj for some Hindustani music & dance | website=The Economic Times | date=10 March 2016 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/visit-the-land-of-the-taj-for-some-hindustani-music-dance/articleshow/51288777.cms?from=mdr | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>

The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, [[Kajari]] sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.<ref name="Kajari Origin">{{cite web | title=List of Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=12 July 2018 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-folk-music-of-uttar-pradesh-1531391804-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> [[Ghazal]], [[Thumri]] and [[Qawwali]] which is a form of [[Sufi poetry]] is popular in the Awadh region, [[Rasiya]] (especially popular in [[Braj]]), which celebrate the divine love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. [[Khayal]] is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are [[Biraha]], [[Chaiti]], [[Chowtal]], [[Alha-Khand|Alha]], and [[Sawani]].<ref name="Hindustani Music"/>

[[Kathak]], a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="walker100">{{cite book |first=Margaret E. |last=Walker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=100–102}}</ref> [[Ramlila]] is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] and is performed during festivals such as [[Vijayadashami]].<ref name="Schechner Hess 1977">{{cite journal | last1=Schechner | first1=Richard | last2=Hess | first2=Linda | title=The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India] | journal=The Drama Review | publisher=The MIT Press | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=1977 | pages=51–82 | doi=10.2307/1145152 | jstor=1145152 }}</ref> [[Nautanki]] is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.<ref name="Nautanki">{{cite web | last=Goyal | first=Shikha | title=List of Folk Dances of Different States in India | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=3 January 2022 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/lists-of-states-and-folk-dances-of-india-1466770456-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> In the [[gharana]] dance form, both the [[Lucknow gharana|Lucknow]] and the [[Benares gharana|Benares]] gharanas are situated in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kathak: The cultural gem of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-uttar-pradesh-1503037669.html |access-date=22 January 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175009/https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-uttar-pradesh-1503037669.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charkula]] is popular dance of the Braj region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charkula Dance |url=http://www.charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126222148/http://charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Charkula}}</ref>

=== Fairs and festivals ===
[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|Uttar Pradeshi thali with [[naan]], [[Dal|sultani dal]], [[raita]], and [[shahi paneer]]]]
[[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] is the biggest festival of [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Chhath puja and the centrality of the Purvanchal community in Delhi politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-politics-101634568992424.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101210315/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-politics-101634568992424.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The [[Kumbh Mela]], organised in the month of [[Maagha]] (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.<ref name=maclean2003>{{cite journal |title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad |last=Maclean |first=Kama |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=2003 |volume=62 |pages=873–905 |number=3 |doi=10.2307/3591863 |jstor=3591863 |s2cid=162404242 }}</ref> [[Lathmar Holi]] is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Holi]]. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of [[Barsana]] near Mathura.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Lathmar Holi? Why is it celebrated? |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-nandgaon-314276-2016-03-21 |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105044957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-nandgaon/1/624875.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taj Mahotsav]], held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.<ref name="Braj Holi">{{cite news |date=19 March 2011 |title=The Braj Holi: Legend in real life |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-braj-holi-legend-in-real-life/story-KolfzC30FW5KEZtKs5v9gN.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322041343/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/lifestyle/The-Braj-Holi-Legend-in-real-life/Article1-675341.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> [[Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)|Ganga Mahotsav]], a festival of [[Kartik Purnima]], is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.<ref name=traditions>{{cite web|title=The glorious traditions and mythological legacy |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |publisher=Department of tourism U.P |access-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Mughlai cuisine]] is a style of cooking developed in the [[Indian subcontinent]] by the {{linktext|imperial}} kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It represents the cooking styles used in [[North India]], especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by [[Central Asian cuisine]]. [[Awadhi cuisine]] from the city of [[Lucknow]] consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |title=How is Awadhi Cuisine different from Mughlai Cuisine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms |access-date=22 January 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bhojpuri cuisine]] is a style of food preparation common in the districts located near the Bihar border. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.<ref name="Bhojpuri Cuisine">{{cite web | title=Bhojpuri: सवाद के सरताज ह फुटेहरी, रउआ सभे खइले जरूर होखब! | website=News18 हिंदी | date=24 May 2021 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bhojpuri-news/footehari-litti-chokha-is-desi-food-of-purvanchal-is-very-tasty-3598250.html | language=hi | access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of people from Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Outline of India]]
* [[UP Gaurav Samman]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

; Government
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en Official tourism site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127065629/https://uptourism.gov.in/en |date=27 January 2023 }}
* {{GovPubs|Uttar%20Pradesh}}
* {{Britannica|620898|Uttar Pradesh}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Uttar Pradesh}}
* {{OSM relation|1942587}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Uttar Pradesh
|North = [[Uttarakhand]]   
|Northeast = [[Sudurpashchim Province]], [[Lumbini Province]] and [[Gandaki Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|East = [[Bihar]]
|Southeast = [[Jharkhand]] [[Chhattisgarh]]
|South = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Southwest = [[Rajasthan]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|West = [[Haryana]] [[Rajasthan]]
|Northwest = [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Haryana]] [[Delhi]]
}}
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Yashwant Varma cash row

2026-04-24T14:57:20Z

Robctr: Started first post w/ sources - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian political scandal}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026}}
'''Cash row''' refers to the controversial 2025 case of [[Yashwant Varma]], a judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] (previously of the [[Delhi High Court]]), in which large amounts of burnt and partially burnt cash were found at his home after a fire on March 14–15, 2025.

== Background and discovery ==
A fire started on 14 March 2025 at around 11:35 at judge Yashwants Varma's house on 30 Tughlak Crescent, [[New Delhi]]. Firefighters and police officials who arrived on site, witnessed stacks of burnt and half-burnt ₹500 on the floor of a stone room.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-19 |title=Cash row: SC probe panel report says misconduct proved, proposes Justice Yashwant Varma's removal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cash-row-sc-probe-panel-report-says-misconduct-proved-proposes-justice-yashwant-varmas-removal/articleshow/121952456.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The scene of large sums of Indian money being burnt was described as "shocking".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=Cash at judge's house: Panel submits report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-judges-house-panel-submits-report/articleshow/120910387.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title='Misconduct found serious enough': 3-judge panel's findings about Justice Yashwant Varma's cash recovery case |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/misconduct-found-serious-enough-3-judge-panels-findings-about-justice-yashwant-varma-in-cash-from-home-case-11750326742667.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Swati |date=2025-06-10 |title=Indian judiciary on trial: How Justice Yashwant Verma faces impeachment over cash scandal |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/indian-judiciary-on-trial-how-justice-yashwant-verma-faces-impeachment-over-cash-scandal-1.500157429 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
Following the events of the fire, on March 22, 2025, the [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Sanjiv Khanna]], set up a team of three judges, to look into this serious matter.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=Cash at judge's house: Panel submits report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-judges-house-panel-submits-report/articleshow/120910387.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-09 |title=CJI Sanjiv Khanna urges Centre to initiate steps to oust Justice Yashwant Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cji-sanjiv-khanna-urges-centre-to-initiate-steps-to-oust-justice-varma/articleshow/121009534.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They spoke with 55 witnesses over ten days, looked at electronic proof like CCTV footage, photos, and videos, and visited the location. They concluded that a large amount of cash had been kept in a storeroom secretly controlled by Varma. The report also said the money was quietly taken out early on March 15, even though some of it had been burned and was seen by the first responders.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Government Preps For Impeachment Move Against Judge In Cash Row: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yashwant-varma-cash-row-government-weighing-option-of-impeachment-against-judge-in-cash-row-8523391 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> On August 12, 2025, Lok Sabha Speaker [[Om Birla]] announced a three-member inquiry committee to investigate the charges against him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title='Process of removal should begin': LS Speaker forms panel to probe Justice Varma cash row; who's on committee? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-home-row-lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-forms-3-member-panel-to-investigate-justice-varma-case-who-is-in-the-committee/articleshow/123252337.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 12, 2025 |title=Justice Varma cash row: Lok Sabha Speaker announces three-member inquiry panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-yashwant-varma-cash-row-lok-sabha-speaker-announces-three-member-enquiry-panel/article69923153.ece |access-date=Aug 12, 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Justice Varma has denied claims that cash was found at his official residence in Delhi after an accidental fire in March last year. In his statement to a parliamentary committee reviewing the impeachment motion against him, he said that he was not in Delhi on the day of the incident and therefore cannot be held responsible if officials failed to properly secure the premises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Wasn’t present in Delhi, no cash recovered: Justice Yashwant Varma to parliamentary panel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/justice-yashwant-varma-supreme-court-cash-recovery-10474824/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Justice Varma said he didn't know anything about the money that was allegedly kept in an [[outhouse]]/storehouse of his government accommodation. He said that this outhouse was not a part of the residential premises frequented by him or his family members. He also said that the outhouse was accessible by the domestic help of his government allotted bungalow and the very allegation that someone would keep such a large amount of cash in such a place was itself incredible and incredulous. He said that neither he nor his family had put the cash in the storeroom and called the whole situation a “conspiracy.”<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> In April 2025, he was moved from the Delhi High Court to the Allahabad High Court, and while the investigation continues, he has not been given any judicial duties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=1.5 feet cash stacks, all unexplained: Justice Varma probe calls for impeachment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/justice-yashwant-varma-unable-to-explain-cash-found-at-home-misconduct-calls-for-impeachment-probe-report-2731942-2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Justice Yashwant Varma Cash Burning Scandal: Full Report Uncovers Dirty Secrets Inside A Judge's Mansion |url=https://lawchakra.in/blog/justice-yashwant-varma-full-report-secret/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=lawchakra.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Findings and recommendations ==
The panel found that the accusations against Justice Varma were true and serious enough to possibly start impeachment proceedings. Former Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna sent the report to the Indian President and Prime Minister, asking them to take action to remove Varma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The Report of the said panel was made public in Indian news outlets. Notable jurists such as [[Kapil Sibal]] and Mukul Rohatgi, former Attorney General for India, criticized the findings of the report stating that it ignored settled evidentiary standards to prove culpability under Indian law.

The central government was said to be thinking about starting the impeachment process in Parliament during the Monsoon Session, which would need the support of at least 50 members of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and 100 members of the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Significance and impact ==
The case has led to a nationwide discussion about honesty, openness, and responsibility in the judicial system, especially for top judges. People are now closely examining how the Supreme Court handles internal investigations and impeachment, and whether these processes are good enough to maintain public trust in the courts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
* [[Yashwant Verma]]
* [[Judicial corruption in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Bribery scandals]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2025]]

Supaul Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T08:40:32Z

Robctr:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Supaul
| type = SLA
| map_image = 43-Supaul constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]] {{Small| [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = 
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|43]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 293,575
| reservation = 
| abolished = 
}}
'''Supaul Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Supaul district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Supaul will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 43 Supaul Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Supaul]] municipality; Gopalpur Sire, Bakaur, Ghuran, Baruari, Pipra Khurd, Ramdatt Patti, Balwa, Karnpur, Laukha, Basbitti, Goth Baruari, Ekma, Balha, Bairo, Sukhpur Solhni, Telwa, Bairiya, Chainsinghpatti, Malhni, Parsarma Parsauni [[gram panchayat]]s of Supaul [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Marauna CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Supaul Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Supaul Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/supaul.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Lahtan Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Parmeshwar Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|1958^
|[[Lahtan Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Parmeshwar Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Uma Shanker Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Amarendra Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Uma Shankar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Pramod Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Supaul<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:109085}}
|percentage = 52.16
|change = {{increase}}1.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Minnatullah Rahmani
|votes = {{formatnum:78282}}
|percentage = 37.43
|change = {{increase}}3.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5139}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shambhu Babu
|votes = {{formatnum:2873}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jagrook Janta Party
|candidate = Satyanarayan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2321}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Braj Bhushan Navin
|votes = {{formatnum:1975}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5221}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30803}}
|percentage = 14.73
|change = {{decrease}}1.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209147}}
|percentage = 71.24
|change = {{increase}}11.79
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Supaul<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86174}}
|percentage = 50.2
|change = {{decrease}}4.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Minnatullah Rahmani
|votes = {{formatnum:58075}}
|percentage = 33.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Prabhash Chandra Mandal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8515}}
|percentage = 4.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5736}}
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jai Hind Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:2616}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change = {{decrease}}2.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4180}}
|percentage = 2.44
|change = {{decrease}}0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28099}}
|percentage = 16.37
|change = {{decrease}}8.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171648}}
|percentage = 59.45
|change = {{increase}}2.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Supaul<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Bijendra Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:82295}}
|percentage = 54.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kishor Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:44898}}
|percentage = 29.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jai Hind Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:5501}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Md. Ziyaur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:4322}}
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bijendra Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2907}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Bhogi Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1917}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1915}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4309}}
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37397}}
|percentage = 24.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150466}}
|percentage = 57.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|26|06|30|N|86|36|04|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Supaul district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani

2026-04-23T05:47:56Z

Robctr: Started initial pg w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani
| native_name = محمد عمرین محفوظ رحمانی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| office1 = Secretary, [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| disciple_of = [[Wali Rahmani]]
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1987|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Malegaon]], Maharashtra, India
| birth_name = Muhammad Umrain
}}
}}
'''Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani''' (born 10 April 1987) is an Indian Islamic scholar, preacher, and religious leader. He serves as the secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) and the All-India Joint Convener of its Social Reform Committee. In 2023, he was appointed a regional secretary for the Board’s national campaign to promote inheritance rights for Muslim women. Based in [[Malegaon]], Maharashtra, he is the president of Idara-e-Saut-ul-Islam and has also served as the rector of Ma'had-e-Millat. He remains actively engaged in religious education, community outreach, and social reform initiatives.

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani was born on 10 April 1987 in [[Malegaon]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abbasi|first= Ibn al-Hasan|title= Yādgār-e-Zamāna Shakhsiyyāt Ka Ahwāl-e-Mutāla'a|trans-title=Study life of memorable personalities|url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa|publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam|location=[[Karachi]]|edition=1st|date=October 2020|pages=667, 669|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hayat-e-Wali |last=Hasan |first=Shah Imran |publisher=Rahbar Book Service|location=Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi|year=2016 |page=89 |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hayat-e-wali-part-001-shah-imran-hasan-ebooks}}</ref><ref name="Ammar" /> His father, Mahfoozur Rahman Qasmi, was a religious scholar who served as the ''Shaykh al-Hadith'' (senior hadith instructor) and head teacher at ''Madrasa Bayt al-Ulum'', Malegaon.<ref name="Ammar" />

He began his early education at Madrasa Islamiya in Malegaon and later studied at Ashraf al-Madaris in [[Hardoi]], Uttar Pradesh. He returned to Malegaon and graduated in 2006 from Ma'had-e-Millat, Malegaon.<ref name="Ammar">{{cite web |last=Rahmani |first=Ammar |date=20 July 2025 |title=مولانا محمد عمرین محفوظ رحمانی: ایک مثالی دینی و ملی شخصیت |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani: An Exemplary Religious and National Personality |url=https://abulmahasin.com/مولانا-محمد-عمرین-محفوظ-رحمانی-ایک-مثا/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720022933/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=AbulMahasin.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=667, 669}} His teachers included Abdul Ahad Azhari, Muhammad Idris Aqeel Milli Qasmi, Yasin Ahmad Milli, and Zubair Ahmad Milli.{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=669, 675}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milli |first=Zaheer Ahmad Naseer |url=http://archive.org/details/mahad-e-millat-ke-shuyukh-e-hadith |title=Ma'had-e-Millat Ke Shuyūkh-e-Hadith |date=March 2020 |publisher=Maktaba Naseeruddin |location=Malegaon |pages=10–11 |language=ur}}</ref>

Following his formal education, on the advice of his mentor, Wali Rahmani, he devoted a year or two to independent study rather than joining any higher educational institution. During this period, he focused on Qur'anic exegesis, Qur'anic sciences, and classical Sufi literature, engaging with spiritual thought from a scholarly perspective.{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=680–682, 484}}

== Career ==
=== Roles and contributions ===
After completing his studies, Rahmani began teaching the Qur'an and has remained engaged with [[Qur'anic exegesis]] for several years,{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=680–682}} a work that continues to the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/195612 |title=مرکز تحفظ اسلام ہند کے زیر اہتمام ”سلسلہ تفسیر قرآن“ کا آغاز |trans-title="Commencement of the 'Qur'anic Exegesis Series' under the auspices of Markaz Tahaffuz-e-Islam Hind" |website=Baseerat Online |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref> Known for his clarity of expression, Rahmani is an articulate speaker and writer, often praised for his straightforward oratory style, reminiscent of his mentor [[Wali Rahmani]].{{sfn|Hasan|2016|p=89}}

In 2008, he became affiliated with the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. He was elected as a full member in 2013 and subsequently as the board’s secretary in 2016.{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=667}} In 2017, he was appointed as the All-India Joint Convener of the Social Reform Committee of the Board, a position from which he led regional outreach and reform campaigns.<ref name="millat" /> In 2023, he was also appointed as one of the regional secretaries for the AIMPLB's national campaign to promote inheritance rights for Muslim women.<ref name="Salam" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2023 |title=Mumbai: All India Muslim Personal Law Board To Launch Campaign To Ensure Women Get Their Share In Inheritance |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-to-launch-campaign-to-ensure-women-get-their-share-in-inheritance |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his role within the AIMPLB, Rahmani also serves as the president of Idara-e-Saut-ul-Islam, a Malegaon-based religious and educational institution engaged in community outreach and reform activities.<ref name="etv2023">{{cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=مدارس و مکاتب کی حفاظت کیلئے وفاق المدارس والمکاتب کی تشکیل - ریاست مہاراشٹر کے مسلم اکثریتی شہر مالیگاؤں |trans-title=Formation of Wifaq al-Madaris wal-Makatib for the Protection of Madrasas and Makatib – In the Muslim-majority city of Malegaon, Maharashtra |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/maulana-umrain-mahfooz-reacts-on-vifaq-al-madaris-w-al-makatib-in-malegaon-of-maharashtra/na20231006142934377377313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614000840/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/maulana-umrain-mahfooz-reacts-on-vifaq-al-madaris-w-al-makatib-in-malegaon-of-maharashtra/na20231006142934377377313 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=ETV Bharat |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="etv2022">{{cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=نئی نسل کو بچانا ہے تو برائیوں کو مٹانا ہوگا - ردو میڈیا سینٹر پر ایک پریس کانفرنس منعقد |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/malegaon-maulana-umrain-mahfooz-rahmani-holds-press-conference-on-crimes-and-other-social-injustice/na20220926184103701701449 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614000243/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/malegaon-maulana-umrain-mahfooz-rahmani-holds-press-conference-on-crimes-and-other-social-injustice/na20220926184103701701449 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=ETV Bharat |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="inquilab2023">{{cite news |author=Adeel |first=Mukhtar |date=16 January 2023 |title=مالیگاؤں : آرمی ڈے میراتھن کا کامیاب انعقاد، شہید عبدالحمید کو شایانِ شان خراج عقیدت |trans-title=Malegaon: Successful organization of Army Day Marathon, fitting tribute paid to martyr Abdul Hamid |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/malegaon-successful-organization-of-army-day-marathon-tribute-to-shaheed-abdul-hameed-41807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116121629/https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/malegaon-successful-organization-of-army-day-marathon-tribute-to-shaheed-abdul-hameed-41807 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=[[The Inquilab]] |language=ur}}</ref>

He served for a brief period as the rector (''mohtamim'') of Ma'had-e-Millat, Malegaon, beginning in 2022. During his tenure, he was involved in administrative oversight, contributed to the development of the seminary’s Islamic studies curriculum—up to the tenth grade—and facilitated the establishment of new academic departments. He also taught texts such as Sunan Ibn Mājah at Jamiat al-Talim al-Banat and occasionally delivered lessons at Ma'had-e-Millat, before stepping down due to other responsibilities.<ref name="etv2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=معہد ملت میں ختم بخاری شریف کی تقریب |trans-title=Graduation ceremony marking the completion of Sahih al-Bukhari at Ma'had-e-Millat |url=https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/khatm-bukhari-sharifs-ceremony-at-mehd-millat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212035741/https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/khatm-bukhari-sharifs-ceremony-at-mehd-millat/ |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Express |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Ammar" />

He is also the patron of Markaz Tahaffuz-e-Islam Hind, a religious platform focused on Islamic education and constitutional awareness.<ref>{{cite web |last=Faridi |first=Mansooruddin |title=حکومت فوری طور غیر آئینی وقف ترمیمی بل کو واپس لے :مولانا خالد سیف اللہ رحمانی/مولانا فضل الرحیم مجددی |trans-title=The government should withdraw the unconstitutional endowment amendment bill immediately: Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani / Maulana Fazl-ur-Rahim Mujaddidi |website=Awaz The Voice Urdu |url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/india-news/the-government-should-withdraw-the-unconstitutional-endowment-amendment-bill-immediately-maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-maulana-fazl-ur-rahim-mujadadi-41065.html |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=14 June 2025 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=حکومت فوری طور غیر آئینی وقف ترمیمی بل کو واپس لے، یہ بل مسلمانوں کیلئے نا قابل قبول : مولانا خالد سیف اللہ رحمانی / مولانا فضل الرحیم مجددی |trans-title=The government should immediately withdraw the unconstitutional Waqf Amendment Bill; it is unacceptable to Muslims: Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani / Maulana Fazl-ur-Rahim Mujaddidi |website=UNI Urdu |url=https://www.uniurdu.com/auqaf-conference-rahmani/others/news/3294589.html |date=30 September 2024 |access-date=14 June 2025 |language=ur |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614035837/https://www.uniurdu.com/auqaf-conference-rahmani/others/news/3294589.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was also the founder and convener of the Dastoor-e-Hind Bachao Committee, which led mass protests and public awareness campaigns in Malegaon during the nationwide movement against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA) and the proposed [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC).<ref name="InquilabCAA">{{cite news |last=Adeel |first=Mukhtar |title=دستور ہند بچاؤ کمیٹی کے کنوینر مولانا محمد عمرین محفوظ رحمانی، مالیگاؤں میں شہریت قانون کیخلاف احتجاج |trans-title=Maulana Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani, convener of Dastoor-e-Hind Bachao Committee, leads protest against citizenship law in Malegaon |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/protest-against-citizenship-law-in-malegaon-10444 |website=Inquilab |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=13 June 2025 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="CAA-protest-Malegaon" /><ref name="CAA-protest-Malegaon2" />

To support educational awareness and reform, Rahmani launched the Urdu monthly magazine ''Gulshan'', which focuses on Islamic thought and social reform.{{sfn|Hasan|2016|p=89}} He has also authored several Urdu books on Sufism, Islamic preaching, and contemporary challenges, including ''Tasawwuf ki Ahmiyat'', ''Fun-e-Khitabat'', and ''Diyaar-e-Murshid Mein Chand Din''.<ref name="Ammar" />

=== Spiritual leadership ===
Following his initial academic engagement with Sufi literature, Rahmani formally entered the spiritual path under the guidance of [[Wali Rahmani]]. He received ''ijazah'' and ''khilafah'' in 2010.{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=671, 767}}

He later founded the ''Khanqah Rahmaniyyah'' in [[Malegaon]], affiliated with the [[Naqshbandi]] Mujaddidi order, where he serves as ''[[Sajjada Nashin]]''.{{sfn|Hasan|2016|p=89}}{{sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=667}} The site hosts regular ''majalis'', spiritual retreats, and communal ''i‘tikāf'' during Ramadan.<ref name="Ammar" />

In addition to his primary affiliation, he received spiritual authorization (''ijazah'' and ''khilafah'') from several other scholars, including Abdullah Mughisi, Mustafa Rifai Jilani, Yunus Palanpuri, and Muhammad Ramzan Mewati.<ref name="Ammar" />

=== Social reform efforts ===
In 2017, Rahmani was appointed as the all-India joint convener of the Social Reform Committee of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) by its president [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]]. He subsequently led a ten-day campaign across several districts of the Marathwada region in Maharashtra, which culminated in a large public meeting in [[Parbhani]] on 20 October 2017. The campaign emphasized adherence to Islamic personal law and opposition to legal amendments affecting it, with Rahmani addressing over twenty gatherings across eight districts.<ref name="millat">{{cite web |title=مولانا محمد عمرین محفوظ رحمانی بورڈکی اصلاح معاشرہ کمیٹی کے کل ہند معاون کنوینر منتخب، عقیدت مندوں نے پیش کیا استقبالیہ |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani appointed All-India Joint Convener of the Board’s Social Reform Committee; followers present a welcome reception|url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/19380 |website=[[Millat Times]] |date=22 October 2017 |access-date=6 June 2025 |language=ur}}</ref>

In April 2021, Rahmani played a key role in a nationwide AIMPLB campaign to combat dowry demands and discourage extravagant wedding practices, following the suicide of a woman in Gujarat due to alleged dowry harassment. He noted that while un-Islamic customs were declining and more weddings were being held in mosques, financial burdens continued to prevent many poor women from marrying. The campaign included a widely circulated 11-point guideline and local outreach through sermons and public discussions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim body in India seeks end to dowries, lavish weddings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/muslim-body-in-india-seeks-end-to-dowries-lavish-weddings |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="AA">{{cite news |date=3 April 2021 |title=Muslim body seeks end to dowries, lavish weddings in India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2293001/muslim-body-seeks-end-to-dowries-lavish-weddings-in-india |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en |agency=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>

In a follow-up online session in September 2021 chaired by Rahmani, the Islah-e-Muasharah Committee reiterated the Board’s position against lavish weddings. Board president Nadwi described such practices as unfortunate, and several members—including [[Arshad Madani]], [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]], Syed Qasim Rasool Iliyas, and [[Syed Zafar Mahmood|Zafar Mahmood]]—advocated social boycotts of ostentatious ceremonies and urged the redirection of wealth toward education, health, and poverty alleviation.<ref>{{cite news |title=AIMPLB opposes lavish wedding ceremonies |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/aimplb-opposes-lavish-wedding-ceremonies-1503004689.html |work=The Statesman |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

In September 2023, the AIMPLB launched another national campaign to restore inheritance rights for Muslim women, in response to concerns about the proposed [[Uniform Civil Code]]. Rahmani was appointed as one of three regional secretaries for the initiative, alongside [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]] and Yasin Ali Usmani. The campaign highlighted how daughters, mothers, and widows were often denied their rightful Islamic shares in property.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2023 |title=AIMPLB to launch a nationwide campaign to ensure Muslim women get their inheritance rights |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2023/09/18/aimplb-to-launch-a-nationwide-campaign-to-ensure-muslim-women-get-their-inheritance-rights/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=India Tomorrow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=19 September 2023 |title=AIMPLB to start 'movement' to ensure women get rightful share in inheritance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aimplb-working-committee-women-share-in-husbands-property-women-property-share-sharia-law-8945885/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Salam">{{cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=23 September 2023 |title=Muslim Personal Law Board launches campaign on women's inheritance rights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-personal-law-board-launches-campaign-on-womens-inheritance-rights/article67335268.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011132541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-personal-law-board-launches-campaign-on-womens-inheritance-rights/article67335268.ece |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
In December 2019, amid widespread opposition to the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA) and the proposed [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC), Rahmani organized a mass protest in Malegaon under the banner of the Dastoor-e-Hind Bachao Committee. The rally, supported by the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]] (VBA) and [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI), drew over 60,000 participants and led to the closure of shops and schools in the area. Speaking at the rally, Rahmani invoked the legacy of freedom fighters and described the CAA as a divisive law, calling on citizens to defend the Constitution even at personal cost.<ref name="CAA-protest-Malegaon2">{{cite news |date=20 December 2019 |title=New Citizenship Law Protest: In Malegaon, rally against 'kaala kanoon' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-citizenship-law-protest-in-malegaon-rally-against-kaala-kanoon-6175749/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306095509/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-citizenship-law-protest-in-malegaon-rally-against-kaala-kanoon-6175749/ |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rahmani initially led efforts to guide Malegaon residents in gathering essential identity documents in preparation for the NRC. However, following the enactment of the CAA, he urged a shift from documentation to public protest, warning that such measures could be used to disenfranchise legitimate citizens.<ref name="CAA-protest-Malegaon">{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Srinath |date=21 December 2019 |title=CAA protests in Malegaon: 'Time for making documents over, now is time to protest' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/protests-in-malegaon-time-for-making-documents-over-now-is-time-to-protest-6177624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514204844/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/protests-in-malegaon-time-for-making-documents-over-now-is-time-to-protest-6177624/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Srinath |date=29 December 2019 |title=Amid CAA, NRC fears, rush to apply for birth certificates in Malegaon, other towns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-caa-nrc-fears-rush-to-apply-for-birth-certificates-in-malegaon-other-towns-6189442/lite/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2020, Rahmani expressed religious objections to a women-led protest against the CAA and NRC in Malegaon, stating that it was inappropriate for women to protest in public without gender segregation. The protest, organized by [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] corporator Shan-e-Hind, had planned to feature [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] students [[Aysha Renna]] and Ladeeda Sakhlon, who later withdrew citing security concerns. Rahmani denied any involvement in their withdrawal and clarified that his concerns were purely based on religious grounds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Srinath |date=10 January 2020 |title=Anti-CAA march in Malegaon: Organiser claims police threatened to deny nod to march if Jamia students attended, SP denies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/anti-caa-march-in-malegaon-organiser-claims-police-threatened-to-deny-nod-to-march-if-jamia-students-attended-sp-denies-6208908/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110172816/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/anti-caa-march-in-malegaon-organiser-claims-police-threatened-to-deny-nod-to-march-if-jamia-students-attended-sp-denies-6208908/lite/ |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Potential candidacy and withdrawal ===
In April 2024, speculation arose on social media regarding Rahmani’s potential candidacy from the [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. Several political figures reportedly approached him to contest the election, and Rahmani acknowledged that he was in contact with party representatives but had not made any decision at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Personal Law Board Secretary Maulana Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani candidacy in the Lok Sabha election? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/muslim-personal-law-board-secretary-maulana-umrain-mahfooz-rahmani-candidacy-in-the-lok-sabha-election-urn24041703397 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur|date=17 April 2024 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

Later that month, on 23 April, Rahmani officially announced his withdrawal from political consideration, stating that while many had encouraged him to contest in order to counter communal politics, he chose to step back for personal and religious reasons. He emphasized his continued commitment to educational, social, and religious work, and suggested the formation of a pressure group to engage constructively with local politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Umrin Mahfouz Rahmani Withdraw Nomination |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/maulana-umrin-mahfouz-rahmani-withdraw-nomination-from-lok-sabha-election-in-malegaon-urn24042305062 |website=ETV Bharat News|language=ur |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-25 |title=Dhule Lok Sabha Election 2024 : धुळे लोकसभा निवडणूक लढविणार नाही : रहेमानी |url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nashik/nashik-dhule-lok-sabha-election-2024-maulana-umrain-mahfooz-rahmani-statement-will-not-contest-lok-sabha-elections-marathi-news-psl98 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=[[Sakal|Esakal]] |language=Mr}}</ref>

=== Protest against Waqf Act 2025 ===
In May 2025, Rahmani termed as a "success" a nationwide symbolic protest against [[the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025]], organized by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board. As part of the protest, lights were turned off for 15 minutes in several towns and cities, including major participation from institutions like [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], madrassas, and households across Uttar Pradesh. The protest aimed to highlight opposition to the law, which was seen by critics as infringing on religious autonomy and violating constitutional secularism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Darul goes dark to protest waqf law, several houses switch off lights too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/darul-goes-dark-to-protest-waqf-lawseveral-houses-switch-off-lights-too/articleshow/120799144.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

== Views ==
=== Criticism of Waqf Amendment Bill ===
In November 2024, Rahmani criticized the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024|Waqf Amendment Bill]] and urged political leaders such as [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Chandrababu Naidu]] to clarify their stance. He asserted that Muslim voters had played a role in their political success and warned that ignoring community concerns could affect future support. His remarks drew media attention and sparked debate on the involvement of religious leaders in political discourse.<ref name="nvtimes">{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=नीतीश कुमार और चंद्रबाबू नायडू को मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बोर्ड की धमकी, 'हमारे वोट से CM बने हो, हमारी बात नहीं सुनी तो...' |trans-title="Muslim Personal Law Board's warning to Nitish Kumar and Chandrababu Naidu: 'You became CM with our votes, if you don't listen to us...'" |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/muslim-personal-law-board-threatens-nitish-kumar-and-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/115204947.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=वक्फ बोर्ड विवाद के बीच मौलाना का बेतुका बयान, किसे दे दी चेतावनी |trans-title="Controversial statement by the Maulana amid Waqf Board dispute — whom did he warn?" |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/waqf-board-controversy-maulana-umrain-mahfooz-rahmani-watan-nitish-kumar-chandrababu-naidu-8828593.html |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Comments on Nikah Halala ===
In August 2018, Rahmani stated that the practice of so-called [[Nikah Halala]]—as portrayed in public discourse—was not rooted in Islam and had been misrepresented to malign the faith. He criticized how the issue had been framed in media and legal debates, calling such portrayals "a distortion" of Islamic teachings. Rahmani said that using "halala" as a justification for injustice against women was both un-Islamic and sinful, emphasizing that Islam provided no room for such practices. He made these remarks amid ongoing hearings in the Supreme Court on the legal status of Nikah Halala and [[Polygyny in Islam|polygamy]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=हलाला को इस्लाम से जोड़कर देखने पर मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बोर्ड ने जताया एतराज|trans-title=Muslim Personal Law Board objects to linking Halala with Islam|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/muslim-personal-law-board-express-displeasure-over-seeing-halala-with-islam/articleshow/65381151.cms |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Views on Hijab and Women's Rights ===
In February 2022, Rahmani urged Muslim women to actively counter misconceptions about the practice of [[hijab]]. He encouraged women to explain that hijab is not a symbol of oppression but one of honour, dignity, and religious identity. He stated that Islam allows women to step out of their homes while maintaining modesty and respect. His statement was made in the context of growing public discourse around hijab in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Personal Law Board Asks Muslim Women to Dispel Myths About Hijab |url=https://clarionindia.net/personal-law-board-asks-muslim-women-to-dispel-myths-about-hijab/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Clarion India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Position on the Babri Masjid Dispute ===
In February 2018, Rahmani reiterated the Board’s official position on the [[Babri Masjid]] dispute during its executive meeting in Hyderabad. Reading out the Board’s Urdu statement, he affirmed that once a mosque is built, it remains a mosque "till Qayamat" (the [[Qayāmat|Day of Judgment]]), and its land cannot be sold, gifted, or repurposed. The Board rejected proposals—such as one reportedly supported by member [[Salman Nadwi]]—that suggested building a Ram temple at the disputed site, calling such a compromise impermissible (''haram'') under Islamic law. Rahmani clarified that while the matter was before the courts and the Board would respect the judicial process, Muslims could not voluntarily surrender mosque land, as this would contradict Sharia. The Board also noted that past negotiation efforts had failed because they demanded unilateral concessions from the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim Board rules out compromise on Babri Masjid |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/muslim-board-rules-out-compromise-on-babri-masjid |work=[[National Herald]] |date=10 February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim Board rules out compromise on Babri Masjid |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/muslim-board-rules-compromise-babri-masjid-2-1502582898.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |agency=[[IANS]] |date=10 February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Muslim Board rules out compromise on Babri Masjid |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/muslim-board-rules-out-compromise-on-babri-masjid-118021000012_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=IANS |date=10 February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Asif Yar |date=10 February 2018 |title=Babri dispute: AIMPB retains stand, says Masjid land can't be sold, gifted |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/100218/babri-dispute-aipmb-retains-stand-says-masjid-land-cant-be-sold-gifted.html |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Advocacy on Legal Reforms in Muslim Personal Law ===
Rahmani has been an active voice in legal matters concerning Muslim personal law. He has consistently advocated for the preservation of Islamic legal traditions and opposed legislative interventions that overlook the guidance of religious scholars. Notably, in 2018, he opposed the [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019|draft bill on triple talaq]] (then titled the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2017), urging the central government to withdraw the bill or send it to a parliamentary select committee. Rahmani criticized the proposed bail clause as inadequate and stated that the government had not meaningfully consulted Islamic scholars or community representatives. He emphasized the importance of respecting the views of religious authorities when legislating on matters of Muslim personal law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Withdraw triple talaq bill or send it to select committee: AIMPLB official |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/withdraw-triple-talaq-bill-or-send-it-to-select-committee-aimplb-official/articleshow/65378384.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 August 2018 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmani, Muhammad Umrain Mahfooz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:People from Malegaon]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]

2022 SAFF U-17 Championship

2026-04-22T10:26:01Z

Robctr: info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = SAFF U-17 Championship
| year = 2022
| image =
| size =
| other_titles =
| country = Sri Lanka<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Sri Lanka to host SAFF U17 Championship |url=https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-host-saff-u17-championship-2022-bangladesh-maldives-india-nepal/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=ThePapare.com |language=en-US |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903072454/https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-host-saff-u17-championship-2022-bangladesh-maldives-india-nepal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dates = 5–14 September
| num_teams = 6
| confederations = 1
| venues = 1
| city = [[Colombo]]
| champion_other = {{fbu|17|IND}}
| count = 4
| second_other = {{fbu|17|NEP}}
| third_other =
| fourth_other =
| fair_play =
| matches = 7
| goals = 29
| attendance =
| top_scorer ={{fbaicon|IND}} [[Thanglalsoun Gangte]] {{fbaicon|BAN}} [[Mirajul Islam]] {{fbaicon|NEP}} Unesh Budhathoki (4 goals each)
| prevseason = [[2019 SAFF U-15 Championship|2019]]
| nextseason = [[2023 SAFF U-16 Championship|2023]]
|updated =
}}

The '''2022 SAFF U-17 Championship''' was the seventh edition of the [[SAFF U-17 Championship]], an international [[association football|football]] competition for men's under-17 national teams organized by [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF). The tournament took place in Sri Lanka from September 5 to 14, 2022. Six teams from the region took part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-2021-saff-calendar/15scy2mqzigv31mx6qhmxsxf3t|title=All you need to know about the 2021 SAFF calendar|publisher=Goal.com|date=17 April 2021|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417134040/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-2021-saff-calendar/15scy2mqzigv31mx6qhmxsxf3t|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[India national under-17 football team|India]] is the defending champion. They have won previous season title by beating [[Nepal national under-17 football team|Nepal]] 7−0 on 31 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=With 28 goals in 5 games, India lift SAFF U-15 Title |url=https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9890 |website=saffederation.org |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=17 April 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914165945/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/with-28-goals-in-5-games-india-lift-saff-u-15-title |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Participating teams==
FIFA suspended [[Pakistan Football Federation]] on 7 April 2021,<ref>{{cite news|title=FIFA suspends Chad and Pakistan football associations|url=https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-suspends-chad-and-pakistan-football-associations|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407143916/https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-suspends-chad-and-pakistan-football-associations|url-status=live}}</ref> but eventually withdrew the ban, yet they could not participate in the competition as it was too late for them to be ready.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Draw ceremony for SAFF Women’s Championship and SAFF U17 Championship held|url=
https://saffederation.org/news/read/50|access-date=
28 August 2022|archive-date=
28 August 2022|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20220828110553/https://saffederation.org/news/read/50|url-status=
live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:16.67%;"|Team
! style="width:16.67%;"|Appearances in the SAFF U-17 Championship
! width=39%|Previous best performance
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|BAN}}
| align=center| 7th
| align=center| '''Champions''' ([[2015 SAFF U-16 Championship|2015]], [[2018 SAFF U-15 Championship|2018]])
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|BHU}}
| align=center| 5th
| align=center| Fourth Place
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|IND}}
| align=center| 7th
| align=center| '''Champions''' ([[2013 SAFF U-16 Championship|2013]], [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship|2017]], [[2019 SAFF U-15 Championship|2019]])
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|MDV}}
| align=center| 5th
| align=center| Group Stage
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|NEP}}
| align=center| 7th
| align=center| Runners-up ([[2013 SAFF U-16 Championship|2013]], [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship|2017]], [[2019 SAFF U-15 Championship|2019]])
|-
| align="left"| {{fbu|17|SRI}} (Host)
| align=center| 6th
| align=center| Group Stage
|}

==Venue==
All matches are being held at the [[Colombo Racecourse|Racecourse Ground]] in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0.2em auto;"
|-
! [[Colombo]]
|rowspan="4"| {{location map|Sri Lanka|float=right|width=200px|caption=|lat=6.934444|long=79.842778|label='''[[Colombo]]'''|position=top
}}
|-
|[[Colombo Racecourse|Racecourse Ground]]
|-
| Capacity: '''10,000'''
|-
| [[File: Colombo Racecourse grandstand - 03.jpg|200px]]
|}

==Officials==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Referees'''
*{{flagicon|MDV}} Abdulla Shathir
*{{flagicon|SRI}} Athambawa Mohammed Jafran
*{{flagicon|BHU}} Pema Tshewang
*{{flagicon|NEP}} Kabin Byanjankar
{{Col-2}}
'''Assistant Referees'''
*{{flagicon|BAN}} Sujoy Barua
*{{flagicon|BAN}} Md Alamgir Sarker
*{{flagicon|SRI}} Liyanagunawardhana Dhanushka Sampath
*{{flagicon|MDV}} Niushad Mohamed
*{{flagicon|NEP}} Yunal Malla
*{{flagicon|BHU}} Passang Tshering
{{Col-end}}

==Draw==
''Once the hosting nation is announced, it will be put in the 1st position of pot 1 while Maldives will be moved to pot 3.''

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|-
!width=20%|Pot 1
!width=20%|Pot 2
!width=20%|Pot 3
|-
|{{fbu|17|SRI}} (Hosts) {{fbu|17|IND}}
|{{fbu|17|NEP}} {{fbu|17|BAN}}
|{{fbu|17|BHU}} {{fbu|17|MDV}}
|-
|colspan=4|Source: SAFF
|}

==Players' eligibility==
Players born on or after 1 January 2006, are eligible to compete in the tournament. Each team has to register a squad of minimum 16 players and maximum 23 players, minimum two of whom must be goalkeepers.

==Group stage==
*Times listed are [[UTC+05:30]] [[Sri Lanka Standard Time]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=2|Key to colours in group tables
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffcc style="width: 20px;"|
|align=left|Group winners and runners-up advance to the semi-finals
|}
;Tiebreakers
Teams are ranked according to [[Points (association football)|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings.
#Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
#Goal difference in all group matches;
#Goals scored in all group matches;
#[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if only two teams are tied and they met in the last round of the group;
#Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points);
#Drawing of lots.
----
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|section=Group A
|teamwidth = 180
|update=complete
|source=[https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/saff-u-17-championship-2022/group-stage/72568/ GSA]

|team3=MDV |team2=SRI |team1=BAN


|result1=KO |result2=KO


|win_MDV=0 |draw_MDV=0 |loss_MDV=2|gf_MDV=0 |ga_MDV=6 |status_SRI=H
|win_SRI=1 |draw_SRI=0 |loss_SRI=1|gf_SRI=2 |ga_SRI=5
|win_BAN=2 |draw_BAN=0 |loss_BAN=0 |gf_BAN=10 |ga_BAN=1 |status_BAN=


|name_SRI={{fbu|17|SRI}}
|name_MDV={{fbu|17|MDV}}
|name_BAN={{fbu|17|BAN}}
|res_col_header=Status
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualified for [[#Knockout_stage|Knockout stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{football box
| date = 5 September 2022
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|BAN}}
| score =5–1
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/6319742471b59.pdf
| team2 = {{fbu|17|SRI}}
| goals1 =
* Rubel {{goal|7}}
* Murshed {{goal|10||75}}
* Rana {{goal|79}}
* Nazim Uddin {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 = Yasser {{goal|77}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance = 556
| referee = Kabin Byanjankar ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 7 September 2022
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|MDV}}
| score = 0–5
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/6319752a7a13f.pdf
| team2 = {{fbu|17|BAN}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* Faysal {{goal|5}}
* Murshed {{goal|38}}
* [[Mirajul Islam|Mirajul]] {{goal|74||77||90+7}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance = 206
| referee = Pema Tshewang ([[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]])
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 9 September 2022
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|SRI}}
| score = 1−0
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/63478c3e3864e.pdf
| team2 = {{fbu|17|MDV}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
----

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|section=Group B
|teamwidth = 180
|update=complete
|source=[https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/saff-u-17-championship-2022/group-stage/72568/ GSA]


|team1=NEP |team2=IND |team3=BHU


|result1=KO |result2=KO


|win_IND=1 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=4 |ga_IND=3 |status_IND=
|win_NEP=2 |draw_NEP=0 |loss_NEP=0 |gf_NEP=5 |ga_NEP=2 |status_NEP=
|win_BHU=0 |draw_BHU=0 |loss_BHU=2 |gf_BHU=1 |ga_BHU=5 |status_BHU=


|name_IND={{fbu|17|IND}}
|name_NEP={{fbu|17|NEP}}
|name_BHU={{fbu|17|BHU}}
|res_col_header=Status
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualified for [[#Knockout_stage|Knockout stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{football box
| date = 5 September 2022
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|BHU}}
| score = 0–3
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/631973d26302b.pdf
| team2 = {{fbu|17|IND}}
| goals2 =
* [[Thanglalsoun Gangte|Gangte]] {{goal|9||15}}
* Vanlalpeka {{goal|47}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance = 302
| referee = Athambawa Mohammed Jafran ([[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]])
}}

----
{{football box
| date = 7 September 2022
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|NEP}}
| score = 2−1
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/63197567413d8.pdf
| team2 = {{fbu|17|BHU}}
| goals1 =
* Budathoki {{goal|13}}
* S. Thapa {{goal|57}}
| goals2 = J. Dorji {{goal|68}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance = 346
| referee = Abdulla Shathir ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
}}

----
{{football box
| date = 9 September 2022
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|IND}}
| score = 1−3
| report = https://khelnow.com/football/saff-u-17-championship-2022-india-vs-nepal-match-report
| team2 = {{fbu|17|NEP}}
| goals1 =
*Danny {{goal|25}}
| goals2 =
*Saroj {{goal}}
*Budathoki {{goal|49}}
*Subash {{goal|68}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]], [[Colombo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
----

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|style=white-space:nowrap
|3rdplace=no|bold_winner=high
|widescore=yes
|RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Final|Final]]

|12 September – [[Colombo]] |{{fbu|17|BAN}}|1|{{fbu|17|IND}}|2
|12 September – [[Colombo]] |{{fbu|17|NEP}}|6|{{fbu|17|SRI}}|0
|14 September – [[Colombo]] |{{fbu|17|IND}}|4|{{fbu|17|NEP}}|0
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2022|9|12|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|BAN}}
|score1 = 1
|team2 = {{fbu|17|IND}}
|score2 = 2
|goals1 = [[Mirajul Islam|Mirajul]] {{goal|61|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Thanglalsoun Gangte|Gangte]] {{goal|50||58}}
|stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]]
|location = [[Colombo]]
|attendance =
|referee = Kabin Byanjankar ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
|report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/63478e2de9e49.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2022|9|12|df=y}}
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|NEP}}
| score1 = 6
| team2 = {{fbu|17|SRI}}
| score2 = 0
|goals1 =
*Laksham {{goal|22}}
*Budhathoki {{goal|23||51}}
*Subash {{goal|30}}
*Karki {{goal|38}}
*Rai {{goal|90}}
| stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]]
| location = [[Colombo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/63478e69f409e.pdf
| event =
| round =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2022|9|14|df=y}}
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fbu-rt|17|IND}}
|score1 = 4
|team2 = {{fbu|17|NEP}}
|score2 = 0
|goals1 =
*Bobby {{goal|18}}
*[[Korou Singh Thingujam|Korou]] {{goal|30}}
*Guite {{goal|63}}
*Aman {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Colombo Racecourse]]
|location = [[Colombo]]
|attendance =
|referee = Alamgir Sarker ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
|report = https://saffederation.org/uploads/63478f21de5b9.pdf
}}

==Winner==
{{winners|fbu|17|7th SAFF U-17 Championship 2022|India|Fourth}}

==Goalscorers==
{{goalscorers
|updated=14 September 2022|goals=35|matches=9|source=SAFF|ongoing=no
|4 goals=
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Unesh Budhathoki
*{{fbaicon|IND}} [[Thanglalsoun Gangte]]
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} [[Mirajul Islam]]
|3 goals=
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Mohammed Mursed Ali
|2 goals=
*{{fbaicon|IND}} Vanlalpeka Guite
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Subash Bam
|1 goal=
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Mohammed Rubel Shaikh
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Sirajul Islam Rana
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Mohammed Nazim Uddin
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Nazmul Huda Faysal
*{{fbaicon|BHU}} Jetsune Dorji
*{{fbaicon|IND}} Danny Meitei
*{{fbaicon|IND}} Bobby
*{{fbaicon|IND}} [[Korou Singh Thingujam|Korou]]
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Harish Raj Bhatta
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Niraj Karki
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Sijal Rai
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Prashant Laksham
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Semanta Thapa
*{{fbaicon|NEP}} Saroj Darlami
*{{fbaicon|SRI}} M. M. Yasser Sharfaraz
*{{fbaicon|SRI}} Mohamed Aiham Ibrahim
}}

==See also==
* [[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]]
* [[2022 SAFF U-18 Women's Championship]]
* [[2022 SAFF U-15 Women's Championship]]
* [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SAFF U-17 Championship}}
{{SAFF Football}}
[[Category:SAFF U-17 Championship]]
[[Category:September 2022 sports events in Asia|SAFF]]
[[Category:2022 in Sri Lankan sport|SAFF]]

Samadhi (shrine)

2026-04-21T02:23:21Z

Robctr: Started new info needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian temple commemorating the dead}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{about|the Hindu shrines|other uses|Samadhi (disambiguation)}}
[[File:July 9 2005 - Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|right|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadhi]] of the Sikh Maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]]]]

In [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Sufism]] a '''samadhi''' ({{IAST|samādhi}}) or '''samadhi mandir''' is a temple, shrine, or memorial commemorating the dead (similar to a [[tomb]] or [[mausoleum]]),{{Efn|The name of these shrines can also be spelt as 'samadh' or 'smadh'.|group=note}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dict.hinkhoj.com/words/meaning-of-SAMADHI-in-hindi.html|title=Hindi dictionary (Samadhi)|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/samadhi?q=Samadhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022065739/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/samadhi?q=Samadhi|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2013|title=Oxford Dictionary – American English|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/samadhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022065646/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/samadhi|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2013|title=Oxford Dictionary – English|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> which may or may not contain the body of the deceased. Samadhi sites are often built in this way to honour people regarded as [[List of Hindu gurus and sants|saints or gurus in Hindu religious traditions]],<ref name="McLaughlin 2021">{{cite journal |author-last=McLaughlin |author-first=Mark |editor1-last=Flood |editor1-first=Gavin |editor1-link=Gavin Flood |editor2-last=Frazier |editor2-first=Jessica |editor2-link=Jessica Frazier |editor3-last=Lutjeharms |editor3-first=Rembert |date=July 2021 |title=Tracing the Roots of Samādhi Burial Practice |journal=[[Journal of Hindu Studies]] |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=8–26 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiab008 |eissn=1756-4263 |issn=1756-4255 |oclc=301680132}}</ref> wherein such souls are said to have passed into ''[[mahāsamādhi]]'', or were already in ''[[samadhi]]'' (a state of meditative consciousness) at the time of death.
[[File:Ancient-Indian-Architecture.jpg|thumb|Ruined group of samadhi for the [[Cutch State|rajas of Kutch]] and their courts, at [[Bhuj]], Gujarat]]

In Sikhism, the term "samadhi" is used for the mausoleums of eminent figures, both religious and political. Examples include the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], and that of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] near Lahore. Hindu equivalents are usually called ''[[Chhatri|chatri]]'', although those for [[Maratha Empire]] figures also often use "samadhi". The forms of structure called "samadhi" vary greatly. The word is sometimes used for a memorial [[stele]], also called [[paliya]], a type of [[hero stone]] once common in parts of [[Gujarat]] and [[Sindh]]. It may be used for small memorial buildings such as open [[chatri]], often placed around a temple.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} In Punjab, samadhis are also known as '''''marhī'''''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Nadhra Shahbaz Naeem |url=https://www.ioa.uni-bonn.de/aik/de/forschung/publikationen/medien/leseprobe_khan_saac_5.pdf |title=THE SAMĀDHI OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH IN LAHORE: A Summation of Sikh Architectural and Decorative Practices |publisher=EB-Verlag |year=2018 |isbn=9783868932713 |location=Berlin |pages=13}}</ref>

The tradition of India is [[cremation]] for most Hindu people at the time of death, while samadhi is generally reserved for very advanced souls, such as yogis and saints,<ref name="McLaughlin 2021"/> who have already been "purified by the fire of yoga"<ref>Georg Feuerstein, ''The Encyclopedia of Yoga and Tantra'' (Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2011), p. 308.</ref> or who are believed to have been in the state of ''samadhi'' at the time of death. Samadhi usually involves [[Burial|inhumation]] rather than cremation.<ref name="McLaughlin 2021"/>

== Regional and religious styles ==
According to [[Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]] samadhis are often decorated with frescoes, which usually depict both [[Sikh art|Sikh]] and [[Hindu art|Hindu]] themes, such as the [[Sikh gurus]] or [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]]. During Sikh-rule, samadhis tended to be costly, grand structures with ribbed domes and elaborate paintings. However, Sikh samadhis erected during British-rule tended to be simpler, with fewer frescoes and shikhara or squat domes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro|first=Zulfiqar Ali|date=19 February 2021|title=Samadhis of Pothohar|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/19-Feb-2021/samadhis-of-pothohar|access-date=20 April 2026|website=The Friday Times}}</ref> Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro also identifies a regional [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohari]] style of samadhis, which usually contain consisting of tanks (''[[Temple tank|sarovars]]''), step-wells (''baolis''), ribbed domes, high-neck drums, marble door frames, and are either square or octagonal in-shape.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro|first=Zulfiqar Ali|date=19 April 2019|title=Of Sikhs and a Sultan|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/19-Apr-2019/of-sikhs-and-a-sultan|access-date=20 April 2026|website=The Friday Times}}</ref>

==Examples==
One of the popular site of pilgrimage in India is the town of [[Alandi]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] where the 13th century [[Varkari]] saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] took Sanjivan Samadhi, or entombed himself in the state of Samadhi. His devotees believe that he is still alive.{{sfn|Novetzke|2009|p=218}}{{sfn|Glushkova|2014|p=116}}

A samadhi dedicated to Bhaduri Mahasaya (also known as Paramahansa Maharshi Nagendranath, the founder of the Sanatan Dharma Pracharini Sabha can be found at Nagendra Math on Rammohan Roy Road in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen Shastri |first=Dr. Tripurasankar |title=The Levitating Saint |publisher=Sabitadeb Banerjee |year=2020 |edition=Forth |location=Nagendra Mission, 2B, Rammohan Roy Road, Kolkata- 700 009 |pages=26 |language=English}}</ref>

[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] (d. 1977) the founder of [[ISKCON]] (known as the "Hare Krishna Movement"), is commemorated with a large Samadhi Mandir in
[[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]]. Examples of Pothohari samadhs include the Samadhi of Baba Mohan Das and the samadhi at [[Gurdwara Baba Than Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Sankaracharya samathi.jpg|Samadhi of [[Adi Shankara|Sri Adi Shankaracharya]]
File:Kanhoji Angre Samadhi - कान्होजी आंग्रे समाधी 1.JPG|Samadhi of the [[Maratha]] admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]]
File:Appayya Dikshitar samadhi.jpg|Small shrine for [[Appayya Dikshita]], with [[lingam]], [[Thiruvalangadu]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Changdeo samadhi 2012.jpg|Samadhi with image, [[Maharashtra]]
File:Samadhi near chatri3.JPG|[[Paliya]] memorials, [[Bhuj]], [[Gujarat]]
File:Jijamata Samadhi at Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra.jpg|Samadhi of [[Jijabai]], the mother of the Maratha emperor [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Stupa]]
* [[Dargah]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation|last=Glushkova|first=Irina|title=Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqReBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317675952}}
* {{citation|last=Dallmayr|first=Fred|title=In Search of the Good Life: A Pedogogy for Troubled Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ1JrtMJmbMC&pg=PT74|year=2007|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0813138589}}
* {{citation|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmWUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90477-7}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|samadhi}}
* {{Commonscatinline|Samadhi (shrines)}}

{{Death in Hinduism}}
{{Hindu samskaras|state=collapsed}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Brahmanda}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Samadhis| ]]
[[Category:Tombs in India| ]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures]]

Ch. Chhunga

2026-04-19T01:54:24Z

Robctr: Put Up New Details From Scratch...

{{short description|Indian politician (1922-1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raltê Chalchhûnga
| image = Chhunga.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|11|12}}
| birth_name = ChalChhûnga
| birth_place = [[Demagiri]], Mizoram
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|08|24|1922|11|12}}
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Kolasib]]
| order = 1st
| office = Chief Minister of Mizoram
| term_start = 3 May 1972
| term_end = 10 May 1977
| 1blankname = Lieutenant Governor
| 1namedata = S. P. Mukherjee S. K. Chibber
| predecessor = ''Office Established''
| successor = [[Thenphunga Sailo]]
| office2 = President of [[Mizo Union]]
| term_start2 = 4 March 1952
| term_end2 = 28 October 1953
| predecessor2 = [[Raymond Thanhlira]]
| successor2 = [[Raymond Thanhlira]]
| office3 = President of Mizo Union
| term_start3 = 9 October 1955
| term_end3 = 8 October 1962
| predecessor3 = [[Raymond Thanhlira]]
| successor3 = H.K. Bawichhuaka
| office4 = President of Mizo Union
| term_start4 = 4 March 1964
| term_end4 = 1 October 1971
| predecessor4 = H.K. Bawichhuaka
| successor4 = Ch. Saprawnga
| party = [[Mizo Union]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Lalrothangi|1948}}
| children = 11
| Email =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| nickname = Lawrence Ch. Chhûnga
}}
{{Mizo name|Chhûnga}}

'''Lawrence Ralte Chalchhûnga''' also known as '''Ch. Chhûnga'''{{efn|variation of '''R.C. Chhûnga''' for Ralte Chalchhûnga}} (1922–1988) was the first [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]], a state in [[northeast India]]. He served as a Chief Minister under the [[Mizo Union]], from 1972 to 1977.

==Early life==
Ch. Chhûnga was born on 12 November 1922 at [[Tlabung]]. He was the only son of C.L. Thianga and Vanthangpuii. He studied in Kolasib for lower primary before settling in Aizawl for Boys' Middle English School. He studied in Shillong in 1938 at [[St. Anthony’s Higher Secondary School, Shillong|St. Anthony's High School]]. During his study, the outbreak of [[World War II]] prompted Chhûnga to enlist in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] as a wireless Operator in July 1941.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=133}} Under the pressure of his parents, Chhûnga attempted to leave the military and was discharged after purposely failing all his exams. He continued his education at St. Anthony's and completed matric in 1943. During his studies, he fraternalized with other tribal students and formed the Hill Students' Union and became politically active.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=134}}

==Political life==
Chhûnga showed interest in the newly formed [[Mizo Union]] party with his friend H. Vanthuamawere. However, his father's expectations encouraged him to continue studying.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=134}} In the Mizo Union General Assembly of 1951, Chhûnga was elected as President of the Mizo Union.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=135}}

Following the Mizo District Council elections on 4 January 1952, Chhûnga was instructed to contest the seat of the North Vanlaiphai constituency.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=135}} Chhûnga declined and contested the Aizawl-Lunglei constituency against Pachhunga of the [[United Mizo Freedom Organization]]. Chhûnga lost to Pachhunga with 787 votes to his 860. However, the Mizo Union succeeded overall and won 17 constituencies out of 18. As a result, Chhûnga was reelected as President of the Mizo Union party in 26–29 February 1952 during the assembly.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=136}}

Following the resignation of [[Raymond Thanhlira]] due to nomination to parliament a bye-election was held in 1952. The nomination committee selected Chhûnga as the Mizo Union candidate. Chhûnga was in Silchar completed his Bachelor of Arts. He had been nominated by Lalbuia, his agent, and this was a breach of nomination hence rejecting his candidacy. Lalbuia, who was uncontested, became the Member of Legislative Assembly. Upon Chhûnga's arrival, Lalbuia offered to resign and let him become the MLA. However, Chhûnga refused.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=137}}

In the 1957 Mizo District Council election, Chhûnga contested against Pachhunga once more.{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=136}}

Chhûnga was the Chief Executive Member of Mizoram District Council, The United Mizo Parliamentary Party, a coalition of Mizo Union and Congress Party and dominated the 1971 Village Council elections by winning 66 of the 158 Village councils.<ref>{{cite book|last=C. Nunthara|title=Mizoram: Society and Polity|year=1996|publisher=Indus Publishing Company}}</ref> Chhûnga was appointed the President of the [[Mizo Union]] in the 1952 General Assembly as the people preferred a young man instead of the much senior Bawichhuaka. Chhûnga held the Party president's post for 14 years during the 28 years of [[Mizo Union]] Party. Chhûnga won election in [[Kolasib (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] and was appointed the Chief Minister of Union Territory of [[Mizoram]] by SP Mukherjee, the First Lt Governor of Mizoram on 3 May 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref> Chhûnga was instrumental of merger of [[Mizo Union]] with the [[Indian National Congress]]. The [[Mizo Union]] being a regional party depended on the center for funds and preferred to join with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Suhas|title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga, Volume 2|year=1994|publisher=Vijay Gupta|isbn=9788185880389|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdE6p1MiTAC}}</ref> Chhûnga was instrumental in Mizoram getting State status. He negotiated for separation of Mizoram District from [[Assam]] state.

==Later life==
Chhûnga married Lalrothangi in 1948. He had 11 children and named them with the prefix "Chal".{{sfn|Mate|2017|p=135}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mizoram.nic.in/gov/cm.htm Mizoram Government Website ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050311200356/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MZ_72.pdf Election results 1972]
*{{cite journal |last1=Mate |first1=S, Haukhanlian |title=Ch. Chhunga: A typical Mizo Political Leader |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2017 |volume=XVIII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2020/03/ |access-date=22 October 2025}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=''Position established''
|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Mizoram|Chief Minister of Mizoram]]
|years=3 May 1972{{spaced ndash}}10 May 1977
|after=[[T. Sailo]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Mizoram}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhunga, C.}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Mizoram]]
[[Category:People from Kolasib]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 1972–1977]]

Putta Sudhakar Yadav

2026-04-11T20:01:23Z

Robctr: new a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Putta_Sudhakar_Yadav_.jpg
| name = Putta Sudhakar Yadav
| alt = This person
| native_name_lang = [[Mydukur, Kadapa|Mydukur]]
| children = [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| predecessor = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}
'''Putta Sudhakar Yadav''' is an Indian politician and a businessman. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and a member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mydukur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mydukur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548332-2024-06-04#:~:text=17%3A41%20IST-,TDP%27s%20Sudhakar%20Putta%20wins%20Mydukur%20with%2096181%20votes,seat%2C%20having%20polled%2096181%20votes | title=Mydukur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Sudhakar Putta wins Mydukur with 96181 votes | date=4 June 2024 }}</ref> He was the former chairman of the Board of Trustees of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sudhakar-yadav-sworn-in-as-ttd-trust-board-chairman/article23714154.ece | title=Sudhakar Yadav sworn in as TTD Trust Board chairman | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 April 2018 }}</ref>

His son [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]] is a member of [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]].<ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Opponent Party
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
|1
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|[[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| 96,181
|20,950
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01133.htm | title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613131153/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01133.htm | archive-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Putta Sudhakar}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Gurveer Singh Brar

2026-04-11T04:26:11Z

Robctr: adding bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurveer Singh Brar
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shivadeep Kaur|2009}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|3|10|df=y}}
| constituency = [[Sadulshahar Assembly constituency|Sadulshahar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Jagdish Chander]]
| successor = Incumbent
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| father = Baldev Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = Bachelor's
| birth_place = [[Hanumangarh]], Rajasthan
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes = Source [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/HamareVidhayak/RptMemberSearch.aspx]
}}
'''Gurveer Singh Brar''' is an Indian [[politician]]. He was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sadulshahar Assembly constituency|Sadulshahar]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadulshahar, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP defeats independents in Sadulshahar |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sadulshahar-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830376-2023-12-03 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=aajtak.in|date=3 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gurveer Singh's election profile |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/gurveer-singh-brar-bjp-2018-sadulshahar-1 |website=amarujala.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Sadulshahar Assembly constituency. He defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Om Bishnoi with 15460 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sadulshahar-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470604-2023-12-03|title=Sadulshahar Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Gurveer Singh defeats Independent's Om Bishnoi with 15460 votes|website=indiatoday.in|date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-bsp-sp-101701566478400.html
|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise and seat-wise |website=hindustantimes.com|access-date = 3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm |access-date=2023-12-04 |publisher=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Gurveer Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Party (unreleased film)

2026-04-05T10:10:26Z

Robctr: new a info

{{short description|Unreleased film by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Party (upcoming film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| writer = Venkat Prabhu
| producer = [[T. Siva]]
| starring = [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] [[Sathyaraj]] [[Jayaram]] [[Ramya Krishnan]] [[Regina Cassandra]] [[Sanchita Shetty]] [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Chandran]]
| cinematography = [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Premgi Amaren]]
| studio = Amma Creations
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Party''''' is an unreleased Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[T. Siva]]. The film stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Jayaram]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], and [[Regina Cassandra]], with [[Sanchita Shetty]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Nandha Durairaj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Chandran]] appearing in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2017 |title=Venkat Prabhu's next film to have a stellar cast. Here are all the deets |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/party-venkat-prabhu-next-film-to-have-a-stellar-cast-here-are-all-the-deets-watch-video-4719654/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629150333/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/party-venkat-prabhu-next-film-to-have-a-stellar-cast-here-are-all-the-deets-watch-video-4719654/ |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Despite having completed filming, the film remains unreleased due to economic issues.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as "Zero Error" Charlie: a small-time Kidnapper
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as a Hitman: a man with No Name
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Babu Murali/ Bob Marley: a drug peddler
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Karnan / Ironfist Ayyanar
* [[Jayaram]] as Rajasekhara Pandian / RSP: a Casino Kingpin
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Abhirami: a [[socialite]]
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as Madhu: player
* [[Sanchita Shetty]] as Aditi: a mastermind
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] as Kalki: Software
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Benjamin Button: a businessman
* [[Chandran]] as Raghu: a software updater
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Chidambaram: an imposter
}}

== Production ==
''Party'' is entirely filmed in the Fiji Islands.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2017 |title=Shaam pins hopes on Party |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110817/shaam-pins-hopes-on-party.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811110418/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110817/shaam-pins-hopes-on-party.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The project was announced in a promotional event for the film ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''. Director Venkat Prabhu picked [[Premgi Amaren]] to compose the film's soundtrack and the background score, rather than his usual choice, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] who composed for all the director's ventures. It was noted that Premgi earlier composed one song in ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' film and also doing the additional background score of the director's previous films as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2017 |title=Jayaram's next in Tamil is titled 'Party' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayarams-next-in-tamil-is-titled-party/articleshow/59318135.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815172011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayarams-next-in-tamil-is-titled-party/articleshow/59318135.cms |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2017 |title=Venkat Prabhu's next titled 'Party' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-s-next-titled-party-news-tamil-rgykuPaecdidj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625075054/http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-s-next-titled-party-news-tamil-rgykuPaecdidj.html |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In an interview, [[Chandran]] added that, the filming is like going on an excursion and the director is handling the big star cast with absolute ease.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Chandran is back on screen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100717/chandran-is-back-on-screen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710004335/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100717/chandran-is-back-on-screen.html |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Venkat Prabhu's party revealed uniquely |url=http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/15483/latest/First-look-of-Venkat-Prabhus-party-revealed-uniquely.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627015721/http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/15483/latest/First-look-of-Venkat-Prabhus-party-revealed-uniquely.html |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |website=ApNewsCorNer}}</ref> [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]] and [[Praveen K. L.|Praveen]] were selected as the cinematographer and editor respectively, continuing their association with the director where they worked together in ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]''. [[Stunt Silva]] signed in as stunt choreographer for this project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2017 |title=Party to commence from July 20 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110717/party-to-commence-from-july-20.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711020149/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110717/party-to-commence-from-july-20.html |archive-date=11 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A promotional teaser was released on 13 December 2017 and was followed by two more that introduced the cast and revealed their respective characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2017 |title=Venkat Prabhu's 'Party' teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhus-party-teaser/articleshow/62050651.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112054949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhus-party-teaser/articleshow/62050651.cms |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=14 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

Unlike Prabhu's previous projects which had Yuvan Shankar Raja composing the film's soundtrack and score, Premgi Amaren both composed the film's soundtrack and score as well for this project. A single was launched on 2 July 2018, which features actors [[Suriya]] and [[Karthi]] making their second ventures as playback singers.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:31
| title1 = Cha Cha Charey
| lyrics1 = Parthi Bhasker
| extra1 = [[Suriya]], [[Karthi]], [[Kharesma Ravichandran]], [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Kodi Mangani
| lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Thean Pudhu Thean
| lyrics3 = Gangai Amaran
| extra3 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Kannampoochi
| lyrics4 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = GST
| lyrics5 = Karunakaran
| extra5 = [[D. Imman]], [[Swagatha S. Krishnan]]
| length5 = 4:13
}}

== Release ==
Despite filming having completed and the film cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]], the film remains unreleased, although the makers were adamant on a theatrical release only, rather than [[direct-to-streaming]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=6 August 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu: 'Refreshing to see other directors write roles for me' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/refreshing-to-see-other-directors-write-roles-for-me-venkat-prabhu/article32283282.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510053503/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/refreshing-to-see-other-directors-write-roles-for-me-venkat-prabhu/article32283282.ece |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=28 May 2020 |title=Party: Venkat Prabhu's long-delayed film to hit the screens in September |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/party-venkat-prabhu-s-long-delayed-film-to-hit-the-screens-in-september-1682864-2020-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725155341/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/party-venkat-prabhu-s-long-delayed-film-to-hit-the-screens-in-september-1682864-2020-05-28 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu's Party to release in theatres only, confirm makers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhus-party-to-release-in-theatres-only-confirm-makers/articleshow/77736145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607162212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhus-party-to-release-in-theatres-only-confirm-makers/articleshow/77736145.cms |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2023, producer T. Siva revealed that the team had shot the film in Fiji with an agreement of a fee concession of 47% but due to the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic effects]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji]], the process of refunding the money for films shot in the country was suspended. Siva said the amount would not be refunded if the film was released, although the new Fijian government was working towards returning "such withheld amounts as soon as possible", so he opted to put the film on hold.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2023 |title='Party' makers reveal the reason for the delay of Venkat Prabhu's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/party-makers-reveal-the-reason-for-the-delay-of-venkat-prabhus-directorial/articleshow/102161287.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904184504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/party-makers-reveal-the-reason-for-the-delay-of-venkat-prabhus-directorial/articleshow/102161287.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Venkat Prabhu}}

[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Premgi Amaren]]
[[Category:Films shot in Fiji]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by T. Siva]]

Alka Singh Arkvanshi

2026-04-03T03:02:46Z

Robctr: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alka Singh Arkvanshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|05|15}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Sandila Assembly constituency|Sandila]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Raj Kumar Agrawal
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse = Anoop Singh
| alma_mater = [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences|Allahabad Agriculture Institute]]
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]]
}}
'''Alka Singh Arkvanshi''' (born 15 May 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is an MLA from [[Sandila Assembly constituency]] in Hardoi district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=All 8 BJP candidates win as 7 SP MLAs vote for saffron party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/all-8-bjp-candidates-win-as-7-sp-mlas-vote-for-saffron-party/articleshow/108056113.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She represents of [[Bharatiya Janata party]]. She won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sandila Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Alka Singh of BJP Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sandila-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851548.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Arkvanshi is from [[Sarojaninagar|Sarojninagar]], Lucknow district. She married Anoop Singh. She completed her M.B.A. at [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences|Allahabad Agriculture Institute]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alka Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SANDILA(HARDOI) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2613 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Arkvanshi won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sandila Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She polled {{formatnum:101730}} votes and defeated Abdul Mannan of [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] by a margin of 37,103 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alka Singh from BJP Won Sandila Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Sandila Constituency |url=https://indiatoday.in/know-your-candidatesuttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/sandila-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sandila, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Sandila seat, Alka Singh wins with 101377 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sandila-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923190-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arkvanshi, Alka Singh}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Danish Governor Bungalow

2026-03-28T23:53:15Z

Robctr: Put Up Some Entry W/ Refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Bungalow on the Beach, Neemrana Hotels, in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|210px|Bungalow on the Beach, Neemrana Hotels, in [[Tranquebar]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
'''The Danish Governor Bungalow,''' also known as the Bungalow on the Beach, is a 17th-century [[Denmark|Danish]] colonial house which has belonged to the Governor of [[Danish India]]. The House was called Black Court, and was used as a consideration to the ethnic people taking into account the customs and traditions of the Indiens, after the exit of the Danes in 1845, the house was used by the [[British Raj|British]] administrator of the colony.<ref name="fi"/><ref name=te/> Built in the 18th century, opposite Fort Dansborg, by the [[Danish East India Company]] in what was once a [[Black pepper|pepper]] trading post of [[Tranquebar]], now known as [[Tharangambadi]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Tranquebar is a Danish term that comes from the native Tamil word Tarangambadi, which means 'place of the singing waves'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/04/07/stories/2003040700100300.htm|title=Temples, castles and churches|date=7 April 2003|work=Business Line}}</ref>

The bungalow was acquired by [[Neemrana Hotels]] in 2000, and after restoration was opened in 2004, the company also runs two more heritage hotels in the town, Gate House and Nayak House.<ref name="fi">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/high-on-history/562561/|title=High on history|date=3 January 2010|work=Financial Express}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|left|160px|Fort Dansborg at [[Tranquebar]], built by Danish Admiral [[Ove Gedde]], in 1620.]]
Founded in 1616, following a privilege of [[Denmark|Danish]] King [[Christian IV of Denmark and Norway|Christian IV]], the Danish East India Company, set up its base in [[Tranquebar]], in the fort Dansborg, which was the seat of its Governor of [[Danish India]], styled Opperhoved. Here [[Ove Gjedde]], a Danish admiral arrived in 1620. He was given territory by the [[Nayaks of Tanjore|Nayak ruler of Tanjore]]. The Danish then settled there so as to export pepper to Denmark. They remained there until 1845, when after suffering heavy losses, the colony of Tranquebar was sold to [[British Raj]], thereafter the house became the residence of the British administrator of the colony. The bungalow was then sold to Vellia Nadar [5] ; who was a prominent distillery owner whose descendants lived in it for over 125 years. Rao Bahadur Vellia Nadar was the uncle of Rao Bahadur T. Rattinasami Nadar of Porayar (a nearby town) T. Rattinasami Nadar was famous for forming the Nadar Mahajana Sangam and the Tamil Nadu Mercantile Bank (formerly called The Nadar Bank). After the Nadar family partition, the bungalow was finally passed down to B.Thavasumuthu Nadar and T.Rajeswari Ammal who along with their nine children T.Balagurusamy Nadar,T.Ponnusamy Nadar,T.Rajapather Nadar,N.Padmini,P.Dhanalakshmi,T.Rethinasamy Nadar,T.Narayanasamy Nadar,A.Gowri and K.Sundari lived a good many years in the bungalow. They were the last and final family to have resided in the bungalow. After the demise of T.Thavasumuthu Nadar, the children moved out and T.Rajeswari Ammal who found it difficult to maintain the colossal bungalow all by herself sold it to the Taj group of hotels in the1990's. The house was referred to as "Nadar Veedu" and was sold during the 1990s to the Taj group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor’s Residence |url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250218122539/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/ |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=National Museum of Denmark |language=en}}</ref>

In 2000, the Bungalow was bought by heritage hotel company, [[Neemrana Hotels]], which after a two years of extensive restoration, the hotel opened on Christmas Eve in 2004, though the next day, [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean tsunami]] seriously damaged it, and another three months of restoration was required thereafter.<ref name=te>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060422/asp/weekend/story_6099633.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630065123/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060422/asp/weekend/story_6099633.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2006|title=Colonial connection|date=22 April 2006|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100723125522/http://www.neemranahotels.com/bunglow/index.html.htm Bungalow on the Beach website]

{{coord|11.0258653|79.8539003|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotels in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Danish India]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:1780s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]

Monica Ferrell

2026-03-25T03:33:49Z

Robctr: Creating initial details needs work

{{Short description|American poet and fiction writer}}
{{infobox writer
|name=Monica Ferrell
|birth_name=Shana Monica Ferrell
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|11|8}}
|birth_place=[[New Delhi]], India
|occupation={{flatlist|
*Poet
*writer
}}
|nationality=American
|education=[[Harvard University]] [[Columbia University School of the Arts]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])
|genre=[[Fiction]]
|spouse=[[Michael Dumanis]]
}}
'''Shana Monica Ferrell''' (born November 8, 1975) is an American [[poet]] and [[fiction writer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/monica-ferrell|title=Monica Ferrell|date=May 27, 2022|website=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> In 2007, she was awarded the Kathryn A. Morton Prize for her debut book of poems, ''Beasts for the Chase''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-932511-65-9|title=Beasts for the Chase, Monica Ferrell|website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Beasts+for+the+Chase.-a0208110967|title=Beasts for the Chase, Monica Ferrell|website=thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> Her novel, ''The Answer Is Always Yes,'' was published by [[Random House]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/02/the-answer-is-always-yes|title=The Answer Is Always Yes|magazine=The New Yorker|date=26 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385339292|title=The Answer Is Always Yes, Monica Ferrell|website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/monica-ferrell/the-answer-is-always-yes/|title=The Answer Is Always Yes, Monica Ferrell|website=kirkusreviews.com}}</ref> Her third book, a poetry collection entitled ''You Darling Thing'', was published by [[Four Way Books]] in 2018 and was named a New & Noteworthy selection by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/books/review/new-noteworthy-poetry-peter-catapano.html|title=New & Noteworthy » Monica Ferrell|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/review/-you-darling-thing?subpage=Advocacy,Impacts|title=You Darling Thing, Monica Ferrell|website=libraryjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenyonreview.org/reviews/on-you-darling-thing-by-monica-ferrell-738439/|title=On You Darling Thing by Monica Ferrell|website=kenyonreview.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781945588228/|title=You Darling Thing, Monica Ferrell|website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> It became a finalist for the [[Believer Book Award]] in Poetry<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2019/02/the-2018-believer-book-award-for-poetry-goes-to-catherine-barnett|title=The 2018 Believer Book Award for Poetry Goes to Catherine Barnett by Harriet Staff|date=May 27, 2022|website=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> and for the [[Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arts.cgu.edu/tufts-poetry-awards/monica-ferrell-motherhood-femininity-and-violent-voyeurism-in-you-darling-thing/|title=2020 Kingsley & Kate Tufts Finalist Monica Ferrell|website=Tufts Poetry Awards}}</ref> Her fourth book, and third collection of poems, ''The Future'', is being published by Four Way Books in 2026.

==Early life and education==
Ferrell was born in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] to a Punjabi mother and an American father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poets.org/poet/monica-ferrell/|title=About Monica Ferrell|publisher=Academy of American Poets}}</ref> A graduate of the [[Dwight-Englewood School]], she received a bachelor's degree from [[Harvard University]] and a [[Master of Fine Arts]] from [[Columbia University]]'s [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]] and is married to poet and editor [[Michael Dumanis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/fashion/weddings/a-romance-in-the-style-of-byron-or-keats.html|title=A Romance in the Style of Byron or Keats|first=Marialisa|last=Calta|date=June 28, 2013|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Currently, she is the Doris and Carl Kempner Distinguished Professor at [[Purchase College]] (SUNY).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purchase.edu/live/profiles/523-monica-ferrell|title=Professor Monica Ferrell|publisher=Purchase College}}</ref>

==Career==
Ferrell won the "Discovery"/''[[The Nation]]'' prize in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/discoverythe-nation-01-prizewinners/|title=Discovery/The Nation '01 Prizewinners|first=Grace|last=Schulman|date=April 19, 2001|website=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missourireview.com/monica-ferrell-planet/|title=Planet, Monica Ferrell|website=missourireview.com}}</ref> From 2002 to 2004 she was a [[Stegner Fellow]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativewriting.stanford.edu/stegner-fellowship/current-fellows/former-stegner-fellows|title=Former Stegner Fellows | Creative Writing Program|website=creativewriting.stanford.edu}}</ref> Her writing has appeared in ''[[American Poetry Review]], [[A Public Space]], [[The Baffler]], [[Black Clock]], [[Fence (magazine)|Fence]], [[Gulf Coast (journal)|Gulf Coast]], [[New England Review]], [[The New Republic]], [[The New Yorker]], [[The New York Review of Books]], [[The Paris Review]], [[Ploughshares]], [[Tin House]],'' and ''[[The Yale Review]]'', and in anthologies such as ''[[Language for a New Century]]: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia, and Beyond'' ([[W.W. Norton]]), ''The HarperCollins Book of English Poetry'' ([[HarperCollins India]]), and ''The Penguin Book of Indian Poets'' ([[Penguin India]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220530-jeet-thayil-on-putting-together-a-new-anthology-the-penguin-book-of-indian-poets-1951709-2022-05-20|title=Jeet Thayil on putting together a new anthology, The Penguin Book of Indian Poets|first=Sukhada|last=Tatke|date=May 30, 2022|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*2008:''Beasts for the Chase'' (poetry, [[Sarabande Books]])
*2008:''The Answer Is Always Yes'' (novel, [[Random House]])
*2018:''You Darling Thing'' (poetry, [[Four Way Books]])
*2026:''The Future'' (poetry, [[Four Way Books]])

==Honors and awards==
* "Discovery/''[[The Nation]]'' prize in 2001
*finalist for the [[Asian American Writers' Workshop]] Prize in Poetry
*fellowships from the [[MacDowell Colony]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/monica-ferrell|title=Monica Ferrell - Artist|website=MacDowell}}</ref> and the [[Civitella Ranieri Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://civitella.org/fellow/monica-ferrell/|title=Monica Ferrell|website=civitella.org}}</ref>
*Wallace Stegner Fellowship from [[Stanford University]]
*finalist for the [[Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrell, Monica}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Purchase College faculty]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:American poets of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American women poets]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–Mangaluru Antyodaya Express (via Alappuzha)

2026-03-22T07:47:17Z

Robctr: Started new info added tags - done

{{Short description|Express train in southwest India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 800000
| name = Thiruvananthapuram North – Mangaluru Junction ''Antyodaya SF Express''
| image = Kochuveli–Mangaluru Antyodaya Express at Paravur, Oct 2023.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Thiruvananthapuram North–Mangaluru Antyodaya Express at [[Paravur railway station]]
| type = [[Antyodaya Express]]
| locale = Kerala & Karnataka
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|06|09}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jun/09/mangaluru-kochuveli-antyodaya-express-to-launch-today-1825637.html|title=Mangaluru–Kochuveli Antyodaya Express to launch today|date=9 June 2018|agency=Express News Service|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}} (KCVL)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}} (MAJN)
| distance = {{convert|615|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 Hr 15 Min
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Run twice in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Cushion Berth
| autorack = YES
| catering = No
| observation = Wide window
| entertainment = Digital display
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB-Antyodaya]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 16355 / 16356
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h}}
| map = [[File:Antyodaya Express (Kochuveli - Mangalore) route map.png|250px|Antyodaya Express (Kochuveli–Mangalore) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Kochuveli ( TVC North ) - Mangaluru Junction Antyodaya S.F Express''' is a bi weekly Superfast Express of antyodaya express category train belonging to {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}} division, [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Kochuveli}} in Kerala and {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}} in Karnataka . It operates with 16355/16356<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mangaluru-jn-kochuveli-antyodaya-express-16356/70212/2931/1009|website=indianrailinfo.com|title=16356/Mangaluru Jn.–Kochuveli Antyodaya Express (via Alappuzha)}}</ref> train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/new-rly-timetable-brings-two-new-trains-to-city/article19916503.ece|title=New Rly. timetable brings two new trains to city|first=Anil Kumar|last=Sastry|date=25 October 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> It is the first unpainted stainless steel train of India. This train answers the long standing demand of the people of North Kerala for a fourth train to the capital. This is the fastest bi weekly night train that runs from Mangaluru junction to Kochuveli that covers the distance of 620 km in 11 hours 35 min

The train runs two times/week. Widespread protests erupted when the train didn't stop at Tirur, Kasaragod, and Alappuzha, questioning the need for this train. Several MLAs blocked the train at Kasaragod demanding a stop there.

== Service ==

The Mangaluru to Thiruvananthapuram North train (16356) leaves Mangaluru junction every Friday and Sunday at 8 PM and reaches Thiruvananthapuram North at 8.15 AM the next day. The reverse train (16355) leaves Thiruvananthapuram North every Thursday and Saturday at 9.25 PM and reaches Mangaluru Jn. at 9.15 AM the next day.

== Coach composition ==
The trains offers only [[LHB coach|LHB]] general coaches (unreserved) designed by [[Indian Railways]]. Vending machines offer water. Toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras and mobile charging points are present.Maintenance is done at {{stnlnk|Kochuveli}}.

== Traction ==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive.

==Route==

*'''{{stnlnk|Kochuveli}}'''
*{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}
*{{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
*{{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Tirur}}
*{{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}
*{{stnlnk|Kannur}}
*{{stnlnk|Kasaragod}} (permanent stop for now )
*'''Mangaluru Junction'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:ORANGE;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:ORANGE;"| 18

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] |LOCO : WAP 7 ERODE /ROYAPURAM |EOG||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||EOG
|}

== See also ==
* [[Antyodaya Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Kerala Sampark Kranti Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Antyodaya Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli-Mangaluru Junction Antyodaya Express}}
[[Category:Antyodaya Express trains]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Ranga Bou

2026-03-21T12:30:11Z

Robctr:

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator = Crazy Ideas Media
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Sumitra
* Anandarupa
* Ayon
* Ananya
}}
| director = Laxman Ghosh Rajat Paul
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shruti Das]]
* Gourab Roychowdhury
}}
| open_theme = "Ranga Bou Ranga Bou alta paye jaye"
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist|
* Abhiji Basu
* Sobuj
* Ashis
}}
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Sromona Ghosh Shreya Guha
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sandip Agarwal
* Rupa Banerjee
}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Crazy Ideas Media
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 314
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|12|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|12|16|df=y}}
| image_alt =
}}

'''''Ranga Bou''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Drama]] television series that premiered on 19 December 2022 on [[Zee Bangla]]. The series is produced under the banner of Crazy Ideas Media. It stars Shruti Das and Gourab Roychowdhury in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/daily-soap-ranga-bou-makes-an-entry-in-top-5-list/articleshow/99313180.cms|title=Daily soap 'Ranga Bou' makes an entry in top 5 list|website=The Times of India|date=7 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/gourab-roy-chowdhury-on-playing-kush-in-ranga-bou-the-character-will-give-me-ample-scope-to-experiment-and-excel-as-an-artist/articleshow/96344134.cms|title=Gourab Roy Chowdhury on playing Kush in 'Ranga Bou': The character will give me ample scope to experiment and excel as an artist|website=The Times of India|date=19 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-ranga-bou-serial-actress-payel-deb-reveals-her-marriage-date-dgtl/cid/1439538|title=রথযাত্রার দিন রোকা, বিয়ের দিন ক্ষণ পাকা হয়ে গেল 'রাঙা বউ' সিরিয়ালের সীমন্তিনীর|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref> The show ran for nearly a year and concluded on 16 December 2023 after airing approximately 314 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=শ্বেতা-রণজয়কে জায়গা দিতে বন্ধ হচ্ছে ‘রাঙা বউ’, মন খারাপ শ্রুতির! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-shruti-das-starrer-ranga-bou-to-go-off-air-on-16th-dec-kon-gopone-mon-veseche-to-replace-it-31701697379660.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205020426/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-shruti-das-starrer-ranga-bou-to-go-off-air-on-16th-dec-kon-gopone-mon-veseche-to-replace-it-31701697379660.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Shruti Das as Pakhi Shil aka Ranga Bou: Kush's wife; Nabin's daughter; Rajani's stepdaughter
* [[Gourab Roy Chowdhury]]
** Kush Shil : Pakhi's husband; Tapan's son; Lob's twin brother
** Lob Shil aka Rocky : Malobika's husband, Niki's father, Kush's twin brother

===Recurring===
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Torunjyoti Shil aka Tarun : Ajit, Samar, Kiran, Simu & Moni's father Kush's uncle
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Belarani Shil aka Bela : Ajit, Samar, Kiran, Simu & Moni's mother, Kush's aunt
* Phalguni Chatterjee as Tapanjyoti Shil : Kush & Rocky's father
* Manoj Ojha as Ajit Shil : Kush's eldest brother, Ani's father
* Nabonita Dey as Anupama Shil aka Boro bou/Anu: Ajit's wife, Ani's mother
* Swarnakamal Dutta as Indrani Shil aka Sona Bou/Indu : Samar's wife, Khushi's mother
* Suman Banerjee as Samarjit Shil aka Samar : Kush's elder cousin brother, Khushi's father
* Indrakshi Nag / Suchandra Banerjee as Chitralekha Shil aka Phool Bou/Lekha : Kiron's wife, Chuti's mother
* Hritojeet Chatterjee as Kironjit Shil aka Kiron : Kush's elder cousin brother, Chuti's father<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-hritojeet-chatterjee-bags-a-meaty-role-in-ranga-bou/articleshow/96026889.cms|title=Actor Hritojeet Chatterjee bags a meaty role in 'Ranga Bou'|website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2022 }}</ref>
* Srija Ghosh as Chuti: Kiron and Lekha's daughter
* Liza Sarkar as Khushi Shil : Samar and Indrani's daughter
* Pritam Das as Aniruddha Shil aka Ani : Ajit and Anupama's son
* Payel Deb as Simantini (née Shil) aka Khuku/Simu : Kush's younger cousin sister, Rajesh's wife
* Priyam Roy as Rajesh : Simantini's husband
* Esha Bhattacharya as Rajesh's mother and Simantini's mother in law
* Pranabhi Bose as Guriya : Rajesh's sister
* Ankita Majumdar as Kumu (née Shil) aka Moni : Kush's elder cousin sister, Sudarshan's wife
* Pinky Banerjee as Malati: Pakhi's aunt
* Raghubir as Pakhi's uncle
* Mridul Matilal Majumder as Late Nabin: Pakhi and Kusum's father; Rajani's husband
* Shraboni Banik as Rajani : Kusum's mother, Pakhi's stepmother; Nabin's widow
* Tanushree Saha as Kushum Shil: Pakhi's half sister, Ani's wife; Nabin and Rajani' daughter
* Ankita Biswas as Nupur: Pakhi's friend
* [[Alivia Sarkar]] as Malobika Shil (née Sen) aka Pinki : Niki's mother, Rocky's wife<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/alivia-sarkar-joins-the-cast-of-ranga-bou/articleshow/100583595.cms|title=Alivia Sarkar joins the cast of 'Ranga Bou'|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2023 }}</ref>
* Pritha Bandyopadhyay as Malobika's mother
* Biplab Banerjee as Jayanta Sen : Malobika's father
* Olivia Malakar as Moumita: Kiran's friend

===Guest appearance===
* [[Manali Dey]] as Shimul Banerjee from [[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]
* Kheyali Mondal as Mili Singha from [[Mili (Bengali TV series)|Mili]]
* Pallavi Sharma as Alokparna Dutta from [[Neem Phooler Madhu]]

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{nowrap|TRP ratings for 2022}}
! rowspan="2" | Week
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 51
|6.9
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP: প্রকাশ্যে বছরের শেষ টিআরপি! একাধিক মেগার স্কোরে রদবদল, বেঙ্গল টপার কে?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-51st-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-2023-last-trp-list-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-top-three-bengali-mega-serial-latest-updates-soc-490154-2022-12-29|access-date=29 December 2022|website=Aajtak Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|6.1
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP: নতুন বছরের শুরুতেই বড় চমক টিআরপি-তে! এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-1st-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-top-three-bengali-television-news-soc-493237-2023-01-05|access-date=5 January 2023|website=Aajtak Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{nowrap|TRP ratings for 2023}}
! rowspan="2" | Week
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 1
|6.7
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: জব্বর টক্কর বাংলা সিরিয়ালে! টিআরপি-তে উঠে এল 'মিঠাই', বাকিরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-1-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-better-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-khelna-bari-top-three-bengali-television-latest-news-soc-496495-2023-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|6.7
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: টিআরপি-তে তলানিতে 'মিঠাই', সেরা দশে ১৪ মেগা! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-2-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-very-bad-14-mega-serials-top-10-know-who-bengal-topper-week-bengali-television-latest-news-soc-499922-2023-01-19 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|6.9
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুণ চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', খারাপ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-3-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-mithai-elo-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-list-top-10-serials-soc-503790-2023-01-27 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|6.9
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা দশে নেই 'মিঠাই', তলানিতে 'গাঁটছড়া'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত করল 'মেয়েবেলা' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-4-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-mithai-not-in-top-10-gaatchhora-scores-worst-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-506459-2023-02-02 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|6.8
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: এবারও বেহাল 'মিঠাই'! বেঙ্গল টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' না 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-5-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-bengal-topper-this-week-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-score-of-mithai-gaantchhora-soc-509897-2023-02-09 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|6.9
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা দশে এল 'মিঠাই'? জানুন 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' না 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', কে টপার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-6-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-bengal-topper-and-top-10-serials-list-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-bengali-television-soc-513582-2023-02-16 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|7.6
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: ফের দারুণ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' না 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-7-barc-bengali-serial-trp-list-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-mithai-scores-well-again-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-ten-mega-serials-soc-517369-2023-02-23 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|5.4
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', টিআরপি-তে এবার সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-8-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-neem-phuler-modhu-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-520873-2023-03-02 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|7.2
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা সিরিয়ালে, টিআরপি-তে এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-9-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-bengali-television-updates-soc-524790-2023-03-10 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|6.7
|5
|<ref>{{cite news|title=TRP: ফের নিজের জায়গা হারাল 'মিঠাই', কে এই সপ্তাহের সেরার সেরা মেগা?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-10-bengali-serial-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-best-bengali-serials-list-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-527696-2023-03-16|access-date=16 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|6.5
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট টক্কর বাংলা মেগাতে! এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-11-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-soc-531165-2023-03-23|access-date=23 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|6.6
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: টপার সূর্য- দীপারা, চমক দিল পর্ণা- সৃজন! বাকি মেগার স্কোর কেমন?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-12-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-bengali-television-soc-534686-2023-03-30|access-date=30 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|6.2
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: বিরাট চমক এবারের টিআরপি-তে! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র সঙ্গে শীর্ষে এই মেগা
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-13-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-khelna-bari-ranga-bou-in-top-four-trp-top-10-serials-soc-538401-2023-04-06|access-date=6 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|6.3
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: জগদ্ধাত্রী না সূর্য- দীপা, টপার কোন মেগা? জানুন বাকিদের কেমন স্কোর
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-14-barc-bangla-mega-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-top-10-best-bengali-serials-soc-542199-2023-04-13|access-date=13 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|6.2
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: শীর্ষ স্থান খোয়াল 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! টপার কে, জগদ্ধাত্রী না পর্ণা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-15-barc-trp-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-545769-2023-04-20|access-date=20 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|6.0
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: TRP List: চমক 'কমলা ও শ্রীমান পৃথ্বীরাজ'-র! শীর্ষ স্থানে 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' না 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-16-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-jagaddhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-in-top-three-komola-o-sreeman-prithviraj-scores-good-trp-top-10-serials-soc-549422-2023-04-27|access-date=27 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|6.1
|5
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title='Jagaddhatri' tops the TRP charts again - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jagaddhatri-tops-the-trp-charts-again/articleshow/100013099.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|6.1
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP List: টপার পজিশন ছিনিয়ে নিল অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া! টিআরপি-র নম্বর বাড়িয়ে রেসে সামিল বাংলা মিডিয়ামও|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-trp-week-18-anurager-chhowa-grabs-number-1-position-beating-jagaddhatri-bangla-medium-also-do-well-31683785488382.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511071853/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-trp-week-18-anurager-chhowa-grabs-number-1-position-beating-jagaddhatri-bangla-medium-also-do-well-31683785488382.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|6.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title='Ekka Dokka' makes an entry in to the top 5 club - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ekka-dokka-makes-an-entry-in-to-the-top-5-club/articleshow/100347941.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|5.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP List: পিছিয়ে গেল জগদ্ধাত্রী, টপার অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া! আর কে টিআরপি-র সেরা দশে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-20-anurager-chhowa-once-again-on-number-1-position-beating-jagadhatri-here-is-top-10-bengali-serial-31684996305159.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525110244/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-20-anurager-chhowa-once-again-on-number-1-position-beating-jagadhatri-here-is-top-10-bengali-serial-31684996305159.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2023|access-date=25 May 2023 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|5.6
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? জানুন রেটিং চার্টে সেরা ১০ মেগা কোনগুলি
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-21-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-bengal-topper-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-soc-568938-2023-06-01|access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|5.6
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: ব্যাপক রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-22-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-572593-2023-06-08|access-date=8 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|5.6
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'তুঁতে'-র! বাকি মেগা, কে কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-23-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-tunte-new-serial-scores-well-soc-579853-2023-06-15|access-date=15 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|5.9
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-কে টেক্কা দিয়ে শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'ফুলকি'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার কে?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bengali-trp-2023-week-24-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-bengal-topper-serial-soc-602452-2023-06-22|access-date=22 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|6.2
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List: ফের দারুণ রেজাল্ট 'ফুলকি'-র! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-র স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-25-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-606220-2023-06-29 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|6.7
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রকাশ্যে বাংলা সিরিয়ালের রিপোর্ট কার্ড! চমক দিল 'হরগৌরী পাইস হোটেল', বাকিরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-26-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-horogouri-pice-hotel-good-score-trp-top-10-serials-soc-609890-2023-07-06 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|6.6
|5
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! প্রথম দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-serials-this-week-soc-613883-2023-07-13 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|6.7
|4
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রকাশ্যে বাংলার মেগার টিআরপি, সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-28-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-617765-2023-07-20 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|7.3
|4
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |access-date=27 July 2023 |title=TRP List: ফের বেঙ্গল টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! জগদ্ধাত্রী- ফুলকিরা কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-29-bangla-serial-barc-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-soc-621457-2023-07-27|website=Aajtak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|7.9
|4
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: চমক 'সন্ধ্যাতারা'-র! নম্বর বেড়ে কোন স্থানে 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-sandhyatara-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-625972-2023-08-03 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|7.7
|4
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রথম দশে আলোচিত নতুন মেগা 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', বাকিদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-controversial-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-629503-2023-08-10 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|8.0
|3
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: আবারও চমক 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-32-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-scores-well-top-10-bengali-serials-list-soc-636389-2023-08-18 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|7.2
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! 'ফুলকি', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-দের স্কোর কত?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-33-bangla-serial-barc-trp-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-639546-2023-08-24|access-date= 24 August 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: পুরনোদের টেক্কা দিচ্ছে নতুনরা, কোন মেগার স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-34-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-new-serials-phulki-sandhyatara-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-giving-tough-competition-to-old-serials-top-10-serials-list-soc-670511-2023-08-31|access-date= 31 August 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|7.4
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: শুরুতেই বাজিমাত ওমের মেগার! সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-35-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-love-aajkal-biye-sandhyatara-kar-kache-ki-moner-kotha-score-well-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-674291-2023-09-07|access-date= 31 August 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|7.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: সেরা তিনে নেই 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', চমক নতুন মেগাদের! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-jagaddhatri-loses-position-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-678022-2023-09-14|access-date= 14 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া, 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' -র! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-37-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-best-serials-list-soc-682602-2023-09-22 |access-date= 22 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|7.1
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা মেগাতে, টিআরপি-তে সেরা দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-38-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-best-three-serials-in-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-685744-2023-09-28|access-date= 28 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|7.0
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: দারুণ চমক 'সন্ধ্যাতারা', 'জল থই থই ভালোবাসা'-র! প্রথম দশে কারা?|url= https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-39-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-sandhyatara-in-top-three-new-serial-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-690155-2023-10-06 |access-date= 6 October 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|6.5
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: রেটিং চার্টে রাজত্ব নতুনদের, প্রথম দশে জোর টক্কর ১৫ মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-40-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-15-serials-in-trp-10-serials-list-soc-693400-2023-10-12|access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|6.4
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: রেটিং চার্টে রাজত্ব অপরাজিতা- মানালীদের! নম্বর কমল 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-র|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-bangla-serial-week-41-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-bengal-toper-jagaddhatri-score-decreases-manali-dey-aparajita-adhya-serial-good-score-top-10-serials-list-soc-697275-2023-10-19|access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|6.0
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: পুজো- বিশ্বকাপের জেরে নম্বর কমল সব মেগার? জানুন কারা রয়েছে সেরা দশে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-42-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-low-rating-for-world-cup-match-durga-puja-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-701346-2023-10-27|access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|5.3
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: বড় অঘটন! প্রথম তিনে নেই 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', বাজিমাত কোন মেগার? |url= https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bangla-serial-week-43-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-poor-rating-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-704560-2023-11-02|access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|6.3
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: চমক দিয়ে শীর্ষে শিমুল, বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url= https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-44-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-bengal-topper-huge-changes-in-rating-chart-top-10-serials-list-soc-708497-2023-11-09|access-date=9 November 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|6.2
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: টপার শিমুল, পর্ণা! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-দের রেটিং কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-45-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-712546-2023-11-17|access-date=17 November 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|5.5
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-46-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-715599-2023-11-23|access-date=23 November 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|5.9
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'নিম ফুলের মধু'-র! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'গীতা এলএলবি' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-47-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-geeta-llb-score-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-718844-2023-11-30|access-date=30 November 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|5.9
|12
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP - Bangla Serial: বিরাট পরিবর্তন টিআরপি-তে! শীর্ষস্থান হারাল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', বেঙ্গল টপার কে?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-48-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-722587-2023-12-07|access-date=7 December 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|5.7
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP - Bangla Serial: বিরাট চমক 'গীতা LLB'-র, শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'! সেরা দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-49-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-bengal-topper-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-geeta-llb-top-3-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-soc-726260-2023-12-14|access-date=14 December 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|6.1
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|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP - Bangla Serial: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'ফুলকি'! প্রথম তিনে কোন মেগা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-50-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-trp-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-729831-2023-12-21|access-date=21 December 2023|website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Jagjit Singh Aurora

2026-03-19T06:53:56Z

Robctr: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian military officer (1916–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Jagjit Singh Aurora
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| image = File:Jagjit Singh Aurora.jpeg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Official military portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|2|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|5|3|1916|2|13}}
| birth_place = [[Kala Gujran]], [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| allegiance = {{Flag|British India}} (1939–1947) {{Flag|India}} (1947–1973)
| branch = {{Army|British India}} {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1939–1973
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = IC-214<ref name="Gazette_India" />
| commands = [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]]
| unit = [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] (until 1947) [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] (after 1947)
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma Campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Sino-Indian War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Mentioned in dispatches]]
| signature = File:Jagjit Singh Aurora, signature.svg
}}

[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Jagjit Singh Aurora''' (or '''Arora'''), [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]<ref name="DCOAS" /><ref name="Gazette_India" /><ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book |pages=245–246 |title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947 |publisher=Government of India Press |year=1947}}</ref><ref name="name" group="note">Both spellings are used in official documents; though "Aurora" predominates in the listings in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List'', as do those in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.</ref> (13 February 1916<ref name="birthdate" group="note">As given in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List''.</ref> – 3 May 2005) was an Indian senior military officer who was the [[General Officer Commanding]]-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. He organised and led the ground forces campaign in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern Front]] of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the combined [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|in East-Pakistan]] that led to the creation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="br-homage">{{cite magazine |title=Homage to a Hero: Lt Gen J. S. Arora |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/personnel/tributes/js-aurora/ |date=17 June 2005 |magazine=Frontline |access-date=24 July 2011 |via=bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>

As the General commanding the Indian and Bangladesh Forces in the Eastern theater, Gen Aurora received the surrender from the Governor of [[East Pakistan]] and Commander of the Eastern Command of the [[Pakistan Army]], Lt Gen [[A. A. K. Niazi]].

After retirement from the Indian Army, he joined [[Akali Dal]] and served as a Member of Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

== Early life ==
Jagjit Singh Aurora was born to an [[Arora]] [[Khatri]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family in [[Kala Gujran]], [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India.<ref name="Modesty in victory">{{cite news |title=Modesty in victory |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050504/edit.htm#6 |access-date=27 November 2016 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=4 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093219/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050504/edit.htm#6 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> His father was an engineer. He was married to Bhagwant Kaur, she accompanied him to the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]] in Dhaka. The couple had two children, Anita Kaur and Kiranjit Singh.

== Army career ==
Aurora graduated from the [[Indian Military Academy]] in 1939 and was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] on 1 February.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" /> He saw action in the [[Burma Campaign]] during World War II.<ref name=nyt-obit>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/obituaries/06aurora.html |title=Jagjit Singh Aurora, 89, Indian War Hero, Is Dead |work=The New York Times |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>

After [[independence of India|Independence]] and the ensuing [[Partition of India]], he opted to join the [[Indian Army]]. As a lieutenant colonel commanding 1 (Para) Battalion in the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], he was [[mentioned in dispatches]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Gazette of India: Part I-Section 1 |page=18 |date=17 February 1951|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1951/O-2306-1951-0007-107698.pdf |publisher=Department of Publications, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=ia-punjabregiment>{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=CVpxJM4HyDk=&ParentID=VBMAob67zU4= |title=Punjab Regiment: Colonels of the Regiment |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> On 3 February 1957, he was promoted acting [[Brigadier]] and given command of an infantry brigade.<ref name="brigade">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76 |date=30 March 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

In May 1961, as BGS [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]], Brigadier Aurora led a team of military officers and men sent by the [[Government of India]] on a [[reconnaissance]] mission to [[Bhutan]]. This later led to the establishment of the [[Indian Military Training Team]] in Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT), Bhutan |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071023/http://indianarmy.nic.in/index_imtrat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2009 |date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

As a brigadier, he fought in the [[Sino-Indian war of 1962|Sino-Indian War in 1962]] and again in [[Sino-Indian War of 1967|1967]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2021-10-03 |title=India’s victories in 1967 and 1971: Connections in the Narrative {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/indias-victories-in-1967-and-1971-connections-in-the-narrative/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was appointed a division commander on 21 February 1963,<ref name="GOC_div" /> with a promotion to the rank of [[Major General]] on 20 June 1964.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=371 |date=12 September 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was then appointed Director of Military Training (DMT) on 23 November 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He also participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].

On 6 June 1966, Aurora was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (DCOAS) with the acting rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]],<ref name="DCOAS" /> and was promoted substantive Lieutenant General on 4 August.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=628 |date=15 October 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was then given command of a [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of a corps on 27 April 1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=496 |date=24 June 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 8 June 1969, he was appointed the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=663 |date=19 July 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

=== East Pakistan ===
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Lt. Gen [[A. A. K. Niazi]], Commanding Officer of Pakistan Army forces in East Pakistan signing the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in the presence of Lt. Gen. Aurora]]
In March 1971, the [[Pakistan Army]] launched [[Operation Searchlight]] to curb the [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalist movement]] in [[East Pakistan]]. The operation resulted in commencement of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] which resulted in the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh genocide]], including the systematic [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|murder of Bengali intellectuals by the Pakistan Army]]. The ensuing violence led to almost 10 million Bengali refugees fleeing from East Pakistan into India.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Under the command of General [[M. A. G. Osmani]] a Bangladeshi military force, the [[Mukti Bahini]], was formed. Consisting of Bengali defectors from the Pakistan Army and guerrilla fighters, it engaged in hostilities with the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raja |first=Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar |year=2010 |title=O General My General |publisher=The Osmany Memorial Trust |pages=70, 72 |isbn=978-984-8866-18-4}}</ref>

For the next nine months, with tensions escalating between India and Pakistan and anticipating possible hostilities, Aurora oversaw the logistical preparations of the Indian Army on the Eastern front, including the improvement of roads, communications and bridges, as well as the movement of 30,000 tons of supplies close to the border with East Pakistan.

At the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]] on 3 December 1971, the Eastern Army Commander, Gen. Aurora oversaw the Indian ground forces into battle in East Pakistan. Forces under Aurora's command, in
a meticulously planned operation, formed numerous small combat teams and launched
a four-front attack with the strategy of confronting and defeating Pakistani forces on selected fronts, while bypassing them on others. In less than two weeks, his forces advanced from the Indian border to capture [[Dhaka]], the capital of East Pakistan.<ref name=guardian-obit>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh |work=The Guardian |date=11 May 2005 |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>

The [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command]], Lieutenant General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] was forced to sign an instrument of unconditional surrender. View: [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]]. The photograph of Niazi and Aurora at the signing of the Instruments of Surrender became an iconic image of the war,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh honours Gen. Aurora |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111400/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 May 2005}}</ref> with ''[[The Guardian]]'' describing the scene as "the glum Pakistani officer bowed over his signature. The turbaned figure beside him, showing not a scrap of elation".<ref name=guardian-obit /> The 90,000 Pakistani troops under Niazi's command surrendered to Gen Aurora as [[prisoners of war]] in what remains to date the largest surrender of soldiers since the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/the-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today/articleshow/88412623.cms |title=The Bangladeshi liberation has lessons for India today |date=21 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata}}</ref><ref name=nyt-obit /> Pakistan lost almost {{convert|57000|sqmi|km2}} of its territory and 70 million of its people to the newly formed nation of Bangladesh.

== Later life ==
Aurora was honoured with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Bir Protik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2011 |title=Punjab Govt. to Confer Punjab 'Rattan Award' |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/punjab-govt-confer-punjab-rattan-award |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref> for his role in the war.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> He retired from the Indian Army in 1973. [[J. F. R. Jacob|Lt Gen JFR Jacob]] has written in his book ''An Odyssey in War And Peace'' that Gen. Aurora approached then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] for governorship of a state but she declined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Lt. Gen J.F.R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |year=2011 |title=An Odyssey In War And Peace |publisher=Roli Books |location=Delhi |page= |isbn=978-81-7436-933-8 |quote=Aurora approached Mrs Indira Gandhi, seeking to be appointed a governor. She declined.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2023}} Jacob also writes that Gen. and Mrs. Aurora were a regular part of the social life of Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Lt. Gen J.F.R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |year=2011 |title=An Odyssey In War And Peace |publisher=Roli Books |location=Delhi |page= |isbn=978-81-7436-933-8 |quote=Aurora soon became part of the social circuit.}}</ref>

In 1984, Aurora fiercely criticised the [[Indian National Congress]] leadership following [[Operation Blue Star]], which was an operation by the then government of flushing out armed Sikh militants who had taken up positions inside the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] but also caused extensive damage to the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Subsequently, he spent several years as a member of parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper House of the Indian Parliament, for the [[Akali Dal]], a political party.

Aurora was also an active member of the [[Citizen's Justice Committee]] which provided [[pro bono]] assistance to Sikh victims of the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]].

== Death ==
Jagjit Singh Aurora died on 3 May 2005, at age 89, in New Delhi.<ref name=toi-notice>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1971-war-hero-Lt-General-J-S-Aurora-dead/articleshow/1095879.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |url-status=live |archive-date=13 July 2011 |title=1971 war hero Lt General J S Aurora dead |date=3 May 2005 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> He was survived by a son and a daughter. After his death, the gratitude of Bangladesh to General Aurora was emphasized in a message to India, from [[Morshed Khan]], the Bangladeshi [[Foreign Minister]], stating: ''"Aurora will be remembered in the history of Bangladesh for his contribution during our war of liberation in 1971, when he led the allied forces."''

The site of the Pakistani surrender, where Lt. Gen. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender with Lt. Gen. Aurora on 16 December 1971 has been converted into a national monument [[Swadhinata Stambha]]. The main attraction is the glass Stambha which is built on the precise location where the instrument of surrender was signed. The monument also includes an [[eternal flame]], terracotta murals of martyrs and a body of water.

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
| align="center" | [[File:British Army OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 1 February 1939<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" />
|-
| align="center" | [[File:British Army OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 30 January 1940<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book |pages=243–244 |title=Indian Army List October 1945 (Part I) |publisher=Government of India Press |year=1945}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:British Army OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 22 February 1940 (acting)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" /> 5 February 1941 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" /> 1 May 1942 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" /> 30 January 1946 (substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" />
|-
| align="center" | [[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-3.svg|35px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 1 February 1942 (acting)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" /> 1 May 1942 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47" />
|-
| align="center" | [[File:British Army OF-2.svg|35px]] || Captain || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs" />
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web |title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services |url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || Major || Indian Army || 26 February 1950 (temporary) 30 January 1951 (substantive)<ref name="Gazette_India">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=89 |date=12 May 1951 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 30 January 1952<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=131 |date=2 July 1955 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 August 1958<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=294 |date=28 November 1959 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 3 February 1957 (acting)<ref name="brigade" /> 1962 (substantive)
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 21 February 1963 (acting)<ref name="GOC_div">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=123 |date=13 April 1963 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 20 June 1964 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen" />
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 6 June 1966 (acting)<ref name="DCOAS">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=413 |date=16 July 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 4 August 1966 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sam Manekshaw]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rediff.co.in/chat/aurochat.htm Chat with Jagjit Singh Aurora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026055021/http://www.rediff.co.in/chat/aurochat.htm |date=26 October 2011 }}, ''[[Rediff.com]]''

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] | years = 1966–1967}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sam Manekshaw]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]] | years = 1969–1973}}
{{s-aft|after = [[N. C. Rawlley]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurora, Jagjit Singh}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Protik]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]

Devi Chaudhurani

2026-03-17T18:50:22Z

Robctr: brief reworked layout after review and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|1884 novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
{{About|the Bengali language novel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Devi Chaudhurani
| image = Devi Chowdhurani Novel.jpg
| caption = Cover of the book
| author = [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| genre = [[Novel]] ([[Nationalist]])
| release_date = 1884
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
}}

'''''Devi Chaudhurani''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel written by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] and published in 1884. It was later translated into English by Subodh Chunder Mitter.<ref name="Mitter">[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL6142452M/Devi_Chaudhurani ''Devi Chaudhurani''], translated into English by Subodh Chunder Mitter</ref> Following closely after ''[[Anandamath]]'', Bankim Chandra renewed his call for a resurgent India that would resist the oppression of the [[British Empire]] through the strength of the common people, drawing on traditional Indian values of austerity, dedication and selflessness. Considered a significant work in both Bengali and [[Indian literature]], the novel was banned by the British for inspiring patriotic sentiment. The ban was lifted after India's independence. In the story, Bankim Chandra emphasises that armed resistance against the British Army was, in his view, the only way to achieve independence.

Notably, Bankim Chandra made the leader of the struggle a woman — the protagonist — at a time when most women remained behind purdah and rarely interacted with men outside their families. This portrayal inspired many women to join the independence movement in later decades. Some feminists, however, regard the ending as disappointing because the protagonist chooses to focus on domestic life rather than continue the freedom struggle.

==Plot summary==
Prafulla is married but shunned by her wealthy father-in-law, Haraballabh, due to a dispute with her mother on the day of the wedding. By the custom of the time, a married woman could neither be divorced nor remarried. Heartbroken over her daughter's fate, Prafulla's mother dies a few years later.

Determined to seek her in-laws, whom she has never met, Prafulla runs away at night, carrying no money and knowing only the name of the village and her father-in-law. Along the way, strangers help her, in line with the then-prevailing custom of treating unknown women with the respect accorded to one's own mother. Haraballabh rejects her and advises her to steal to survive. After enduring many hardships, she meets the bandit leader Bhavani Thakur, who adopts her and educates her in mathematics, philosophy, science, literature, and even wrestling.

Eventually, she becomes queen of the dacoits, known as Devi Chaudhurani, a Robin Hood–like figure who takes from the rich to help the poor. She lives simply and remains humble. In the climax, Devi agrees to help her father-in-law (unaware of her identity), but he betrays her location to the British. The British Army surrounds her boat, but her disguised guards trap and capture the soldiers, including the commanding Major, without bloodshed. She secures her husband Braja and father-in-law's freedom on the condition that Braja remarries her. Upon returning, she is accepted into the family, and under her guidance, both the household and village prosper.

==Commentary==
The novel shows Bankim Chandra at ease weaving a complex narrative combining humour, family drama, cultural detail, and political message. Unlike ''Anandamath'', it depicts an alternate government led by an ideal leader rooted in Indian values and directly supported by the people.

By portraying a female leader in a conservative society, he drew on the examples of historical warrior queens. While inspiring, the ending — where the protagonist prioritises domestic life — has been criticised by some feminists as reinforcing traditional gender roles.<ref name="Ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Sangeeta |title=En-gendering India: Woman and Nation in Colonial and Postcolonial Narratives |year=2000 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-2453-9}}, Chapter 1</ref> Bankim Chandra may have included this compromise to make the work acceptable to conservative readers.<ref name="Lipner">{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Bankim Chandra |editor=Lipner, Julius J. |title=Debi Chaudhurani, Or The Wife Who Came Home |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-538836-7}}</ref>

He envisioned defeating the British Army with honour and compassion, avoiding total destruction, recognising that many soldiers were Indian. In history, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] took a nonviolent approach, rejecting armed militancy and condemning the tactics of revolutionaries like [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Surya Sen]].<ref name="Manini">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/charkha-gun-a-common-link/13937/0 Charkha, gun, a common link], by Manini Chatterjee</ref>

==Adaptations==
* The novel was first adapted into the feature film ''Devi Chowdhurani'' (1949), starring [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]] in the title role.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* It was adapted into ''[[Debi Chowdhurani (1974 film)|Debi Chowdhurani]]'' (1974), directed by [[Dinen Gupta]] and starring [[Suchitra Sen]] as the lead, with [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Brajeswar, [[Kali Banerjee]] as Haraballabh, and [[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chowdhury]] as Bhabani Pathak.
* In [[Satyajit Ray]]’s 1966 film ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'', the plot features a scene where the protagonist plays Braja opposite a senior actor as Haraballabh in a stage adaptation of ''Devi Chaudhurani''.
* A 13-episode [[Hindi]] radio play adaptation was broadcast on [[All India Radio]] in 1990, adapted by Keshav Pandey and directed by Suraj Purohit, with Manasi Upadhyay, Ratna Bhushan, Kishore Namit, Madhu Srivastava, and Krishna Sharma in the cast.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_36TMpZle0U |title=1990 Radio Play ''Devi Chaudhurani'' by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Episode #01 |publisher=Akashvani AIR |date=3 November 2021 |orig-date=1990 |website=youtube.com}}</ref>
* A voice play adaptation was staged at 34/1 Elgin Road, [[Kolkata]] on 4 April 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Debi Chaudhurani - Sruti Natok (Voice Play) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjM3Zrj2wkk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/qjM3Zrj2wkk |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live |publisher=Sramana Mitra |date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
* The 2018 Bengali television series ''[[Debi Chowdhurani (TV series)|Debi Chowdhurani]]'' aired on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A new show on Devi Chaudhurani to hit small screens soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/a-new-show-on-devi-chaudhurani-to-hit-small-screens-soon/articleshow/64506281.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2018}}</ref>
* It was adapted into the [[Amar Chitra Katha]] comic series in its 659th issue, written by Debrani Mitra.<ref>{{cite book |author=Debrani Mitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC2vDgAAQBAJ |title=Devi Choudhurani |date=1 April 1971 |publisher=Amar Chitra Katha Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-8482-007-2}}</ref>
* A 2025 film adaptation, ''[[Devi Chaudhurani: Bandit Queen of Bengal]]'', was directed by [[Subhrajit Mitra]] and starred [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] in the title role.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive|id=DeviChoudhuraniBankimChandraChattopadhyay}} {{in lang|bn}}

{{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1884 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]

2028 elections in India

2026-03-15T12:09:36Z

Robctr: started new entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2028
| type =
| rajya_control =
| rajya_seats_contested =
| rajya_net_change =
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| states_contested = 9
| state_net_change =
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
}}
The '''2028 elections in India''' are expected to include the elections of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and 9 states legislative assemblies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2028 poll will be my last election to Karnataka Assembly: JD(S) leader Kumaraswamy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/2028-poll-will-be-my-last-election-to-karnataka-assembly-jds-leader-kumaraswamy/articleshow/98308699.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One nation-one poll:Telangana among 9 states where assembly term will end in 2028|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-among-9-states-where-assembly-term-will-end-in-28/articleshow/113502072.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DK Shivakumar welcomes Congress sweep in Karnataka bypolls: 'Harbinger of 2028'
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/karnataka-bypolls-results-dk-shivakumar-welcomes-congress-sweep-in-karnataka-by-election-harbinger-of-2028-2638935-2024-11-23 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LoP and Fmr Meghalaya CM Mukul Sangma's Warning To All Parties ahead of-2028 Assembly Elections
|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/lop-and-fmr-meghalaya-cm-mukul-sangmas-warning-to-all-parties-ahead-of-2028-assembly-elections/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Northeast Live TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya: Charles, Mukul likely to join Congress ahead of 2028 elections|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-charles-mukul-likely-to-join-congress-ahead-of-2028-elections.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Northeast Now}}</ref>

== State legislative assembly elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Date(s)
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! colspan="3" |Before election
! colspan="3" |After election
!rowspan="2" | Maps
|-
! colspan="2" |Parties
! Chief Minister
! colspan="2" | Parties
! Chief Minister
|-
|February 2028*
|[[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|colspan="3"|''TBD''
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| February 2028*
| [[Next Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |February 2028*
| rowspan="2" |[[Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| rowspan="2" colspan="3"|''TBD''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|May 2028*
|[[Next Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| November 2028*
| [[Next Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-CT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| November 2028*
| [[Next Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Mohan Yadav]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| November 2028*
| [[Next Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
| [[Lalduhoma]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| November 2028*
| [[Next Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| |[[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| November 2028*
| [[Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Revanth Reddy]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-TG.svg|50px]]
|}

{{legend inline|1 = #DBD7D2|text = {{asterisk}}}} Tentative schedule as per assembly tenure

== Local body elections ==



=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
!Government after
|-
| May 2028*
| [[2023 Shimla Municipal Corporation election|Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| ''TBD''
|}
=== Ladakh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
| October 2028*
| [[2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| ''TBD''
|}
=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Mizoram: Governor’s rule imposed in Chakma Autonomous District Council |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mizoram-governor-s-rule-imposed-in-chakma-autonomous-district-council-101751896702835.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
!Government after
|-
| May 2028*
| [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Governor's rule}}
| ''TBD''
|}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! Government after
|-
| rowspan="17" | May 2028*
|[[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=17}}
| rowspan="17" |''TBD''
|-
|[[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Agra Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Saharanpur Municipal Corporation
|-
|Moradabad Municipal Corporation
|-
|Mathura–Vrindavan Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Bareilly Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Shahjahanpur Municipal Corporation
|-
|}



== See also ==
* [[2027 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in India by year]]
[[Category:2028 elections in Asia]]

Bloomberg L.P.

2026-03-13T13:13:22Z

Robctr:

{{short description|American financial, software, data, and media company}}
{{other uses|Bloomberg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Needs additional citations|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bloomberg L.P.
| logo = [[File:Bloomberg logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| image = Bloomberg Tower 001.jpg
| image_caption = [[Bloomberg Tower]] on [[Lexington Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Technology]], [[financial technology]], [[mass media]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1981|10|1}}
| founders = {{Plainlist|
* [[Michael Bloomberg]]
* [[Thomas Secunda]]
* [[Duncan MacMillan (businessman)|Duncan MacMillan]]
* [[Charles Zegar]]
}}
| hq_location = [[731 Lexington Avenue|Bloomberg Tower]] 731 [[Lexington Avenue]] [[New York City|New York]], NY 10022 U.S.
| locations = 176 offices
| num_locations_year = 2025
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|
Vlad Kliatchko ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|
Jean-Paul Zammitt ([[President (corporate title)|president]])|
Michael Bloomberg (CEO, 1981–2001; 2014–2023)|
[[Peter Grauer]] (chair, 2001–2023)
}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} [[United States dollar|US$]]15 billion
| revenue_year = 2024
| owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Michael Bloomberg]] (88%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Bloomberg |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-bloomberg/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>|[[Bank of America]] (through [[Merrill Lynch]]) (12%)}}
| num_employees = 26,000
| website = {{URL|https://www.bloomberg.com/company|bloomberg.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Michael Bloomberg series}}
'''Bloomberg L.P.''' is an American privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. It was co-founded by [[Michael Bloomberg]] in 1981, with [[Thomas Secunda]], [[Duncan MacMillan (Bloomberg)|Duncan MacMillan]], [[Charles Zegar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook's Zuckerberg Joins Gates, Buffett in Pledge |access-date=January 3, 2012 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-09/seventeen-of-wealthiest-u-s-families-take-buffett-gates-giving-pledge-.html |publisher=Bloomberg |date=December 9, 2010}}</ref> and a 12% ownership investment by [[Merrill Lynch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg LP History |access-date=July 17, 2010 |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bloomberg-l-p-history/ |publisher=FundingUniverse}}</ref>

Bloomberg L.P. provides financial software tools and enterprise applications such as analytics and an equity trading platform, data services, and news to financial companies and organizations through the [[Bloomberg Terminal]] (via its Bloomberg Professional Service), its core [[revenue]]-generating product.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Bloomberg Terminal or Bloomberg Machine? |access-date=July 17, 2010 |url=http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/research/qt/bloomberg.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708130251/http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/research/qt/bloomberg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=About.com }}</ref> Bloomberg L.P. also includes a [[news agency]] ([[Bloomberg News]]), a global television network ([[Bloomberg Television]]), websites, radio stations ([[Bloomberg Radio]]), subscription-only newsletters, and two magazines: ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' and ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=5023|title=The Bloomberg Juggernaut|date=1 March 2011|work=[[American Journalism Review]]|access-date=October 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012203239/http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=5023|archive-date=October 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2019, the company has 176 locations and nearly 20,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-29 |title=Michael Bloomberg to be Harvard Business School's Class Day Speaker |url=https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/michael-bloomberg-class-day-speaker-2019.aspx |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Harvard Business School |language=en}}</ref><ref name=bloom>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bloomberg-hit-10-billion-in-annual-revenue-2019-1|title=A leaked memo shows Bloomberg reached $10 billion in annual revenue last year, and some insiders will receive a special bonus|first1=Dakin|last1=Campbell|last2=Kelley|first2=Trista|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Global Roles {{!}} Careers|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/careers/global-roles/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bloomberg Terminal.jpg|thumb|[[Bloomberg Terminal]] at [[London City Airport]]]]
In 1981, [[Salomon Brothers]] was acquired, and [[Michael Bloomberg]], a general partner, was given a $10{{nbsp}}million partnership settlement.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1997/05/12/226240/index.htm|title=Fire in His Belly, Ambition in His Eyes, Michael Bloomberg Could Have Sat on the Millions He Made at Salomon. Instead He Built a Media Empire That Gives Wall Streeters Crucial Information in a Flash|last=Whitford|first=David|date=May 12, 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005140705/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1997/05/12/226240/index.htm|archive-date=2018-10-05|work=CNN Money|access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> Bloomberg, having designed in-house computerized financial systems for Salomon, used his $10{{nbsp}}million partnership buyout to start Innovative Market Systems (IMS).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Michael Bloomberg|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Bloomberg|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 27, 2020|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> Bloomberg developed and built his own computerized system to provide real-time market data, financial calculations and other financial analytics to [[Wall Street]] firms. The Market Master terminal, later called the Bloomberg Terminal, was released to market in December 1982.<ref name="Fast Company">{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3051883/the-bloomberg-terminal|title=How the Bloomberg Terminal Made History—And Stays Ever Relevant|website=Fast Company|date=October 6, 2015|first=Harry|last=McCracken|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> [[Merrill Lynch]] became the first customer, purchasing 20 terminals and a 30% equity stake in the company for $30{{nbsp}}million in exchange for a five-year restriction on marketing the terminal to Merrill Lynch's competitors. Merrill Lynch released IMS from this restriction in 1984.<ref name="Make It New">{{cite book |last=Bodine |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G-FWJIAOSEC&pg=PA182 |title=Make It New: Essays in the History of American Business |publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=9780595309214 |pages=182 |access-date=February 27, 2020}}{{self-published source|date=March 2020}}</ref>

In 1986, the company renamed itself Bloomberg L.P. ([[limited partnership]]).<ref>{{cite web|work=Investopedia|first=Mara|last=Lesemann|title=Here's Why Bloomberg Stock Doesn't Exist|date=October 24, 2019|access-date=February 27, 2020|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/121715/bloomberg-stock-doesnt-exist-here-why.asp}}</ref> Bloomberg launched Bloomberg Business News, later Bloomberg News, in 1990, with [[Matthew Winkler (journalist)|Matthew Winkler]] as editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bloomberg-News|title=Bloomberg News|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|first=Chris|last=Roush|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> Bloomberg.com was first established on September 29, 1993, as a financial portal with information on markets, [[currency conversion]], news and events, and Bloomberg Terminal subscriptions.<ref name="National Arbitration Forum">{{cite web|url=http://www.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/96600.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801135547/http://www.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/96600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 1, 2013|title=Decision: Bloomberg L.P. v. David Cohen|publisher=National Arbitration Forum|access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref>

In late 1996, Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynch's 30 percent stake in the company for $200{{nbsp}}million, valuing the company at $2{{nbsp}}billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB850771632890084000|title=Bloomberg Buys Back Stake From Merrill for $200 Million|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=December 17, 1996}}</ref> In 2008, facing losses during the financial crisis, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell its remaining 20 percent stake in the company back to Bloomberg Inc.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65100/000095012308008850/y64172e10vq.htm|title=Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q |date=August 5, 2008 |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission }}</ref> majority-owned by Michael Bloomberg,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recode.net/2016/1/26/11589068/mike-bloomberg-is-worth-49-billion-much-more-than-most-people-thought|title=Mike Bloomberg Is Worth $49 Billion, Much More Than Most People Thought|first=Edmund|last=Lee|date=January 26, 2016|publisher=recode.net }}</ref> for a reported $4.43{{nbsp}}billion, valuing Bloomberg L.P. at approximately $22.5{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |first1=Michael J. |last1=de la Merced |last2=Story |first2=Louise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/business/17broker.html|title=Bloomberg Expected to Buy Merrill's Stake in His Firm|date=July 17, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref><ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merrill-results/merrill-posts-4-9-billion-loss-sells-bloomberg-stake-idUSWNAB118720080718|title=Merrill posts $4.9 billion loss, sells Bloomberg stake|date=July 18, 2008|publisher=Reuters|access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref>

Bloomberg L.P. has remained a private company since its founding, the majority of which is owned by billionaire Michael Bloomberg.<ref name="The New York Times" /> To run for the position of [[Mayor of New York]] against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Mark Green (New York politician)|Mark Green]] in 2001, Bloomberg gave up his position of CEO and appointed Lex Fenwick as CEO in his stead.<ref name="Leadership – Lex Fenwick">{{cite web|url=http://www.dowjones.com/djcom/leadership/LFenwick.asp |title=Leadership – Lex Fenwick |publisher=Dow Jones |access-date=April 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221539/http://www.dowjones.com/djcom/leadership/LFenwick.asp |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> In 2012, [[Peter Grauer]] became the chairman of the company, a role he still holds.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/pressroom/chairman/|title=Chairman – Chairman of Bloomberg L.P.|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> In 2008, Fenwick became the CEO of Bloomberg Ventures, a new venture capital division and [[Daniel Doctoroff]], former deputy mayor in the Bloomberg administration, was named president and CEO, serving until September 2014.<ref name="mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/doctoroff-named-chief-executive-of-bloomberg-lp/|title=Doctoroff Named Chief Executive of Bloomberg L.P.|last=Stelter|first=Brian|date=July 12, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/business/media/michael-bloomberg-to-return-as-chief-of-company-he-founded.html|title=Michael Bloomberg to Return to Lead Bloomberg L.P.|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|date=2014-09-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At that point, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would be taking the reins of his eponymous market data company from Doctoroff, who was chief executive of Bloomberg for the past six years after his term as deputy mayor.<ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/08ae1f42-33ce-11e4-ba62-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/08ae1f42-33ce-11e4-ba62-00144feabdc0.html/ |archive-date=December 10, 2022|title=Bloomberg to take helm at data group|work=Financial Times|date=September 4, 2014 |access-date=September 4, 2014 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In May 2022, Bloomberg announced it would launch a new venture in the UK, Bloomberg UK, as part of a wider international strategy. Bloomberg UK plans to hire in the region and has launched a standalone website, a weekly video series, a podcast and new event series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvera |first=Ian |title=Why people really pay for news |url=https://www.news-future.com/p/why-people-really-pay-for-news |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.news-future.com}}</ref> In August 2023, Michael Bloomberg announced a series of leadership changes for the company, with Chief Product Officer Vlad Kliatchko assuming the role of CEO and Chief Operating Officer Jean-Paul Zammitt assuming the role of President. He also announced a new board of directors which would be chaired by [[Mark Carney]], taking over from [[Peter Grauer]] and that existing board members would move to "Emeritus Status".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Daniel |last2=Nicolaou |first2=Anna |date=2023-08-21 |title=Bloomberg overhauls management team with Mark Carney to lead new board |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4e298ff7-8d34-4498-8908-dc945e2bc93e |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref> Mark Carney resigned from his chairmanship shortly before becoming the Prime Minister of Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Odeh |first1=Layan |date=2025-01-16 |title=Carney Leaves Brookfield for Political Run, Flatt Named Chairman |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-16/carney-leaves-brookfield-for-political-run-flatt-named-chairman |access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref>

== Senior leadership ==
=== List of chairs ===
# [[Michael Bloomberg]] (1981–2001)
# [[Peter Grauer]] (2001–2023)
# [[Mark Carney]] (2023–2025)

=== List of chief executives ===
# [[Michael Bloomberg]] (1981–2001)
# Alexius "Lex" Fenwick (2001–2008)
# [[Daniel Doctoroff]] (2008–2014)
# Michael Bloomberg (2014–2023)
# Vlad Kliatchko (2023–present)

==Acquisitions==
Since its founding, Bloomberg L.P. has made several acquisitions including the radio station [[WBBR|WNEW]], ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' magazine, research company New Energy Finance, the [[Bureau of National Affairs]] and the financial software company Bloomberg PolarLake. On July 9, 2014, Bloomberg L.P. acquired RTS Realtime Systems, a global provider of low-latency connectivity and trading support services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Acquires RTS Realtime Systems |access-date=July 9, 2014 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/now/press-releases/bloomberg-acquires-rts-realtime-systems/ |publisher=Bloomberg Now}}</ref> On August 13, 2019, Bloomberg acquired RegTek.Solutions in a move to expand its suite of regulatory reporting and data management services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetradenews.com/bloomberg-acquires-regtek-solutions-expand-reporting-hub/|title=Bloomberg acquires RegTek.Solutions to expand reporting hub - The TRADE|website=thetradeиышnews.com|date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

On March 13, 2023, Bloomberg entered into agreement to acquire Broadway Technology, a provider of high-performance trading systems and fixed income trading solutions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/bloomberg-enters-agreement-to-acquire-broadway/|title=Bloomberg Enters Agreement to Acquire Broadway|newspaper=Bloomberg L.p. }}</ref>

===Bloomberg Radio (formerly WNEW)===
In 1992, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New York Radio station WNEW for $13.5{{nbsp}}million. The station was converted into an all-news format, known as [[Bloomberg Radio]], and the call letters were changed to WBBR.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg to Pay $13 Million for WNEW-AM |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/business/company-news-bloomberg-to-pay-13-million-for-wnew-am.html |work=The New York Times |first=Geraldine |last=Fabrikant |date=August 15, 1992}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Businessweek (formerly BusinessWeek)===
Bloomberg L.P. bought a weekly business magazine, ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek|BusinessWeek]]'', from [[McGraw-Hill]] in 2009. The company acquired the magazine—which was suffering from declining advertising revenue and limited circulation numbers—to attract general business to its media audience composed primarily of terminal subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg to take over BusinessWeek |access-date=July 22, 2011 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna33299108 |work=[[NBC News]]|date=October 14, 2009 }}</ref> Following the acquisition, ''BusinessWeek'' was renamed ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. In 2018, Joel Weber was named editor of the magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-joel-weber-named-editor-of-bloomberg-businessweek-1515111048-be82910c-bfd1-4eea-aa24-283f000118b5.html|title=Exclusive: Joel Weber named editor of Bloomberg Businessweek|website=Axios|date=January 4, 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

===New Energy Finance===
In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New Energy Finance, a data company focused on energy investment and carbon markets research based in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Acquires New Energy Finance |access-date=July 26, 2011 |url=http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/19383 |publisher=Sustainable Business}}</ref> New Energy Finance was created by [[Michael Liebreich]] in 2004, to provide news, data and analysis on carbon and clean energy markets. Bloomberg L.P. acquired the company to become an industry resource for information to support low-carbon energy development. It was renamed Bloomberg New Energy Finance or BNEF for short. Liebreich continued to lead the company, serving as the chief executive officer<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Bets on Carbon Markets |access-date=July 26, 2011 |url=http://www.thegreeneconomy.com/bloomberg-bets-on-carbon-markets/ |publisher=The Green Economy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322081832/http://www.thegreeneconomy.com/bloomberg-bets-on-carbon-markets/ |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> until 2014, when he stepped down as CEO but remained involved as chairman of the advisory board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/bloomberg-new-energy-finance-founder-to-chair-advisory-board-joined-by-tanaka-rogers/|title=Bloomberg New Energy Finance founder to chair advisory board, joined by Tanaka, Rogers|publisher=Bloomberg New Energy Finance|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424054115/http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/bloomberg-new-energy-finance-founder-to-chair-advisory-board-joined-by-tanaka-rogers/|archive-date=April 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

BloombergNEF has expanded its research areas to cover renewable energy, advanced transport, digital industry, innovative materials, sustainability and commodities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/10/30/latest-bnef-report-finds-levelized-cost-of-renewables-continues-to-fall/|title=Latest BNEF Report Finds Levelized Cost Of Renewables Continues To Fall|date=2019-10-31|website=CleanTechnica|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sdg.iisd.org:443/news/gig-bnef-launch-tool-to-assess-climate-benefits-of-wind-and-solar-assets/|title=GIG, BNEF Launch Tool to Assess Climate Benefits of Wind and Solar Assets {{!}} News {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|work=IISD's SDG Knowledge Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> BNEF provides research, long-term forecasts, analytical tools and global in-depth analysis covering a wide range of energy and related industries. Analysts covering 6 continents publish more than 700 research reports a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://about.bnef.com/|title=BloombergNEF {{!}} Bloomberg Finance L.P.|website=BloombergNEF|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/14/rise-renewables-oil-firms-decades-earlier-think|title=Rise of renewables may see off oil firms decades earlier than they think|last=Ambrose|first=Jillian|date=2019-10-14|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)===
Bloomberg L.P. purchased Arlington, Virginia-based [[Bloomberg BNA|Bureau of National Affairs]] in August 2011, for $990{{nbsp}}million to bolster its existing [[Bloomberg Government]] and [[Bloomberg Law]] services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg L.P. To Buy BNA for $990 Million |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/bloomberg-l-p-to-buy-b-n-a-for-990-million/ |work=The New York Times |first=Kevin |last=Roose |date=August 25, 2011}}</ref> BNA publishes specialized online and print news and information for professionals in business and government. The company produces more than 350 news publications in topic areas that include corporate law and business, employee benefits, employment and labor law, environment, health and safety, health care, human resources, intellectual property, litigation, and tax and accounting.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web |title=Bloomberg's Plan for World Domination |access-date=July 10, 2017 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/bloombergs-plan-world-domination-66265 |work=Newsweek| first=Nick |last=Summers |date=November 21, 2011}}</ref>

===Bloomberg PolarLake===
In May 2012, Bloomberg L.P. acquired Dublin-based software provider PolarLake and launched a new [[enterprise data management]] service to help companies acquire, manage, and distribute data across its organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bloomberg Acquires PolarLake and Launches EDM Services |newspaper=Bloomberg Professional Services |access-date=January 7, 2018 |url=https://www.bloombergpolarlake.com/2012/05/22/news-item-02/ |publisher=Bloomberg PolarLake |date=May 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222031647/https://www.bloombergpolarlake.com/2012/05/22/news-item-02/ |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |df=mdy }}</ref>

===Barclays indices business===
On December 16, 2015, it was announced that [[Barclays]] had agreed to sell its [[Index (economics)|index]] business, Barclays Risk Analytics and Index Solutions Ltd (BRAIS), to Bloomberg L.P. for £520{{nbsp}}million, or about $787{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/announcements/bloomberg-to-acquire-barclays-risk-analytics-and-index-solutions-business/|title=Bloomberg to Acquire Barclays Risk Analytics and Index Solutions Business|date=December 16, 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. }}</ref> The company will be renamed Bloomberg Index Services Limited.

=== Bloomberg sports analysis ===
In September 2014, Bloomberg sold its Bloomberg Sports analysis division to the data analysis firm STATS LLC (now [[Stats Perform]]) for a fee rumored to be between $15{{nbsp}}million and $20{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 4, 2014|title=Bloomberg sells sports analysis division to STATS|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bloomberg-stats-idUSKBN0GZ2MU20140904|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034956/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/04/us-bloomberg-stats-idUSKBN0GZ2MU20140904|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== CityLab ===
On December 10, 2019, Bloomberg Media announced that it has reached an agreement to acquire [[CityLab]], ''[[The Atlantic]]''{{'}}s news site covering transportation, environment, equity, life, and design. This was Bloomberg's first acquisition of an editorial property by the news and financial data company in over a decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/press-releases/archive/2019/12/bloomberg-media-acquire-citylab-atlantic/603388/|title=Bloomberg Media to Acquire CityLab From The Atlantic|date=December 10, 2019|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>

==Products and services==
===Bloomberg Professional Services===
In 2011, sales from the Bloomberg Professional Services, also known as the [[Bloomberg Terminal]], accounted for more than 85 percent of Bloomberg L.P.'s annual revenue.<ref name="Inside the Bloomberg Machine">{{cite web |title=Inside the Bloomberg Machine |date=March 22, 2011 |access-date=October 21, 2018 |url=http://www.wallstreetandtech.com/trading-technology/inside-the-bloomberg-machine/d/d-id/1264634.html |publisher=Wall Street and Technology}}</ref> The [[financial data vendor]]'s proprietary computer system, starting at $24,000 per user per year,<ref>{{cite web |title=This is how much a Bloomberg terminal costs |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |url=http://qz.com/84961/this-is-how-much-a-bloomberg-terminal-costs |publisher=Quartz}}</ref> allows subscribers to access the Bloomberg Professional service to monitor and analyze real-time financial data, search financial news, obtain price quotes and send electronic messages through the Bloomberg Messaging Service. The Terminal covers both public and private markets globally.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Bloomberg Will Fare in the Financial Crisis |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_41/b4103102263210.htm |work=[[BusinessWeek]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031030317/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_41/b4103102263210.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>

===Bloomberg News===
[[Bloomberg News]] was co-founded by Michael Bloomberg and [[Matthew Winkler (journalist)|Matthew Winkler]] in 1990, to deliver financial news reporting to Bloomberg terminal subscribers. In 2000, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 100 countries.<ref name="Bloomberg Editor Casts a Wider Net">{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Editor Casts a Wider Net |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/10b70754-f98e-11df-9e29-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/10b70754-f98e-11df-9e29-00144feab49a |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-status=live |work=Financial Times |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through the Bloomberg terminal, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', Bloomberg Markets and Bloomberg.com. Since 2015, [[John Micklethwait]] has served as [[editor-in-chief]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url = https://www.wired.com/2015/09/bloombergs-future-future-news-everyone/|title = Bloomberg's Future is the Future of News For Everyone|last = Greenberg|first = Julia|date = 2 September 2015|magazine = Wired|access-date = 2015-09-03}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Radio===
{{main|Bloomberg Radio}}

===Bloomberg Television===
[[Bloomberg Television]], a service of Bloomberg News, is a 24-hour financial news television network. It was introduced in 1994, as a subscription service transmitted on satellite television provider [[DirecTV]], 13 hours a day, 7 days a week.<ref>{{cite news |title=At Bloomberg, Modest Strategy to Rule the World |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/business/media/15bloom.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Stephanie |last1=Clifford |first2=Julie |last2=Creswell |date=November 14, 2009}}</ref> The network has taken over the channel space of the defunct [[Financial News Network]] and hired most of the former FNN employees. Soon after, the network entered the cable television market and by 2000, Bloomberg's 24-hour news programming was available to 200{{nbsp}}million households.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Unit To Announce A Cable Deal |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/18/business/bloomberg-unit-to-announce-a-cable-deal.html |work=The New York Times |first=Danny |last=Hakim |date=September 18, 2000}}</ref> [[Justin B. Smith]] is CEO of Bloomberg Multimedia Group which includes Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Television and online components of Bloomberg's multimedia offerings.<ref>{{cite news |title=BLOOMBERG LP NAMES JUSTIN B. SMITH CEO OF BLOOMBERG MEDIA GROUP |access-date=November 20, 2013 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/now/press-releases/bloomberg-lp-names-justin-b-smith-ceo-of-bloomberg-media-group-4 |publisher=Bloomberg LP}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Markets===
''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'' is a monthly magazine launched in 1992, that provides in-depth coverage of global financial markets for finance professionals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Markets |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url=http://www.businessfinancemagazines.com/magazines/bloomberg-markets/ |publisher=Business & Finance Magazines}}</ref> In 2010, the magazine was redesigned in an effort to update its readership beyond Bloomberg terminal users.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moses|first=Lucia|title=Bloomberg Strikes Again |access-date=September 15, 2011 |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/bloomberg-strikes-again-132453 |work=AdWeek|date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref> Michael Dukmejian has served as the magazine's publisher since 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Dukmejian Joins BLOOMBERG MARKETS Magazine As Publisher |access-date=December 20, 2011 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/24/idUS188318+24-Jun-2009+PRN20090624 |publisher=Reuters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114155702/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/24/idUS188318%2B24-Jun-2009%2BPRN20090624 |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Bloomberg Pursuits ===
''Bloomberg Pursuits'' was a bimonthly [[luxury magazine]] distributed to Bloomberg terminal users and to newsstands. It ceased publication in 2016. A digital edition and show on Bloomberg Television continue under the same name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foliomag.com/bloomberg-pursuits-ends-print-magazine/|title=Bloomberg Pursuits Ends Print Magazine - Folio|date=2016-12-05|work=Folio|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Entity Exchange===
Bloomberg Entity Exchange is a [[web-based]], centralised and secure platform for [[buy side]] firms, [[sell side]] firms, [[corporation]]s and insurance firms, [[bank]]s or brokers to fulfill [[Know your customer|Know Your Customer (KYC)]] compliance requirements. It was launched on May 25, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Rosemary |url=http://www.financemagnates.com/institutional-forex/execution/bloomberg-unveils-entity-exchange-ease-counterparty-onboarding-process/ |title=Bloomberg Unveils Entity Exchange to Ease Counterparty Onboarding Process |publisher=Finance Magnates |date=2016-05-25 |access-date=2017-04-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/enterprise/financial-data-management/beyond-kyc/ |title=Beyond KYC |newspaper=Bloomberg Professional Services |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=2017-04-06 }}</ref>

===Bloomberg Government===
Launched in 2011, [[Bloomberg Government]] is an online service that provides news and information about politics, along with legislative and regulatory coverage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Plans a Data Service on the Business of Government |access-date=July 26, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/11/business/media/11bloombergnews.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jeremy W. |last=Peters |date=October 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg's news venture is good news for those willing to pay |access-date=December 20, 2011 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-may-28-la-et-onthemedia-20110528-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |first=James |last=Rainey |date=May 28, 2011}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Law===
In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. introduced [[Bloomberg Law]], a subscription service for real-time legal research.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Hangs New Shingle |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bloomberg-llp-hangs-new-shingle-2010-07-07-194600 |publisher=MarketWatch|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=July 8, 2010 |last=Adams |first=Russell }}</ref> A subscription to the service provides access to law dockets, legal filings, and reports from Bloomberg legal analysts as well as business news and information.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bloomberg Law |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=https://www.bloomberglaw.com/info/about/index.html |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Opinion===
''Bloomberg Opinion'', formerly Bloomberg View, is an editorial division of Bloomberg News which launched in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg View reveals columnists, editorial board|access-date=October 28, 2011|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0411/Bloomberg_View_reveals_columnists_ed_board.html|publisher=Politico}}</ref> The site provides editorial content from columnists, authors and editors about news issues and is available for free on the company's website.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg View Launches New opinion site is part of Bloomberg.com redesign|access-date=October 28, 2011|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/bloomberg-view-launches-131933|work=AdWeek|date=May 24, 2011 }}</ref> [[David Shipley]], former Op-Ed page editor at ''[[The New York Times]]'', is Bloomberg Opinion's executive editor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bloomberg View: Opinions, Yes, But Only Factual Ones|access-date=October 28, 2011|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2010/12/15/bloomberg-voice-opinions-yes-but-only-factual-ones|work=Forbes|first=Jeff|last=Bercovici}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Tradebook===
[[Bloomberg Tradebook]] is an electronic agency [[broker]]age for equity, futures, options and foreign exchange trades.<ref name="Bloomberg Tradebook Overview">{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Tradebook Overview |access-date=August 23, 2011 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/solutions/bloomberg_tradebook/ |publisher=Bloomberg Tradebook}}</ref> Its "buyside" services include access to trading algorithms, analytics and marketing insights, while its "sellside" services include connection to electronic trading networks and global trading capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Expands Tradebook Offering to Brokers |access-date=August 23, 2011 |url=http://www.tradersmagazine.com/news/bloomberg-tradebook-tierney-algorithms-broker-to-broker-business-107220-1.html?pg=1 |publisher=Traders Magazine Online }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bloomberg Tradebook was founded in 1996, as an affiliate of Bloomberg L.P.<ref name="Bloomberg Tradebook Overview" />

===Bloomberg Beta===
[[Bloomberg Beta]] is a [[venture capital firm]] capitalized by Bloomberg L.P.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Beta Launches With $75 Million Technology Venture Fund |access-date=June 2, 2014 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/now/press-releases/bloomberg-beta-launches-with-75-million-technology-venture-fund/ |publisher=Bloomberg NOW (press release)}}</ref> Founded in 2013, the $75{{nbsp}}million fund is focused on investments in areas broadly of interest to Bloomberg L.P., and invests purely for financial return. It is headquartered in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Perloth|first=Nicole|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/technology/bloomberg-begins-fund-to-invest-in-start-ups.html|title=Bloomberg Begins Fund to Invest in Start-Ups|work=The New York Times|date=June 5, 2013|access-date=September 25, 2015}}</ref>

===Bloomberg Innovation Index===
The Bloomberg Innovation Index is an annual [[ranking]] of how [[innovative]] countries are. It is based on six criteria: [[research and development]], [[manufacturing]], [[high-tech]] companies, [[post-secondary education]], research personnel, and [[patents]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-innovative-countries/|title=The Bloomberg Innovation Index|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geektime.com/2015/02/01/bloombergs-global-innovation-index-ranks-s-korea-1st-snubs-u-s-at-6th-place/|title=Bloomberg's Global Innovation Index ranks S. Korea 1st, snubs U.S. at 6th place|publisher=Geektime|access-date=August 23, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113217/http://www.geektime.com/2015/02/01/bloombergs-global-innovation-index-ranks-s-korea-1st-snubs-u-s-at-6th-place/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bloomberg uses data from the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]], the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]], the [[OECD]] and [[UNESCO]] to compile the ranking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2014-01-22/30-most-innovative-countries.html#slide32|title=30 Most Innovative Countries: Who Took Home the Gold?|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>

===Open Bloomberg===
Bloomberg has openly licensed its symbology system (Bloomberg Open Symbology, BSYM), and financial data [[Application programming interface|API]] (Bloomberg Programming API, BLPAPI).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.openbloomberg.com/files/2012/03/bloomberg_open_market_data_whitepaper.pdf
|title=Open Market Data Initiative
|publisher=Bloomberg
|date=February 1, 2002
|access-date=January 12, 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313133328/http://www.openbloomberg.com/files/2012/03/bloomberg_open_market_data_whitepaper.pdf
|archive-date=March 13, 2013
|df=mdy
}}</ref>

=== Bloomberg Live ===
Bloomberg Live is a series of conferences targeted towards business people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberglive.com/|title=Bloomberg Live|website=Bloomberg Live|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref>

=== Bloomberg Quicktake ===
Quicktake (formerly TicToc) is Bloomberg's social media brand. Originally launched on [[Twitter]], it was expanded to other platforms including [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], [[YouTube]] and is also available on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]]. It will also play at several screens across multiple airports in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. The platform is managed by a team of 70 people, consisting of editors, producers and social media specialists located across three bureaus in New York, London and Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Bloomberg Is Expanding TicToc Social News Network Beyond Twitter, After Hitting Year-One Goals |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/bloomberg-tictoc-twitter-news-expansion-1203093371/ |access-date=1 June 2019 |work=Variety |date=19 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2019, TicToc was renamed "QuickTake by Bloomberg" in order to avoid confusion with the social media platform [[TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/bloomberg-rebrands-tictoc-china-tiktok-app-1203418180/|title=Bloomberg Renames TicToc News Service QuickTake, Partly to Avoid Confusion With Chinese TikTok App (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2019-12-03|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> The [[camel case]] and the word "by" were later eliminated, and "Bloomberg" was moved in front of "Quicktake", although the two words do not always appear together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mixdexhq.com/tv-news/a-look-at-the-bloomberg-quicktake-logo-design/|title=A look at the Bloomberg Quicktake logo design|date=November 8, 2020}}</ref>

=== Bloomberg New Economy Forum ===
Bloomberg New Economy Forum is an invitation-only event for business executives, government officials, and academics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Michael Bloomberg to host high-profile business forum in Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3010944/michael-bloomberg-host-second-edition-new-economy-forum |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The inaugural event was held in 2018 in Singapore. In 2019, the forum took place in Beijing, China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3010944/michael-bloomberg-host-second-edition-new-economy-forum|title=Michael Bloomberg to host high-profile business forum in Beijing|date=2019-05-21|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> In 2020 the event was held virtually. Both the 2021 and 2022 events were held in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg Forum attendees' special COVID treatment sparks Singapore debate |url=https://fortune.com/2021/11/13/bloomberg-new-economy-forum-singapore-covid-rules-immigration-foreign-workers/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

The Bloomberg New Economy Forum Community includes leaders from the public and private sectors from around the world. Founding partners of the forum included [[3M]], [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company|ADNOC]], [[Dangote Group|Dangote]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[FedEx]], [[HSBC]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Mastercard]], [[Microsoft]], and [[SoftBank Group|Softbank]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/announcements/400-worlds-influential-business-government-leaders-attend-bloombergs-first-ever-new-economy-forum-singapore-november-6-7-2018/|title=400 of the World's Most Influential Business and Government Leaders to Attend Bloomberg's First-Ever New Economy Forum in Singapore on November 6-7, 2018 {{!}} Bloomberg L.P.|last1=Paulson|first1=Hank|date=2018-10-03|access-date=2019-06-18|last2=Peiyan|first2=Zeng|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, the company initiated the Bloomberg New Economy Catalysts program<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalysts Homepage |url=https://www.bloombergneweconomy.com/catalysts/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Bloomberg New Economy |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to spotlight the work of changemakers and its impact on the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitaker-Moore |first=Aja |date=June 9, 2021 |title=Bloomberg's plan to take on Davos and the world's greatest challenges |url=https://www.axios.com/2021/06/09/bloomberg-davos-globalization-pandemic |website=Axios}}</ref>

=== Bloomberg Línea ===
[[Bloomberg Línea]] is a partnership launched in 2021 to serve Spanish, Portuguese and English speaking Latino audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Línea |first=Bloomberg |date=2023-01-02 |title=Bloomberg Línea Officially Launches with 9 Websites in Latin America |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/bloomberg-linea-officially-launches-with-9-websites-in-latin-america/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Bloomberg Línea |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bloomberg Intelligence ===
Bloomberg Intelligence (BI) is Bloomberg's research division. It provides data and analytics on global markets. It is available exclusively on the Bloomberg Terminal and the Bloomberg Professional App.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=Bloomberg Intelligence Introduces Market Structure Research Practice |url=https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/articles/bloomberg-intelligence-introduces-market-structure-research-practice-16725 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=InPublishing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg Media revamps content studio Kinection building in data to offer upgraded ad solutions |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/05/10/bloomberg-media-revamps-content-studio-kinection-building-data-offer-upgraded-ad |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Drum}}</ref>

==Offices==
===Locations===
[[File:Bloomberg European Headquarters, London.jpg|thumb|[[Bloomberg London]] building]]
Bloomberg L.P.'s headquarters is located in [[731 Lexington Avenue]] (informally known as Bloomberg Tower) in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.<ref>{{cite news |title=SQUARE FEET: INTERVIEW -- WITH BARRY M. GOSIN; Trained in Manhattan, Graduating to the World |access-date=July 28, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/business/yourmoney/trained-in-manhattan-graduating-to-the-world.html |work=The New York Times |first=Alison |last=Gregor |date=April 23, 2006}}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, Bloomberg L.P. occupied {{convert|900000|sqft|m2|}} of office space at the base of the tower. The company's New York offices also include {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|}} located at 120 Park Avenue<ref>{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Growing Bloomberg L.P. To Rent Half of a Tower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/nyregion/10bloomberg.html |access-date=August 3, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and 924,876 square feet (85,924 m2) located at [[919 Third Avenue]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=SL Green Signs 925,000 Square Foot Renewal and Expansion Lease With Bloomberg, L.P. at 919 Third Avenue |url=https://slgreen.com/sl-green-signs-925000-square-foot-renewal-and-expansion-lease-with-bloomberg-l-p-at-919-third-avenue/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=SL Green |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Taylor |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bloomberg Signs 924,876 SF Office Lease Extension, Expansion at 919 Third Avenue in Manhattan |url=https://rebusinessonline.com/bloomberg-signs-924876-sf-office-lease-extension-expansion-at-919-third-avenue-in-manhattan/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=REBusinessOnline |language=en-US}}</ref> It maintains offices in 167 locations around the world,<ref name="AboutBloombergCompany">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/ |title=About Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2019-05-29 }}</ref> including [[Bloomberg London]], its European headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/london/|title=Bloomberg London Building|work=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en}}</ref>

===Corporate culture===
The Bloomberg L.P. offices are non-hierarchical – even executives do not have private offices.<ref name="Newsweek" /> All employees sit at identical white desks each topped with a custom-built Bloomberg computer terminal. The office space also includes rows of flat-panel monitors overhead that display news, market data, the weather and Bloomberg customer service statistics.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Towers of Babble |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/skyline/2007/08/06/070806crsk_skyline_goldberger?currentPage=all |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=July 29, 2007 }}</ref>

===Leadership===
Bloomberg L.P.'s Management Committee includes [[Michael Bloomberg]], [[Peter Grauer]], and [[Thomas Secunda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Overview of Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=April 18, 2013 |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId-160210 |work=Businessweek}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{criticism section|date=November 2024}}
=== Turner Construction and Bloomberg LP construction scandal ===
Between 2010 and 2017, a "pay-to-play" scheme went along between two [[Turner Construction]] executives, two Bloomberg executives; and vendors and subcontractors involving interior construction at the Bloomberg offices including its headquarters at 731 Lexington Ave.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=2018-12-10|title=Former Bloomberg Executives to Be Charged in Construction Fraud Scheme|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/nyregion/bloomberg-construction-fraud-kickback.html|access-date=2020-09-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In July 2020, Bloomberg's construction manager Michael Campana was sentenced to two years in prison for tax evasion on $420,000 in connection with accepting bribery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former construction executive pleads guilty to tax evasion in connection with bribery scheme {{!}} Internal Revenue Service|url=https://www.irs.gov/compliance/criminal-investigation/former-construction-executive-pleads-guilty-to-tax-evasion-in-connection-with-bribery-scheme|access-date=2020-09-24|website=www.irs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-02|title=Westchester Man Among Former Executives To Admit To Multi-Million Dollar Kickback Scheme|url=https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/mountpleasant/news/westchester-man-among-former-executives-to-admit-to-multi-million-dollar-kickback-scheme/791648/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Mount Pleasant Daily Voice|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Propper|first=David|title=Ex-Bloomberg construction manager from Tuckahoe gets prison for role in bribery scheme|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2020/07/29/tuckahoe-bribery-scheme-prison-sentence/5538692002/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The Journal News|language=en-US}}</ref> The bribery was in the form of cash, work on personal property, Super Bowl tickets and payment for Campana's wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rebong|first=Kevin|date=2020-07-30|title=Ex-Turner Construction Exec Pleads Guilty in Bribery Scheme|url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/07/30/former-turner-construction-exec-pleads-guilty-in-bribery-scheme/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The Real Deal New York|language=en-US}}</ref>

On September 29, 2020, Anthony Guzzone, the Director of Global Construction at Bloomberg from 2010 and 2017, pleaded guilty to evading taxes on over $1.45 million he received in bribes from construction subcontractors in exchange for being awarded work performed for Bloomberg. Guzzone accepted more than $5.1 million in bribes. He was sentenced to prison for three years and two months in January 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rebong|first=Kevin|date=2020-09-30|title=Ex-Bloomberg Construction Director Pleads Guilty to Tax Fraud|url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/09/30/bloomberg-construction-director-pleads-guilty-to-tax-fraud/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=The Real Deal New York|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NJ.com|first=Chris Sheldon {{!}} NJ Advance Media for|date=2021-01-20|title=Ex-Bloomberg exec sentenced after authorities say he led massive kickback scheme|url=https://www.nj.com/monmouth/2021/01/ex-bloomberg-exec-sentenced-after-authorities-say-he-led-massive-kickback-scheme.html|access-date=2021-02-04|website=nj|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Ex-Bloomberg construction exec pleads guilty to tax evasion charges on bribes|url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/ex-bloomberg-construction-exec-pleads-guilty-tax-evasion-charges-bribes|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-09-30|website=Crain's New York Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Former Construction Executive Pleads Guilty To Tax Evasion In Connection With Bribery Scheme|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-construction-executive-pleads-guilty-tax-evasion-connection-bribery-scheme-0|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.justice.gov|language=en}}</ref>

=== Lawsuits ===
====''Olszewski v. Bloomberg L.P.''====
In 1996, former Bloomberg L.P. sales representative Mary Ann Olszewski sued the company, alleging that she was drugged and raped by her supervisor, Bryan Lewis, and claimed she was terminated shortly after reporting the incident in a May 25, 1995, meeting.<ref name="Kranish">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/politics/michael-bloomberg-women/ |title=Mike Bloomberg for years has battled women's allegations of profane, sexist comments |author=Kranish, Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Barrett">{{cite web |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2001/10/30/bloombergs-sexual-blind-spot/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712131722/https://www.villagevoice.com/2001/10/30/bloombergs-sexual-blind-spot/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |title=Bloomberg's Sexual Blind Spot |author=Barrett, Wayne |work=The Village Voice |date=October 30, 2001 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> The lawsuit also alleged the company internally investigated Olszewski, attempting to get coworkers to portray her as "flirtatious" or a "sex hound."<ref name="Barrett"/> Olszewski also claimed that male employees at the company engaged in the "sexual degradation of women" and that the company "took no steps to prevent or curtail the ongoing sexual harassment of female employees by Michael Bloomberg."<ref name="Kranish"/> Bloomberg, on behalf of Bloomberg L.P., testified that he was made aware of the rape allegation and offered to move Olszewski into another sales unit.<ref name="Barrett"/> Bloomberg also testified that he did not find Olszewski's allegation genuine because there was not "an unimpeachable third-party witness" present during the alleged event, elaborating that "there are times when three people are together."<ref name="Garber">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/09/mike-bloomberg-comments-women-metoo/570448/ |title='I'd Do Her': Mike Bloomberg and the Underbelly of #MeToo |author=Garber, Megan |work=The Atlantic |date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>

The case was dismissed by a federal judge in 1999 after Olszewski's lawyer had ignored repeated deadlines to submit a response to a [[motion (legal)|motion]] to end the case. The case was re-opened by another lawyer in 2000, but disappeared from the [[Docket (court)|court docket]] in 2001.<ref name="Barrett"/>

====''Sekiko Sakai Garrison v. Michael Bloomberg and Bloomberg L.P.''====
In 1997, former Bloomberg L.P. sales executive Sekiko Sakai Garrison filed a lawsuit against the company and Michael Bloomberg, alleging [[sexual harassment]] and [[wrongful dismissal|wrongful termination]].<ref name="garrison">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/sekiko-sakai-garrison-v-michael-bloomberg-and-bloomberg-l-p/6d9bea84-4783-4b88-8866-26bddfb14b6d/ |title=Sekiko Sakai Garrison v. Michael Bloomberg and Bloomberg, L.P. |author=United States District Court Southern District of New York |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 24, 1998 |access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21014984 |title=Bloomberg sued for pregnancy discrimination |agency=Associated Press |work=NBC |date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref> Garrison alleged that when she told Bloomberg that she was pregnant, he told her to "Kill it!" and said "Great! Number 16," referring to the number of women in the company who were pregnant or on [[maternity leave]] at the time.<ref name="Garber"/> According to the lawsuit, Garrison told a manager about the incident but was told to "forget it ever happened" before being fired.<ref name="Kranish"/>

Garrison also claimed that Bloomberg told female salespeople to "line up to give him [oral sex] as a wedding present," referring to a male employee who was getting married.<ref name="Kranish"/> The lawsuit also alleged that Bloomberg berated a female employee who had trouble finding a nanny, saying, "It's a f------ baby! All it does is eat and s---! It doesn't know the difference between you and anyone else! All you need is some black who doesn't even have to speak English to rescue it from a burning building!"<ref name="Kranish"/><ref name="garrison"/>

The company did not admit any wrongdoing, but [[settlement (litigation)|settled]] the lawsuit out of court in 2000.<ref name="Barrett"/>

====''EEOC v. Bloomberg L.P.''====
In September 2007, the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)]] filed a [[class-action lawsuit]] against Bloomberg L.P. on behalf of more than 80 female employees who argued that Bloomberg L.P. engaged in discrimination against women who took [[maternity leave]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Is Deposed in Bias Suit Against Firm |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/nyregion/15bloomberg.html |work=The New York Times |first=David W. |last=Chen |date=May 15, 2009}}</ref> In August 2011, Judge [[Loretta A. Preska]] of the federal [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] in Manhattan dismissed the charges, writing that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission did not present sufficient evidence to support its claim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Discrimination Suit Against Bloomberg L.P. Is Rejected |access-date=December 13, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/nyregion/discrimination-suit-against-bloomberg-lp-is-dismissed.html |work=The New York Times |first=David W. |last=Chen |date=August 17, 2011}}</ref>

In September 2013, Preska dismissed an EEOC lawsuit on behalf of 29 pregnant employees of Bloomberg L.P.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|title=U.S. judge tosses pregnancy bias lawsuit against Bloomberg LP|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bloomberg-bias-lawsuit-idUSBRE9880ZD20130909|access-date=September 11, 2013|publisher=Reuters|date=September 9, 2013|author2=Jennifer Saba|archive-date=September 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912000027/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/09/us-bloomberg-bias-lawsuit-idUSBRE9880ZD20130909|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, she dismissed pregnancy bias claims from five individual plaintiffs, and allowed part of the case from a sixth plaintiff to proceed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beekman|first=Daniel|title=Judge tosses most plaintiffs in discrimination suit against Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/judge-tosses-plaintiffs-discrimination-suit-bloomberg-p-article-1.1450211|access-date=September 11, 2013|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=September 9, 2013}}</ref>

====''Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve''====
Bloomberg L.P. brought a [[lawsuit]] against the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors|Board of Governors]] of the [[Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve System]] ([[Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System]]) to force the Fed to share details about its lending programs during the [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|U.S. Government bailout]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Fed's Secret Liquidity Lifelines |access-date=March 17, 2012 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/data-visualization/federal-reserve-emergency-lending/#/overview/?sort=nomPeakValue&group=none&view=peak&position=0&comparelist=&search= |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> The records documented Federal Reserve loans issued to financial firms and revealed the identities of the firms, the amounts borrowed and the collateral posted in return.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve |access-date=August 25, 2009 |url=https://www.cjr.org/the_audit/bloomberg_wins_its_lawsuit_aga.php |work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Bloomberg L.P. won at the trial court level.<ref>Docket entry 31, ''Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System'', case no. 1:08-cv-09595-LAP, U.S. District Court for the District of New York.</ref> The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit Court]] ruled in favor of Bloomberg L.P. in March 2010, but the case was appealed to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] by a group of large U.S. commercial banks in October. In March 2011, the Supreme Court let stand the Second Circuit Court ruling mandating the release of Fed bailout details.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fed's Court-Ordered Disclosure Shows Americans' 'Right to Know' |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-22/fed-s-court-ordered-transparency-shows-americans-have-a-right-to-know-.html |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=March 22, 2011}}</ref>

====''Bloomberg L.P. v. Bloomberg Ltd''====
On October 22, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. applied for a change of name of Bloomberg Ltd, under s. 69(1)(b) of the [[Companies Act 2006]]. Bloomberg L.P. then amended its name to Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. Bloomberg Ltd was ordered at the [[Company Names Tribunal]] on May 11, 2009, to change its name so as to not have a name that would likely interfere, by similarity, with the goodwill of Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. as well as to pay costs.<ref>[http://www.ipo.gov.uk/o12309.pdf Bloomberg LP v Bloomberg Ltd] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103025028/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/o12309.pdf |date=November 3, 2012 }} Retrieved September 18, 2014</ref>

====''Nafeesa Syeed v. Bloomberg L.P.''====
According to a recent case in August 2020, Bloomberg L.P. is again being charged with discrimination against black and non-white workers. Nafeesa Syeed, who served at Bloomberg for around four years as a national security reporter and Middle East reporter, sued the corporation in New York city court for sexism based on her gender and her ethnicity as a South Asian-American. Bloomberg faces a related complaint by a former saleswoman, who filed under a pseudonym in June and the corporation is now seeking to compel a public release of her name. Throughout both cases the same law firm represented the plaintiffs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2020|title=Bloomberg LP Hit With More Discrimination Claims by Former Reporter|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/media/bloomberg-lp-sued-for-gender-race-discrimination-1203697697/|access-date=13 August 2020|website=WWD}}</ref>

=== Fossil fuel advertising ===
An investigation by ''[[the Intercept]]'', ''[[the Nation]]'', and [[DeSmog]] found that Bloomberg L.P. is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the [[fossil fuel]] industry.<ref name=intercept20231205>{{cite news|date=December 5, 2023|author=Amy Westervelt & Matthew Green|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/12/05/fossil-fuel-industry-media-company-advertising/|title=Leading News Outlets Are Doing the Fossil Fuel Industry's Greenwashing|publisher=The Intercept|access-date=September 1, 2024}}</ref> Journalists who cover [[climate change]] for [[Bloomberg News]] are concerned that [[conflicts of interest]] with the companies and industries that [[Causes of climate change|caused climate change]] and [[climate change denial|obstructed action]] will reduce the credibility of their reporting on climate change and cause readers to downplay the [[climate crisis]].<ref name=intercept20231205 />

===2024 Russian prisoner exchange===
While the [[2024 Russian prisoner exchange]] was still in progress, Bloomberg News broke a [[news embargo]] by reporting information provided by the White House. Other publications, including the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', criticized Bloomberg for breaking the embargo, potentially jeopardizing the exchange, and for a Bloomberg editor's apparent boasting for being the one to first publish a breaking news story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Charlotte |date=2024-08-02 |title=Everybody Is Mad at Bloomberg for Its Embargo-Breaking Gershkovich Scoop |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/bloombergs-risky-embargo-breaking-evan-gershkovich-scoop.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Intelligencer |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|New York City|Companies}}
* [[Bloomberg Markets]]
* [[Bloomberg Terminal]]
* [[Financial data vendor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bloomberg L.P.}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160124023831/http://ketupa.net/bloomberg.htm Bloomberg: Overview]
* [http://fdncenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=36500027 PND News – New York City Mayor Gave $130{{nbsp}}Million to Charity in 2002]
* [https://archive.today/20121228103336/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/GENDND/2002/1665.html Bloomberg LP v. Triple E Holdings Limited (2002) GENDND 1665 (December 13, 2002)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030526165356/http://thevault.com/companies/company_main.jsp?product_id=657&ch_id=306&co_page=1 The Vault, containing a company overview]
* [http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/12/bloomberg200812?printable=true&currentPage=all Vanity Fair: Bloomberg Without Bloomberg]
* [https://livenewsof.com/bloomberg-tv/ Bloomberg Live]

{{Bloomberg}}
{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room seating chart}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bloomberg L.P.| ]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Companies based in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Electronic trading platforms]]
[[Category:Financial data vendors]]
[[Category:Financial news agencies]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Multinational companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:News agencies based in the United States]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in New York City]]

Sambhal

2026-03-08T06:57:27Z

Robctr:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{other uses|Shambala (disambiguation)}}
{{for-text|the district|[[Sambhal district]]|the Indian parliamentary constituency|[[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]|the state assembly constituency|[[Sambhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Sambhal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sambhal Jama Masjid wash drawing.jpg
| image_caption = [[Shahi Jama Masjid]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.58|N|78.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Moradabad Division|Moradabad]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 12th Century AD
| named_for = [[Shiva|Sambhu]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Zia ur Rahman Barq]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Iqbal Mehmood]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])
| leader_title2 = Chairman
| leader_name2 = Asiya Musheer Chaudhary ([[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]])
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://www.latlong.net/place/sambhal-uttar-pradesh-india-22729.html |website=latlong.net |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 203
| population_total = 220,813
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 11433
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=123480|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| population_demonym = Sambhali
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 244302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| postal2_code = 244303
| area_code = (+91) (05923)
| registration_plate = UP-38
| website = {{URL|http://sambhal.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sambhal''' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|sə̃bʰəl]]) is a city located in the [[Sambhal district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The city lies approximately 158 km (98 mi)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ltd|first=rome2rio Pty|title=New Delhi to Sambhal - 5 ways to travel via train, bus, taxi, and car|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/map/New-Delhi/Sambhal|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Rome2rio|language=en}}</ref> east of the national capital [[New Delhi]] and 355 km (220 mi)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ltd|first=rome2rio Pty|title=Lucknow to Sambhal - 5 ways to travel via train, bus, taxi, car, and plane|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/map/Lucknow/Sambhal|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Rome2rio|language=en}}</ref> north-west of the state capital [[Lucknow]]. It also falls within the [[Rohilkhand]] region in the [[Moradabad division]] of the state, being approximately 32 km (20 miles) from the city of [[Moradabad]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
[[File:Sambhal_Jama_Masjid_wash_drawing.jpg|thumb|[[Shahi Jama Masjid]] at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh (1789). Pencil and wash drawing. British Library, London<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosque, Sambhal (U.P.). 24 March 1789 |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/zoomify65852.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305214645/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/zoomify65852.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2024-12-07 }}</ref>]]
Sambhal is identified as [[Shambhala]], a village which is mentioned as the birthplace of [[Kalki]], the [[Dashavatara|tenth and last incarnation]] of [[Vishnu]], in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the Hindu [[Purana|Puranas]] such as the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' and later ''[[Kalki Purana]]'' (the city is also home to a "Shri Kalki Vishnu [[Mandir]]").<ref name="MW">''Śambhala'', also ''Sambhala'', is the name of a town between the Rathaprā and Ganges rivers, identified by some with Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh. In the [[Purana|Puranas]], it is named as the place where [[Kalki]], the last incarnation of Vishnu, is to appear (Monier-Williams, ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', 1899).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest |url=https://sambhal.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=District Sambhal, Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03189.htm |website=Sacred Texts |page=390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Kalki Mandir and why Sambhal is significant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sambhal-kalki-dham-mandir-temple-pm-modi-foundation-babur-ahilyabai-holkar-ayodhya-mathura-vishnu-avatar-2504093-2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This was borrowed into the [[Buddhist mythology]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] where it is described as a [[Mythological place|mythological kingdom]] and a [[pure land]] beyond the [[Himalayas]] from where the future [[Maitreya]] will emerge.<ref>[https://snl.no/Shambhala Shambhala]. ''[[Store norske leksikon]]''.</ref> According to [[Ibn Battuta]], [[Toghon Temür]] the last [[Yuan dynasty]] emperor of China had sent an embassy to the [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], requesting permission to rebuild a Buddhist temple at Sambhal, which at the time attracted pilgrims from Tibet.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shambhala / Shangri-la |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/shangri-la.htm |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=[[Global Security]]}}</ref>

Sambhal has been an urban center for hundreds of years and was a prominent town during the [[Medieval India|medieval period]]. Two legendary battles between [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] and [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] are claimed to have taken place here. At the time under local rulers, in the 13th and 14th-centuries it would go on to become a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], first under [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] and later under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=History Sambhal |url=https://sambhal.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=District Sambhal, Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Perspective_view_of_the_mosque_at_Sambhal,_Uttar_Pradesh_RIBA35777.jpg|thumb|Pencil & wash drawing of the [[Shahi Jama Masjid]] at Sambhal, by [[Thomas Daniell]] and [[William Daniell]], 24 March 1789.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Daniell |first1=Thomas |last2=Daniell |first2=William |orig-date=1789 |title=Perspective view of the mosque at Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.ribapix.com/Perspective-view-of-the-mosque-at-Sambhal-Uttar-Pradesh_RIBA35777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624151837/https://www.ribapix.com/Perspective-view-of-the-mosque-at-Sambhal-Uttar-Pradesh_RIBA35777 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=RIBApix |publisher=Royal Institute of British Architects |language=en |ref=RIBA35777}}</ref>]]
Later it was a capital of the [[Lodi dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate under [[Sikandar Lodi]] for four years in the 15th-century. A folio from the [[Baburnama]], depicts an award ceremony in Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]]'s court before an expedition to Sambhal in the early 16th-century. After the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate, the city fell to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Babur]], briefly serving as the capital of the new empire. Babur is also claimed to have built a mosque here which is still extant. The city would later be governed by his son [[Humayun]]. After the death of Babur, his domain was divided among his sons, consequently Sambhal was given to [[Askari Mirza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=T. C. A. |title=Attendant lords: Bairam Khan and Abdur Rahim: courtiers & poets in Mughal India |date=2017 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5264-301-1 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}</ref> Sambhal flourished under the rule of [[Akbar]], Humayun's son, but subsequently deteriorated in popularity when Akbar's grandson [[Shah Jahan]] was put in charge of the city, and the local ([[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]) capital was shifted to [[Moradabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/520415/Sambhal|title = Sambhal {{pipe}} India {{pipe}} Britannica}}</ref><ref>Ain-i-Akbari, Vol II, Tr.H.S. Jarrett, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, repr., 1989. p. 295.</ref>

===Sambhal district===
{{Excerpt|Sambhal district|History}}

==Demographics==
As per provisional reports of the [[2011 Census of India]], the [[population]] of Sambhal city in 2011 was 221,334, of which 116,008 were male and 105,326 were female. The amount of total literates in Sambhal consist of 92,608 people, of which 51,382 are males while 41,226 are females. The average literacy rate in Sambhal city is 49.51%, of which male [[literacy]] was 52.27 percent, while female literacy being 46.45%. The sex ratio of Sambhal city is 908 females per 1,000 males and the child sex ratio of girls is 936 per 1,000 boys. The amount of total children (0-6) in Sambhal city constitute 34,279 as per the records of Census India 2011. There were 17,702 boys and 16,577 girls. The children form 15.49% of the total population<ref name="2011 census data"/>{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sambhal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|77.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|22.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.31}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

Sambhal is a [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority city in India with approximately 77.67% of the city's population following [[Islam]] as their religion. [[Hinduism]] is the second most common religion in the city of Sambhal with approximately 22.00% following it, followed by [[Christianity]] (0.12%), [[Sikhism]] (0.06%), [[Buddhism]] (0.03%), and [[Jainism]] (0.02%).

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Sambhal town (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 70.75 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 29.20 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.05 |color3 = grey
}}

As of the 2011 census, 70.75% of the population recorded their language as Urdu and 29.20% as Hindi.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603091405/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
Sambhal has the largest market of [[menthol]] in South Asia. Most of menthol oil is exported to Western Europe and China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mentha Oil Rate Today: मेंथा ऑयल में बिकवाली, रिकॉर्ड उत्पादन से कीमतों पर दबाव |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/hindi/business-news/mentha-oil-rate-today-on-8-june-2020-mcx-mentha-oil-price-today-sambhal-demand-export/1984558/ |access-date=19 August 2022|website=Financialexpress |language=hi}}</ref>

==Education==
Sambhal has many schools and Inter colleges for primary and secondary level education affiliated with CBSE, ICSE, the UP Board, and the Madarsa Board.

===Degree Colleges===
*Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Post Graduate College
*[[Government Degree College Sambhal]]

===UP Board===
*[[Al-Qadeer Higher Secondary School, Sambhal]]
*[[Hind Inter College Sambhal]]
*[[M.N.I. Higher secondary Hatim Sarai SAMBHAL]]

==See also==
* [[Shambhala]]
* [[Sambhal (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Tirtha Prabandha]], written by Shri Vadiraja Tirtha
* [[Sambhali Trust]]
* [[Abdul Khaliq Sambhali]], Indian Islamic scholar and writer
* [[Burhanuddin Sambhali]], Indian Islamic scholar, teacher and jurist
* [[Ishaq Sambhali]], Indian politician, freedom activist and journalist

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Moradabad division topics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sambhal]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sambhal district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Moradabad division]]

Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari

2026-03-03T23:54:57Z

Robctr: general refine lead for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari
| image = Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari.jpg
| caption = Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari Film Poster
| director = Vijay Sadanah
| producer = Savitri Mrs. Raj Goel
| starring = [[Raj Babbar]] [[Reena Roy]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = Keki Mistry
| released = {{Film date|1985}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari''' is a 1985 [[Hindi film|Hindi]] [[drama film]], starring [[Raj Babbar]] and [[Reena Roy]] and directed by Vijay Sadanah.

== Plot ==

Dr. Sunil Sharma runs two clinics in rural India mainly for the benefit of poor and needy people. He advertises in the newspapers for a qualified nurse, who must be single, and be willing to work long hours. A young and attractive woman named Aarti Saxena responds to his advertisement, is successful in the interview, and gets hired. Sunil finds himself getting attracted to Aarti, and mentions about her to his mother. His mother visits the clinic and approves of Aarti. She would like Aarti and Sunil to marry as quickly as possible. What Sunil and his mother do not know that Aarti has a sordid past – she has been disbarred from the nursing profession; she is married, and has a child by the name of Bulbul; and had assaulted a patient named Kamal Nath, when he expressed dissatisfaction with her work. Will Aarti be honest enough to tell Sunil about her past – or will she just refuse to marry him.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Dr. Sunil Sharma
* [[Reena Roy]] as Aarti Saxena
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Mrs. Sharma
* [[Chaman Puri]] as Aarti's Father-in-law
* [[Lalita Kumari]] as Aarti's Mother-in-law
* [[Baby Bulbul]] as Bulbul
*[[Raviraaj]] as Chandmama, in Bulbul dream
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Milkman
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Sadhuram
* [[Jayshree T]] as Sadhuram's daughter
* [[Jagdeep]] as Murugan
* [[C. S. Dubey]] as Bhiku
* [[Seema Deo]] as Hostel Manager
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Kamalnath
* [[Birbal (actor)|Birbal]] as Kanha
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Khan Pathan
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Traffic Police Constable
{{div col end}}

==Songs==
Lyricist: [[Indeevar]], [[Verma Malik]]

#"Yeh Hamari Tumari Khaani, Is Khaani Me Na Raaja Rani" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Shadi Karke Bhi Mai Hu Kawaanra" – [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
#"O Tune Di Aawaaz" – Asha Bhosle, [[Manhar Udhas]]
#"Ek Chitthi Pyaar Bhari" – [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
#"Ek Nanhi Si Ye Gudiya" – Mahendra Kapoor
#"Ek Nanhi Si Ye Gudiya" (sad) – Mahendra Kapoor

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0408734}}

[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Family Drama (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:11:56Z

Robctr: Put Up A Stub and Citations

{{Short description|2024 Indian dark comedy film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Family Drama
| image = Family Drama (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Akarsh HP
| producer = Dabbugudi Murali Krishna
| writer = Akarsh HP
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|* Abhay
* Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy
* Rekha Kudligi
}}
| narrator =
| music = Chethan Ammaiah
| cinematography = Sidharth Sunil
| editing = Ashish Hulakund
| studio = DMK Entertainments
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{film date|2024|7|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref name=":1" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Family Drama''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[dark comedy]] film written and directed by Akarsh HP in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Family Drama's Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy says THIS categorization of films is a problem |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/family-dramas-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-says-this-categorization-of-films-is-a-problem/2fa02040a0681 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195018/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/family-dramas-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-says-this-categorization-of-films-is-a-problem/2fa02040a0681 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Daredevil Musthafa Team Returns With A Dark Comedy Film Titled Family Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/daredevil-musthafa-team-returns-with-a-dark-comedy-film-titled-family-drama-article-109687839/amp |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=29 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429141340/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/daredevil-musthafa-team-returns-with-a-dark-comedy-film-titled-family-drama-article-109687839/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars Abhay, Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy, Rekha Kudligi, [[Poornachandra Mysore]], Ananya Amar, Aashith, Mahadev Hadapad, Malathesha, Veeresh, Arun Murthy, and Suraj Ravikiran.

The film was released theatrically on 26 July 2024 and opened to positive to mixed reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Abhay S. as Abhay
* Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy as Divya
* Rekha Kudligi as Lakshmi
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]] as Praksha
* Ananya Amar as Shruthi
* Aashith as Toby
* Mahadev Hadapad
* Malathesha
* Veeresh as Vishnu
* Arun Murthy
* Suraj Ravikiran as Joji
}}

== Production ==
In 2023, Akarsh HP met Abhay through a mutual friend. Abhay was looking for his next project after ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' (2023) and wondered whether Akarsh had any stories suitable for him. Akarsh and Abhay discussed a few stories, but Abhay wasn't totally interested in the stories he narrated. Then Akarsh narrated to him a story he had had since 2017. Abhay liked it, so Akarsh began working on developing it into a full-fledged script. Akarsh chose Rekha to play the mother role, as he has already worked as an assistant director in the film she acted in earlier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Family Drama is a comedy revolving around a bunch of morally corrupt characters, says director Akarsh HP |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/family-drama-is-a-comedy-revolving-around-a-bunch-of-morally-corrupt-characters-says-director-akarsh-hp/ffc917622344 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726111510/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/family-drama-is-a-comedy-revolving-around-a-bunch-of-morally-corrupt-characters-says-director-akarsh-hp/ffc917622344 |url-status=live}}</ref> He and Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy collaborated in a [[documentary film]] about filmmakers earlier. A few months later, he met her and offered her a cameo role in this film, but she asked him to offer one of the main roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sigamany |first1=Swaroop Kodur, Vidya |title=A misconception that I'll only direct or act in my own films: Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/a-misconception-that-ill-only-direct-or-act-in-my-own-films-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=25 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811140612/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/a-misconception-that-ill-only-direct-or-act-in-my-own-films-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Great relief just to be an actor in 'Family Drama': Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/great-relief-just-to-be-an-actor-in-family-drama-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-101721888357357-amp.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The filming began in January 2024 and wrapped up in March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Akarsh to make his directorial debut with 'Family Drama' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/30/akarsh-to-make-his-directorial-debut-with-family-drama |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The shooting of the film was completed within thirty-one days in forty-two locations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Quirk is our USP': 'Family Drama' director Akarsh H P |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/quirk-is-our-usp-family-drama-director-akarsh-h-p-3113386 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811140613/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/quirk-is-our-usp-family-drama-director-akarsh-h-p-3113386 |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from acting, Abhay also serves as an executive producer of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughter meets murder in Family Drama: Abhay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/laughter-meets-murder-in-family-drama-abhay/articleshow/112014928.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727044503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/laughter-meets-murder-in-family-drama-abhay/amp_articleshow/112014928.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The production team used six hundred [[fake currency]] notes to promote this film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=My film 'Family Drama' might bring back communal viewing: Akarsh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/25/my-film-family-drama-might-bring-back-communal-viewing-akarsh |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/sport/2024/Aug/12/morning-alarm-600km-daily-train-ride-american-influence-in-chateauroux |url-status=live}}</ref> The fake notes have the poster and QR code for the trailer of the film printed on them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Family Drama Filmmakers Use 600 Fake Currency Notes To Promote The Film! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/family-drama-filmmakers-use-600-fake-currency-notes-to-promote-the-film-article-109736202/amp |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=30 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195021/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/family-drama-filmmakers-use-600-fake-currency-notes-to-promote-the-film-article-109736202/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> A promo song featuring Akarsh and [[Siri Ravikumar]] and sung by the latter was released.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Chethan Ammaiah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family Drama - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/family-drama/,pSHj2nQQ1I_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811163718/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/family-drama/,pSHj2nQQ1I_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sathyad Mane Haala
| length1 = 2:48
| lyrics1 = Sharath Vashisht
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| title2 = Li Li Family Li
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = Sharath Vashisht
| extra2 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| title3 = Hanging on the wall
| length3 = 2:20
| lyrics3 = Chethan Ammaiah
| extra3 = [[Siri Ravikumar]]
| title4 = Shimmi Shimmi
| length4 = 3:00
| lyrics4 = Sharath Vashisht
| extra4 = Chethan Ammaiah
| title5 = Disco Song
| length5 = 3:41
| lyrics5 = Sharath Vashisht
| extra5 = Srishti Ekanth
| total_length = 15:44
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
Family Drama was theatrically released in India on 26 July 2024 across Karnataka in limited screens and managed to run only for a few days.

=== Home media ===
The digital rights of the movie was acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] and started premiered on 20 September 2024.

== Reception ==
The film opened to positive to mixed reviews with appreciation towards direction, story and the performances however criticism was drawn towards the run time of the movie.

Chokkapan S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "The movie - as promised by the director - is certainly a family outing, if you are ready to forgive the gore leading towards the denouement."<ref>{{cite news |title=Family Drama Movie Review: Family Drama review: Middle-class greed meets gangster world in this dark comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/family-drama/amp_movie_review/112034675.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/family-drama/amp_movie_review/112034675.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of the ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Best enjoyed with kids and adults who simply love silly acts and laugh at almost every joke whether it is funny or not."<ref>{{cite news |title=Family Drama Movie Review: This Comedy Film Is Silly, Slapstick And No Brainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/family-drama-movie-review-this-comedy-film-is-silly-slapstick-and-no-brainer-review-112035478/amp |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=26 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727145116/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/family-drama-movie-review-this-comedy-film-is-silly-slapstick-and-no-brainer-review-112035478/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "The core plot of the film is interesting. But the subplots around the film, for example the love story between Abhay and his girlfriend Shruthi (Ananya Amar), seem exaggerated."<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Family Drama' movie review: Sincere debut with charming performances |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/family-drama-movie-review-sincere-debut-with-charming-performances-3124327 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195027/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/family-drama-movie-review-sincere-debut-with-charming-performances-3124327 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Family Drama'' is an elevated experience in cinema halls also because of its formidable and talented cast. Every bit of the casting is spot on."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Family Drama review: This family makes you root for them with their whims and follies |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/family-drama-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The South First |date=26 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811144239/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/family-drama-kannada-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vivek M.V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Family Drama is a refreshing attempt at cracking a genre less explored in Kannada cinema, and music director Chethan Ammaiah also deserves special mention for enhancing the vibrant flavour in the second half."<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Family Drama' movie review: This dark comedy comes into its own in a hilarious second half |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/family-drama-movie-review-this-dark-comedy-comes-into-its-own-in-a-hilarious-second-half/article68449397.ece/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 July 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727131029/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/family-drama-movie-review-this-dark-comedy-comes-into-its-own-in-a-hilarious-second-half/article68449397.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "The screenplay oscillates between moments of laughter and introspection with ease. The three lead actors—Abhay, Sindhu [[Sreenivasan]], and Rekha—engage in a delightful game of one-upmanship, each trying to outdo the others in their performances."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Family Drama Movie Review: A beautiful blend of light, dark, humour, pathos, love, and crime |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jul/26/family-drama-movie-review-a-beautiful-blend-of-light-dark-humour-pathos-love-and-crime |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=8 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801111505/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/review/2024/Jul/26/family-drama-movie-review-a-beautiful-blend-of-light-dark-humour-pathos-love-and-crime |url-status=live}}</ref> Subha J. Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film a positive review, praised the performances of the cast, and considered "a little trimming would have made the film work even better than it does."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Subha J. |title=Family Drama: Intrigue, humour & budget-friendly goons make this film worth a rewatch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/family-drama-intrigue-humour-budget-friendly-goons-make-this-film-worth-a-rewatch |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=6 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811152455/https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/family-drama-intrigue-humour-budget-friendly-goons-make-this-film-worth-a-rewatch |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32832440}}

[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Jamal Malik (character)

2026-02-28T15:05:07Z

Robctr: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[Slumdog Millionaire#Jamal Malik]]

[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Child characters in film]]
[[Category:Male characters in film]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in film]]
[[Category:Slumdog Millionaire]]
[[Category:Orphan characters in film]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from fictional character}}
{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Shamanewadi

2026-02-24T07:52:12Z

Robctr: cleanup

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shamanewadi
| other_name = Shramanwadi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.540346|N|74.497435|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chikkodi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6228
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 591214
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08338
| registration_plate = KA 23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ichalakaranji]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chikodi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chikodi-Sadalga]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Shamanewadi ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]] in [[Chikodi]] taluka, India.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 5500 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com/|title=Yahoomaps India : Chikodi, Belgaum, Karnataka|access-date=2008-12-18|archive-date=3 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060944/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is in the [[Chikodi]] [[taluk]] of [[Belgaum district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],
Shamanewadi Village Census Data

**Shamanewadi Village Census Data**: Shamanewadi is a large village located in Chikodi Taluka of Belgaum district, Karnataka.
* **Population**: The village has a population of 6,228, with 3,124 males and 3,104 females as per the 2011 census.
* **Child Population**: The village has a child population of 688, which makes up 11.05% of the total population.
* **Literacy Rate**: The village has a higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka, with an overall literacy rate of 79.68%, and male and female literacy rates of 87.86% and 71.59% respectively.
* **Workforce**: Out of the total population, 2,921 were engaged in work activities, with 73.23% of workers describing their work as main work and 26.77% involved in marginal activity.
* **Households**: The village has a total of 1,384 households.
* **Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe**: The village has a schedule caste population of 909 and a schedule tribe population of 54.
<ref name="censusindia" />
More than 90% are from Jain community along with Lingayats, Marathas and other communities. Most of the people depend on agriculture, it consists of rich sugar belt, as farming is a major activity of the area. The main crops are sugar cane, tobacco, jawar, and soyabeans. Almost on the bank of river Dudhganga. There are some groups in the village like Gandhi Katti boys, Jai Karnataka Yuval mandal, Jai Hind group, they participate in social works/festival, etc.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Its schools of higher education include Ayurvedic College, BEd, DEd and Arts and Commerce colleges in Shantinagar area.

==Transportation==
* Road
Shamanewadi is well connected by road via the State Highway 97 Sankeshwar - Sadalga and Chikkodi - Ichalakaranji road. NWKRTC run buses from Chikodi, Nippani to Ichalkaranji (Maharashtra) and Sadalga stops at Shamanewadi.
Rent on taxi and autos available here.
*Nearest Railway Station
[[Miraj]]
*Nearest Airport
[[Belagavi]]

==Places==
===Temples===
*1008 Chandraprabhu Digambar Jain Temple
*Shri Ramlingeshwar Temple
*Beereshwar Temple
*Brahmanath Temple
*Mallayya Temple
*Yellamma Temple
*Margubai Temple
*Hanuman Temple
*Venkteshwar Temple
*Shamanameer Darga
*Padmavati Temple
*Somanath Temple
*Shamanewadi Nishidhi

==See also==
* [[Belgaum]]
* [[Chikodi]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Belgaum.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Chikodi-geo-stub}}

Tenma (musician)

2026-02-12T03:13:31Z

Robctr: clean up

{{Short description|Indian musician and film composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tenma
| image = File:Tenma 02.jpg
| caption = Tenma
| birth_name = Tiburtius Vinodh Rubin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|05|18}}
| alma_mater = {{Hlist | [[Loyola College, Chennai]] | [[Point Blank Music School]]}}
| occupation = {{Hlist | Composer | Songwriter | Singer}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| website = {{URL|twitter.com/tenmamakesmusic|Personal Twitter}}
}}

'''Tiburtius Vinodh Rubin''', better known professionally as '''Tenma''', is an Indian music producer, singer, composer, bass guitarist, and festival director. He is most well recognized as the co-founder (with [[Pa. Ranjith]]) and leader of the indie band [[The Casteless Collective]] and the now-defunct band Kurangan. In 2019, he debuted as a music director for the Tamil film ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''. He is the co-founder of Madras Medai, a music festival and conference focusing on the growth of independent music in [[South India]]. He is also the founder of the Madras Indie Collective.

== Early years ==

Tenma grew up in a rough neighborhood in North Madras. He turned to music at an early age and learned to play classical guitar by performing in a number of events from weddings to funerals. He studied at the Don Bosco school in [[Chennai]] and later graduated with bachelor's degree in Visual Communication from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. He started his music career at the age of 17 as a part of the indie bands '''Public Issue''' and '''Blind Image''' both of whom left a mark in the indie music scene in India in the 2000s. He later went to study Music Production and Sound Engineering in London at [[Point Blank Music College]].

=== Personal life ===

Tenma cites the manga ''[[Monster (manga)|Monster]]'' as the inspiration for his stage name. He says, "I didn’t want caste, religion, and the identity given to me at birth. I didn’t want my family name because that’s a different person. He lived without knowing anything. Tenma at least knows something. I read this Manga book called Monster. The protagonist’s name is Kenzo Tenma, a very hopeful character. I love him. So, I named myself after him."

== Career ==

=== Kurangan ===

Tenma cofounded the band Kurangan with [[Kaber Vasuki]], a singer and songwriter. Tenma met Kaber when he was fundraising for his album ''Azhagu Puratchi''. Tenma had the vision to take the music forward, so he called Kaber and produced the album. The band became popular after performances such as appearances on [[Kappa TV]] and Terrace Jams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kurangan-tamil-rock-music-band-offers-fresh-alternative-51798|title=Kurangan- A fresh alternative|date=23 October 2016|work=The News Minute|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/598071/ideas-daily-life.html|title=A band with ideas from daily life|date=24 February 2017|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/820769/meet-kurangan-a-chennai-pop-rock-band-making-tamil-music-deep-again|title=Meet Kurangan|date=16 November 2016|work=Scroll|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> They produced multiple songs that became very popular in the years they were active, between 2015 and 2017. For various reasons, the two artists decided to split ways in 2017.

===The Casteless Collective ===

'''Neelam Cultural Centre''', a social change organization spearheaded by [[Pa. Ranjith]], approached Tenma to do a workshop/ residency for Gaana artists and other musical artists to make songs that speak on '''equality and social justice'''. This involved bringing together artists who grew up as laborers and are working as daily wage workers in the slums and musicians from the independent music community who came from more privileged parts of society. The first Madras Records Residency resulted in The Casteless Collective – currently, India's largest Political Ensemble Band consisting of [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Gaana]], [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] and Rock artists from [[North Madras]] (Chennai) and from [[Dharavi]] (Mumbai). The band writes songs on various social topics and issues that bring about dialogue on the status quo through music.

The first show held on 6 January 2018, had over 7000 people in attendance. Tenma brought in artists from Madras Indie Collective to work on the debut show. After the show, he was assigned to do the Casteless Collective Album. Instead of renting a studio, Tenma instead rented the Museum Theatre and gave prominence to the percussion instruments in the album. Considering that the instrument and the players themselves are still treated as "impure", this was an important step in breaking stereotypes. The Casteless Collective videos have reached more than a million views on social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPFcjjFtoTPCHgYP_y5MvSg|title=The Casteless Collective- YouTube Channel|date=1 January 2020|work=The Casteless Collective|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref> Under the music leadership of Tenma, it has produced multiple singles and as well as the popular album'''Magizhchi'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-magizhchi-composer-tenma-casteless-collectives-first-album-94645|title=The Making of Magizhchi|date=7 January 2019|work=The News Minute|access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref>

=== Indie Music Initiatives ===

==== Madras Indie Collective (MIC) ====

The Madras Indie Collective was founded by Tenma as a movement to bring together and work with artists of various disciples from different socioeconomic backgrounds. The artists and the audience were curated to initiate dialogue on art and its relevance in a modern suburban context. MIC continued for the next 8 months which led to multiple collaborations between artists who would have never met otherwise, friendships were formed and bonds built. To bring some protocol in the workflow they started Madras Records. Small platforms were used to remove the divide between artists, audiences, and curators.

==== Madras Medai ====

Along with [[OfRo]], Tenma co-founded Madras Medai, an Independent Music festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://madrasmagazine.wordpress.com/2018/11/08/music-of-modern-madras-a-contemporary-scenario/|title=Music of Modern Madras|date=8 November 2018|work=Madras Magazine|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> The first performance took place on 19 May 2018. More than fifty artists performing different genres of original music were presented on the same stage to an audience of five thousand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madras-meda-indie-music-concert/article23949846.ece|title=Indie Music Concert|date=21 May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/voices-on-the-medai/article23914341.ece|title=Voices of Madras Medai|date=17 May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref> This edition of the festival included artists from various music communities and backgrounds. After Madras Medai, most of the artists released albums with videos and started building their own smaller ecosystems within the larger ecosystem that Tenma had created with a group of artists.

== Film ==

Tenma's debut in composing for film came in 2019 for Athiyan Athirai's debut film [[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]] produced by Pa Ranjith's banner Neelam Productions. The album consisting of six songs received highly favorable reviews, such as "It’s like the voice for ‘the voiceless’.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/irandam-ulagaporin-kadaisi-gundu-movie-review-6154033/|title=Gundu Movie Review|date=2019-12-06|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/gundu-was-a-course-in-cinematic-music/article30135771.ece|title=Gundu Movie Review – The Hindu|date=2019-12-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> The lyrics convey so much meaning like the dialogues and It is clear from Tenma's rich soundscape that it is designed to organically flow with the film's narrative rather than stick out as individual pieces.".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-irandam-ulaga-porin-kadaisi-gundu/articleshow/72401057.cms?from=mdr|title=Gundu Music Review|date=2 December 2019|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> Tenma credits Pa Ranjith with bringing him into films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/03/i-wouldnt-be-here-if-it-wasnt-for-pa-ranjith-says-music-director-tenma-2070588.html/|title=Tenma credits Pa. Ranjith for his entry into films|date=3 December 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>

== Politics ==

Tenma has been vocal about various political issues through his music.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/06/25/the-casteless-collective-interview/|title=Feminism India Casteless Collective Interview|date=25 June 2018|work=Feminism India|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> He has also spoken out about the caste and class divide within the music community and has advocated for equal representation in the arts, saying that "Most artists from minority groups have been only presented as a novelty"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/jul/26/most-musicians-from-minority-groups-have-been-only-presented-as-novelty-says-producer-tenma-from-16866.html|title=Musicians from Minority Groups|date=26 July 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> and that there are a whole host of issues that need to be addressed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tenmas-mixtape-south-asian-heritage-month-culture-protest-130577|title=Tenma's Mixtape|date=12 August 2020|work=The News Minute|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref> He has also said "For some artistes, their music is politics. For some, their existence is itself politics."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-can-you-be-an-artiste-and-not-reflect-the-times-the-inside-story-of-arivus-fight-against-oppression-8108221.html|title=Artists and Politics|date=3 May 2020|work=First Post|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

In fact, a discussion of the relationship between politics and art with director Pa Ranjith is what led to the formation of The Casteless Collective. The topics they deal with range from LGBTQ issues, gender inequality, to caste-based issues such as reservation and manual scavenging. In addition, Tenma also talks about how protest culture is portrayed as being angry and emotionless but says that it can come from a very rich heritage and how it can be a topic of identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/gq-spoke-to-the-millennials-who-are-determined-to-change-the-way-we-think-about-caste|title=GQ spoke to millennials who are determined to change the way we think about caste|date=6 September 2019|work=GQ India|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Independent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Year
! Album
! Artist/Band
! Genre
! Track listing
! Role
|-
| 2008
| Psychobabble
| Blind Image
| Thrash Metal
|
*Skin
*Shit Happens
*Bomb in the Cake
*Effigy
*Psychobabble
*Say No More
*Read my Lips
*Kiss of Anarchy
| Bassplayer
|-
| 2014
| Azhagu Puratchi
| Kaber Vasuki
| Singer/ Songwriter
|
*Ulagathin Sonthakaren
*Pachai Perunthu
*Pirai Kadhai
*Manda Mannan Kaviyam
*Karpanai Kadathal
*Chennai Paadal
| Music Producer/ Arranger
|-
|2018
|Magizhchi
| [[The Casteless Collective]]
| [[World Music]] / [[Folk music|Folk]]
|
*Beef
*Magizhchi
*Tik Tik
*Nanga Platform
*Quota
*Vivasayam
*Vada Chennai
*Kaalu Rooba Dhuddu
*Othadi
| Composer, Bassplayer, Singer, Music Producer
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Year
! Track
! Artist/Band
! Genre
! Role
|-
| 2017
| Manitha subhavam
| Kurangan
| Reggae
| Music Producer
|-
| 2016
| Vasanam
| Kurangan
| Easy Listening
| Music Producer
|-
| 2017
| Vilangu
| Kurangan
| Pop
| Music Producer
|-
| 2018
| Rendu Perum
| Kurangan
| Post Punk
| Music Producer
|-
| 2018
| David Foster Wallace
| Kurangan
| Pop
| Music Producer
|-
| 2019
| Rasathi
| Kurangan
| Funk Rock
| Music Producer
|-
| 2016
| Naan Enna Muttala
| Kaber and Tenma
| Pop
| Music Producer
|-
| 2016
| Poromboke Song
| Kaber and Tenma
| Pop
| Music Producer
|-
| 2018
| Jai Bhim
| The Casteless Collective
| World Music/ Folk
| Music Producer
|-
| 2019
| Dabba Dabba
| The Casteless Collective
| World Music/ Folk
| Music Producer
|-
| 2019
| Thalaiva
| The Casteless Collective
| World Music/ Folk
| Music Producer
|-
| 2021
| Vaiyulla Pulla
| The Casteless Collective
| World Music/ Folk
| Music Producer
|-
| 2020
| Marley ft Gaana Muthu
| Tenma
| Reggaton
| Music Producer
|-
| 2020
| Pandemic Story
| Harish Kamble
| Hip Hop
| Music Producer
|-
| 2020
| Daddy Daddy
| Vijay Varadharaj
| Hip Hop
| Music producer
|}

=== Games ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Title
! Studio
! Role
|-
| Harbinger Wars: Battle for Las Vegas (8-bit) (2013)
| Valiant
| Audio Director, Sound Designer and composer
|-
| Kochadaiyaan: Reign of Arrows (2014)
| Gameshastra
| Sound Designer, composer
|-
| Kochadiyan: The game (2014)
| Gameshastra
| Sound Designer and composer
|}

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Year
!Film
!Genre
!Role
!Notes
!Label
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
| Action/ Drama
| Music Director
| Debut Film
| Think Music
|-
| 2020
| This is My Hood
| Docu-Series
| Himself
| A series covering the stories of people who keep the hip-hop scene in India Alive
|
|-
| 2020
| Breaking Barriers
| Documentary
| Himself
| The Casteless Collective Documentary
|
|-
| 2020
| The Casteless Collective: Prologue
| Documentary
| Himself
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Victim (TV series)|Victim]]''
| Thriller
| Music Director
| Anthology web series; Segment: Dhammam
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Pothanur Thabal Nilayam]]''
| Thriller
| Music Director
| Heist Film
| Think Music
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]''
| Romantic Drama
| Music Director
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tenma}}
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pursurah

2026-02-11T20:26:11Z

Robctr: new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pursurah
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|50|30|N|87|57|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,225
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|http://hooghly.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Pursurah''' (also spelled Pursura) is a village in the [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Arambag subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Arambagh subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Pursurah (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Gar Mandaran]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bali Dewanganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}}

===Location===
Pursurah is located at {{coord|22|50|30|N|87|57|37|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/17730952/Pursurah-Pachim-para-Primary-School | title= Pursurah Paschim para Primary School | work= Hooghly district| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The Arambagh subdivision, presented in the map alongside, is divided into two physiographic parts – the [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]] River being the dividing line. The western part is upland and rocky – it is extension of the terrain of neighbouring Bankura district. The eastern part is flat alluvial plain area. The railways, the roads and flood-control measures have had an impact on the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> The area is overwhelmingly rural with 94.77% of the population living in rural areas and 5.23% of the population living in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pursura had a total population of 7,225 of which 3,681 (51%) were males and 3,544 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 767. The total number of literate persons in Pursura was 5,341 (82.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Pursurah police station has jurisdiction over the [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Pursurah CD block are located at Pursurah.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 June 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Sharvee Chaturvedi

2026-02-11T07:20:33Z

Robctr: Started new details first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian fashion photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharvee Chaturvedi
| image =
| alt = Sharvee Chaturvedi
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|07|20}}
| occupation = [[Fashion photography]] [[Fine art photography]] [[Tarot reader]]
| website = {{URL|http://sharveechaturvedi.com/}}
}}

'''Sharvee Chaturvedi''' (born 20 July 1985) is an Indian fashion photographer, known for shooting Bollywood's first all-male calendar.<ref>{{cite news | title = Calendar boys - Here come the pin-up boys! | work=The Times of India | date = 15 February 2015 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Calendar-boys-Here-come-the-pin-up-boys/articleshow/46250988.cms | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601085743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Calendar-boys-Here-come-the-pin-up-boys/articleshow/46250988.cms | archivedate = 1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Female Fashion Photographer Shoots Bollywood's First All-Male Calendar | publisher=The Huffington Post | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | accessdate = 31 May 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123084844/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | archivedate = 23 January 2015}}</ref>
She is often touted as [[Subhash Ghai]]'s and [[Dabboo Ratnani]]'s protégé.<ref>{{cite news | title = Female Fashion Photographer Shoots Bollywood's First All-Male Calendar | publisher=The Huffington Post | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | accessdate = 31 May 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123084844/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | archivedate = 23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = This Is How Bollywood's Very First 'All Male Calendar' Looks | publisher=MensXP | date = 23 January 2015 | url = http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/24937-this-is-how-bollywoods-very-first-all-male-calendar-looks.html | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150207094420/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/24937-this-is-how-bollywoods-very-first-all-male-calendar-looks.html | archivedate = 7 February 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born and brought up in [[Kanpur]], Chaturvedi graduated in economics from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. She finished her diploma in image production from the [[London College of Communication]], University of Arts, [[London]]. Having learnt fine art photography under Girish Mistry's tutelage, Sharvee began her own career with portrait, fine art, lifestyle, and actor portfolios. She has also assisted celebrity photographer [[Dabboo Ratnani]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Sharvee Chaturvedi launches Bollywood's first Male calendar | publisher=Photogiri | date = 29 January 2015 | url = http://www.photogiri.com/people-lifestyle/sharvee-chaturvedi-launches-bollywoods-first-male-calendar/ | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602111849/http://www.photogiri.com/people-lifestyle/sharvee-chaturvedi-launches-bollywoods-first-male-calendar/ | archivedate = 2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = About Sharvee Chaturvedi | url = http://sharveechaturvedi.com/about-me/ | accessdate = 30 June 2015}}</ref>

==Work==

Chaturvedi shot her debut calendar photography album for the year 2015, featuring 12 Bollywood actors including [[Ali Fazal]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Satyajeet Dubey]], [[Dhruv Ganesh]], Sumit Suri, [[Inaamulhaq]], Anil Mange, Jitin Gulati, and [[Anshuman Jha]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Female Fashion Photographer Shoots Bollywood's First All-Male Calendar | publisher=The Huffington Post | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | accessdate = 31 May 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123084844/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | archivedate = 23 January 2015}}</ref> The calendar was unveiled by [[Subhash Ghai]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Bollywood's Rising Stars Get Captured For A Calendar! | publisher=MissMalini | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/19/bollywoods-rising-stars-get-captured-for-one-calendar/ | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629094445/http://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/19/bollywoods-rising-stars-get-captured-for-one-calendar/ | archivedate = 29 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =
Sharvee shines with her calendar | publisher=ReelWorld | url = http://www.reelworld.in/sharvee-shines-with-her-calendar/ | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150326230206/http://www.reelworld.in/sharvee-shines-with-her-calendar/ | archivedate = 26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =
Subhash Ghai unveils an online {{sic|calen|der|nolink=y}} featuring Ali Fazal, Anushuman Jha & Varun Sharma | publisher=ScrutinyByKhimanshu | url = http://scrutinybykhimaanshu.blogspot.in/2015/01/subhash-ghai-unveils-online-calender.html | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601083449/http://scrutinybykhimaanshu.blogspot.in/2015/01/subhash-ghai-unveils-online-calender.html | archivedate = 1 June 2015}}</ref> The theme of the calendar was 'Life in a Dot' and was titled 'Bollywood Tomorrow', as it showcased each actor's journey in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bollywood's Rising Stars Get Captured For A Calendar! | publisher=MissMalini | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/19/bollywoods-rising-stars-get-captured-for-one-calendar/ | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629094445/http://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/19/bollywoods-rising-stars-get-captured-for-one-calendar/ | archivedate = 29 June 2015}}</ref> It revolved around ideas of human emotions, spirituality, culture, hope, dreams and visions of tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sharvee Chaturvedi launches Bollywood's first Male calendar | publisher=Photogiri | date = 29 January 2015 | url = http://www.photogiri.com/people-lifestyle/sharvee-chaturvedi-launches-bollywoods-first-male-calendar/ | accessdate = 29 June 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602111849/http://www.photogiri.com/people-lifestyle/sharvee-chaturvedi-launches-bollywoods-first-male-calendar/ | archivedate = 2 June 2015}}</ref>

She plans to continue shooting annual calendars featuring more celebrities and creative themes.<ref>{{cite news | title = Female Fashion Photographer Shoots Bollywood's First All-Male Calendar | publisher=The Huffington Post | date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | accessdate = 31 May 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150123084844/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/19/sharvee-chaturvedi-male-b_n_6491418.html | archivedate = 23 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|sharveechaturvedi.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Sharvee}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London College of Communication]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian fashion photographers]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]

Madhushree Narayan

2026-02-08T12:01:59Z

Robctr: Creating a info needs work

{{distinguish|Madhushree}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhushree Narayan
| image = Madhushree_narayan.jpg
| caption = Madhushree in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|02|09}}
| birth_place =[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 2003 – present 
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Thumri]]
* [[Ghazal]]
* [[Bhajan]]
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Pop music|Pop]]

}}
| instrument = Vocals
| website = {{URL|www.madhushreenarayan.com}}
}}
| signature =
}}
'''Madhushree Narayan''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] and a classical singer. She was born to the Classical singer and music composer, Ramesh Narayan and Karnatic music artist Hema. She has won [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer in 2015 and 2019 and received Kerala [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Film Critics Award]] 2014.

==Career==
Madhushree has been singing from the age of three and began learning music formally from her father [[Ramesh Narayan]] and later from Jasraj.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-16 |title=On a musical high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madhushree-narayan-hits-the-right-notes-in-mollywood/article7659265.ece |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award category
! Work
|-
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2015 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Playback Singer - Female]] || ''[[Edavappathy]]''
|-
| 2019 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Playback Singer - Female]] || ''[[Kolaambi]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<ref name="madnar">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madhushree-narayan-hits-the-right-notes-in-mollywood/article7659265.ece|title=Singer Madhushree Narayan is hitting all the right notes|date=16 September 2015|work=The Hindu|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="madnar2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Music-is-all-I-think-about-Madhushree-Narayan/articleshow/45898547.cms|title=Music is all I think about: Madhushree Narayan|date=16 January 2017|work=Timesofindia|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="madnar22">{{cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/specials/youth/kalolsavam-2017/stories/madhushree-narayan-shines-bright-in-light-music-at-school-arts-festival-kerala-kalolsavam-1.1664368|title=Madhushree Narayan shines bright in light music at School Arts Festival|date=18 January 2017|work=Mathrubhumi|accessdate=20 January 2017|archive-date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119185021/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/specials/youth/kalolsavam-2017/stories/madhushree-narayan-shines-bright-in-light-music-at-school-arts-festival-kerala-kalolsavam-1.1664368|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="madnar23">{{cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/music-day-2016/this-music-day-a-visit-to-a-home-of-hindustani-music-english-news-1.1144696|title=This Music Day, a visit to a home of Hindustani music|date=20 June 2016|work=Mathrubhumi|accessdate=20 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627085639/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/music-day-2016/this-music-day-a-visit-to-a-home-of-hindustani-music-english-news-1.1144696|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Madhushree}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kannur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]

Senior Women's T20 Trophy

2026-02-06T15:52:58Z

Robctr:

{{Short description|Women's Twenty20 cricket tournament in India}}
{{For|the Senior Women's One Day Trophy|Senior Women's One Day Trophy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Senior Women's T20 Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20 cricket|Twenty20]]
| first = 2008–09
| last = [[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025–26]]
| next = [[2026–27 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2026–27]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and knockout
| participants = 37
| champions = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] (1st title)
| most successful = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] (11 titles)
| qualification =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| TV =
| website = {{URL|www.bcci.tv}}
| current = [[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025–26]]
}}
The '''Senior Women's T20 Trophy''', previously known as the '''Senior Women's T20 League''', is a women's [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20 cricket]] competition held in [[India]]. It began in the 2008–09 season, with 28 teams representing state cricket associations, whilst the most recent season, [[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2022–23]], had 37 teams competing. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] are the most successful team in the history of the competition, winning 11 titles, whilst [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]], [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] and [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] have won the competition once apiece.

==History==
The tournament began in the 2008–09 season, as the Senior Women's T20 Trophy, running along the [[Inter State Women's Competition]], which ended after that season, and the [[Senior Women's One Day Trophy|Senior Women's One Day League]]. The results of the first tournament are not recorded.<ref name="eight"/>

[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] are the first recorded winners of the tournament, as they beat [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the final of the [[2009–10 Senior Women's T20 League|2009–10]] competition by 5 wickets.<ref name="nine"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/320/320112.html |title=Maharashtra Women v Railways Women, 21 December 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Railways went on to dominate the competition, winning the next seven titles.<ref name="ten"/><ref name="eleven"/><ref name="twelve"/><ref name="thirteen"/><ref name="fourteen"/><ref name="fifteen"/><ref name="sixteen"/>

[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] were the team to end Railways' winning streak in the [[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League|2017–18 season]], as they topped the Elite Group Super League on [[Net Run Rate]] over [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] and [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]].<ref name="seventeen"/> The following season, [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]], [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] claimed their first title, beating [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] in the final by 4 runs.<ref name="eighteen"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1093/1093861.html |title=Karnataka Women v Punjab Women, 13 March 2019 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Ahead of the [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2019–20]] season, the tournament was renamed the Senior Women's T20 Trophy, and Railways reclaimed their title, beating [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] in the final by 8 wickets.<ref name="nineteen"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1120/1120669.html |title=Bengal Women v Railways Women, 10 November 2019 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament scheduled to take place in 2020–21 was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with only the [[2020–21 Senior Women's One Day League|Senior Women's One Day League]] going ahead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020–21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament resumed in [[2021–22 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2021–22]], with Railways winning their tenth title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528| title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021–22 domestic season |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="twentyone">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/230/senior-womens-t20-trophy | title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2021/22 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> Railways again won the tournament in [[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2022–23]].<ref name="twentytwo">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy | title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2022/23 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] won their first title in [[2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2023–24]], defeating [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]] in the final.<ref name="twentythree">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/276/senior-womens-t20-trophy | title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2023/24 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> Mumbai defended their title in 2024–25, defeating Bengal in the final.<ref name="twentyfour">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/300/senior-womens-t20-trophy | title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2024/25|publisher=BCCI |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The Senior Women's T20 League has used various formats over the years. In the first season, 2008–09, 28 teams competed in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups across five zones, Central, East, North, South and West, with the top two from each group advancing to the knockout stages.<ref name="eight"/>

The format was altered for the following season, [[2009–10 Senior Women's T20 League|2009–10]]. 26 teams now competed (with [[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]] and [[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]] departing), initially in the same zonal groups as the previous season but with the top two now advancing to two "Super Leagues" of five teams apiece, with the winners of these leagues advancing to the final.<ref name="nine"/> This format was retained until the end of the 2012–13 season.<ref name="ten"/><ref name="eleven"/><ref name="twelve"/>

For the [[2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League|2013–14]] season, the 26 teams were arranged into an Elite Group and a Plate Group, then further divided into Elite Groups A and B and Plate Groups A, B and C. The top two from each Plate Group went into a knockout round, with the two finalists playing for the Plate Group title whilst also both gaining promotion to the Elite Group for the following season. Meanwhile, the top two from each Elite Group went into a Super League of four teams, with the winner being crowned the Champions of the tournament.<ref name="thirteen"/> The format was retained until the end of the [[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League|2017–18]], with the only adjustment being for the addition of [[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] ahead of the [[2016–17 Senior Women's T20 League|2016–17]] season.<ref name="fourteen"/><ref name="fifteen"/><ref name="sixteen"/><ref name="seventeen"/>

Ahead of the [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]] season, nine teams were added to the competition: newly added were [[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]], [[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]], [[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]] and [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]], as well as the returning Manipur and Sikkim. The 36 teams were divided into five groups, with the top two from each group advancing to two Super Leagues of five teams apiece. The winner of each Super League advanced to the final.<ref name="eighteen"/> The format was broadly retained for the [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|following season]], with [[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]] added, as well as semi-finals (with the top two from each Super League now qualifying for the knockout rounds).<ref name="nineteen"/> In [[2021–22 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2021–22]], teams were now divided into five Elite Groups and one Plate Group, with the top two from each Elite Group and the top one from the Plate Group progressing to the knockout stages.<ref name="twentyone"/> In [[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2022–23]], the format changed again, with all the teams divided into five groups and eleven teams progressing to the knockout stages.<ref name="twentytwo"/> In [[2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2023–24]] and 2024–25, ten teams progressed to the knockout stages.<ref name="twentythree"/><ref name="twentyfour"/>

Matches are played using a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format. In the most recent edition of the tournament, teams received 4 points for a win, 2 for a tie, no result or abandonment, and 0 for a loss. Positions in the tables was determined firstly by points, then by wins, then by head-to-head record and finally by [[Net Run Rate]].<ref name="ninet">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2019/20 Tables |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Team
! scope="col" |First
! scope="col" |Last
! scope="col" |Titles
! scope="col" |Runners-up
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|- align="left"
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|4}}
|- align="left"
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|2019–20
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|2016–17
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|3}}
|- align="left"
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|5}}
|- align="left"
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|2}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|11}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|2018–19
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|2008–09
|2024–25
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|}

==Tournament Winners==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season
! Winner
! Runner up
! Leading run-scorer
! Leading wicket-taker
! Refs
|-
|{{vanchor|2008–09season|text=2008–09}}
|colspan=4 align=center|''Full results not recorded''
|<ref name="eight">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2008/09 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009–10 Senior Women's T20 League|2009–10]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Thirush Kamini]] (Tamil Nadu) 339
|[[Soniya Dabir]] (Maharashtra) 16
|<ref name="nine">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2009-10.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2009/10 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2009-10/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2009/10 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2009-10/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2009/10 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010–11 Senior Women's T20 League|2010–11]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Mamatha Kanojia]] (Hyderabad) 283
|Annyesha Maitra (Bengal) 14 Poonam Jagtap (Maharashtra) 14 [[Seema Pujare]] (Mumbai) 14
|<ref name="ten">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2010-11.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2010/11 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2010-11/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2010/11 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2010-11/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2010/11 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011–12 Senior Women's T20 League|2011–12]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Jaya Sharma]] (Delhi) 318
|[[Rasanara Parwin]] (Odisha) 15
|<ref name="eleven">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2011-12.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2011/12 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2011-12/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2011-12/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012–13 Senior Women's T20 League|2012–13]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Smriti Mandhana]] (Maharashtra) 311
|[[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Punjab) 17
|<ref name="twelve">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2012-13.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2012/13 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2012-13/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2012/13 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2012-13/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2012/13 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League|2013–14]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Latika Kumari]] (Delhi) 204
|[[Ekta Bisht]] (Railways) 13
|<ref name="thirteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League|2014–15]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Railways) 262
|[[Devika Vaidya]] (Maharashtra) 14
|<ref name="fourteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015–16 Senior Women's T20 League|2015–16]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Smriti Mandhana]] (Maharashtra) 224
|Rupali Chavan (Goa) 13
|<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2015/16 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2015-16/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2015/16 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2015-16/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2015/16 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016–17 Senior Women's T20 League|2016–17]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 311
|[[Nidhi Buley]] (Madhya Pradesh) 18
|<ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2016/17 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2016-17/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2016/17 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2016-17/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2016/17 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League|2017–18]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Neha Tanwar]] (Delhi) 189
|Keerthi James (Kerala) 17
|<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/30/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2017/18 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|[[Priya Punia]] (Delhi) 382
|Priyanka Priyadarshini (Odisha) 17
|<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2019–20]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Rumeli Dhar]] (Bengal) 296
|Nupur Kohale (Vidarbha) 18
|<ref name="nineteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2019/20 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2019/20 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021–22 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2021–22]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Kiran Navgire]] (Nagaland) 525
|Aarti Kedar (Maharashtra) 13
|<ref name="twentyone"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/230/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2021/22/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2022–23]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|Disha Kasat (Vidarbha) 300
|[[Anjali Sarvani]] (Railways) 17
|<ref name="twentytwo"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/238/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2023–24]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Mumbai) 473
|[[Saika Ishaque]] (Bengal) 18
|<ref name="twentythree"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/276/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024–25 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2024–25]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|Humaira Kazi (Mumbai) 328
|Yamuna Rana (Himachal Pradesh) 16 Jagravi Pawar (Mumbai) 16
|<ref name="twentyfour"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/300/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025–26]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Shafali Verma]] (Haryana) 341
|Vaishnavi Sharma (Madhya Pradesh) 21
|
|}

===Finals appearances by team===

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Team !! Winner !!{{nobr| Runner-up}} !! Last Final
|-
| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || 11 || 0 || [[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2022–23]]
|-
| [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] || 2 || 0 || [[2024–25 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 1 || 5 || [[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025–26]]
|-
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] || 1 || 1 || [[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League|2017–18]]
|-
| [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 1 || 0 || [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]
|-
| [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] || 0 || 4 || [[2024–25 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 0 || 3 || [[2016–17 Senior Women's T20 League|2016–17]]
|-
| [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] || 0 || 1 || [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]] || 0 || 1 || [[2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2023–24]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || 0 || 1 || [[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025–26]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Twenty20 cricket domestic competitions}}

[[Category:Twenty20 cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Senior Women's T20 Trophy| ]]
[[Category:Women's sports leagues in India|Cricket]]
[[Category:Women's Twenty20 cricket competitions|India]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]

Ankur Malik

2026-02-05T02:31:59Z

Robctr: new.

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ankur Malik
| image = Ankur_Malik_Cricketer.jpg
| caption =
| full_name = Ankur Malik
| birth_date = November 5, 2003
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = All-rounder
| club1 = Sikkim
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 = North East Zone
| year2 = 2022–present
| club3 = Northop Hall
| year3 = 2023–present
| source = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ankur-malik-1287083 ESPNcricinfo]
}}
'''Ankur Malik''' is an Indian cricketer who represents [[Sikkim]] in [[domestic cricket]]. Malik is known for his versatile performances as an all-rounder, contributing significantly with both bat and ball in various competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim vs Goa, Plate, Oct 18, Ranji Trophy Plate 2024-25 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scores/98112/skm-vs-goa-plate-ranji-trophy-plate-2024-25 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=davenwsport |date=2023-06-11 |title=Liverpool Competition: Northop Hall ace Ankur Malik destroys Prestatyn, Bay lose to Formby |url=https://nwsport.co.uk/2023/06/11/liverpool-competition-northop-hall-ace-ankur-malik-destroys-prestatyn-bay-lose-to-formby/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Grassroots North Wales {{!}} Championing Local Sport {{!}} Dave Jones Sportswriter {{!}} nwsport.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Duleep Trophy: Ankur Malik shines for North East Zone on Day 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/duleep-trophy-ankur-malik-shines-for-north-east-zone-on-day-3/articleshow/94120493.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=Ashok |date=2022-09-11 |title=West bowlers take charge on Day 3 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2022/Sep/11/west-bowlers-take-charge-on-day-3-2496943.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Ankur Malik born (5 November 2003) is an Indian [[Cricket]]er.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankur Malik Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ankur-malik-1287083 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He gained recognition after being selected for the Men’s Under-19 One-Day Challenger Trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Sikkim {{!}} Sikkim boy picked for upcoming Men's Under-19 One-Day Challenger Trophy - Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-boy-picked-for-upcoming-mens-under-19-one-day-challenger-trophy/cid/1835683 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202094808/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-boy-picked-for-upcoming-mens-under-19-one-day-challenger-trophy/cid/1835683 |archive-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ankur Malik represents [[Sikkim]] in domestic cricket. He achieved a rare feat by becoming the first player from Sikkim to score a century and take five wickets in a single match, highlighting his ability as an all-rounder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbkur Malik becomes first Sikkim player to score 100 and take five wickets |url=https://m.sikkimexpress.com/article/anbkur-malik-becomes-first-sikkim-player-to-score-100-and-take-five-wickets/92456 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=sikkimexpress.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Malik was also selected to represent the [[North East Zone cricket team|North East Zone]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]]. During the competition, he delivered a notable performance on Day 3, showcasing his contribution to the team.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

In the [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2024-25 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], Malik played a crucial role in Sikkim’s historic win against [[Rajasthan]], helping chase a target of 276 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Sikkim defeats Rajasthan, chase 276-target |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-sikkim-defeats-rajasthan-chase-276-target-1149868-2025-01-06 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

In another match, he was named Player of the Match for scoring ''37 runs''* and taking 4/35, leading [[Sikkim]] to a 6-run victory over [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-05 |title=Rajasthan qualify for Vijay Hazare Trophy knockout phase |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-qualify-for-vijay-hazare-trophy-knockout-phase/articleshow/116969288.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]], Malik was part of the [[Sikkim]] team that defeated [[Arunachal Pradesh]] by 104 runs, marking their second win in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim defeat Arunachal by 104 runs, register second win |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/ranji-trophy-sikkim-defeat-arunachal-by-104-runs-register-second-win-1113320-2024-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

In addition to his performances in Indian domestic cricket, Malik played for [[Northop Hall]] in the Liverpool Competition in [[England]]. His standout bowling performance against [[Prestatyn]] was a highlight of his stint in club cricket.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ankur-malik-1287083 Ankur Malik’s Cricinfo profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Ankur}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sikkim]]

Ruthuragalu

2026-02-02T08:20:33Z

Robctr: new info - done

{{Short description|Telugu television series (1997–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ruthuragalu.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| starring = [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]] [[Rajeev Kanakala]] [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] Prabhakar [[Preeti Nigam]] Vinod Bala [[Maharshi Raghava]] Raja Singampalli Sruthi [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]]
| theme_music_composer = Bunty-Ramesh<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=డాక్టర్‌ బంటి సంగీత జీవిత రజతోత్సవం 5న |url=https://lit.andhrajyothy.com/sahityanews/dr.-buntys-music-festival-on-5th-26230 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621161758/https://lit.andhrajyothy.com/sahityanews/dr.-buntys-music-festival-on-5th-26230 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |language=te}}</ref>
| opentheme = "Vasantha Sameeram la" sung by Bunty and Alakananda
| story = [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
| director = Manjula Naidu Sudhakar Pallamala
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 582
| producer = Manjula Naidu
| location = [[Hyderabad]], India
| runtime = 17–20 minutes
| company = Sashank Televisions
| network = [[DD Saptagiri]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1997}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2000}}
}}

'''''Ruthuragalu''''' is the first Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama television series that aired on [[DD Saptagiri|DD 8]] (now DD Saptagiri) from 1997 to 2000, with a total of 582 episodes. Directed by Manjula Naidu and Sudhakar Pallamala, and produced by Manjula Naidu,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Neeraja Murthy |date=16 April 2010 |title=All in the family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/All-in-the-family/article16366956.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=A decade ago Manjula was new to the profession when her serial Ruthuragalu was aired on Doordarshan. The title track soon boomed from every household in the neighbourhood and life came to a standstill. Any talk about Telugu television industry is incomplete without a mention of Ruthuragalu and its maker, even now!}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugA1isGY9hw |title=Ruthuragalu Telugu Daily Serial - Episode 5 |publisher= |access-date=23 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> the series was based on a story by [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]].<ref name=":9" /> It is regarded as one of the earliest daily [[Soap opera|soap operas]] in Telugu television, airing on weekdays at 4:30 PM.<ref name=":0" />A sequel name Ruthugeetham (Ruthuragaalu 2) aired in [[ETV (Telugu)]] on weekdays at same time slot from 2017 to 2018 focussing on second generation with a total of 303 episodes.

The series revolves around the interconnected lives of several families, highlighting their relationships, struggles, and moral conflicts. The show received recognition for its narrative and character development and achieved significant viewership during its run.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Manjula Naidu's Bio-Data |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/bio-data/bio-manjulanaidu.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The title song, "Vasantha Sameeram la," gained popularity.<ref name=":0" /> It also provided a platform for actors like [[Rajeev Kanakala]], [[Preeti Nigam]], and Prabhakar, who later gained prominence.<ref name="VillainRole" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Hemanth Kumar |date=7 March 2014 |title=I've no time to think about future: Prabhakar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ive-no-time-to-think-about-future-prabhakar/articleshow/31608809.cms |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The show contributed to establishing Manjula Naidu as a leading figure in Telugu television.<ref name=":0" />

== Premise ==
The show portrays the lives of multiple interconnected families, highlighting their relationships, personal challenges, and moral conflicts. It addresses themes such as love, betrayal, and redemption, set within the context of familial and societal tensions. The storyline unfolds through various dramatic developments, focusing on the complexities of human relationships and their resilience in the face of adversity.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]] as Saradha
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Prudhvi
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Vamsi Krishna (episodes 341-582)
* Prabhakar as Kamalakar<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2017 |title=Will he replicate his small-screen success on the big screen? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/will-he-replicate-his-small-screen-success-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/61322002.cms |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Vinod Bala
* [[Maharshi Raghava]] as Srinivas
* Raja
* Singampalli Sruthi as Swapna<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2014 |title=మోడలింగ్ టూ సీరియల్స్.. |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/special-chit-chat-tv-artist-singampalli-sruthi-185473 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>
* Ayesha Jaleel
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Haritha<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Karamchetu |first=Abhyudaya |date=4 December 2016 |title=Talent unlimited |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-12-04/Talent-unlimited/266946 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PreetiNigam">{{cite news |date=13 November 2014 |title=నా జీవితమే ఓ పుస్తకం |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/special-interview-to-tv-artist-preeti-nigam-184789 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518124104/https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/special-interview-to-tv-artist-preeti-nigam-184789 |archivedate=18 May 2020 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>
* Harishchandra Rayala
* Meka Ramakrishna as Sridhar
* Manchala Suryanarayana<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayabrahma |first=Roja |date=26 July 2020 |title=Senior actor Manchala Suryanarayana dies of heart attack in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/senior-actor-manchala-suryanarayana-dies-of-heart-attack-in-hyderabad-635656 |access-date=November 23, 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Harish
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ5Dfom2dt4 |title=Ruthuragalu Telugu Serial - Episode 411 |date= |last= |publisher=|access-date=23 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]]
* Nagesh Karra as Harish<ref name="VillainRole">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=విలన్‌గా భయపెడుతున్నా |url=https://andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-173699 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518084356/https://andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-173699 |archivedate=18 May 2020 |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref>
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Cheruvu |first=Sai Supraja |date=30 April 2016 |title=Bonding Over Irani Chai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2016/Apr/30/30-930960.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sri Divya]] (child actress)<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-26 |title=Actress Sri Divya talks about her latest role |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/actress-sri-divya-talks-about-her-latest-role-1.1462850 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] (child actor) as Vardhan
* [[Sri Ramya]] (child actress)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Power-packed-role/article16372408.ece|title=Power-packed role|date=25 April 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Teja]] in a guest appearance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jujjuri |first=Mahesh |date=24 December 2023 |title=బుల్లితెరపై రవితేజ, మాస్ మహారాజ్ నటించిన ఏకైక సీరియల్ ఏదో తెలుసా..? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/mass-maharaj-raviteja-act-with-ruthuragalu-serial-in-career-beginning-days-jms-s66dm5#image1 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Rayala |first=Rajeev |date=27 December 2023 |title=Ravi Teja: మాస్ మహారాజ రవితేజ ఆ సీరియల్‌లో నటించాడని మీకు తెలుసా..? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-the-only-serial-in-which-hero-ravi-teja-acted-it-is-ruthuragalu-1145048.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The series was directed by Manjula Naidu and Sudhakar Pallamala, with Sashank Televisions serving as the production house.<ref name=":8">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pTtMSGtp4c&t=19s |title=Ruthuragalu Telugu Daily Serial - Episode 1 |access-date=23 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]], known for her roles in acclaimed art films like [[Daasi (1988 film)|''Daasi'']] (1988), played a lead character in the serial.

[[Ravi Teja]], who later rose to prominence as a major film star, reportedly appeared in the series during the early stages of his career in an episodic role.<ref name=":7"/>

[[Sri Divya]] made her first appearance on camera at the age of three in ''Ruthuragalu''. She was discovered by director Manjula Naidu at a dance performance by her elder sister. Initially, Sri Divya was set to appear in only a few episodes, but her role was extended due to the positive audience response.<ref name=":11" />

== Music ==
The opening theme song, "Vasantha Sameeram la"'','' was composed by Bunty-Ramesh,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Neeraja Murthy |first= |date=23 October 2024 |title=Hyderabad's physician-musician Dr Bunty has composed for more than 100 Telugu serials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/hyderabads-physician-musician-dr-bunty-has-composed-for-more-than-100-telugu-serials/article68771899.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with vocals by Bunty and [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]].<ref name=":8" /> The lyrics were written by Balabhadrapatruni Madhu.<ref name=":2" /> The serial is noted for its title song, which was frequently heard during its evening telecasts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="VillainRole" />

== Release ==
''Ruthuragalu'' premiered on 15 December 1997, airing Monday to Friday at 4:30 PM.<ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEiiuAkaw8o |title=Ruthuragalu (1997) Doordharshan Old Telugu Serial Rewind |date=2024-03-10 |publisher=Teluguflame Plus |access-date=2024-12-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The series ran until September 2000, completing a total of 582 episodes. Initially, it was re-telecast at 8:30 PM on the same day, although this re-broadcast was discontinued after some time.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==
''Ruthuragalu'' received audience and critical acclaim for its narrative and well-defined characters.<ref name=":1" /> The show attracted a significant audience during its run.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
Source:<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Organization
|-
|2001
|Millennium Awards
|-
|2000
|Osmania University Cultural Association
|-
|2000
|Vasavi Vartha
|-
|2000
|Kalanilayam
|-
|2000
|Supraja Kala Bharati
|-
|2000
|Tirupathi Chamber Award
|-
|2000
|AP Film Cine Circle Amarajeevita Award
|-
|1999
|Akasavani TV awards
|-
|1999
|Vartha - Vasavi TV Award
|}

== Legacy ==
''Ruthuragalu'' is regarded as a notable show in Telugu television history, being one of the first daily [[soap opera]]s in the language and introducing a new format of storytelling. The show's narrative and characters were well-received and contributed to the evolution of daily serials in Telugu television, showcasing the potential of regional television as a medium for storytelling.<ref name=":0" />

The serial also served as a career breakthrough for several actors, including [[Rajeev Kanakala]], Roopa Devi, [[Preeti Nigam]], Prabhakar, and Singampalli Sruthi.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Telugu TV Serial Ruthuragalu |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/telugu/tv-serials/ruthuragalu |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> Preeti Nigam, who portrayed Haritha, later married her co-star Nagesh Karra, who played Harish in the series.<ref name="VillainRole" /><ref name=":5" /> Similarly, Singampalli Sruthi married her co-star Madhusudhan, who also appeared in the show.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> Both Nigam and Prabhakar acknowledged the serial's role in shaping their professional journeys.<ref name=":12" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7haKBW68P-CBmfOyh26_cJXMdN-ZCKvw Ruthuragalu]'' at [[YouTube]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:1997 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series endings]]

Double ka meetha

2026-01-27T22:03:19Z

Robctr: improved article

{{MOS|date=May 2025}}
{{short description|Indian bread pudding}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Double ka meetha
| image = Double ka meetha with a big spoon.jpg
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country = India
| region = Old [[Hyderabad State]]; today popular in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Bread]], [[milk]], and [[Nut (food)|nuts]]
| variations = Shahi tukra
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Double ka meetha''' is a traditional [[Hyderabad|Hyderabadi]] dessert arising from [[Deccan Plateau|Deccani]] [[Mughlai cuisine]]. The name "double ka meetha" combines the colloquial term ''double roti'', referring to leavened milk bread that rises to nearly double its size during baking, and ''meetha'', meaning “sweet” in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. As such, the dish literally translates to "sweet of the double bread." ''Double ka meetha'' is a staple at [[Muslims|Muslim]] weddings, [[Muslim holidays|Eid]] celebrations, and other festive occasions, often served alongside or after a course of [[biryani]].

The origins of ''double ka meetha'' date back to the time of the Nizams of [[Hyderabad]], whose royal kitchens fostered the development of [[Hyderabadi cuisine]]. ''Double ka meetha'' is believed to have been inspired by ''shahi tukda'', a dessert popular in Mughal-era North India, but was adapted locally using available bread and infused with regional flavorings such as [[saffron]] and [[Kewra|kewra water]].

The dish is made using a few simple yet indulgent ingredients. At its core is ''double roti'', which is deep-fried in [[ghee]] until golden brown and crisp. A sugar syrup is prepared with sugar, water, and aromatic ingredients like [[cardamom]], saffron, kewra water, and [[rose water]]. Once the bread is fried, it is soaked in the syrup to absorb the flavors. Often, a layer of [[rabri]] or [[Khoa|mawa]] is added for extra richness. Nuts such as [[Almond|almonds]], [[Pistachio|pistachios]], and [[Cashew|cashews]] are roasted in ghee and sprinkled on top. On festive occasions, a delicate layer of [[Vark|varak]] is often added for an opulent finish. The dessert is allowed to rest so that the bread soaks up the syrup while retaining a slightly chewy texture. ''Double ka meetha'' can be served warm or chilled, depending on preference.

While the basic recipe remains unchanged, modern variations include baked versions for reduced oil content, versions made with [[condensed milk]] for convenience, and even [[Veganism|vegan]] alternatives such as [[Plant milk|plant-based milks]]. Contemporary restaurants may serve small portions in dessert glasses or fusion-style platings.

==See also==
* [[Qubani ka meetha]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Double ka meetha}}
*[http://cooks.ndtv.com/recipe/show/double-ka-meetha-467887 Recipe for Double ka Meetha]
*[http://www.archanaskitchen.com/recipes/indian/indian-sweets-mithai-recipes/1411-hyderabadi-double-ka-meetha-traditional-bread-pudding Double ka meetha]

{{India topics}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Cookbook}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Double Ka Meetha}}
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Wedding food]]
[[Category:Milk desserts]]
[[Category:Bread puddings]]
[[Category:Dried fruit]]

{{India-dessert-stub}}

Seeta Devi (actress)

2026-01-24T17:15:01Z

Robctr: correct structure and added references

{{Short description|Indian actress (1912–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seeta Devi
| image = File:Seeta Devi as Gopa in Prem Sanyas (The Light of Asia) 1925.jpg
| caption = Seeta Devi in her debut film ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' (1925)
| birth_name = Renee Smith
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|||1912|10|15}}
| death_place = [[India]]
| other_names = ''The Brightest Star In The Indian Cinema World'' ''Sita Devi'' ''Rane Smith'' ''Devi. Sita''
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | Singer | Director | Producer}}
| years_active = 1922–1957
| citizenship = British Indian (1912-1947) Indian (1947-1983)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives = Percy Smith (sister)
}}

'''Seeta Devi''' (born Renee Smith; 1912 – 1983) was an Indian actress and a prominent star of the silent film era.<ref name="hansen"/> She was one of the early stars of silent films in the Indian film industry.<ref name="hansen"/> Discovered by filmmaker [[Himanshu Rai]], she became the face of several landmark Indo-European co-productions, including the acclaimed "oriental trilogy" directed by [[Franz Osten]].<ref name="hansen">{{cite journal |title=Stri Bhumika: Female Impersonators and Actresses on the Parsi Stage |last=Hansen |first=Kathryn |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=29 August 1998 |volume=33 |issue=35 |pages=2291–2300 |jstor=4407133}}</ref>

Seeta was known as ''The Brightest Star In The Indian Cinema World''.<ref name=DukeUniversityPress/> Seeta's films were very popular in [[Europe]] and she had a mass followers of fans from [[England]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]] and [[Austria]].<ref name=DukeUniversityPress>{{cite book|title=The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization|publisher=Duke University Press|page=155}}</ref> Along with [[Ermeline]], [[Ruby Myers]], [[Sabita Devi]] and [[Patience Cooper]], she is credited as a "leading star" of the 1920s and 1930s who had more mass appeal than their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Is a Beautifully Mounted Show About the 1930s but the Women Pioneers Have Been Erased |url=https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=thewire.in |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407183554/https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

She is stated to be one of the "prominent" leading ladies of the "pioneering era" of Indian cinema along with [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar]], [[Devika Rani]], [[Firoza Begum (actress)|Susan Solomon]] and [[Indira Devi (actress)|Indira Devi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashok Raj |title=Hero Vol.1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 |access-date=30 August 2015 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |pages=1940}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Devi was born Renee Smith in 1912 to an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] family.<ref name="hansen"/> In the early Indian film industry, Anglo-Indian actresses were often preferred for their light complexion, which was favored by contemporary cinematic standards.<ref name="hansen"/> She was given the stage name "Seeta Devi" by [[Himanshu Rai]] when she was cast in her debut film at the age of thirteen.<ref name="hansen"/>

== Career ==
=== Discovery and rise to fame ===
[[File:Seeta Devi as Gopa in film, Prem Sanyas (The Light of Asia) 1925.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Seeta Devi as Princess Gopa in scene from the film, ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' (''The Light of Asia'') 1925]]
In 1922, she made her debut as a child actress and acted in film ''Indrajit'' in a supporting role. Devi made her screen debut in lead role in ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' (1925), also known as The Light of Asia, playing the role of Gopa. The film was a major international success, particularly in [[Europe]], and established her as an overnight star.<ref name="hansen"/>

She became a central figure in a trilogy of films produced by Rai's Great Eastern Film Corporation in collaboration with the German company Emelka and British Instructional Films.<ref name="hansen"/>

Three of her most successful films were: ''The Light of Asia'', ''[[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz]]'', and ''Prapancha Pash''. She worked in ''Shiraz'' a romance about the construction of the [[Taj Mahal]], where Devi played the "other woman," a manipulative rival to [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. ''A Throw of Dice'' ([[Prapancha Pash]], 1929) which was an epic drama based on an episode from the Mahabharata. All three of these films were made through the collaboration of German film director [[Franz Osten]] and Indian actor-producer Himanshu Rai along with [[Bavaria]]n company '''Emelka'''.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001341/134149eo.pdf "Indian Films and Western Audiences", an article by Jerzy Toeplitz, from Unesco website]</ref> This unique [[trilogy]] were connected to three different religions and based on three different stories of Indian history/mythology: ''The Light of Asia'' was based on the life of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], ''Shiraz'' was based on construction of the [[Taj Mahal]] and ''Prapancha Pash'', better known by its English title ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'', was based on a story from the [[Mahabharata]]. Seeta Devi was the leading actress in all these three films, though the role in ''Shiraz'' was that of 'the other woman'.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization|publisher=Duke University Press|page=162}}</ref>

===Madan Theatres and later silent films ===
Beyond her work with Rai and Osten, Devi was a star for Madan Theatres in Calcutta.<ref name="hansen"/> She appeared in several film adaptations of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s novels, including ''Durgesh Nandini'' (1927), ''Kapal Kundala'' (1929), and ''Krishnakanter Will'' (1926).<ref name="hansen"/>

In the late 1920s, Devi travelled to [[Paris]] to seek roles in European films but was told she did not look "Indian enough" for the exotic expectations of Western producers.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization|publisher=Duke University Press|page=163}}</ref>

Later she directed a film ''Bharat Ramani'' (also known as ''The Enchantress of India'') in 1930 and she acted in the lead role.<ref name="hansen"/> The same year she directed and produced ''Kal Parinaya'' (also known as ''Fatal Marriage'') and she portrayed the role of Kishori.<ref name="hansen"/>

=== Talkie films ===
Like many silent era stars, she struggled with the transition to "talkies".<ref name="hansen"/> With the coming of sound, Seeta found a lull in her career, as it now required an actor to be proficient in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. She took some break from acting and learned the language, she made her comeback with the talkie version of ''Rose of Kashmir'' (1931) which became popular at the box office as her fans got to hear her voice and talk on screen for the first time despite her struggling with the dialogues the film became famous.<ref>{{cite book|title=Industrial Networks and Cinemas of India: Shooting Stars, Shifting Geographies and Multiplying Media|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=1936}}</ref><ref name="hansen"/> Her early talkie film credits include ''Naseeb Ni Balihari'' (1931) and ''Shikari'' (1932) both films were hits at the box office.<ref name="hansen"/> She continued acting into the early sound era with films like ''Raja Gopichand'' (1933) which was a hit film at the box office.<ref name="hansen"/> Devi retired from acting and the screen in the early 1933 following the introduction of sound in Indian cinema.<ref name="hansen"/>

=== Playback singing and retirement ===
In 1956, Devi contributed as a playback singer later in her career, notably for the 1956 film ''Badal Aur Bijli''.<ref name="hansen"/>

== Personal life ==
In the early 1930s, she was at the center of a public legal dispute when she denied rumors of marriage and conversion to Islam involving Sheikh Akram Shah, clarifying in court that she was a devout Catholic focused on her career.<ref name="hansen"/>

Seeta's sister Percy Smith was also an actress it was believed that Renee Smith and her sister Percy Smith alternatively appeared as 'Seeta Devi'.<ref name="hansen"/><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/20s/20-4.htm A slideshow from Hindustan Times website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523012330/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/20s/20-4.htm |date=23 May 2008 }}</ref>

== Death ==
She died in 1983 at the age of 71 in [[India]].<ref name="hansen"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
==== Silent Movies ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1922 || ''Indrajit'' || || Debut film
|-
| 1922 || ''Bemata'' || ||
|-
| 1923 || ''Yayati'' || ||
|-
| 1923 || ''Step Mother'' || ||
|-
| 1925 || ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' || Princess Gopa ||
|-
| 1926 || ''Krishnakanter Will'' || Bhramar ||
|-
| 1926 || ''Light of Asia'' || ||
|-
| 1926 || ''Durgesh Nandini One'' || Tilottama ||
|-
| 1927 || ''Durgesh Nandini Two'' || Tilottama || Produced by Madan Theatres
|-
| 1928 || ''Sarla'' || ||
|-
| 1928 || ''Sarala'' || Sarala ||
|-
| 1928 || ''[[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz]]'' || Selima ||
|-
| 1928 || ''The Loves of a Moghul Prince'' || Anarkali || Also titled Rajmahal Ni Ramni
|-
| 1928 || ''Bhrantri'' || || (Mistake)
|-
| 1929 || ''Kapal Kundala'' || ||
|-
| 1929 || ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'' || Sunita || (''[[Prapancha Pash]]'')
|-
| 1930 || ''Bharat Ramani'' || || (The Enchantress of India)
|-
| 1930 || ''Kal Parinaya'' || Kishori || (Fatal Marriage)
|}

==== Talkie Movies ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1931 || ''Rose of Kashmir'' || ||
|-
| 1931 || ''Nasih Ni Balihart'' || ||
|-
| 1932 || ''Shikari'' || ||
|-
| 1933 || ''Raja Gopichand'' || Shehzadi ||
|}

==== Director ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1930 || ''Bharat Ramani'' || Director || (The Enchantress of India)
|-
| 1930 || ''Kal Parinaya'' || Director || (Fatal Marriage)
|}

==== Producer ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1930 || ''Kal Parinaya'' || Producer || Producer and director
|}

==== Playback singer ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1956 || ''Badal Aur Bijli'' || Singer || Playback singer
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Seeta Devi}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0222489|name=Seeta Devi}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190915042218/http://www.throwofdice.com/home.html/ Website on re-release of ''A Throw of Dice'']}}
* [http://www.abasar.net/filmOthers.htm#seetaa Bengali article from abasar.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154357/http://www.abasar.net/filmOthers.htm#seetaa |date=22 April 2019 }}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Seeta}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]

Bigala Ganesh

2026-01-24T14:33:40Z

Robctr: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
'''Bigala Ganesh Gupta''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is a member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban constituency]] of [[Nizamabad district]] in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the BRS party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Bigala(BRS):Constituency- NIZAMABAD (URBAN)(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=250 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

He is from Nizamabad district and his father name is Krishna Murthy Bigala. He did his Bachelor of engineering in 1996 from Gulbarga University.

He won In 2014,on TRS ticket with a margin of 10,308 (7.62%). He secured 31.15% of the total votes polled and retained the seat for BRS in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=P. Ram |date=2018-12-11 |title=It’s 8 out of 9 for TRS in old Nizamabad dist. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/its-8-out-of-9-for-trs-in-old-nizamabad-dist/article25721148.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He lost the seat to [[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]] of the BJP, who defeated Congress candidate [[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]] and finished third.<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nizamabad-urban-election-result-2018-live-updates-bigala-ganesh-of-trs-wins-1968907.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizamabad (Urban) Constituency Election Results 2023: Nizamabad (Urban) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nizamabad-urban |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, Bigala}}
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

Beharbari Outpost

2026-01-24T14:27:52Z

Robctr: starting.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| director = Manoj Saikia
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Siddharth Sharma
* Deepjyoti Keot
* Rintu Bora
* Pritam Baruah
* Richa Chetry
* Kristina Baruah
* Hiranya Deka
* Seema Baruah
* Ashwini Deka
* Kamal Thakuria
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Pallab Paban Bora
}}
| country = India
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| language = Assamese
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10|07}}
| last_aired = present
| composer = Nilutpol Bora
| opentheme = ''Beharbari Outpost''
| runtime = 20 minutes
| editor = Utpal Kalita, Gauranga Madhab Saikia
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 3428
| network = [[Rengoni]]
| company = AM Television
}}

'''''Beharbari Outpost''''' is an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] Indian comedy television series which airs on [[Rengoni]]. The series revolves around [[Beharbari]] police station. The series first aired on 7 October 2013. It is the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest running series]] on the channel and in [[Assam]].

== Synopsis ==
Police officers try to solve unique and sometimes outrageous cases while trying to espouse important values and morals.

Beharbari outpost is led by SI Pritam and ASI Bishnu Nath features Constable KK, CID Mohan, Beauty Bailung, Moni Bou, Mukuta Da, Sushmita, Rakesh and many more characters. Each episode ends with a message to the public.

{{Empty section|date=April 2024}}

== Cast ==
* [[Siddhartha Sharma]] as Krishna Kamal Khatoniyar, husband of Moni, Mukuta Deka's brother-in-law. At first he appeared as a home guard in Assam Police, then he appeared as the Havildar of Beharbari Outpost, but after a break of almost a year he is currently acting as ASI at Beharbari Outpost.
* [[Pritam Baruah]] as IC Pritam Khargharia
* [[Deepjyoti Keot]] as CID Mohan. An absent-minded innocent character, he first appeared as a thief but now acts as a tea seller.
* [[Rintu Bora]] as Rakesh Hazarika, a computer operator
* [[Mritdyutpol Mahanta]] as IC Xopun
* [[Anuska Kashyap]] as SI L.M.
* [[Bishnu Nath]] as ASI Harbhajan Singh
* [[Seema Boruah]] as Lady Constable Toramai Nagoyani
* [[Kamal Thakuria]] as Kamal Thakuria, a homeguard
* [[Aswini Deka]] as Mukuta Deka, elder brother of Moni, Krishna Kamal Khatoniyar's brother-in-law
* [[Anshuman Bhuyan]] as Purusuttam Garg (Daag Sir)
* [[Richa Chetry]] as Lady Constable Richa Chetry (Riksha Baidew)
* [[Hirak Kaushik Boruah]] as LC Lutukon Baruah (Popoukon Sir)
* [[Hiranya Deka]] as New Havildar Kripabor Kakoti (Tipabor Sir)
* [[Kristina Barua]] as Lady Constable Angel Kumkum

===Former Cast===
* [[Late Failou Basumatary]] as Constable Failou Basumatary (Modahi Sir)
* [[Sumki Kachari]] as Basumoti Beauty Bailung, a Lady Constable with an obese but active body
* [[Papori Borah]] as Moni Bou, Krishna Kamal Khatoniyar's Wife, Mukuta Deka's younger sister
* [[Barsha Rani Bishaya]] as DSP Bijuli Baruah
* [[Nishita Goswami]] as DSP Lataghaboru, Deputy Superintendent of police
* Angushmita Gogoi as Neha
* Parvin Sultna as Sushmita Sen
* Surya Krishna as Horo

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8523160}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Assamese-language television shows]]

Avanangattilkalari Vishnumaya Temple

2026-01-21T03:32:22Z

Robctr: starting.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Thrissur district, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Avanangattilkalari Sree Vishnumaya Temple
|image = Avanangattilkalari temple.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Avanangattilkalari Temple Avanangattilakalari Vishnumaya Temple
|map_type = India Kerala
|map_caption = Avanangattilkalari Vishnumaya Temple, [[Peringottukara]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
|coordinates = {{coord|10.436885|N|76.129635|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[Kerala]]
|district = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
|location = [[Peringottukara]]
|elevation_m = 31.92
|deity = Vishnumaya (വിഷ്ണുമായ)
|festivals = Vellattumaholsavam
|architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
|temple_quantity = 1
|monument_quantity = 2
|inscriptions =
|year_completed = more than 500 years ago
|website = [http://www.avanangattilkalari.com/ www.avanangattilkalari.com]
|map_size =
}}

'''Avanangattilkalari Sree Vishnumaya Temple''' (alternatively '''Avanangatt Chathan Temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] at [[Peringottukara]], [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala state]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to the [[Kuttichathan|god Vishnumaya]] in Kerala. The god is known also by the name Chathan.

Avanangattilkalari vishnumaya temple is the head temple of all vishnumaya temples in Kerala, especially [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. The temple avanangattilkalari is known as sree vishnumaya's "moolasthanam". The idol of the temple represents the god in his fierce ('ugra') form, facing East, featuring two hands with various attributes. One is holding Kuruvadi (Magical wand), another hand magical pot (amrutha kumbam) and riding on water buffalo. The temple deity is well known for his magical powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/vishnumaya/avanangattil_kalari.htm|title=AVANANGATTIL KALARI|date=2 September 2019|website=kerala temples|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mymandir.com/t/avanangattilkalarilordsreevishnumayatemple.424848|title=Avanangattil Kalari Lord Sree Vishnumaya Temple|website=mymandir|access-date=2019-08-21|date=2019-08-19|last=Hindu temple|first=avanangattilakalri}}</ref>

The temple gained the name Avanangattilkalari from the surrounding [[Ricinus]] plants which is called "avanaku" in [[Malayalam]] language. The area was covered chiefly with ricinus trees and it appeared as a ricinus forest. In Malayalam, "kadu" means forest and hence the name Avananku-kadu. This name then changed to avanangattil kalari. Kalari refers to a location in which the Kerala traditional martial art called "kalaripayattu" is taught.
The temple is often accredited as the original form of Vishnumaya and his 389 brothers. When the god was born with his 399 other brothers, 10 brothers sacrificed their life in war between Shiva boothas (god Shiva's army) and demon nameed Briga [[Rakshasa|Rakshas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.templeadvisor.com/temples-in-india/hindu-temples/sree-vishnumaya-temple|title=Sree Vishnumaya Temple of Maha Vishnu in the form of Vishnu|date=2 September 2019|website=Temple in india|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> Ten brothers consumed brahmastra in the time of combat and helped Shiva boothas to kill Rakshas Briga.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conversations on the Beach: Fishermen's Knowledge, Metaphor and Environmental Change in South India|last=chathan are born in tribe women koolivaka|first=vishumaya chatthan is non Sanskrit deity|publisher=google books Berghahn Books|year=2007|isbn=9781845450151|location=india|pages=114, 126}}</ref>

The temple is in the center of Kerala and is called "vishnumaya chathan temple" by Tamil speakers. The name of chathan came from the word sastha. The Temple was built in a remote past and its worship incorporates ancient Shakthyem customs which are rarely observed in contemporary Kerala temples.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lore & legends of Kerala : selections from Kottarathil Sankunni's Aithihyamala|author=Koṭṭārattil Śaṅkuṇṇi |author2=T.C. Narayan|others=Translated from Malayalam by T.C. Narayan; illustrated by C.N. Karunakaran & Namboodiri.|year=1987|isbn=9780195698893}} volume 5 chapter seven.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:AVANANGATTILKALARI SREE VISHNUMAYA SWAMI.jpg|thumb|'''God Sree vishnumaya''']]
The people of Kerala believe that this temple was, in the olden days, a small shrine and it was Kellunni Panicker who installed the murthi of Vishnumaya close to one of his [[kalari]]. The [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] are conducted, it is said, under direct instructions from the god himself. Near to temple there is a mango tree and small rock shire is there called "Valliyachan kottil" believed to be the main source of the powers of this deity. The priests are [[panicker]]s and [[Thiyyar history|Thiyyar families]] who have a right to perform '[[Pushpanjali]]s' to the God.

Avanangattilkalari Sree Vishnumaya temple is allowed all other religious members to attend temple. His temple is very much related to [[Sabarimala|Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple]], sastha and chathan is commonly mixed each times. Other than Sabarimala, temple allows all religious women also. The temple reconstructed in the time of [[Sakthan Thampuran]] who provided financial support also. Sakthan Thampuran provide one donation champers inside [[Thriprayar Temple]] still there in red color. As the old believe in the time of [[Arattupuzha Pooram|Arattupuzha Pooram festival]], Deity travel to Avanangattilkalari Sree Vishumaya temple and meet Sree Vishnumaya, it is called "Pooram Purapad".

Currently Avanangattilkalari temple is administered by temple trust and not taking any aid from [[Thriprayar Temple|Thriprayar temple]]. The temple was constructed by Kellunni Panicker. The first Shaktheya Pooja in Avanangattilkalari temple was performed by Panicker families still follows.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pahalamāna Siṃha Svāra Kshatri|last=Pahalamāna Siṃha Svāra Kshatri|publisher=Sajha Prakasana|year=1977|location=he University of California|pages=44}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sree Vishnumaya is considered to be as powerful deity People offer praying to the temple with great devotion and respect. The temple has the beautiful architecture which is eye-catching. Deeparadhana Darsana at the temple is very famous. The temple is decorated with divine lamps which look exquisite and amazing. The festival of Thiravellatu is celebrated for a week every year at the temple with great joy and devotion. Large numbers of devotees gather at the temple to celebrate the festival. |first=Avanangattil Kalari Sree Vishnumaya Temple, Thrissur |date=2019-10-02 |title=Avanangattil Kalari Lord Sree Vishnumaya Temple is the first Vishnumaya Temple in India |url=https://www.trawel.co.in/city/thrissur/avanangattil-kalari-sree-vishnumaya-temple-thrissur |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=trawel}}</ref>

In ancient times, animal sacrifices were offered at the temple, mostly in the forms of birds, by devotees seeking protection and the fulfillment of their prayers. At present, only red-dyed [[silk]]s are offered to the deity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82|title=ഐതിഹ്യമാല/അവണങ്ങാട്ട് പണിക്കരും ചാത്തന്മാരും - വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാല|website=ml.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>

== Temple structure ==
[[File:Avanangattilkalari vishnumaya temple.jpg|thumb|'''East Entrance''']]
The temple is situated in the middle of a plot of land about ten acres, surrounded by paddy field. The "manimandapam" or "sreekovil" is facing east. East side of the small bhagavathi shire, two Sarpakavu. West side temple pond, which serve purpose of well (bath not allowed). East and west "padipura"(entrance). North side "ananadhana mandapam" serve devotes every day.

== Ritual ==
During this ritual, oracle person called Vellichapad, ([[oracle]]s of the god), addressed as the god and said to be [[Spirit possession|possessed]] by him, sit in-front of the temple in a frenzied [[Trance|trance state]] called niyogam. Niyogam will perform every day. Special pooja only perform Full moon or new moon day only. All karma follows saktheya manner.

== Festivals ==

=== Vellattu maholsavam ===

The "vellattumaholsam" festival at the Avanangattilkalari Vishnumaya temple, is a month of festivities from the month of [[Kumbham]], it is ten day festival. It normally falls between the months of February and March. The festival usually starts with a ritual called 'Ezhunallathu', which forms an important feature of this temple. The members of the "Thira manar" are allowed to participate in this ritual. It is to appease the god Vishnumaya and her demons who take delight in the offerings.

=== Kalampattu ===

The [[kalampattu]] festival will perform four day before "karkidakam" and "vrichikam" Malayalam months (February or march month).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.avanangattilkalari.com/ Official Website of Vishnumaya Temple]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

Champa, Madhubani

2026-01-20T21:20:28Z

Robctr: Put Up Some Info W/ Refs

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Cleanup|reason=The article looks poorly-written.|date=November 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''Champa''' is a village in the [[Madhubani district]] of Bihar State, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Geography==
Nearby villages are Bhagwanpur to the west, Malmal to the east, [[Naraila]] to the north, and Ramnagar to west.

==Economy==
Despite having agricultural land, opportunities or resources are limited. Most residents are migrate to urban areas such as Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. The primary income for the village comes from these urban migrants. Many villagers live below the poverty line, resulting in and inadequate living standard.

==Religion and caste==
All the people of the village are [[Hindu]]s. Various [[caste]]s including Yadav, Brahman, Kiyot Dhobi live there.

==Education==
* Middle School Champa

==Electoral constituency==
The electoral constituency Benipatti vidhan Sabha madhubani

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Kalli Pashchim

2026-01-18T23:15:48Z

Robctr: adding new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}{{Coord|format=dms|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalli Pashchim
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,157
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/143558-kalli-pashchim-uttar-pradesh.html|title=Census 2011, Kalli Pashchim town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalli Pashchim''' is a [[census town]] in [[Lucknow district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=censusindia>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.co.in/towns/kalli-pashchim-population-lucknow-uttar-pradesh-143558 | title=Kalli Pashchim town | publisher=censusindia.co.in | accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Lucknow district]]

{{Lucknow-geo-stub}}

Shobha Deepak Singh

2026-01-12T04:20:40Z

Robctr: Started basic bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian cultural impresario (born 1943)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shobha Deepak Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|21 October 1943|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Cultural [[impresario]] Photographer Writer
| yearsactive = 1963–Present
| known for = [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]]
| spouse = Deepak Singh
| domesticpartner =
| children = One daughter
| parents = Lala Charat Ram [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]
| website = {{Url|http://shobhadeepaksingh.in/|Official website}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Shobha Deepak Singh''' (born 21 October 1943) is an Indian cultural [[impresario]], photographer, writer, classical dancer and the director of [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]],<ref name="The Director's Cut">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-directors-cut-3/ | title=The Director's Cut | publisher=Indian Express | date=22 March 2013 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> a Delhi-based cultural organization which promotes music and performing arts, through its schools and stage shows.<ref name="Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: A History">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_9kAAAAMAAJ | title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: A History | publisher=Lustre Press | author=Ashish Khokar, Sumitra Charat Ram | year=1998 | pages=192 | isbn=9788174360434}}</ref> She is known for her contributions for the revival of [[Mayurbhanj Chhau]], a tribal martial dance form from [[Odisha]].<ref name="Personal Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.thekendra.com/Shobha_Deepak_Singh.html | title=Personal Profile | publisher=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999, for her contributions to Arts and culture.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra.jpg|thumb|[[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]].]]
Shobha was born to Lala Charat Ram of [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills|DCM]] and [[Sumitra Charat Ram]],<ref name="Sumitra Charat Ram passes away">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sumitra-Charat-Ram-passes-away/articleshow/9535188.cms?referral=PM | title=Sumitra Charat Ram passes away | publisher=Times of India | date=9 August 2011 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> the renowned art [[doyenne]] and [[Padma Shri]] winner, on 21 October 1943, in the Indian capital of New Delhi.<ref name="Personal Profile" /> After completing her schooling at [[Modern School, New Delhi]], she graduated in Economics with honours from [[Delhi University]] in 1963, to start her career as a management trainee at her father's company, [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills]], in 1964. Four years later, subsequent to her marriage to Deepak Singh in 1967, she left DCM and joined [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]] (SBKK),<ref name="Personal Profile" /> a cultural organization founded by her mother in 1952.<ref name="Taking Centre Stage">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/taking-centre-stage-2/ | title=Taking Centre Stage | publisher=Indian Express | date=25 August 2012 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> While managing the ''Kamini Auditorium'' of the Kendra, she pursued her studies to secure the degree of Bachelor of Performing Arts and studied dance under [[Shambhu Maharaj]] and [[Birju Maharaj]] and Music under [[Biswajit Roy Chowdhury]] and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].<ref name="Personal Profile" />

In 1992, she joined ''Living Theatre'' of [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], former director of the [[National School of Drama]] and one of the most influential figures of modern [[Indian theatre]],<ref name="Ebrahim Alkaz">{{cite web | url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/Ebrahim-Alkazi | title=Ebrahim Alkaz | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> and studied theatre direction, securing a diploma in 1996. She continued her association with Alkazi and worked as his assistant in four of Alkazi's productions namely, ''Three Sisters'', ''Three Greek Tragedies'', ''A Streetcar Named Desire'', and ''Death of a Salesman''.<ref name="Personal Profile" /> After the death of [[Sumitra Charat Ram]] in 2011, she took over the management of SBKK as its director and runs the activities of the Kendra, aided by her husband.<ref name="Sumitra Charat Ram: Doyenne of art patronage dies">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl128.html | title=Sumitra Charat Ram: Doyenne of art patronage dies | publisher=Narthaki | date=9 August 2011 | access-date=3 November 2015 | author=Ashish Mohan Khokar}}</ref>

Singh, a recipient of the 1999 [[Padma Shri]] honours,<ref name="Padma Awards" /> lives in New Delhi with her husband, Deepak Singh, and the couple has a daughter.<ref name="Personal Profile" />

== Legacy ==
One of the more significant contributions of Singh is her activities under the aegis of SBKK which runs the ''College of Music and Dance'', offering courses in [[Hindustani classical music]] in Vocals and instruments, Light music vocals and dance disciplines such as [[Kathak]], [[Bharatnatyam]], [[Odissi]], Mayurbhanj Chhau, Indian Ballet and Indian Contemporary Dance.<ref name="Prospectus">{{cite web | url=https://www.kuttanadpackage.in/2021/10/mobile-se-free-blog-website-kaise-banaye.html?m=1 | title=Prospectus | publisher=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> Several renowned artists and art teachers like [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Shambhu Maharaj]] and [[Shovana Narayan]] are associated with the organization.<ref name="Prospectus" /> She is the organizer of ''Summer Ballet Festival'', an annual dance festival, conducted in New Delhi.<ref name="Ballet Parking">{{cite web | url=https://www.kuttanadpackage.in/2021/10/mobile-se-free-blog-website-kaise-banaye.html?m=1 | title=Ballet Parking | publisher=Indian Express | date=3 May 2011 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> She has also instituted an annual award, [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra#Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement|Sumitra Charat Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement]], to honour excellence in Art, [[Birju Maharaj]] receiving the inaugural award in 2011<ref name="Pt. Birju Maharaj felicitated at this do">{{cite web | url=https://www.kuttanadpackage.in/2021/10/mobile-se-free-blog-website-kaise-banaye.html?m=1.cms?referral=PM | title=Pt. Birju Maharaj felicitated at this do | publisher=Times of India | date=25 February 2011 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>

Singh is an accomplished photographer, covering many of the functions of SBKK personally.<ref name="The Director's Cut"/> She is reported to have exposed over 40,000 films, covering dance, theatre and music. Her first solo exhibition was organized by [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] at Shridharani Art Gallery in 1996.<ref name="Dancescapes: A Photographic Journey">{{cite book | title=Dancescapes: A Photographic Journey | publisher=Roli Books | author=Shobha Deepak Singh | year=2013 | isbn=978-8174369611}}</ref> Since then, she has exhibited her works at various places, including the [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], New Delhi and the [[Nehru Centre, London]] (2011). In 2013, [[Alka Pande]] curated her exhibition, displaying 250 of Singh's works at the [[India Habitat Centre]] on 25 March 2013 where a book, ''Dancescapes: A Photographic Journey'',<ref name="Dancescapes: A Photographic Journey" /> composed of 70 photographs, was released.<ref name="Positively negative">{{cite web | url=https://www.kuttanadpackage.in/2021/10/mobile-se-free-blog-website-kaise-banaye.html?m=1 | title=Positively negative | work=The Hindu | date=24 March 2013 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> She has also written a book on Indian theatre, under the title, ''Theatre Escapes: Experiencing Rasas''.<ref name="Theatre Escapes: Experiencing Rasas">{{cite book | title=Theatre Escapes: Experiencing Rasas | publisher=Kaveri Books | author=Shobha Deepak Singh | year=2014 | isbn=978-9383098347}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=Dancescapes: A Photographic Journey | publisher=Roli Books | author=Shobha Deepak Singh | year=2013 | isbn=978-8174369611}}
* {{cite book | title=Theatre Escapes: Experiencing Rasas | publisher=Kaveri Books | author=Shobha Deepak Singh | year=2014 | isbn=978-9383098347}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]]
* [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]
* [[Mayurbhanj Chhau]]
* [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
* [[Shambhu Maharaj]]
* [[Birju Maharaj]]
* [[Biswajit Roy Chowdhury]]
* [[Amjad Ali Khan]]
* [[Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Shovana Narayan]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Society|Arts}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite interview | title=Theatric Monocle: In conversation with Padmashri Shobha Deepak Singh | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=3 November 2015 | last=Singh | first=Shobha Deepak | interviewer=Archana Rao | work=NewsGram News Desk |location=New Delhi | url=https://www.inhindi.co.in}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shobha Deepak}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Chhau dancers]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Photographers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Punjabi folklore

2026-01-07T09:25:51Z

Robctr: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Folklore from Punjab}}
[[File:Folios of a manuscript of Heer Waris Shah (Waris Shah's version of the Heer-Ranjha folktale), circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Folios of a manuscript of ''Heer Waris Shah'' (Waris Shah's version of the Heer-Ranjha folktale), circa 19th century]]
{{Punjabi folklore}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi folklore''' (more particularly its [[folksong]]s) is a core part of the [[Punjabi culture]].<ref>Temple, Richard C. (1884) ''The Legends of the Panjab''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884–1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Varia folklorica |date=1978 |publisher=Mouton |others=Alan Dundes, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences |isbn=978-3-11-080772-1 |location=The Hague [Noordeinde 41] |pages=205 |chapter=Folklore Research in India – Punjab |oclc=561720258}}</ref> Other important components of Punjabi folklore are farces, anecdotes, idioms, folktales, and sayings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Luhar |first=Sahdev |title=Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses |publisher=N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College |year=2023 |isbn=9788195500840 |pages=53}}</ref>

== Research ==

=== Origin ===
[[Richard Carnac Temple]] argued in his 1884 work, ''The Legends of the Punjab'', that the plot structure of Punjabi folktales and [[Bhat Vahis|bardic poetry]] was indistinguishable from one another, albeit with the bardic poems being more textually conservative (as they had been governed by [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] and [[rhyme]] due to being in verse form). This led him to believe that the folktales originated from the bardic literature, existing as degraded derivatives.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales (in three volumes) |date=2008 |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Donald Haase |isbn=978-0-313-04947-7 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=895 |chapter=South Asian Tales |oclc=192044183}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=I hope to show here abundantly that the bardic poem and the folktale are constructed on precisely the same lines as far as the pure story goes, even where the former is fastened on to really historical characters and mixed up with the narrative of bona fide historical facts [which Temple evidently values]. The folktale is very often in fact a mere scene, or jumble of scenes, to be found in the poem, where only the marvellous story has been remembered, while the names and surroundings of the actors to whom it is attributed has [sic] been forgotten. (Temple, v-vi)|author=Donald Haase quoting R. C. Temple|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|source=page 895}}

=== Themes ===
[[File:Depiction of Raja Rasalu beating Raja Sirikap in a game of chaupat (pasa), original sketch from a Punjabi storybook, reproduced by Charles Swynnerton (1884).jpg|thumb|Depiction of Raja Rasalu beating Raja Sirikap in a game of chaupat (pasa), original sketch from a Punjabi storybook, reproduced by Charles Swynnerton in 'The Adventures of the Panjáb Hero Rájá Rasálu, and Other Folk-Tales of the Panjáb' (1884)]]
Punjabi folktales commonly incorporate stories involving animals which teach a moral lesson.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Folktales and fairy tales : traditions and texts from around the world |date=2016 |others=Anne E. Duggan, Donald Haase, Helen Callow |isbn=978-1-61069-253-3 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=834 |oclc=923255058}}</ref> This is a theme which originated in ancient India, with a surviving example being the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' of the third century BCE.<ref name=":0" /> Other prevalent themes found within Punjabi folklore is a suspcision of those in positions of power, and folly & pretense used for derision.<ref name=":0" />

The heroine in Punjabi folktales (a [[Peri|pari]]/fairy or a princess) can be found inside a fruit or vegetable, which they are named after, or in the form of an animal, such as a mammal (monkey or goat) or a bird (swan or peacock/peahen).<ref>{{cite book |title=Pañjābī loka kahānīāṃ: rishatā nātā prabandha |first=Wīrapāla |last=Kaura |publisher=Wārīsa Shāha Phāuṇḍeshana |date=2005 |page=104 |isbn=9788178561561 |lang=Punjabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPiBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80+%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0+,+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pañjābī loka sāhita ate rītī riwāja |first=Balabīra Siṅgha |last=Pūnī |publisher=Sarawaprīta Siṅgha |date=1994 |page=57 |lang=Punjabi}}</ref>

=== History of study ===
[[File:Tales of the Punjab.pdf|thumb|[[Book cover]] of ''Tales of the Punjab'' by Flora Annie Steel]]
Academic folkloristic research into and the collecting of the large corpus of Punjabi folktales began during the colonial-era by Britishers, such as [[Flora Annie Steel]]'s three papers on her studies of local Punjabi folktales (1880), with a translation of three fables into English,<ref name=":3" /> Richard Carnac Temple's ''The Legends of the Punjab'' (1884), Flora Annie Steel's ''Tales of the Punjab'' (1894), and Charles Frederick Usborne's ''Panjabi Lyrics and Proverbs'' (1905).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1988 |isbn=9788126011940 |volume=2 |pages=1309}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Native Punjabis have also contributed to this field, with some names being [[Devendra Satyarthi]], [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], [[Amrita Pritam]], [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003440628-18/folklore-medieval-punjabi-literature-karnail-thind Karnail Singh Thind], [[Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi]], [[Giani Gurdit Singh]], and Sukhdev Madpuri, whom have contributed published collections, encyclopedias, anthologies, and renditions in this field of study.<ref name=":1" />

==List of Punjabi folklore==
*The Adventures of [[Raja Rasalu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuaib |first=Haroon |date=6 January 2022 |title=Raja Rasalu: An Epic Folklore from Sialkot |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/raja-rasalu-an-epic-folklore-from-sialkot/MjE2OA== |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Youlin Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
*The Legend of [[Raja Sálbán]]
*The Legend of [[Gogaji|Guru Gugga]]<ref>legends of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121</ref>
*[[Puran Bhagat]]
*The [[Vaar|Ballad]] of [[Jasrat|Sheikh Khokhar]]
*[[Heer Ranjha]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia |date=2003 |others=Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills |isbn=978-1-000-14353-9 |location=New York, NY |pages=497 |oclc=1222776533}}</ref>
*[[Mirza Sahiba]]
*[[Sassi Punnun]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aftab |first=Tahera |title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-2385-0 |location=Leiden |pages=511 |oclc=608597790}}</ref>
*[[Sohni Mahiwal]]
*[[Yusuf and Zulaikha#Other versions|Yusuf and Zulaikha]]
*The [[Vaar|Ballad]] of [[Dulla Bhatti]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Dhola Maru]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781316673898 |pages=252}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Appadurai |first1=Arjun |title=Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions |last2=Korom |first2=Frank J. |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret A. |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781512821321 |series=South Asia Seminar |pages=203}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vaar]]
* [[Punjabi Qisse]]
* [[Mirasi]]
* [[Punjabi folk religion]]
* [[Punjabi folk music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
;Folktale collections:
* {{Cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab |journal=Folklore |volume=32 |issue=3 |date=1921 |pages=211–13 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1921.9719202 |jstor=1254870}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=L. W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab [II]|journal=Folklore |volume=32 |issue=4 |date=1921 |pages=271–73 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1921.9719210 |jstor=1255204}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=L. W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab [III] |journal=Folklore |volume=33 |issue=1 |date=1922 |pages=122–24 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1922.9719231 |jstor=1255190}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Folktales from the Panjab, IV |journal=Folklore |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=1924 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1924.9719989 |jstor=1255785}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, V. (Continued) |journal=Folklore |volume=36 |issue=3 |date=1925 |pages=258–63 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1925.9718329 |jstor=1256050}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, VI (Continued) |journal=Folklore |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=1925 |pages=362–66 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1925.9718338 |jstor=1256209}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, VII |journal=Folklore |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=1926 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1926.9718348 |jstor=1255953}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
* {{cite book |last=Rassool |first=S.H.A. |date=1964 |title=Les contes et récits du Pakistan |location=Paris |publisher=Fernand Nathan |lang=FR}} (collected from a source in Narowal, Panjab)
* {{cite book |title=Märchen aus dem Pandschab |trans-title=Fairy Tales from the Punjab |first=Helmtraut |last=Sheikh-Dilthey |publisher=Diederichs |date=1976 |language=DE}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Harjeet Singh |title=Heer Ranjha and Other Legends of the Punjab |publisher=Harman Publishing House |others=Illustrated by Eric Vikramjeet Singh Gill |year=2003 |isbn=9788186622605}}
* {{cite book |last=Aqeel |first=Shafi |author-link=Shafi Aqeel |title=Popular Folk Tales of the Punjab |translator=[[Ahmad Bashir]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2008 |isbn=9780195475791}}
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales from [[Multan]] |editor=B. R. Mehta |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |date=2011 |isbn=9789380213392}}
* Bedi, Sohinder Singh Wanjara. ''Punjabi Lokdhara Vishav Kosh'' (in many volumes) [in Punjabi]. Lok Prakashan. ISBN 978-8190860031.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
*[https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/legends-panjab The Legends Of The Punjab : Temple, R. C.]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Guru+Gugga&pg=PA121 The Legend of Guru Gugga]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXPa3jZDQZUC&dq=Puran+Bhagat&pg=PA184 Puran Bhagat]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&dq=Guru+Gugga&pg=PA100 Guru Gugga]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFYZANvqRoC&dq=Loona+shiv+kumar+batalvi&pg=PA58 Loona by Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Ghazi+Salar&pg=PA98 The Marriage of Ghazi Salar]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=Raja+Jagdeo&pg=PA182 Raja Jagdeo]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=The+legend+of+Raja+Gopi+Chand&pg=PA1 Raja Gopi Chand]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEWsZZLM31E Arif Lohar Sings Mirza]
*[http://khurmi.com/gems.htm Punjabi Folksongs] explained in English
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=mir+chakur&pg=PA457 The Adventures of Mir Chakur]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Isa+Baniya&pg=PA210 The Ballad Of Isa Baniya]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Adhik+Anup+Dai&pg=PA225 Princess Adhik Anup Dhai]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Madana+the+Brave&pg=PA404 Madna the Brave]

[[Category:Punjabi folklore| ]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Pakistani folklore]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]

List of people from Chennai

2026-01-04T13:58:46Z

Robctr: adjusted article based on references

{{short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

The following people were born or based their life in the Indian city of [[Chennai]] (formerly known
as Madras), [[Tamil Nadu]] (formerly known as [[Madras State]]).
{{Dynamic list}}
== Business ==
*[[Aravind Srinivas]], ceo and co-founder of [[Perplexity AI]]
*[[Geeta Aiyer]], entrepreneur and business leader; founder and president of [[Boston Common Asset Management]]
*[[R. G. Chandramogan]], chairman of [[Hatsun Agro Product]]
*[[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]], chairman of the [[TATA Group]]
*[[Anil Kumar]] (born 1958), management consultant who pled guilty to insider trading
*[[K. M. Mammen Mappillai|Rahul Mammen Mappillai]], managing director of [[MRF Limited]]
*[[Kalanithi Maran]], chairman and managing director of the [[Sun Group]]
*[[Dora Metcalf]], entrepreneur, mathematician and engineer
*[[Keshav R. Murugesh]], chief executive officer and director of [[WNS Global Services]]
*[[A. C. Muthiah]], former chairman of Southern Petrochemicals of India Corporation (SPIC)
*[[Shiv Nadar]], founder and chairman of [[HCL Technologies]]
*[[Indra Nooyi]], chairperson and chief executive officer of [[PepsiCo]]
*[[Sundar Pichai]], chief executive officer of [[Google]]
*[[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]], chairman of the [[Chettinad Group of Companies]]; ex-pro chancellor of [[Annamalai University]], [[Chidambaram]]
*[[Prathap C. Reddy]], chairman of [[Apollo Hospitals]]
*[[Naveen Selvadurai]], co-founder of [[Foursquare (company)|Foursquare]]
*[[Mallika Srinivasan]], chairman and managing director of [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]]
*[[N. Srinivasan]], chairman and managing director of [[India Cements]]
*[[Venu Srinivasan]], chairman and managing director of [[TVS Motors]]
*[[A. Vellayan]], chairman of the [[Murugappa Group]]
*[[Jay Vijayan]], founder of [[Tekion Corp]]
*[[C Vijayakumar]], chief executive officer of [[HCL Technologies]]

== Education ==
*[[Munirathna Anandakrishnan]], former chairman, [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]; former vice-chancellor, [[Anna University]]
*[[Bala V. Balachandran]], founder, dean and chairman, [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]]
*[[Madhu Bhaskaran]], engineer and professor, [[RMIT University]]
*[[V. L. Ethiraj]], founder, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
*[[Jeppiaar]], founder, Jeppiaar Educational Trust; founder chancellor, [[Sathyabama University]]
*[[Ramayya Krishnan]], dean, [[Heinz College]]; H. John Heinz III, W. W. Cooper and Ruth F. Cooper Professor of Management Science and Information Systems, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
*[[V. M. Muralidharan]], chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
*[[Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy]], founder, [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]]
*[[Vallam Sundar]], professor
*[[Subra Suresh]], president, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]; former dean, School of Engineering [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; former director, [[National Science Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Leadership at Carnegie Mellon University|url = http://www.cmu.edu/leadership/president-suresh/bio/|website = cmu.edu|accessdate = 4 December 2015}}</ref>

==Environment==
*[[Arun Krishnamurthy]], founder, [[Environmentalist Foundation of India]]

== Film and other entertainment ==
*[[Ashok Amritraj]], Hollywood producer
*[[Priya Anand]], actress
*[[Allu Arjun]], actor
*[[Mahesh Babu]], actor
*[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], music composer, playback singer
*[[Pete Best]] (born 1941), early [[Beatles]] drummer
*[[Dhanush]], thespian, playback singer, producer
*[[Shivaji Ganesan]], actor; first International Award winner of India
*[[Kamal Haasan]], thespian, director, producer, screenwriter
*[[Shruthi Hassan]], actress
*[[Lisa Haydon]], actress
*[[Mary Hignett]] (born 1916), actress
*[[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]] (born 1936), pop singer
*[[Ilaiyaraja]], music composer, symphonic maestro
*[[S. Janaki]], playback singer
*[[Jayabharathi]], actress
*[[Jayasudha]], actress
*[[Kajol]], actress
*[[Rajini Kanth]], actor, producer, screenwriter
*[[Sundeep Kishan]], actor
*[[Vishal Krishna]] (born 1977), actor, film producer
*[[Ajith Kumar]], thespian, racer
*[[Padma Lakshmi]], cookbook writer, actress, model, television host
*[[K. V. Mahadevan]], music composer
*[[Hema Malini]], actress
*[[Lakshmi Manchu]], actress
*[[Lakshmi Narayan]], actress
*[[Siddharth Narayan]], actor
*[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], actress
*[[Olive Rae]], soprano, actress
*[[A. R. Rahman]] (born 1966), [[music composer]]; winner of multiple awards, including two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards and a Golden Globe Award
*[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], first [[Cypress International Award]]-winning creative music composer
*[[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Kannada actor
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]], Kannada actor
*[[Rochelle Rao]], Indian actress, [[Miss India International]] 2012
*[[Rekha]], actress
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], actor
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]], thespian
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]], thespian
*[[Sridevi]], actress
*[[Sripriya]], actress
*[[Srividya]], actress
*[[Sumalatha]], actress
*[[Keerthy Suresh]], actress
*[[Suriya]], thespian
*[[Arvind Swamy]], actor, businessman
*[[Ram Charan Teja]], actor
*[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], actress
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], thespian, actor, playback singer, IARA ([[International Achievement Recognition Award]] winner)
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], thespian
*[[M. S. Viswanathan]], music composer
*[[Vidya Vox]], YouTuber, musician
*[[Vyjayanthimala]], actress
*[[Vijay Yesudas]] (born 1979), playback singer

===Directors===
*[[K. Balachander]], Tamil film director
*[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], Tamil film director
*[[Atlee Kumar]], Tamil and Hindi film director
*[[Nalan Kumarasamy]], Tamil film director
*[[A. R. Murugadoss]], Tamil film director
*[[Mani Ratnam]], Tamil film director
*[[S. Shankar]], Tamil film director
*[[Selvaraghavan]], Tamil film director
*[[Karthik Subburaj]], Tamil film director
*[[Vetrimaran]], Tamil film director
*[[Pa. Ranjith|Pa.Ranjith]], Tamil film director

== Literature and visual arts==
*[[R.K. Narayan]] (1906–2001), writer
*[[Achuthanand Tanjore Ravi]] (born 1991), photographer
* [[V. D. Trivadi]], humorist

==Politics==
* [[S. Iswaran|Subramaniam Iswaran]] (born 1962), known as S. Iswaran, Singaporean politician
* [[Pramila Jayapal]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] for [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAYAPAL, Pramila |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/J000298 |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}</ref>

== Religion ==
* [[Jesu Pudumai Doss]] (born 1967), Catholic priest; professor and dean, Faculty of Canon Law, [[Salesian Pontifical University]], Rome
* [[Sri Sabhapati Swami]] (born 1840), yogi, writer

== Scientists ==
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], recipient, [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Alan Garnett Davenport]], engineer
*[[Shyamala Gopalan]], breast-cancer researcher; mother of former [[vice president of the United States]] [[Kamala Harris]]
*[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], physicist; former [[president of India]]
*[[Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan]], physicist (co-discoverer of [[Raman scattering]])
*[[C. V. Raman]], recipient, [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], mathematician; [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]
*[[Kannan Soundararajan]], mathematician
*[[Subra Suresh]], engineer, [[materials scientist]], academic
*[[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[geneticist]], [[plant breeder]], administrator and [[humanitarian]]
*[[John Henry Constantine Whitehead]] (1904–1960), British mathematician

== Social entrepreneurs ==
* [[Kirthi Jayakumar]]

== Sports ==
*[[Anand Amritraj]] (born 1952), tennis player, businessman
*[[Vijay Amritraj]] (born 1953), tennis player, [[sports commentator]], actor
*[[Viswanathan Anand]] (born 1969), [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]]; undisputed world chess champion from 2007 until 2013
*[[PK Arumugam]], [[speedcuber]]
*[[Ravichandran Ashwin]], cricketer
*[[Naresh Babu]], professorial motorcycle road racer
*[[Hemang Badani]], former cricketer
*[[Subramaniam Badrinath]], former cricketer
*[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]], cricketer
*[[Karun Chandhok]] (born 1984), racing driver, [[Formula One]], [[sports commentator]]
*[[Joshna Chinappa]] (born 1986), squash player, [[British Squash Championship]]
*[[Gukesh Dommaraju]] (born 2006), [[chess grandmaster]]; undisputed [[World Chess Championship 2024|world chess champion since 2024]]
*[[Akbar Ebrahim]] (born 1963), racing driver, cricketer
*[[Edward Foord]] (1825–1899), cricketer
*[[George Gowan]] (1818–1890), cricketer
*[[Nasser Hussain]] (born 1968), former [[cricketer]]
*[[Sharath Kamal]] (born 1982), table-tennis player
*[[Thirush Kamini]], cricketer
*[[Dinesh Karthik]] (born 1985), cricketer
*[[Rajini Krishnan]], motorcycle racer
*[[Ramanathan Krishnan]], tennis player
*[[Ramesh Krishnan]], tennis player and coach
*[[Buchi Babu Naidu]], father of South Indian cricket
*[[M. Baliah Naidu]], cricketer
*[[Dipika Pallikal]] (born 1991), squash player, WISPA titles; first Indian woman to break into the top ten in the [[WSA rankings]]
*[[Aditya Patel]] (born 1988), professional racing driver
*[[R Praggnanandhaa|Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa]] (born 2005), [[chess grandmaster]]
*[[Jack Pritchard (cricketer)|Jack Pritchard]] (1895–1936), cricketer
*[[Mahaveer Raghunathan]] (born 1998), racing driver
*[[W. V. Raman]], former cricketer
*[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]], tennis player
*[[Cotah Ramaswami]], cricketer, tennis player
*[[Sadagoppan Ramesh]], former cricketer
* [[Ravivarman Sharmila]], [[carrom]] champion
*[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] (born 1959), former cricketer
*[[Washington Sundar]], cricketer
*[[Roopa Unnikrishnan]], former sports-rifle shooter; [[Commonwealth Games]] gold medalist
*[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]], former cricketer
*[[Murali Vijay]] (born 1984), cricketer

==Miscellaneous==
*Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah Faizabadi Madrasi or [[Ahmadullah Shah]] (1787–1858), Indian freedom fighter
*General [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]], DSO, MBE (1913–2000), 6th chief of Indian army
*[[Georgiana Fanny Shipley Daniell]], philanthropist
* [[Nugent Grant]], lawyer
* [[Praveena Solomon]], crematorium manager
* [[Abhinandan Varthaman]], wing commander in the [[Indian Air Force]]

{{Chennai Topics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Chennai| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai-related lists|People]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu|Chennai]]

Mandideep

2025-12-20T10:37:03Z

Robctr: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandideep
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = M.deep
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|23|5|40|N|77|31|5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1970's
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Palika
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 449
| population_total = 2,02,789
| population_as_of = 2021;As per Aadhar
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 462046
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07480
| registration_plate = MP-38
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.29 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mandideep''' is a town with [[municipality]] in [[Goharganj]] sub-district of [[Raisen district]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Mandideep is 23&nbsp;km from Bhopal and is basically an Industrial township which came into existence in late 1970s.
The Mandideep Municipality has population of 59,654 of which 32,390 are males while 27,264 are females as per report released by [[2011 Census of India]].
Literacy rate of Mandideep city is 83.76 % higher than state average of 69.32 %. In Mandideep, Male literacy is around 89.33 % while female literacy rate is 77.04. Mandideep's annual productions are worth some Rs. 20,000 crore, making it one of the most productive economic centers in India.

== History ==
Mandideep is closely connected to [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]], which is well known across the world for its [[rock paintings]] and also nearby [[Shiva]] Temple at [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]] (15&nbsp;km) is a big attraction among the Hindu community.
Looking back through history, Mandideep situated in close proximity to [[Bhojeshwar Temple|Bhojpur's Shiva temple]] was surrounded by a big lake since the 10th century. In the 15th century, Sultan Hussein Shah of Malwa demolished the Bhojpur dam, which kept releasing water for 3 years. Mandideep village came into existence when the land dried up. Initially, the pace of development was slow due to lack of infrastructure. In 1983, Mandideep housed 49 industrial units.

==Economy==
It has an industrial area, just south of [[Bhopal]] capitalising on the proximity to Bhopal City. The major industries here are Hindustan Electro Graphite (HEG), [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Eicher tractor]]s Ltd, [[Lupin Ltd.|Lupin laboratories]], and many more national and international level company have their manufacturing units at Mandideep.

In the 1980s, several changes helped industrial development. The Madhya Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation completely aided by the state government was formed with the objective of promoting development of industries in this region.

About 660 plots were developed for various purposes. Besides, 45&nbsp;km of pucca roads and a 42&nbsp;km-long water supply system were developed.

Once a sleepy village in Bhopal district, Mandideep, which started on an area of {{convert|560|acre|km2}}, is now sprawled across {{convert|2000|acre|km2}}. Mandideep has three sub-stations of 250 MW each at present along with other facilities.

Mandideep houses more than 650 industrial units belonging to reputed companies including that of Procter and Gamble, HEG, Lupin Laboratories, Tafe Tractors, Godrej Foods, Bhaskar Industries Private Limited (a unit of Dainik Bhaskar Print Media) Insulator and Electrical etc. It boasts of a total investment of more than Rs 10,000 crore.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001|alt=As of the}} [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]], Mandideep had a population of 39,859 in 9,006 households. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Mandideep has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 56%. 18% of the population here is under 6 years of age.

==Transport==
The nearest airport is Bhopal. Mandideep is well connected to Railways, Roadways and Airways as it is a region of State Capital Bhopal.

'''Mandideep Railway Station''' has stoppages for trains like-
[[Narmada Express]] 18233/18234,
[[Penchvalley Fast Passenger]] 59385/59386,
[[Jhansi Itarsi Nagpur Passenger]] 51827/51828,
[[Mumbai CST Amritsar Express]] 11057/11058,
[[Kushinagar Express]] 11015/11016.

'''Raja Bhoj International Airport''' is just 35 km from the area which serves daily flights for [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Raipur]], [[Shirdi]], [[Surat]], [[Udaipur]].

There are also two main stations [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]] & [[Bhopal Junction]] railway station at a distance of 17km and 24 km respectively connecting Mandideep to all other parts of the country.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhopal district]]
[[Category:Bhopal]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Bhopal]]

Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited

2025-12-16T03:47:17Z

Robctr: Started new info w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|State-owned cable television provider in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{One source|date=March 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = TAMILNADU ARASU CABLE TV CORPORATION LIMITED (TACTV) Logo 2016.png
| caption =
| type = A [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]'s [[Government-owned corporation|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|10|04}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = 11/22, Mangadu Sami Street, Nungambakkam, [[Chennai]]– 600034
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| key_people = [[Neeraj Mittal|Dr. Neeraj Mittal IAS]] (Chairman)
| industry =
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://www.tactv.in/ www.tactv.in]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited (TNACTCL)''' ({{langx|ta|தமிழ் நாடு அரசு கம்பிவட தொலைக்காட்சி கழகம் (வரையறுக்கப்பட்டது)}}) is a state-government [[Government-owned corporation|Public Sector Undertaking]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] located in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. TNACTCL is a cable television operator across the state. It was founded in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=:: Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited :: |url=https://www.tactv.in/index.php |website=www.tactv.in |publisher=Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

==TACTV Operation==

Arasu Cable TV Corporation was incorporated on 4 October 2007 with the objective of providing cable TV signals to the public. In order to achieve this objective, four Digital Head Ends were installed at Thanjavur, Tirunelveli, Coimbatore and Vellore.<ref>{{cite web |title=About TACTV |url=https://www.tactv.in/about_tactv.php |website=www.tactv.in |publisher=Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

After assuming office in May 2011, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu revived the Arasu Cable TV Corporation which had become defunct due to various reasons and sanctioned a sum of {{INR}}3 Crores for the revival and expansion of the activities of the corporation. The corporation was renamed as Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited (TACTV).

TACTV has taken on lease the Head Ends of the willing private Multi System Operators in 27 Districts of the State and revamped its existing four digital Head Ends in 4 Districts.

On 30.08.2011, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu had announced on the floor of the Assembly that TACTV would provide services at a cost of {{INR}}180 as monthly subscription to the subscribers through the cable TV would collect {{INR}}20 per month per subscriber from the Cable Operators.

The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu launched the cable TV services all over Tamil Nadu (except Chennai) on 02.09.2011 by switching-on the Head End at Vellore through Video Conferencing. On 20.10.2012, the Chief Minister inaugurated the Cable TV Services of TACTV in Chennai Metro.

At present TACTV is providing the Cable TV services with 99-100 Channels, including Free-to-Air Channels, Pay Channels and Private Local Channels. The corporation has procured 137 pay Channels and almost all the Pay channels are in the bouquet of the corporation.

Before TACTV's existence, the cable TV sector was unorganized and a few Multi System Operators had created monopoly and thereby forced the local Cable TV operators as well as the public to pay exorbitant amount towards cable TV services. Earlier, the public were paying {{INR}}150 to {{INR}}250 per month to the private Cable TV companies to avail the cable TV service.

The service being provided by TACTV is welfare step taken by the Government, in the interest of the public and cable TV operators. Now TACTV is providing the Cable TV services with most of the pay channels, at an affordable cost of {{INR}}120 per month, to the public through cable operators and the public could save a sum of {{INR}}80 to {{INR}}180 per month. Therefore, the public have overwhelmingly welcomed TACTV's cable TV services.

TACTV has selected 1200 private local channels and issued allotment orders, out of which approximately 800 are running through TACTV.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DTH in India}}
{{State Organizations of Tamil Nadu}}
{{CATV Africa, Asia, and Oceania}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cable television companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]

National Bravery Award

2025-12-02T09:54:06Z

Robctr: content fix

{{Short description|Indian award for acts of bravery by children}}
{{about|the Indian awards|the Irish awards|Comhairle na Míre Gaile}}
{{incomplete list|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Winners of National bravery awards - 2011.jpg|thumb|Winners of National bravery awards – 2011]]
The '''Iccw Bravery Awards''' are a set of awards given annually to about 25 [[India]]n children below 18 years of age for "meritorious acts of bravery against all odds". The awards are given by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/bravery_awards.php National Bravery Award] ‘[[Govt. of India]] Portal.</ref> The award was instituted in 1957.

==ICCW Bravery Awards for Children and Youth==
The ICCW Bravery Awards consist of eight categories<ref>{{cite web|title=National Awards for Bravery|url=http://www.iccw.in/scheme_details.html|publisher=ICCW official |access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

==Origins==
On [[Gandhi Jayanti]] day, 2 October 1957, India's first prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was watching a performance in Delhi's [[Ramlila Maidan|Ramlila ground]], at the [[Red Fort]]. During the performance, a short circuit caused a fire to break out in a ''[[shamiana]]'' (decorated tent). Harish Chandra Mehra, a 14-year-old [[Scout (Scouting)|scout]], promptly took out his knife and ripped open the burning tent, saving the lives of hundreds of trapped people. This incident inspired Nehru to ask the authorities to establish an award to honour brave children from all over the country. The first official National Bravery Awards were presented to two Children on 4 February 1958, by Prime Minister Nehru,<ref name=harish>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225202210/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/03/stories/13031108.htm Ideas and thoughts]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 3 March 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Children's Day:Awards to Children: National Bravery Awards|url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/childrens-day |publisher=Govt. of India portal |access-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> and the '''ICCW''' ( Indian Council for Child Welfare) has continued the tradition ever since.<ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/25sld.htm Special Feature: Meet India's Braveheart] [[Rediff.com]], January 2005.</ref>

==Selection process==
Each year, the ICCW receives applications for the Awards. The applications must be received by 15 October to be eligible for selection.<ref name=rule>{{cite web |title=National Bravery Award:Rules and Conditions | url = http://www.iccw.in/terms_conditions.html |publisher=ICCW official website | access-date =14 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Presaward.jpg|thumb|President Abdul Kalam giving away the award to Sanmesh in 2006]]
Awardees are selected by a committee constituted by the ICCW.

==Ceremony==
The awards are usually announced and presented in January.

==List of awards==

===Bharat Award===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Year
!Name
!Act of bravery
! Age
! Indian state of origin
|-
|2022
|Azam Quadri
|Saved a youtuber from the River Yamuna during an earth quake.
|12 Years
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|2012
|Vicky Martin Singh
|Confronted armed kidnappers and saved a girl.
|16 Years
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|1996
|Vardhana
|Confronted armed robber and helped police.
|8 Years
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|2000
|Sunil Singh
|Confronted armed militants who had attacked their village.
|9 Years
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|2000
|Robert Cruiser
|Confronted armed militants who had attacked their village.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225203012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/20/stories/0220000c.htm Bravery Award for 23]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 20 January 2001.</ref>
|13 Years
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|2000
|Sunil Chand Rajan
|Saved a little child of a 6-year-old sibling from a human-eating panther.
|9 years

|[[Uttarakhand]]

|-
|2000
|Ayswarya Sambasivan Ramakumari and Sreejesh Sambasivan Ramakumari
|Saved their lives and parents' lives from brutal robbery attack at home.
|10 years , 14 years

|[[kerala]]

|-
|2001
|Surjeet Singh
|Fought a night-long battle with a group of 40 militants who had surrounded their village.
|18 years
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|2001
|Amrik Singh
|Fought a night-long battle with a group of 40 militants who had surrounded their village.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020715091802/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/20/stories/2002012001300600.htm The winners of this year's National Bravery Award]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 20 January 2002.</ref>
|20 years
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|2002
|Chinmay Sharma
|Failed a robbery on a Mumbai train.
|7 years
|[[Maharastra]]
|-

|2002
|[[Charu Sharma (Power Woman)|Charu Sharma]]
|Sustained knife injuries while trying to foil a robbery on a Mumbai train.
|11 years
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|2002
|Shambhavi Ray
|Fought two men on a motorcycle and foiled their attempt to steal her mother's purse.
|13 years
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|2003
|C. Vanlalhruaia (posthumously)
|Died fighting the [[Dacoity|dacoits]].
|17 years
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|2005
|Ratul Chandra Rabha
|Chased the militants who killed their school teacher (subsequently one of the militants was caught).
|17 years
|[[Assam]]
|-
|2005
|Rituparna Boro
|Chased the militants who killed their school teacher (subsequently one of the militants was caught).
|15 years
|[[Assam]]
|-
|2007
|Babita
|Saved several schoolmates from drowning when their school bus fell into the Western Yamuna canal. She was studying 11th standard
| 17 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2007
|Amarjeet
|Saved several schoolmates from drowning when their school bus fell into the Western Yamuna canal.
|15 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2008
|''No Award''
|
|
|-
|2009
|Gaurav Singh Saini
|Saved 50–60 people in the [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|2008 stampede]] at the [[Naina Devi]] temple<ref>{{cite news |title=21 children to get National Bravery Awards for 2009 |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/474070_21-children-to-get-National-Bravery-Awards-for-2009 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date= 18 January 2010}}</ref>
|13 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2010
|''No Award''
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|Kapil Singh Negi (posthumously)
|Helped younger schoolmates cross a flooded stream during rains and landslides, but he failed to save himself.<ref name=ibn12>{{cite web |title=Delhi Lt Guv meets child bravehearts|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/delhi-lt-guv-meets-child-bravehearts/953442.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126015355/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/delhi-lt-guv-meets-child-bravehearts/953442.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |date= 20 January 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN }}</ref><ref name=mod12/>
|15 years
|Uttarakhand
|-
|2012
|Tarang Atulbhai Mistry
|Saved four people from drowning in [[Narmada River]]<ref name=dai13>{{cite web |title=22 Young Heroes to Get National Bravery Awards 2013|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=161277 |publisher=Daiji World |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
|17 years
|Gujarat
|-
|2013
|Kumari Mahika Gupta
|Saved her brother from floods at Kedarnath (Uttarakhand).<ref name=2014awardees>{{cite web|title=List of National Bravery Awards 2014 Winners|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/list-of-national-bravery-awards-2014-winners/|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>
|8 years
|Delhi
|-
|2015
|Resham Fatama
|An acid attack victim, who was kidnapped by her uncle(mother's cousin). On the way to her coaching class, he forced her into a car and poured acid over her head when she turned down a marriage proposal. She managed to escape.
|16 years
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2016
|Tarah Peju(Posthumous)
|Saved her friends from drowning but failed to manage herself
|8 years
|Arunachal Pradesh <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/25-children-win-national-bravery-awards/story-JZmeGCQCNBVYobuME6ZfmM.html|title=25 children win National Bravery Awards|date=17 January 2017|newspaper=hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Nazia
|Helped Police stop illegal gambling business
|16 years
|Uttar Pradesh<ref name="Team">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ssbtosuccess.com/national-bravery-awards/|title=All About National Bravery Awards {{!}} National Bravery Award 2019 List|last=Team|first=Editorial|date=23 January 2019|work=SSBToSuccess|access-date=23 January 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Kunwar Divyansh Singh
|Saved his younger sister and 7 other kids from a bull attack.
|13 years
|Uttar Pradesh<ref name="Team"/>
|}

===Sanjay Chopra Award===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Year
! Name
! Notes
! Age
! Indian origin

|-
|1998
|Akash Grover
|Failed Robbery Attempt
|10 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-'
|2000
|Prince Kumar and Ashish Kumar
|Confronted armed robbers.
|12 years
|-
|
|Heena Bakshi
|Failed robbery attempt
|
|-
|2001
|Rajput Hirani
|Saved building fire.
|9 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2002
|Moneesh Mohan
|Saved two children from drowning.
|10 years
|[[Dubai]]
|-
|2003
|Riyaz Ahmed
|Lost his hands and a foot to save a child from a train accident.
|9 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2004
|Harry Chaudhry
|Received several stab wounds on his stomach while trying to save his sister from assailant's knife.
|13 years
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|2005
|Sanmesh Kalyanpur
|Saved his sister from drowning during Mumbai Floods.
|15 years
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|2006
|V Teeja Sai (posthumously)
|Died while trying to rescue fellow students in river Munneru in Krishna district.
|12 years
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|2006
|C V S Durga Dondieswar (posthumously)
|Died while trying to rescue fellow students in river Munneru in Krishna district.
|13 years
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|2007
|Yuktarth Shrivastava
|Saved his 11-month-old sister from stray dogs, who attacked them.
|6 years
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|2008
|Saumik Mishra
|Single-handedly fought with two goons who entered his home for theft.
|15 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2009
|Karan Nishad
|Saved five people from drowning.
|11 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2010
|Priyanshu Joshi
|Single-handedly fought off a leopard which attacked his sister on their way to school.
|10 years
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|2011
|Om Prakash Yadav
|Saved schoolmates from a burning van.
|12 years
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2012
|Gajendra Ram
|Saved a child from drowning in a well.<ref name=dai13/>
|11 years
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2013
|Shubam Santosh Chaudari
|Saved two children when their school van caught fire.<ref name="2014awardees"/>
|17 years
|Maharashtra
|-
|2017
|Karanbeer Singh
|Saved 15 children after a vehicle plunged into a drain
|16 years
|Punjab
|-
|2018
|Gohil Jayaram singh
|}

===Geeta Chopra Award===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Year
! Name
! Notes
! Age
! Indian origin
|-
| 1987
| Monalisa
| Saved a deaf from the attack of bulls
| 7 years
| Odisha
|-
| 1996
| Harsha shivarakash
| Helped 2 boys from drowning
| 26
| Karnataka
|-
|1998
|Anchal Grover
|Foiled robbery attempt.
|8 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2000
|Shubham Padhy
|Foiled robbery attempt.
|13 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2001
|Satyajeet Patra (posthumously)
|Lost life while trying to rescue four other children from drowning.
|13 years
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|2002
|Guddiben Kalubhai Masher
|Saved an infant's life from a wild animal by fighting that wild animal.
|13 years
|_
|-
|2003
|Ramseena R.M.
|Lost her leg while trying to save a young girl from a speeding car.
|12 years
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|2004
|Boya Geethanjali
|For fighting seven armed [[Naxalite]]s at Ananthapuram village, securing the release of a woman Member of the Legislative Assembly they were trying to abduct, and forcing the Naxalites to flee.
|12 years
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|2005
|Seidalyne Mawtyllup
|For saving her three-month-old sister from a burning house.
|10 years
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|2006
|Vandana Yadav
|For fighting three local goons single-handedly, suffering 17 stab wounds, and later turning up to identify culprits in the police station.
|13 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2007
|Lalrempuii (posthumously)
|For resisting her rapist even though she died in the bargain.
|14 ½ years
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|2008
|Prachi Santosh Sen
|Saved four children from electrocution, suffering severe burns to the left hand.
|10 years
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|2009
|Maibam Prity Devi
|Saved several lives when she rushed and threw away a grenade hurled at her family-owned shop by miscreants, herself hit by exploding splinter.
|10 years
|[[Manipur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=6-year-old girl plunged into pond to save 4-year-old boy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article81970.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|Jismi PM
|Saved the lives of a nine-year-old boy and an eight-year-old girl from drowning in a river.
|13 years
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|2011
|Mittal Mahendrabhai Patadiya
|Faced armed robbers and foiled a robbery attempt.
|13 years
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|2012
|Renu
|Exposed physical and psychological abuse at her shelter home.<ref name=dai13/><ref name=cnn13>{{cite news |title=Republic Day India: 22 children receive National Bravery Award|url=http://content.ibnlive.in.com/article/26-Jan-2013india/republic-day-india-22-children-receive-national-bravery-award-317807-3.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035615/http://content.ibnlive.in.com/article/26-Jan-2013india/republic-day-india-22-children-receive-national-bravery-award-317807-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
|18 yrs
|New Delhi
|-
|2013
|Kumari Maleka Singh Tak
|Displayed rare grit and determination in fighting off her molesters.<ref name="2014awardees"/>
|16 yrs
|Rajasthan
|-
|2014
|Kumari Gunjan Sharma
|Displayed exemplary bravery in saving her friends from the clutches of an abductor<ref>{{cite web|title=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-year-old-girl-who-saved-grandmas-life-gets-bravery-award/articleshow/46016453.cms|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>
|13 yrs
|Assam
|-
|2017
|Netravati M. Chavan (Posthumous)
|saved two boys from drowning but failed to save herself
|14 yrs 10 months
|Karnataka
|-
|2018
|Nitisha Negi (posthumously)
|Saved her classmate from drowning but failed to save herself
|
|delhi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thapliyal|first=Sunil|date=2019-01-21|title=Death probe delay hurts footballer's kin|url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/210119/death-probe-delay-hurts-footballers-kin.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
|}

=== Bapu Gaidhani Award ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Year
! Name
! Act of bravery
! Age
! Indian state of origin
|-
|1994
|Nilesh Umale
|Alone saved 4 drowning girls from a flooded river.
|12 years
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|2001
|Andy Fernandes, Ashwini Kamath, Shruthi Ullal, Sridevi Damodar
|The girls together saved 18 of their classmates from drowning when a boat capsized.
|14 – 15 years
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|2002
|
|10 years
|
|-
|
|Dhanajay Ramrao Ingole
|
|13 years
|
|-
|
|Rinku Burman
|
|13 years
|
|-
|2003
|Vivek Purkayastha<ref>[http://wcd.nic.in/ar0304/annexure1.pdf Annual Report 2003-2004 – List of National Bravery Award Winners 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011048/http://wcd.nic.in/ar0304/annexure1.pdf |date=10 April 2009 }} ''[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]'', Annexure-XVII. ''Page 36''.</ref>
|Bravely fought with the [[Dacoity|dacoits]].
|14 years
|[[Assam]]
|-
|
|Asit Ranjal Sama (posthumously)
|Lost life while trying to save other children from drowning.
|17 years
|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|-
|
|Lalramdinthara (posthumously)
|Lost life while trying to save other children from drowning.
|15 years
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|2004
|N. Kandha Kumar (posthumously)
|Saved two of his schoolmates by pulling them off the school van, stuck at a level crossing; died while trying to save another.
|11 years
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|
|Master Lalthanzawna
|
|11 years
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|
|Majda Alias Babli
|Saved several children between the ages of 3–6 years, from drowning in the Ganges canal.
|11 years
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|2005
|Dugi alias Minati
|Revolted against child marriage.
|14 years
|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|-
|
|C Susheela
|Revolted against child marriage.
|14 years
|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|-
|
|Mahesh Kumar
|Saved an 11-year-old girl from the jaws of a tiger.
|15 years
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|2006
|Asma Ayyub Khan
|Helped move 35–40 children from her institution to a safe place, during the 2005 Mumbai floods.
|13½ years
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|
|Sushila Gurjar
|Fought against the social evil of child marriage.
|13 years
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|
|Shilpa Janbandhu
|Participated in an anti-[[naxalite]] movement, Salwa Judum, despite threats.
|15 years
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|2007
|Raipalli Vamsi
|Saved five girls from drowning, by diving into the Nagavali river thrice.
|12 years
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|
|Boney Singh
|saved two boys from drowning in a water tank near Sagolband Meino Leirak, Imphal West-I.
|16½ years
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|
|Amol Aghi (posthumously)
|Died chasing robbers in Geeta colony, Panipat.
|15 years
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|2008
|Asu Kanwar
|Displayed amazing courage in standing up against child marriage.
|14 years
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|
|Kavita Kanwar (posthumously) and Seema Kanwar
|Saved their friends from an accidental fire; Kavita died in this accident.
|16 years
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|2009
|Devansh Bidhuri (posthumously)
|Died while saving her brother and his friend from drowning<ref>[http://netindian.in/news/2010/01/18/0004902/21-children-chosen-national-bravery-awards-2009 21 children chosen for National Bravery Awards 2009] NetIndian News Network, 18 January 2010.</ref>
|10 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|
|Deepak Kumar Kori (posthumously)
|Died while trying to save a girl from drowning as villagers looked on.
|12 years
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|
|Vijith V Edonath
|Saved four children from drowning in a river.
|16 years
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|
|Narendrasinh Solanki
|Saved his father from a crocodile in [[Dhadhar River]].
|17 years
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|2010
|Vishnudas K.
|Saved two children from drowning.
|17 years
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|
|Moonis Khan
|Saved an old man from a railway accident.
|15 years
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|
|Ipi Basar
|Rescued his paralyzed 70-year-old aunt and 7-year-old cousin after her village caught fire.
|16 years
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
|2011
|Adithya Gopal (posthumously)
|Tried to save his friend from drowning but died.
|14 yrs
|Arunachal Pradesh
|-
|
|Uma Shankar
|Rescued victims of a bus accident.
|14 yrs
|Delhi
|-
|
|Anjali Singh Gautam
|Saved her younger brother in a [[naxalite]] attack.
|15 yrs
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2012
|Hali Raghunath Baraf
|Saved her pregnant elder sister from a [[leopard|panther]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thane tribal girl to receive National Bravery award on R-Day|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/thane-tribal-girl-to-receive-national-bravery-awardr-day/112994/ |publisher=Business Standard |date=22 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thane tribal girl to get National Bravery award on R-Day for saving sister from panther Maharashtra, Posted on |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-tribal-girl-to-get-national-bravery-award-on-rday-for-saving-sister-from-panther/317124-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621102954/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-tribal-girl-to-get-national-bravery-award-on-rday-for-saving-sister-from-panther/317124-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=IBN Live |date=22 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>
|15 yrs
|Maharashtra
|-
|
|Vijay Kumar Sainik
|
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|
|Akanksha Gaute
|Fought alone with 4 people following her father's bike.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bravery award winners: these 22 children are India's role models| url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bravery-award-winners-these-22-children-are-indias-role-models-595586.html |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=First Post |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
|16 yrs
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|2013
|Sanjay Navasu Sutar
|Outstanding bravery in fighting Leopard.<ref name="2014awardees"/>
|17.5 yrs
|Maharashtra
|-
|
|Akshay Jairam Roj
|Outstanding bravery in fighting Leopard
|13 years
|Maharashtra
|-
|
|Kumari Mausmi Kashyap (Posthumously)
|Sacrificed her life in trying to save a girl from drowning. She has been given the award posthumously.
|11 yrs
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|
|Aryan Raj Shukla (Posthumously)
|Sacrificed his life in saving four of his friends' lives by his sense of duty and heroic action. He has been given an award posthumously.
|14 yrs
|Uttar Pradesh
|-
|
|Rumoh meto
|Helped his elder brother (Milu Mega) stuck to a 33KV high-voltage line.
|13 years
|Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| Tushar Verma
| Risked his life to rescue an elderly neighbour couple with their three cows and two bulls when the house began to burn.
|
| Chhattisgarh<ref name="hindustantimes-Jan 17, 2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/25-children-win-national-bravery-awards/story-JZmeGCQCNBVYobuME6ZfmM.html|title= 25 children win National Bravery Awards |work= IANS|date= 17 Jan 2017}}</ref> 
|}

===Other recipients===
Note: Many others who have received these awards are not listed in this due to the unavailability of the complete information about them.

*'''1982''': Ajmal Khan Gauhar (Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh)
*'''1985''': Abdhesh Kumar Gupta, (Etah, Uttar Pradesh).
*'''1987''': Naga Varaprasad Surikuchi (6) won National Bravery Award for saving his brother from drowning in a well. ('Bhimavaram, Andhrapradesh')
*'''1993''': Prem Prakash Pathak, (lives in Delhi), native place: Gangolihat, District: Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand).
*'''1993''': M Pavitra 6 years (Bhopal Madhya Pradesh/Native K Keeranur, Oddanchatram Taluk/Settled at Chennai, Tamil Nadu). Youngest awardee.
*'''1987''': Vikas D. Satam (Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra), Saurabh Oberoi (posthumous, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan) and Savottam Jeevan Raksha Padhak 1988; Shantanu Oberoi (Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, ICCW-Rajasthan 1988)
*'''1990''': Prashant Singh (Rewa, Madhya Pradesh), Prabhakar (Uttar Pradesh).
*'''1994''': Nilesh Umale, (12) (Vidarbha, Maharashtra)
*'''1995''': Shivshankar Madhukar Bidri killer earthquake 1993 two persons saved life{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
*'''1997''': [[Nandan Jha|Nandan Kumar Jha]], (15) (Adityapur, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand)<ref>{{cite journal|title=जमशेदपुर शाखा के मुख्य शिक्षक को राष्ट्रपति का बहादुरी पुरस्कार|journal=[[Panchjanya (magazine)|Panchjanya Magazine]]|date=5 September 1998|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='न्यूज वर्ल्ड इंडिया' में नंदन कुमार झा का हुआ प्रमोशन, अब संभालेंगे ये अहम जिम्मेदारी...|url=http://samachar4media.com/nandan-jha-has-been-promoted-in-news-world-india-as-coo|website=@samachar4media|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023701/http://samachar4media.com/nandan-jha-has-been-promoted-in-news-world-india-as-coo|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2000''': [[Richa Tiwari (Public Figure)|Richa Tiwari]],([[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]) Saved her sister Mansi from drowning in a pond.<ref name=ajabgajab>{{cite web|title=Richa Tiwari|url=https://www.glam.ajabgazab.com/blog/richa-tiwari/|publisher=ajab-gazab|access-date=12 May 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Richa Tiwari WordPress">{{cite web|title=Richa Tiwari Bio|url= http://richatiwarisarticle.wordpress.com/richa-tiwari/|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
*'''2001''': Aakash Sabharwal (Delhi), Amrik Singh (Jammu & Kashmir) Ashwini Kamath, Andy Tenita Fernandes, Shruti Ullal, Sridevi Damodar, K.J. Kamaraju and Shilpa Satish Tamadaddi (Karnataka); Katta Trinadh and Putta Someshwar (Andhra Pradesh); Sanath (Kerala), Lalitha Devi Yadav, Mehul Sanyal (Bhopal), and Ritu Singh Tomar (Madhya Pradesh), Nijal Omprakash Patil, Narendra Shantaram Bithale, Sharvari Sudhir Mali, Mitali Khanapurkar of Maharashtra, Bhoopendra Singh Bainiwal (Rajasthan), Reshma Mohapatra from Orissa (posthumous), Nikhil (Posthumous), Lalmunsanga, Johny Lalnunfela (Mizoram).<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020213172252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/24/stories/2002012405200900.htm Ready to face war with courage: PM]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 24 January 2002.</ref>
* '''2002''': Prithi Singh (10), Aparajit Singh (11), Swapnali Harishchandra Ghag (13), Rukaiya Begum (14), Nikky Maria Jacob (14), Jessamma George (16), Ashok Kumar Choudhary (18), Abdul Razak CM (16), Mumthaz TM (12), Balkrishna Upadhyay (17), Shreshthi Amrit Gorule (17), Naseer Khan (13) and Justin K Tom (19).<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35099096.cms Brave young hearts] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 21 January 2003.</ref>
* '''2003''': Chuneshwari Kothalis, Ramsadharan (Chhattisgarh), Nitin Uttamrao Kakde, Dyaneshwar Manikrao Kakade, Raju Namdev Kakde, Satyam Mahendra Khandekar, Skiewtidaris Lyngkhoi (Meghalaya), Pratap Vikubhai Khachar (Gujarat), Neelam Rani, Sarita Tyagi, Sunita Devi Sighdoya, Swati Tyagi, Sushma Rani (Haryana), G. Kranthi Kumar, Thotakura Mahesh (Andhra Pradesh) Ram Nayan Yadav (Uttar Pradesh), Harish Rana (Uttarakhand), Ajith Kumar P.T, Saneesh K.S, Suramya U.R. (Kerala).<ref name=expp>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=68048 R-Day honour for 26 brave children] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226043840/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=68048 |date=26 February 2009 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 14 November 2003.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040903185617/http://sify.com/news/othernews/fullstory.php?id=13307912 26 children selected for Bravery Awards] [[Sify.com]], 13 November 2003.</ref>
* '''2004''':Hotilal, Km Mahima Tiwari both from Uttar Pradesh, Master Ramandeep Singh and Master Pawan Kumar of Punjab (Joint Deed), Master RK Rahul Singh of Manipur, Km Shiney TA, Master Sajan Antony, Master TP Krishna Prasad and Master Johncy Samuel all from Kerala, Master Khiangdingliana of Mizoram, Km Priyanka of Haryana, Master Gopal Singh Sondia of Madhya Pradesh, Master B Sai Kushal of Andhra Pradesh and Master Vinod R. Jain of Karnataka.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=6621&kwd= National Bravery Awards 2004] Press Release, Press Information Bureau (PIB), [[Govt. of India]]. 18 January 2005.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321074539/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/26/stories/2005012601511500.htm Bravery awards for children presented] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 26 January 2005.</ref>
* '''2005''':Master Sarath sabu, Km. Divya TV, Late Master Shibu T (all from Kerala), Master Laxman (Chhattisgarh), Master Mukesh Kumar Tanwar (Madhya Pradesh), Master Puttijungshi (Nagaland), Master Nelson Karam, Km L. Pusparani Devi (both from Manipur), Master Nagarani Venkateswara Rao (Andhra Pradesh), Master Santosh Ramesh Dahe (Maharashtra).<ref name=pib>[http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=15034&kwd=national+bravery National Bravery Awards-2005] Press Release, Press Information Bureau (PIB), [[Govt. of India]].</ref>
*'''2006''': Master Aakash Saha (New Delhi), S/O Ravi Saha & Purnima Saha was awarded for helping and donating blood at the age of 15, was taken under custody for donating blood being a minor by Delhi Police however was applauded later and awarded by Dr A P J Abdul Kalam on Republic Day.
* '''2006''': Km. Deepa Kumari, Master Sudhir Jakhar, Master Pawan Kumar Parashar, Master Rajender Kumar (all from Rajasthan), Kumari Anita Singh Lodh (Madhya Pradesh), Master David Kino (Arunachal Pradesh), Master Michael N.George (Delhi), Master Joel Salim Jacob (Kerala), Master Parth S Sutaria, Kum Antara Srivastava, Kum Ankita Ashok Bhosle (all from Maharashtra), Km. Paonam Babyrose Devi (Manipur), Km. Pooja Kabadwal (Uttarakhand), Master Rahul Chaurasia (Uttar Pradesh).<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=24171 National Bravery awards for Children – 2006] Press Information Bureau (PIB), [[Govt. of India]].</ref>
* '''2007''': Master Raveendra Halder, Master Ravi Kumar Jhariya, Master Awadhesh Kumar Jhariya, Master Manas Nishad (all from Chhattisgarh), Master Vishnu C.S., Master Bijin Babu (both from Kerala), Master Kavvampalli Rajkumar, Master Pinjari Chinigi Sab (both from Andhra Pradesh), Km. Meher Legha (Noida, UP), Master Ankit Rai, Late Master Abhishake and Late Master Suraj (all from Haryana), Master Subhash Kumar (U.P.), Km. Congress Kanwar (Rajasthan) and Master Sunil Kumar P.N. (Karnataka).<ref name=red>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18brave.htm National Bravery Awards for 24 kids] ''[[Rediff.com]]'', 18 January 2007.</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34757 National Bravery Awards 2007] Press Release, Press Information Bureau (PIB), [[Govt. of India]], 18 January 2008</ref>
* '''2008''': Master Gagan J. Murthy, Km. Bhoomika J. Murthy (Karnataka), Km. Silver Kharbani (Meghalaya), Master Yumkhaibam Addison Singh (Manipur), Master Vishal Suryaji Patil (Maharashtra), Master Shahanshah (Uttar Pradesh), Km. Dinu K.G. (Kerala), Master M. Marudu Pandi (Tamil Nadu), Km. Anita Kora, Km. Rina Kora (West Bengal), Km. Manjusha A (Kerala), Km. Kritika Jhanwar (Rajasthan), Km. Hina Quereshi (Rajasthan), Master Manish Bansal (Haryana) and Master Rahul (New Delhi).<ref name=to>[http://www.4to40.com/newsat4/index.asp?id=2448&category=national National Bravery Award 2008 given away] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919145718/http://www.4to40.com/newsat4/index.asp?id=2448&category=national |date=19 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=46780 National Bravery Awards for Children – 2008] Press Release, Press Information Bureau (PIB), [[Govt. of India]].</ref> For the first time, an award-winner's real name was withheld, as he identified the men who planted bombs on Barakhamba Road in New Delhi, during [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings]], and helped police make sketches of the suspects.<ref name=hind>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122092120/http://hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011857730100.htm National bravery awards for 20] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 18 January 2009.</ref>
* '''2009''': Uddesh R. Ramnathkar (Goa); Zonunsanga and Lalrammawia (Mizoram); Sujith R., Amal Anthony, Krishnapriya K. and Sujith Kumar P. (all from Kerala); Dijekshon Syiem (Meghalaya); Thoi Thoi Khumanthem (Manipur); Vaishaliben Sambhubhai Solanki (Gujarat); Rekha Kalindi, Sunita Mahato and Afsana Khatun, (all from West Bengal); and Yogesh Kumar Jangid (Rajasthan).<ref name=ht>{{cite news |title=FIGHTING FOR A CAUSE – These are real bravehearts|url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Default.aspx?Id=362F6F58785274657530336F6E33736842396C6F524878386C75356C31434F394F567859347364316F4E413D |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-18/jaipur/27997801_1_national-bravery-awards-girl-power-zila-parishad National Bravery Awards: Girl trio make Rajasthan proud] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 18 January 2009.</ref>
* '''2010''': Kalpana Sonowal and Rekhamoni Sonowal (Assam), Rahul Kurrey and Parvati Amlesh (Chhattisgarh), Anoop. M. and Raj Narayanan (Kerala), Rohit Maruti Mulik (Maharashtra), Md. Nurul Huda (Macnipur), Freedy Nongsiej and Lovelystar K. Sohphoh (Meghalaya), Lalmawizuali (Mizoram), Gurjeevan Singh (Punjab), Late Km. Chhampa Kanwar and Shrawan Kumar (6yrs) (Rajasthan), Bibek Sharma (Sikkim), Uttam Kumar (Uttar Pradesh), Late Km. Shruti Lodhi (Uttarakhand) and Sunita Murmu (West Bengal).<ref name="hi2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/18/stories/2011011856481500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122073801/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/18/stories/2011011856481500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=23 children selected for bravery awards|date=18 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="23ch">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/23-children-get-bravery-award-this-year/articleshow/7306129.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126031345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-18/delhi/28361631_1_national-bravery-awards-priyanshu-joshi-chhampa-kanwar|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=23 children get bravery award this year|date=18 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="pib2011">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=69116|title=National Bravery Awards|date=17 January 2011|publisher=PIB, Ministry of Defence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/national-bravery-awards-winners-republic-day-2011-126755-2011-01-17|title=National Bravery Award winners set to be honoured on Republic Day|date=18 January 2011|publisher=India Today |access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref>
* '''2011''': Yandam Amara Uday Kiran and Suthrapu Shiva Prasad (Andhra Pradesh), Ranjan Pradhan and Km. Sheetal Sadvi Saluja (Chhattisgarh), Km. Divyaben Mansangbhai Chauhan (Gujarat), Sandesh P Hegde and Km. Sindhushree B.A. (Karnataka), Mohammed Nishadh V.P., Anshif C.K. and Sahsad K (Kerala), Johnson Tourangbam and Kshetrimayum Rakesh Singh (Manipur), Late C. Lalduhawma (Mizoram), Km. Prasannta Shandilya (Orissa), Dungar Singh (Rajasthan), G. Parameswaran (Tamil Nadu), Late Km. Lovely Verma (Uttar Pradesh) and Late Km. Saudhita Barman (West Bengal).<ref name=mod12>{{cite web |title=National Bravery Awards |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79695 |date=18 January 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, PIB}}</ref>
* '''2012''': Ramdinthara (Mizoram, posthumous),<ref name=cnn13/> Devansh Tiwari (Chhattisgarh), Mukesh Nishad (Chhattisgarh), Lalrinhlua (Mizoram), E. Suganthan (Tamil Nadu), Ramith.K, (Kerala), Mebin Cyriac (Kerala), Vishnu MV (Kerala), Koroungamba Kuman (Manipur, 7 yrs),<ref name=cnn13/> Sameep Anil Pandit (Maharashtra), Viswendra Lohkna (Uttar Pradesh), Satendra Lohkana (Uttar Pradesh), Pawan Kumar Kanaujiya (Uttar Pradesh), [[Mahika Sharma]] ([[Assam]]) Stripleaseman Mylliem (Meghalaya), Sapna Kumari Meena (Rajasthan), Suhail KM (Karnataka).<ref>[http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/01/list-of-national-bravery-awards-2013-winners/ List of National Bravery Awards 2013 Winners]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Bravery Awards 2013 |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/republicday/pdf/bravery_awards_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001839/http://knowindia.gov.in/republicday/pdf/bravery_awards_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2013 |date=Jan 2013 |publisher=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
* '''2015''': [[Labhanshu Sharma]] (15) (Rishikesh, Uttarakhand)<ref>{{cite news|title=17-year-old bravery award winner awaits recognition from state government – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/17-year-old-bravery-award-winner-awaits-recognition-from-state-government/articleshow/46347321.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.iccw.in/national_bravery.html}}
* [http://www.iccw.in/scheme_details.html National Awards for Bravery, webpage] at Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204121246/http://india.gov.in/myindia/bravery_awards.php National Bravery Award] ‘[[Govt. of India]] Portal.
* [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/25sld.htm Special Feature: Meet India's Braveheart, a detailed profile of 19 awardees, of year 2004] [[Rediff.com]]
* [http://www.dsalert.org/gallantry-awards/bravery-awards Recipients of Bravery Awards 2012]

[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1957]]

Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao

2025-11-12T07:29:01Z

Robctr: Started a bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = Vepada Demudu,Chilakamma
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2029
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|8|30}}
}}

'''Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao''' or '''Dr.Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao''' (born 4 June 1972) is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] constituency [[Srikakulam]],[[Visakhapatnam]],[[Vizianagaram]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao(TDP):(ELECTED BY GRADUATES MLC election) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tdps-chiranjeevi-rao-wins-north-andhra-graduate-mlc-seat/article66635367.ece|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public representative {{!}} Srikakulam District {{!}} India |url=https://vizianagaram.ap.gov.in/whoswho/sri-pvn-madhav/|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/promoting-holistic-wellness-through-a-month-long-drive-973175|website=thehansindia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Vepada Chiranjeevi Rao, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=170&p_auth=ipy92SxB|website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name="TDP’s Chiranjeevi Rao wins North Andhra Graduate MLC seat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TDP’s Chiranjeevi Rao wins North Andhra Graduate MLC seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tdps-chiranjeevi-rao-wins-north-andhra-graduate-mlc-seat/article66635367.ece |access-date=1 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701045221/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tdps-chiranjeevi-rao-wins-north-andhra-graduate-mlc-seat/article66635367.ece |archive-date=1 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="TDP wins North Andhra Graduates’ MLC seat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TDP wins North Andhra Graduates’ MLC seat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Mar/18/tdp-wins-north-andhra-graduates-mlc-seat-2557174.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=18 March 2023 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vepada, Chiranjeevi, Rao}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Siege of Parenda (1634)

2025-10-24T09:33:17Z

Robctr:

{{Short description|1634 siege between the Mughal Empire and Bijapur Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Parenda
| image =
| caption =
| date = 24 February – May 1634
| place = [[Paranda Fort]], [[Western Deccan]] (present-day [[Maharashtra, India]])
| result = Bijapur – Ahmadnagar victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] [[Mahabat Khan]] Khan Zaman [[Jai Singh I]]
| commander2 = [[Murari Pandit]] [[Randaula Khan]] [[Shahaji]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''siege of Parenda (1634)''' was a 17th-century military conflict between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] of the Bijapur Sultanate over [[Paranda Fort|Parenda Fort]], wherein Mughal forces besieged the Adil Shahi fort for four months. The siege took place during the reigns of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] and Bijapur Sultan [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]]. It was the second Mughal siege of the fort following a failed attempt in 1631, and was part of a string of Mughal military campaigns in the [[Western Deccan]]. The siege was led by Mughal general [[Mahabat Khan]], [[Viceroy of the Deccan|governor of the Deccan]], though the young prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] was its nominal commander. The siege lasted four months and was unsuccessful, with the fort remaining in Adil Shahi control.

== Background ==
The siege of Parenda occurred at a time when the Mughals under emperor [[Shah Jahan]] had been steadily attacking forts in the territory of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], of which the sieges of [[Kandhar Fort|Qandahar]], [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]], and [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] are examples. At this time, [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]] ruled over the Bijapur Sultanate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2011 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7 |location=Boulder, Colo |pages=228}}</ref> The fort of Parenda had been under the control of the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty]] of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, until a governor sold the fort to the [[Adil Shahi]] sultan.<ref name=":0" /> In 1631, the Mughals had tried to besiege the fort under the command of Azam Khan, but this endeavor failed due to a lack of adequate resources for supporting the imperial army.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> The [[viceroy of the Deccan]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiVw3feqcygC |title=The Modern Review |date=1917 |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mahabat Khan]] thereafter advised the young Mughal prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] to consider another offensive against the fort of Parenda, as a means to consolidating authority over the outer territories of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate; the sultanate had just been symbolically defeated with Mahabat Khan's successful [[siege of Daulatabad (1633)]]. Another provided justification was that Parenda could serve as a military base to campaign against the Bijapur Sultanate;<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of India |date=1955 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=193–194 |language=en}}</ref> the fort had great strategic importance as there was no other fortified position between Parenda and the Sultanate's capital city of [[Bijapur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Flores |first=Jorge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZoREQAAQBAJ |title=Empire of Contingency: How Portugal Entered the Indo-Persian World |date=2024-10-15 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-2645-6 |pages=99–102 |language=en}}</ref>

Mahabat Khan deputed expeditions led by his son Khan Zaman in the frontier of the Bijapur Sultanate. The latter also worked to establish military outposts spanning the line between Daulatabad and Parenda, so as to block off any Maratha forces. However, [[Shahji Bhonsle]] raised a puppet ruler to the Nizam Shahi throne and harassed the Mughal forces, which eased the pressure on Parenda and required that a Mughal force be deputed to deal with Shahji. This thwarted Khan Zaman's attempt to capture Parenda.<ref name=":2" />

== Siege ==
In response to Khan Zaman's failed attempt, Mahabat Khan himself and prince Shah Shuja left the Mughal base at [[Malkapur, Karad|Malkapur]], and marched to Parenda with a large army to besiege the fort personally, dating to 24 February 1634.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Shah Shuja was the nominal commander of the army, with Mahabat Khan his right-hand man. [[Rajput]] noble [[Jai Singh I]] acted as the force's vanguard, arriving in the vicinity of Parenda in January. He later led a night surprise attack on the enemy's baggage camp on the 14th of March.<ref name=":4" /> Due to the lingering effects of the [[Deccan famine of 1630–1632]], resources to support the imperial army such as grass and firewood were scarce in the area, which posed a challenge to the Mughal forces; foraging expeditions had to be sent to distant areas where they were more vulnerable to attacks. Mahabat Khan himself was nearly captured on one such expedition, before being rescued by [[Khwaja Sabir|Nasiri Khan]].<ref name=":2" /> The Adil Shahi commanders [[Murari Pandit]] and [[Randaula Khan]] with Nizam Shahi commander [[Shahaji]] supported the fort with an armed force, which deterred Mughal efforts.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=https://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-times-by-gajanan-bhaskar-mehendale_202312 |title=Shivaji His Life & Times |pages=207-208}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The imperial army was also poorly organised, and Shah Shuja was not able to effectively control his generals. In light of the fact that seasonal rains were due, Mahabat Khan advised Shah Shuja to retreat to [[Burhanpur]]; the siege was lifted in May of the same year,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&dq=siege+parenda+1634&pg=PA102 |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |pages=102–103 |language=en}}</ref> having lasted four months.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

The siege of Parenda was closely monitored by the [[Portuguese State of India]], likely due to the strategic importance of the fort.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
According to scholar Douglas Streusand, the failed siege had an adverse impact on the area surrounding the fort; approximately 1,256 square miles were depleted of food, and 5,017 square miles were depleted of fodder.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2011 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7 |location=Boulder, Colo |pages=285}}</ref> Parenda Fort remained in Bijapur's hands and fell to Mughal control much later, only through bribery during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/15316.pdf |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |year=1926 |pages=17–18}}</ref> Disappointed by the failure of the siege, Shah Jahan recalled Shah Shuja and Khan Zaman to the imperial court, and reprimanded Mahabat Khan; Mahabat Khan died shortly after in October 1634 from natural causes.<ref name=":2" /> Some court chronicles of Shah Jahan's reign, though not all, omit mention of the Parenda siege, indicating that Shah Jahan wished to overlook this military failure.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Parenda 1634]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:17th-century sieges]]
[[Category:1630s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1634]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]

National TB Elimination Program (India)

2025-09-30T22:50:33Z

Robctr: Creating a page w/ refs

{{Short description|Public health initiative in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation = NTEP
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| mission_statement =
| type =
| country = India
| primeminister =
| key_people =
| launched = 1997
| closed = 
| budget =
| current_status =
| website = {{URL|https://tbcindia.gov.in/}} {{url|https://www.nikshay.in/Home/AboutUs|Project Monitoring Portal}} }}
The '''National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP),''' earlier known as the '''Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)''', is the [[Public health|Public Health]] initiative of the [[Government of India]] that organizes its anti-Tuberculosis efforts. It functions as a flagship component of the [[National Health Mission|National Health Mission (NHM)]] and provides technical and managerial leadership to anti-tuberculosis activities in the country. As per the National Strategic Plan 2017–25, the program has a vision of achieving a "TB free India", with a strategies under the broad themes of "Prevent, Detect, Treat and Build pillars for universal coverage and social protection".<ref name=NSP2017-26>{{cite book|title=National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Control, 2017-2025|date=June 2020|publisher=Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|url=https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/090220211600NSP_2020_2025_Draft_V7_28th_Aug_20.docx}}</ref> The program provides, various free of cost, quality tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment services across the country through the government health system.

== Program Structure ==
[[File:NTEP Hierarchy.png|alt=NTEP Hierarchy|right|The organizational structure of NTEP]]
The program is managed through a four-level hierarchy from the national level down to the sub-district (Tuberculosis Unit) level. At the country level the program is led by the Central TB Division under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. The State TB Cell and the District TB Office govern the activities of the program at the state and district level respectively. At the sub-district/ Block level activities are organized under the Tuberculosis Unit (TB Unit). The Central TB Division is headed by a Deputy Director General - TB (DDG-TB) and is the National Program Manager. The administrative command falls to the Additional Secretary and Director General (NTEP and [[National AIDS Control Organisation|NACO]]) and the Joint Secretary-TB. Under the Central TB Division, a number of National Level Expert Committees and National Institutes for Tuberculosis, advise and assist in various programmatic functions. At the State level, a State TB Officer and at District level a District TB Officer manages the program.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India TB Report 2019|publisher=Central TB Division, MoHFW|year=2019|location=New Delhi|pages=3–6}}</ref>

== Laboratory Services ==

Diagnostic services under the program are provided through a network of various types of laboratories operating in a three tier fashion. At the service/ facility level there are microscopy and rapid molecular tests, constituting the first tier. The second tier is constituted by Intermediate Reference Laboratories(IRL) and Culture and Drug Susceptibility Testing (C&DST) Labs, which provide advanced DST facilities and supervisory support to the first tier. The National Reference Laboratories constitute the third tier, and provide quality assurance and certification services for C&DST labs and co-ordinate with WHO Supra National Reference Laboratory Network.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO Supra-National Laboratory Network|url=https://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/laboratory/srl-network/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030071533/http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/laboratory/srl-network/en/|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In addition to the above, Chest Radiography, available at tertiary and secondary healthcare levels, also play an important role in screening for Tuberculosis signs and clinical diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Technical and Operational Guidelines for TB Control in India 2016|publisher=Central TB Division, MoHFW|year=2016|location=New Delhi|page=10}}</ref>

=== Designated Microscopy Centers (DMC) ===
Sputum smear microscopy, using the [[Ziehl–Neelsen stain]]ing technique, is conducted at the DMCs. This is the most widely available test with over 20,000 quality controlled laboratories across India. For diagnosis, two sputum samples are collected over two days (as spot-morning/morning-spot) from chest symptomatic (patients with presenting with a history of cough for two weeks or more) to arrive at a diagnosis. In addition to the test's high [[sensitivity and specificity#Specificity|specificity]], the use of two samples ensures that the diagnostic procedure has a high (>99%) test [[sensitivity and specificity#Sensitivity|sensitivity]] as well.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

=== Rapid Molecular Testing Labs ===
Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) using the [[GeneXpert MTB/RIF|GeneXpert]] Platform, and [[Truenat|TruNat]] are rapid [[Molecular diagnostics|molecular tests]] for TB diagnosis and [[Rifampicin]] resistance detection . This test is the first choice of diagnostic test for high risk population, children, [[Contact tracing|contacts]] of drug resistant cases and PLHA(Patient Living With HIV AIDS) . Currently there are about 1200 CBNAAT and 200 TruNat laboratories in the country, at the district and in some cases at a sub-district level{{cn|date=May 2023}}.

=== Culture and Drug Susceptibility Testing Labs ===
Advanced tests such as the Line Probe Assay, Liquid and Solid Culture, and Drug Susceptibility Testing are available at C&DST(Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing) Labs are located at a few select places in the state, often within the IRL; these provide additional drug resistance/ susceptibility testing services for a number of Anti-TB drugs.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

== Treatment Services ==

Standardized treatment regimen composed of multiple [[Tuberculosis management|anti-Tuberculosis drugs]] are provided through the program. Typically, drug regimen consist of an intensive phase of about two to six months and a longer continuation phase of four to one and half years.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

Based on the nature of [[Antimicrobial resistance|anti-microbial resistance]] to the disease different treatment regimen are offered through the program. New Cases and those which exhibit no resistance are offered a six-month, short course of the four first line drugs; [[Isoniazid]]-H: [[Rifampicin]]-R, [[Pyrazinamide]]-Z, and [[Ethambutol]]-E. The drugs are administered through daily weight band based doses of [[Combination drug|Fixed Dose Combinations]], consisting of HRZE for the intensive phase of two months and HRE for the continuation phase of four months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOG-Chapter 4-Treatment of TB Part 1 :: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|url=https://tbcindia.gov.in/showfile.php?lid=3219|access-date=2020-06-21|website=tbcindia.gov.in}}</ref> For drug resistant cases, depending upon the pattern of drug resistance a number of regimen are available composed of a combination of 13 drugs.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

== Public private partnership under RNTCP ==

In India a sizable proportion of the people with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis approach the private sector for their immediate health care needs. However, the private sector is overburdened, and lacks the capacity to treat such high volumes of patients. RNTCP-recommended Private-Provider Interface Agencies (PPIAs) help treat and track high volumes of patients through offering treatment vouchers, electronic case notification, and information systems for patient tracking.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001842|title=Achieving Systemic and Scalable Private Sector Engagement in Tuberculosis Care and Prevention in Asia|year=2015|last1=Wells|first1=William A.|last2=Uplekar|first2=Mukund|last3=Pai|first3=Madhukar|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=12|issue=6|article-number=e1001842|pmid=26103555|pmc=4477873 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Due to lacking training and coordination amongst private providers, adherence to the RNTCP protocol is quite variable amongst private providers,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0149862|doi-access=free|title=How do Urban Indian Private Practitioners Diagnose and Treat Tuberculosis? A Cross-Sectional Study in Chennai|year=2016|last1=Bronner Murrison|first1=Liza|last2=Ananthakrishnan|first2=Ramya|last3=Sukumar|first3=Sumanya|last4=Augustine|first4=Sheela|last5=Krishnan|first5=Nalini|last6=Pai|first6=Madhukar|last7=Dowdy|first7=David W.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=2|article-number=e0149862|pmid=26901165|pmc=4762612|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1149862B}}</ref> and less than 1% of private providers comply with all RNTCP recommendations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|pmid = 23413398|year = 2013|last1 = Verma|first1 = R.|last2 = Khanna|first2 = P.|last3 = Mehta|first3 = B.|title = Revised national tuberculosis control program in India: The need to strengthen|journal = International Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume = 4|issue = 1|pages = 1–5|pmc = 3570899}}</ref> There is need for regularizing the varied anti-tubercular treatment regimens used by [[general practitioners]] and other private sector players. The treatment carried out by the private practitioners vary from that of the RNTCP treatment. Once treatment is started in the usual way for the private sector, it is difficult for the patient to change to the RNTCP panel. Studies have shown that faulty anti-TB prescriptions in the private sector in India ranges from 50% to 100% and this is a matter of concern for the healthcare services in TB currently being provided by the largely unregulated private sector in India.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

== History ==
India has had a TB Control Program since 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme {{!}} National Health Portal Of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/revised-national-tuberculosis-control-programme_pg|access-date=2017-07-18|website=www.nhp.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> Since then it has re-organized itself two times; first into the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) in 1997 and then into the National Tuberculosis Elimination program in 2020.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

=== National TB Program- NTP (1962–1997) ===
TB control efforts got organized with the National TB program (NTP) primarily focusing on BCG vaccinations as a preventive measure.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

At that time, the Indian government lacked the financial backing to meet its public health goals. Therefore, external sources of funding and administration, often from the WHO and UN, became common in the realm of public health.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 4419132|title = Political Culture of Health in India: A Historical Perspective|last1 = Amrith|first1 = Sunil|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|year = 2007|volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 114–121}}</ref> In 1992, the WHO and Swedish International Development Agency evaluated the NTCP, finding that it lacked funding, information on health outcomes, consistency across management and treatment regimens, and efficient diagnostic techniques.<ref name=":1" />

=== Revised National TB Control Program- RNTCP (1997–2020) ===
In order to overcome the deficiencies of the NTP, the Government decided to give a new thrust to TB control activities by revitalising the NTP, with assistance from international agencies, in 1993. Given TB's high curability rate 6–12 months after diagnosis, moving toward a clinical and treatment-based strategy was a sensible progression from the NTP.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/QAD.0000000000000515|title=The contrasting cultures of HIV and tuberculosis care|year=2015|last1=Daftary|first1=Amrita|last2=Calzavara|first2=Liviana|last3=Padayatchi|first3=Nesri|journal=AIDS|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–4|pmid=25387315|pmc=4770012}}</ref> The Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) thus formulated, adopted the internationally recommended Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, as the most systematic and cost-effective approach to revitalise the TB control programme in India. DOTS was adopted as a strategy for provision of treatment to increase the treatment completion rates. Political and administrative commitment were some of its core strategies, to ensure the provision of organized and comprehensive TB control services was obtained. Adoption of smear microscopy for reliable and early diagnosis was introduced in a decentralized manner in the general health services. Supply of drugs was also strengthened to provide assured supply of drugs to meet the requirements of the system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|pmid = 22771603|year = 2012|last1 = Sachdeva|first1 = K. S.|last2 = Kumar|first2 = A.|last3 = Dewan|first3 = P.|last4 = Kumar|first4 = A.|last5 = Satyanarayana|first5 = S.|title = New vision for Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP): Universal access - "reaching the un-reached"|journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume = 135|issue = 5|pages = 690–694|pmc = 3401704}}</ref> The RNTCP was built on the infrastructure and systems built through the NTP. Major additions to the RNTCP, over and above the structures established under the NTP, was the establishment of a sub-district supervisory unit, known as a TB Unit, with dedicated RNTCP supervisors posted, and decentralization of both diagnostic and treatment services, with treatment given under the support of DOT (directly observed treatment) providers.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

Large-scale implementation of the RNTCP began in late 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RNTCP {{!}} Government of India TB Treatment Education & Care|language=en-GB|work=TB Facts.org|url=https://www.tbfacts.org/rntcp/|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> Expansion of the programme was undertaken in a phased manner with rigid appraisals of the districts prior to starting service delivery. In the first phase of RNTCP (1998–2005), the programme's focus was on ensuring expansion of quality DOTS services to the entire country. The initial 5-year project plan was to implement the RNTCP in 102 districts of the country and strengthen another 203 Short Course Chemotherapy (SCC) districts for introduction of the revised strategy at a later stage. The Government of India took up the massive challenge of nationwide expansion of the RNTCP and covering the whole country under RNTCP by the year 2005, and to reach the global targets for TB control on case detection and treatment success. The structural arrangements for funds transfer and to account for the resources deployed were developed and thus the formation of the State and District TB Control Societies was under- taken. The systems were further strengthened and the programme was scaled up for national coverage in 2005. India achieved country wide coverage under RNTCP in March 2006.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

This was followed up with RNTCP Phase II, developed based on the lessons learnt from the implementation of the programme over the previous 12-year period, from 2006 onwards. During this period the programme aimed to widen services both in terms of activities and access, and to sustain the achievements. The second phase aimed to maintain at least a 70% case detection rate of new smear positive cases as well as maintain a cure rate of at least 85%, in order to achieve the TB-related targets set by the [[Millennium Development Goals]] for 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.20529/IJME.2014.013|title=XDR-TB: An outcome of programmatic management of TB in India|year=2014|last1=Mishra|first1=Gyanshankar|last2=Ghorpade|first2=S. V.|last3=Mulani|first3=J.|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=11|issue=1|pages=47–52|pmid=24509111|doi-access=free}}</ref> The design of the RNTCP II remained almost the same as that of RNTCP I but additional requirements of quality assured diagnosis and treatment were built in through schemes to increase the participation of private sector providers and also inclusion of DOTS+ for MDR TB and XDR TB. Systematic research and evidence building to inform the programme for better design was also included as an important component. The Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization were also addressed in the design. The challenges imposed by the structures under NRHM were also taken into account.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

NIKSHAY, the web based reporting for TB programme has been another notable achievement initiated in 2012 and has enabled capture and transfer of individual patient data from the remotest health institutions of the country.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

=== National TB Elimination Program- NTEP (2020-till date) ===
Consolidating a series of rapid and progressive advancements in RNTCP from 2016 onward, and with Government of India's commitment to achieve the END TB targets 5 years earlier, RNTCP was renamed as the National TB Elimination Program. The change came into effect from 1 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravindranath|first=Prasad|date=2020-01-17|title=India's TB control programme renamed to reflect its intent on ending TB|url=https://journosdiary.com/2020/01/17/india-name-change-tb-control-programme-rntcp-ntep/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Science Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> This decision was declared by Special Secretary, Sanjeeva Kumar, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in a letter to all the State Chief Secretaries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AuthorTelanganaToday|title=TB eradication mission renamed|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tb-eradication-mission-renamed|access-date=2020-01-02|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Public health system in India]]
* [[Epidemiology of tuberculosis]]
* [[Tuberculosis management]]
* [[Tuberculosis diagnosis]]
* [[DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course)]]
* [[Stop TB Partnership]]
* [[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nikshay.in Nikshay], A web based solution for monitoring of TB patients to monitor RNTCP
* [http://www.tbcindia.gov.in Tuberculosis Control India's Homepage on RNTCP]
* [http://www.nirt.res.in/ National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Tuberculosis Research Center, Chennai
* [http://ntiindia.org.in/ NTI Bangalore] [[National Tuberculosis Institute|The National Tuberculosis Institute]], Bangalore

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Health programmes in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis in India]]