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Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology

2026-05-05T17:50:17Z

Robbub: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}
{{notability| date=April 2026}}
}}
[[File:VVIET, Mysore (346808403).jpg|thumb|Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
{{Infobox university
|name = Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology
|image =
|established = 1997
|type = Private [[Engineering College]]
|principal = Dr. Karibasappa Kwadiki
|faculty =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|city = [[Mysore]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = {{cr|India}}
|coor = {{coord|12|18|13.3|N|76|42|36.9|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|campus = [[Urban area]] {{convert|65|acre|m2}}
|colors = Blue & purple
|mascot =
|free_label =
|free =
|affiliations =[[Visvesvaraya Technological University|VTU]], AICTE, [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] and [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
|website = {{URL|http://vidyavikasengineering.com/}} }}

'''Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VVIET)''' is a private engineering college in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India. It was started in the year 1997, as part of the mission of the Vidya Vikas Educational Trust (VVET).

== History ==
Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VVIET) is a private engineering college in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India. It was started in the year 1997, as part of the mission of the Vidya Vikas Educational Trust (VVET).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://vidyavikas.edu.in/about |access-date=April 15, 2026 |website=Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The main building includes [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate programmes]]. The [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] disciplines are housed in a separate block, offset from main building. The campus also include a hostel. Its grounds include a [[stadium]] for [[cricket]], [[association football|football]] and concerts.

== Academics ==
VVIET is an engineering college recognized by the [[Government of Karnataka]], and the [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE), [[New Delhi]], affiliated to the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University|Vishweswaraya Technological University]] (VTU), [[Belgaum]], and governed by Vidya Vikas Educational Trust.

The Institution has five undergraduate programmes and two postgraduate programmes.
===Undergraduate (UG)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Department
! Department head
|-
| Civil Engineering (CE) (i/c)
| Dr. Adarsh S
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering (CS & E)
| Dr. Somashekhar
|-
| Electrical & Electronics Engineering (E & E) (i/c)
| Prof. Manjunath
|-
| Electronics & Communication Engineering (E & C)
| Dr. Suma
|-
| Information Science & Engineering (IS & E)
| Dr. Chandru AS
|-
| Basic Science & Humanities
| Dr. C. S. Chidan Kumar
|-
|Library and Information Centre
| Dr. Shylendra Kumar B (Chief Librarian)
|}

===Postgraduate (PG)===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Program
! Department head
|-
| Management and Business Studies (MBA)
| Dr. Vasanthi Reena Williams
|-
| Master of Computer Applications (MCA)
| Dr. Soumyashri
|}

== Student life ==
Every year, annual college day is celebrated in the middle of the year; mostly during the months of April or May. Apart from this, many academic, co-academic and extra-academic activities are held throughout the year. A three-day state-level technical exhibition was also conducted in late 2012 in the [[Government of Karnataka]] - VVIET association. A state-level mathematics conference was also held at the camput in the end of May 2013. Concerts and various college festivals are held on the campus.

== Other institutions under VVET ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Institution
! Affiliation
|-
| Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[Mysore]]
| Recognised by AICTE, affiliated to [[VTU]]
|-
| Vidya Vikas Institute of Management Studies, [[Mysore]]
| Recognised by AICTE, affiliated to VTU
|-
| Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (MCA), Mysore
| Recognised by AICTE, affiliated to VTU
|-
| Vidya Vikas First Grade College, Mysore
| Affiliated to [[Mysore University]]
|-
| Vidya Vikas Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Mysore
| Affiliated to Mysore University
|-
| Vidya Vikas Post Graduate Department of Commerce, Mysore
| Affiliated to Mysore University
|-
| Vidya Vikas First Grade College, Mysore
| Affiliated to Mysore University
|-
| Vidya Vikas College of Nursing, Mysore
| Affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], Bangalore, and recognised by INC
|-
| Vidya Vikas College of Polytechnic and ITI, Mysore
| Recognised by DTE, and AICTE
|-
| Vidya Vikas College of Polytechnic, [[Bangalore]]
| Recognised by DTE, and AICTE
|-
| Vidya Vikas B Ed College, Mysore
| Affiliated to Mysore University, recognised by NCTE
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VVIET)}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology (VVIET)}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mysore]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]

Maive Stokes

2026-05-04T07:18:46Z

Robbub: Created stub

{{Short description|19th-century author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maive Stokes
| other_names = Maive Boothby
| birth_name = Mary Susan Harriet Stokes
| birth_date = 20 November 1866
| birth_place = Shimla, British India
| death_date = 3 December 1961 (age 95)
| death_place = London, U.K.
| occupation = Writer, folklorist
| notable_works = ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1879)
| father = [[Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar)|Whitley Stokes]]
| relatives = [[William Stokes (physician)|William Stokes]] (grandfather) [[Margaret Stokes]] (aunt)
}}

'''Mary Susan Harriet Stokes Boothby''' (20 November 1866 – 3 December 1961), also known as '''Maive S. H. Stokes''', was a writer, best known for ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1879), published when she was still a teenager.

== Biography ==
Maive Stokes was born in [[Shimla]], then under [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], the daughter of judge and scholar [[Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar)|Whitley Stokes]] and Mary Bazely Stokes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Kirin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVdQJmJFD9sC&dq=Maive+Stokes&pg=PA207 |title=Mondays on the Dark Night of the Moon: Himalayan Foothill Folktales |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510349-6 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref> Her grandfather was physician [[William Stokes (physician)|William Stokes]] and antiquarian [[Margaret Stokes]] was her aunt. She is known for collecting and editing fairy tales heard from her man-servant and ''ayahs'' (caretakers). The book titled, ''Indian Fairy Tales'', was published privately in Calcutta in 1879,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Maive S. H. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006938781 |title=Indian fairy tales. |date=1879 |publisher=Privately published |location=Calcutta}}</ref> and in London by Ellis & White in 1880.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Maive |date=1880 |title=Indian Fairy Tales |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31209/31209-h/31209-h.htm |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> Her mother contributed notes and her father made the book's index.<ref name=":1" />

In 1910, Stokes and her sister Annie donated their late father's large Celtic literature collection to the [[University of London]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 1911 |title=Literature; A Celtic Library; Addition to London's Treasures |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-watchman-a-weekly-journal-of-social/169578446/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Watchman: A Weekly Journal of Social, Political, and Religious Progress |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404201904/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-watchman-a-weekly-journal-of-social/169578446/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stokes married Ernest Brooke Boothby in London in 1910.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stokes |date=31 December 1910 |title=Marriage of Boothby |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-marriage-of-boothby-s/169578192/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Evening Standard |pages=17 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404201904/https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-marriage-of-boothby-s/169578192/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1910 |title=To-Day's Wedding; Charming Wedding Gown Made for Miss Maive Stokes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-to-days-wedding-charm/169578084/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Evening Standard |pages=23 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her husband was killed in action in 1916, in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 1916 |title=Killed in Action |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-killed-in-action/169590674/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404231532/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-killed-in-action/169590674/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She died in 1961 in [[London]], at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silver|first=Carole G.|date=2004|title=English Fairy Tales and More English Fairy Tales (review)|journal=Marvels & Tales|volume=18|issue=1|pages=105–107|doi=10.1353/mat.2004.0018|s2cid=162338275|issn=1536-1802}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 1961 |title=Boothby (death notice) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-boothby-death-notic/169590875/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |pages=24 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404231532/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-boothby-death-notic/169590875/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1879)<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stokes, Maive}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Polavaram district

2026-05-03T14:42:27Z

Robbub: Adding basic place basic info

{{other uses|Polavaram (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|District of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Polavaram district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| image_skyline = Papikondalu 04.jpg
| image_caption = [[Godavari River|Godavari]] at [[Papikonda National Park]]
| image_map = Polavaram in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Polavaram district in Andhra Pradesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates = {{coord| 17.439| 81.775|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions in India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Andhra|Uttarandhra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rampachodavaram]]
| seat1_type = Population
| seat1 = 3,49,953
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|2 revenue divisions]]
[[Rampachodavaram revenue division|Rampachodavaram]], [[Chinturu revenue division|Chinturu]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|12 Mandals]]
}}
| native_name = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District Collector]]
| leader_name = A.S. Dinesh Kumar I.A.S
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Indian Forest Service|DFO]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name4 =
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_info1 =
| demographics3_footnotes = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code =
| website = {{URL|https://s361b4a64be663682e8cb037d9719ad8cd.s3waas.gov.in/)}}
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 31 December 2025
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| named_for = [[Polavaram Project]]
}}
'''Polavaram district'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet approves formation of two new districts, headquarters status for Madanapalle|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/30/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-approves-formation-of-two-new-districts-headquarters-status-for-madanapalle |date=30 December 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref> is a district in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The headquarters of the district is located at [[Rampachodavaram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A.P. Cabinet clears district reorganisation, mandal realignment|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet-clears-district-reorganisation-mandal-realignment/article70450525.ece |date=29 December 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en }}</ref>

==Etymology==
This district is named after [[Polavaram Project]] which is an under-construction multi-purpose project on the [[Godavari River]].

== History ==
On December 31, 2025, Rampachodavaram division was carved out of [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]. Earlier the district region was part of [[East Godavari district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet approves formation of two new districts, headquarters status for Madanapalle|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/30/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-approves-formation-of-two-new-districts-headquarters-status-for-madanapalle |date=30 December 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Bhupathipalem Reservoir aerial view 05.jpg|alt=Bhupathipalem Reservoir aerial view|thumb|Bhupathipalem Reservoir aerial view|left]]
The district is divided into two revenue divisions, namely [[Rampachodavaram revenue division|Rampachodavaram]] and [[Chinturu revenue division|Chinturu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AP Issues GO Creating Polavaram District With Rampachodavaram as Headquarters
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-issues-go-creating-polavaram-district-with-rampachodavaram-as-headquarters-1927331|date=30 December 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en }}</ref> These revenue divisions are further subdivided into a total of 12 mandals, each administered by a Tahsildar.

=== Mandals ===
The list of 12 mandals in Polavaram district, divided into 2 revenue divisions, is given below.
# [[Chinturu revenue division]]
##[[Chinturu mandal|Chinturu]]
## Etapaka
## Kunavaram
## Vara Ramachandrapuram
#[[Rampachodavaram revenue division]]
##[[Addateegala mandal|Addateegala]]
##[[Devipatnam mandal|Devipatnam]]
##[[Gangavaram mandal|Gangavaram]]
## Gurthedu
##[[Maredumilli mandal|Maredumilli]]
##[[Rajavommangi mandal|Rajavommangi]]
## Rampachodavaram
##[[Y. Ramavaram mandal|Y. Ramavaram]]

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Polavaram district (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|0.84}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

Polavaram district has a population of 349,913. The district has a sex ratio of 1051 females per 1000 males. The only town in the district is [[Rampachodavaram]], which has a population of 9,952. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 19,634 (5.61%) and 240,729 (68.80%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Khammam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/142/download/218/DH_2011_2810_PART_A_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref name="demographics1">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – East Godavari |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/158/download/282/DH_2011_2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST_GODAVARI.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|85–90}}

{{Pie chart
| precision = 2
| caption = Languages of Polavaram district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value1 = 76.69
| color1 = steelblue
| label2 = [[Koya language|Koya]]
| value2 = 20.70
| color2 = teal
| label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value3 = 1.13
| color3 = saddlebrown
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
| other = y
| thumb = right
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 76.69% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 20.70% [[Koya language|Koya]] and 1.13% [[Odia language|Odia]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Politics ==
There is one parliamentary and one assembly constituencies in Polavaram district. The parliamentary constituency is {{bulleted list
|[[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
}}
The assembly constituency is<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|53
|[[Rampachodavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Rampachodavaram]]
|[[Adivasi|ST]]||[[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Polavaram district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q137785865}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Polavaram district}}
{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi

2026-04-18T19:58:01Z

Robbub: added the info added tags - done

{{Short description|Kashmiri politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi
| image = Ruhullah Mehdi.jpg
| caption = Mehdi in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1976|08|12}}
| birth_place = [[Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| father = [[Aga Syed Mehdi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Nayereh Eslamiakram|2024}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Tyndale Biscoe School]], [[University of Kashmir]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2002
| term_end1 = 20 June 2018
| constituency1 = [[Budgam Assembly constituency|Budgam]]
| predecessor1 = Syed Ghulam Hussain Gilani
| successor1 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| office2 = [[Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{bulletedlist|[[Science and technology]]|[[Animal husbandry]]}}
| term_start2 = 5 January 2009
| term_end2 = 8 January 2015
| governor2 = [[N. N. Vohra]]
| successor2 = [[Sajjad Gani Lone]]
}}
'''Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi''' (born 12 August 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who is currently serving as the [[member of parliament (India)|member of parliament]] representing the [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Ruhullah Mehdi also serves as Member of the Committee on Personnel, Public, Grievances, Law and Justice. He is the member of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC). Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi is known for his opposition to the abrogation of [[Article 370]] and his advocacy for inclusive, [[non-sectarian]] politics in Jammu and Kashmir. He served as an MLA from [[Budgam Assembly constituency|Budgam]]<ref>{{cite news|date=December 23, 2014|title=Full list of winners and losers in Jammu and Kashmir assembly elections|work=India TV News|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/winners-and-losers-in-jammu-kashmir-assembly-elections-24157.html}}</ref> three times and held ministerial positions in the Jammu and Kashmir government, including portfolios such as Science and Technology and Animal Husbandry. He belongs to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islam|Muslim religion]].

==Early life==
Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi was born into a prominent religious and political family in Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir. His family, the Aga Family, has deep roots in the Shia Muslim community of the region, with a legacy of religious scholarship and leadership. His father, [[Aga Syed Mehdi]], was a respected cleric and politician who played a significant role in the development of region's religious and political landscape.

Ruhullah Mehdi grew up in the environment of religious influence and political activism. He received his early education from [[Tyndale Biscoe School]]. After the untimely demise of his father in 2000, Ruhullah Mehdi stepped into politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=From Tragedy To Controversy: Ruhullah's Rise As A Politician |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/06/04/from-tragedy-to-controversy-ruhullahs-rise-as-a-politician/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=2020-08-04 |title='I Cannot Forget That Horrible Day, I Broke Down' |url=https://kashmirlife.net/i-cannot-forget-that-horrible-day-i-broke-down-241777/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2023-11-03 |title=Dr Farooq Abdullah visits Aga Ruhullah's residence, pays tributes to late Aga Syed Mehdi |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/dr-farooq-abdullah-visits-aga-ruhullah-s-residence--pays-tributes-to-late-aga-syed-mehdi-182397 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=KNS |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Political career==
Aga Ruhullah's political career started in the year 2002, when he contested his first assembly election from [[Budgam]] and won. He continued his winning streak in 2008 and 2014. In 2009, he was inducted in the State Cabinet and became the youngest ever cabinet Minister in India.<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-meet-the-face-behind-ncs-success-in-jk-elections-12845033.html/amp</ref> Mehdi was nominated as the Chief Spokesperson of the National Conference in 2015. However, after Article 370 was repealed on 5 August 2019, he disassociated himself from the party's stand and accused the party of remaining silent over the circumstances in Jammu and Kashmir after August 5. He resigned from the post of chief spokesperson on 28 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganai |first=Naseer |date=2024-07-05 |title=Ruhullah Mehdi, Rising Star of Kashmir's Politics |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ruhullah-mehdi-rising-star-of-kashmirs-politics |access-date=2024-10-17 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[2024 Lok Sabha election]]s, Mehdi contested from Srinagar constituency as National Conference candidate and won with a margin of 1.8 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2024-04-12 |title=National Conference fields Omar Abdullah from Baramulla, Shia cleric Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi from Srinagar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/nc-fields-omar-from-baramulla-shia-cleric-mehdi-from-srinagar-seats/article68057363.ece |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Srinagar election results 2024 live updates: JKNC's Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi wins with over 1.8 lakh votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/srinagar-election-results-2024-jammu-kashmir-srinagar-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-jkn-waheed-ur-rehman-para-jkpdp/articleshow/110640350.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Achievements==
Aga Ruhullah, shot into prominence after 2019 for his outspoken and fiery speeches, against the abrogation of Article 370. In the Year 2006, he was Chosen by the US embassy for International Visitors Leadership Program in USA as youngest Indian Legislator. In 2010, he was awarded by Network 18, CNN-IBN as the Youngest Indian Leader.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi in 2024.jpg | thumb|right | Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]]

==In Parliament==
* Raised the issues with different Ministries [[MoHFW]] INDIA regarding NHM doctors and paramedical . Also requested for CT scans in all district hospitals of J&K, particularly in Pulwama - Shopian & Budgam - Gandarbal district hospitals.
* Demanded release of the hundreds of prisoners of J&K who are held without trials for years and also asked for the transfer of those who are under trials and not convicted yet, to the jails of Jammu and Kashmir
* Introduced a [[private member's bill]] to enforce, implement and promote the complete prohibition of liquor and intoxicants in the Jammu & Kashmir.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qadir |first=Gafira |date=2024-08-14 |title=Interview with Kashmir MP Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi: “Kashmiris reduced to second-class citizens of Union of India” |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/interview-with-kashmir-mp-aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-kashmiris-reduced-to-second-class-citizens-of-union-of-india/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Maktoob Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Release prisoners held without trial, end 'overly harsh' police verification, NC MP Ruhullah Mehdi urges CM Omar Abdullah |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/release-prisoners-held-without-trial-end-overly-harsh-police-verification-nc-mp-ruhullah-mehdi-urges-cm-omar-abdullah/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Maktoob Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=NC's most sought-after face, Aga Ruhullah makes his presence felt in J&K polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nc-aga-ruhullah-makes-his-presence-felt-in-jk-polls-9595378/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-01 |title=After terror attack in Budgam, Srinagar MP Aga Ruhullah slams BJP's “Repeated Failures” in J&K Security |url=https://risingkashmir.com/after-terror-attack-in-budgam-srinagar-mp-aga-ruhullah-slams-bjps-repeated-failures-in-jk-security/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |newspaper=[[Rising Kashmir]] |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-01 |title=BJP Should Be Held Accountable: Aga Ruhullah |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/11/01/bjp-should-be-held-accountable-aga-ruhullah/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |newspaper=[[Kashmir Observer]] |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-29 |title=MP Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi urges the new J&K Chief Minister to prioritize justice, employment, and equitable governance for a united and progressive future |url=https://asianewsnetwork.net/mp-aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-urges-the-new-jk-chief-minister-to-prioritize-justice-employment-and-equitable-governance-for-a-united-and-progressive-future/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=[[Asia News Network]] |language=en-GB }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aga Ruhullah Face behind NC's success in JK Elections 2024 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-meet-the-face-behind-ncs-success-in-jk-elections-12845033.html |website=Money Control }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehdi, Aga Syed Ruhullah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tyndale Biscoe School alumni]]

Khekman Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:40Z

Robbub: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khekman
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1974
|electors = 9,490 (1972)
| constituency_no = 32
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Khekman''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Habibur Ramam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khekman<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Habibur Ramam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,790 |percentage=44.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Krishna Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,779 |percentage=43.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongam Koireng |party=Independent politician |votes=888 |percentage=10.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,594 |percentage=90.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,490 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in India]]

Dhamnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:30Z

Robbub: Made A Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Dhamnagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhamnagar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 46
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Suryabanshi Suraj.jpg
| mla = [[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,47,651{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Dhamnagar''' is a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], in [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]], India. This constituency includes Dhamnagar block and 13 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Paliabindha, Nayananda,
Achak, Dolasahi, Guamal, Talapada, Kubera, Bilana, Baro, Bodak, Kanpada, Shyamsundarpur and Talagopabindha) of Tihidi block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp20.htm |title= 20 - Dhamnagar Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.31}}
{{bar percent|2022 (bypoll)|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.09}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.47}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.98}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.57}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.55}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|35.03}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.69}}
{{bar percent|1991 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.20}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.21}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.00}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|61.23}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|54.21}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 19 elections were held till date including two bypolls in 1990 & 2022.

List of members elected from Dhamnagar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhamnagar Assembly Election Results 2024: Dhamnagar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/dhamnagar-constituency-result-18046 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2022 elections in India#Odisha|2022 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of Bishnu Sethi}}<ref name="In Odisha bypoll, BJP's Suryabanshi Suraj defeats BJD to retain Dhamnagar seat">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=In Odisha bypoll, BJP's Suryabanshi Suraj defeats BJD to retain Dhamnagar seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/in-odisha-bypoll-bjp-s-suryabanshi-suraj-defeats-bjd-to-retain-dhamnagar-seat-101667738419534.html |access-date=7 November 2022 |date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107115312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/in-odisha-bypoll-bjp-s-suryabanshi-suraj-defeats-bjd-to-retain-dhamnagar-seat-101667738419534.html |archive-date=7 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|[[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="election2014" />
|Muktikanta Mandal
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name="election2009" />
|Rajendra Kumar Das
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Manas Ranjan Mallik
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Jagannath Rout
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Hrudananda Mallick}}
|Manas Ranjan Mallik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Hrudananda Mallick
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Jagannath Rout
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|Hrudananda Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Satyabhama Dei
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|rowspan=2|Muralidhar Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Nilamani Routray]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref><ref name="Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/|title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners|last1=The Indian Express|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080828/https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/|archivedate=15 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Suryabanshi Suraj]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sanjay Kumar Das by a margin of 8,095 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dhamnagar<ref name="2024 Odisha Assembly Elections - Dhamnagar result">{{cite news |title=2024 Odisha Assembly Elections - Dhamnagar result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1846.htm |access-date=15 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615102817/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1846.htm |archive-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
|votes = 90,555
|percentage = 50.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Das
|votes = 82,460
|percentage = 45.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar Behera
|votes = 5,732
|percentage = 3.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 361
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,095
|percentage = 4.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,992
|percentage = 72.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 Bypoll ===
In 2022 bye-election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Suryabanshi Suraj]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Abanti Das by a margin of 9,881 votes.<ref name="In Odisha bypoll, BJP's Suryabanshi Suraj defeats BJD to retain Dhamnagar seat" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 elections in India#Odisha|Odisha Assembly by election, 2022]]: Dhamnagar<ref name="Election Commission of India - Dhamnagar Bypoll Result">{{cite news |title=Election Commission of India - Dhamnagar Bypoll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2022/ConstituencywiseS1846.htm?ac=46 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |work= |date=8 November 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108144235/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2022/ConstituencywiseS1846.htm?ac=46 |archivedate=8 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
|votes = 80,351
|percentage = 49.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Abanti Das
|votes = 70,470
|percentage = 43.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Das
|votes = 8,153
|percentage = 4.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harekrushna sethi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,533
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 649
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,881
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,682
|percentage = 66.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rajendra Kumar Das by a margin of 4,625 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/dhamnagar-election-result-s18a046/|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhamnagar<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]] |votes=80,111|percentage=47.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Rajendra Kumar Das |votes=75,486|percentage=45.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bidyadhar Jena |votes=7,303|percentage=4.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Budhiram Samal |votes=769|percentage=0.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=613|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,625
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,272
|percentage = 71.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Muktikanta Mandal defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]] by a margin of 9,192 votes.<ref name="election2014" />

{{Election box begin |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhamnagar<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Muktikanta Mandal
|votes = 71,538
|percentage = 47.98
|change = 9.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]]
|votes = 62,346
|percentage = 41.82
|change = 7.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hrudananda Sethi
|votes = 12046
|percentage = 8.08
|change = -15.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 739
|percentage = 0.5
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,192
|percentage = 6.16
|change = 2.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,090
|percentage = 74.22
|change = 8.11
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,00,867
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rajendra Kumar Das defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]] by a margin of 4,944 votes.<ref name="election2009" />

{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Dhamnagar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Das
|votes = 48,424
|percentage = 38.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]]
|votes = 43,480
|percentage = 34.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Netrananda Mallick
|votes = 29,844
|percentage = 23.90
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,944
|percentage = 3.96{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,24,930
|percentage = 66.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhadrak district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.92|86.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Shikwa Jawab Shikwa

2026-04-14T02:38:56Z

Robbub: Stub

{{Short description|Poetry Book}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{No significant coverage|date=August 2025}}
{{notability|1=Books|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Shikwa and Jawab e Shikwa
| title_orig = شکوہ جواب شکوہ
| orig_lang_code = ur
| image =
| author = Anjum Lucknowi
| language = [[Urdu]]
| country = [[India]]
| genre = Poerty Book
| isbn = 9798215710456
| congress =
| first = 2017
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shikwa-jawab-e-shikwa-ebooks/
| published = 2017 in [[Urdu language]]
| publisher = Mustaqeem Inter College
| pub_date = October 1, 2017
| subject = Urdu literature
| pages = 43
| award = Dr. Allama Iqbal Award 2017
}}

The '''''Shikwa Jawab'' ''Shikwa''''' is a 2017 [[Urdu poetry]] book collection by Anjum Lucknowi <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Muhammad Iqbal Khan<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', published by '''Mustaqim Inter College''', [[Sultanpur district]] , India. The book consists of 43 pages and was awarded the ''Dr. Allama Iqbal Award (2017)''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title='..मैं हंस पड़ूं तो फूल भी खुशबू उछाल दे' - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur-kavi-sammelan-17022022.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Jagran News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=the first where a person questions God, and the second where God responds to the queries. |url=https://up18news.com/renowned-author-and-revolutionary-poet-anjum-lucknowi-a-literary-journey/ |access-date=January 15, 2024 |work=Up 18 news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lucknowi |first=Anjum |title=Shikwa Jawab-e-Shikwa |date=2016 |publisher=Mustaqeem Intar College, Uttara Pradeah |ol=50533791M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikwa Jawab e Shikwa - Anjum Lucknowi {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/501220628/Shikwa-Jawab-e-Shikwa-Anjum-Lucknowi |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pervez |first=Ali |date= 2023|title=Anjum Lucknowi: Life, Literary Contributions, and Cultural Impact |url=https://zenodo.org/records/17167354 |journal=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.17167354}}</ref>

== Overview ==
''Shikwa Jawab Shikwa'' is the second Urdu poetry collection by Anjum Lucknowi, published in 2017. The book is divided into two parts: ''Shikwa'' (Complaint) and ''Jawab-e-Shikwa'' (Response to Complaint). In ''Shikwa'', the poet expresses human complaints to God, and in ''Jawab-e-Shikwa'', God's responses are presented.<ref name=":0" />

This ''Shikwa Jawab-e-Shikwa'' is separate from Allama Iqbal's famous work. It is completely independent, though the structure of the poem follows the same arrangement. However, the verses and content are entirely different.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=انجم لکھنویؔ کی کتاب : شکوہ جواب شکوہ |trans-title=Anjuman Lucknowi's book: Shikwa Jawab Shikwa |url=https://www.taemeernews.com/2023/02/shikwa-jawabe-shikwa-anjum-lucknowi-review.html |work=Taemeer News |language=ur |issn=2349-0268}}</ref>

== Content ==
The book contains a total of 53 poems: 26 in ''Shikwa'' and 27 in ''Jawab-e-Shikwa''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shikwa-jawab-e-shikwa-ebooks |title=Shikwa Jawab e Shikwa |publisher=Mustaqeem Inter College |year=2017 |isbn=9798215710456 |edition= |location=Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh |pages=43 |language=ur |trans-title=شکوہ جوابِ شکوہ}}</ref> The poems explore spiritual dilemmas, human struggles, and divine guidance, reflecting both timeless philosophical questions and the challenges of the modern era.<ref name=":1" />

{{Quote box
| title = Shikwa Javab e Shikwa (Roman Urdu)
<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Shikwa Javab e Shikwa
| publisher = Rekhta
| url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shikwa-jawab-e-shikwa-ebooks/}}
</ref>
| quote = <poem style="margin-left: 4px; margin-bottom: -1.5em; margin-top: -1.5em">

*Shikwa

Teri rehmat ko na kyun deedah par nam dhoondhe
Hai jise teri zarurat wohi paiham dhoondhe
Phool ko gulshan-e-hasti mein bhi shabnam dhoondhe
Khald-e-Adam ko kabhi khald ko Adam dhoondhe

Shikwa-e-‘abd bhi sun kar tera parda na utha
Teri marzi to mujhe jalwa dikha ya na dikha

</poem>
{{hidden begin}}<poem>

Talib-e-madh tha ab talib-e-shikwa mein hoon
Jo hai darya ka talabgar woh qatra mein hoon
Tu hai ma’bud mera aur tera banda mein hoon
Malik-e-husn hai tu ishq ka jalwa mein hoon

Apne ‘ashiq ko mohabbat ki saza kis ne di
Bar sar-dar-e-ana al-haq ki sada kis ne di

Musht bhar khaak se aur hasti-e-Adam ka wujood
Maine maana yeh teri karigari hai ma’bud
Aur farishte, pas Adam bhi hue sar-ba-sajood
Hain usi nasal se kyun kar yeh musalman o hind

Kuch Nasiri hain, Nasara bhi hain Isaai bhi
Jaz mere karte hain kya teri pazeerai bhi

Tere kalme ka bhi aelan kiya hai humne
Kitni qaumon ko musalman kiya hai humne
Qaryah qaryah tujhe zishan kiya hai humne
Marhala sakht tha aasaan kiya hai humne

Hum agar haq par hain to arsh se aawaz to de
Ya bulale humein aur quwwat-e-parwaaz to de

Naam masjid hai tera ghar jo bana rakha hai
Farsh-e-‘ismat ko bhi sajdon se saja rakha hai
Yaad maine bhi tujhe waqt-e-dua rakha hai
Par duaon mein asar tu ne bhi kiya rakha hai

Jeene wale ko dua deta hoon mar jata hai
Mere iman ka shiraza bikhar jata hai

Mein tere naam ki tasbeeh padha karta hoon
Sajda-e-shukr ba-sad shauq ada karta hoon
Mein behr-e-haal tujhe raazi raza karta hoon
Bakhsh de meri khataein yeh dua karta hoon

Tu agar hai to amal ki mere taeed bhi kar
Jari mere liye to chashma-e-tawheed bhi kar

Lamakan tu hai haram, asal tera ghar bhi nahi
Woh kaisa masjid ya mandir bhi nahi
Tere rehne ki jagah yeh dil muztar bhi nahi
Noor jab tu hai tera phir koi humsar bhi nahi

Chaand samjhoon tujhe, sooraj ya sitara samjhoon
Koi pehchan bata, kuch to ishara samjhoon

Haq tujhe maan liya khud-ra hai ‘abid ban kar
Bandagi ki hai teri waqi‘ zaahed ban kar
Da’watain baanti teray deen ka qaasid ban kar
Jo mukhalif hua lada baithe mujahid ban kar

Har jagah parcham-e-tawheed ko gaara kis ne
Bab-e-Khyber ko do ungli se ukhaara kis ne

Naam zinda rahe hai tera ke uthai uftaad
Jab sunai to sunai tujhe apni rodaad
Tegh-e-baatil se nahta lada ban kar foolaad
Mud ke dekha na kabhi ghar ki taraf waqt-e-jihad

Fauj-e-a’da na rahi, jung ke manzar badle
Meri thokar se hi pathar ke muqaddar badle

Maine kirdar-e-zamane ka palatte dekha
Tera phaila hua Islam simatte dekha
Tu ne kab jung mein peeche mujhe hat-te dekha
Kat gaya mera gala, to ne bhi kat-te dekha

Aasman meri duaon se kahin door na tha
Ran mein majboor tha, main to koi majboor na tha

Tera adni sa karishma hai sabhi shajar o hajar
Tu ne paida kiye daryaaon mein bhi la’l o gaher
Itni fursat bhi na di dekh-ta saare manzar
Mujhko daurata raha haath mein parcham-e-digar

Tere Islam ki tabligh mere dam se hui
Teri duniya ki shuruaat bhi Adam se hui

Lat o Uzza o Hubal ka tu bada lashkar tha
Ghasbana jahan qabza tha, woh tera ghar tha
Jab khudaai thi teri tab bhi khuda pathar tha
Goya takhleeq butaan ke liye ek azar tha

Hum ne toofan-e-nahusat ki raush modhi hai
Ya’ni pathar ke khudaon ki kamar todi hai

Tera mehboob na hota to tera kya hota
Bandagi ka teri har mor pe sauda hota
Tujhko sajda nahi to phir ghair ka sajda hota
Kaisa lagta tujhe main kehta jo acha hota

Sun ke ye baat meri tujhe jalal aa jaata
Tujhe mehboob ka us waqt khayal aa jaata

Faqah karte hain musalman shikam-e-seer Hind
Shukr karte hain ada, phir bhi tera sar-ba-sajood
Kyun nahi dekhta jab har jagah tu hai maujood
Tujhko parwah nahi hai meri shayad ma’bud

Tu hai razzaaq, tu hi sabko ghiza deta hai
Phir mujhe kis liye tu bhooka sula deta hai

Zehan qasir hai ke main kaise gunahgar hua
Teri rehmat ka bahr-e-kaif talabgar hua
Phir bhi tera na kisi mor pe deedaar hua
Main to lazd hoon duniya mein, yeh bekaar hua

Tu hai ma’bud to bande se judaai kaisi
Jo mere kaam na aaye woh khudaai kaisi

Kya sitam hai tera pehle mujhe jannat didi
Maine maangi na thi khud apni khalafat didi
Apni man maani jo chahi woh wasiyat didi
Aur phir khald-e-badr ho, yeh ijaazat didi

Mujhko duniya mein bhatakne ke liye chhod diya
Tu ne ek mitti ke insan ka dil tod diya

Jab mitana hi tha kyun mujhe banaya tu ne
Kyun farishton se mera sajda karaya tu ne
Kyun bulandi pe baitha kar yun giraya tu ne
Kaisa ehsan tera jo ke jataya tu ne

Aye Khuda tu hi bata kya yeh teri marzi hai
Ye jo marzi hai teri is mein bhi khud-gurzi hai

Teri dharti hai magar surat dehqaan hum hain
Ek ek daana-e-gandum ke nigahbaan hum hain
Zeenat-e-ghuncha-e-gul bhi hain gulistaan hum hain
Teri duniya ki sajawat ke bhi samaan hum hain

Imtihan phir bhi humein se tera mansha kya hai
Teri rehmat ne gahngaar ko samjha kya hai

Hum se pehle tere ‘alam ke ajab ‘alam the
Musht bhar khaak na thi aur na koi Adam the
Jab hui karigari teri wahan par hum the
Kya ibadat ke liye teri malaa’ik kam the

Hum ko be-wajah banaya, koi ehsaan nahi
Hum se pehle tu teri koi bhi pehchaan nahi

Mere aamaal bhale aur bure tu ne kiye
Kaam-e-ziba jo hain tujko woh tu ne kiye
Zakhm-e-maazi ke the dil mein jo hare tu ne kiye
Dar-e-ehsaas mere khote khare tu ne kiye

Teri marzi mein jo aaye wohi to karta hai
Phool se rang juda aur kabhi boo karta hai

Patte sahra pe agar eeriyan ragdi humne
Pyaas, pyaason ki bujhai hai ussi zam-zam ne
Baaliqeen-e-husn-e-amal dekh liya ‘aalam ne
Laj-e-Adam ki bacha rakhi hai ek Adam ne

Tu agar chahta, Kausar bhi pila sakta tha
Tashna lab ko lab-e-Kausar bhi bula sakta tha

Masjid-e-Aqsa par qabiz hain a’due Islam
Jung hum karte hain to karta hai humko nakaam
Ya’ni maqsad hai tera, hum rahein ho ke badnaam
Ab nahi chalta kahin naara-e-takbeer se kaam

Ye bata kab teri rehmat bhala saath aaegi
Masjid-e-Aqsa Palestine ke haath aaegi

Ye sadaqat hai tere naam pe iman rakha
Taaq dil pe tere ikhlaas ka Qur’an rakha
Tujhko mamduh kaha, dil ko sana khwaan rakha
Bazm-e-‘ismat mein tera zikr charaghaan rakha

Is mushqat ke owaz tu ne mujhe khwaar kiya
Ye khata mujh se hui, maine tujhe pyaar kiya

Jurm kya hai mera, mahshar jo bapa hona hai
Itna maloom hai bande ko saza hona hai
Tujh se samjhauta bhi kiya, tujh se juda hona hai
Tu khafa ho ja, agar tujhe khafa hona hai

Jin o insaan mile dozakh mein jalane ke liye
Baqi har shai hai kya jannat mein sajane ke liye

---

*Jawab e Shikwa

Deedah-e-yaas tera kya mera jalwa dekhe
Chashm-e-iman meri raf’at ka tajalla dekhe
Kun faya kun na kabhi wa’da-e-farda dekhe
Koi ghash khaye koi Toor ko jalta dekhe

Tu meri shaan ka andaza na kar paega
Tu agar jalwa mera dekhega, jal jaega

Par a’yaan shikwa-e-bayani se hai seerat teri
Da’wa-e-madh na karwa hai haqeeqat teri
Arz-e-konin pe ek daagh hai khalqat teri
Sharh-e-izhaar-e-tamasha hai muhabbat teri

Kuch bhi zahir ho to Mansoor nahi ho sakta
Zarrah-e-nahis kabhi Toor nahi ho sakta

Patla khaak hai haami takabbur kaise
Raah ke zarron ko keh dega koi dar kaise
Door maazi mein hue ahl-e-tafakkur kaise
Woh the bande mere par tere tasawwur kaise

Kuch hain tareek dil, kuch haasil-e-tanweer bhi hain
Goya sahra mein Asad bhi hain, tu khanzeer bhi hain

Mera mehboob munaadi hai mere kalme ka
Jannati woh hai jo aadi hai mere kalme ka
Us ki jannat jo juhadi hai mere kalme ka
Tera kya, tu tu fasaadi hai mere kalme ka

Kankaron ne teri muthi mein padha hai kalma
Tu hai bojhal, na samjha mera kya hai kalma

Kaun se firqay ki masjid ke bhala baani ho
Tum Arab wale, Turk ho, ya ke Irani ho
Yeh kaho ahl-e-hadith ho, ke Reza khani ho
Da’wat-e-haq ho, ya tum khaadim-e-haqqani ho

Mere Quran mein in firqon ke to naam nahi
Jo Muhammad ka nahi, uska koi kaam nahi

Kab kaha maine ke tasbeeh rahe ward-e-zubaan
Sajda-e-shukr bhi lagta hai tujhe baar-garaan
Murtad deen ki alamat hai tera wahm o gumaan
Phir bhi bar waqt duaon pe hai apni nazaan

Ba-‘amal tu nahi, tu waaqif-e-taqleed nahi
Jazbah-e-shar bhi tera maayel-e-tameed nahi

Lamakan jab hoon, har ek jaa hai mere ghar ki tarah
Chaand, sooraj hain mere noor ke mehwar ki tarah
Main koi dasht o jabal hoon na samundar ki tarah
Mujh ko samjhe na koi, deo ke pathar ki tarah

Noor hoon, kab dil-e-momin se juda rehta hoon
Apne bandon ki main shah-e-rag mein chhupa rehta hoon

Haami-e-nafs hai tu, kab koi ‘aabid nikla
Nash’ah-e-may mein jo kho jaaye, woh zaahid nikla
Khud tera nama-e-aamaal, shawaahid nikla
Haq pe thehre na qadam, aisa mujahid nikla

Tu mujahid ki kisi khaak kaf-e-paa bhi nahi
Tera Islam nahi, tera pharera bhi nahi

Mera paighaam-e-‘amal jisko bhi maqsood hua
Woh bazahir kabhi Khalid, kabhi Mahmood hua
Jab zarurat padi, jis ki wohi maulood hua
Jo mukhalif hua, mera wohi Nimrod hua

Main agar chaahun to sooraj bhi nahi dhal sakta
Aag mein kaise Baraheem mera jal sakta

Woh to baatil tha jo kirdaar palatte dekha
Tu ne kab deen ki wus’at ko simatte dekha
Tujhko himmat di, tujhe haq se na hatt-te dekha
Main raza-mand tha, jo sar tera kat-te dekha

Is liye maine banaya tujhe sardar-e-jinaan
Meri marzi na samajh paayegi ‘aql-e-insaan

Jis ki tamsil nahi, aisi hai qudrat meri
Sang-reeze bhi kya karte hain madhat meri
Surah-e-Ikhlaas se zahir hai haqeeqat meri
Kul jahanon pe musallat hai hukoomat meri

Deen mera, teri tabligh ka mohtaaj nahi
Kaun si shai hai woh jis par ke mera raaj nahi

Tu ne Kaaba ko mere khana-e-asnaam kiya
Teen sau saath khudaon ne bada naam kiya
Teri kaawish ne tujhe mareed-e-Islam kiya
Par mere sher ki himmat ne bada kaam kiya

Mere mehboob ke kaandhon pe khara tha koi
Arsh-e-Azam ke tasawwur se bada tha koi

Farsh se Arsh talak jo hai, mujhe pyara hai
Jo mere hukum ka munkir hai, woh naakaara hai
Sirf ek zarb-e-kalimi ka yeh nazara hai
Gharaq-e-darya hua, Far’awn sitam haara hai

Meri wahdat ne ishara se kahan kaam liya
Mere sheedai ne har waqt mera naam liya

Mere ghar ko tu Baraheem ne tameer kiya
Tune to gir jaao but khane mein takseer kiya
Kaam jo tune kiya, laayak-e-takfeer kiya
Sab ko Mullah o Brahman ne garah-geer kiya

Jo Muhammad ﷺ ne bataya, woh ibadat na rahi
Apne waade par atal, kyun teri niyat na rahi

Hai mere noor se takhleeq-e-Rasool-e-Arabi
Kar le Quran mein tahqiqat-e-Rasool-e-Arabi
Ayatain karti hain tasdeeq-e-Rasool-e-Arabi
Ki hai nabiyon ne bhi tausheeq-e-Rasool-e-Arabi

Sun ae bande, teri har baat hamaqat hai
Mere mehboob ne bhi meri ibadat ki hai

Main ne Konein banai to banaye hain usool
Mujh se ae Adam kha ki tere shikway hain fazool
Yaad kar mera karam, ummat-e-Musa ko na bhool
Meri marzi se hua tha man o salwa ka nuzool

Kaun samjhega, kise rizq mein kya deta hoon
Koh mein rakh ke bhi keede ko ghiza deta hoon

Yaad kar ‘aalam-e-arwah ka waada apna
Bhool baitha hai faramosh madawa apna
Ya’ni talqeen-e-bakhud, da’wat-e-sajda apna
Mere bandon ko banata raha banda apna

Ahl-e-iman karein Far’awn ko kaise tasleem
Mere munkir pe musallat hai abhi zarb-e-kaleem

Shaakir az li jo guzre tere aabaa woh the
Laayak-e-sajda hoon main, maayel-e-sajda woh the
Bandagi ke liye koshish, dam-e-lamha woh the
Zehan-e-naqis na samajh payega kya kya woh the

Adam o Hawa se nisbat, jahan aaraai ki
Tu hai mustahaq saza, tune jo ruswaai ki

Khud-gurz mujhe jo samjhe, woh munafiq tu hai
Tujh mein iman nahi, faajir o faasiq tu hai
Pisar-e-Adam nahi, Iblees ka saabiq tu hai
Mere mehboob ka mera kahan aashiq tu hai

Kalma padh kar bhi na tu saahib-e-iman hua
La’natein tujh pe, to abtak na musalman hua

Arz-e-khaaki, yeh tujhe sahra o kahsaar diye
Nadyaan, khetiyaan, khulian o chaman-zaar diye
Bagh tujhe diye, sar-sabz hi ashjaar diye
Jitne ashjaar diye, woh bhi tu phal-daar diye

Tu jo haqq talfi karega, to pashimaan hoga
Hoon ge aamaal tere aur mera meezan hoga

Zarre zarre ki zubaan pe hai shahadat meri
Kaun samjhega, kahan tak hai hukoomat meri
Khud farishte na samajh paye, mashiyat meri
Ghair mumkin kisi but-gar se ibadat meri

Nasl-e-Adam pe agar main na bharosa karta
Tu hai kya cheez, main Adam ko na paida karta

Fikr naqis hai agar, fikr mutahhar bhi hai
Qalb tareek agar hai, to mannoor bhi hai
Adam khaaki bhi hai, paikar-e-humsar bhi hai
Ya’ni qatra jo hai, wus’at mein samundar bhi hai

Meri rehmat se tujhe bair hai, munkir tu hai
Zaahiri tor pe, dozakh ka musafir tu hai

Khaas banda hai mera, pisar-e-Baraheem hai woh
Kya sadaqat hai teri, laayak-e-ta’zeem hai woh
Meri rehmat ko har haal mein tasleem hai woh
Maalik-e-bagh-e-jinaan, maalik-e-Tasneem hai woh

Jo pasandeeda mere raste pe chal sakta hai
Woh jahan chahe wahan chashma ubal sakta hai

Naam shamil jo mera, naara-e-takbeer mein hai
Zor, lashkar mein hai, aur dhal mein, shamshir mein hai
Deen kaise mate, baatil isi tadbeer mein hai
Qaum-e-jhgi hui, ulama ki jo taqreer mein hai

Muttahid ho ke agar yeh kare baatil se jihad
Pal mein ho jaaye, na kyun Masjid-e-Aqsa azaad

Dil hai seene mein, magar junbish-e-iman nahi
Tera atuwaar o chalan, qari-e-Quran nahi
Main hoon mamduh tera, par tu sana-khwan nahi
Tu kisi mehfil-e-‘ismat mein bhi zishan nahi

Hain tere daaman, poshaak par daagh-e-asiyaan
Kaise mahshar mein chhupayega saraagh-e-asiyaan

Tu woh mujrim hai jo ahkaam-e-sana bhool gaya
Mere mehboob se aur mujh se wafa bhool gaya
Sun ke Quran-e-Muqaddas ki sada bhool gaya
Yaad aaraish dunya hai, qaza bhool gaya

Tu juda mujh se hai, tu mera milansaar nahi
Muttaqi Khald mein jaayenge, gunahgar nahi

Mere mehboob ki jis ne bhi itaat ki hai
Us ne panj waqtah namazon mein bhi shirkat ki hai
Sunnatein ki hain, ada, farz ibadat ki hai
Ek Muhammad hain, jinhein fikr bas ummat ki hai

Ummati ho to Muhammad ke parastaar raho
Qasar jannat hain tumhare, tumhein haqdaar raho

end</poem>
{{hidden end}}
| source = Sir Anjum Lucknowi
| align = left
| border = 1px
| salign = right
}}

=== Shikwa (Complaint) ===
In this section, the poet raises grievances before God, expressing the struggles, hardships, and apparent neglect faced by believers. The verses question why human suffering exists despite devotion, why Muslims endure decline despite their sacrifices, and why divine justice seems delayed. The tone combines reverence with protest, highlighting themes of spiritual longing, historical struggles of Muslims, and a search for divine mercy.

=== Jawab-e-Shikwa (Response to the Complaint) ===
Here, the Divine voice responds, reminding humanity of its responsibilities and moral duties. The reply emphasizes that decline results from human weakness, division, and forgetfulness of true faith rather than divine injustice. The verses urge self-discipline, unity, and adherence to the teachings of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The response reassures believers that divine mercy and support are always present for those who uphold justice, sincerity, and faith.

Together, the poems reflect a timeless dialogue on the relationship between humanity and God, blending themes of devotion, accountability, and spiritual renewal while resonating with both classical tradition and modern challenges.

== Literary significance ==
Anjum Lucknowi's '''''Shikwa Jawab'' ''e Shikwa''''' is considered an important work in Urdu literature. It not only keeps the tradition of Allama Iqbal alive but also addresses current social, spiritual, and existential issues. The book earned the author the '''''Dr. Allama Iqbal Award''''' for his contribution to Urdu poetry.<ref name=":2" />

== Publication ==
''Shikwa Jawab-e-Shikwa'', published in 2017, was released during the Sultanpur [[Kavi sammelan|Kavi Sammelan]] held on 2017 at Kshatriya Bhavan, organized by Mastakim Inter College, Gyanpur. Renowned poets from across India participated, presenting works on social, political, and communal harmony. During the event, Poet Anjum Lucknowi was awarded the "Dr. Allama Iqbal Award."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Mustakim Inter College Sultanpur |title=Allama Iqbal Award |date=2017-11-13 |url=http://archive.org/details/award-allama-iqbal-to-anjum-lucknowi |access-date=2025-09-29}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 poetry books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]

Daljit Singh (Delhi politician)

2026-04-13T16:26:19Z

Robbub: Made A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Young female voters reading an election poster for Congress candidate Daljit Singh in Delhi, January 1952.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|10|10|df=yes}}
| office = Member of Parliament
| term_start = 27 March 1952
| term_end = 1 November 1956
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Delhi]]
| constituency1 = Safdar Jang constituency
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| name = Daljit Singh
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[British India]]
| parents = [[Sir Sobha Singh]] and Lady Sobha Singh (Varyam Kaur)
}}

'''Daljit Singh''' was an Indian politician and freedom fighter who served in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] following the [[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1951 election]]. He also played a large role in the Indian Independence Movement, while the movement was underground, during the Second World War.

== Early life and family ==
Singh lived on [[Janpath|Queensway]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="v">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNZAAAAMAAJ Vidura]'', Vol. 37. C. Sarkar., 2000. p. 12</ref><ref>Sarkar, Subodh Chandra. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oc05AQAAIAAJ Indian Parliament and State Legislatures, Being the Supplement to Hindustan Year Book, 1952]''. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, 1952. p. 91</ref> He was the son of [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]] and youngest brother of [[Khushwant Singh]].<ref name="v" /><ref>Khushwant Singh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gf3gpwWXje4C&pg=PA174 Truth, Love and a Little Malice: An Autobiography]''. [London]: Penguin Books [u.a.], 2003. p. 174</ref> His ex-wife, Dip Singh was married to journalist, [[Charles Wheeler (journalist)|Charles Wheeler]] and were the parents of barrister [[Marina Wheeler]], famously known as the ex-wife of former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Boris Johnson]]. Daljit Singh went to the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=%22khadi%22+%22khushwant+singh%22+%22sons%22 |title=Delhi |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012619-8 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522120219/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=%22khadi%22%20%22khushwant%20singh%22%20%22sons%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the latter years of his life Singh shifted his residence to Ashram, Delhi.

== Pre-Partition ==

=== Indian Independence Movement ===
According to reports many pro-government contractors helped [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] during her struggle against the [[British Government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=G. N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHFuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22daljit+singh%22+%22sobha%22 |title=Aruna Asaf Ali: A Compassionate Radical |date=1999 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2762-2 |language=en}}</ref> He had secret talks with Aruna Asaf Ali twice in Dutt's house and then went to [[House of Scindia|Scindia House]] afterwards both times.<ref name=":0" /> Reports stated that he had provided great assistance to the [[Indian National Congress]] and sheltered Congress absconders and extremists including Aruna Asaf Ali in [[Karol Bagh]] and Scindia House, his fathers properties.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwNuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22daljit+singh%22+%22sobha%22 |title=Quit India Movement: British Secret Documents |date=1986 |publisher=Interprint |isbn=978-81-85017-32-7 |language=en}}</ref>

He applied to be in the [[British Indian Army]] to win over the soldiers and start a mutiny on command of the Congress' Underground Movement, although was turned down by the British Government.<ref name=":1" /> From 1942 to 1945 he sheltered Aruna Asaf Ali, his older brother, a famous journalist, Khushwant Singh had noted that Mrs Asaf Ali came to their house in a [[Burqa]] one night and asked for a duplicator- Khushwant Singh had replied that the fight against [[Fascism]] was more important than the British at the time, but he mentioned the incident to Daljit Singh who bought one not realizing the name of the buyer had to be recorded on the duplicator.<ref name=":2"/> In a police raid on Aruna Asaf Ali's hideout they traced the duplicator back to Daljit Singh, who was arrested.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pothen |first=Nayantara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCgbjKrfkyMC&dq=%22aruna+asaf%22+%22khushwant%22&pg=PT82 |title=Glittering Decades: New Delhi in Love and War |date=2012-01-30 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-601-2 |language=en}}</ref> His father Sobha Singh was expecting a knighthood that year and was aghast; he immediately went to see the Commissioner of Delhi, [[Evan Meredith Jenkins|Sir Evan Jenkins]].<ref name=":2" /> Sobha Singh did end up receiving a knighthood and Daljit Singh was released after a while.<ref name=":2" />

=== Partition of India ===
After the [[Partition of India]] he had organized the National Volunteer Corps in Delhi to help rehabilitate refugees, Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs either refugees or attacked during violence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Sud |first1=S. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATs0AAAAIAAJ&q=takes+active+part+in+St.+John+Ambulance+activities+and+is+Corps+Superintendent+New+Delhi+Division. |title=Indian Elections and Legislators |last2=Sud |first2=Ajit Singh |date=1953 |publisher=All India Publications |language=en}}</ref>

== Post-Partition ==

=== Election of 1951 ===
Daljit Singh stood as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[Safdarjung (Delhi)|Safdar Jang]] constituency. He won the seat, having obtained a landslide victory of 5,870 votes (81.21% of the votes in the constituency).<ref>{{cite web |title=In Amritsar, former AAP leader Dr Daljit Singh joins Congress, Jan 15, 2017 10:59 on HindustanTimes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/in-amritsar-former-aap-leader-dr-daljit-singh-joins-congress/story-Bn7qdTSHXvFR00j1x8z77J.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528021712/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/in-amritsar-former-aap-leader-dr-daljit-singh-joins-congress/story-Bn7qdTSHXvFR00j1x8z77J.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eci">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_DELHI.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF DELHI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212705/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_DELHI.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }}''</ref>

=== Post-political Life ===
Afterwards he became the director of the United Press of India.<ref name=":3" /> He had built up the Tonga-Rehra Union in Delhi with a membership of 10,000 people.<ref name=":3" /> He also courted arrest in a union's agitation for de-rationing gram.<ref name=":3" /> He took an active part in St. John Ambulance activities and was Corps Superintendent New Delhi Division, he promoted social work and education among the masses.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Daljit}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 1952–1956]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:1922 births]]

Sandeep Kshirsagar

2026-04-12T00:32:31Z

Robbub: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
| predecessor = [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|8|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = At.[[Beed]], Maharashtra
| death_date =
| party = *''' [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]'''
| spouse = Neha Kshirsagar
| relations = [[Kesharbai Kshirsagar]] (Grandmother)
| occupation = Politician, social worker
| education = B.Com
}}
'''Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar(Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Paw):Constituency- BEED(BEED) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7577 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician and a member of the 14th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Beed Assembly constituency]] of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra, India]]. He belongs to the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Beed, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: NCP (SP)'s Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar defeats NCP's Kshirsagar Yogesh Bharatbhushan with 5324 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/beed-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638359-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kshirsagar is from [[Beed]], Maharashtra. He is the son of Ravindra Sonajirao Kshirsagar. He completed his bachelor in commerce in 2002 at C.K.S. Urf Kaku College, Beed.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sandeep Bhaiya Kshirsagar won from Beed Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 101,874 votes and defeated his nearest rival, former MLA and his paternal uncle [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]], a senior leader of [[Shiv Sena]] and a former member of [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Beed Election Result 2019 LIVE: NCP candidate Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar wins by 1984 votes |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/beed-election-result-2019-live-ncp-candidate-sandeep-ravindra-kshirsagar-leads-by-8521-votes-4566391.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Beed Assembly Election Result 2024: Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsaga Of NCP-SP Wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/beed-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-loser-candidate-yogesh-bharatbhushan-sandeep-ravindra-kshirsagar-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-eci-maharashtra-assembly-election-result-2823303.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He won by a margin of 5,324 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beed Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar of NCPSP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/beed-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130177.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Nationalist Congress Party defeating Jaydutt Kshirsagar of Shiva Sena by a margin of 1,984 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beed Constituency Election Results 2024: Beed Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/beed |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Beed]]

Rajendra Singh Bhandari

2026-04-11T20:36:07Z

Robbub: Adding some bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Singh Bhandari
| image =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2024
| successor = [[Lakhpat Singh Butola]]
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Bhatt]]
| constituency1 = [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| successor1 = [[Mahendra Bhatt]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kedar Singh Phonia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024- Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2024)
| education =
| alma_mater =
| father =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajendra Singh Bhandari''' is an Indian politician and former MLA from [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath Assembly constituency]]. He is a Member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/badrinath-bypoll-result-2024-live-leading-trailing-winner-mla-8963774.html/|title=Badrinath Bypoll Result 2024: Lakhapat Singh Butola of INC Wins by Over 5,000 Votes|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-congress-mla-rajendra-singh-bhandari-joins-bjp-5257007|title=Uttarakhand Congress MLA Rajendra Singh Bhandari Joins BJP|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttarakhand/candidates/rajendra-singh-bhandari-inc-2022-badrinath-4-uttarakhand|title=Rajendra Singh Bhandari-राजेंद्र सिंह भंडारी Inc Candidate Badrinath Election Result 2022|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=769|title=Rajendra Singh Bhandari (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BADRINATH : BYE ELECTION ON 10-07-2024(BADRINATH) -|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Positions held==

{{Table to prose|section|date=March 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 2007 - 2012
| Elected to [[Second Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]] (1st term)
* Cabinet Minister - Labour, Employment and training, Youth Welfare Sports, Khadi and Village Industries {{small|(2007-09)}}
* cabinet Minister - Panchayati Raj, Alternative Energy, Census Civil Defense and Home Guard, Jail {{small|(2009-12)}}
|-
| 2012 - 2017
| Elected to [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly]] (2nd term)
* Cabinet Minister - Agriculture, Agricultural Education Agricultural Marketing, Horticulture, Silk Development Soldier welfare, Medical Education, Rain water harvesting Bio-Technology {{small|(2016-17)}}
|-
| 2022 - 2024
| Elected to [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly]] (3rd term)
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/files/2007.pdf Cabinet 2007-12]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Gopinath Ravi

2026-04-11T19:47:20Z

Robbub: Made New Stub

{{Short description| Indian actor and Model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopinath Ravi
| image = Gopinath Ravi in Sidney sladen costume.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Coimbatore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[PSG College of Arts and Science]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|Actor|Engineer}}
| known_for = [[Rubaru Mister India]] 2021 Winner
| spouse = Dr. Priyatharshini (m. 2022-present)
| children = 1 (Vamikha Gopinath)
}}
'''Gopinath Ravi''' (born 25 September) is an Indian model and an actor. He is the winner of [[Rubaru Mr. India]] 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=TN techie wins coveted title|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/04/12/tn-man-wins-mr-india-asia-pacific/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=[[News Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gagan|date=2021-06-10|title=Tamil Nadu's Gopinath Ravi to hold the Rubaru Mr. India title for 2 years – 2020 and 2021|url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/tamil-nadus-gopinath-ravi-to-hold-the-rubaru-mr-india-title-for-2-years-2020-and-2021/|access-date=2021-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=Pollachi youth wins Rubaru Mr India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 title - Navjeevan Express|url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/pollachi-youth-wins-rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title/|access-date=2021-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/business/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi-from-tamilnadu/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Chennai City News|language=en-US}}</ref> He made his cinematic acting debut in 2020 in a Tamil film called ''Bagheera'' in [[Adhik Ravichandran]]'s direction along with [[Prabhu Deva]] where he played a role of [[Sakshi Agarwal]]'s boy friend.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I had to hit Prabhudeva sir with an iron rod for my first shot in the film: Gopinath Ravi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-had-to-hit-prabhudeva-sir-with-an-iron-rod-for-my-first-shot-in-the-film-gopinath-ravi/articleshow/83283852.cms|access-date=2021-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-08|title=Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21, Gopinath Ravi all set to make his Kollywood debut with 'Bagheera'|url=https://www.grehindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-gopinath-ravi-all-set-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-bagheera/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=GrehIndia|language=en-US|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012820/https://www.grehindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-gopinath-ravi-all-set-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-bagheera/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Deccan Chronicle ePaper|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/epaper_main.aspx#2489028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226001700/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/epaper_main.aspx#2489028|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|title=பிரபுதேவாவை இரும்பு கம்பியால் தாக்கிய புதுமுகம்|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=96959|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609085145/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=96959|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2021|access-date=2021-06-23|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref> He will be representing India in the [[United States|United States of America]] in the upcoming international pageant Master of Misters organised by TIM Management Group who also runs the Mister Model International pageant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Krishna|date=2021-04-11|title=Rubaru Mr.India Asia Pacific 2020-21 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu and representing India in Master of misters in US|url=https://chennaiyil.com/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-21-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi-from-tamilnadu/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Chennaiyil|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gagan|date=2021-06-10|title=Tamil Nadu's Gopinath Ravi to hold the Rubaru Mr. India title for 2 years – 2020 and 2021|url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/tamil-nadus-gopinath-ravi-to-hold-the-rubaru-mr-india-title-for-2-years-2020-and-2021/|access-date=2021-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=https://www.kollywoodmix.com/archives/70376|access-date=2021-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the founder of Wyndow entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wyndow Entertainments launched South India's beauty pageant |url=https://www.afternoonnews.in/article/wyndow-entertainments-launched-south-india-s-beauty-pageant |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Afternoonnews |language=en}}</ref> He also have signed for various movies and web series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=2020 – 21 ஆம் ஆண்டுக்கான 'ரூபரு மிஸ்டர் இந்தியா ஆசிய பசிபிக்' பட்டத்தை தமிழ்நாட்டைச் சேர்ந்த கோபிநாத் ரவி வென்றுள்ளார்|url=https://vtv24x7.com/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=VTV 24x7|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life, background and personal life ==
Gopinath Ravi was born on 25 September in [[Pollachi]] near [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=https://www.valgan.tv/fashion/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi-from-tamilnadu/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Valgan TV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=TN techie wins coveted title|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/04/12/tn-man-wins-mr-india-asia-pacific/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=News Today {{!}} First with the news|language=en-US}}</ref> He did schooling in [[Pollachi]]. He moved to [[Chennai]] along with the family after graduating from Coimbatore. He had won a state-level chess tournament and also the runner-up of' state-level basketball competition. He is married to his girlfriend Dr Priyatharshini, a dermatologist based in Chennai, on 29 August 2022 in [[ITC Grand Chola Hotel]], Chennai. Gopinath Ravi and Dr. Priya were reportedly dating for more than a year before they got married.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Bagheera Actor Gopinath Ravi Shares Pics From Dreamy Wedding |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bagheera-actor-gopinath-ravi-shares-pics-from-dreamy-wedding-5884909.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Daughter was born on 9 Sep 2023 in chennai and was named as Vamikha Gopinath.

== Fashion Industry ==
While trying to become an actor attending auditions since 2014, he got a chance in wardrobe advertisement for Christmas seasons directed by [[J. D.- Jerry]] Since then he started modelling seriously from 2015. And in 2017 he took up the modelling and acting as career.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=http://www.cinemaplusnews.com/events/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Cinemaplusnews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 - 21 ஆம் ஆண்டுக்கான 'ரூபரு மிஸ்டர் இந்தியா ஆசிய பசிபிக்' பட்டத்தை தமிழ்நாட்டைச் சேர்ந்த கோபிநாத் ரவி வென்றுள்ளார்|url=https://kalaipoonga.net/business/2020-21-%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%a3%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%81%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%82%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Kalaipoonga|language=en-US}}</ref>

He had participated in many regional fashion shows. Later he was selected in the audition for Rubaru Mr. India 2020. He have won the Amit Khanna's portfolio contest held by [[Rubaru Mr. India|Rubaru]] and awarded a portfolio done by Amit Khanna (photographer).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title=Chennai's Gopinath Ravi won Rubaru Group's Portfolio Contest powered by ace photographer, Amit Khanna|url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/chennais-gopinath-ravi-won-rubaru-groups-portfolio-contest-powered-by-ace-photographer-amit-khanna/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Cine Talkers|language=en-US}}</ref> He also won various rounds in finale like talent round and fitness round.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=https://www.kollywoodmix.com/archives/70376|access-date=2021-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Padma|last=Sabari|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won|url=https://www.3rdeyereports.com/2021/04/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021.html|access-date=2021-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref>

He founded the Wyndow entertainment. Golden face of South India is a beauty pageant to spread awareness of skin donation for acid attack victims. It is a south India level contest auditioning in Chennai, Banglore, Hyderabad and Kochi. Director [[A. L. Vijay]] and actress [[Akshara Gowda]] officially launched it on August 13, 2023 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wyndow entertainments officially launched south India's beauty pageant at crown plaza chennai |url=https://expressnews.asia/wyndow-entertainments-officially-launched-south-indias-beauty-pageant-at-crown-plaza-chennai/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Expressnews |language=en-US}}</ref>

He had been showstopper for Malabar gold and diamonds - Bridal Jewellery Fashion Show, FFW Flair Fashion Week.

He is brand model for the various brands like Manyavar, Kandhan stores, Belmont tailors, Arcadio, Studio 24 Bespoke, Men Deserve.

He has also done Ad shoot for Varuna hill view by Vinayaka missions, K Chinnadurai & Co clothing store.

He has participated in more than 20 Designer and Fashion runways.

He is a celebrity host in Galatta Tamil media channel on YouTube channel. He have interviewed many celebrities. Notably his episodes of car date with celebrities and stay fit with mr. India acclaimed to be favourite of many. He along with [[Shalu Shamu]] gave the live review on galatta for [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)]] which is airing in the [[Star Vijay]].

== Social Works ==
During the lockdown imposed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], He along with the trust SevaIsGood by Mr. AG Arul have helped the needy peoples. He provided food items & groceries to front-liner in Chennai. He have served the food to people who are living in roadside and Street dogs. He along with Namitha Marimuthu who is Miss Trans Start International 2020 have helped [[LGBT]] peoples with food and groceries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21 winner Gopinath Ravi to make his debut in "Bagheera" & his social works|url=https://wmhindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-winner-gopinath-ravi-to-make-his-debut-in-bagheera|access-date=2021-06-23|website=WMH India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]''
|Rohith (Boy friend of Reshma)
|Tamil
|Debut Film
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21 winner Gopinath Ravi to make his debut in "Bagheera"|url=https://wmhindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-winner-gopinath-ravi-to-make-his-debut-in-bagheera|access-date=2021-07-09|website=WMH India|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Year
!Shows
!Role
!Language
!Channel
|-
|2011
|Home Sweet Home
|Contestant
|Tamil
|[[Vijay TV]]
|}
Gopinath Ravi emerged as the title winner of Rubaru Mr. India 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 5 contestant Gopinath Ravi: A look at Coimbatore based actor and Rubaru Mr. India title winner's profile - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-5-contestant-gopinath-ravi-a-look-at-coimbatore-based-actor-and-rubaru-mr-india-title-winners-profile/articleshow/86703718.cms|access-date=2021-10-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2021
|[[Rubaru Mr. India]]
|Rubaru Mr India Asia Pacific Winner 2020-2021
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=TN techie wins coveted title|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/04/12/tn-man-wins-mr-india-asia-pacific/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[News Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020-2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu|url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/business/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi-from-tamilnadu/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Chennai City News|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Rubaru Mr. India]]
|Rubaru Mr India People Choice Winner 2020-2021
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gagan|date=2021-06-10|title=Tamil Nadu's Gopinath Ravi to hold the Rubaru Mr. India title for 2 years – 2020 and 2021|url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/tamil-nadus-gopinath-ravi-to-hold-the-rubaru-mr-india-title-for-2-years-2020-and-2021/|access-date=2021-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|South Indian Talent Awards
|Fashion Icon of the year
|
|-
|2022
|FAB Stars Iconic Awards
|Trending couple of the year
|
|-
|2022
|Business Iconic Awards 2022
|Inspiring Model of the year 2022
|
|-
|2022
|The Golden Crown Awards
|Style Icon of the year.
|
|-
|2022
|Madarase India
|Best Model of the year 2022
|
|-
|2021
|FAB Stars Iconic Awards
|Sensation of Tamil Nadu
|
|-
|2020
|FB Awards 2021 (Fashion & Business Awards)
|Talk of the town
|
|-
|2020
|FEM-MAE
|Mr Hindustan Runner Up
|
|-
|2020
|FEM-MAE
|Mr South India 2020
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://instagram.com/gopinathravi.official Gopinath Ravi] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12754343 Gopinath Ravi] on [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Gopinath}}
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Unakkaga Mattum

2026-04-09T17:22:32Z

Robbub: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unakkaga Mattum
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Chinni Jayanth]]
| producer = Jayasree Narayanan
| writer = Chinni Jayanth
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Chinni Jayanth|Adhitya|Poonam|[[Ram G|Ramji]]}}
| music = Bobby Shankar (songs) [[Devendran]] (score)
| cinematography = K. S. Uthaya Sankar
| editing = P. A. Balamurugan
| distributor =
| studio = Kamalam Movies
| released = {{Film date|2000|07|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unakkaga Mattum''''' ({{Translation|For you only}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[Chinni Jayanth]], making his directorial debut. The film stars himself, newcomer Adhithya, newcomer Poonam and [[Ram G|Ramji]]. The film, produced by Jayasree Narayanan, had music composed by newcomer Bobby Shankar, Shankar's son (of the duo [[Shankar–Ganesh]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 August 2000 |title=Vijay meets his son on the Net! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/26tt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814224152/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/26tt.htm |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and was released on 22 July 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unakkaga Mattum (2000) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unakkaga-mattum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124124101/https://screen4screen.com/movies/unakkaga-mattum |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2024}}
Subramani (Adhitya), a timid and rich Brahmin boy, falls in love with Lakshmi (Poonam), a poor girl. Raja ([[Chinni Jayanth]]), a rich drunkard, joins the college. Raja falls for Lakshmi but later withdraws, and he is content to remain her good friend. Subramani begins to suspect the relationship between Raja and Lakshmi. Subramani becomes a drunkard although Raja stops drinking alcohol.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Raja
*Adhitya as Subramani
*Poonam as Lakshmi
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] as Guru
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as a professor
*Laxmi Rathan as Subramani's father
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Lakshmi's mother
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*[[Shanthi Williams]] as Mangalam, Subramani's mother
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]
*Sukran
*[[Badava Gopi]]
*[[Bosskey]] as Coconut seller
}}

== Production ==
The film's lead actor, Adithya, made his acting debut in the film. Originally from Punjab, Adithya is the nephew of the choreographer, Chopra of Hindi films, and the son of the winner of the Miss India 1972 pageant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |title=Things Looking up |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/aug2301.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001120135200/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/aug2301.asp |archive-date=20 November 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Bobby Shankar, with lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]] and Kavi Varma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2000 |title=Unakkaaga Mattum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/unakkaaga-mattum-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1459159214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240124123136/https://music.apple.com/in/album/unakkaaga-mattum-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1459159214 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaipayuthery- Unakkaga Mattum Tamil Film Audio CD by AR Rahman |url=https://mossymart.com/product/alaipayuthery-unakkaga-mattum-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ar-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002221831/https://mossymart.com/product/alaipayuthery-unakkaga-mattum-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ar-rahman/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ammaadi Nee Enna" || [[Unni Menon]] || 4:48
|-
| "Kaadhal Seiya" || Unni Menon, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || 4:37
|-
| "Gopala Site Adichcha" || Dinesh, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 4:17
|-
| "Ninaichcha Mudippen" || Dinesh || 4:12
|-
| "Penn Pookkalodu" || Srinivas, Dinesh || 4:25
|-
| "Vizhiyodu" || Srinivas, Sujatha Mohan || 4:25
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Insipid direction, weakly etched characters and lacklustre narration characterises the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Unakkaga Mattum |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov53.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224230319/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov53.asp |archive-date=24 December 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the 2000 Film Fans Association, Chinni Jayanth won the Commendation award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-06 |title=The ones who made a mark |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022q.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111011944/http://hindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022q.htm |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2012-10-07 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devendran]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Varada Sethu

2026-03-29T12:10:55Z

Robbub: Added

{{short description|British actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date= January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = Sethu in 2025
| name = Varada Sethu
| birth_name = Varada Sethumadhavan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = [[University of Bristol]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for =
| education = [[Dame Allan's Schools]], Newcastle upon Tyne
}}
'''Varada Sethu''' (born '''Varada Sethumadhavan''',<ref name="miss"/> 12 May 1992) is an Indian-born British actress. Her most notable credits include playing [[Detective Sergeant]] Mishal Ali in ''[[Hard Sun]]'' (2018), Lance Corporal Manisha Chetri in ''[[Strike Back: Vendetta]]'' (2020), [[Cinta Kaz]] in ''[[Andor (TV series)|Andor]]'' (2022–2025), and [[Belinda Chandra]] in ''[[Doctor Who]]'' (2025).

Her credits also include ''[[Sket]]'' (2010), ''[[English: An Autumn in London]]'' (2012), ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]'' (2015), ''[[New Blood (TV series)|New Blood]]'' (2016), ''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]'' (2017), ''[[Hanna (TV series)|Hanna]]'' (2019), ''[[Strike Back: Vendetta]]'' (2020), ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'' (2022), and ''[[Annika (2021 TV series)|Annika]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Varada Sethumadhavan was born on 12 May 1992 in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite Instagram |postid=DJjqGxpI8yD |title=Happy birthday to @abby_sethu, the other half of my heart |last=Sethu |first=Varada |user=varadasethu |date=12 May 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20250622231703/https://www.instagram.com/p/DJjqGxpI8yD/ |archivedate=22 June 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3e405g2e39o |title=New Doctor Who star: 'I don't want to be a cautionary tale' |last1=Sandhu |first1=Amber |last2=Swash |first2=Rebecca |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=1 April 2025 |accessdate=23 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="dwm">{{cite magazine |date=July 2025 |title=Between Shifts with the Nurse |magazine=[[Doctor Who Magazine]] |issue=618 |pages=16–20}}</ref> She and her twin sister Abhaya are of [[Malayali]] ancestry.<ref name="dwm"/><ref name="andor"/> Sethu's parents are doctors.<ref name="miss"/> She moved to the North East of England at a young age and she grew up in [[Benton, Tyne and Wear]],<ref name="chron">{{cite web|url= https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/geordie-actress-aimee-kelly-line-1405842 |title=Geordie actress Aimee Kelly in line for film award |publisher=chroniclelive.co.uk |year=2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181016023029/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/geordie-actress-aimee-kelly-line-1405842|archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. Sethu attended [[Dame Allan's School, Newcastle upon Tyne|Dame Allan's Schools]] and was a member of the [[National Youth Theatre]].<ref name="chron"/> During her final year of [[sixth form]], Sethu won the 2010 Miss Newcastle competition.<ref name="miss">{{cite web|url= http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2010/08/19/miss-newcastle-winners-secure-top-a-levels-72703-27095579/ |title= Miss Newcastle winners secure top A-levels |author= Colin George|work=chroniclelive.co.uk |date= August 19, 2010 |access-date= 19 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100824051905/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2010/08/19/miss-newcastle-winners-secure-top-a-levels-72703-27095579/ |url-status=dead|archive-date= 24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="queen">{{cite web|url= http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=MTY1Ng== |title= Malayalee Newcastle beauty queen secure top A-Levels |work= ukmalayalee.com |date=August 20, 2010 |access-date= 19 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060643/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=MTY1Ng== |url-status=dead|archive-date= 19 January 2018 }}</ref> She went on to study at [[University of Bristol]].<ref name="miss"/><ref name="queen"/>

Sethu has been performing the [[Indian classical dance]] traditions of both [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] from a young age.<ref name="queen"/><ref name="dwm"/> Sethu continued her acting education at the [[Identity School of Acting]] in [[London]].<ref name="mids"/><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-kerala-born-british-indian-star-wars-actor-varada-sethu/article66139458.ece|title=Kerala-born British actor Varada Sethu on playing a rebel in 'Star Wars' show 'Andor'|work=The Hindu|date=22 November 2022 |last1=N |first1=Aswin V.}}</ref>

==Career==

In 2010, Sethu made her debut appearance on screen in the short film ''Impressions'' as Samena.<ref name="imp">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xcuogn?retry |title= Impressions (Short Film) |publisher= dailymotion.com |year=2010 }}</ref> In 2011, Sethu landed the role of Kiran in the feature film ''[[Sket]]'',<ref name="chron"/> then as Meghana Scariah in ''[[English: An Autumn in London]]'' in 2012.<ref name="tv"/> In 2015 she made an appearance as PC Kylie Green in the 2000 TV series ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''.<ref name="tv">{{cite web|url= https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/varada-sethu/credits/3060028408/ |title= Verada Sethu Credits |work= tvguide.com |access-date=April 1, 2025}}</ref>

Her career continued in 2016 appearing as Peaseblossom in a 2016 TV movie version of ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (2016 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''.,<ref name="mids">{{Cite web|url=http://www.identityschoolofacting.com/portfolio/varada-sethu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518044223/https://www.identityschoolofacting.com/alumni/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-05-18 |title=Portfolio: Varada Sethu|website=identityschoolofacting.com |date=2021}}</ref> ''[[Now You See Me 2]]'' and ''[[New Blood (TV series)|New Blood]]''.<ref name="tv"/>

In 2017, Sethu appeared as Aisha in two episodes of ''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]''.<ref name="tv"/> In 2018, Sethu starred as DS Mishal Ali for six episodes in the BBC apocalyptic TV crime series ''[[Hard Sun]]''.<ref name="rad">{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2018-01-13/meet-the-cast-of-bbc1s-hard-sun/ |title=Meet the cast of BBC1's Hard Sun |publisher= radiotimes.com |year=2018 |access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, Sethu performed as a series regular in season seven of ''[[Strike Back: Revolution]]'' as Lance Corporal Manisha Chetri of the British Army.<ref name="nerd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nerdophiles.com/2020/02/28/strike-backs-varada-sethu-it-really-is-a-season-unlike-any-other/ |title=Strike Back's Varada Sethu: 'It Really Is A Season Unlike Any Other'|website=nerdophiles.com |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref name="strike">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/strike-back-best-character-deaths-philip-locke/|title=Strike Back: 10 Best Characters Killed Off Prematurely In The Show|website=Screen Rant|date=24 April 2020}}</ref> In 2022, She played rebel Cinta Kaz in both seasons of [[Andor (TV series)|''Andor'']].<ref name="andor">{{Cite web |last=Speicher |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-10-30 |title=Vel and Cinta's Relationship Shows Nothing Comes Before the Rebellion |url=https://collider.com/andor-vel-and-cinta-episode-7/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, Sethu portrayed the [[companion (Doctor Who)|companion]] [[Belinda Chandra]] in ''[[Doctor Who]]'' alongside [[Ncuti Gatwa]] as the [[Fifteenth Doctor]] in [[Doctor Who series 15|series 15]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor Who - First Look at Ncuti Gatwa with Varada Sethu and Millie Gibson ahead of season two |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/doctor-who-ncuti-gatwa-varada-sethu-millie-gibson/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name='RTBC'>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-varada-sethu-character-newsupdate/|title=Doctor Who reveals who Varada Sethu will be playing|website=[[Radio Times]]|author=James Hibbs|date=27 July 2024|accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref> Prior to this, she played Mundy Flynn in the [[Doctor Who series 14|series 14]] episode "[[Boom (Doctor Who)|Boom]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/doctor-who-boom-review-steven-moffat-classic-3060813|title=Steven Moffat has written another Doctor Who classic|website=inew.co.uk|author=Stephen Kelly|date=15 May 2024|accessdate=15 May 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''Impressions''
| Sameena
| [[Short film]]<ref name="imp"/>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Sket]]''
| Kiran
| <ref name="chron"/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[English (2013 film)|English]]''
| Meghana Scariah
| [[Cinema of India|Indian film]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2016
| ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (2016 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''
| [[Peaseblossom]]
| <ref name="ver">{{cite web|url= https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/miss-newcastle-tv-star-north-14178705 |title=From Miss Newcastle to TV star and the other North East female stars making it big |publisher= chroniclelive.co.uk |year=2018 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Now You See Me 2]]''
| Tressler Assistant
| <ref name="ver" />
|-
| 2018
| ''Special Delivery''
| Parminder
| rowspan="2" | Short film
|-
| 2020
| ''Bad News''
| Mindi
|-
| rowspan=2| 2022
| ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]''
| Shira
|
|-
| ''[[I Came By]]''
| Naserine 'Naz' Raheem
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[100 Nights of Hero]]''
| Esa
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''
| PC Kylie Green
| 1 episode
|-
| 2016
|''[[New Blood (TV series)|New Blood]]''
| Indian Nurse
| 3 episodes<ref name="ver" />
|-
| 2017
|''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]''
| Aisha
| 2 episodes<ref name="rad"/><ref name="ver" />
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Hard Sun]]''
| DS Mishal Ali
| 6 episodes<ref name="rad"/>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[Strike Back: Revolution]]''
| Lance Corporal Manisha Chetri, British Army
| 10 episodes<ref name="strike"/>
|-
| ''[[Hanna (TV series)|Hanna]]''
| CIA Analyst McArthur
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Strike Back: Vendetta]]''
| Lance Corporal Manisha Chetri, British Army
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2023
|''[[Annika (2021 TV series)|Annika]]''
| DS Harper Weston
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2022–2025
|''[[Andor (TV series)|Andor]]''
| Cinta Kaz
| 10 episodes
|-
| 2024
| rowspan="2" |''[[Doctor Who]]''
| Mundy Flynn
| [[Doctor Who series 14|Series 14]]: "[[Boom (Doctor Who)|Boom]]" (guest role)
|-
| 2025
| [[Belinda Chandra]]
| [[Doctor Who series 15|Series 15]] (main cast)
|-
|2026
|''[[The Other Bennet Sister]]''
|Ann Baxter
|3 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160411210603/http://www.identityschoolofacting.com/portfolio/varada-sethu/ 2016 Portfolio - Varada Sethu]
*{{IMDb name| 4215324}}
*[https://vimeo.com/120310688 Vimeo showreel 2015]
*[https://vimeo.com/300713157 Vimeo spotlight 2018]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethu, Varada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Identity School of Acting]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:British people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:National Youth Theatre members]]
[[Category:People educated at Dame Allan's School]]
[[Category:People from the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside]]

Purna River (tributary of Godavari)

2026-03-28T15:48:28Z

Robbub:

{{other uses|Purna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Purna river
| native_name = {{native name|mr|पूर्णा नदी}}
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
[[File:Purna river at Kedarkheda.jpg|200px|Purna_river_at_Kedarkheda]]
| image_size =
| image_caption = Purna river at Kedarkheda
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marathwada]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Purna]]

| length_km = 373
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Ajanta Range
| source1_location = [[Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary|Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Marathwada]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|20|33|N|75|19|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|838|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Godavari River]]
| mouth_location = Jambulbet, [[Parbhani district]], [[Marathwada]], [[Maharashtra]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|10|N|72|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|351|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 15579
| tributaries_left = Kelana River, Damna River, Lendi River
| tributaries_right = Anjana River, Girija River, Dudhana River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Purna River''' is a major left-bank tributary of [[Godavari River]] originating in the [[Ajanta range]]<ref>[http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/godavari/Purna.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> in [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra]].The river lies in the rain shadow region of [[Maharashtra]], on the [[Deccan Plateau]], flowing through the districts of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Buldhana District|Buldhana]], [[Hingoli District|Hingoli]] and [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]] with a large catchment area measuring about 15,579 km2. This enormous catchment area is often tagged as a sub-basin of [[Godavari River]] and along with its tributaries forms a dendritic drainage pattern.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110406/http://www.jalna.nic.in/html/pdf/Apatti.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url=http://www.jalna.nic.in/html/pdf/Apatti.pdf | title=Jalna District Disaster Management Plan | publisher=Jalna District Disaster Management Plan | access-date=9 August 2019 }}</ref> It is a prime river in the [[Marathwada]] region of [[Maharashtra]] running for about 373 km before it converges with [[Godavari River]] south of [[Purna]] city in the [[Parbhani District|Parbhani district]].

== Origin ==
The river originates in the Ajanta Hill range within the [[Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary|Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary]] at an elevation of 838m. The sanctuary provides the much needed forest cover acting like a sponge to soak in the 711 mm to 889 mm of rain received per year, a crucial source of water, in this rain scarce region of [[Maharashtra]].

== Course ==
The river has an extensive course measuring up to 373 km in length making it longer than the [[River Thames]] of [[Great Britain]]. Very close to its origin, it is dammed through the Nevpur Medium Irrigation Project<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Purna(Neopur)_Dam_D03045
|title=Purna (Neopur) Dam D03045
|publisher=India-WRIS
|access-date=2015-10-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131008/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Purna(Neopur)_Dam_D03045
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> within the [[Kannad]] Taluka,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mrsac.gov.in/sites/default/files/TH_ABD_Kannad.pdf
|title=Village Map, Taluka Kannad
|publisher=Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre
|access-date=2015-10-13
}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]. Collecting the tributary Anjana within the Sillod taluka, it ends its short course within [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and enters the [[Jalna district|Jalna]] where it is consecutively joined by two rivers, Girija at Walsakhalsa and Kelana at Jafrabad. Beyond this the river enters the [[Buldana district]] where it spreads out into the backwaters of the Khadakpurna dam and also receives another small tributary called Damna. Then on the river assumes the role of a natural boundary between the two districts of Hingoli and Parbhani. Along the course here its flow is interrupted by two dams; [[Yeldari Dam]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/dams/yeldari-dam.html
|title=DAMS: Yeldari Dam
|website=Maharashtradarshan.in
|access-date=2015-10-13
|archive-date=17 November 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117071129/http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/dams/yeldari-dam.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> - the second largest in [[Marathwada]] - which forms a large reservoir with live capacity of 0.81 billion cubic meters and [[Siddheshwar Dam]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf
|title = National Register of Large Dams-2009
|publisher = Central Water Commission
|access-date = 2015-10-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-07-21
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The flow, now considerably reduced due to the presence of the two dams, trickles along down south, leaving the boundary between Hingoli and Parbhani and flowing down into Parbhani. Just before SH 222 crosses the river, it is joined by its largest tributary - Dudhana River, thereby augmenting its flow. In its last lap the river flows through [[Purna]] city where it is damned for the last time and ultimately flows into the [[Godavari River]] at an elevation of about 351m.

== Tributaries ==
The longest tributary of Purna is Dudhana river. The list of the most significant tributaries is provided below, from the river that form a confluence nearest to the origin to the one furthest away.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Order !! Left Bank !! Taluka, District !! Right Bank
|-
| 1 ||---- || Sillod, [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] || Anjana
|-
| 2 ||---- || Bhokardan, [[Jalna district|Jalna]] || Girija
|-
| 3 ||Kelana || Jafrabad, [[Jalna district|Jalna]] || ----
|-
| 4 ||Damna || Jafrabad, [[Jalna district|Jalna]] || ----
|-
| 5 ||Lendi || Jafrabad, [[Jalna district|Jalna]] || ----
|-
| 6 ||Aamna || [[Purna]], [[Deulgaon Raja District|Buldhana]] || ----
|-
| 7 ||---- || [[Purna]], [[Parbhani District|Parbhani]] || Dudhana

|}

==Dams==
The river has a number of significant dams built along its course in order to harness the water in this drought prone region.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 October 2015|title=This is the worst drought in the history of Marathwada: Atul Deulgaonkar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/interview-this-is-the-worst-drought-in-the-history-of-marathwada-atul-deulgaonkar-2130577|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Dnaindia.com|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722104749/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/interview-this-is-the-worst-drought-in-the-history-of-marathwada-atul-deulgaonkar-2130577|url-status=live}}</ref> The second largest dam in Marathwada is the [[Yeldari Dam]], an earth fill type of structure nearly 51 m high with gross storage capacity of 0.934 billion cubic meters.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Yeldari_Dam_D03211| title=Yeldari Dam D03211| website=India-wris.nrsc.goc.in| access-date=26 March 2016| archive-date=16 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032825/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Yeldari_Dam_D03211| url-status=dead}}</ref> Khadakpurna and Siddheshwar are other dams located on the river.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Khadakpurna_Dam_D03024| title=Khadakpurna Dam D03024| website=India-wris.nrsc.goc.in| access-date=26 March 2016| archive-date=16 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216092928/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Khadakpurna_Dam_D03024| url-status=dead}}</ref> The region relies heavily on these reservoirs<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Water-levels-at-five-major-dams-in-Aurangabad-region-hit-dead-storage/articleshow/48219848.cms|title=Water levels at five major dams in Aurangabad region hit dead storage - Times of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723001320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/water-levels-at-five-major-dams-in-aurangabad-region-hit-dead-storage/articleshow/48219848.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> to meet the water requirements with delay or poor monsoon dramatically affecting the region resulting in droughts and abysmal agricultural productivity.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Godavari basin}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]

Talgo

2026-03-27T15:24:45Z

Robbub: minor adjust intro for clarity also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Spanish railway rolling stock manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox company
|type = [[Sociedad Anónima]]
|name = Talgo, S.A.
|logo = Talgo logo.svg
|logo_size = 150px
|traded_as = {{BMAD|isin=ES0105065009|TLGO}}
|foundation = 1942
|location = [[Las Rozas de Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.railgrup.net/pdf/talgo.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132515/http://www.railgrup.net/pdf/talgo.pdf |url-status = dead |title = Information about Talgo |website = railgrup.net |via = [[Internet Archive]] |archive-date = 25 April 2012}}</ref>
|industry = Rail vehicle manufacturing
|products = [[Locomotive]]s [[High-speed rail|High-speed trains]] [[Inter-city rail|Intercity and commuter trains]]
|owner = [[Trilantic Capital Partners]] (39.89%) Torrente Blasco Family (5.02%) Amundi Asset Management SA (1.58%) J.M. de Oriol (1.41%) Other (52.10%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talgo, S.A. {{!}} ES0105065009 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://es.marketscreener.com/cotizacion/accion/TALGO-S-A-22148977/empresa/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=es.marketscreener.com |language=es}}</ref>
|num_employees= 1,100 (Spain), 2711 (Company, 2021)
|homepage = [http://www.talgo.com/ talgo.com]
}}

'''Talgo''' (officially '''Patentes Talgo, SAU''') is a Spanish manufacturer of intercity, standard, and high-speed passenger [[Rail transport|trains]]. Talgo is an abbreviation of ''Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol'' (English: ''Lightweight articulated train Goicoechea Oriol'').

The company was founded by [[Alejandro Goicoechea]] and [[José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen|José Luis Oriol]]. It was first incorporated in 1942.

==Corporate history==
The creation of Talgo can be largely credited to the work of [[Alejandro Goicoechea]] and [[José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen|José Luis Oriol]].<ref name = "railfound hist"/> During the 1930s, Goicoechea, a pioneering railway engineer, sought to produce a new generation of rolling stock that would be primarily composed of metal, rather than wood; to reduce operational cost, he also emphasised lightweight yet sturdy construction, while a low center of gravity would deter derailing and thus permit higher operating speeds. In 1942, financial backing for the construction of a prototype train was provided by Oriol, which believed in Goicoechea's concepts. The two produced the agreement that established ''Patentes Talgo'' as a company that same year. The prototype train would emerge as the ''Talgo I''.<ref name = "railfound hist">{{cite web |url = https://artsandculture.google.com/story/talgo-a-train-ahead-of-the-curve-fundacion-de-los-ferrocarriles-espanoles/cAVRHI2dUkr-Ig?hl=en |title = Talgo: A Train Ahead of the Curve |publisher = Spanish Railway Foundation |access-date = 23 January 2023}}</ref>

During the late 1940s, Talgo came to recognise that Spain, and the wider European continent, were in a poor economic condition following the [[Second World War]] and so were unlikely to be customers for new rolling stock from an unproven manufacturer. Furthermore, the company was keen to acquire advanced technical knowledge and designs, so a favourable agreement was struck with [[American Car and Foundry]] (ACF) to collaborate on the manufacture of the ''Talgo II'' in the United States.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> The first vehicles arrived in Spain in 1950, enabling the first commercial Talgo II service to be run on 14 July of that year, between Madrid, Spain, and Hendaye, France, as a long distance service of [[Renfe]]. It was the first train in Spain to be authorized to travel at a service speed of up to {{convert|75|mph|round=5}}. Continued collaboration with ACF led to the creation of the ''Talgo III'' during the 1960s, making its official debut as an intercity long distance express between Madrid and Barcelona in August 1964.<ref name = "railfound hist"/>

International rail travel between Spain and the rest of Europe had been historically hampered by the differing [[track gauge]] at either side of the [[Pyrenees]].<ref name = "railfound hist"/> Recognising the value in effectively overcoming that impediment, Talgo developed its own variable-gauge vehicle system, which permitted the first international Talgo trainset, operated by Renfe, to be introduced on passenger services between Barcelona, Spain and Geneva, Switzerland, in 1969. Variable-gauge trains were soon a common feature of overnight services between various Spanish cities and destinations across Western Europe.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> Even into the 21st century, the variable-gauge system has largely remained unchanged, even on newly built rolling stock.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> [[La Gineta]] is the site of a test track of the Talgo RD [[railway gauge changer]].

During the 1970s, Talgo sought to better accommodate the demand for higher speed trains in Spain. As a consequence of its mountainous terrain, curved tracks prevailed, despite restricting line speeds due to the centrifugal forces exerted on the trains and their contents.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> To permit higher operating speeds under such conditions, the company developed a [[tilting train]], the ''Talgo Pendular'', that automatically compensated for centrifugal forces by tilting appropriately on bends. Without needing to modify the track infrastructure, this tilting train allowed operating speeds to be increased by up to 25 percent over conventional trains.<ref name = "railfound hist"/>

During the 1970s and 1980s, the company focused its activities largely on the manufacturing of coaching stock rather than locomotives. A renewed focus on locomotive development, incorporating the automatic variable gauge system, came about during the 1990s. The Talgo XXI pioneered various technologies for the company, including new high-speed running gear and hybrid propulsion technology.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> In 1988, the Spanish government announced its decision to construct a new dedicated high-speed line between Madrid and Seville. Talgo was keen to produce rolling stock for the new venture and immediately set about designing a new series of trains, the ''Talgo 350''.<ref name = "railfound hist"/> A key feature of this trainset would be its maximum speed, which was {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}}. In 1998, Talgo partnered with the multinational rolling stock manufacturer [[Adtranz]] to collaborate on its bid to secure a contract to provide the rolling stock for the new high-speed line.<ref name = "railfound hist"/>

The company's long-term primary customer, and thus the main source of its revenues, is the Spanish railway operator [[Renfe]].<ref name=multi>{{cite book |first = Mauro F. |last = Guillen |year = 2005 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hOsiGt_VoAMC&q=Talgo+III+RD&pg=PA60 |title = The Rise of Spanish Multinationals |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 9780521847216 |access-date = 7 May 2008 |via = [[Google Books]]}}</ref> By 2001, Talgo was reportedly spending between 10 and 12 percent of its revenues on various research and development programmes.<ref name=converge>{{cite book |first = Mauro F. |last = Guillen |author-link = Mauro F. Guillen |year = 2001 |url = https://archive.org/details/limitsofconverge00guil |url-access = registration |page = [https://archive.org/details/limitsofconverge00guil/page/104/mode/1up 104] |quote = Talgo III RD. |title = The Limits of Convergence |isbn = 0-691-05705-2 |location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]] |publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |access-date = 4 May 2020 |via = [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

On 12 May 1999, Talgo announced it had signed a deal to acquire the Finnish rolling stock manufacturer [[Transtech Oy]], which it subsequently reorganised as the wholly owned subsidiary ''Talgo Oy''.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/talgo-to-buy-transtech/28854.article |title = Talgo to buy Transtech |work = Railway Gazette |date = 1 June 1999 }}</ref> In March 2007, Talgo sold its shares in Talgo Oy to a combination of its local management and other Finnish investors, after which the Transtech name was readopted.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.railjournal.com/financial/koda-acquires-controlling-stake-in-finlands-transtech/ |title = Škoda acquires controlling stake in Transtech |publisher = International Railway Journal |date = 4 August 2015 |first = Keith |last = Barrow}}</ref>

During the 2010s, it was decided that Talgo would be reorganised as a [[S.A. (corporation)|public company]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.railwaygazette.com/business/industry-news-in-brief/36386.article |title = Industry News in Brief |work = Railway Gazette |date = 5 November 2011 }}</ref> In May 2015, the company made an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) on the [[Bolsa de Madrid]], during which it was valued at €1.27 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title = IPO values Talgo at €1.27bn |url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/ipo-values-talgo-at-EUR127bn.html |access-date = 15 July 2015 |work = Railway Gazette |date = 7 May 2015 |archive-date = 15 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015121623/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/ipo-values-talgo-at-EUR127bn.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In recent decades, Talgo has made a renewed effort to expand its presence internationally. During the late 2010s, Talgo made arrangements to establish a new train manufacturing site in the United Kingdom in response to orders for its trains having been placed by multiple British railway operators.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.railbusinessdaily.com/talgo-on-tour-true-engineering-plan-has-tremendous-support/ |title = Talgo on tour: 'true manufacturing' plan has tremendous support |publisher = railbusinessdaily.com |first = Danny |last = Longhorn |date = 21 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/talgo-shortlists-english-and-welsh-locations-for-new-factory |title = Talgo shortlists English and Welsh locations for new factory |publisher = railmagazine.com |first = Richard |last = Clinnick |date = 9 October 2018}}</ref> In the early 2020s, the company invested in new manufacturing facilities in India with the aiming of securing sizable orders from across the country's railways.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/early-bird-will-rake-in-in-private-trains-says-talgo-plans-india-manufacturing-263715-2020-07-10 |title = Early bird will rake-in in private trains, says Talgo; plans India manufacturing |publisher = businesstoday.in |first = Anwesha |last = Madhukalya |date = 10 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2025 Basque company [[Sidenor]] acquired 20.7% of the company, taking control of it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vadillo |first=Javier F. Magariño, Javier |date=2025-02-14 |title=Sidenor y sus socios vascos toman el control de Talgo tras comprar el 29,7% con una mejora de la oferta |url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/companias/2025-02-14/sidenor-alcanza-un-principio-de-acuerdo-para-tomar-el-control-de-talgo.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Cinco Días |language=es}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Sistema talgo.svg|thumb|'''Left''': Conventional [[bogie]] system. '''Right''': Talgo System]]

Talgo trains are best known for their unconventional articulated railway [[passenger car (rail)|passenger cars]] that use between-carriage [[bogie]]s that Talgo patented in 1941, similar to the earlier [[Jacobs bogie]]. The wheels are mounted in pairs but not joined by an [[axle]] and the bogies are shared between coaches rather than underneath individual coaches. This allows a railway car to take a turn at higher speeds with less [[hunting oscillation]]. As the coaches are not mounted directly onto wheel bogies, the coaches are more easily insulated from track noise. This design has been proposed for further utilisation in the Talgo 22, a double deck train with stepless access from the platform to the lower deck and between carriages.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/27033561/talgo-22 |title = Talgo 22 |website = yumpu.com}}</ref>

Talgo trains fitted with [[variable gauge|variable-gauge axles]] can [[Break-of-gauge|change]] [[rail gauge]]{{dash}}for instance between {{Track gauge|iberian|allk=on|disp=1}} and {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on|disp=1}} at the Spanish–French border interchange.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwNl-g_91GE |title = Variable gauge system Talgo RD 2008 |date = 25 February 2013 |via = www.youtube.com}}</ref>

Since the introduction of the Talgo Pendular in 1980, the train tilts naturally inwards on [[Civil engineering#Surveying|curves]], allowing it to run faster on curves without causing discomfort to passengers. The carriage tilting system pivots around the top of the suspension columns, with the effect of partially cancelling the effects of lateral acceleration when cornering.

==Trains==
Talgo trains are divided into generations. They come in both [[locomotive]]-hauled and [[Multiple unit|self-propelled]] versions.

===Talgo I===
[[File:Talgo I diesel train (1).jpg|thumb|Photograph of Talgo I prototype]]
The Talgo I was built in 1942 in Spain. The coaches were built at the "Hijos de Juan Garay" workshop in [[Oñati]] and the [[power car]] was built at the workshops of the "Compañía del Norte" in [[Valladolid]].<ref name=official>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgo.com/index.php/en/nuestra.php |title = Historia de Talgo |publisher = www.talgo.com |access-date = 15 June 2010 |archive-date = 22 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522122748/http://www.talgo.com/index.php/en/nuestra.php |url-status = dead }}</ref> It was built as a prototype, and it was used to set several rail speed records.<ref name=converge/> The first test run occurred between [[Madrid]] and [[Guadalajara (Spain)|Guadalajara, Castile–La Mancha]] in October 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgo.de/Historie.htm |title = Historie |publisher = www.talgo.de |access-date = 3 October 2014 |archive-date = 6 February 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120206091327/http://www.talgo.de/Historie.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> It had a max speed of {{cvt|115|km/h}} on uphills and {{cvt|135|km/h}} on flat/downhills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talgo America{{dash}}Historic Milestones |url=http://web.talgoamerica.com/historic-milestones |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=web.talgoamerica.com}}</ref> The trainset was destroyed on February 5, 1944, after approximately 3000 km of testing in a fire at its storage location, a warehouse in Cerra Negro.

===Talgo II===
[[File:Rivabellosa, factoría de Talgo, coches de Talgo-II (1).jpg|thumb|Talgo II]]

Talgo II coaches and locomotives were first built in 1950 at the [[American Car and Foundry Company]] (ACF) works in the United States under the direction of Spanish engineers (the diesel–electric locomotives were assembled by ACF with electrical components made by General Electric). Talgo II carried most of the ''Jet Rocket'' train's passengers between [[Chicago]] and [[Peoria, Illinois]], after entering service on the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad]] (the Rock Island line) in 1956. Slightly different coaches were later introduced, and the last car type of the ''Jet Rocket'' resembled that of the future Talgo III.<ref>(1) {{cite web |url = http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2262 |title = The Jet Rocket |work = Streamliner Memories |date = 1 March 2013 |access-date = 12 May 2020}} {{Cite web |url = http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2262 |title = The Jet Rocket | |access-date = 13 May 2020 |archive-date = 13 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200513011254/http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2262 |via = [[Internet Archive]] |url-status = bot: unknown }} (2) {{cite web |url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/76677346@N04/30463037750 |title = EMD LWT12 locomotive No. 1 (serial number 20826) pulling the Jet Rocket train on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad |format = photograph |date = c. 1956 |access-date = 4 May 2020 |via = [[Flickr]]}}</ref> The [[New York Central Railroad]] trialed a complete train until 1958 but saw little success.<ref>{{cite book |first = Mauro F. |last = Guillen |author-link = Mauro F. Guillen |year = 2001 |url = https://archive.org/details/limitsofconverge00guil|url-access=registration |title = The Limits of Convergence|isbn=0-691-05705-2 |location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]] |publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |page = [https://archive.org/details/limitsofconverge00guil/page/104/mode/1up 104] |quote = In 1948 the [[American Car and Foundry Company]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], and [[Wilmington, Delaware]], agreed to manufacture three Talgo II trains. Two of them were shipped back to Spain to enter scheduled commercial service in 1950. The third was tested and used for passenger traffic on the New York Central Railroad until 1958 with little commercial success |access-date = 4 May 2020 |via = [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Talgo IIs also entered service under [[Renfe]] as the [[Renfe Class 350]], where they ran between Madrid and Palencia.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

Talgo IIs were also built for the [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]] for its "[[John Quincy Adams (train)|John Quincy Adams]]" train from [[New York City]] to [[Boston, Massachusetts]], and the [[Boston and Maine Railroad]] for its "[[Speed Merchant (train)|Speed Merchant]]" train, running between [[Boston]] and [[Portland, Maine]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Kirkland |first = John F. |title = The Diesel Builders Volume 1: Fairbanks-Morse and Lima-Hamilton |date = November 1985 |publisher = Interurban Press |isbn = 0-916374-69-6}}</ref> Soon afterwards, Talgo II trains began running in Spain and were successfully operated until 1972.<ref name="official" />
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===Talgo III===
[[File:Bf Perpignan, Talgo RD.jpg|thumb|Talgo III]]
Talgo III coaches and locomotives entered service in 1964, introducing longer cars and easy directional reversibility of the coaches. The Talgo III/RD was equipped with [[variable gauge axles]], and this permitted the introduction, on 1 June 1969, of the first through train between [[Barcelona]] and [[Geneva]] (the ''[[Catalan Talgo]]''), despite the [[Break-of-gauge|difference]] in [[rail gauge]].<ref name=converge/><ref name="cooks1969jun">"Stop Press" (changes taking effect). ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cooks Continental Timetable]]'' (June 1969 edition), p. 6; also pp. 71, 106. London: [[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]].</ref> The same equipment was used for the ''Barcelona Talgo'', which began operation on 26 May 1974 as the first-ever through train service between Barcelona and Paris.<ref name="cooks1975jun">"Barcelona Talgo". ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Thomas Cook Continental Timetable]]'' (June 1975 edition), p. 466. Thomas Cook Publishing.</ref>
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===Talgo Pendular===
[[File:Bf Málaga, Talgo 200.jpg|thumb|Talgo Pendular (Talgo VI)]]
[[File:Pendular.jpg|left|thumb|Functional principle of tilting{{dash}}green: gravity, red: centrifugal force, blue: resultant force]]

The Talgo Pendular (Talgo IV and Talgo V, also VI & Talgo 200 or 6th generation), introduced in 1980, created the "natural tilting" train, using a passive system that tilts the carriages with no need for electronic sensors or hydraulic equipment.<ref name=multi/> The wheels are mounted on mono axles between the carriages, and sitting on top of the axles are suspension columns. The carriages are attached to the top of the suspension columns and swing inwards as the train goes through a curve.

In 1988, a Talgo Pendular was used on trials for [[Amtrak]] on the Boston–New York corridor in the United States and on [[Deutsche Bahn]] lines in Germany.<ref name=official/> Trial commercial services with Talgo cars in the US commenced in 1994 between Seattle and Portland, and from 1998 different trains have been used on the [[Amtrak Cascades|Amtrak ''Cascades'']] services from [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], to [[Seattle, Washington]], continuing via [[Portland, Oregon]] to [[Eugene, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgoamerica.com/history.asp |title = TALGO AMERICA{{dash}}History |publisher = www.talgoamerica.com |access-date = 7 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625034730/http://www.talgoamerica.com/history.asp |via = [[Internet Archive]] |archive-date = 25 June 2008}}</ref> Five Talgo IV trains were in use in [[Rail transport in Argentina|Argentina]] on the [[General Roca Railway]]. They have since been replaced by [[CRRC Dalian]] rolling stock. In September 2022, the Talgo IV sets were transported to the Villa Luro workshop to undergo repairs, aiming to add an extra daily service between Buenos Aires and Rosario.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.enelsubte.com/noticias/trasladan-formaciones-talgo-a-los-talleres-de-villa-luro-para-su-reparacion |title = Trasladan formaciones Talgo a los talleres de Villa Luro para su reparación |publisher = enelSubte |date = 21 September 2022}}</ref> The sets used on the Amtrak Cascades have been replaced by Amtrak-owned [[Horizon (railcar)|Horizon]] cars.

Talgo 200 series trains are also in use in [[Kazakhstan]] for the Almaty–Astana overnight train.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68704726.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162535/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68704726.html |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |url-status = dead |title = Kazakhstan Buys Two Talgo Trains |publisher = International Railway Journal |via = [[Internet Archive]] |date = 1 December 2000}}</ref>
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===Talgo VII===
[[File:Bf Linares-Baeza, Talgo7-Einheit.jpg|thumb|Talgo VII cars]]
The Talgo VII introduced beginning in 2000 is used as a locomotive-pulled train set as well as intermediate cars for the [[multiple unit]]s [[Talgo 250]], [[Talgo 350]] and [[Talgo XXI]]. The carriages are similar to the Talgo Pendular type but have an air-controlled [[hydraulic brake]] system and power supply from [[head end power]] instead of diesel [[engine–generator]]s in the end cars. Talgo VII trains have a car which has two pairs of wheels in the middle of the set (of cars) rather than at one end of the set, which is the case for earlier Talgo trains. All the other cars in the set have a single pair of wheels.<ref name="Talgo 7">{{cite web |url = http://talgo.ifrance.com/talgo7en.htm |title = Talgo 7 |author = Christian Torrego (Translation by P.L. Guillemin |website = talgo.ifrance.com |date = April 2003 |access-date = 29 December 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20090403144531/http://talgo.ifrance.com/talgo7en.htm |archive-date = 3 April 2009}}</ref>
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===Talgo 8===
[[File:Union Station (12209479843).jpg|thumb|Talgo Series 8]]
[[File:Talgo VIII interior.jpg|thumb|The inside of a Talgo Series 8 Coach]]
The Series 8 passenger cars are similar to the Series VII cars, but has an unpowered diesel generator [[control car]] for [[push–pull train|push–pull]] operation and a two-axle end bogie. Each trainset has two accessible cars with 21 seats, three coaches with restrooms (29 seats), four coaches without restrooms (37 seats), a dining car and bistro car with table seating, a baggage car and combined cab and power car. All business cars and coaches have space for one accessible seat, seating 286 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.railjournal.com/regions/north-america/oregon-talgo-trains-enter-service/ |title = Oregon Talgo trains enter service |date = 1 August 2013 |publisher = International Rail Journal}}</ref> These trains are designed for the North American market. Talgo made an agreement in 2009 to build a manufacturing facility in [[Wisconsin]] which would initially supply two 14-car trainsets for the Amtrak ''[[Hiawatha (Amtrak train)|Hiawatha]]'' until the project was cancelled. The company expressed hope the plant would later be used to build trains for other U.S. rail projects.<ref name="rgi-wisconsin">{{cite web |url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/wisconsin-wants-talgo-trains.html |title = Wisconsin wants Talgo trains |publisher = Railway Gazette International |date = 21 July 2009 |access-date = 15 December 2009 |archive-date = 19 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091219142828/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/wisconsin-wants-talgo-trains.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="talgousa-history-aspx">{{cite web |url = http://www.talgousa.com/history.aspx |title = History: North American Milestones |publisher = Talgo America |access-date = 15 December 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20101226074135/http://www.talgousa.com/history.aspx |archive-date = 26 December 2010}}</ref>

Early in 2010, the Oregon Department of Transportation announced that it had negotiated the purchase of two 13-car trainsets for use in the Pacific Northwest rail corridor between Eugene and Vancouver, British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/COMM/nr10022601.shtml |title = ODOT purchases passenger trains |website = oregon.gov |access-date = 28 February 2010}}</ref> These trainsets were also manufactured in Wisconsin and were delivered in 2013. The sets are currently operating in the "Cascades" corridor in the Pacific Northwest. They have been integrated with the five existing sets in regular service.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/COMM/Pages/nr14010301.aspx |title = Oregon's new trains, new schedule begin Jan. 6 |website = oregon.gov |access-date = 22 March 2015}}</ref> The Series 8 trains offer passengers many modern amenities including high-speed Wi-Fi, reclining seats and a full-service bistro and lounge car.

In 2014, the state of [[Michigan]] expressed interest in operating the unused Talgo 8 cars for their [[Amtrak Wolverine]] service.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140915/METRO06/309150021 |title = Amtrak's Detroit-Chicago trip to get faster, plusher with upgrades |publisher = The Detroit News |date = 15 September 2014 |access-date = 22 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075959/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140915/METRO06/309150021 |archive-date = 6 October 2014 |via = [[Internet Archive]] |url-status = dead }}</ref> Three years later, Amtrak proposed to lease or buy the unused cars in the wake of the [[2017 Washington train derailment]]. Ultimately, the two trainsets were sold to Nigeria for use on the [[Lagos Rail Mass Transit]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/never-used-talgo-trainsets-find-buyer-in-africa/ |title = Never-used Talgo trainsets find a buyer in Africa |date = 20 January 2022 |publisher = trains.com}}</ref>
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===Talgo 9===
[[File:Strizh Ostbahnhof.jpg|thumb|Talgo 9 cars of Strizh (Swift) train in Berlin]]
{{main|Strizh (train)}}
This series, which was originally designed for Russia and [[Kazakhstan]], featured wide bodyshells and wheelsets. There are three versions: 1520 mm fixed gauge, 1520–1435 mm variable gauge, 1520–1676 mm variable gauge. They are used in the [[Berlin]]–[[Moscow]] line (December 2016) and St. Petersburg–Moscow–Samara (August 2020).

In July 2015, Talgo stated its intention to ship a Series 9 train to [[India]] at its own cost as a demonstration on the [[Mumbai]]–[[Delhi]] rail route.<ref name="TalgoIndia">{{cite news |title = Train from Spain: Government considering Talgo proposal to run trial runs of faster trains trains between Mumbai, Delhi |url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-from-spain-government-considering-talgo-proposal-to-run-trial-runs-of-faster-trains-trains-between-mumbai-delhi/articleshow/48195747.cms |first = Vikas |last = Dhoot |date = 24 July 2015 |work = Economic Times |location = New Delhi, India |access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>For trial run in India, wheelset being adjusted from 1520mm (Russian gauge) to 1676mm (Indian gauge).</ref> On 10 September 2016, the final successful test run of the Talgo 9 series coaches was completed in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Superfast Talgo train to run from Delhi to Mumbai in 12 hours in final test run |work = The Economic Times |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/superfast-talgo-train-to-run-from-delhi-to-mumbai-in-12-hours-in-final-test-run/articleshow/54265116.cms |access-date = }}</ref>
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===Talgo 250 HSR===
[[File:130-07 en el Cambiador de Valdestillas.jpg|thumb|Renfe class 130]]
{{main|Renfe Class 130}}
The Talgo 250 is a dual voltage electric [[Push–pull train|push-pull]] train (AC/DC) equipped with [[variable gauge axles]]. This allows the units to be used on high-speed lines and on conventional broad gauge lines. A Talgo 250 train consists of two [[power car]]s and 11 Talgo VII intermediate coaches. This class was developed for [[Renfe]] (classed as S-130).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgo.com/htm/English/productos1.htm |title = Productos Talgo |publisher = www.talgo.com |access-date = 7 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080418012631/http://www.talgo.com/htm/English/productos1.htm |archive-date = 18 April 2008 |via = [[Internet Archive]] }}</ref> One trainset (RENFE Class 730) was involved in the [[Santiago de Compostela rail disaster|Santiago de Compostela accident]] on 24 July 2013.

[[Uzbekistan Railways]] ordered two Talgo 250 sets of a Russian gauge version in 2009. The first set arrived at Tashkent in July 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ferropedia.es/wiki/Uzbekistan_Temir_Yollari_Talgo_250 |title = Uzbekistan Temir Yollari Talgo 250{{dash}}Ferropedia |website = ferropedia.es |access-date = 6 April 2018}}</ref>
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===Talgo 250 Hybrid===
{{Main|Renfe Class 730}}
The Talgo 250 Hybrid is a dual-voltage, dual-power [[Push–pull train|push-pull]] train equipped with variable gauge axles. The train is therefore also able to operate on non-electrified lines. A Talgo 250 Hybrid train consists of two power cars, two technical end coaches and nine Talgo VII intermediate coaches. The trains were developed for [[Renfe]] and classed initially as S-130H, later as S-730. They are rebuilt from existing Talgo 250 trains.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgo.com/pdf/t250_250H_en.pdf |title = Talgo 250 |publisher = www.talgo.com |access-date = 28 August 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110915013624/http://www.talgo.com/pdf/t250_250H_en.pdf |archive-date = 15 September 2011 |via = [[Internet Archive]] }}</ref>
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===Talgo 350 HSR===
[[File:Talgo 350.jpg|thumb|Talgo 350 train as used for [[AVE]] high-speed services between [[Madrid]] and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]]]
{{Main|Renfe Class 102}}
The Talgo 350 entered service as the Renfe AVE Class 102 marking the company's entry into the high-speed train manufacturing market. Tests with the prototype commenced in 1994,<ref name=official/> and Talgo 350 trains have been operating at a top commercial speed of 330 km/h on the [[Madrid]]–[[Barcelona]] and Madrid–[[Valladolid]] lines since 22 December 2007. This series of [[Push–pull train|push-pull]] trains is designed to reach a speed of {{convert|350|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}, although present lines and commercial services limit the speed to {{convert|330|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature1097/ |title = Spain's Great Rail Race{{dash}}High-Speed Train Lines |date = 29 July 2007 |publisher = www.railway-technology.com |access-date = 7 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 1 October 2002 |title = Talgo evolves its unique design for ultra-high speed. (High Speed: Spain). |url = https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99512028.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409163015/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99512028.html |archive-date = 9 April 2016 |access-date = |publisher = International Railway Journal|website = }}</ref> The train consists of two [[power car]]s and Talgo VII intermediate cars with improved brakes and additional primary suspension.<ref name="Talgo 7"/>
{{clear}}

===Talgo XXI HSR===
[[File:Talgo XXI, Talgo BT o Serie 355, BT.001 Virgen del Rocio.JPG|thumb|Renfe class 355 / Talgo XXI / Talgo BT]]
Talgo XXI is a project for a high-speed diesel-powered train, that operates in a [[Push–pull train|push-pull]] with one or two [[power car]]s and Talgo VII intermediate cars. The North American version has four-axle power cars in compliance with United States FRA regulations. Only one train in compliance with European [[International Union of Railways|UIC]] standards has been built to date.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgoamerica.com/talgo_xxi.asp |title = TALGO AMERICA{{dash}}Talgo XXI |publisher = www.talgoamerica.com |access-date = 7 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624062734/http://www.talgoamerica.com/talgo_xxi.asp |archive-date = 24 June 2008 |via = [[Internet Archive]] }}</ref> Talgo reported that the Talgo XXI attained {{cvt|256|kph}} on the Olmedo–Medina del Campo high speed experimental line on 9 July 2002,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.talgo.com/htm/historia101.htm |title = Talgo: History |publisher = www.talgo.com |access-date = 2 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011624/http://www.talgo.com/htm/historia101.htm |archive-date = 18 April 2008 |via = [[Internet Archive]] }}</ref> which led to a claim for the [[Railway speed record#Fuel-electric|world speed record for a diesel train]]. However, this claim was never proven.{{dubious|date=July 2021}} After the test runs the train was sold to the Spanish infrastructure authority ADIF as a measuring train for high-speed lines.

Possible specs are:
* Two MTU 12V 4000 R64 engines (two power car configuration) or one MTU 12V 4000 R84 engine (one power car configuration), up to 1,800 rpm, high-speed diesel, Euro IIIB compliant with [[diesel particulate filter]] and [[exhaust gas recirculation]] after-treatment system
* 2 x {{cvt|1,500|kW|hp}}, ({{cvt|3|MW|hp|disp=sqbr}}) or {{cvt|1,800|kW|hp}}
* Voith hydraulic transmission
* Hydrodynamic and air braking
* Variable gauge
* 5 to 12 passenger coaches, depending on the setup
* Up to 400 seats
* Designed for a top speed of {{cvt|220|km/h|mph}}
* Power car with a shared trailer axle
{{clear}}

===Talgo AVRIL HSR===
[[File:Talgo AVRIL.jpg|thumb|right|Talgo AVRIL in the International Exhibition [[InnoTrans]], Germany 2012]]
Talgo has developed recently a [[Push–pull train|push-pull]] train known as [[Talgo AVRIL|"AVRIL"]] (Alta Velocidad Rueda Independiente Ligero — Light High-Speed Independent Wheel), intended for speeds of {{convert|380|km/h}}.<ref name=rgi20090727>{{cite news |url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/avril-takes-on-the-airlines.html |title = Talgo's 380 km/h Avril train to take on the airlines |publisher = [[Railway Gazette International]] |date = 27 July 2009 |access-date = 28 October 2010 |archive-date = 24 November 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124154114/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/avril-takes-on-the-airlines.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The system uses underfloor traction in the front and rear vehicles, with the intermediate carriages having the Talgo Pendular system (which cannot use motored axles on the axles corresponding to the system). The train also has the option for variable gauge axles. Starting with the concept stage in 2009, it began dynamic testing on the Spanish high-speed network in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/talgo-avril-starts-dynamic-testing.html |title = Talgo Avril starts dynamic testing |first = Fernando |last = Puente |website = railjournal.com |date = 9 September 2014 |access-date = 6 April 2018}}</ref> and was approved in May 2016. It won its first major contract in November 2016 from [[Renfe]] for the Mediterranean corridor in Spain, and its link to Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.talgo.com/en/communication/notice/talgo-wins-the-most-important-high-speed-tender-in-europe-with-its-new-avri/ |title = Talgo wins the most important high-speed tender in Europe |website = Talgo |access-date = 19 August 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The first AVRIL trains started operations in May 2024 on routes from Madrid to Catalonia, Asturias and Galicia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spain's newest high-speed trains enter service |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/spains-newest-high-speed-trains-enter-service/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=International Railway Journal |date=22 May 2024 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Talgo Egypt ===
[[File:Egyptian_Railways_(ENR)_6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Egyptian Railways]] Talgo]]
In April 2019, Egypt ordered new Talgo trains.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://nanak.railpage.com.au/news/s/first-talgo-train-for-egypt-due-to-arrive-in-november |title = First Talgo train for Egypt due to arrive in November |website = Railpage |access-date = 2 October 2021 |archive-date = 1 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201030833/http://nanak.railpage.com.au/news/s/first-talgo-train-for-egypt-due-to-arrive-in-november |url-status = dead }}</ref> Egypt contracted for six trains from Talgo Company, but they became seven trains due to a delay in the delivery date to Egypt. This negates the words of the Minister of Transport who justified that train is a gift from the company for President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talgo increases its net profit by 52.8% and obtains €40.1 million in FY2019 |url=https://www.talgo.com/-/talgo-increases-its-net-profit-by-52.8-and-obtains-%E2%82%AC40.1-million-in-fy2019?p_l_back_url=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DEgypt%26start%3D1 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131225928/https://www.talgo.com/-/talgo-increases-its-net-profit-by-52.8-and-obtains-%E2%82%AC40.1-million-in-fy2019?p_l_back_url=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DEgypt%26start%3D1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 9 August 2022, Egypt contracted for seven trains from Talgo, which included 15-year maintenance, for 280 million euros. The trains will be delivered at the beginning of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talgo gains new contract in Egypt for €280 million |url=https://www.talgo.com/-/talgo-gains-new-contract-in-egypt-for-%E2%82%AC280-million?p_l_back_url=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DEgypt%26start%3D1 |website=talgo.com |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131221417/https://www.talgo.com/-/talgo-gains-new-contract-in-egypt-for-%E2%82%AC280-million?p_l_back_url=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DEgypt%26start%3D1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talgo starts operating its Intercity trains in Egypt |url=https://www.talgo.com/-/talgo-starts-operating-its-intercity-trains-in-egypt?p_l_back_url=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DEgypt%26start%3D1 |website=talgo.com}}</ref>
{{clear}}
=== Talgo 230 ===
[[File:ICE-L_(Talgo_230)_on_Geislinger_Steige,_Germany,_10-11-2023.jpg|thumb|right|Talgo 230 as [[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] ICE L]]
The Talgo 230 (such named because of its 230 km/h top speed) is a [[low floor]], [[push-pull train|push-pull]] trainset meant for long distance intercity trains, as of early 2026 it has been purchased by [[DB Fernverkehr]] as its [[ICE L]], by [[FlixTrain]] and by [[DSB (railway company)|DSB]]. It can be bought with a Talgo Travca locomotive if so desired.

==Variable Gauge Axles (VGA)==
In addition to the [[multiple unit]]s with [[variable gauge]], in 2005 Talgo built a prototype of a variable-gauge locomotive (the L-9202, TRAV-CA, 130-901 or Virgen del Buen Camino).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ferropedia.org/wiki/TRAV-CA |title = TRAVCA article in Ferropedia.es |website = ferropedia.org |access-date = 6 April 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.crashbuffer.com/p14e.htm |title = THE EST CRASH BUFFER{{dash}}Information and References on the EST Crash Buffers G1, R1 and X1 |website = www.crashbuffer.com |access-date = 6 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Articulated car]]
* [[EMD LWT12]]
* [[Haramain High Speed Rail Project]]
* [[FM P-12-42]]
* [[UAC TurboTrain]]
* [[Wheelset (railroad)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.talgo.com/ Talgo Official Site]
* [http://www.talgoamerica.com/ Talgo America Web site (English)]
* [http://www.talgo.de Talgo Deutschland]
* [http://www.kaemena360.com/home/long-distance-trains-2/spanish-talgo.html Interactive 360° panoramas of the interiors of Talgo 7, Avril, Talgo 4 cama, Talgo 6 (DB)]

{{Renfe locomotives}}
{{Amtrak rolling stock}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Talgo| ]]

Indian exceptionalism

2026-03-24T08:53:03Z

Robbub:

{{Short description|Idea of the Indian as unique nation}}

'''Indian exceptionalism''' is the belief that [[India]] is an exceptional country with an exceptional culture. This view is held by many Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Aparna |date=2020-08-01 |title=Nehru said India's global rise was ‘inevitable’. This belief now defines our foreign policy |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/nehru-said-indias-global-rise-was-inevitable-this-belief-now-defines-our-foreign-policy/472042/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Among unique ideas held are that India is a [[civilization state]] with a superior culture and society, its perceived elaborate cohesive society of a wide range of ethnicities, and its widespread influence of its cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.stanford.edu/publications/exceptionalism-and-assimilationism-in-federal-indian-law/|title=Exceptionalism and Assimilationism in Federal Indian Law|publisher=[[Stanford]]|last=Doran|first=Michael|date=October 1, 2024|access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23477989241287268|title=The Gaza Crisis and the Indian Exceptionalism|publisher=[[Sage Journals]]|date=November 11, 2024|access-date=November 15, 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/indian-exceptionalism-and-its-allies/|title=Indian Exceptionalism and Its Allies|publisher=LA Review of Book|last=Rajagopal|first=Arvind|date=August 8, 2021|access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/01/the-making-of-a-model-minority/617258/|title=The Truth Behind Indian American Exceptionalism|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|last=Venugopal|first=Arun|date=January 2021|access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Exceptionalism}}

[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophy]]

Hastinapur

2026-03-23T00:43:22Z

Robbub: basic adjusted lead after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Ancient city in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Kailash Parvat Rachna - 2.jpg
| image_alt = Hastinapur City
| image_caption = Kailash Parvat Rachna
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Hastinapura
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.17|N|78.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 212
| population_total = 58,452
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 250404
| pushpin_label = Hastinapur
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] and [[Indian English|English]]
| registration_plate = UP-15
| settlement_type = City
}}

'''Hastinapur''' ({{IAST|Hastināpur}}) is a city in the [[Meerut district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. ''Hastinapura'' is described as the capital of the [[Kuru kingdom]] in [[Hindu texts]] such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Puranas]]; it is also mentioned in ancient [[Jain literature|Jain texts]]. Hastinapur is located on the right bank of the [[Ganga]] river.

==Etymology==
In [[Sanskrit]], ''Hastinapura'' translates to 'the City of Elephants' from ''Hastina'' (elephant) and ''pura'' (city). Its history dates back to the period of ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh|title=Uttar Pradesh - History|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> It is said that the city was named after King Hasti.<ref name="Mittal2006">{{cite book|author=J.P. Mittal|title=History Of Ancient India (a New Version) : From 7300 Bb To 4250 Bc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&pg=PA308|access-date=21 March 2018|volume=1|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-269-0615-4|page=308}}</ref>

It is also mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the 13th and 14th verses of which say (translated):

{{blockquote| "Having crossed Ganga River at Hastinapura, they proceeded towards the west and, reaching Panchala kingdom through Kuru Jangala and observing well-filled lakes and rivers with clear water, the messengers mentioned above went briskly, due to the pressing nature of their mission." |source=''[[Ramayana]]''
|sign=Valmiki}}

==History==
Excavations at Hastinapur were carried out in the early 1950s by [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]], Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Although the main aim of this excavation, according to Lal himself, was to determine the stratigraphic position of [[Painted Grey Ware]] concerning other known ceramic industries of the early historical period, Lal found correlations between the text of the ''Mahabharata'' and the material remains that he unearthed at Hastinapur. This led him to historicize some of the traditions mentioned in the ''Mahabharata'' as well as link the appearance of the Painted Grey Ware with [[Aryan]]s in the upper [[Ganges]] basin areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_uttarpradesh.asp|title=Excavation Sites in Uttar Pradesh - Archaeological Survey of India|work=asi.nic.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

===Earliest period: to {{circa}} 500 BCE===
The original excavations in the 1950s suggested that the site of Hastinapur appears to have been abandoned and reoccupied several times;<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12}} but subsequent excavation in 2021-22 suggested instead that the site had been continually occupied from antiquity until the late medieval period.<ref name="Garnayak 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Garnayak |first1=Dibishada Brajasundar |title=Excavation at Ulta-Kheda, Hastinapur: 2021 |journal=[[Puratattva]] |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=100-111 |url=https://www.academia.edu/100807744/Excavation_at_Ulta_Kheda_Hastinapur_2021 |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|101, 105, 110-11}}

According to Lal's report for the 1950s excavation, the first phase appears to have been before about 1200 BCE. Settlement seems to have been rather sporadic during this period, and no structures from this time have been found. The main find from this layer is some scattered fragments of [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|Ochre Coloured Pottery]], A distinct break between the first and second phases indicates that the site had been abandoned for some time before it was reoccupied.<ref name="Lal 1955">{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=B. B. |author1-link=B. B. Lal |title=Excavations at Hastināpura and Other Explorations in the Upper Gangā and Sutlej Basins 1950-52: New Light on the Dark Age Between the End of the Harappā Culture and the Early Historical Period |journal=Bulletin of the Archaeological Survey of India |date=1954-55 |volume=10-11 |pages=5-151 |url=https://archive.org/download/excavation-at-hastinapura-and-other-explorations-in-the-upper-ganga-and-satlej-b/Excavation%20at%20Hastinapura%20and%20other%20explorations%20in%20the%20upper%20Ganga%20and%20Satlej%20basins%201950-52%20-%20New%20light%20on%20the%20dark%20age%20between%20the%20end%20of%20the%20Harappa%20Culture%20and%20the%20early%20historical%20period.pdf |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|11-12}}

The report for the 2020s excavation, on the other hand, described a bottom layer from approximately 1500-1000 BCE, with [[Painted Grey Ware]] pottery predominating, and structures with mud and mud brick walls.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105}}

According to Lal, the site of Hastinapura was reoccupied from about 1100 BCE to about 800 BCE. This second layer, Period II, is characterised by [[Painted Grey Ware]] pottery,<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|11-12}} which is identified with the [[Vedic Period]].<ref name="Singh 2008">{{Cite book| last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher =Pearson Education India | isbn =9788131711200 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA216}}</ref> No complete houses have been found from this phase, but some traces of walls were found, and they were made variously of mud, mud bricks, or reeds (''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'', arranged horizontally and vertically) with [[earthen plaster|mud plaster]]. The mud plaster was mixed with rice husks for reinforcement; this building technique is still used in modern times. Charred grains of rice have also been found in this layer, indicating that rice cultivation was practiced here during this period — one of the earliest archaeological attestations of rice cultivation in the Indian subcontinent. Copper appears to have been the main metal used during this period. No objects made of iron were found, although some lumps of iron ore and iron slag were found in the uppermost parts of this layer (that is, closer to the end of this period). Cattle bones, belonging to the [[zebu]] and the [[water buffalo]], were found "in very large numbers" from this period, indicating that cattle-rearing played a key role in this society. The presence of "definite cut-marks" on cattle, sheep, and pig bones indicates that they were slaughtered for food, indicating that eating beef and pork was not frowned upon during this period.<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12-14, 131-4}}

The 2020s excavation report, on the other hand, reported a continuous occupation throughout this period, with a second phase lasting from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE and characterised by [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] along with other varieties.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105}}

====Portrayal in the ''Mahabharata''====
In the ''Mahabharata'', Hastinapur is portrayed as the capital of the [[Kuru kingdom]] of the [[Kaurava]]s. Many incidents in the ''Mahabharata'' were set in the city of Hastinapur. According to the ''Mahabharata'', the 100 Kaurava brothers were born in this city to their mother, Queen [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], the wife of King [[Dhritarashtra]]. On the bank of the Budhi Ganga, two places near Hastinapur ([[Draupadi|Draupadi Ghat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_uttarpradesh.asp|title=Excavation Sites in Uttar Pradesh - Archaeological Survey of India|work=asi.nic.in}}</ref> and [[Karna|Karna Ghat]]) reference ''Mahabharata'' personages.
[[File: Brooklyn Museum - Balarama Pulling Hastinapur toward the Ganages Page from a Bhagavata Dasamskanda series.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Balarama]] pulling Hastinapur toward the Ganges, shown on a page from a "Bhagavata Dasamskanda" series]]
The first reference to Hastinapur in the [[Puranas]] presents the city as the capital of [[Emperor Bharata|Emperor Bharata's]] kingdom.
[[File:170 Jain Tirthankars.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A 2nd century stone relief of 170 Jain [[Tirthankars]] in lotus position excavated in Hastinapur]]

====Major flood {{circa}} 800 BCE and abandonment?====
Perhaps around 800 BCE, according to Lal, there seems to have been a major flood in the Ganga, which is suggested by a major "erosional scar" in the mound. The site seems to have been abandoned for a couple centuries. Notably, the ''Mahabharata'' mentions that, during the reign of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king [[Nichakshu]], "a great flood occurred in the Gangā which carried away a considerable portion of Hastināpura", after which the capital was moved to Kaushambi. Because of the similarity to the apparent flood at Hastinapur, Lal suggested that this bit about the flood ravaging Hastinapura and the capital being moved to Kaushambi may have a historical basis.<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12-15, 149-51}}

The 2020s excavation report did not say anything about a flood either way.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>

==={{circa}} 500 BCE to {{circa}} 600s CE===
A third phase, according to the 1950s report, was from about the early 6th century BCE until about the early 3rd century BCE. During this phase, houses were made of mud bricks and baked bricks. [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] characterises this period, and there is no Painted Grey Ware. A couple of burnt-brick drains, evidently meant for wastewater to flow out through, have also been found in this layer. This is when the first iron objects start to appear, as well as various copper and silver coins. The end of this period appears to have been around the early 3rd century BCE, when there seems to have been a fire that destroyed much of the town, as evidenced by burnt walls and floors and charcoal remains of reed matting that had been used for roofs.<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12, 15-17}}

The 2020s report instead listed a third phase lasting from about the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, corresponding roughly to the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] period. An inscription on a terracotta sling ball was found from this layer, which based on [[palaeography]] appears to be from roughly the 4th or 3rd centuries BCE. This report said nothing about a fire either way.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105}}

According to Lal's report, after another apparent gap in occupation, the site was reoccupied in the early 2nd century BCE, remaining inhabited until the late 3rd century CE. Baked bricks were the predominant construction material used for houses during this period, for both walls and floors. There also seems to have been a fairly regular city planning along a grid during this phase. Among the sculptural highlights from this period is a terracotta figurine of [[Maitreya]], the prophesied future Buddha, seated in the [[abhayamudra|abhayamudrā]] pose with a [[kamandalu|kamaṇḍalu]] in his left hand. This sculpture, which was discovered among the upper (i.e. later) part of this layer, bears stylistic similarities to [[art of Mathura|sculptures from Mathura]] as well as [[Ahichchhatra]], and may have been influenced by those art styles. A rotary [[quern]] found in the middle part of this layer is significant because it represents a technological innovation that was more efficient than the [[quern#types|saddle quern]] that predominated in earlier protohistoric sites in the Indian subcontinent. [[Epigraphy|Epigraphic]] and [[numismatics|numismatic]] evidence from this layer helps determine its date. This includes two inscribed pots, identifying them as the property of individuals named Sadhujāta and Jayaśama respectively; a terracotta seal; and various coins, including some from the rulers of [[Mathura]] dated to the 2nd century BCE, some from the [[Yaudheya]]s right around the BCE/CE cutoff, and some "imitating those of" the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Vasudeva I|Vāsudeva I]] around the mid-3rd century CE.<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12, 18-19}}

The 2020s report by Garnayak listed a fourth phase from approximately the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE, roughly corresponding to the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] and Kushan periods. Among the findings from this phase were several terracotta seals, with one dated palaeographically to the 1st or 2nd century BCE and others dated to the Kushan period. Coins of the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Menander I]] were also found from this period.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105}}

The original 1950s excavations suggested that, after about the 3rd century CE, the site appears to have been abandoned for a long time before being reoccupied in about the late 11th century CE.<ref name="Lal 1955"/>{{rp|12, 19}} However, the more recent investigations indicate that Hastinapur was definitely occupied during this period; in particular, a terracotta seal of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] king [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]], along with various Gupta coins, provide evidence of occupation during the Gupta period. The 2020s report suggested a fifth phase corresponding with the Gupta and [[Later Gupta]] periods, spanning roughly the 3rd through 7th centuries.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105, 110}}

The period from roughly the Shunga to Gupta dynasties ({{circa}} 2nd century BCE to {{circa}} 6th century CE) appears to have been Hastinapur's heyday. Archaeological finds of ceramic roof tiles  and textile-making tools peak during this period, for example, and the various coins and seals found here indicate that Hastinapur was a significant administrative and commercial centre that was connected to major trade routes (such as, perhaps, the [[Uttarapatha]] that traversed northern India).<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|101, 107-8, 110-11}}

===Medieval period===
The 2020s excavation also reported a sixth layer, from roughly the 8th through 11th centuries. Structures from this period appear to be similar to those of the Gupta period.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|105-6, 110}}

The 2020s report by Garnayak indicated a seventh and final phase lasting from roughly the 1100s to the 1500s, with structures reusing bricks from earlier periods. After this period, the site was abandoned, or perhaps simply shifted away from the area that was excavated. This may have been due to a flood or a shift in the Ganga's course.<ref name="Garnayak 2022"/>{{rp|106, 111}}

The pottery of Lal's Period V is completely different from Period IV, and the structures appear to have extensively reused bricks from Period III and IV structures as [[spolia]]. A single coin from the reign of [[Balban]] ({{reign|1266|1287}}) helps fix the date of this layer. A sandstone sculpture of [[Rishabhadeva]], the first Jain [[tirthankara|tīrthankara]], seated in the [[dhyānamudrā]] pose and perhaps dating from the 14th century, is significant as providing evidence of Hastinapur's earlier importance to Jains, since it is an important Jain pilgrimage destination today.{{rp|12, 20-21}}

===Mughal period===
Hastinapur is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under Delhi [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 4,466,904 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 300 infantry and 10 cavalry. The author [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] describes it "an ancient Hindu settlement" lying on the Ganges.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=288 |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

===British Raj===
In [[British Raj|British India]], Hastinapur was ruled by [[Raja Nain Singh]] Nagar, who built many [[Hindu temple]]s in and around Hastinapura.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unreason and Archaeology: The 'Painted Grey-Ware' and Beyond|journal= Social Scientist|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=16–24|jstor = 3517758|last1 = Habib|first1 = Irfan|year=1997|doi= 10.2307/3517758}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Present-day Hastinapur is a town in the [[Doab]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]], about {{convert|37|km}} from [[Meerut]] and nearly {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} north-east of [[Delhi]] on [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance.to/Hastināpur,Uttar-Pradesh,IND/New-Seema-Puri,New-Delhi,North-East,Delhi,IND|title=Distance Hastināpur, Uttar-Pradesh, IND > New-Seema-Puri, New-Delhi, North-East, Delhi, IND - Air line, driving route, midpoint|website=www.distance.to}}</ref> It is a small township re-established by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on February 6, 1949, located at {{Coord|29.17|N|78.02|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Hastinapur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Hastinapur, India|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> With an average elevation of {{convert|218|m}}, Hastinapur experiences temperatures ranging from {{convert|5|to|40|C}}. Summer season is from March to May, during which the temperatures range from {{convert|32|to|40|C}}. The monsoon season is from July to September, during which the temperature is relatively low. Winter lasts from December to February, with December usually being the coldest month of the year. During this time, temperatures can drop to around {{convert|5|C}} and don't usually go above {{convert|14|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/lang/en-in/hastinapur-weather/uttar-pradesh/in.aspx|title=Hastinapur Weather Forecast|website=WorldWeatherOnline.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hastinapur Nagar Panchayat had a population of 26,452, of which 14,010 are males while 12,442 are females. The literacy rate of the town was 74.5% slightly higher than the national average of 74%. Around 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hastinapur Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2023 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800712-hastinapur-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hastinapur (Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/uttarpradesh/meerut/0940707000__hastinapur/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
Located on the banks of an old ravine of the Ganges, Hastinapur is considered one of the holiest places for [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Jainism|Jains]]. It is believed to be the birthplace of three Jain [[Tirthankaras]]. There are many ancient Hindu temples including Pandeshwar Temple and Karna Temple, as well as Jain temples such as [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Shri Digamber]], [[Jain temple|Jain Mandir]], [[Jambudweep]], [[Mount Kailash|Kailash Parvat]], and Shwetambar Jain Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/meerut/mahabharata-circuit-the-historical-glory-of-hastinapur-is-much-more-below-the-ground|title=महाभारत सर्किट: जितनी ऊपर, उससे कहीं ज्यादा जमीन के नीचे है हस्तिनापुर की वैभवशाली गौरवगाथा|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/hastinapur/340030003800|title=Hastinapur | Meerut | UP Tourism|website=uttarpradesh.gov.in|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302060508/http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/hastinapur/340030003800|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Vishal-singh-dwaar-big.jpg|thumb|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]]|left]]
===Temples and monuments===
====Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur====
{{Main|Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur}}
[[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]] is one of the oldest Jain temples in Hastinapur. The main temple is believed to have been built in 1801 under the aegis of [[Raja Harsukh Rai]], who was the imperial treasurer of Emperor [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://mdameerut.in/major-attraction/ | title=Major Attractions | Meerut Development Authority | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-date=5 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051647/http://mdameerut.in/major-attraction/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digambarjainonline.com/pilgri/hastina.htm |title=Digambar Jain temple Shri Hastinapur |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060514/http://www.digambarjainonline.com/pilgri/hastina.htm |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Review of World Antiquarianism: Comparative Perspectives |journal= Bulletin of the History of Archaeology|volume= 24|publisher= Getty Publications |page=431 |isbn=978-1606061480|doi= 10.5334/bha.2418|year= 2014|last1= Evans|first1= Christopher|doi-access= free}}</ref> The temple has many other facilities, including, [[police station]], [[Gurukul|Digamber Jain Gurukul]], and a [[retirement home|Udaseen Ashram]]. Several tourist attractions including Jal Mandir, Jain Library, Acharya Vidyanand Museum, 24 Tonks, and the ancient Nishiyajis are situated few kilometres from the main temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/article/hastinapur|title=Welcome to UP Tourism-Official Website of Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India | Hastinapur|website=www.uptourism.gov.in|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805171313/http://uptourism.gov.in/article/hastinapur|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Ashtapad Hastinapur.jpg|thumb|Ashtapad]]
====Shri Shwetambar Jain Ashtapad Teerth====
Shri Ashtapad Teerth was built under the aegis of ''Shri Hastinapur Jain Shwetambar Teerth Trust''. It is a {{convert|151|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} structure dedicated to first tirthankara [[Rishabhnath]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=70744|title=HereNow4U.net :: Article Archive - The 151-Foot High Ashtapad Teerth in Hastinapur|work=HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|access-date=25 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Kailash Parvat Rachna====
Kailash Parvat is a {{convert|131|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} structure, constructed under the aegis of Shri Digamber Jain Mandir, Hastinapur. The Kailash Parvat premises are home to several Jain temples, including Yatri Niwas and Bhojanshala. Kailash Parvat also has an auditorium and a [[helipad]] on the premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaktibharat.com/mandir/kailash-parvat-rachna|title=Home|work=bhaktibharat.com|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/uttar-pradesh/hastinapur/kailashparvat-mandir|title=WWW.JAINHERITAGECENTRES.COM > Jainism In India > Uttar Pradesh > Hastinapur > Kailash parvat Mandir|work=jainheritagecentres.com|access-date=25 August 2015|date=January 2012}}</ref>[[File:Jambudweep Rachna.jpg|thumb|[[Jambudweep]]]]
====Jambudweep Jain Tirth====
{{main|Jambudweep}}
[[Jambudweep]], depicting a model of [[Jain cosmology]], was designed here under the supervision of Shri [[Gyanmati Mataji]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jambudweep.org|title=Home|work=jambudweep.org|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

====Pandeshwar Temple====
Situated in the historic location of the ancient city of Hastinapur, the Pandeshwar temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]]. This temple is believed to be the place where [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava]]s received their education in [[Vedas]] and [[Puranas]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} A temple of the Hindu goddess [[Kali]] and many Hindu [[ashram]]as are also present on a hillock between the ruins. Legend has it that in the Mahabharata period, Pandu's eldest son Yudhishthira had established the shivalinga at the Pandeshwar Mahadev temple before the war of Mahabharata and prayed to Shiva for a blessing of winning the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-place-in-hastinapur-where-queen-draupadi-offered-her-daily-devotions/as72243731.cms|title=Yudhishthira had established the shivalinga|work=timesofindia}}</ref>

====Karna Temple====
[[File:Hastinapur-Karneshwar-Mandir-1.jpg|thumb|150px|Karneshwar Mandir]]
The Karna Temple is located near the Pandeshwar temple on an old ravine along the bank of the [[Ganges]]. The [[Shivling]] inside the Karna Temple is believed to be established by [[Karna]], one of the prominent figures in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012511400300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323044221/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012511400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Work on Mahabharat Circuit to start soon|date=2006-01-25|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

====Bhai Dharam Singh Gurdwara====
This is a small [[Gurdwara]] located in the village of Saifpur, around {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Hastinapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/hastinapur/attractions/bhai-dharam-sing-gurdwara/|title=Bhai Dharam Sing Gurdwara - Hastinapur - Bhai Dharam Sing Gurdwara Photos, Sightseeing - Native Planet|work=nativeplanet.com|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upstdc.co.in/|title=Official Website Of Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation Ltd|website=upstdc.co.in|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>[[File:Migratory Birds At Hastinapur.jpg|thumb|200px|Migratory birds at [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]]|left]]
===Hastinapur Sanctuary===
[[Hastinapur Sanctuary]], established in 1986, is one of the prominent wildlife projects in India. The sanctuary extends over a wide area, encompassing the districts of [[Meerut]], [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gautam Budh Nagar]], [[Bijnor]], [[Hapur]], and [[Jyotiba Phule Nagar]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a sprawling forest, occupying an area of nearly {{convert|2073|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120900330200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103070947/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120900330200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hastinapur sanctuary|date=2006-12-09|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatravelfaq.com/india-sanctuaries/hastinapur-sanctuary.html|title=Hastinapur Sanctuary|work=indiatravelfaq.com|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034840/http://www.indiatravelfaq.com/india-sanctuaries/hastinapur-sanctuary.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festivals and fairs==
Various cultural events and religious celebrations are held in Hastinapur annually, including [[Akshaya Tritiya]], [[Das Lakshana]], [[Kartik Poornima|Kartik Mela]], [[Holi|Holi Mela]], and [[Durga Puja]]. These festivals, among others, are organized by non-government organizations (NGOs) and the [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism|State Tourism Department]].

==See also==
* [[Indraprastha]]
* ''[[Mahabharata]]''
* [[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]]
* [[Jambudweep]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=B.B. Lal|title=New Light on the "dark Age" of Indian History: Recent Excavations at the Hastinapura Site, Near Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4SyPgAACAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Illustrated London news}}
* {{cite book|author=Braj Basi Lal|title=Excavations at Hastinapura and Other Explorations [in the Upper Gangā and Sutlej Basins], 1950-52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh7mGwAACAAJ|year=1955}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Hastinapur}}

{{Meerut district}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Places in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Meerut district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Meerut district]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Meerut district]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Asia]]
[[Category:Kuru kingdom]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]

Nimai Bali

2026-03-17T23:29:43Z

Robbub:

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nimai Bali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|03|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = [[Sahila Chadha]] ({{abbr|separated}})
| children = ''Princess Bali'' (daughter)
| years_active = 1993–present
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| parents = ''Rajrani Dutt Bali'' (mother)
| relatives = {{ubl|''[[Sunil Dutt]]'' (maternal uncle)|''[[Sanjay Dutt]]'' (maternal cousin)|''Namrata Dutt'' (maternal cousin)|''[[Priya Dutt]]'' (maternal cousin)}}
}}

'''Nimai Bali''' (born 21 March 1969) is an Indian actor who generally plays legendary supporting and villainous roles.<ref name="DNASUV">''Another Sanju loyalist'' by Chaitanya Padukone, [http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_another-sanju-loyalist_1156336 DNA India], 16 March 2008. Accessed February 2010.</ref><ref name="TimesHoja">''Hoja Rangeela Re'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-13/bollywood/28036600_1_holi-party-holi-bash-shabana-azmi Times of India], 13 March 2009. Accessed February 2010.</ref> He is also famous for his role in the [[Television show|TV series]] ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2]]''.

==Career==
Bali began his career playing [[Surya]] in the TV series ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''. He went on to play role of Senior Inspector Pratap in the TV series CID: Special Bureau.<ref name="DNASUV"/>

Bali is known for portraying [[Vayu|Pawan Dev]], Emperor [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Duryodhana]] in the 1997-2000 [[Hindi]] [[Television in India|television serial]] ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]'', directed by [[Sanjay Khan]].<ref name="JaiHanuman">''IMDB: Jai Hanuman'', [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2452062/characters/nm1882] Accessed April 2023.</ref>

He played the role of [[Lord Vishnu]]'s guard Jaya, and two of Jaya's three asura incarnations, [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Ravana|Ravan]] in the 2000-2002 [[Hindi]] [[Television in India|television serial]] ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''.<ref name="Vishnu Puran">''IMDB: Vishnu Puran'', [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397214/characters/nm1882837] Accessed April 2023.</ref>

He again played [[Duryodhana]] in Khan's miniseries ''[[Jai Mahabharat]]'' in 2001,<ref name="TimesMahabharat">''Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-21/news-interviews/27246753_1_sanjay-khan-epic-battle-sword-of-tipu-sultan Times of India], 21 October 2001. Accessed February 2010.</ref> and appeared in the serials ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'', ''[[Kumkum - Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'', ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'', ''[[Amber Dhara]]'',<ref name="DNASUV"/> ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'', ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' and ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''.<ref name="DNACouple">''Sahila, Nimai win best couple award'' by Chaitanya Padukone, [http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sahila-nimai-win-best-couple-award_1082131 DNA India], 26 February 2007. Accessed February 2010.</ref>

Bali played the role of [[Ravana]] in ''[[Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali]]''.

Bali played the role of Inspector Malvade in the Bollywood movie ''Rahasya'', released in January 2015.

He had also appeared in ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]'' as ''[[Drona]]'' and Maharaj Kans in ''[[Baal Krishna]]''.

He portrayed the role of Ugrapat in the TV serial ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' and Shankaracharya in the TV serial ''[[Devi Adi Parashakti]]''.

==Personal life==
Bali is married to actress [[Sahila Chadha]].<ref name="TimesMahabharat"/><ref name="DNACouple"/> The couple has a daughter, Princess.<ref name="DNASUV"/><ref name="DNACouple"/> He is a cousin of [[Bollywood]] star [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref name="DNASUV"/>

His hobbies include cars and martial arts.<ref name="DNASUV"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]''
| Vishal
|-
| 1995
| ''Dil Ka Doctor''
| Rikku
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Garv: Pride & Honour]]''
| Pappu Kalia
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rahasya]]''
| Inspector Santosh Malvade
|-
| 2017
| ''Ghanta Chori Ho Gaya''
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Bikru Kanpur Gangster''
| Vikas Dubey
|-
| 2022
| ''Banchhada - Journey Of A Prostitute''
|
|-
| 2023
| ''Dharmantaran''
| Guruji
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 1997
| rowspan = "4" | ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series) | Jai Hanuman]]''
| [[Vayu | Pawan]]dev
| rowspan = "9" | [[DD National]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1998
| [[Vali (Ramayana) | Vali]]
|-
| [[Makaradhwaja|Makardhwaj]]
|-
| 1999
| Yuvraj [[Duryodhana|Duryodhan]]
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2000–2002
| rowspan = "4" | ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series) |Vishnu Puran]]''
|-
| [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]]
|-
| [[Hiranyakashipu]]
|-
| [[Ravana]]
|-
| 2003
| ''Maharathi Karna''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec137.htm|title=Sanjay Khan churns out fresh mytho, historical for DD|date=2003-01-19|access-date=2003-01-19|archive-date=19 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030119230232/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec137.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
| Yuvraj [[Duryodhana|Duryodhan]]
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''CID Special Bureau''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec115.htm|title='CID Special Bureau' to debut on 3 January on Sony|date=2021-10-29|access-date=2021-10-29|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172800/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec115.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
| Senior Inspector Pratap
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Inspector Satyadev Tipley
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
| Vikrant Oberoi
| rowspan = "2" | [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
| Mayor Kumar Damania
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| Yashwant Bhosle
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
| Maharishi [[Bhrigu]]
| rowspan = "2" | [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| Maharishi [[Shukra]]charya
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[Shehzaadi... Hai Tu Dil Ki]]''
| Kailashnath Kothari
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
|}
* ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2]]'' as Indra Baba Choudhary (''Main Male Antagonist'') opposite [[Ananya Khare]] who plays Malhari Indra Baba Choudhary
*''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]'' (2012) as Hukum
* ''[[Chupaun Kaise Laga Chunri Mein Daag]]'', 2012
* ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' as Surya
* ''[[Yug (TV Series)|Yug]]'' as Hajaari
* ''[[Betaal Pachisi (1997 TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' as Teja
* ''[[Gul Sanobar]]'' as Jhigala, 1999–2000
* Wanted as Inspector Abhimanyu
* ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]'' as Vanara Bali
* ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]] as [[Jalandhara|Jalandhar]] /Sindurasur/ [[Duryodhana|Duryodhan]]''
* ''[[Rishton Se Badi Pratha]]''
* ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' as Senior Inspector Pratap
* ''[[Bhabhi (TV series) | Bhabhi]]'' as Radheshyam
* ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' as Dhananjay Singhania
* ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' as Abhay Parashar
* ''[[Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali]]'' as [[Ravana]]
* ''[[Mahabharat Katha]]'' as Anushalva
* '' Maa Shakti'' as [[Mahishasura|Mahishasur]]
* ''[[Bani - Ishq Da Kalma]]'' as Balbir Singh Bhullar
* ''[[Saath Saath Banayenge Ek Aashiyaan]]'' as Ranveer Singh
*Dehleez as Raghuveer
* ''[[Jai Mahabharat]]'' as Duryodhan
* ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as L.P. Shrivastav
* ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]'' as Guru [[Drona]]
* ''[[Shree Ganesh]]'' as [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]] and Mohasura
* Om Namo Narayan as Adharm (Injustice)
* ''[[Baal Krishna]]'' as [[Kans]]
* ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'' as [[Guru Shukracharya]]
* ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' as [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Amatya Rakshas]]
* ''[[Chandragupt Maurya (2018 TV Series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' as [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Amatya Rakshas]]
* ''[[RadhaKrishn (TV series)|Radha Krishn]]'' as Ugrapat
* ''[[Devi Adi Parashakti]]'' as [[Shukracharya]]
* Jap Tap Vrat as [[Shani]]dev
* [[Karmaphal Daata Shani]] as [[Vishvamitra|Sage Vishwamitra]]
* Ghar Sansaar as Mr. Dabla
*''[[Brij Ke Gopal]]'' as Sahukaa
*''[[Veer Hanuman|Veer Hanuman - Bolo Bajrang Bali Ki Jai]]'' as Riksharaj

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1882837}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Nimai}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Vizier

2026-03-16T22:30:06Z

Robbub:

{{Short description|High-ranking political advisor or minister}}
{{About|the Arabic title|the astronomical catalogue service|VizieR|the office in ancient Egypt|Vizier (Ancient Egypt)}}
{{redirect|Wazīr||Wazir (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|visor}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Portrait of Muhammad Shah Qajar and his Vizier Haj Mirza Aghasi MET DP345140.jpg|thumb|345x345px|An illustrated Portrait of [[Mohammad Shah Qajar|Muhammad Shah Qajar]] and his Vizier Haj Mirza Aghasi in Iran during the 19th century. Vizier's roles as advisors in courts evolved over time, becoming an important part of official government institutions.]]

A '''Vizier''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|z|i|ər}};<ref name="reference1">{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/vizier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165527/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vizier |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |title=vizier |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} {{MW|vizier}}</ref> {{langx|ar|وزير|wazīr}}; {{langx|fa|وزیر|vazīr}}) is a high-ranking political advisor or [[Minister (government)|minister]] in the countries of "greater [[Persia]]".<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Wazir |volume=28 |page=435}}</ref> The [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''[[katib]]'' (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the ''dapir'' (official scribe or secretary) of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] kings.<ref>R. A. Nicholson, ''A Literary History of the Arabs'', p. 257</ref>

In modern usage, the term has been used for government [[Minister (government)|minister]]s in much of the [[Middle East]] and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as ''vizir'', ''wazir'', and ''vezir''.

A collection of Vizier may introduce a [[Grand Vizier]], within their civilization.

==Etymology==
Vizier may be derived from the Arabic ''wazara'' ({{lit|to bear a burden}}), from the [[Semitic root]] ''W-Z-R''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vizier |title=vizier |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref> The word is mentioned in the [[Quran]], where [[Aaron]] is described as the ''wazir'' (helper) of Moses, as well as the word ''wizr'' (burden) which is also derived from the same root.<ref>Goyṭayn, Šelomo D.. Studies in Islamic history and institutions. P.171. Compare {{qref|20|29|b=yl}}, {{qref|25|35|b=y}} and {{qref|94|02|b=y}}.</ref> It was later adopted as a title, in the form of ''wazīr āl Muḥammad'' ({{lit|Helper of the Family of Muhammad}}) by the proto-[[Shi'a]] leaders [[al-Mukhtar]] and [[Abu Salama Hafs ibn Sulayman al-Khallal|Abu Salama]].{{sfn|Zaman|2002|p=185}} Under the [[Abbasid caliphs]], the term acquired the meaning of "representative" or "deputy".{{sfn|Zaman|2002|p=185}}

Another possibility is that it is an [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] word, from the [[Pahlavi language|Pahlavi]] root of ''vičir'', which originally had the meaning of a ''decree'', ''mandate'', and ''command'', but later as its use in [[Dinkard]] also suggests, came to mean ''judge'' or ''magistrate''.<ref name="jeffery"></ref> Arthur Jeffery considers the word to be a "good Iranian" word, as it has a well-established root in [[Avestan language]].<ref name="jeffery"></ref> The Pahlavi ''vičir'', is in fact from the Avestan ''vīčira'', which means ''deciding''.<ref name="jeffery"></ref> This Avestan root is behind the [[Modern Persian]] form of the word which is ''večer'' which means ''judge''.<ref name="jeffery">{{cite book |last1=Jeffery |first1=Arthur |title=The foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004153523 |page=288}}</ref> This etymology is supported - among other scientists - by Johnny Cheung,<ref>{{Citation |last=Cheung |first=Johnny |title=On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic |date=2016-06-06 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01445860 |access-date=2023-03-10 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ernest Klein|Ernest David Klein]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Richard N. Frye|Richard Nelson Frye]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |date=1966 |title=Bukhara, the Medieval Achievement |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40120947 |journal=Books Abroad |volume=40 |issue=3 |page=72 |doi=10.2307/40120947 |jstor=40120947 |issn=0006-7431|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Historical ministerial titles==
[[File:Asif musicians 1812.jpg|250px|thumb|The winter [[Divan|Diwan]] of a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Vizier]]
The office of vizier arose under the first Abbasid caliphs,{{sfn|Zaman|2002|p=185}} and spread across the Muslim world.

The vizier stood between sovereign and subjects, representing the former in all matters touching the latter.<ref name=britannica>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631485/vizier "vizier"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2010, Retrieved on 2010-06-17.</ref> The 11th-century legal theorist [[al-Mawardi]] defined two types of viziers: ''wazīr al-tanfīdh'' ("vizier of execution"), who had limited powers and served to implement the caliph's policies, and the far more powerful ''wazīr al-tafwīd'' ("vizier with delegated powers"), with authority over civil and military affairs, and enjoyed the same powers as the caliph, except in the matter of the succession or the appointment of officials.{{sfn|Zaman|2002|pp=186–187}} Al-Mawardi stressed that the latter, as an effective viceroy, had to be a Muslim well versed in the ''[[Shari'a]]'', whereas the former could also be a non-Muslim or even a slave, although women continued to be expressly barred from the office.{{sfn|Zaman|2002|p=187}}

Historically, the term has been used to describe two very different ways: either for a unique position, the prime minister at the head of the monarch's government (the term [[Grand Vizier]] always refers to such a post), or as a shared 'cabinet rank', rather like a British [[secretary of state]]. If one such vizier is the prime minister, he may hold the title of Grand Vizier or another title.

===In Islamic states===
{{See also|Grand vizier}}
[[File:AmirKabir Sani ol molk 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Portrait of Amir Kabir, Vazir of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] ([[Qajar dynasty]])]]

*The title was first used in the early Abbasid Caliphate, cf. [[Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)]].
*In Muslim [[Persian Empire|Persia]], the prime minister under the political authority of the [[Shahanshah]] was commonly styled ''Vazīr-e Azam'' ('Supreme -, i.e. Grand Vizier'; alternative titles include ''[[Atabeg|Atabeg-e Azam]]'' and ''Sardār-e Azam''), and various Ministers held cabinet rank as ''vazir'', including a ''Vazir-i-Daftar'' (minister for finance) and a ''Vazir-i-Lashkar'' (war portfolio).
* In [[al-Andalus]], the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]] [[Caliphs of Córdoba]] appointed a varying number of viziers, as heads of departments in the bureaucracy, ministers with specific tasks, and royal councillors; at one point, in 1008, there were as many as 29 viziers at the same time. Unlike the Islamic east, the senior office of the Umayyad state was that of the chamberlain (''[[hajib]]'').{{sfn|Carmona|2002|pp=191–192}} Under the [[Taifa kingdoms]] the title proliferated and became a generic court title.{{sfn|Carmona|2002|p=192}} During the later Umayyads, viziers were also appointed outside the capital as provincial governors or commanders, a practice which continued until the fall of the [[Emirate of Granada]] in the 15th century. The Spanish word ''[[alguacil]]'' (governor, official with civil or criminal duties) derives from this.{{sfn|Carmona|2002|p=192}}
* In Muslim [[Egypt]], the most populous Arab country:
**[[Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|Vizier]] under the Fatimid Caliphs.
**Again since the effective end of Ottoman rule, remarkably since 1857 (i.e. before the last Wali (governor), Isma`il Pasha, was raised [[Khedive]] (circa Viceroy, on 8 June 1867), exchanged for the western prime ministers on 28 August 1878 (before the formally independent sultanate was proclaimed).
*During the days of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] was the—often de facto ruling—[[prime minister]], second only to the Sultan and was the leader of the Divan, the [[Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)|Imperial Council]]. "Vizier" was also the title of some Ottoman provincial governors, such as in [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], where usage of the title often indicated a greater degree of autonomy for the province involved and the greater prestige of the title holder (this was, for example, a major issue in the [[Bosnian uprising]] of 1831). Also, many of the viziers originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as other countries and from various ethnicities.
*In the Sherifian kingdom of [[Morocco]] (historically a sultanate until the incumbent assumed the higher royal style of ''Malik'' on 14 August 1957, shortly after the end of the simultaneous French and Spanish protectorates; the additional Islamic title ''[[Amir al-Mu´minin]]'' "Commander of the Faithful" stayed in use), a ''Sadr al-A'zam'' (Grand Vizier) was in office until 22 November 1955, replaced since 7 December 1955 a (part-political) Prime Minister; Vizier was the style of a minister of state (other titles for various portfolios).
*In the [[Adal Sultanate]] located in the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abir |first1=Mordechai |title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-28097-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt3GBQAAQBAJ&dq=adal+sultanate+wazir&pg=PT65}}</ref>
*In the [[Hashemite]] [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] (later merged into present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]), the sole Vizier was (10 June 1916{{snd}}3 October 1924) the future second king [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali ibn Hussein al-Hashimi]], under his father [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi]] (the first to assume the title [[Malik]], i.e. King, instead of [[Grand Sharif]]), maintained after the [[Sharifian Caliphate|assumption of the Caliphal style]] (only 11 March 1924{{snd}}3 October 1924)
*In the 'regency' of [[Tunisia]], under the [[Husainid Dynasty]], various ministers of the Bey, including:
**''Wazir al-Akbar'' (or ''El Ouzir El Kébir''): 'great minister', i.e. [[grand vizier]], chief minister or prime minister.
**''Wazir al-'Amala'' (or ''El Ouzir El Amala''): Minister for the Interior.
**''Wazir al-Bahr'' (or ''El Ouzir El Bahr''): Minister 'of the Sea', i.e. for the Navy/ Marine.
**''Wazir al-Harb'' (or ''El Ouzir El Harb''): Minister for the Army or Minister for War.
**''Wazir al-Istishara'' (or ''El Ouzir El Istichara''): Minister-Counsellor.
**''Wazir al-Qalam'': Minister of the Pen.
**''Wazir ud-Daula'' (or ''El Ouzir El Dawla''): Minister of State.
**''Wazir us-Shura'' (or ''El Ouzir Ech Choura''): Privy Counsellor.
*In Oman the Hami/Sultan's chief minister was styled ''Wazir'' until 1966, but in 1925–1932 there was also or instead a chairman of the council of Ministers; since 1970 the style is prime minister.
*In the [[Bengal Sultanate]], many local officials had the title of Wazir/Uzir
*Viziers to the Sultans of [[Zanzibar]] (a branch of the Omani dynasty); since 1890 filled by British, also known as [[first minister]]s, (1 July 1913{{snd}}23 February 1961) the British [[Resident (title)|Resident (Minister)]]s, an extremely direct form of indirect rule (before and after chief- or prime ministers, generally native).
*[[Sokoto Grand Vizier|Grand Viziers]] to the [[Sultan of Sokoto]] – however, this is disputed. The title "Waziri" is apparently a derivative of this word, and is a highly regarded [[chieftaincy]] title in most of northern [[Nigeria]]. Indeed, most of the [[emir]]s in northern Nigeria have a "Waziri", who is usually a high-ranking adviser to the emir.
*In pre- and colonial (notably British) [[India]] many rulers, even some Hindu princes, had a vizier as chief minister – compare [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]], [[Nawab wasir]], [[Pradhan]], etc.
*In the (former) sultanate of the [[Maldives]] (Divehi language), the prime minister was styled ''Bodu Vizier'', and various Ministers held cabinet rank as ''vazierin'' (plural), including ''Hakura'a'' (portfolio of Public Works), ''Shahbandar'' (Navy portfolio, also admiral in chief), ''Vela'ana'a'' (Foreign Affairs).
* In [[Afghanistan]], under the [[Durrani]] dynasty, the chief minister was styled ''Vazīr-e Azam'' or ''Wazir-i-azam'' (1801–1880); the ''Vazīr-e Darbār'' or ''Wazir al-durbar'' was the ('House') Minister of the Royal Court.
* [[List of Ghaznavid Viziers]]
* In the [[Mataram Sultanate]] and subsequent sultanates, a ''wazir'' was a chief minister to the sultan.
* In the [[Durrani Empire]], numerous [[List of Durrani Wazirs|wazirs]] were appointed over different rulers.

==Modern post-monarchy use==
''Wazīr'' is the standard [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for a government minister. Prime ministers are usually termed as ''Ra'īs al-Wuzara'' (literally, president of the ministers) or ''al-Wazīr al-'Awwal'' (prime minister). The latter term is generally found in the [[Maghreb]], while the former is typical of usage in the [[Mashriq]] (broadly defined, including [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Levant]], [[Iraq]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]). Thus, for example, the [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] is in Arabic a ''wazīr''.

In [[Iran]], government ministers are called ''Vazir'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] (e.g. foreign/health ''Vazir''), and the [[Prime Minister of Iran|prime minister of state]] before the abolition of the post, was called as ''Nokhost Vazir''.

In [[Pakistan]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] as head of government is called ''Vazīr-e Azam'' (Persian for [[Grand vizier]]), while other Ministers are styled ''vazir'', e.g. the [[foreign minister]] is called the ''Vazir-e-Khārjah''.

In [[India]], ''Vazīr'' is the official translation of minister in the [[Urdu]] language, and is used in ministerial oath taking ceremonies conducted in Urdu.

In [[East Africa]], particularly [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]], ministers are referred to as ''Waziri'' in [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and prime ministers as ''Waziri Mkuu''.

In [[Brunei]], the [[Vizier (Brunei)|vizier]] is classified into five titles, which are:

*The current head vizier or ''Perdana Wazir'' of Brunei is Prince [[Mohamed Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei|Mohamed Bolkiah]]. His full title is His Royal Highness Perdana Wazir Sahibul Himmah Wal-Waqar Prince Haji [[Mohamed Bolkiah]].
*His Royal Highness Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Prince Haji [[Sufri Bolkiah]]
*His Royal Highness Pengiran Digadong Sahibul Mal Prince Haji [[Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei|Jefri Bolkiah]]
*Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae' Wal-Mashuarah – ''vacant''
*Pengiran Temanggong Sahibul Bahar – ''vacant''

The [[Nation of Islam]] sometimes uses the honorific title of “Wazir” for [[Louis Farrakhan]].

==Princely title==
In the rare case of the Indian princely state of [[Jafarabad State|Jafarabad]] (Jafrabad, founded c. 1650), ruled by ''Thanadar''s, in 1702 a state called [[Janjira State|Janjira]] was founded, with rulers (six incumbents) styled ''wazir''; when, in 1762, Jafarabad and Janjira states entered into personal union, both titles were maintained until (after 1825) the higher style of [[Nawab]] was assumed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Art==
In contemporary literature and [[pantomime]], the "[[Grand Vizier]]" is a character [[Stock character|stereotype]] and is usually portrayed as a scheming backroom plotter and the clear [[power behind the throne]] of a usually bumbling or incompetent monarch. A well-known example of this is the sinister character of [[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] in the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] animated film ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'', who plots and uses magic to take over the entire Kingdom of Agrabah under the nose of the nation's naïve sultan, just as Jaffar in the 1940 movie ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' dethroned his master, caliph Ahmad. Others include Zigzag from ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]'' (the original inspiration for the character of Jafar in Disney's ''Aladdin''), the character [[Iznogoud]] in the eponymous French comic book by [[René Goscinny]] and [[Jean Tabary]], Prince Sinbad's advisor Yusuf in the [[DC Vertigo]] series ''[[Fables (comics)|Fables]]'', and the villains of the [[video game]]s ''[[Prince of Persia (1989 video game)|Prince of Persia]]'' (also called Jaffar, before the release of Disney's ''Aladdin'') and ''[[King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

A much older example of this archetype is the character [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] from the [[biblical]] book of [[Esther]]. The book describes the rise of a [[Jewish]] woman to [[queen regnant|Queen]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]], and her role in stopping the plot of Haman, chief advisor to the Persian king, to wipe out all Jews living in Persia.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Notable viziers==

*[[Yahya ibn Khalid]] of [[Harun al-Rashid]] (Whose son [[Jafar bin Yahya]] was an inspiration for the aforementioned [[Arabian Nights]] Jafar)
*[[Amir Kabir]] of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in [[Iran]] and [[Azerbaijan]] history
*[[Hasanak the Vizier]] of the [[Ghaznavid]] dynasty in [[Iran]] history
*[[Almanzor]] of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] was the de facto ruler of [[Islamic Spain]]
*[[Nizam al-Mulk]] of [[Malik Shah I]] in [[Seljukid Empire|Seljuks]] history
*[[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{Efn|name=fn1}}
*[[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{efn|name=fn1}}
*[[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]] and his son [[Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{efn|name=fn1}}

==Influence on chess==
[[File:Cabinet des médailles, Paris - Ivory Chess Vizier, 12th Century.jpg|thumb|Ivory chess vizier, Italy, 12th century]]
In [[Shatranj]], from which modern [[chess]] developed, the piece corresponding to the modern chess "[[Queen (chess)|queen]]" (though far weaker, only able to move one or two squares diagonally) was often called ''Wazīr''.
Up to the present, the word for the queen piece in [[chess]] is still called by variants of the word "vazīr" in many Middle Eastern, Central Asian and East European languages.

==Playing card rank==
In [[Ganjifa]] cards, the vizier is a [[face card]] holding the second-highest rank in a suit, after the [[King (playing card)|king]]. In [[Ganjifa#Variants|Mamluk Kanjifa]], there are two vizier ranks: the first vizier (na'ib malik), and the second vizier (na'ib thani). When Mamluk Kanjifa was introduced to Europe, the two ranks were transformed into the [[Knight (playing card)|knight]] and [[Knave (playing card)|knave]] in [[Latin-suited playing cards]], and into the [[Ober (playing card)|ober]] and [[Unter (playing card)|unter]] in [[Swiss-suited playing cards|Swiss-]] and [[German-suited playing cards]]. The vizier may have had an important role in early playing card games as the Arabic term for vizier (na'ib) became synonymous to the name for playing cards in the Italian Renaissane (naibi) and even in Spain today (naipes).

In the [[Ganjifa#Variants|Mysore Chad Ganjifa]], the Vizier (Amatya or Mantri), is one of six court cards. It ranks third, after the King (Raja) and Queen (Rajni), and before the Knight (Senani), Jack (Padathi or Sevaka), and Banner (Dhwaja). In these cards, the vizier is depicted sitting in a [[ratha]].

In [[Ganjifa#Variants|Nabagunjara Ganjifa]], the vizier is depicted as [[Arjuna]].

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|vizier}}
*[[List of grand viziers of Persia]]
*[[Wasita (title)]]
*[[Wuzurg framadar]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|In the Ottoman Empire [[Grand vizier]]}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{EI2 | last = Bianquis | first = Th. | authorlink = | title = Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 2. The Fāṭimid caliphate | volume = 11 | pages = 188–190 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* {{EI2 | last = Carmona | first = A. | authorlink = | title = Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 4. Muslim Spain | volume = 11 | pages = 191–192 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* {{EI2 | last = Eddé | first = Anne-Marie | authorlink = | title = Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 3. The Ayyūbids | volume = 11 | pages = 190–191 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* {{EI2 | last = İnalcık | first = Halil | authorlink = Halil İnalcık | title = Wazīr. III. In the Ottoman Empire | volume = 11 | pages = 194–197 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* {{EI2 | last = Lambton | first = Ann K. S. | authorlink = | title = Wazīr. II. In Persia | volume = 11 | pages = 192–194 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* {{EI2 | last = Zaman | first = Muhammad Qasim | authorlink = | title = Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 1. The ʿAbbāsids. | volume = 11 | pages = 185–188 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346}}
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=vizier&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ministerial offices]]
[[Category:Heads of government]]
[[Category:Government of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Ottoman titles]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Titles in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles in Egypt]]
[[Category:Titles in Iraq]]
[[Category:Titles in Iran]]
[[Category:African noble titles]]
[[Category:African traditional governments]]
[[Category:Titles in Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman period]]

Bidesiya (play)

2026-03-15T23:47:38Z

Robbub: added new stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Bhojpuri Play by Bhikhari Thakur}}
{{infobox play
| name = Bidesiya
| writer = [[Bhikhari Thakur]]
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting = A Village in Bihar-Purvanchal, Kolkata
| premiere = 1912
| place =
| orig_lang = Bhojpuri
| series =
| subject = Migration, Women Empowerment, Poverty
| genre = [[Theatre]]
| web =
}}

'''Bidesiya''' or '''Baharā Bahār''' is a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] play by Bhojpuri playwright [[Bhikhari Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brandon|first1=James R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&dq=Bhikhari+thakur&pg=PA84|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|last2=Banham|first2=Martin|date=1997-01-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashutosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rb4pDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bhikhari+thakur&pg=PA240|title=Coolies of the Empire|date=2017-09-15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-14795-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjs3AAAAIAAJ&q=Bhikhari+thakur|title=Journal of South Asian Literature|date=1982|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Law|first=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXMsAQAAQBAJ&dq=bhikhari+thakur&pg=PT131|title=The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre|date=2013-10-28|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-4591-3|language=en}}</ref> It is one of the several plays written by Bhikhari Thakur on women empowerment, migration and poverty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Dhananjay|date=September 2018|title=The Image of Women in Folk-Traditions of Migration|url=https://tiss.edu/uploads/files/4._Dhananjay_Singh.pdf|journal=Journal of Migration Affairs|volume=1|pages=55|doi=10.36931/jma.2018.1.1.41-58|s2cid=216879252|via=the image of women in Bhojpuri folk- culture/literature of migration is colourful. The women themselves are in a way suffering from migration—whether they have been left behind, or if they have been forced to migrate themselves, or if they have come with her husband to his village as an urhari. The seriousness with which Bhikhari Thakur has dealt with the travails of these women is unparalleled. In his play ‘Bidesiya’ he shows Pyari Sundari's suffering as the ideal chaste wife waiting for her husband in the village}}</ref> Owing to its popularity it becomes the folk theatre style of [[Bhojpuri region]], some scholars has also claimed it to be as popular as [[Ramayana]] in those days.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A|title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920|publisher=Univ of California Press|year=2021|isbn=9780520369108}}</ref>

The play depicts the condition of women in Bhojpuri Society in the 19th century, the problem of migration and poverty. The play was composed and staged in 1912 and published as a book in 1917.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|publisher=Taylor and Francis|page=74}}</ref>

==Theme==

Bidesiya focuses on the theme of separation between husband and wife like the [[Meghadūta]] and [[Ramayana]] of [[Sanskrit]].{{Sfn|Kumar|2022|p=110}}

== Names ==
This play was published as '''Kaljug Bahar''' then it was published as '''Bahara Bahar''', due to its character named ''Bidesiya'' it became famous with the name Bidesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri Ke Bharatendu|publisher=Aashu Prakashan|location=Allahabad}}</ref>

== Characters ==

The play ''Bidesi''a has primarily five characters:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetheatretimes.com/bidesia-folk-theatre-eastern-india/|title="BIDESIA" – THE FOLK THEATRE OF EASTERN INDIA|date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

* Bidesiya – The main character, who goes to earn in Calcutta and remarries there.
* Pyari Sundari – Bidesiya's wife
* Batohiya – A traveller.
* Saloni – Bidesiya's second wife
* Devar – Bidesiya's brother
* Dost – Bidesiya's friend
* Other characters – Two children, one villager
*Labaar – They are called Vidushak in Classical Indian theatre. They usually enter in the play in between and entertain the audience with their jokes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|pages=76}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The play starts with ''Mangalachran'' which means ''Prayer to god''. After that the ''Sutradhar'' comes on the stage and introduces the audience with the Characters and story line of the play. After that the play starts<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|isbn=978-1315448039|last1=Narayan|first1=Badri|date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Story ===
The play starts with a conversation between '''Bidesiya''' or '''Bidesi''' and '''Pyari Sundari'''(His wife), where Bidesiya adduces his will to leaving the village and going to [[Calcutta]] for earning. His wife tries to stop him but he doesn't stop. After going to Calcutta He doesn't come for years and the Pyari Sundari waits for him to return.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Dhananjay|date=September 2018|title=The Image of Women in Folk-Traditions of Migration|journal=Journal of Migration Affairs|volume=1|pages=41|via=In his play ‘Bidesiya’ he shows Pyari Sundari's suffering as the ideal chaste wife waiting for her husband in the village|doi=10.36931/jma.2018.1.1.41-58|doi-access=free}}</ref>

One day a traveller (Batohiya) was going through the village, Pyari Sundari asks him to send her message to Bidesiya. When Batohiya reaches Calcutta he sees that Bidesiya has married to a woman named Saloni. Batohi tells him pyari's condition that how eagerly she has been waiting for him for years. Bidesiya realizes his mistake and decides to return home. Saloni asks him not to go, but he returns to home. He reaches home and knocks on the door, his wife is scared, she asks who are you in fear, he says that I am your husband, she opens the door in fear and becomes unconscious upon seeing her husband standing in front. Saloni also comes behind Bidesiya to his village and says what will she do without him. At last Pyari also accepts Saloni as her Sautan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Upadhyay|first=Krishnadev|title=Bhojpuri Sahitya ka Itihas|publisher=Bharatiya lok Sanskriti Shodh Sansthan|year=1972|isbn=|location=Varanasi|pages=343}}</ref>

== Message ==
''Bidesiya'' has put the problem of poverty, migration and their impact in a very entertaining form.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kalakshetra Vol. IV|pages=35}}</ref>

== Performances ==
Bidesiya is staged every year in [[Nandikar's National Theatre Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nandikar.net/national-theatre-festival-2019/|title=Nandikaar}}</ref>

==Popularity==

The play became very popular in North Indian States like [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashutosh|title=Coolies of the Empire|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1107147959|pages=240}}</ref> Due to its popularity it became the folk theatre style of [[Bhojpuri region]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|date=3 November 2016|isbn=978-1315448039|pages=74–75}}</ref>

== Adaptations and Cultural references ==

=== In various theatres ===

* [[Hindi theatre]] also adopted the ''Bidesiya'' folk theatre style. Plays like ''Harikesh Muluk'' and ''Mati Gadi'' gained immense popularity using the Bidesiya theatre style.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|pages=77}}</ref>
* [[Kannada]] play ''Rūpasēna'' is also based on Bidesiya, It reached to [[North Karnataka]] via [[Maharashtra]]. The skeleton of the story of the play is totally inspired by Bidesiya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tradition of Kannada Theatre|publisher=IBH Prakashana|year=1986}}</ref>

===In films===

*The [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film [[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]] directed by [[S. N. Tripathi]] released in 1963 was adaption of the play.
*Another movie of the same name starring [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] Nirahua was too inspired from this play.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation|last=Kumar |first=Pankaj|publication-date=|year=2022|title=Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesia and Gabar Ghichor: Enduring saga of angst, pain and longing of the 'left-behind'|publisher=|isbn=}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1912 plays]]
[[Category:Plays by Bhikhari Thakur]]

Tamizh Prabha

2026-03-15T05:13:07Z

Robbub: Done

{{Short description|Indian Screenwriter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thamizh Prabha
| image = Tamizh Prabha.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| residence =
| other_names = Tamil Prabha
| occupation = [[screenwriter]], [[Novelist]]
| years_active =
| height =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Sarpatta Parambarai]], [[Thangalaan]], Pettai
}}
'''Thamizh Prabha''' (also known as Tamil Prabha, pen name of Prabhakaran) is an Indian [[screenwriter]] and [[novelist]]. He is best known for his novels Pettai, Kosalai and the films [[Sarpatta Parambarai]], [[Thangalaan]] and [[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]].<ref name="IE">{{cite web |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Sudhir |title=Pa Ranjith talks about the Madras they don't tell you about on 381st Madras Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Aug/24/pa-ranjith-talks-about-the-madras-they-dont-tell-you-about-on-381st-madras-day-2187297.html |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=24 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Kavitha |title=The untold stories of Chintadripettai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-untold-stories-of-chintadripettai/article32687659.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="NM">{{cite web |last1=SD |first1=Kalphana |title=Caste, gender, religion and more: The multiple layers in Tamil Prabha's 'Pettai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/caste-gender-religion-and-more-multiple-layers-tamil-prabhas-pettai-152456 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Naig |first1=Udhav |title=Why Pa. Ranjith’s ‘Thangalaan’ is about rewriting and reclaiming Dalit history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-pa-ranjiths-thangalaan-is-about-rewriting-and-reclaiming-dalit-history/article68525281.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Thamizh Prabha started his career as a financial analyst. His first job as a writer was as a journalist for the weekly magazine [[Ananda Vikatan]]. He wrote feature articles about a variety of social issues. His portfolio includes articles on the 2019 [[Thoothukudi violence|Thuthukudi fire tragedy]], the untimely [[Suicide of S. Anitha|death of Anitha]], a promising student, and a number of other topics. Vikatan Magazine's series 'Theivathaan aahatheninum' chronicled interesting tales that piqued readers' interest.<ref>{{cite web |title='தூத்துக்குடி துப்பாக்கிச்சூடு' சம்பவத்தில் விகடன் நிருபர்களின் நேரடி கள அனுபவம்... |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/protest/158030-thoothukudi-sterlite-gunshoot-incident-experience-shared-by-vikatan-reporters |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="b1">{{cite web |title=Tamizh Prabha: A Multifaceted Storyteller in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/tamizh-prabha-a-multifaceted-storyteller-in-indian-cinema |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, he authored his debut novel, titled "Pettai," which was published by Kalachuvadu Publications. Tamizh Praba worked as a radio jockey at Rainbow FM for a period of two years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singaravel |first1=Bharathy |title=A boxing film but so much more: Tamil Prabha on co-writing 'Sarpatta Parambarai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/boxing-film-so-much-more-tamil-prabha-co-writing-sarpatta-parambarai-153096 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

He was the screenwriter and dialogue writer for Pa Ranjith's movie Sarpatta Parambarai released in 2022.<ref name="b1"/>

In 2024 he wrote the screenplay and dialogue of [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s directorial [[Thangalaan]], S. Jayakumar's [[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]] and Sidharth Vishwanath's [[Sorgavaasal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thangalaan box office collection day 1: Vikram's action fantasy collects ₹ 12 cr in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thangalaan-box-office-collection-day-1-vikram-action-fantasy-collects-12-cr-india-101723776453301.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolappan |first1=B. |title=‘Thangalaan’, a period film about displaced Tamils |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/thangalaan-a-period-film-about-displaced-tamils/article68218122.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandar |first1=Bhuvanesh |title=‘Blue Star’ movie review: Ashok Selvan, Shanthnu knock it out of the park in this powerful sports drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blue-star-movie-review-ashok-selvan-shanthnu-knock-it-out-of-the-park-in-this-powerful-sports-drama/article67776119.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

[[The New York Times]] listed [[Sarpatta Parambarai]] as one of "the five best International films to stream on digital platforms".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Girish |first1=Devika |title=Stream These Five International Films Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/movies/international-streaming-movies.html |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2025, Tamizh Prabha wrote the story of [[Rana Daggubati]] starrer, ''Kaantha''.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Kaantha: Dulquer Salmaan, Rana Daggubati, Bhagyashri Borse team up for a retro film set in 1950s Madras. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaantha-dulquer-salmaan-rana-daggubati-bhagyashri-borse-team-up-for-a-retro-film-set-in-1950s-madras-see-pics-101725859608995.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 September 2024}}</ref>

==Films==
*''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=T. N. M. |title=Sarpatta Parambarai: Unhappy AIADMK leader sends notice to Pa Ranjith |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/sarpatta-parambarai-unhappy-aiadmk-leader-sends-notice-pa-ranjith-154037 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'' (2024)
*''[[Thangalaan]]'' (2024)
*''[[Sorgavaasal]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandar |first1=Bhuvanesh |title=‘Sorgavaasal’ movie review: RJ Balaji’s ambitious crime drama withers in effect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balajis-ambitious-crime-drama-withers-in-effect/article68926547.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
*''[[Kaantha]]'' (2025)<ref name="HT"/>

==Novels==
*''Pettai (2017)'' published by Kalachuvadu Publications. This metafiction is the tale of Chindadripet – its inhabitants, their way of life, religious convictions, their food, music, culture, socio-political dynamics, societal perceptions, etc.<ref name="IE"/> Revolving around two generations of families, the story is told through the protagonist Reuben. The News Minute says “Altogether, this novel is part history textbook, part sociology textbook, romance guidebook and a deep rumination about insanity, all in a satiric tone, which makes it very entertaining."<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="NM"/>
*''Kosalai (2022)'' published by Neelam Publications. The narrative commences with delving into the life of Kosalai, a young woman who is afflicted by dwarfism. Devoid of any sympathetic treatment, the story effectively portrays the inner emotions of Kosalai, immersing the reader in the imaginary realm of Kosalai's quest for self-discovery. Focusing on Kosalai's affection, bereavement, aspirations, ambitions, and tenacity, the narrative commemorates Kosalai's life.<ref>{{cite web |title=When a book rewrites a ramshackle library’s saga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/when-a-book-rewrites-a-ramshackle-librarys-saga/articleshow/100888947.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=S |first1=Gowri |title=Watch {{!}} Why is Chennai’s 97-year-old Goschen Library now seeing a revival? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/why-is-chennais-97-year-old-goschen-library-now-seeing-a-revival/article66989483.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=21 June 2023}}</ref>

{{Portal|Literature|India
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|12804700}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabha, Tamizh}}
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kalavati Devi

2026-03-14T17:19:19Z

Robbub: stub - done

{{short description|Award winning toilet builder in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalavati Devi
| image = Kalavati Devi March 08, 2020 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Devi in March 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. {{birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Sitapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = Building 4,000 toilets
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = [[Masonry|Mason]]
| spouse = Jairaj Singh
| children = Two daughters
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalavati Devi''' (born {{circa}} 1965) is an Indian mason who became a toilet builder in [[Kanpur]]. She transformed her own community by installing a 50-seat toilet and then moved to other communities. She has helped build 4,000 toilets improving the lot particularly for women and children. In 2019 she was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], an award given to the women or institutions working for women empowerment

==Life==
Devi was born in the 1960s and her background is in [[Sitapur]].<ref name=ref2015>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/20031/meet-kalavati-a-mason-with-a-mission-build-toilets-sanitation/|title=Meet Kalavati, The Mason With A Mission To Build Toilets In Her Village|date=17 March 2015|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> She came to Raja purwa near j k temple Kanpur when she was 14 to marry Jairaj Singh who was 18. One of her husband's jobs was to work as a floor cutter for a non-profit group called [[Shramik Bharti]].<ref name=ref2015/>

They lived in Raja Purwa [[Kanpur]] and she was disgusted by people [[open defecation|defecating in the street]]. She said it was a "living hell" and that she intended to improve the cleanliness of her area.<ref name=mag7/> Her husband was supportive and, when she decided that she was going to build toilets in her area, he went with her to meet Shramik Bharti. They were keen on the idea of building a 10–20 seat facility. Local corporations were approached and they offered to find 200,000 rupees if she could raise 100,000. She tried, and she did raise a good sum and more importantly enthusiasm for the idea. Eventually there was a 50-seat facility.<ref name=ref2015/>
[[file:Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2019 to Ms. Kalavati Devi.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] to her]]
She had found her role, but she wanted to do more than fund raise and organise so she decided to become a mason and Shramik Bharti found funds to assist her training.<ref name=ref2015/>

Both her husband and son-in-law died leaving her as the sole wage earner who had to provide for her daughter and two grandchildren.<ref name=mag7/> In 2015 she was working in the shanty town of Rakhi Mandi where 700 families lived without a single toilet. Devi offered to help and persuaded [[WaterAid]] to help fund some toilets. The local community were unwilling to give land or finances as they were happy with their lot and they feared that there must be a secret agenda to the offer of help.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/get-inspired/kalavati-devi/|title=True Hero: Meet The Lady Mason Who Built 4000+ Toilets In Unsanitary Slums & Villages Of UP|last=Indian|first=The Logical|date=26 October 2018|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401215346/https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/get-inspired/kalavati-devi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was despite the open sewers, children and adults having to defaecate in the street and anecdotal talk of assaults and a rape.<ref name=ref2015/> She went out to build the toilets having to walk some days in pouring rain for 5 km after taking two bus rides.<ref name=ref2015/>
[[File:Shri Narendra Modi with the Nari Shakti Awardees, in New Delhi on March 08, 2020.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with the Nari Shakti Awardees on [[International Women's Day]] in 2020. Devi is front, far left but one]]
On [[International Women's Day]] in 2020 she took over the Indian Prime Minister's Twitter account. She was one of what the Prime Minister nicknamed the "magnificent seven" who tweeted in his name that day.<ref name=mag7>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-7-women-achievers-who-took-over-pm-modis-social-media-accounts/7-bina-devi/slideshow/74547302.cms|title=Meet the 7 women achievers who took over PM Modi's social media accounts on Women's Day: PM Modi's 'magnificent seven'|website=The Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Seven were chosen to tweet but the awardees were [[Padala Bhudevi]], [[Bina Devi]], [[Arifa Jan]], [[Chami Murmu]], [[Nilza Wangmo]], [[Rashmi Urdhwareshe]], [[Man Kaur|Mann Kaur]], [[Kaushiki Chakroborty]], [[Avani Chaturvedi]], [[Bhawana Kanth]], [[Mohana Singh Jitarwal]], [[Bhageerathi Amma]], [[Karthyayani Amma]] and Devi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/president-to-present-nari-shakti-puraskar-to-inspirational-women-120030800216_1.html|title=President to present 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' to inspirational women|date=8 March 2020|work=Business Standard India|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Her work was recognised when the President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] awarded her one of twelve [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] awards. The awards were made on [[International Women's Day]] in New Delhi.<ref name=mag7/>

==History==
Kalavati Devi won the award as a woman mason building toilets. Another woman [[Sunita Devi (mason)|Sunita Devi]] had won the same award for similar work, the year before, for her work in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/award-for-jharkhand-woman-who-took-up-a-trowel-to-turn-mason-build-toilets/cid/1685553|title=Award for woman who took up a trowel to turn mason|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Kalavati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Stonemasons]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Water-related charities]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Aag Hi Aag

2026-03-10T11:10:36Z

Robbub: expanded structure per sources and updated info

{{Short description|1987 Indian Hindi film}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aag Hi Aag
| image = Aag Hi Aag.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shibu Mitra]]
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer = Ram Kelkar (story and screenplay) Faiz Salim (dialogue)
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Chunky Panday]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] [[Richa Sharma (actress)|Richa Sharma]] [[Shakti Kapoor]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Gulshan Grover]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Nand Kumar
| distributor = Vishal Deep International
| released = {{Film date|1987|04|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Aag Hi Aag}}''' (translation: Fire Everywhere) is a 1987 Indian [[action film]] directed by [[Shibu Mitra]]. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Chunky Panday]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]], [[Richa Sharma (actress)|Richa Sharma]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] in pivotal roles, along with [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Gulshan Grover]] in guest appearances. The film surfaced as one of the biggest hits of the year, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year 1987. This film also launched Chunky Panday's career.

==Plot==
Army Officer Bahadur Singh is recalled to duty and on the very day his wife Ganga gives birth to their son, Vijay. While back on duty, Bahadur Singh's village is attacked by bandits and his sister is raped and killed.

He goes to the police to file a complaint and instead is shunned by the police officer, especially, the corrupt Police Inspector Kundan Singh him. Enraged, Bahadur Singh takes the law in his hands, joins a gang of bandits led by Daulat Singh and changes his name to Sher Singh. One day, Sher Singh is shot by police in a village. Then Dr. Raghuveer Singh comes to treat him, but Sher Singh thinks that Raghuveer Singh is a policeman and kills him.

When he realises his mistake, he repents and surrenders to police. Years pass by and Sher Singh's son Vijay grows up and falls in love with Aarti. Aarti is the daughter of Chaudhary, none other than Daulat Singh. On the other side, Suraj Singh, the son of Raghuveer Singh, becomes ACP. Suraj has only one mission; find Sher Singh and kill him to take revenge of his father's murder. This gives more twists and turns in the story which leads to a dead end with many people to repent.

==Cast ==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Bahadur Singh / Sher Singh
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Ganga Singh
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as ACP Suraj Singh
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Vijay Singh
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Aarti Chaudhary
* [[Richa Sharma (actor)|Richa Sharma]] as Tulsi Singh
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Gangva
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Daulat Singh / Chaudhary
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Jailor
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Judge
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Dr. Raghuveer Singh
* [[Geeta Siddharth]] as Geeta Singh
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Mahajan of Sonapur
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Jeeva
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Bhairav
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Inspector Kundan Singh

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Milne Se Pehle"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Milna Tera Aisa"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Milke Jo Na Bichhde"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Kaisi Hichki Lagli"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Sajan Aa Jao"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| "Sajan Aaja Re"
| Asha Bhosle, Shabbir Kumar
|-
| "Pyar Se Hai Duniya Haseen, Pyar Nahin To Kuch Nahin"
| Shabbir Kumar, [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Meghna]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0177487|Aag Hi Aag}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shibu Mitra]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Alapati Rajendra Prasad

2026-03-07T11:22:35Z

Robbub: added initial details needs work - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{infobox politician
| name = Alapati Rajendra Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[K. S. Lakshmana Rao]]
| constituency = [[Krishna–Guntur Graduates constituency|Krishna–Guntur Graduates]]
| office1 = Minister for State of Technical Education and Industrial Training Institutions [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 22 October 1999
| term_end1 = 26 November 2001
| governor1 = [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| successor2 = [[Annabathuni Siva Kumar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Nadendla Manohar]]
| constituency2 = [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 2004
| successor3 = Satishpaul Raj
| predecessor3 = [[Alapati Dharma Rao]]
| constituency3 = [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Alapati Rajendra Prasad''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the incumbent Member of the Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh from the [[Krishna–Guntur Graduates constituency]]. He is the former minister in the [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]] and also served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vemuru Assembly constituency]] and [[Tenali Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2025-03-04 |title=MLC polls: NDA's Alapati Rajendra Prasad wins Krishna Guntur graduates constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mlc-polls-ndas-alapati-rajendra-prasad-wins-krishna-guntur-graduates-constituency/article69290631.ece |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TDP's Alapati Rajendra Prasad wins Krishna-Guntur Graduate MLC seat, defeats KS Lakshmana Rao |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tdps-alapati-rajendra-prasad-wins-krishna-guntur-graduate-mlc-seat-defeats-ks-lakshmana-rao20250304102723/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-27 |title=A three-cornered battle for Tenali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/a-three-cornered-battle-for-tenali/articleshow/68587258.cms |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Alapati Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TDP-politician-stub}}

Naari: The Women

2026-03-06T06:36:09Z

Robbub: Created a stub...

{{short description|Indian Telugu language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naari (The Women)
| image = Naari – The Women.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Surya Vantipalli
| writer =
| producer = Sashi Vantipalli
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aamani]]|[[Pragathi]] |Vikas Vasistha|Karthikeya Dev|Nithya Sree| Mounika Reddy |Kedar Shankar}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Bhim Samba|V.Ravi Kumar}}
| editing = Madhav Kumar Gullapalli
| music = Vinod Kumar Vinnu
| studio = {{ubl| SHE Films | Hyderabad Studios}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|03|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
''''' Naari (The Women)''''' is a 2025 Indian Telugu language film directed by Surya Vantipalli and produced by Sashi Vantipalli under SHE Films banner.The film stars [[Aamani]], Vikas Vasistha, Karthikeya Dev, Mounika Reddy, Nityha Sree, [[Pragathi]] and Kedar Shankar.

==Plot==
The film's plot revolves around the life of a young woman who was raised under the strict control of her patriarchal father. She flees with a man she recently met in search of freedom, but soon after, his true nature is exposed, and he begins to take advantage of her. As things worsen, she kills him and tries to make it appear as though she committed suicide. Time goes on, and she has a son, determined to raise him to be a good person, but she makes a difficult choice that fundamentally alters her son's future.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Aamani]] as Bharathi<ref>{{cite news |title= Naari: A Bold Take on Women's Struggles with a Poetic Soul|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/naari-a-bold-take-on-womens-struggles-with-a-poetic-soul-936688|access-date=5 March 2025|work=The Hans India|date=22 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Pragathi]] as Sharada
*Vikas Vasistha
*Karthikeya Dev
*Nithya Sree
*Mounika Reddy as the teenage Bharathi
*Kedar Shankar
* Naga Mahesh as Minister Bhupathi
{{Colend}}

==Release and reception==
''Naari (The Women)'' was theatrically released on 7 March 2025.

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' said, "''Naari'' is a gripping social drama with a powerful message, engaging screenplay, strong performances, and an emotional climax, making it a must-watch for families, especially parents and their teenage children".<ref>{{cite news |title= Naari movie review: A powerful social drama that leaves an impact |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/naari-movie-review-a-powerful-social-drama-that-leaves-an-impact-951887|access-date=8 March 2025|work=The Hans India|date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' said, "If you're seeking a thought-provoking film that tackles tough topics while offering hope, ''Naari'' is a must-watch".<ref>{{cite news |title= Naari will spark important conversations General |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/naari-will-spark-important-conversations-1865488|access-date=7 March 2025|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt34999457}}
* ''Naari (The Women)'' at [https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/naari-the-women/ET00436043 Book My Show]

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]

Lankesha

2026-03-05T18:39:45Z

Robbub: Created new details...

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lankesha
| image = Lankesha.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. C. Patil]]
| writer = B. C. Patil (dialogue)
| screenplay = B. C. Patil
| story = B. A. Madhu
| based_on = 
| producer = Vanaja B Patil Channabasavanagowda Patil
| starring = B. C. Patil [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] Sheetal Bedi
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = Shashikumar
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Srushti Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|1|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lankesha''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[B. C. Patil]] and starring himself, [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] and Sheetal Bedi. The film was released to mixed reviews.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[B. C. Patil]] as Lankesha
*[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]
*Sheetal Bedi as Janaki
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]
*Srikanta
*[[Shashi Kumar]]
*Baby Srushti
*Shailaja Joshi
}}

==Production==
[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] shot for this film alongside ''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]'' (2001), ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001), and ''Rashtrageethe'' (2001). She plays a sacrificial character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2001 |title=I can fit into any character: Bhavana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826230105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mumbai based-Sheetal Bedi made her Kannada debut through this film.<ref name="C"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]], who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/11/25/lankesha-2001/|title=Lankesha – ಲಂಕೇಶ (2001/೨೦೦೧)|date=25 November 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Mahesha-Papa-Vinasha/dp/B01BU8IASY|title=Lankesha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=14 July 2001|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[Amazon Music]]}}</ref>
*"Jinchakka Jinchakka" - [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*"Mahesha Papa Vinasha (Title Song)"<ref name="C"/> - Hemanth
*"Kennege Hyange Banthu Kempu" - Hemanth
*"Mere Samane Wale" - Hemanth
*"Ranne Oh Ranne" - Hemanth
*"Bandaga Obbane Bande" - Manu

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' called the film liked by everyone including [[Ravana]] and [[Rama]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/lankesha.html|title=LAUDABLE LANKESHA: Patil Is Not Pedestrian In Direction|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010412074431/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/lankesha.html|archive-date=12 April 2001|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' rated the film two out of five and wrote that "Just when we feel a little too tired with all the violence in the film, sentiments breeze in excess. There are only two emotions one can feel for this film, you can either like it or hate it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/lankesh.html|title=Violence finds resort in Sentiments |work=indiainfo.com |author=Sundar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011121071306/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/lankesh.html|archive-date=21 November 2001|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

Khoon Khoon

2026-03-03T23:39:46Z

Robbub: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khoon Khoon
| image = Khoon Khoon.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Mohammed Hussain]]
| producer = F. C. Mehra
| writer = Vrajendra Gaur
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mahendra Sandhu]]|[[Danny Denzongpa]]|[[Rekha]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1973|08|24|}}
| runtime = 2 hours 7 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Khoon Khoon''''' is a 1973 [[Bollywood]] [[action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Mohammed Hussain]] and stars [[Mahendra Sandhu]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] and [[Rekha]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KHOON KHOON (1973) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b892c00dd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407114458/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b892c00dd |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=BFI }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Khoon Khoon (1973) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/khoon-khoon-1973-hindi-movie |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=FilmiClub }}</ref> The film is the remake of the [[Clint Eastwood]] thriller [[Dirty Harry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khoon Khoon (1973) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/khoon-khoon-4240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017225639/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/khoon-khoon-4240 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A psychopathic killer goes on killing throughout the city. He terrorizes the city and throws challenge to the police force. A tough cop Anand investigates the case and starts hunting for the killer to save his potential victims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Khoon Khoon {{!}} Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80158480 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.netflix.com }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Raghav
* [[Mahendra Sandhu]] as Anand
* [[Rekha]] as Rekha
* [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Dancer
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Police commissioner
* [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]]
* [[Jagdeep]] as Pancham

==Songs==
#"Teri Meri Meri Teri Acchi Hui Dosti" - [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Sushma Shrestha]], Jayashree Shivaram
#"Kitni Thandi Pawan" - Tirath Singh, [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Maati Ke Jalte Deepak Ki Jyot" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Meri Aankho Me Masti Hai" - Vijay Singh, Asha Bhosle

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0230412|title=Khoon Khoon}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:1970s serial killer films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-action-film-stub}}

Kondaveeti Simhasanam

2026-03-03T21:58:08Z

Robbub: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{confuse|Kondaveeti Simham}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kondaveeti Simhasanam
| image = Kondaveeti Simhasanam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| starring = {{Ubl|Dasari Narayana Rao|[[Mohan Babu]]|[[Soundarya]]}}
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|2|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kondaveeti Simhasanam''''' ({{translation|Kondaveeti throne}}){{efn|Kondaveeti is a village, and the [[village head]] passes judgement from the throne.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-kondaveetis.html|title=Movie review – Kondaveeti Simhasanam – by Gudipoodi Srihari|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|work=The Hindu|date=8 February 2002|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127040349/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-kondaveetis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and starring himself, [[Mohan Babu]] and [[Soundarya]] with [[Hamsavardhan|Harshavardhan]], [[Deepti Bhatnagar]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] and [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-deepti-bhatnagar-4-movies-that-made-her-an-actress-to-look-out-for/photostory/78388950.cms|title=Happy Birthday Deepti Bhatnagar: 4 Movies that Made her an Actress to Look Out for|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530204840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-deepti-bhatnagar-4-movies-that-made-her-an-actress-to-look-out-for/photostory/78388950.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is modern retelling of the relationship between [[Lord Rama]], the village head, and [[Anjaneya]], his servant. The film was released to highly negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as Ramachandra Naidu alias Ramachandraiah
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Satti
*[[Soundarya]] as Chitti
*[[Hamsavardhan|Harshavardhan]] as Aravind
*[[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as Rani
*[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Varala
*[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]]
*[[Jayachitra]] as Nagamanamma Naidu alias Nagamani
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Ramachandraiah's mother
*[[Kanta Rao]]
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
*[[P. J. Sarma]]
*Purushottama Rao
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao]]
*[[Suthivelu]]
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*K. K. Sharma
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Ramachandraiah's father
*Magunta Sudhakar as Gangadhara Naidu
*Ravi Kumar
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Mumtaj]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
{{colend}}

== Production and release ==
The film began filming on 16 November 2000 under the title ''Sardar Nagireddy'' with Laurence as the director.<ref name=idlebrain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kondaveetis.html|title=Movie review – Kondaveeti Simhasanam by Jeevi|last=Jeevi|work=Idlebrain|date=8 February 2002|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011626/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kondaveetis.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=name>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news74.html|title=It's Kondaveeti Simhasanam for Dasari and Mohan Babu|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=17 November 2000|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134539/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news74.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Koti replaced [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] as the music composer.<ref name=name /> The initial version starred Dasari Narayana Rao, Mohan Babu, Soundaraya, Laya, Deepti Bhatnagar and Dasari Arun Kumar.<ref name=delay>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news98.html|title=Kondaveeti Simhasanam release on 4th of May|date=22 January 2001|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129133157/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news98.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dasari Narayana Rao plays Mohan Babu's guru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news80.html|title=Changing mustache of Telugu cinema!|date=7 December 2000|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130042532/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news80.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohan Babu has three getups in the film including that of a 99-year old. Soundarya worked as an assistant director while Mohan Babu worked as the production manager.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news116.html|title=Soundarya turns assistant director|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=9 March 2001|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130041212/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news116.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The initial version featuring Arun Kumar was slated to release on 4 May 2001.<ref name=delay /> The film's release was postponed to June 2001 after it found no buyers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news131.html|title=Dasari's Rifles|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=7 May 2001|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134404/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news131.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was delayed and Arun Kumar's portions were reshot with [[Hamsavardhan|Harshavardhan]] with Dasari Narayana Rao as the director.<ref name=idlebrain /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|title=Kondaveeti Simhasanam|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=15 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606003648/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|archive-date=6 June 2002}}</ref> The film's release was delayed to late January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news190.html|title=Sankranthi movies release dates|date=8 January 2002|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601053216/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news190.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a verdict of "Horrible" and opined that "It is the most boring and sleep inducing film of the year. It is high time that Dasari retires as a director. Mohan Babu as usual hams his way through the film and Dasari too overacts as Naidu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-simhasanam-review-telugu-pclulcbejijah.html|title=Kondaveeti Simhasanam|website=Sify|date=21 April 2003|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034227/https://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-simhasanam-review-telugu-pclulcbejijah.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "Had the story been narrated straight, avoiding flashbacks, playing up main roles, adding a pinch of social purpose and fun, the film would have looked altogether different, clear and delightful".<ref name=hindu /> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' stated that "Watching ''Kondaveeti Simhasanam'' is like experiencing a 3-hour continuous torture. Keep a safe distance from this film".<ref name=idlebrain /> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film for its age old story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kondaveeti-simhasanam/telugu/kondaveeti-simhasanam-movie-reviews-1246-2.html|title=Kondaveeti Simhasanam review: Kondaveeti Simhasanam (Telugu) Movie Review – fullhyd.com|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035829/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kondaveeti-simhasanam/telugu/kondaveeti-simhasanam-movie-reviews-1246-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Despite an impressive star cast, the film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html|title=Tollywood in the first half of 2002|author1=Sreya Sunil|author2=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2002 action drama films]]

Erra Mallelu

2026-03-03T19:06:24Z

Robbub: Made A Entry

{{short description|1981 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Erra Mallelu
| image = Erra Mallelu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dhavala Satyam]]
| story = [[Madala Ranga Rao]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = M. G. Rama Rao
}}
| producer = Madala Kodanda Ramaiah
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Madala Ranga Rao
* [[Murali Mohan]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
}}
| cinematography = G. Mohana Krishna
| editing = Naini Maheswara Rao
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Navataram Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1981|05|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref name="indiancine.ma" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Erra Mallelu''''' ({{translation|Red Jasmines}})<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5VZAAAAMAAJ&q=Erra+Mallelu |title=Vidura |date=1987 |publisher=C. Sarkar |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906075403/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5VZAAAAMAAJ&q=Erra+Mallelu |archive-date=6 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Dhavala Satyam]] from a story written by [[Madala Ranga Rao]]. The film stars Ranga Rao, [[Murali Mohan]], [[Giri Babu]] and [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]. It revolves around two men starting a revolution against their village chiefs and the owner of a factory in the neighbouring village.

''Erra Mallelu'' was released on 1 May 1981 coinciding with the [[International Workers' Day]] (May Day), and emerged successful at the box office. The film is noted to inspire several other [[Communism|communist]]-themed films in [[Telugu cinema]]. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Sivappu Malli]]'' (1981).

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Madala Ranga Rao]] as Ranga
* [[Murali Mohan]] as Soori Babu
* [[Giri Babu]] as Factory owner
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Ramanna
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Kamayya
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Karanam
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as Ramayya
* [[Sai Chand]] as Kistanna
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
* Nalluri Venkateswarlu as Master
* MP Prasad
* [[Sutti Veerabhadra Rao]] as Lawyer
* Pushpa Kumari
* Krishnaveni
* Lakshmi Chitra
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* Navata
* Siva Parvati
* K. Vijaya
* [[T. Krishna]]
* [[Madala Ravi|Master Ravi]] (cameo appearance in the song "Nampalli Station")<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-12-02 |title=In his fathers footsteps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/02/stories/2003120200140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117223527/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/02/stories/2003120200140400.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[K. Chakravarthy]] composed the film score and original soundtrack. Lyrics are written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]], Adrustha Deepak, Prabhu, and Dhavala Satyam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erra Mallelu by Chakravarthi |url=https://gaana.com/album/erra-mallelu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516164540/https://gaana.com/album/erra-mallelu |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Erra Mallelu (1981)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CSU/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230127153314/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CSU/info |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

Gudipoodi Srihari, in his review for ''[[Sitara (magazine)|Sitara]]'' praised compositions like "Nampally Station Kada", "May Day Idi May Day", and "Jigibigi Jigijigi."<ref name="sitara">{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=17 May 1981 |title=సినిమా రివ్యూ: ఎర్ర మల్లెలు |trans-title=Cinema Review: Erra Mallelu |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/QHR/0,0,1260,4720 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230129153914/https://indiancine.ma/documents/QHR/0,0,1260,4720 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[Sitara (magazine)|Sitara]] |language=te}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:04
| headline = ''Erra Mallelu'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Nampalli Station
| extra1 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length1 = 03:14
| title2 = Oh Lag Gig
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 03:11
| title3 = Anyayam Akramam
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 03:12
| title4 = Bangaru Mathalli
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, G. Anand, S. P. Sailaja
| length4 = 00:24
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Erra Mallelu'' released on 1 May 1981, coinciding with [[International Workers' Day]] (May Day).<ref name="indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Erra Mallelu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHLI/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230127152828/https://indiancine.ma/BHLI/info |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Indiancinema}}</ref><ref name="sakshi" /> Reviewing the film for ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' on 6 May 1981, Venkatrao appreciated the writing and direction, in addition to the performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatrao |date=6 May 1981 |title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: ఎర్ర మల్లెలు |trans-title=Film review: Erra Mallelu |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/QHQ/0,0,608,1665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230127153754/https://indiancine.ma/document/QHQ/0,0,608,1665 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |language=te}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[Sitara (magazine)|Sitara]]'' on 17 May 1981 praised writer-actor [[Madala Ranga Rao]] for addressing the various issues like terrorism, corruption in judicial system, worker rights etc.<ref name="sitara" /> The film was successful at the box office. Released in 23 centres, ''Erra Mallelu'' had a 50-day theatrical run in 17 centres.<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web |last=Jayadeva |first=Rentala |date=2 May 2021 |title=Erra Mallelu: తెలుగుతెరపై అరుణోదయం.. ఎర్ర మల్లెలు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/erra-mallelu-movie-completed-40-years-1360787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221122944/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/erra-mallelu-movie-completed-40-years-1360787 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Rentala Jayadeva of [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] identified ''Erra Mallelu'' as a landmark amongst the [[Communism|communist]]-themed films in [[Telugu cinema]]. Jayadeva also stated that commercial success of ''Erra Mallelu'' inspired several films in the same vein, most notably, ''[[Erra Sainyam]]'' (1994) and ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' (1997).<ref name="sakshi" />

The film marked first on-screen appearance of filmmaker [[T. Krishna]]. Krishna grew full beard for the role and maintained the same look until his death. Singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] got her breakthrough with the song "Nampally Station Kada." ''Erra Mallelu'' was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language as ''[[Sivappu Malli]]'' (1981) which had a favourable reception.<ref name="sakshi" />

In April 2019, Kavel Alpaslan of the Turkish news outlet [[Gazete Duvar]], identified the song "May Day Idi May Day" in his article featuring the [[May Day]] songs from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Alpaslan felt the "enthusiastic performance" of the two lead roles played by Madala Ranga Rao and Murali Mohan made it special.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpaslan |first=Kavel |date=2019-04-27 |title=Hindistan ve Pakistan'dan 1 Mayıs şarkıları |trans-title=May Day songs from India and Pakistan |url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/04/27/hindistan-ve-pakistandan-1-mayis-sarkilari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221123249/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/04/27/hindistan-ve-pakistandan-1-mayis-sarkilari |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Gazete Duvar]] |language=tr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Vasu (film)

2026-03-03T18:14:57Z

Robbub: improve intro after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasu
| image = Vasu Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Karunakaran]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': A. Karunakaran '''Dialogues''': [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| producer = [[K. S. Rama Rao]]
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Bhumika Chawla]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = R. Ramesh Babu
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Creative Commercials]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|4|10}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Vasu: Voice Of Youth''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic comedy]] film co-written and directed by [[A. Karunakaran]], and produced by [[K. S. Rama Rao]] under the [[Creative Commercials]] banner. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Bhumika Chawla]] with music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].

''Vasu'' marked Venkatesh's 50th film as an actor. The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
After graduation, Vasu runs a college canteen and a music school and teaches music for seven years to make his living. His father Rao is an IPS officer and wants him to appear for Civil Services examinations to take up an IPS career, but Vasu has different plans for his future: he dreams of becoming a musician and a singer.

One day, a young IPS officer Subramanyam comes to Vasu's place to seek the blessings of Rao. He admits that Rao is the source of inspiration for him to become an IPS officer. Vasu's father feels dejected that his son does not heed his advice to take civil service exams. Meanwhile, Vasu spots a beautiful girl Divya on the street. He plays every possible trick to woo her, but all his plans backfire and make him appear foolish in Divya's eyes.

Rao spots his son bashing up men in the streets and asks him to leave the house and stay outside, to which he does. Divya goes to Vasu's place along with her luggage when Vasu is about to leave the house. Later, Vasu learns that Divya is the daughter of Vasu's father's childhood friend and sees this as an opportunity to get close to Divya. He returns to his home and promises that he will not touch music again and concentrate only on his studies, but he secretly pursues his musical ambitions.

Vasu passes the preliminary auditions of the Music Talent search conducted by Sony Music Company. When Rao spots the letter from Sony, he argues with his son and asks him to either be there in the house and study for IPS or leave home to pursue his dream of becoming a musician. Meanwhile, both Vasu and Divya fall in love with each other, but they never express their feelings towards each other. Vasu's sister loves Divya's brother, and it is okayed by the parents of both parties. It is also revealed that Divya already okayed a man named Manohar by looking at his photograph (this is much before she met Vasu).

Vasu is on the stage to prove himself as a singer and musician in the final auditions of Sony Talent Search. Divya and Manohar are to marry on the same day, and Vasu's sister is to marry Divya's brother. Vasu wins the prize at the audition and sits in a park mourning his heartbreak. Then, his father and sister arrive, and his father apologizes for his opinion of Vasu's career. It is revealed then that Divya did not marry that day along with Vasu's sister as she loved Vasu. In the end, the lovers unite, and the two couples' marriages are rescheduled.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as A. Vasu
*[[Bhumika Chawla]] as Divya
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Commissioner Rao (Vasu's father)
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Kamala (Vasu's mother)
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Balu
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Bill Gates
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Sony Music Company Manager
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Mula Shankar Rao
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Srinivasa Rao
*[[Brahmaji]] as ACP Subramanyam
*[[Achyuth]] as Vignesh
*[[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Radhika
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Doctor
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Lecturer
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Goon
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Beggar
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Tanish]] as Arun's friend
*Jogi Naidu as Vasu's friend
*Junior Relangi as Doctor
*Anilraj as Arun
*[[A. Karunakaran]] in a cameo appearance as a watermelon seller in the song "Naa Prema O Cheliya"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Vasu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = March 2002
| recorded = 2002 By [[Harris Jayaraj]] At Trinity Wave Station, [[Chennai]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:01
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[12B]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

Music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] in his Telugu debut. The music was released on ADITYA Music Company. (The audio got unanimous hit talk all over airplay and within 4 days of its release it had sold over 2 lakhs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news208.html|title=Vasu release on 10th April 2002|publisher=IdleBrain|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> The peppy number "Sportive Boys" topped the charts for many weeks.) The song "Paataku Pranam" is inspired from [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[Billie Jean]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.andhrafriends.com/topic/8991-post-original-songtheme-to-our-hit-songsjust-for-fun/ | title=Post Original song/Theme to our Hit Songs..Just for fun | date=15 August 2009 }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-vasu.html|title=Vasu - Jukebox|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605100536/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-vasu.html|archive-date=5 June 2002|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vaasu Movie Full Songs || Jukebox || Venkatesh, Bhumika Chawla | website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 January 2014 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meLp81KcjJE?si=GvhlKnOm8A4sHpuv }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 40:46
| title1 = Nammave Ammayi
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Paataku Pranam
| lyrics2 = Potula Ravikiran
| extra2 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 6:11
| title3 = Sportive Boys
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| extra3 = KK, [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Padana Teeyaga
| lyrics4 = Potula Ravikiran
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 5:25
| title5 = O Prema
| lyrics5 = Potula Ravikiran
| extra5 = [[Devan Ekambaram]]
| length5 = 5:50
| title6 = Vaale Vaale
| lyrics6 = Potula Ravikiran
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] '''(humming)''' ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| length6 = 4:40
| title7 = Naa Prema O Cheliya (Montages Music But)
| lyrics7 = ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| extra7 = [[Premgi Amaren]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| length7 = 4:47
| title8 = Stick Dance Bit
| lyrics8 = {{emdash}}
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 1:25
| title9 = Music Bit
| lyrics9 = {{emdash}}
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 1:25
| title10 = Interval Bang Music Bit
| lyrics10 = {{emdash}}
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length10 = 1:08
}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Vetri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:10
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}
{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Tamil Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hirestracks.com/vetri-2002-harris-jayaraj-ayngaran-ayncd-0144-acd-rip-wav/|title=Vetri (2002) (Harris Jayaraj) [Ayngaran – AYNCD 0144] [ACD-RIP-WAV] – HiResTracks.com}}</ref>
|total_length=34:10
|all_writing = [[Thamarai]]
|title1=Sporty Boys |extra1=[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]|length1= 5:12
|title2=Paattukku Pattu|extra2=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Swarnalatha]]|length2=6:05
|title3=Kanavil Kandene|extra3=[[Devan Ekambaram]]|length3=5:45
|title4=Thene Thene|extra4=Karthik, [[Gopika Poornima]] |length4=4:22
|title5=Nanba Vendum|extra5=[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Janani Bharadwaj|Janani]], Swarnalatha|length5=4:40
|title6=Paadava|extra6=[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|length6=4:46
|title7=Vetri Theme 1 |extra7=Instrumental| length7=2:12
|title8=Vetri Theme 2 |note8=Instrumental| length8=1:08
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "Karunakaran concentrated too much on the character of hero and did not really expand the role of heroine, which is very uncharacteristic of him (if we look the way he beautifully explored the roles of heroines in ''Toli Prema'' and ''Yuvakudu''). That hero orientation for ''Vasu'' has robbed off the family story tag this film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasu.html|title=Vasu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|date=10 April 2002|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Venkatesh is as ebullient as he has been in other films. Bhoomika has a limited role. But for the last part, where she encourages ''Vasu'' to take to music, her character remains passive. The comedy is worse, because of senseless and tasteless scenes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vasu.html|title=His father's voice|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Director Karunakaran has tried to re-work his ''Tolliprema'' where career, love and affection to parents form the base of the story but in ''Vasu'' it has fallen flat! The only highlight of the film is the brilliant music of Harris Jayaraj. However ''Vasu'' lacks soul and style".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11251585&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Vasu|last=Moviebiz|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107205107/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11251585&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "Venkatesh in a novel get-up along with fine music and well conceived scenes make the movie special. Although the message is an old one, the director succeeds in narrating it neat and straight to the audience. The scenes with the hero and heroine are very entertaining. Major part of this success can be attributed to dialogues written by Trivikram".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/vasu.htm|title=VASU|website=Andhra Today|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615145635/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/vasu.htm|archive-date=15 June 2002}}</ref>

Reviewing the Tamil dubbed version ''Vetri'', K. N. Vijiyan of ''New Straits Times'' wrote "There are no surprises in the story and it is very predictable. The climax is also unbelievable".<ref name="nst">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=24 March 2003 |title=Predictable story retold in Tamil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BaotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UXsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5807%2C2845529 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Entertainment 4}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home Viewing Feature Film]] - [[K. S. Rama Rao]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for "Padana Teeyaga"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1649430}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Home Viewing Feature Film}}
{{A. Karunakaran}}
{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu (Film)}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Karunakaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

Department of Higher Education (Tripura)

2026-03-02T20:11:54Z

Robbub: Made A Article

{{Short description|Government department in Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Higher Education (Tripura)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1947}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]
| headquarters = [[Agartala]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Kishor Barman]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura minister vows government college admission for all Class 12-pass students |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/tripura-minister-assures-seats-in-government-degree-colleges-for-all-class-12-pass-students-2769973-2025-08-12 |work=India Today |date=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banik |first1=Mrinal |title=Newly appointed Tripura Minister given charge of Higher Education & Panchayat |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/newly-appointed-tripura-minister-given-charge-of-higher-education-panchayat.html |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=NorthEast Now |date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Higher Education Department
| chief1_name = Raval H. Kumar
| chief1_position = Special Secretary to Government
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tripura]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [https://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/DHE Higher Education Department]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Department of Higher Education''' is an administrative [[List of departments of the government of Tripura|department]] under the [[Government of Tripura]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Departments {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://www.tripura.gov.in/departments |website=www.tripura.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Government Online Directory |url=https://igod.gov.in/sg/TR/E003/organizations |website=goidirectory.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> responsible for formulating policies, implementing programmes, and managing institutions related to [[Tertiary Education|higher education]] in the state. The department is responsible for hiring and employing teaching staffs in positions of Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor as well as non-teaching staff in Higher Education Institutions running under [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura to recruit 201 assistant professors: CM |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/tripura-to-recruit-201-assistant-professor-cm/117893249 |work=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The directorate was introduced in 1947 with the establishment of [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]] in [[Agartala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Official Website of Directorate of Higher Education, Government of Tripura, India |url=https://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/DHE/about-us |website=highereducation.tripura.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Objective==
The department is responsible for formulating policies, laws, regulations and programmes for [[higher education]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Admission Notice Issued for Government General Degree Colleges for Academic Year 2025-26 - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/tripura-admission-notice-issued-for-government-general-degree-colleges-for-academic-year-2025-26/ |date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in Tripura]]
*[[Department of Higher Education (India)]]
*[[Government of Tripura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Government departments of Tripura}}
{{State agencies of Tripura}}
{{Government of Tripura}}

[[Category:State agencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Education in Tripura]]
[[Category:1947 establishments]]

Chandrima Shaha

2026-03-02T15:02:50Z

Robbub: Made New Stub

{{short description|Indian biologist (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chandrima Shaha
| image = Chandrima_shaha.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Shaha in January 2020
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|14 October 1952}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| fields = [[Biology]]
| workplaces = {{ubl|Currently JC Bose Chair Distinguished Professor of National Academy of Sciences at [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], Kolkata
|[[Indian National Science Academy]] (President)
|[[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] (Former Director and Prof. of Eminence)}}
| education = * [[University of Calcutta]] (B.Sc.)
* University of Calcutta (M.Sc.)
* University of Calcutta ([[Ph.D]])
* '''Post doctoral'''
:[[University of Kansas Medical Center|University of Kansas Medical Centre]] (1980–1982)
: [[Population Council]], New York City (1983–1984)
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| thesis_title = Antifertility and related studies on the extractives of aristolochia indica LINN
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/10603/159745
| thesis_year = 1979
| doctoral_advisor = Dr A Pakrashi
| known_for = Mechanisms of cellular defense from oxidative stress and modalities of cell death in a multicellular model of mammalian germ cells and a unicellular model of a protozoan parasite.
| website = [http://www1.nii.res.in/research/chandrima-shaha website]
| parents = [[Karuna Shaha]] (mother)
}}

'''Chandrima Shaha''' (born 14 October 1952)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/S|title=Fellowship | Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> is an Indian biologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/58352ea116b51c303a1fd58d|title=NROER – File – Prof. Chandrima Shaha|website=nroer.gov.in|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320150744/https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/58352ea116b51c303a1fd58d|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2021|September}}, she is the J. C. Bose Chair Distinguished Professor at the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties - Infectious Diseases and Immunology |url=https://iicb.res.in/faculties/Infectious-Diseases-And-Immunology |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology}}</ref> She is the former Director and former Professor of Eminence at the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nii.res.in/research/chandrima-shaha|title=Chandrima Shaha | NII|website=www.nii.res.in|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004092737/http://www1.nii.res.in/research/chandrima-shaha|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was the President of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2020–22)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in|title=INSA :: Indian National Commission for History of Science|website=www.insaindia.res.in|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> and the Vice President (International Affairs) of the same academy (2016–2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/recent_past_office_bearers.php|title=INSA :: Recent Past Vice-presidents|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> She is an elected fellow of the [[The World Academy of Sciences|World Academy of Sciences]],<ref>https://twas.org/directory/shaha-chandrima, https://twas.org/article/forty-six-new-twas-fellows</ref> Indian National Science Academy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/disp.php|title=INSA :: Indian Fellows|website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Shaha,_Dr_Chandrima|title=Fellowship | Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India – Fellows|website=www.nasi.org.in|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology.

== Education ==
Shaha graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] and completed her doctoral research in 1980 from the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] and holds a Ph.D. from the University of Calcutta. For her post doctoral work, she was at the [[University of Kansas Medical Center|University of Kansas Medical Centre]] from 1980 to 1982 and then from 1983 to 1984 at the [[Population Council]], New York City.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

== Professional life ==
Shaha has served as Council Member for the National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad (2016–2017), Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore (2013–2015)<ref name="auto"/> and also as Council member of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi (2015–18). She was a member of the editorial board of ‘Scientific Reports’ of [[Nature Publishing Group]], London:‘Spermatogenesis’, [[Landes Bioscience]], Texas and editorial board member of ‘Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology’ of Elsevier, PA, Austin. During her career, she was a member of the Steering Committee for the Task Force on Regulation of Male Fertility of the [[World Health Organization]], Geneva (1990–1992), Switzerland and International Consortium on Male Contraception, New York (1993–1997). She was the Chair of the DBT Task Force on Biotechnology Based Programme for Women (2012–2014), member of Task Force on Human Genetics and Genome Analysis, Task Force on Basic Research in Modern Biology (2015–2017), Department of Biotechnology. She was Member of the Scientific Advisory Board, [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (2013–2016). She is currently the Governing Council member of [[IIT Gandhinagar]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.iitgn.ac.in/admin-bog.htm| title=Board of Governors | IIT Gandhinagar| website=www.iitgn.ac.in}}</ref> and a member of 2018 <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.iitgn.ac.in/administration_leadership_eighth.html| title=Eighth Leadership Conclave | IIT Gandhinagar| website=www.iitgn.ac.in| access-date=4 June 2018| archive-date=9 May 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509030553/http://www.iitgn.ac.in/administration_leadership_eighth.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> leadership conclave. She is currently serving as the Member of the Governing Council- ICMR: Executive Council – University of Hyderabad: Governing Council – InStem, Bangalore: Scientific Advisory Group – ICMR: Scientific Advisory Committee – National Institute of Animal Biotechnology: Scientific Advisory Committee – Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum. She served on the Scientific Advisory Committee, Life Science Research Board, DRDO (2012–2016).

==Research interests==

Shaha's research programme is geared towards the understanding of [[cell death]] pathways and cellular defense processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms that have important bearing on designing of therapies for various diseases. [[Kala-azar]], a neglected tropical disease remains a huge problem being endemic in certain parts of the country and is caused by the ''[[Leishmania]]'' parasite. Understanding of how parasite death occurs is important as successful killing of the parasite would reduce disease burden. The research demonstrated the ability of the ''Leishmania'' parasite to execute death phenotypes similar to metazoans and experimental evidence demonstrated the involvement of the single mitochondrion in apoptosis like death in one of the earliest eukaryotes. Host-parasite interaction studies show the involvement of Bcl-2 proteins in parasite survival. Other studies with cells having high division index like cancer cells and mammalian germ cells provides insight into the various pathways that are triggered by stress and their functional relevance in cell survival.

==Awards and honors==
* Dr. SP Ray-Chaudhuri Memorial Lecture Award India (2023)
* Dr. SP Ray-Chaudhuri endowment Award Lecture, Society of Cell Biology, India for 2020 (2021).
* Biopharma Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2021 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://biopharmahonours.com/winner-2021|title=Winner 2021 }}</ref>
* D.P. Burma Memorial Lecture Award - 2019 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sbcihq.in/d-p-burma-memorial-lecture-award|title=D. P. BURMA MEMORIAL LECTURE AWARD|website=Society of Biological Chemists India|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>
* Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal, INSA, 2019 <ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php|title=INSA :: Awards Recipients|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Sectional President, Biological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, 2017
* Elected Council Member, National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, 2016
* Elected, Vice-president of the Indian National Science Academy, 2016 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/present_council.php |title=INSA :: Present Council |publisher=Insaindia.res.in |date= |access-date=2019-09-03 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901095249/http://www.insaindia.res.in/present_council.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sunday Standard Devi Award for Excellence in the field of science, 2015 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eventxpress.com/devi2016/|title=Devi Awards 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]], 2015
* Elected Fellow, The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Trieste, Italy, 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory|title=TWAS Directory }}</ref>
* 14th Pushpa Sriramachari Foundation Day Oration Award, ICMR, 2014
* Prof. (Mrs.) Archana Sharma Memorial Award, National Academy of Sciences, 2013
* Chandrakala Hora Memorial Medal, Indian National Science Academy, 2013 <ref name="auto1"/>
* Elected, Fellow of West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, 2011
* Ranbaxy Science Foundation Award for Basic Medical Research 2010 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.evaluate.com/|title=Pharma commercial intelligence, news & analysis | Evaluate|website=www.evaluate.com}}</ref>
* Dr. Darshan Ranganathan Memorial Award, Indian National Science Academy, 2010 <ref name="auto1"/>
* J.C. Bose National Fellowship, Dept. of Science and Technology, 2009 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/The_Women_Scientists_of_India|title=The Women Scientists of India | Women in Science | Initiatives | Indian Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
* Elected Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, Delhi, 2008
* Elected Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/The_Women_Scientists_of_India|title=The Women Scientists of India | Women in Science | Initiatives | Indian Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
* Department of Biotechnology 'Special Award' on the occasion of DNA discovery, 2003
* Elected Fellow, The National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India 1999
* Shakuntala Amirchand Award of Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 1992

==Selected publications==

===Book===
* ''Captured Moments: A Life of Shambhu Shaha'' by Chandrima Shaha, Seagull Publishers, Calcutta (2000).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaha, Chandrima}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Bloody Ishq

2026-03-02T04:38:34Z

Robbub: Made New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Confused|Bloody Isshq}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bloody Ishq
| image = Bloody Ishq.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| writer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Suhrita Das
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Rakesh Juneja
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Avika Gor]]
* [[Vardhan Puri]]
}}
| cinematography = Naren Gedia
| editing = Kuldip Mehan
| music = Shamir Tandon Prateek Walia
| studio = Hare Krishna Media Tech Houseful Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|7|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bloody Ishq''''' ({{Translation|Bloody Love}}) is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language [[Thriller film|horror thriller]] film directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and written by [[Mahesh Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Bloody Ishq: Vikram Bhatt redefines thriller with new genre blend | website=The Statesman | date=25 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bloody-ishq-vikram-bhatt-redefines-thriller-with-new-genre-blend-1503324400.html | access-date=26 July 2024 | archive-date=26 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726045421/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bloody-ishq-vikram-bhatt-redefines-thriller-with-new-genre-blend-1503324400.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Avika Gor]] and [[Vardhan Puri]]. The film premiered on 26 July 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | last=B | first=Praveen Chandra | title=Bloody Ishq OTT: ಬ್ಲಡಿ ಇಸ್ಕ್‌ ಈ ವಾರ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಒಟಿಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ; ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲೇ ನೋಡಿ ಅವಿಕಾ ನಟನೆಯ ಹಾರರ್‌ ಸಿನಿಮಾ | website=Kannada Hindustan Times | date=25 July 2024 | url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/ott-movies-bloody-ishq-ott-release-date-july-26-know-about-plot-cast-where-to-watch-avika-gors-horror-movie-pcp-181721911938445-2.html | language=kn | access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An Indian couple residing on a remote Scottish island encounters unsettling paranormal disturbances in their home. At the film's start, Neha is found drowning and is rescued, but she loses her memory.

Her husband, Romesh, the heir to the island, informs her that they had planned to convert their mansion into a hotel before her accident. As they resume the hotel's renovations, Romesh reassures Neha that her memory will return in time.

Despite his dismissals, Neha continues to experience supernatural events. These occurrences lead her to uncover secrets, including the mysterious death of Romesh's father, played by Rahul Dev. While grappling with amnesia, Neha meets various new characters who reveal clues about her past suspicions that Romesh is involved in the strange happenings and possibly an accomplaise in her father-in-law's death.

The film captures Neha's journey to solve the unexplained phenomena while navigating her mistrust of Romesh and her conflicted feelings of love and constant bodily desire for him.

== Cast ==
* [[Avika Gor]] as Neha<ref>{{cite web | title=Avika Gor ने भट्ट के साथ अपने दूसरे सहयोग Bloody Ishq पर की खुलकर बात | website=Mayapuri | date=1 February 2024 | url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/avika-gor-opens-up-on-her-second-collaboration-bloody-ishq-with-bhatt-2469896 | language=hi | access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[Vardhan Puri]] as Romesh<ref>{{cite web | title=Vardhan Puri ने Bloody Ishq में अपनी भूमिका के बारे में खुलकर बात की | website=Mayapuri | date=18 July 2024 | url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/actor-vardhan-puri-opens-up-about-his-role-in-bloody-ishq-6238126 | language=hi | access-date=23 July 2024 | archive-date=23 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723060849/https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/actor-vardhan-puri-opens-up-about-his-role-in-bloody-ishq-6238126 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jeniffer Piccinato]] as Kimaya Tandon<ref>{{cite web |title='Bloody Ishq' On Disney+ Hotstar Movie Review: Vikram Bhatt's Latest Horror Fails On All Fronts |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bloody-ishq-on-disney-hotstar-movie-review-vikram-bhatts-latest-horror-fails-on-all-fronts |website=The Outlook |date=28 July 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009120130/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bloody-ishq-on-disney-hotstar-movie-review-vikram-bhatts-latest-horror-fails-on-all-fronts |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Romesh's father
* Shyam Kishore as Devdutt Sinha<ref name="Cast" />
* Coral Bhamra
* Arshin Mehta as Tanisha Joseph (Paranormal Investigator)
* Gautam Sharma as Abhay Chandok (Paranormal Investigator)

== Production ==
The film was announced in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Avika Gor starrer Bloody Ishq goes on floors | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=18 January 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/avika-gor-starrer-bloody-ishq-goes-floors/ | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=29 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829094257/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/avika-gor-starrer-bloody-ishq-goes-floors/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It marks the second collaboration between Bhatt and Gor after [[1920: Horrors of the Heart]] (2023).<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sen | first1=Srijita | last2=Narain | first2=Yatamanyu | title=Avika Gor On Her Second Collaboration With Bhatt's: 'The Importance They Give To Actors Goes...' | website=News18 | date=31 January 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/avika-gor-on-her-second-collaboration-with-bhatts-the-importance-they-give-to-actors-goes-8761219.html | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718031356/https://www.news18.com/movies/avika-gor-on-her-second-collaboration-with-bhatts-the-importance-they-give-to-actors-goes-8761219.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film started in mid-January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title=Avika Gor starts filming for 'Bloody Ishq' | website=Andhra Pradesh Breaking News, Telangana News, Hyderabad News Updates, National News, Breaking News | date=19 January 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/avika-gor-starts-filming-for-bloody-ishq-852356 | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718031226/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/avika-gor-starts-filming-for-bloody-ishq-852356 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Vardhan Puri Begins Shooting for Bloody Ishq with Avika Gor |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vardhan-puri-begins-shooting-for-bloody-ishq-with-avika-gor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718031446/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vardhan-puri-begins-shooting-for-bloody-ishq-with-avika-gor |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> The filming was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] up in March 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vardhan Puri: 'Bloody Ishq' Belongs To A World That Vikram Bhatt Is A Master Of | website=Outlook India | date=3 March 2024 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vardhan-puri-bloody-ishq-belongs-to-a-world-that-vikram-bhatt-is-a-master-of | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718031533/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vardhan-puri-bloody-ishq-belongs-to-a-world-that-vikram-bhatt-is-a-master-of | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was released on 16 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bloody Ishq: Avika Gor starrer trailer promises spine-chilling thrill | website=The Statesman | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/bloody-ishq-avika-gor-starrer-trailer-promises-spine-chilling-thrill-1503321465.html | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718031607/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/bloody-ishq-avika-gor-starrer-trailer-promises-spine-chilling-thrill-1503321465.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled to release in theatres, but the team planned to go for a [[Streaming media|streaming]] release on an [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]].<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Shalinee | title=Balika Vadhu's Avika Gor to star in 'A' rated thriller movie: Check 'Bloody Ishq' OTT release | website=The Economic Times | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/balika-vadhus-avika-gor-to-star-in-a-rated-thriller-movie-check-bloody-ishq-ott-release/articleshow/111811561.cms | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718012348/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/balika-vadhus-avika-gor-to-star-in-a-rated-thriller-movie-check-bloody-ishq-ott-release/articleshow/111811561.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1/5, writing. "Bloody Ishq comes off looking even more shoddy and ill-conceived when there is so much superior content to entertain the horror buff.".<ref>{{cite web | last=Gahlot | first=Deepa | title=Bloody Ishq Review: We've Seen It All Before | website=Rediff | date=26 July 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bloody-ishq-review/20240726.htm | access-date=26 July 2024 | archive-date=26 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726181721/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bloody-ishq-review/20240726.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film half stars out of five, writing. "Just the name should have been enough warning -- the director who gave us Ghulam and the Raaz franchise, has been on a downward spiral for a while now."<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Bloody Ishq movie review: Vikram Bhatt's worst film | website=The Indian Express | date=26 July 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bloody-ishq-movie-review-vikram-bhatt-worst-film-9477098/ | access-date=26 July 2024 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=26 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726085424/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bloody-ishq-movie-review-vikram-bhatt-worst-film-9477098/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=31115432}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/bloody-ishq/1271323954 ''Bloody Ishq''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Vikram Bhatt}}
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[[Category:2024 horror films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
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[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
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[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]

Foreign relations of India (pre-1947)

2026-02-27T08:52:20Z

Robbub:

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|Much of ancient Asia was influenced by India during the [[spread of Buddhism]]]]
Several India polities have maintained ties to the world for thousands of years, with periods of being invaded (generally through the [[Northwest India|northwest]])<ref>{{Citation |last=Malone |first=David M. |title=History: A Vital Foundation of India's International Relations |date=2011-04-07 |work=Does the Elephant Dance?: Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy |pages=0 |editor-last=Malone |editor-first=David M. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/1864/chapter-abstract/141602932?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-03-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955202-3}}</ref> increasing contact with the outside world toward the modern era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA1 |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-028-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1947, India became [[Indian independence movement|independent from British rule]], and began executing [[History of foreign relations of India|its own foreign policy]].

== Ancient era ==
{{see also|Indus–Mesopotamia relations|Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations|Indo-Roman relations|Mleccha|Kala pani (taboo)}}
[[File:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander with ceded territories.jpg|thumb|The 300s BCE [[Seleucid–Mauryan War]] saw the Greek leaving leaving territory west of the Indus.]]
[[Chandragupta Maurya]] founded the [[Maurya Empire]], unifying most of India for the first time, in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s 4th century BCE [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|conquests in northwest India]]. According to certain Greek sources, Maurya may have interacted with or at least been inspired by Alexander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Alexander and Chandragupta Maurya: A short history of war, empire, and greatness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/alexander-and-chandragupta-maurya-a-short-history-of-war-empire-and-greatness-7626667/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In South India, the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] maintained [[Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese|relations with China]] and had maritime influence around the eastern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Aaloy |date=2023-05-05 |title=Threads of Indian Foreign Policy Down The Ages |url=https://ijrah.com/index.php/ijrah/article/view/231 |journal=Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.55544/ijrah.3.3.1 |issn=2583-1712|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|Indian influence in Southeast Asia]] gradually took shape in the form of religious and commercial ties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s cultural and civilisational influence on Southeast Asia |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Medieval era ==
The [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] under [[Harsha]] sent an envoy to [[Tang dynasty|Tang dynasty of China]], where they were introduced as ''Middle India''.

The [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s conquest of India at the turn of the 13th century unified most of India [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|under Islamic rule]] for the first time, and thus created new ties between India and the Muslim world. For example, several Central Asian elites came to India to escape [[Mongol Empire|Mongol attacks]] in the early 13th century, contributing to the rise of a unique yet cosmopolitan culture in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA34 |title=India Before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |date=2006-03-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early Modern era ==
{{Main|Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire}}

[[File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|thumb|The three major Islamic [[gunpowder empires]] (Mughal India in orange) of the early modern era|left]]Under the [[Mughal Empire]], various regions of India began to focus on their relations with each other, rather than on neighbouring Afro-Eurasian regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal empire and the making of a region: Locating South Asia in early modern international order |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/making-of-a-region-locating-south-asia-in-early-modern-international-order/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

India's [[Africa–India relations|relations with Africa]] saw several Africans come to India initially as slaves and traders; they often went on to play a significant role as bodyguards and political players in shaping Indian history. [[Malik Ambar]] was one such person who became a regional king and offered significant resistance to the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-19 |title=Africans in India: From slaves to reformers and rulers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30391686 |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Western Europeans began coming to India in greater numbers after the 1490s and the [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India]] (see also: [[Britons in India]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F. |date=1997 |title=Early Modern India and World History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20068593 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |jstor=20068593 |issn=1045-6007}}</ref>

== Colonial era ==

=== British Empire ===
{{See also|History of Indian nationalism}}[[File:India-or-British-Raj-in-British-Empire-1909.jpg|thumb|India (red) within the [[British Empire]] (pink) in 1909]]From the early days of the [[British East India Company]]'s rise, they began the introduction of the European structure of maintaining [[Civil control of the military|civil supremacy over the military]] into South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryant |first=G. J. |date=2005 |title=Civil-Military Relations in Early British India, 1750-85 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44231169 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=83 |issue=334 |pages=131–151 |issn=0037-9700 |jstor=44231169}}</ref> Colonial officials in [[British India]], faced with an unprecedented task in governing an unfamiliar and vast land, often referred back to their own European history to adjudge how to leave a positive legacy behind in India. In deciding and justifying policy, they often made references to the impact of the [[Roman Britain|Roman Empire in ancient Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-14 |title=In India, the British empire saw a future for the Greco-Roman civilisation |url=https://qz.com/india/1052639/in-india-the-british-empire-saw-a-future-for-the-greco-roman-civilisation |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> British efforts in India also served as inspiration for administering other areas; for example, the [[Indian Penal Code]] went on to serve as the foundation for legal codes passed in several other British colonies,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-28 |title=377: The British colonial law that left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in Asia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57606847 |access-date=2025-02-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and dealings with the [[princely states]] served to inform later indirect rule over other parts of Africa and Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Michael H. |date=1984 |title=Indirect Rule in the British Empire: The Foundations of the Residency System in India (1764–1858) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/indirect-rule-in-the-british-empire-the-foundations-of-the-residency-system-in-india-17641858/E883EEB8230A285C31C41C377596DD0A |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=393–428 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009033 |issn=1469-8099 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

India's centrality to the British Empire (comprising over 70% of its population even at its peak) shaped much of [[History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom#1814–1914: Pax Britannica|British foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Sneh |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134510559 |title=British Foreign Policy 1874–1914: The role of India |date=2003-08-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-16732-8 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203167328}}</ref> The British Raj sought to guard the frontiers of India, [[Territorial evolution of India|annexing territory]] and maintaining peripheral [[buffer states]] which were important in shielding against rivals such as France early on, and during the [[Great Game]], the [[Russian Empire]];<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Das |first1=Amita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5McDQAAQBAJ |title=Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13 |last2=Das |first2=Aditya |date=2016 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-78327-129-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mahajan |first=Sneh |title=The Foreign Policy of the Raj and Its Legacy |date=2015-07-23 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |pages=0 |editor-last=Malone |editor-first=David M. |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28082/chapter-abstract/212110860?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-03-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874353-8 |editor2-last=Mohan |editor2-first=C. Raja |editor3-last=Raghavan |editor3-first=Srinath}}</ref> this elevated the concept of buffer states to international vogue in the 1880s,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |last2=Mohan |first2=C. Raja |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath |date=2015-07-23 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-106118-9 |language=en}}</ref> and led to concerns and interventions in places such as [[Persia]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Bisheshwar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.286135/page/11/mode/2up?q=great+game |title=The Foundations Of Indias Foreign Policy 1860-1882 |date=1955 |publisher=Ranjit Printers and Publishers, Delhi}}</ref> The 1869 opening of the [[Suez Canal]] also saw faster transit between Europe and India, which led to further colonialism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind the Enduring Relevance of the Suez Canal Is the Long Shadow of European Colonialism |url=https://thewire.in/history/suez-canal-relevance-europe-colonialism |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> along with anxieties around defending the [[Indo-Mediterranean|new route]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Jonathan |date=2021-03-31 |title=Suez canal: what the 'ditch' meant to the British empire in the 19th century |url=https://theconversation.com/suez-canal-what-the-ditch-meant-to-the-british-empire-in-the-19th-century-158169 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

After [[World War I]], Indians began to take on a larger role in the colony's foreign policy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Vineet |date=2014 |title=The Colonial Origins of Indian Foreign Policymaking |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480792 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=32 |pages=58–64 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=24480792}}</ref> They also began to author scholarship, inspired by nascent Western ideas of the time, around the Indian take on international relations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The forgotten history of Indian international relations |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-forgotten-history-of-indian-international-relation |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> The contemporary [[Khilafat Movement]] also shaped the role of various Indian communities in engaging with the world, as it nurtured anticolonial sentiment but also increased the strength of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|South Asian Muslim nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niemeijer |first=A. C. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76v5c |title=The Khilafat Movement in India 1919-1924 |date=1972 |publisher=Brill |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76v5c}}</ref> The resulting 1947 [[Partition of India]], cleaving the Muslim- and non-Muslim-majority regions of British India, resulted in 15 million people migrating between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan, which is the largest mass migration in human history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partition of 1947 continues to haunt India, Pakistan |url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/03/partition-1947-continues-haunt-india-pakistan-stanford-scholar-says |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=news.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref>

==== Princely states ====
[[File:Native states of British India.jpg|left|thumb|The princely states in 1915]]
Though concessions were made to the princely states in other areas, their foreign policy was handled entirely by the British.<ref name=":0" /> However, they were granted sovereignty over their airspace in 1931,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Priya |date=2022-01-02 |title='Sovereignty of the air': The Indian princely states, the British Empire and carving out of air-space (1911–1933) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07341512.2022.2079370 |journal=History and Technology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=62–83 |doi=10.1080/07341512.2022.2079370 |issn=0734-1512|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and in general, their rulers often found ways to participate in intellectual or anticolonial networks outside of the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Segura-Garcia |first=Teresa |date=2022 |title=The Indian Princely States in the Global Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/gncs.2022.14 |journal=Global Nineteenth-Century Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.3828/gncs.2022.14|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, the American [[National Council of YMCAs of India|YMCA]] offered them an alternative vision to British programmes of physical fitness and sport (see also: [[Sport in British India]] and [[YMCA in India]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer-Tiné |first=Harald |date=2019 |title=Fitness for Modernity? The YMCA and physical-education schemes in late-colonial South Asia (circa 1900–40) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/fitness-for-modernity-the-ymca-and-physicaleducation-schemes-in-latecolonial-south-asia-circa-190040/03AA5E8E56DA9BCB53B8E05653F03CA7 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=512–559 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000300 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

British India's territory legally extended to certain distant areas such as parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], with [[Abu Dhabi]] alphabetically listed at the top of contemporary lists of princely state. These connections were severed not long before India's independence, with British involvement continuing in the Gulf until 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-21 |title=Dubai: When the glittering city and other Gulf states almost became part of India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgq3wlp22j9o |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Economy and technology ===
{{See also|Economic history of India#British rule|History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent#Colonial era (1858–1947 CE)}}
[[File:Map of Indian Railways, 1882.jpg|thumb|1882 map of the railways, which facilitated British resource extraction and military intervention<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-05-13 |title=Spread of Railways, part of British strategy after 1857 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/spread-of-railways-part-of-british-strategy-after-1857/articleshow/2040207.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>]]
Revenues from British trade with India played a significant role in funding the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=British colonialism in India - The British Empire - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zx8sf82#zcyq2v4 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The British-built [[Rail transport in India|railways]] transformed Indian society in a number of ways, allowing for new forms of transregional and international commerce to emerge. By the turn of the 20th century, they had contributed to India becoming the ninth-largest exporter in the world.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuehlwein |first=Michael |title=Railroads and Trade in 19th-Century India |date=2021-03-25 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-603 |access-date=2025-03-11 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.603 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, Indians were banned from manufacturing their own locomotive technology in 1912; this meant that the craft had to be re-learned after independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=JC |first=Anand |date=2023-08-14 |title=The truth about colonial railways: Did the British infrastructure really benefit India? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/the-truth-about-colonial-railways-did-the-british-infrastructure-really-benefit-india/articleshow/102691944.cms?from=mdr#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
{{See also|History of foreign relations of India}}
[[File:Map_of_the_Indian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|The [[Indian diaspora]] is substantially based in former British colonies;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haitao |first=Jia |date=2020-01-01 |title=British colonial expansion with Indian diaspora: the pattern of Indian overseas migration |url=http://cjas.kapadokya.edu.tr/index.php/cjas/article/view/13/14 |journal=Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=56–81 |doi=10.38154/cjas.27 |issn=2717-7254 |doi-access=free}}</ref> this influenced India to maintain ties to them through [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] membership<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerji |first=Arun Kumar |date=1981-10-01 |title=The Nehru-Menon legacy that still survives |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00358538108453543 |journal=The Round Table |language=EN |volume=71 |issue=284 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1080/00358538108453543|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|left]]
Upon India's 1947 independence, British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] dubbed India the "Light of Asia", implying that it would act as a model of liberal democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=Maria |date=2003 |title=Lessons of Empire: Britain and India |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/45515/summary |journal=SAIS Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=133–153 |issn=1945-4724}}</ref>

European ideas around race, which were used in the colonial era to explain the vast European empires and the apparent centuries-long downfall of India, factored into the [[martial race]] theory and similar social hierarchies.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohan |first=Jyoti |title=Legacies of Colonial Rule in India: How Race and Caste Continue to Divide Modern India |date=2024 |work=Handbook of Indian History |pages=363–383 |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |access-date=2025-02-19 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islamic legacies in India also came to be perceived more negatively, as the British, who were influenced by their European Christian history of conflict with Muslims and also seeking to justify their control of India, portrayed the Indo-Muslim period in a more negative light and made themselves out to be the saviours of the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Prathama |date=2020-03-03 |title=Are communal riots a new thing in India? Yes, and it started with the British |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-communal-riots-a-new-thing-in-india-yes-and-it-started-with-the-british/374458/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the aftermath of Partition, independent India's historians sought to downplay atrocities in the Indo-Muslim period to maintain communal harmony, though this has been reversed in the 21st century due to the rise of [[Hindu nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Islam Become More Syncretic in India? An Interview With William Dalrymple |url=https://thewire.in/history/did-islam-become-more-syncretic-in-india-an-interview-with-william-dalrymple |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2004-03-20 |title=Trapped in the ruins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/20/india.fiction |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

British India was important to the overall British Empire;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Sneh |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351186940 |title=Foreign Policy of Colonial India: 1900–1947 |date=2018-03-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-18695-7 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781351186957}}</ref> its record of helping the British Empire expand played a role in the deterioration of modern [[China–India relations]], as postcolonial Chinese strategists were wary of India attempting to maintain an outsized role in Asia (see also: [[Himalayan Rim#History]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-16 |title=GMF – The New Great Game: Why the Bush administration has embraced India |url=http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |access-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141747/http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> Negative [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]] also trace back to the extension of British India's borders into [[Pashtunistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mudasar |title=Pakistan -Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror |url=https://www.academia.edu/37796357}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Immigration to India#History]]
* [[Maritime history of India]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[Asian relations with Northeast India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World]] by [[William Dalrymple]]

{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India|*Pre-1947]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India|*History]]

Ranbir Kapoor

2026-02-22T16:21:17Z

Robbub:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1982)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranbir Kapoor
| image = Ranbir Kapoor snapped at Kalina airport.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kapoor in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|09|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
| works = [[Ranbir Kapoor filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Alia Bhatt]]|2022}}
| children = 1
| parents = {{ubl|[[Rishi Kapoor]]|[[Neetu Singh]]}}
| family = {{hlist|[[Kapoor family]]}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor|Full list]]
| signature = Ranbir-kapoor-signature.jpg
}}

'''Ranbir Kapoor''' ({{IPA|hns|ɾəɳˈbiːɾ kəˈpuːɾ|pron}}; born 28 September 1982) is an Indian actor who work in [[Hindi]]-language films. He has received several accolades, including seven [[Filmfare Awards]], and is known for his work across a range of film genres. Kapoor has featured in [[Forbes India]]’s [[Celebrity 100]] list and is regarded as one of the prominent actors in contemporary Hindi cinema.

The son of actors [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]], and the grandson of actor-director [[Raj Kapoor]], Kapoor pursued filmmaking and method acting at the [[School of Visual Arts]] and the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]], respectively. He subsequently assisted [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on the film ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005) and made his acting debut with Bhansali's tragic romance ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), a critical and commercial failure. He rose to prominence with the coming-of-age film ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'', the romantic comedy ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (both 2009), and the political drama ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010).

Kapoor's performances as a troubled musician in ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011) and a cheerful deaf-and-mute man in ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012) earned him two consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Awards for Best Actor]]. The romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) further established him as a star. This was followed by a series of commercial failures, with ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016) and ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018) being the exceptions. His portrayal of [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the latter won him another Filmfare Award. Following a hiatus, he had further commercial success in the fantasy film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022) and the action drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), with the latter emerging as his highest-grossing release and winning him a fourth Best Actor award at Filmfare.

In addition to his acting career, Kapoor supports charities and causes. He is also a co-owner of the [[Indian Super League]] football team [[Mumbai City FC]]. He is married to the actress [[Alia Bhatt]], with whom he has a daughter.

== Early life and background ==
Ranbir Kapoor was born on 28 September 1982 in [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India to [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]], both actors of the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5062162.cms |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Happy B'day Ranbir |date=8 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025517/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5062162.cms |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> He is the great-grandson of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and the grandson of actor-director [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jain |first=Madhu |title=Bollywood's First Family |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02slide1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2 February 2006 |access-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220021608/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02slide1.htm |archive-date=20 February 2011 }}</ref> His elder sister, Riddhima (born 1980), is an interior and fashion designer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parande |first=Shweta |title=Kapoor kids who stayed away from Bollywood |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kapoor-kids-who-stayed-away-from-bollywood/113942-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204235300/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kapoor-kids-who-stayed-away-from-bollywood/113942-8-66.html |archive-date= 4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mirani |first=Indu |title=Chintu already has tears in his eyes |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1006129/report-chintu-already-has-tears-in-his-eyes |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 January 2006 |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430233726/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1006129/report-chintu-already-has-tears-in-his-eyes |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] descent, born to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] father and a [[Sikh]] mother. He grew up in a [[Secularism in India|secular]] environment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=2 September 2018 |title=The Kapoor family has always been secular: Rishi Kapoor |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-kapoor-family-has-always-been-secular/articleshow/65640301.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish School]]. The actor [[Randhir Kapoor]] is his uncle, and his daughters, actresses [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], are his first cousins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir, Karisma: Kapoor dance-off |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/ranbir-karisma-kapoor-dance-off-13988 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215231957/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/ranbir-karisma-kapoor-dance-off-13988 |archive-date=15 February 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Ranbir with family on Jhalak.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|alt=Ranbir Kapoor is posing with his father and mother at a reality show.|Kapoor with his parents [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh|Neetu Singh Kapoor]] at the reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' in 2012]]
Kapoor has been vocal about how his parents' troubled marriage affected him as a child: "Sometimes the fights would get really bad. I would be sitting on the steps, my head between my knees, till five or six in the morning, waiting for them to stop".<ref name="fight">{{cite news|last=Pradhan |first=Kunal |title=Sadda haq |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Sadda-haq/articleshow/16174740.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222054756/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Sadda-haq/articleshow/16174740.cms |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> These experiences led to a "reservoir of emotions building up inside [him]", which he said compelled him to develop an interest in film.<ref name="fight" /> In his early years, Kapoor was close to his mother but had a dysfunctional relationship with his father.<ref name="toi interview">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|title=I have quit smoking as it also lowers your mojo: Ranbir Kapoor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-have-quit-smoking-as-it-also-lowers-your-mojo-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/16612605.cms|date=1 October 2012|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809101816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-01/news-interviews/34178156_1_ranbir-kapoor-mother-raj-kapoor|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="ibn interview">{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=As a kid, I used to be petrified of dad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009233647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |archive-date= 9 October 2013 }}</ref> After completing his tenth standard examinations, he worked as an assistant director to his father on the film ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' (1999), during which he developed a closer bond with him.<ref name="ibn interview" />

After completing his pre-university education at the [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]],<ref name="toi interview" /> Kapoor relocated to [[New York City]] to learn filmmaking at the [[School of Visual Arts]] and subsequently pursued [[method acting]] at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]].<ref name="natural">{{cite news|last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |title=Ranbir Kapoor: The Natural |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100621-ranbir-kapoor-the-natural-743183-2010-06-10 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901135438/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-the-natural/1/101164.html |archive-date= 1 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |title=Who is Ranbir Kapoor? |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-ranbir-kapoor-267274 |publisher=NDTV |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209181038/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-ranbir-kapoor-267274 |archive-date= 9 February 2013 }}</ref> In film school, Kapoor directed and starred in two short films, entitled ''Passion to Love'' and ''India 1964''.<ref name="natural" /><ref>{{cite news|title=The irresistible Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/ranbir-kapoor-370075-2013-06-20 |work=India Today |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715161957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/ranbir-kapoor/7/9610.html |archive-date=15 July 2013 }}</ref> The loneliness of living alone in New York City coupled with his experience in film school, which he described as "useless", inspired him to pursue a career in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="fight" /><ref name="fav">{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Ranbir was Raj Kapoor's favourite|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-was-Raj-Kapoors-favorite/articleshow/5123620.cms|date=18 October 2009|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227071504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-18/news-interviews/28060719_1_ranbir-kapoor-raj-kapoor-hindi-films|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Upon returning to Mumbai, Kapoor was hired as an assistant director to [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on the 2005 film ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''. He described the experience: "I was getting beaten up, abused, doing everything from cleaning the floor to fixing the lights from 7 a.m. to 4 a.m., but I was learning every day."<ref name="natural" /> He later remarked that his motive for working on ''Black'' was to get Bhansali to offer him an acting job.<ref name="ibn interview" />

== Career ==
{{further|Ranbir Kapoor filmography}}

=== Early work and success (2007–2010) ===
[[File:Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Ranbir Kapoor and Rani Mukherjee at the audio release of Saawariya.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Ranbir Kapoor and Rani Mukerji stand on stage|Kapoor (2nd from right) at an event for his debut film ''[[Saawariya]]'' in 2007]]
Following the release of ''Black'', Bhansali cast Kapoor as the protagonist of his 2007 tragic romance ''[[Saawariya]]'', alongside [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Rani Mukerji]]. The film tells the story of a [[tramp]], played by him, who falls obsessively in love with a woman awaiting the return of her lover. In an interview with the news and entertainment portal [[Rediff.com]], Kapoor stated that his character was written as a tribute to his grandfather's iconic roles as a tramp.<ref>{{cite web|title='I'm a bit scared' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/09slid2.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=9 October 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000222/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/09slid2.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref> ''Saawariya'' was the first Indian film to be produced by a Hollywood studio ([[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]), and was a highly anticipated release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |title=Hollywood Starts Making Bollywood Films in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/movies/08boll.html?_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005003/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/movies/08boll.html?_r=0 |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref> However, film critics were disappointed with the picture with [[BBC]]'s Jaspreet Pandohar calling it a "misfire on a massive scale".<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |title=BBC Movies review — Saawariya (beloved) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/sawaariya_2007_review.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925051654/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/sawaariya_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> ''[[CNN-IBN]]''{{'s}} [[Rajeev Masand]] considered it "contrived and fake", but was impressed by Kapoor's "affable charm" and wrote that "he's got that star quality to him which is so rare to find."<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Saawariya fails to strike a chord |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-saawariya-fails-to-strike-a-chord/52035-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010061409/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-saawariya-fails-to-strike-a-chord/52035-8.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 }}</ref> At the box office, ''Saawariya'' failed to earn profits.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, Kapoor was awarded a [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] trophy.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor: Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/5897 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234120/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/5897 |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref>

Despite the commercial failure of ''[[Saawariya]]'', Kapoor was contracted by [[Yash Raj Films]] for a primary role in the [[Siddharth Anand]]-directed romantic comedy ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly |first=Prithwish |title=Though Saawariya flopped, I got offers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1182521/report-though-saawariya-flopped-i-got-offers |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235016/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1182521/report-though-saawariya-flopped-i-got-offers |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> The film was his first commercial success, in which his role was that of a womaniser who is romantically involved with three women, played by [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Minissha Lamba]], and [[Deepika Padukone]], at different stages of his life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2008 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' expressed mixed views on his performance, but predicted that his "puppy-dog sweetness" would "serve him well as a Bollywood leading man".<ref>{{cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|title=Love in Transition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 August 2008|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731090724/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor had three film releases. In [[Dharma Productions]]'s ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'', a [[coming of age]] film from director [[Ayan Mukerji]], Kapoor portrayed Siddharth "Sid" Mehra, a rich, lazy teenager whose life undergoes a series of changes after interacting with an ambitious journalist (played by [[Konkana Sen Sharma]]). When Mukerji narrated the then-untitled script of the film to him, Kapoor came up with the title himself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-206496476.html |title=Ranbir's 'title' role |work=[[Mail Today]] |date=23 August 2009 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-access=|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052905/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-206496476.html |archive-date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> The media expressed doubt on the film's financial prospect as it depicted a romantic relationship between a younger man and an older woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/top-10-movies-of-2009/story-YjJq6UM1HqjScNmYy2fiwK.html|title=Top 10 movies of 2009|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 December 2009|access-date=24 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031093917/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/top-10-movies-of-2009/story-YjJq6UM1HqjScNmYy2fiwK.html|archive-date=31 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It eventually emerged as a [[sleeper hit]] and garnered acclaim from the critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/wake-up-sid-wows-critics-and-masses-alike/story-0neJpZjAApBFWtkMmgDVaL.html|title=Wake Up Sid wows critics and masses alike!|work=Hindustan Times|date=5 October 2009|access-date=24 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413143842/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/wake-up-sid-wows-critics-and-masses-alike/story-0neJpZjAApBFWtkMmgDVaL.html|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reviewed that Kapoor's performance in the film proved that he was "amongst the best in the business today".<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508661 |title=Wake Up Sid (2009) – Hindi movie critic review by Taran Adarsh |date=2 October 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194246/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508661 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

Kapoor next starred opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] in ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'', a slapstick comedy from director [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], that emerged as the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box Office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Film critic Gaurav Malani praised Kapoor's flair for comedy, but criticised his "over-excited husky baritone".<ref>{{cite news|last=Malani|first=Gaurav|title=Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani: Movie Review|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/news/27637022_1_prem-rajkumar-santoshi-katrina-kaif|work=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2009|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724222958/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/news/27637022_1_prem-rajkumar-santoshi-katrina-kaif|archive-date=24 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His final release that year was the [[Shimit Amin]]-directed ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'', a drama about a [[sardar]] who aspires to be a salesman.<ref name="mature">{{cite news|title=Rajneeti is my first mature role: Ranbir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rajneeti-is-my-first-mature-role-ranbir-60596-2009-11-10 |work=India Today |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127063219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Rajneeti%20is%20my%20first%20mature%20role%3A%20Ranbir/1/70314.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> Film critic [[Mayank Shekhar]] praised the film and found Kapoor's performance to be "astonishingly sincere", but the film earned little at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Rocket Singh|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-rocket-singh/story-EBvb2S3qHf8jcrrRy8Hp8O.html|work=Hindustan Times|date= 12 December 2009|first=Mayank|last=Shekhar|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rocket-singh-falls-flat-at-the-box-office/story-isbETa2HV2uyTnSHDMN3RL.html|title=Rocket Singh falls flat at the box-office|date=15 December 2009|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rocket-singh-falls-flat-at-the-box-office/story-isbETa2HV2uyTnSHDMN3RL.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor later professed to being highly disappointed by the film's commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|title="I don't mind working with Shimit or Siddharth again" – Ranbir Kapoor: Part 2 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1429/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 September 2010 |first=Devansh |last=Patel |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1429/ |archive-date= 6 January 2014 }}</ref> At the [[55th Filmfare Awards]], he was awarded the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for his performances in all three of his 2009 releases, and he also received two [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] nominations at the ceremony for ''Wake Up Sid'' and ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani''.<ref name="critics09">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/15380/index.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor: Awards & nominations |access-date=23 July 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409130237/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/15380/index.html |archive-date= 9 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra at GQ Men Awards 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kapoor with his ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' co-star [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2010]]
[[Prakash Jha]]'s big-budget ensemble political drama ''[[Raajneeti]]'' was Kapoor's first release of 2010. The film, which starred [[Nana Patekar]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], Katrina Kaif and [[Sarah Thompson (actress)|Sarah Thompson]] in prominent roles, was inspired by the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Mario Puzo]]'s 1969 novel ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |title='Rajneeti': 'Mahabharat', 'Godfather', in Bhopal |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075752/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor's role was of Samar Pratap (based on the characters of [[Arjuna]] and [[Michael Corleone]]), the younger heir of an Indian political dynasty, who is reluctantly drawn to politics after the assassination of his father. Kapoor described it as his first complex role and considered it a departure from the "lover boy roles" that he had previously played.<ref name="mature" /> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed: "The film finally belongs to Ranbir Kapoor who perfects the art of minimalism{{mdash}}and literally grows before your eyes{{mdash}}as the simmering volcano that cannot be held back, once it erupts."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |title=Raajneeti movie review |work=The Times of India |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820214326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> Robert Abele of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', however, was more critical of his performance which he considered "stony rather than calculating{{mdash}}especially jarring compared to the histrionic turns around him".<ref>{{cite news|last=Abele |first=Robert |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-03-la-et-movie-review-raajneeti-0604-story.html |title=Movie review: 'Raajneeti' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731143406/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/03/entertainment/la-et-movie-review-raajneeti-0604 |archive-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of the film recovering its {{INRConvert|600|m}} investment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |title=Can ''Raajneeti'' recover its Rs 60 crore investment? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 June 2010 |date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> The film, however, proved to be a major commercial success with worldwide earnings of over {{INRConvert|1.43|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015223626/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kapoor received a third Best Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film.<ref name="awards" />

Later that same year, Kapoor collaborated with [[Priyanka Chopra]] on Anand's ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'', a comedy-drama involving two strangers who decide to commit suicide on [[New Year's Eve]]. The film was a moderate financial success but garnered little praise from the critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |title=Box Office 2010 |publisher=Box office India |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014062657/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Agarwal |first=Vibhuti |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/movie-review-roundup-anjaana-anjaani/ |title=Review Roundup: 'Anjaana Anjaani' |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312000239/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/movie-review-roundup-anjaana-anjaani/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 }}</ref> Rajeev Masand noted that Kapoor "struggles with a badly-defined role" and ''[[NDTV]]''{{'s}} [[Anupama Chopra]] concluded: "Ranbir tries hard to salvage the film, dropping his shirt several times but even his lovingly shot chest can't save the film."<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title='Anjaana Anjaani' is deathly boring |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004115817/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |archive-date= 4 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |author=Chopra, Anupama |publisher=NDTV |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213456/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (2011–2013) ===

Following an [[item number]] in the [[children's film]] ''[[Chillar Party]]'' (2011), Kapoor took on the role of Janardhan "Jordan" Jakhar in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011), a drama that follows the journey of an aspiring musician from a humble background to international stardom. In preparation for the role, Kapoor lived with a [[Jat people|Jat]] family in [[Pitam Pura]] and studied their mannerisms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/20111019.htm |title=Ranbir: I want to be India's biggest star |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=8 June 2013 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502082553/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/20111019.htm |archive-date= 2 May 2013 }}</ref> He additionally learned to play the guitar and practised extensively at composer [[A.R. Rahman]]'s music studio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2558678.ece |title=Rock and role |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 |author=Udasi, Harshikka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429070740/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2558678.ece |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref> As part of the film's promotional activity, Kapoor performed at a live concert in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350143_1_katiyan-karun-kun-faaya-kun-nadaan-parinde|title=Rockstar Ranbir rocks at a live concert in Mumbai|work=The Economic Times|date=2 November 2011|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234608/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350143_1_katiyan-karun-kun-faaya-kun-nadaan-parinde|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Film critics were polarised on their view of the film, but were unanimous in their praise for Kapoor;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-rockstar-gets-mixed-reviews/story-o1QhBqk2FeLrnNtoZikmfK.html|title=Critics' report: Rockstar gets mixed reviews|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 November 2011|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405050619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-rockstar-gets-mixed-reviews/story-o1QhBqk2FeLrnNtoZikmfK.html|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' was particularly impressed with the film and thought that Kapoor's portrayal was one of "Hindi cinema's most accomplished performances by a lead actor".<ref>{{cite news|last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |title=Review: Rockstar brings music back to our films |work=Daily News and Aanlysis |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230957/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> For the role, he won both the Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics) trophies at the [[57th Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, along with Best Actor awards at [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Screen]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|IIFA]].<ref name="awards" /> With a gross revenue of {{INRConvert|1.07|b}}, ''Rockstar'' was one of the top-grossing Hindi films of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat=|title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=13 October 2013|date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor at the launch of 'Barfi!' promo 10.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Ranbir Kapoor looks directly at the camera|Kapoor at a promotional event for ''[[Barfi!]]'' in 2012]]
The 2012 romantic comedy ''[[Barfi!]]'' was Kapoor's first release to earn over {{INRConvert|1|b}} at the domestic box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor enters the Rs 100 crore club with Barfi! |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-enters-the-rs-100-crore-club-with-barfi/297357-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105185609/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-enters-the-rs-100-crore-club-with-barfi/297357-8-66.html |archive-date= 5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012|access-date=21 January 2013|date=17 January 2013|publisher=Box Office India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044123/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Directed by [[Anurag Basu]], the film, set in the 1970s, tells the story of its titular protagonist–a deaf and mute man, played by Kapoor–who falls in love with a woman who is already engaged, played by [[Ileana D'Cruz]], and later, an autistic girl, played by Priyanka Chopra. In preparation, he observed the work of actors [[Roberto Benigni]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], and his grandfather.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 10:30</ref> ''Barfi!'' received praise from the critics, and the performances of the three lead actors were acclaimed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-ranbir-kapoor-s-barfi-is-a-must-watch/story-6M7FQ741q11U4TKdq2YP0N.html|title=Critics Verdict: Ranbir Kapoor's Barfi! is a must watch|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 September 2012|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081515/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-ranbir-kapoor-s-barfi-is-a-must-watch/story-6M7FQ741q11U4TKdq2YP0N.html|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised him for successfully channeling Chaplin in "tone and affect", and [[Raja Sen]] of Rediff.com wrote that "he does very strongly indeed with this Chaplin-tribute role, bestowing his character with heart every step of the way".<ref>{{cite news|last=Scheib |first=Ronnie |title=Review: "Barfi!" |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326084332/http://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |title=Review: Barfi! is magical but deeply flawed |author=Sen, Raja |work=Rediff.com |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915051831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> The film was submitted as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[85th Academy Awards]], and was screened at the [[Marrakech International Film Festival|Marrakech]] and [[Busan International Film Festival]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title='Barfi!' to represent India at Oscars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Barfi-to-represent-India-at-Oscars/articleshow/16508913.cms|author=Dubey, Bharti|date=22 September 2012|access-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007075519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-23/news-interviews/34040221_1_rajmouli-s-eega-official-entry-anhey-ghorhey-da-daan|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Barfi!' gets standing ovation at Busan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/barfi-gets-standing-ovation-at-busan/article3996667.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 October 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218000917/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/barfi-gets-standing-ovation-at-busan/article3996667.ece |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mangaokar|first=Shalvi|title=Priyanka Chopra on a roll at Marrakech Film Festival|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-on-a-roll-at-marrakech-film-festival/story-oFUfxmwywvoBmcWRYiEKML.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122115/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-on-a-roll-at-marrakech-film-festival/story-oFUfxmwywvoBmcWRYiEKML.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor won second consecutive Best Actor awards at the Filmfare, [[Screen Awards|Screen]], and [[IIFA Awards|IIFA]] Award ceremonies.<ref name="awards" />

He achieved further success in 2013 when he reunited with director Ayan Mukerji for the romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' co-starring Deepika Padukone, [[Kalki Koechlin]], and [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]]. He was cast as Kabir "Bunny" Thapar, a commitment-phobic photographer, a character Kapoor found to be an extension of himself.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babar |first=Ayesha |title=Behind the scenes: A heartfelt interview with Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/17502/behind-the-scenes-a-heartfelt-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/ |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809005048/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/17502/behind-the-scenes-a-heartfelt-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/ |archive-date= 9 August 2013 }}</ref> His pairing with Padukone, after their highly publicised break-up, led to hype surrounding the film's release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi |first=Sonali |title=Estranged lovers Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone unite on screen again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-unite-on-screen-141713-2011-09-21 |work=India Today |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145836/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-unite-on-screen/1/152214.html |archive-date= 5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Younger generation should learn from Ranbir & Deepika: Ayan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Younger-generation-should-learn-from-Ranbir-Deepika-Ayan/articleshow/20363799.cms|author=Risbood, Vaibhavi|date=1 June 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618173542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-interviews/39674323_1_ayan-mukerji-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-deepika-padukone|archive-date=18 June 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film emerged as [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|one of the highest-grossing Indian films]] to that point, with earnings of {{INRConvert|2.95|b}}, proving to be his third consecutive commercial success in three years and earned him another Best Actor nomination at Filmfare.<ref name="box office">{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is Ranbir Kapoor, Deepika Padukone's biggest hit |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672/ |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716115517/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672 |archive-date=16 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |access-date=14 January 2014 |work=Filmfare |date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115044052/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 }}</ref> Film critics found the film to be "riddled with clichés", but praised both Kapoor and Padukone, with ''Daily News and Analysis''{{'}} Tushar Joshi labelling their on-screen chemistry as "unsurpassable".<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics' review: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is riddled with clichés |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-riddled-with-cliches/story-oJ42cqGvHsPaDwUcMS746O.html |access-date=15 June 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-riddled-with-cliches/story-oJ42cqGvHsPaDwUcMS746O.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi |first=Tushar |title=Review: Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani will resonate with everyone |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841971/review-review-yeh-jawani-hai-deewani-will-resonate-with-everyone/ |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=31 May 2013 |date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114316/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841971/review-review-yeh-jawani-hai-deewani-will-resonate-with-everyone |archive-date= 7 June 2013 }}</ref> His second release of 2013 was the action-comedy film ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' in which he played a petty thief, alongside [[Pallavi Sharda]] and his parents.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thakkar|first=Mehul|title=Ranbir Kapoor juggling between the Kashyap brothers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-Kapoor-juggling-between-the-Kashyap-brothers/articleshow/21853917.cms|access-date=19 August 2013|date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819042936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-16/news-interviews/41417354_1_besharam-bombay-velvet-abhinav|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film met with an overwhelming negative reception and emerged as a failure; Sudhish Kamath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as "Kapoor's hall of shame".<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics' review: Besharam an experiment for Ranbir in action-comedy genre |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-besharam-an-experiment-for-ranbir-in-action-comedy-genre/story-eo4r7uNrVX2B8C6aWY7okJ.html |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820122658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-besharam-an-experiment-for-ranbir-in-action-comedy-genre/story-eo4r7uNrVX2B8C6aWY7okJ.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Besharam: Kapoor's hall of shame |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/besharam-kapoors-hall-of-shame/article5204126.ece |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008014656/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/besharam-kapoors-hall-of-shame/article5204126.ece |archive-date= 8 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Besharam' flops at box office, collects only Rs 47.31 cr in 5 days |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoors-besharam-flops-at-box-office-collects-only-rs-47.31-cr-in-5-days/1179418 |access-date=8 October 2013 |work=The Financial Express |date=8 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009212336/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoors-besharam-flops-at-box-office-collects-only-rs-47.31-cr-in-5-days/1179418 |archive-date= 9 October 2013 }}</ref>

=== Commercial struggles and ''Sanju'' (2014–2018) ===
After a year-long absence from the screen, Kapoor featured as a mysterious thief in ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015), a romantic thriller which critic Sarita Tanwar described as a "boring, exhausting and pretentious" film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tanwar |first=Sarita A. |title='Roy' review: Not even a hot Ranbir Kapoor or a sexy Jacqueline Fernandez can save this pretentious snoozefest! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |access-date=13 February 2015 |date=13 February 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222942/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> The series of financial failures continued with his next release, the [[Anurag Kashyap]]-directed crime drama ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'', based on the historian [[Gyan Prakash]]'s book ''Mumbai Fables'', which also starred [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Bombay Velvet postponed to May 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2603277 |access-date=22 August 2014 |date=22 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824235208/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2603277 |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Kapoor portrayed an ambitious boxer in the 1960s who is drawn towards a life of crime; he based his ''[[tapori (word)|tapori]]'' diction on [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]'s character in ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955).<ref>{{cite news|title=I know I have to deliver now: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-know-i-have-to-deliver-now-ranbir-kapoor/article7188174.ece|last=Subramanian|first=Archana|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2015|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081515/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-know-i-have-to-deliver-now-ranbir-kapoor/article7188174.ece|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|1.2|b}}, the film opened to meagre box-office collections and mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Malvania |first=Urvi |title=Rough start to Bombay Velvet at the box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020825/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> Ritika Bhatia of ''[[Business Standard]]'' found Kapoor's part to be a departure from his previous roles, writing that he "does test the waters with methodical sincerity but his portrayal lacks depth on occasion".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia |first=Ritika |title=Film Review: The Great Gatsby meets the Goodfellas in Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518050843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ''Bombay Velvet'' was eventually screened at the [[Locarno International Film Festival|Locarno]] and [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival|Bucheon]] film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Velvet Loved by 8600 People in Locarno, Says Anurag Kashyap |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |publisher=NDTV |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126011314/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |archive-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bucheon Festival Shrugs Off MERS Threat, Unveils 200 Genre Film Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |last=Kil |first=Sonia |date=16 June 2015 |work=Variety |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202114611/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |archive-date= 2 February 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Ranbir Kapoor promoting Jagga Jasoos.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|alt=Ranbir Kapoor smiles for the camera|Kapoor at an event for ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' in 2017]]

Kapoor next reunited with Deepika Padukone in ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015), a romantic drama from Imtiaz Ali. He played the role of Ved Sahni, a man who desires a career in the arts but settles for a life of monotony as an engineer. Once again, the film failed commercially and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamasha-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-starrer-656814 |title='Tamasha' review roundup: What critics have to say about Ranbir Kapoor-Deepika Padukone starrer |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |work=International Business Times |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110448/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamasha-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-starrer-656814 |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office: Tamasha flops |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-tamasha-flops/20151130.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112153/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-tamasha-flops/20151130.htm |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> Kapoor's performance was praised;<ref name="flops">{{cite web|last=Bakshi |first=Dibyojyoti |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-passed-but-tamasha-failed-a-trade-analysis-2533514.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor passed, but 'Tamasha' failed: A trade analysis |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224174028/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-passed-but-tamasha-failed-a-trade-analysis-2533514.html |archive-date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "Kapoor is beautifully cast, his trademark mix of assertive theatricality and subtle emotion well suited to the role of a man who seemingly has it all under control, until he doesn't."<ref>{{cite news|last=Tsering |first=Lisa |title='Tamasha': Film Review |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/review/tamasha-film-review-844131 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326204040/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tamasha-film-review-844131 |archive-date=26 March 2016 }}</ref> Kapoor's career prospect briefly improved in 2016 when he took on the lead role of an aspiring musician in Karan Johar's ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016). The romantic drama, co-starring Anushka Sharma and [[Aishwarya Rai]], tells the story of unrequited love, and proved to be one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil: Ranbir Kapoor plays a singer; all songs are sung by Arijit Singh! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-ranbir-kapoor-plays-a-singer-all-songs-are-sung-by-arijit-singh-2251933 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907183928/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-ranbir-kapoor-plays-a-singer-all-songs-are-sung-by-arijit-singh-2251933 |archive-date= 7 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top India Total Nett Grossers 2016 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2016&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170429/http://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2016&pageId=4 |archive-date=13 January 2017 }}</ref> Critical reception was mixed; Joe Leydon of ''Variety'' thought that "Kapoor [is] often erring on the side of annoying while trying to balance vulnerability and self-centeredness".<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon |first=Joe |title=Film Review: 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |work=Variety |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110812/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |archive-date=29 October 2016 }}</ref> Both ''Tamasha'' and ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' earned Kapoor Best Actor nominations at Filmfare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214719/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |work=Filmfare |date=9 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archive-date=13 January 2017 }}</ref>

In a collaboration with director Anurag Basu, Kapoor formed a production company named Picture Shuru Productions, whose first release was the musical comedy-mystery film ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017), which tells the story of a gifted teenager's search for his missing stepfather.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-a-teenager-in-jagga-jasoos/story-U3IEk1QY65dauv8FuOrvEN.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor to play a teenager in Jagga Jasoos |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |author=Patel, Devansh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023144347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-a-teenager-in-jagga-jasoos/story-U3IEk1QY65dauv8FuOrvEN.html |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> Production on the project was plagued with difficulties{{mdash}}principal photography began in 2014, but the release date was pushed back several times owing to changes in the script, multiple reshoots, and rumours of animosity between Kapoor and co-star Katrina Kaif (the couple had broken-up before they finished filming).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagga Jasoos: Twists, turns and another release date |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |access-date=3 August 2017 |date=24 May 2017 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |archive-date=3 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="jj">{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title='Jagga Jasoos' Jilted By Audience With Devastating 85% Friday-To-Friday Plunge|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/07/22/jagga-jasoos-jilted-by-audience-with-devastating-85-friday-to-friday-plunge/#72ee69ef42b8|access-date=3 August 2017|date=22 July 2017|work=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221730/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/07/22/jagga-jasoos-jilted-by-audience-with-devastating-85-friday-to-friday-plunge/#72ee69ef42b8|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' considered the film to be "a laudable experiment that zigzags off course", and while praising Kapoor's dedication to his part, criticised the decision to cast him as a teenage schoolboy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M|title=Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir-Katrina's bow to Broadway is a laudable experiment that zigzags off course|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|access-date=3 August 2017|date=14 July 2017|website=[[Firstpost]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221714/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> It did not perform well commercially which led Kapoor to regret his venture into production.<ref name="jj" /><ref name="jjflop">{{cite news|title='My father wanted to protect me' says Ranbir Kapoor on Rishi Kapoor blaming Anurag Basu & Pritam for failure of Jagga Jasoos|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-my-father-wanted-to-protect-me-says-ranbir-kapoor-on-rishi-kapoor-blaming-anurag-basu-pritam-for-failure-of-jagga-jasoos-2525595|access-date=10 August 2017|date=10 August 2017|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060819/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-my-father-wanted-to-protect-me-says-ranbir-kapoor-on-rishi-kapoor-blaming-anurag-basu-pritam-for-failure-of-jagga-jasoos-2525595|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Kapoor portrayed the actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s biopic ''[[Sanju]]''. It deals with Dutt's troubled relationship with his [[Sunil Dutt|father]], his drug addiction, and his arrest for illegal possession of firearms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/biopic-sanju-spotlights-troubled-life-of-bollywoods-sanjay-dutt|title=Biopic 'Sanju' spotlights troubled life of Bollywood's Sanjay Dutt|access-date=29 June 2018|date=28 June 2018|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211511/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/biopic-sanju-spotlights-troubled-life-of-bollywoods-sanjay-dutt|archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> Kapoor was keen to avoid a [[hagiography|hagiographic]] narrative and did not want to mimic Dutt's mannerisms. He interacted extensively with Dutt and took a month's time to transform himself physically before filming each phase of the actor's life.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Nilanjana|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-on-transforming-into-sanju-would-call-sanjay-dutt-in-the-middle-of-the-night-1875440|title=Ranbir Kapoor On Transforming Into Sanju: 'Would Call Sanjay Dutt In The Middle Of The Night'|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|publisher=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629150412/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-on-transforming-into-sanju-would-call-sanjay-dutt-in-the-middle-of-the-night-1875440|archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Kajol|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-sanju-teaser-crosses-30-million-on-youtube-in-48-hours-27902-1.html|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Sanju teaser crosses 30 million on YouTube in 48 hours|access-date=29 June 2018|date=27 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081514/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-sanju-teaser-crosses-30-million-on-youtube-in-48-hours-27902-1.html|archive-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''NDTV'' thought that despite dramatic liberties, the film had successfully portrayed Dutt's complexity, and wrote that Kapoor "pulls out the stops in astonishingly effective ways, subsuming his personality into that of the protagonist".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-dazzles-as-sanjay-dutt-4-stars-out-of-5-1875187|title=Sanju Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Dazzles As Sanjay Dutt, Other Actors Scramble To Keep Up|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629082603/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-dazzles-as-sanjay-dutt-4-stars-out-of-5-1875187|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' was more critical for making Dutt too sympathetic despite his misdeeds, and wrote that Kapoor's "imitation (astonishing at times) takes over the performance".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/jA1MafVd2TiiZ0yhG1TsvO/Movie-Review-Sanju.html|title=Movie Review: 'Sanju'|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629115832/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/jA1MafVd2TiiZ0yhG1TsvO/Movie-Review-Sanju.html|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sanju''{{'}}s strong financial performance re-established Kapoor's stardom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4079|title=Sanju Heading Towards Highest Nett Grosser For Hindi Industry|access-date=3 July 2018|date=2 July 2018|publisher=Box Office India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133500/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4079|archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-claims-box-office-top-spot-with-sanju-film-mints-over-rs-120-crores-in-the-opening-weekend-2121654.html|title=Ranbir Kapoor claims Box Office top spot with Sanju; film mints over Rs 120 crores in the opening weekend|access-date=3 July 2018|date=2 July 2018|publisher=Zee News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133925/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-claims-box-office-top-spot-with-sanju-film-mints-over-rs-120-crores-in-the-opening-weekend-2121654.html|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> With earnings of over {{INRConvert|5.79|b}}, it emerged as Kapoor's biggest commercial success to that point.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|title=Box Office: Sanju is now the 6th highest Bollywood grosser worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He won another Best Actor award at Filmfare.<ref name="ff19">{{cite news|title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|date=23 March 2019|access-date=23 March 2019|work=[[Filmfare]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165124/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Hiatus and established actor (2019–present) ===
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor at the special screening of his film Animal (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Kapoor at an event for ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), which ranks as his highest-grossing film]]

Following ''Sanju'', Kapoor's next screen appearance was after four years in 2022, when he starred in ''[[Shamshera]]'' and ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''. He attributed this absence to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the death of his father, and the lengthy production time of these two big-budgeted films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 July 2022 |title='Shamshera': Ranbir Kapoor Explains His Four-Year Hiatus After 'Sanju' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-explains-his-four-year-hiatus-at-shamshera-promo-in-delhi-news-210242 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012112852/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-explains-his-four-year-hiatus-at-shamshera-promo-in-delhi-news-210242 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Shamshera'', a period action film set in the 1800s, he played a dual role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2019 |title=Ranbir Kapoor to play father and son in Shamshera, his first double role: report |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-father-and-son-in-shamshera-his-first-double-role-report/story-GyFl8KCGSKkzUQYokXw3EN_amp.html |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614195821/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-father-and-son-in-shamshera-his-first-double-role-report/story-GyFl8KCGSKkzUQYokXw3EN_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received poor reviews, with Saibal Chatterjee writing that "the actor should henceforth read his scripts with a more critical eye before buying into them. He owes it to his talent".<ref>{{cite web |title=Shamshera Review: Ranbir Kapoor's Period Film Is Thugs Of Hindostan Level Bad |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shamshera-review-ranbir-kapoors-period-film-is-thugs-of-hindostan-level-bad-1-star-3183390 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104645/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shamshera-review-ranbir-kapoors-period-film-is-thugs-of-hindostan-level-bad-1-star-3183390 |url-status=live }}</ref> It emerged as another box office bomb for Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |first=Tanushree |last=Roy |title=Shamshera box office collection Day 8: Ranbir Kapoor's film is a disaster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shamshera-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-is-a-disaster-1981680-2022-07-30 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104645/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shamshera-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-is-a-disaster-1981680-2022-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred opposite [[Alia Bhatt]] in Ayan Mukerji's fantasy film ''Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva'', the first part in a planned trilogy, which took five years to film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|title=Finally! Alia Bhatt-Ranbir Kapoor Wrap Brahmastra After 5 Years, Ayan Mukerji Locks Release Date|work=News18|access-date=29 March 2022|date=29 March 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713022230/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a production and marketing budget of around {{INR Convert|4|b}}, the film is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahmastra Comes Through All The Negativity |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7182 |date=18 September 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Box Office India |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025101103/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brahmastra made at a cost of Rs 410 crore, most expensive Hindi film ever: report|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|access-date=2 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=As per Bollywood Hungama, Brahmastra's Rs 410 crore budget excludes publicity expenses.|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902050835/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance and chemistry with Bhatt was not well-received by Simon Abrams of ''[[TheWrap]]'', but ''[[Deccan Herald]]''{{'s}} Vivek M. V. deemed him "excellent as [a] vulnerable orphan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Brahmastra Part One Shiva Review: Underwhelming Superhero Extravaganza |url=https://www.thewrap.com/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-amitabh-bachchan/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924221006/https://www.thewrap.com/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-amitabh-bachchan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=9 September 2022 |title='Brahmastra' movie review: 'Love Storiyan' ruin stunning VFX |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/brahmastra-movie-review-love-storiyan-ruin-stunning-vfx-1143642.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171002/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/brahmastra-movie-review-love-storiyan-ruin-stunning-vfx-1143642.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It earned {{INR Convert|4.31|b}} to rank as the highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Brahmastra collects Rs 425 in 25 days, becomes no.1 Hindi movie worldwide |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104344/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmastra Final Box Office Collections: India - Overseas - Worldwide |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7329 |website=Box Office India |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212081012/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7329 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapoor starred alongside [[Shraddha Kapoor]] in [[Luv Ranjan]]'s ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' (2023),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-romantic-comedy-titled-tu-jhoothi-main-makkar-watch-first-look-23260603 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor's romantic comedy titled 'Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar' |work=Mid-Day |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214083509/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-romantic-comedy-titled-tu-jhoothi-main-makkar-watch-first-look-23260603 |url-status=live }}</ref> which Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' remarked was a welcome return for Kapoor into the romantic comedy genre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar review: Ranbir Kapoor's return to rom-com is the perfect relief we waited for|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-review-ranbir-kapoors-return-to-rom-com-is-the-perfect-relief-we-waited-for-2343916-2023-03-08|magazine=India Today|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308032109/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-review-ranbir-kapoors-return-to-rom-com-is-the-perfect-relief-we-waited-for-2343916-2023-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> It emerged as a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tu Jhothi Main Makkaar Gets Benefit Of Holiday On Weekdays |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7654 |website=Box Office India |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182139/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7654 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aaglave|first=Ganesh|title=Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar emerges Ranbir Kapoor & Shraddha Kapoor's 4th-highest grosser, beats ABCD 2, ADHM, Barfi & more|date=22 March 2023|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-emerges-ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-4th-highest-grosser-beats-abcd-2-adhm-barfi-more-box-office-12331982.html|work=Firstpost|accessdate=23 March 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060128/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-emerges-ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-4th-highest-grosser-beats-abcd-2-adhm-barfi-more-box-office-12331982.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Keen to break away from his on-screen image, Kapoor accepted the role of a violent man with a troubled relationship with his father in [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]'s action drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.<ref name="variety23">{{cite news |last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=21 November 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor on 'Tough and Uncompromising' Role in 'Animal': 'A Narrative That Keeps You on the Edge of Your Seat' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ranbir-kapoor-animal-1235803068/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Variety }}</ref> He described the part as "way out of my comfort zone", and was challenged by the prospect of playing a "blend of strength, vulnerability and unpredictability".<ref name="variety23"/><ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2023 |title=When Ranbir Kapoor said Animal is 'way out of my comfort zone': 'It's quite a shocking character…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-said-animal-is-way-out-of-my-comfort-zone-8355473/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130095900/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-said-animal-is-way-out-of-my-comfort-zone-8355473/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's content led certain commentators to accuse the film and his character of glorifying [[toxic masculinity]] and [[misogyny]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pillai|first=Pooja|date=8 December 2023 |title=Man in a man's world: 'Animal' is not just banal. Its provocations are tepid and boring |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/animal-movie-boring-misogyny-violence-ranbir-kapoor-sandeep-reddy-vanga-9057946/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bidani |first=Gunjan D. |date=2 December 2023 |title=Animal: Is Sandeep Reddy Vanga Glorifying Misogyny And Toxic Masculinity? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/animal-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-glorifying-misogyny-and-toxic-masculinity-2694250.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Zee News |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073206/https://zeenews.india.com/people/animal-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-glorifying-misogyny-and-toxic-masculinity-2694250.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Shwet |date=5 December 2023 |title=Auteur or provocateur? Animal and the event of hypermasculine cinema |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/05/auteur-or-provocateur-animal-and-the-event-of-hypermasculine-cinema |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073206/https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/05/auteur-or-provocateur-animal-and-the-event-of-hypermasculine-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described Kapoor's role as "one of the vilest in cinema history",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |date=2 December 2023 |title=Animal review – Ranbir Kapoor plays one of the vilest protagonists in cinema history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/02/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-plays-one-of-the-vilest-protagonists-in-cinema-history |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> but a reviewer for [[News18]] added that he "breathes life into this undesirable character with a lot of charisma and swag".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chowdhury|first=Titas|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html|title=Animal Review: Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol Hit It Out Of The Park With This Violent Revenge Saga|website=[[News18]]|date=1 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202225414/https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|9|b}}, ''Animal'' emerged as Kapoor's highest-grossing release and one of Hindi cinema's biggest earners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He won his fourth Best Actor award at Filmfare.<ref name="ff24">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2024|title=Filmfare Awards 2024: Ranbir Kapoor Wins Best Actor For Animal|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-ranbir-kapoor-wins-best-actor-trophy-for-animal-article-107206596|access-date=29 January 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

Kapoor will next play [[Rama]] in [[Nitesh Tiwari]]'s two-part adaptation of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and will reteam with Bhansali in the romantic drama ''Love & War'', co-starring Alia Bhatt and [[Vicky Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=3 July 2025 |title='Ramayana' introduction: Ranbir Kapoor, Yash, Hans Zimmer assemble for epic retelling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayana-introduction-ranbir-kapoor-yash-hans-zimmer-assemble-for-epic-retelling/article69767547.ece|website=thehindu.com|location=India|publisher=The Hindu |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=16 September 2025|title=Ranbir Kapoor, Vicky Kaushal, Alia Bhatt's Love & War aims for Rs 1000 Cr blockbuster |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-alia-bhatt-s-love-war-aims-for-rs-1000-cr-blockbuster-article-13551574.html |website=moneycontrol.com|location=India|publisher=Money Control|access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Kapoor and his wife [[Alia Bhatt]], pictured in 2021]]
Kapoor has been vocal about his personal life and has stated that his parents' marriage taught him how complex a relationship can be.<ref name="fight" /> He had his first serious relationship while in the seventh grade, and suffered from [[Depression (mood)|depression]] when it ended.<ref name="fav" /> While filming ''Bachna Ae Haseeno'' in 2008, Kapoor began dating his co-star [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I've been dating Deepika for a few weeks: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-ve-been-dating-deepika-for-a-few-weeks-ranbir-kapoor-news-bollywood-kkftL3hfdja.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 March 2008 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231090325/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-ve-been-dating-deepika-for-a-few-weeks-ranbir-kapoor-news-bollywood-kkftL3hfdja.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 }}</ref> The relationship attracted substantial media coverage in India and they speculated on an impending engagement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OosAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Drum Publications (East Africa) |page=98 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114120425/http://books.google.com/books?id=_OosAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref> However, the couple broke up a year later.<ref>{{cite news|title=My mother was not the reason for break-up with Deepika: Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/my-mother-was-not-the-reason-for-break-up-with-deepika-says-ranbir-kapoor-165114-2013-05-30 |work=India Today |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601095016/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/my-mother-was-not-the-reason-for-break-up-with-deepika-says-ranbir-kapoor/1/277769.html |archive-date= 1 June 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor maintained that the split was amicable, though the media widely reported that the split was due to infidelity on Kapoor's part.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=I will not keep my personal life open to everyone: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-will-not-keep-my-personal-life-open-to-everyone-ranbir-kapoor/393598-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609071812/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-will-not-keep-my-personal-life-open-to-everyone-ranbir-kapoor/393598-8-66.html |archive-date= 9 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=He cheated on me: Deepika |date=28 September 2010 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/he-cheated-on-me-deepika/story-Yb1QlWYJgHy9rIyGhoaWJP.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117171344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/he-cheated-on-me-deepika/story-Yb1QlWYJgHy9rIyGhoaWJP.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref> Kapoor later confessed: "Yes, I have, out of immaturity, out of inexperience, out of taking advantage of certain temptations, out of callousness."<ref>{{cite news|title=Yes, I cheated: Ranbir|date=30 September 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Yes-I-cheated-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/10181376.cms|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203192202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news-interviews/30229828_1_ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-relationship|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later in 2015, Kapoor stated that they both had resolved the conflict and had moved on with their lives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor: What I don't like about Deepika is that she is a flirt |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-What-I-dont-like-about-Deepika-is-that-she-is-a-flirt/articleshow/49801768.cms? |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119051913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-What-I-dont-like-about-Deepika-is-that-she-is-a-flirt/articleshow/49801768.cms |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> Since the split, he has been reticent to publicly discuss his personal life.<ref name="fight" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Tanwar|first=Sarita|title=I want to be in a relationship: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-04/news-interviews/30238874_1_ranbir-kapoor-link-ups-rockstar-and-barfee|date=4 October 2011|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227155803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-04/news-interviews/30238874_1_ranbir-kapoor-link-ups-rockstar-and-barfee|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Rumours of an affair with [[Katrina Kaif]] first emerged during the production of ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mirani |first=Indu |title=I want to be loved: Katrina |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/i-want-to-be-loved-katrina/articleshow/5997720.cms |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/i-want-to-be-loved-katrina/articleshow/5997720.cms |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pradhan |first=Bharathi S. |title=Single Sallu's a friendly ex |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/7days/story_13174492.jsp |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174001/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/7days/story_13174492.jsp |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In August 2013, a set of [[paparazzi]] photographs of Kapoor and Kaif at a beach in [[Spain]] were published by ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=Ranbir, Katrina's holiday photos: The anatomy of leaked pictures |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804222635/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |archive-date= 4 August 2013 }}</ref> Although Kapoor initially declined to speak of the relationship,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|title=I can give my life for my family, Ayan and Katrina: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-can-give-my-life-for-my-family-Ayan-and-Katrina-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/22334002.cms|work=The Times of India|date=6 September 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-can-give-my-life-for-my-family-Ayan-and-Katrina-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/22334002.cms|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> he admitted to it in 2015: "Both of us are sure about our relationship and if we don't open about it now, it would be showing disrespect to the relationship."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir admits relationship with Katrina, to tie knot next year |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-admits-relationship-with-Katrina-to-tie-knot-next-year/articleshow/47223267.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513235108/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-admits-relationship-with-Katrina-to-tie-knot-next-year/articleshow/47223267.cms |archive-date=13 May 2015 }}</ref> In February 2016, the media reported that they had broken up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Katrina Kaif admits she's single! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-admits-shes-single/photostory/50880269.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209200106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-admits-shes-single/photostory/50880269.cms |archive-date= 9 February 2016 }}</ref> He has also spoken about being addicted to smoking and drinking.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Vijendra |title=#GQExclusive: Ranbir Kapoor opens up about reviving the RK banner, his sneaker obsession and Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |website=gqindia.com |access-date=13 July 2018 |date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023330/https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor accepts his tendency to drink a lot: I can't stop once I start, it is in my genes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-on-his-drinking-habit-i-can-t-stop-once-i-start-it-is-in-my-genes/story-yyO36bSpl8HGBu3OoolynN.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 July 2018 |date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713062546/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-on-his-drinking-habit-i-can-t-stop-once-i-start-it-is-in-my-genes/story-yyO36bSpl8HGBu3OoolynN.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, he began dating [[Alia Bhatt]], his co-star in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva|Brahmastra]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Shikha |title=Ranbir Kapoor opens up about reviving the RK banner, his sneaker obsession and Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |work=GQ India |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023330/https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He married her on 14 April 2022 in a private ceremony in their [[Mumbai]] house.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt Wedding Live Updates: Akash And Shloka Ambani, Kareena And Saif, Navya Naveli And Nandas At Wedding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-wedding-this-afternoon-neetu-riddhima-soni-shaheen-at-vastu-2887054 |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=NDTV |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503203504/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-wedding-this-afternoon-neetu-riddhima-soni-shaheen-at-vastu-2887054 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt Wedding LIVE Updates: Alia and Ranbir are officially married; take pheras in the presence of family, friends |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-neetu-kapoor-ayan-mukerji-brahmastra-karan-johar-pre-wedding-festivities/liveblog/90815206.cms |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429064317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-neetu-kapoor-ayan-mukerji-brahmastra-karan-johar-pre-wedding-festivities/liveblog/90815206.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 November 2022, Bhatt gave birth to their daughter, Raha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt and Ranbir Kapoor welcome their 1st child, a baby girl |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-and-ranbir-kapoor-welcome-their-1st-child-a-baby-girl-2293898-2022-11-06 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=India Today |date=6 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124215048/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-and-ranbir-kapoor-welcome-their-1st-child-a-baby-girl-2293898-2022-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alia Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor's daughter named Raha. See what it means |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoors-daughter-named-raha-see-what-it-means-2301344-2022-11-24 |access-date=24 November 2022 |date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124171647/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoors-daughter-named-raha-see-what-it-means-2301344-2022-11-24 |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
In addition to acting, Kapoor is a [[association football|football]] enthusiast and supports charities and organisations. He is the vice-captain of the All Stars Football Club, a celebrity football club that raises money for charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor wants world class football stadium in Mumbai |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-wants-world-class-football-stadium-in-mumbai-347796 |publisher=NDTV |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928222621/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-wants-world-class-football-stadium-in-mumbai-347796 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> In March 2013, he played the game to raise funds for the Magic Funds Organisation, an [[NGO]] for underprivileged children.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=Cricketers win but Ranbir Kapoor steals the show |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketers-win-but-ranbir-kapoor-steals-the-show/1095581/ |work=The Indian Express |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604054034/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketers-win-but-ranbir-kapoor-steals-the-show/1095581/ |archive-date= 4 June 2013 }}</ref> Along with the chartered accountant Bimal Parekh, Kapoor acquired ownership rights in 2014 for the Mumbai-based football team of the [[Indian Super League]], named [[Mumbai City FC]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Saumyajit |title=Stars embrace soccer through Indian Super League |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609215152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms |archive-date= 9 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Mumbai City Football Club to play all home games at D Y Patil Stadium |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoor-s-mumbai-city-football-club-to-play-all-home-games-at-d-y-patil-stadium-2014872 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141552/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoor-s-mumbai-city-football-club-to-play-all-home-games-at-d-y-patil-stadium-2014872 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> Also that year, Kapoor announced his participation with the digital music company [[Saavn]] as a content and programming adviser.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor teams up with online digital music company Saavn |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-teams-up-with-online-digital-music-company-Saavn/articleshow/40481251.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822195315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-teams-up-with-online-digital-music-company-Saavn/articleshow/40481251.cms |archive-date=22 August 2014 }}</ref> In 2016, he featured in the documentary series ''Girls with Goals'', to create awareness about and raise funds for [[Yuwa-India|YUWA]], an all-girls football team in the state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="yuwa">{{cite news|title=Inspirational Yuwa girls leave their mark through football |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/yuwa-foundation-ngo-football-girls-team-jharkhand-ranbir-kapoor-sunil-chhetri-328090-2016-07-08 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711094613/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yuwa-foundation-ngo-football-girls-team-jharkhand-ranbir-kapoor-sunil-chhetri/1/710377.html |archive-date=11 July 2016 }}</ref> In 2024, he launched a lifestyle brand named ARKS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor Announces Lifestyle Brand ARKS On His 42nd Birthday: "Son, Brother, Husband, Father And Now Founder" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-announces-lifestyle-brand-arks-on-his-42nd-birthday-son-brother-husband-father-and-now-founder-6668761 |website=NDTV |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 }}</ref>

Kapoor supports the empowerment of the girl child and is the goodwill ambassador of [[Shabana Azmi]]'s Mijwan Welfare Society, an NGO which helps empower women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2555046851.html |title=Ranbir supports girl child empowerment |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134446/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2555046851.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |via=HighBeam}}</ref> He supports environmental charities, and in 2011 donated money to the Community Water Initiative, a charitable organisation owned by [[PepsiCo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2452563231.html |title=Save water, urges Ranbir |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222000/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2452563231.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |via=HighBeam}}</ref> In 2012, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a short film by [[Zoya Akhtar]] to generate awareness on [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Zoya Akhtar films for breast cancer campaign|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-films-for-breast-cancer-campaign/story-o1WgpTyyjakB2yBv5c3usJ.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 July 2012|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103073608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-films-for-breast-cancer-campaign/story-o1WgpTyyjakB2yBv5c3usJ.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the campaign ambassador for ''NDTV''{{'s}} Marks for Sports, a nationwide initiative to promote fitness and health in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, other celebs pledge their support for Marks for Sports |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/sports/ranbir-kapoor-other-celebs-pledge-their-support-for-marks-for-sports-10782 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192836/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/sports/ranbir-kapoor-other-celebs-pledge-their-support-for-marks-for-sports-10782 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, he participated in an auction on [[eBay]], where the highest bidder gets an opportunity to interact with him; the proceeds were donated to Save the Children, a non-profit organisation that raised funds for [[2013 North India floods|flood affected households in Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor supports charity for Uttarakhand relief |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1867582/report-ranbir-kapoor-supports-charity-for-uttarakhand-relief |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803080545/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1867582/report-ranbir-kapoor-supports-charity-for-uttarakhand-relief |archive-date= 3 August 2013 }}</ref> That same year, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial, produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], to create awareness about children's education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir, Katrina, Imran, Anushka's educational anthem |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426165423/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> In December 2014, he again took part in another eBay auction; the ''[[phiran]]'' he wore in ''Rockstar'' (2011) was sold, with proceeds going to the redevelopment of the flood-ravaged states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma auction costumes to raise funds for charity |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627215615/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> He had also fronted a campaign to collect donations for the victims of the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma campaign for donations for Nepal |work=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609040308/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |archive-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, he presented 2,000 raincoats to the [[Mumbai Traffic Police]] as an appreciation for their service during the year's heavy monsoon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai City FC present raincoats to traffic police |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-present-raincoats-to-traffic-police_1636174.html |publisher=Zee News |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180524/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-present-raincoats-to-traffic-police_1636174.html |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, he collaborated with [[Aamir Khan]]'s Paani Foundation to help local farmers and villagers suffering from drought in parts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Smrity|title=After Ali Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor Joins Aamir Khan's Paani Foundation As Jal Mitra (PICS, Video)|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/ranbir-kapoor-follows-alia-bhatt-does-shramdaan-for-aamir-khans-paani-foundation-pics-video-3053007/|website=india.com|date=14 May 2018 |publisher=India|access-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215715/http://www.india.com/showbiz/ranbir-kapoor-follows-alia-bhatt-does-shramdaan-for-aamir-khans-paani-foundation-pics-video-3053007/|archive-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor.jpg|thumb|upright|Kapoor in 2012]]
Born into a family of popular actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a young age; ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' published that "he was always a star kid from whom everyone had great expectations".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|title=Ranbir Kapoor shakes up Khan hegemony|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shakes-up-khan-hegemony/story-YvJpFxWqCY2fI0mNPr5y4M.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122137/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shakes-up-khan-hegemony/story-YvJpFxWqCY2fI0mNPr5y4M.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the failure of his first film (''Saawariya''), [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] reported that he "rose like [a] meteor on film firmament by giving compelling performances in films like ''Raajneeti'', ''Rockstar'' and [..] ''Barfi!''"<ref>{{cite web|title=Money has never been a driving factor: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/money-has-never-been-a-driving-factor-ranbir-kapoor-318947 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504064523/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/money-has-never-been-a-driving-factor-ranbir-kapoor-318947 |archive-date= 4 May 2013 }}</ref> Discussing the commercial viability of Kapoor, Apoorva Mehta, the COO of Dharma Productions, noted in 2013, "In a short career span of 10 films, Ranbir Kapoor has achieved a tremendous jump in the business done by his films."<ref name="brand">{{cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=Nandini|title=Brand Ranbir Kapoor on a roll: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani grosses Rs 95 crore|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news/39788748_1_rishi-kapoor-raj-kapoor-barfi|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 July 2013|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821132005/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news/39788748_1_rishi-kapoor-raj-kapoor-barfi|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also that year, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' credited him as "the most bankable actor of his generation".<ref name="brand" /> However, following the success of ''Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani'', each of Kapoor's releases under-performed at the box-office.<ref name="flops" /> This led trade journalists to criticise his choice of films, noting that his inclination towards experimental projects negatively impacted his commercial appeal.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakker |first=Namrata |title=Is Ranbir's experimentation hurting his career? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/is-ranbirs-experimentation-hurting-his-career/20151203.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318233036/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/is-ranbirs-experimentation-hurting-his-career/20151203.htm |archive-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>

Nationally, he is one of the most popular and high-profile celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrivastava |first=Priyanka |title=Can heartthrob Ranbir Kapoor take on the Khans? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-will-take-on-khans-166068-2013-06-07 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814113154/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-will-take-on-khans/1/279160.html |archive-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, ''[[Forbes]]'' featured him among the top twenty in India's [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]], a list based on the income and popularity of the country's celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2013 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |work=Forbes |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219072752/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> For the next two years, he was ranked 11th with an estimated annual earning of {{INRConvert|93.25|c}} and {{INRConvert|85|c}} respectively, making him one of the highest-paid actors in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=2014 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all |work=Forbes |access-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062618/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2015 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |work=Forbes |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213102627/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |archive-date=13 December 2015 }}</ref> He was frequently featured in Rediff.com's annual listing of "Bollywood's Best Actors"; he was ranked second in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2009 |date=31 December 2009 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/30/slide-show-1-best-actors-of-2009.htm#9 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703080855/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/30/slide-show-1-best-actors-of-2009.htm |archive-date= 3 July 2013 }}</ref> first in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2011 |date=31 December 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-actors-of-the-year-yearend-2011/20111229.htm#10 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023110535/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-actors-of-the-year-yearend-2011/20111229.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> third in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2012 |date=31 December 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-10-best-actors-of-2012/20121226.htm#8 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820012808/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-10-best-actors-of-2012/20121226.htm |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref> and held the sixth position in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sukanya Verma's Best Actors of 2015 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actors-of-2015/20151228.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=28 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230104255/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actors-of-2015/20151228.htm |archive-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Madame Tussauds]] museum installed four wax sculptures of him at four locations, including [[Madame Tussauds Dubai|Dubai]], [[Madame Tussauds Singapore|Singapore]], Bangkok, and [[Madame Tussauds Delhi|Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-01 |title=Madame Tussauds debuts in Delhi with Indian celebrities |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42193531 |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref>

He has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/24 |title=50 Most Beautiful Indian Faces |access-date=30 December 2015 |date=9 March 2012 |publisher=iDiva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927105434/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/21 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has featured on ''The Times of India''{{'s}} listing of the 'Most Desirable Man' from 2010 to 2015, ranking among the top ten each year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010: The Winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510213330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |archive-date=10 May 2016 }} {{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live }} {{cite news |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912072811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Mahesh Babu is 2013's most desirable man |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Ranveer Singh: The Most Desirable Man of 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2016 |access-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127055530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> In 2009 ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine listed him as the "Sexiest Man Alive" in India,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor voted 'Sexiest Man Alive' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39479/ranbir-kapoor-voted-sexiest-man.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530105747/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39479/ranbir-kapoor-voted-sexiest-man.html |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> and in 2013 he topped ''[[Filmfare]]''{{'s}} poll of the "Most Stylish Young Actor".<ref>{{cite news|last=Gangwani |first=Rahul |title=Poll: Most stylish young actor — Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-young-actor-ranbir-kapoor-2235.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204012621/http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-young-actor-ranbir-kapoor-2235.html |archive-date= 4 February 2013 }}</ref> Also in 2013, he was one of the recipients of the "People of the Year" award by the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shabana Azmi, Prabhu Deva, Ranbir Kapoor receive 'People of the Year' award|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shabana-azmi-prabhu-deva-ranbir-kapoor-receive-people-of-the-year-award/1100408/0|work=The Indian Express|date=10 April 2013|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> In 2010, he was voted the "Sexiest Asian Man" in a poll conducted by the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-voted-Sexiest-Asian-Man/articleshow/7127472.cms |title=Ranbir Kapoor voted Sexiest Asian Man |date=19 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413143842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-voted-Sexiest-Asian-Man/articleshow/7127472.cms |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapoor continued to feature among the top ten of the list from 2011 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 December 2011|title=Hrithik Roshan tops Sexiest Asian Men list|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm#6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231035051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm|archive-date=31 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2015|work=Rediff.com}} </ref> He is also the celebrity endorser for various brands and services, including [[Pepsi]], [[Panasonic]], [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault India]], [[Lenovo]] and the Spanish football club [[FC Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Bollywood actors & their brand endorsements in 2011 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-22/news/30547000_1_endorsements-kwan-entertainment-small-screen-actors-and-actresses |work=The Economic Times |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630094053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-22/news/30547000_1_endorsements-kwan-entertainment-small-screen-actors-and-actresses |archive-date=30 June 2013 |url-status=dead }} {{cite news |title=Renault India ropes in Ranbir Kapoor as brand ambassador |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/renault-india-ropes-in-ranbir-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/48239703.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816105615/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/renault-india-ropes-in-ranbir-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/48239703.cms |archive-date=16 August 2016 }} {{cite news |title=Lenovo S660 seems a good mid-segment choice at Rs 13,999 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/lenovo-s660-launch/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210826/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/lenovo-s660-launch/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor}}

Kapoor has been the recipient of seven [[Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''Saawariya'' (2007),<ref name="awards" /> [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Critics Award for Best Actor]] for ''Wake Up Sid'' (2009), ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani'' (2009), and ''Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year'' (2009) (jointly for the three films),<ref name="critics09" /> and ''Rockstar'' (2011),<ref name="awards" /> and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] awards for ''Rockstar'',<ref name="awards" /> ''Barfi!'' (2012),<ref name="awards" /> ''Sanju'' (2018),<ref name="ff19" /> and ''Animal'' (2023).<ref name="ff24" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|id=ranbir-kapoor}}

{{Kapoor family}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor|Awards]] for Ranbir Kapoor
| list =
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActor}}
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{{IIFAAwardBestActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ProducersGuildFilmAwardBestActor}}
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{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
}}

{{Subject bar
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|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Ranbir}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Ranbir]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Bhatt family]]

David Sassoon (treasurer)

2026-02-17T03:30:38Z

Robbub: slightly fix citations as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Merchant and Treasurer of Baghdad (1792–1864)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Sassoon
| image = David Sassoon.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = David Sassoon
| birth_name =
| birth_date = October 1792
| birth_place = Baghdad, [[Baghdad Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Iraq]]
| death_date = 7 November 1864 (aged 72)
| death_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| resting_place = [[Ohel David Synagogue]] Complex, [[Pune]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Merchant|philanthropist}}
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Hannah Joseph|1818|1826|end=died}}
*{{marriage|Farha Hyeem|1828}}
}}
| children = 14, including [[Albert Sassoon|Albert]], [[Elias David Sassoon|Elias]], [[Sassoon David Sassoon|Sassoon David]], [[Reuben Sassoon|Rueben]], [[Arthur Sassoon|Arthur]], [[Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894)|Solomon]], and [[Frederick David Sassoon|Fredrick]]
| parents = Saleh Sassoon (father) Amam Gabbai (mother)
| relatives = [[Sassoon family]]
}}
'''David Sassoon''' (October 1792 – 7 November 1864)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Joseph |title=SASSOON |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13218-sassoon |website=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> was a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] merchant and philanthropist in [[Ottoman Iraq]]. David Sassoon served as the treasurer of Baghdad between 1817 and 1829.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> Fleeing persecution, Sassoon and his family emigrated to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> He became the leader of the [[History of the Jews in India|Jewish community in Mumbai]] after the Baghdadi Jews emigrated to the city.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Robert L. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Jewish_Heart/tKEHEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=A Jewish Heart: The Struggle for Status and Identity in Asia |date= |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-6669-1181-7 |location=Lanham |pages=13–19 |language=en}}</ref> Sassoon was the founder of the [[Sassoon family]] and the founder of David Sassoon and Sons, which later became [[David Sassoon & Co.]], a trading company owned by his family.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Philpot |first=Robert |date=26 November 2022 |title=The rise and fall of the opium-fueled Sassoon dynasty, the ‘Rothschilds of the East’ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-opium-fueled-sassoon-dynasty-the-rothschilds-of-the-east/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=9 November 2024 |title=How the Sassoons of Bombay became one of China’s wealthiest families |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1075379/how-the-sassoons-of-bombay-became-one-of-chinas-wealthiest-families |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Sassoon's success as a merchant, in which opium played a key role, made him known as the "Merchant Prince of Bombay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inamdar |first=Nadeem |date=10 December 2024 |title=Ohel David Synagogue and David Sassoon Tomb join Maharashtra’s Jewish Heritage Tourism Circuit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ohel-david-synagogue-and-david-sassoon-tomb-join-maharashtra-s-jewish-heritage-tourism-circuit-101733770054357.html |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashish K. |date=29 May 2015 |title=Premchand Roychand: Mumbai’s original share king |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/R5BUHntOmItyIJ2yE4G09M/Premchand-Roychand-Mumbais-original-share-king.html |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Mint}}</ref> Sassoon also used his wealth for various philanthropic and architectural projects.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Sundeep |date=22 March 2025 |title=The merchant who built Bombay: How David Sassoon shaped a global city |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/david-sassoon-sassoon-docks-mumbai-history-of-mumbai-trade-mumbai-jewish-heritage-david-sassoon-legacy-sassoon-buildings-11742539456434.html |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Mint}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Atikh |last2=Mascarehnas |first2=Anuradha |date=9 September 2023 |title=Sassoon Hospital, a Jewish merchant’s enduring gift to Pune which he didn’t live to see |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sassoon-hospital-a-jewish-merchants-enduring-gift-to-pune-which-he-didnt-live-to-see-8931738/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
David Sassoon was born in 1792 in Baghdad, [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":1" /> His father, [[Sheikh]] Sassoon ben Saleh (1750–1830),<ref>The ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|DNB]]'' gives "Sason ben Saleh".</ref> was a wealthy businessman, who had also served as the chief treasurer to the [[pasha]]s (the governors of Baghdad), and served as the president (''Nasi'') of [[Baghdadi Jews|the city's Jewish community]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=The Sassoons in Baghdad & India |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/the-sassoons-in-baghdad-india |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Sotheby's |language=}}</ref> His father also held the [[honorific]] title of Sheikh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=England |first=Vaudine |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Fortune_s_Bazaar/uM2ZEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Fortune's Bazaar: The Making of Hong Kong |date= |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4721-5716-4 |location=London |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Jean Moorcroft |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Siegfried_Sassoon/wvYiEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Siegfried Sassoon: The Making of a War Poet, A Biography (1886-1918) |date= |publisher=Roudedge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-040-27753-9 |location=Oxfordshire |language=en}}</ref> His mother was Amam Gabbai and Sassoon was one of seven children.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |pages=5–12}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Sassoon and his [[Sassoon family|family]] have Iraqi [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] origin.<ref name=":1" /> Sassoon had an education in the Hebrew language.<ref name=":1" />

Between 1817 and 1829, Sassoon served as the treasurer of Baghdad.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> Sassoon and his father, Sassoon ben Saleh, were persecuted by [[Dawud Pasha of Baghdad]], which prompted Sassoon and his family to move to [[Bushehr]], [[Qajar Iran|Iran]], and after his father's death in 1830, the family relocated to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Career in Bombay ==
Sassoon and his family arrived in Bombay in 1832 and in the same year, he founded [[David Sassoon & Co.]], a trading company.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |pages=17–19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Jonathan |url=http://archive.org/details/the-last-kings-of-shanghai-the-rival-jewish-dynasties-that-helped-create-modern- |title=The Last Kings Of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2020 |location=New York |pages=31–32}}</ref> Originally, Sassoon acted as a middleman between British textile firms and the Persian Gulf's commodity merchants.<ref name=":42" /> He would then invest his profits in valuable harbour properties in Bombay, gaining early access to the best commodities of the merchants using his harbour docks, and used the additional funds earned from his harbour properties to finance other foreign trader's Indian purchases before their return journeys.<ref name=":42" />

He also learned Hindi and developed a working command of the language.<ref name=":42" /> His major competitors were [[Parsi people|Parsis]], whose profits were built on their domination of the [[History of opium in China|Sino-Indian opium trade]] since the 1820s.<ref name="Palsetia2001">{{cite book |author=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC&pg=PA55 |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0 |location=Leiden |pages=55–57 |language=en |access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref> By the 1830s, Sassoon had become one of the wealthiest people in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Jonathan |url=http://archive.org/details/the-last-kings-of-shanghai-the-rival-jewish-dynasties-that-helped-create-modern- |title=The Last Kings Of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2020 |location=New York |pages=35–36}}</ref> [[File:David Sassoon and sons.jpg|thumb|David Sassoon (seated) and his sons [[Elias David Sassoon|Elias David]], [[Albert Abdallah David Sassoon|Albert Abdallah]] and [[Sassoon David Sassoon|Sassoon David]].]]

Sassoon began searching for opportunities in China during the 1840s.<ref name=":02" /> Following the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]], which opened China to British traders in, Sassoon and his family began business operations in China in 1844.<ref name=":02" /> Sassoon sent his son [[Elias David Sassoon|Elias]] to Canton (now known as Guangzhou) to look for business opportunities in China, and Elias later set up business operations in Shanghai and in Hong Kong as well.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |pages=23–24}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Marlow |first=Eugene |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jazz_in_China/FfNjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Jazz in China: From Dance Hall Music to Individual Freedom of Expression |date= |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4968-1800-3 |language=en}}</ref> In 1844, his son Elias, opened a David Sassoon & Co. branch office in Hong Kong.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Nathan |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Global_Religions/EsMVDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions |date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-976764-9 |editor-last=Juergensmeyer |editor-first=Mark |page=237 |language=en |chapter=Jewish Communities in Asia}}</ref> His company, David Sassoon & Co., opened an office in [[The Bund (Shanghai)|The Bund]], in Shanghai's [[Shanghai International Settlement|British concession]], by 1845.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norris |first=Jacob |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Land_of_Progress/xRFpAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Land of Progress: Palestine in the Age of Colonial Development, 1905-1948 |date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-164811-3 |location=Oxford |page=82 |language=en}}</ref>

Sassoon, in his business, developed a lucrative triangular trade.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Green |first=David B. |date=7 November 2012 |title=1864: Global trade tycoon David Sassoon dies |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2012-11-07/ty-article/1864-tycoon-david-sassoon-dies/0000017f-e919-df2c-a1ff-ff5929f30000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604190534/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2012-11-07/ty-article/1864-tycoon-david-sassoon-dies/0000017f-e919-df2c-a1ff-ff5929f30000 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=Haaretz}}</ref> In the triangular trade, Indian opium and cotton was brought to China, in return for which Sassoon received silver, tea and silk.<ref name=":8" /> Sassoon would then send these products to England.<ref name=":8" /> From Britain, finished products and cash were brought back to India and used to purchase more opium.<ref name=":8" />

According to various historical accounts, by the 1860s, Sassoon had accumulated more wealth than the [[Parsis]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=R.N. |date=4 February 2020 |title=David Sassoon – The Biggest Wealth Generator In Bombay |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/david-sassoon-the-biggest-wealth-generator-in-bombay-4523271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109030359/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/david-sassoon-the-biggest-wealth-generator-in-bombay-4523271.html |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Xun |first=Zhou |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Judaism_Christianity_and_Islam/d3AfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Collaboration and Conflict in the Age of Diaspora |date= |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-988-8208-27-2 |editor-last=Gilman |editor-first=Sander L. |location=Hong Kong |page=100 |language=en |chapter=Collaborating and Conflicted: Being Jewish in Secular and Multicultural Hong Kong}}</ref> Sassoon also capitalized on an opportunity that presented itself due to the [[American Civil War]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Wakeman |first=Rosemary |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Worlds_of_Victor_Sassoon/07sIEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Worlds of Victor Sassoon: Bombay, London, Shanghai, 1918–1941 |date= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-226-83419-1 |location=Chicago |page=24 |language=en}}</ref> Due to the American Civil War, American cotton exports to [[Lancashire]]'s textile mills were interrupted. This led Sassoon to expand his textile business to include exports of cotton and cotton yarn.<ref name=":11" /> The factories in Lancashire [[Lancashire Cotton Famine|replaced American cotton imports]] with Sassoon's Indian cotton and cotton yarn imports.<ref name=":11" /> Sassoon and his family's success made them among the wealthiest and most influential business families in Bombay.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Nathan |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Who_Are_the_Jews_of_India/ZWX6pF2PTJwC?hl=en&gbpv |title=Who Are the Jews of India? |date= |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-92072-9 |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=139 |language=en}}</ref> Sassoon's achievements earned him a reputation within the Jewish community in Asia as someone who would offer employment to any Jew in need.<ref name=":6" /> By the 1870s, Sassoon had come to dominate the opium trade to China, having outcompeted [[History of Jardine Matheson & Co.|Jardine Matheson]], a British company, and the Bombay-based Parsi traders, to the extent that they were pushed out of the business of opium trading to China.<ref name=":8" />

== Personal life and family ==
Sassoon was married to Hannah Joseph and they had four children before she died in 1826.<ref name=":1" /> Sassoon later married Farha Hyeem and they had 10 children.<ref name=":1" /> Sassoon's sons were [[Albert Sassoon|Albert]], [[Elias David Sassoon|Elias]], [[Sassoon David Sassoon|Sassoon David]], [[Reuben Sassoon|Rueben]], [[Arthur Sassoon|Arthur]], Aaron, [[Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894)|Solomon]], and [[Frederick David Sassoon|Fredrick]], and his daughters were Mazaltob, Amam, Kate, Rebecca, and Mozelle.<ref name=":423">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |pages=xiv–xv}}</ref> In Bombay, Sassoon continued to dress and have the manners of Baghdadi Jews; however, Sassoon's sons were allowed by him to adopt English manners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2018 |title=Generosity of a Jew saving thousands of lives |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/generosity-jew-saving-thousands-lives-2476243 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In 1853, Sassoon became a [[British subject]], and signed his [[Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)|Oath of Allegiance]] to [[Queen Victoria]] in Hebrew due to his poor command of English; however, he was still based in Pune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Decolonization_and_the_Cold_War/JipmBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Decolonization and the Cold War: Negotiating Independence |last2=Leake |first2=Elisabeth |date= |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4725-7121-2 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Leslie |location=London |page=239 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 12 - From Foreign Concessions to Special Economic Zones: Decolonization and Foreign Investment in Twentieth-Century Asia |editor-last2=Leake |editor-first2=Elisabeth}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Sassoon was a devout [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jew]] and observed religious practices, including the [[Sabbath]].<ref name=":4222">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |page=8 |pages=}}</ref><ref name=":42222">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/sassoons00jack |title=The Sassoons |date= |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co |year=1968 |location=New York |page=33 |pages=}}</ref> In Bombay, Sassoon first lived on 9 Tamarind Street and later with his family, moved to [[Byculla]] where he lived in ''Sans Souci'', the former palace of Shin Sangoo.<ref name="PMG 1875">{{cite news |date=19 November 1875 |title=The Prince of Wales in India |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/66482079/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |publisher=The Pall Mall Gazette |page=5 |via=NewspaperArchive.com |quote=The Prince of Wales, accompanied by the Duke of Sutherland, Sir Bartle Frere, Lord Suffield, Major-General Probyn, and Messrs. Henderson, FitzGeorge, and Knollys, landed from the Serapis at three o'clock this afternoon, and was met by Mr. Sourer and an escort of the 3rd Hussars. The Royal party drove to ... He paid a visit to Lady Sassoon, at Sans Souci, and remained a quarter of an hour. The Prince then lunched' and returned to the ''[[HMS Serapis (1866)|Serapis]]''}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Baghdadi_Jews_in_India/05mfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity |date= |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-53387-7 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shalva |location=Oxfordshire |language=en |chapter=Super-diversity among the Baghdadi Jews of India}}</ref> Sassoon's Sans Souci home was later donated to the Parsi Trust and later became the [[Masina Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelar |first=Jyoti |date=6 November 2018 |title=Parsis, Jews join hands for Masina Hospital restoration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/parsis-jews-join-hands-for-masina-hospital-restoration/article25430298.ece |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Alok |date=29 June 2021 |title=Pandemic spurs revamp of iconic Byculla hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pandemic-spurs-revamp-of-iconic-byculla-hospital/article35017304.ece |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Somita |date=22 August 2022 |title=120-year-old Masina Hospital gets ₹22 crore facelift |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/120yearold-masina-hospital-gets-22-crore-facelift-101661190184846.html |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

His son Albert moved to London, England, in 1874, became a [[Sassoon baronets|Baronet]] and married into the [[Rothschild family]].<ref name=":3" /> Sassoon's eight sons all entered various areas of the Sassoon family’s businesses.<ref name=":8" /> Sassoon died on 7 November 1864.<ref name=":8" /> Albert was given control of David Sassoon & Co after Sassoon's death, which led to Elias separating from the family business due to a feud with Albert and founding [[E. D. Sassoon & Co.]], Elias' own trading company.<ref name=":3" /> Sassoon's grandson, [[David Solomon Sassoon]], was a [[bibliophile]].<ref name=":522">{{Cite book |last=Manasseh |first=Sara |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Baghdadi_Jews_in_India/05mfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity |date= |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-53387-7 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shalva |location=Oxfordshire |language=en |chapter=Music traditions in the Baghdadi Jewish communities of Bombay and Poona: Continuity, new horizons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=David Solomon Sassoon |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/david-solomon-sassoon |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Sotheby's |language=}}</ref> His other grandson, Edward Sassoon also served as a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=The Sassoons were once Asia’s top business dynasty |url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/03/26/the-sassoons-were-once-asias-top-business-dynasty |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Philanthropy and legacy ==
[[File:David Sassoon tomb.jpg|right|210px|thumb|Tomb of David Sassoon, [[Ohel David Synagogue]] (Lal Deval), [[Pune]], India]]
[[File:KITLV 100093 - Unknown - Sassoon Hospital in Pune in India - Around 1875.tif|alt=Historical image of Sassoon Hospital in Pune|thumb|Sassoon Hospital, Pune in around 1875]]
Sassoon used his wealth to undertake various philanthropic initiatives and architectural projects.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> Sassoon built the [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David synagogue]] in [[Byculla]], Bombay, and he also built the [[Ohel David Synagogue]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopinath |first=P. Krishna |date=7 March 2020 |title=Mumbai’s last minyans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/mumbais-last-minyans/article31008065.ece |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Inamdar |first=Nadeem |date=10 December 2024 |title=Ohel David Synagogue and David Sassoon Tomb join Maharashtra’s Jewish Heritage Tourism Circuit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ohel-david-synagogue-and-david-sassoon-tomb-join-maharashtra-s-jewish-heritage-tourism-circuit-101733770054357.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Sassoon also established a school, a Mechanics' Institute, a library and a convalescent home in Pune.<ref name=":7" /> He also donated for the construction of Victoria and Albert museum, which was later renamed as the [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]] in [[Jijamata Udyaan|Jijamata Udyann]], a zoo and gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gehi |first=Reema |date=8 December 2012 |title=The green revelation |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/the-green-revelation/articleshow/17862207.cms |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=}}</ref> Through his wealth and philanthropic initiatives, Sassoon became the leader of the [[History of the Jews in India|Jewish community of Bombay]] by the 1860s.<ref name=":7" /> He helped to arouse a sense of Jewish identity among the [[Bene Israel]]i and [[Cochin Jew]]ish communities. Various charity trusts, which continue in existence today, were funded from his private income and named after him and other members of his family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Pronoti |date=16 April 2011 |title=David Sassoon's kin is a chip of the old block |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/david-sassoons-kin-is-a-chip-of-the-old-block/articleshow/7995846.cms |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gujar |first=Aseem |date=8 August 2022 |title=Mumbai: A Baghdadi Jew revisits childhood haunts to relive 200-year legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-a-baghdadi-jew-revisits-childhood-haunts-to-relive-200-year-legacy/articleshow/93418338.cms |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biraia |first=Pooja |date=23 February 2019 |title=Faith gets a facelift |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2019/02/23/faith-gets-a-facelift.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=The Week |language=}}</ref>

Sassoon's businesses and philanthropic institutions helped him develop a social, educational and commercial network for Jewish immigrants in Bombay.<ref name=":5" /> He established the David Sassoon Benevolent Institution to educate young Jewish men who had immigrated from areas that included Baghdad, Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan in various subjects such as Arabic, bookkeeping, and Hebrew.<ref name=":5" /> Sassoon would later employ these people in his businesses.<ref name=":5" /> Sassoon's philanthropic institutions, which included a hospital, synagogue, library, and cemetery, all funded and endowed by Sassoon, offered his workers a range of services that supported them throughout their lives, including retirement and burial services.<ref name=":5" /> This contributed to the functioning of his business operations and earned him the loyalty of his workers.<ref name=":5" /> The [[Sassoon Docks]], completed in 1875 and owned by his son Albert, and the [[David Sassoon Library]] are named after him.<ref>[http://asianjewishlife.org/images/issues/Issue14-April2014/PDFs/AJL-Issue14-Allinone.pdf Shalva Weil, "The Legacy of David Sassoon: Building a Community Bridge", Asian Jewish Life, 14:4-6 (April 2014).]</ref><ref name=":10" />

Some of the prominent buildings built by David Sassoon and the Sassoon family are:
*[[David Sassoon Library]] & reading room, Fort Mumbai
*[[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David Synagogue]], Byculla, Mumbai
**Jacob Sasooon High School, Byculla, Mumbai
**[[E.E.E. Sassoon High School]], Byculla, Mumbai
*David Sassoon Hospital, [[JJ Hospital]] Premises, Byculla, Mumbai
* [[Masina Hospital]], Byculla, Mumbai
*[[Knesset Eliyahoo]] Synagogue, Colaba, Mumbai
*[[Sassoon Dock]], Colaba, Mumbai
*The [[Bank of India]], Fort (head office), Mumbai
*The David Sassoon Reformary and Deaf school, Matunga, Mumbai
*[[Ohel David Synagogue]], [[Pune]]
*[[Sassoon Hospital]], Pune
*Lady Rachel Sassoon Dispensary, Pune
*David Sassoon Elderly and Destitute Persons Home (1863), Pune (today's Nivara Old Age Home)
*[[Sassoon House]]

They have contributed to the construction of:

*[[Gateway of India]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/the-story-of-the-sassoons/|title=The story of the Sassoons|last=GatewayHouse|date=2014-02-07|work=Gateway House|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Sassoon Building of Elphinstone Technical High School, Mumbai<ref name=":0" />
*[[The Institute of Science, Mumbai]]
*Clock Tower at the [[Jijamata Udyaan|Victoria Gardens]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-legacy-of-david-sassoon/|title=The Legacy of David Sassoon|website=ejewishphilanthropy.com|date=30 May 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref>
*The [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum|Victoria and Albert Museum]]

<gallery widths="260px" heights="200px" perrow="3">

Image:Sassoon family tree.jpg|Family tree of the Sassoon family
Image:Sassoon Docks.jpg| [[Sassoon Docks]], in Mumbai
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Sassoon family]]
* [[David Sassoon & Co.]]
* [[E.D. Sassoon & Co.]]
* [[History of opium in China]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}
*Chiara Betta 'Marginal Westerners in Shanghai: the Baghdadi Jewish community, 1845-1931' in [[Robert Bickers]] and Christian Henriot ''New Frontiers: imperialism's new communities in East Asia, 1842-1953'' (Manchester University Press 2000: pp. 38–54), [https://books.google.com/books?id=OmW7AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22David+Sassoon%22+opium&pg=PA39 p.38ff.]
*[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], ''Sassoon family''
*[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/david-sassoon.html Biography from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=269&letter=S#899 Jewish Encyclopedia.com]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|David Sassoon}}
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=269&letter=S David Sasoon in the Jewish Encyclopedia]

{{Foreign trade in Imperial China |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sassoon, David}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Iraqi Jews]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Sassoon family|David]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Immigrants to British India]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

Bolpur

2026-02-12T00:45:48Z

Robbub: typo fix

{{Short description|Municipality in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bolpur
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]] and [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = 208787 watermarked.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Khoai Road
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|23.67|N|87.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bolpur subdivision]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = {{bulleted list|Bolpur Municipality|Sriniketan Santiniketan Development Authority (SSDA)}}
| leader_title1 = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name1 = Parna Ghosh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Bolpur Info'>{{cite web|title=Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs / Bolpur Municipality|url=https://www.wburbanservices.gov.in/|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 33.45
| area_metro_km2 = 106.28
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Sriniketan-Santiniketan Development Authority|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_SSDA.htm|website=sudawb.org|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 58
| population_total = 112,591
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Bolpur Info'/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Bolpurbashi or Santiniketanbashi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731204 (Bolpur) 731235 (Santiniketan) 731236 (Sriniketan)
| area_code = 03463 (Bolpur Telephone Exchange)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber Trunk Dialling|STD]] code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = Bolpur RTO {{bulleted list|WB-47 (commercial vehicles)|WB-48 (private vehicles)}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = Railway Station(s)
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station]] (BHP) [[Prantik railway station]] (PNE)
| website = {{URL|bolpur-santiniketan.com}} {{URL|bolpurmunicipality.org}} {{URL|santiniketan.com}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = • [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]], [[Nanoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nanoor]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = • [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = Chandranath Singha
}}

'''Bolpur''' is a [[city]] and a [[municipality]] in [[Birbhum district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Bolpur subdivision]]. Bolpur municipal area includes [[Santiniketan]]. The city is known as a cultural and educational hub of West Bengal. The city is under the jurisdiction of Bolpur and Santiniketan Police station. Bolpur is the largest and most populous city in [[Birbhum district]] and 28th most populous city in West Bengal. Located on the banks of [[Ajay River]] and [[Kopai River]], Bolpur has been one of the major human settlements. It is 150 km north of [[Kolkata]] and is famous for [[Visva Bharati]], the [[University]] set up by the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

==Etymology==
There is a mythical story that says that [[Supur, Birbhum|Supur]] was the capital of [[Surath|Raja Surath]]. He lost his kingdom when he had gone out for conquests, but regained the same with the blessings of goddess [[Bhavani]]. In his worship of gratitude, Raja Surath organised the sacrificial slaughtering of one [[lakh]] goats. As a result, the name of place where the sacrificial offerings were made became ‘Bolipur’ – with time it became Bolpur.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, page 298, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
About 150 years ago, Bolpur was a small village under Supur Porgana. Kalikapur a known place of Bolpur was the origin of the typical village in past. There were no rail lines, no developed roads. Paddy land were seen around the village. "Lalmati" (red soil) was found everywhere. Many villages named Sian, Dihipara, Khoskadampur, Paruldanga, Goalpara, Ballavpur, Bandhgara, Surul, Supur, Raipur were the boundary line around Bolpur.

[[East India Company|East India company]] established the first railway line in 1859, when the Sahebganj loopline was extended beyond the river Ajay. Bolpur railway station was established in 1860. Along with this, court, police station, sub registry office, etc., were established in old Bolpur. Then people started residing here. Christian missionaries came; they founded a church that was known as Mission compound. Paddy storage house, stationary shops, grocery shops, garment shops etc. were on the east side near Bolpur railway station. About 19 husking machines were here at that time.

Maharshi [[Debendranath Tagore]] established a centre of religious mediation in Bolpur. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] established Visva Bharati Viswavidyalaya in 1921. These were the main reasons for the huge extension, development and popularity of Bolpur.

Provincial names proved the upcoming gradual development of Bolpur. Kachharipatti is just beside court house, Trishulapatti is the commercial paddy trading centre. Kalibaroarytala was the service place for Bolpur set up by some initiative people. Netaji made a conference. Here Harisava stood against "Bramhopasana". Every week these two conferences were held in Bolpur. Bijaykrishna Ghoswami, Shivnath Shastri, Shasibhusan Basu and others gave religious advice. Beside this, prayer committee was set up.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=700| height=500| zoom=13
| coord={{coord|23|39|50|N|87|40|10|E}}| float=right|caption='''Bolpur Santiniketan''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, U: University. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23.6535274|N|87.6983267|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bolpur Court | numbered1=F| mark-title1= Bolpur Court (F)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23.6630438|N|87.6993265|E}} | label-pos2=Right|label2=Bolpur Municipality | numbered2=F| mark-title2= Bolpur Municipality (F)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23.6664078|N|87.6842327|E}} | label-pos3=Right|label3=Bolpur SDO office | numbered3=F| mark-title3= Bolpur SDO office (F)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23.6656144|N|87.6835085|E}} | label-pos4=Left|label4=SSDA Bolpur | numbered4=F| mark-title4= SSDA Bolpur (F)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|16|N|87|41|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bolpur | numbered5=M| mark-title5= Bolpur (M)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|39|40|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Shantiniketan| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Shantiniketan]] (R)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|0|N|87|51|36|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Nanoor| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Nanoor]] (R)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|30|N|87|39|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Sriniketan| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Sriniketan]] (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|47|N|87|52|40|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Kirnahar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kirnahar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|12|N|87|38|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Raipur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Raipur, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|36|39|N|87|53|49|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Khujutipara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Khujutipara]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|38|N|87|32|11|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Khustigiri| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Khustigiri]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23.69552|N|87.69407|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Prantik Railway Station| numbered13=🚇| mark-title13= [[Prantik Railway Station]] |shape-color13=
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|53|N|87|43|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kankalitala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kankalitala]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|40|25|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Visva-Bharati University| numbered15=U| mark-title15= [[Visva-Bharati University]] (U) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.8882|87.7549}}| label16=Mayurakshi River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= 16| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.7998|87.7254}}| label17=Bakreshwar River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=7| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.7546|87.7528}}| label18=Kopai River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-45| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|23.5809|87.7668}}| label19=Ajay River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=20| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Bolpur is located at {{coord|23.67|N|87.72|E|display=inline}}.

Bolpur covered an area of {{cvt|35.94|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1025- 1033 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

In the map of Bolpur-Sriniketan CD block on page 718 of [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf District Census Handbook Birbhum (Part A)], while the area covered by [[Shantiniketan]] is shown as a part of Bolpur, [[Sriniketan]] is shown as a part of [[Surul]], a [[census town]].

===Police station===
Bolpur police station has jurisdiction over [[Bolpur Sriniketan]] community development block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Climate==
The climate of [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]] is moderately warm, with summer temperatures at around 35-42 °C (maximum) and winter at 7-15 °C (minimum). Summer is felt for three months, March, April and May. December, January and February are the winter months. June, July, August and September see heavy rainfall, these four months are known as monsoon (rainy season) with dry humid. Shantiniketan saw its highest temperature rising 47.0 °C, on 10 June 1966. The lowest temperature ever recorded is 4.9 °C, on 9 January 2013 (see the weather box below). The annual average temperature is 26.2 °C. About 1480mm of rain falls per year, with 76 days seeing the rain.
The area is classified as an "[[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]" ([[tropical savanna climate]]) under the [[Köppen Climate Classification]].
{{Shantiniketan weatherbox}}

==Demography==
{{Historical population
| source = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A{{cn|date=September 2022}}
| 1941 | 13856
| 1951 | 14802
| 1961 | 23355
| 1971 | 29696
| 1981 | 38436
| 1991 | 52760
| 2001 | 65693
| 2011 | 80210
}}
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bolpur had a total population of 80,210, of which 40,468 (50%) were males and 39,742 (50%) were females. Population in the age range of 0–6 years was 6,852. The total number of literates in Bolpur was 63,656 (86.77% of the population 7 years and over).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref>

===Religion===
According to Census of India 2011, [[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion in Bolpur, followed by 89.77% of the population. It is followed by [[Islam]] with 9.68% adherents. Other religions like [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]] are followed by less than 1% of the population.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Bolpur |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bolpur<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|89.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|9.68}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.55}}
}}

==Civic administration==
Bolpur municipality is divided into 22 wards. Until 2010, the [[Indian National Congress]] was in power in it. In the 2010 municipal elections, the municipality faced a hung verdict. Later, the [[Trinamool Congress]] with nine councillors, formed the board by taking the support of eight Congress councillors. This board officially ended its term on 2020, but due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], municipal election is on hold for this municipality. An Interim Administrative board is on charge of Bolpur municipality, Parna Ghosh is the current [[Chairperson]] of the municipal board.<ref>{{Cite web|title=বোলপুর পুরসভার প্রশাসক পদে রদবদল, সুশান্তের জায়গায় আনা হল পর্ণাকে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/parna-ghosh-appointed-as-administrator-of-bolpur-municipality-dgtld/cid/1280913|access-date=17 May 2021|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> Former Loksabha Speaker Late [[Somnath Chatterjee]] had been an elected parliamentarian from 1985 till 2009 from Bolpur constituency. He was preceded by Late [[Saradish Roy]] another veteran parliamentarian from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

==Transport==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

===Railways===
[[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station]] (BHP) is the major railway station under [[Howrah]] Division of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] (ER). The station is well connected to the major cities, specially state capital [[Kolkata]]. Apart from [[West Bengal]], the station connected to cities of other states like [[Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Agartala]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Mumbai]].

Another railway station in the city is [[Prantik railway station]] (PNE) which is the next station of Bolpur Shantiniketan. Some local passenger and express trains give a stop in this station.

===Roadways===
Bolpur is connected to all important cities by roadways. [[National Highway 114]] (old numbering NH 2B) pass through Bolpur. The highway runs from [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] (old numbering NH 60) at Mallarpur to [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering NH 2) at [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]]. This highway connects Bolpur with [[Burdwan]] (60 km) and [[Kolkata]] (160 km). [[SH 14]] or [[Panagarh–Morgram Highway|Morgram - Panagarh highway]] passes through 15 km away from Bolpur at [[Ilambazar|Illambazar]], and junction with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] at [[Panagarh]] (40 km). This route connects Bolpur with [[Durgapur]] (54 km), [[Asansol]] (97 km), [[Maithon]] (120 km) and [[Dhanbad]] (160 km). Bolpur-Suri road connects Bolpur with district headquarter Suri (35 km) and the road cross [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] at Suri. After crossing, the road goes towards [[Massanjore Dam|Massanjore]] (70 km), [[Dumka]] (98 km), [[Deoghar]] (165 km). Distance from Bolpur to [[Berhampore]] via [[Nanoor]] is 100 km, and [[Katwa]] via [[Nutanhat]] is 54 km.

Bolpur is connected through [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]], [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]] and private bus services. Private cab services are also available.

===Airways===
Bolpur has no airport of its own. The nearest airport from Bolpur is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] located 70 km away in [[Andal]], [[Durgapur]]. The nearest international airport is [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] (CCU) located 160 km away in [[Dum Dum]] (Kolkata).

==Education==
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=July 2024}}
===Universities and Colleges===
====Universities====
* [[Visva-Bharati University]]
* [[Seacom Skills University]]
* [[Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay|Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay (Bolpur University)]]

====General Colleges====
* [[Bolpur College]]
* [[Purni Devi Chaudhuri Girls' College|Purni Devi Chaudhuri Girls' College (PDCGC)]]

====Medical Colleges====
* [[Santiniketan Medical College]]

====Engineering / Management / Polytechnic====
* [[Bengal Institute of Technology & Management|Bengal Institute of Technology & Management (B.I.T.M Santiniketan)]]
* [[Santiniketan Institute of Polytechnic]] (S.I.P Bolpur)<ref>{{cite web |title=SIP Profile |url=https://santiniketanpolytechnic.org/sip-profile/ |website=Santiniketan Institute of Polytechnic |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

====Law Colleges====
* [[Bengal Law College]]
====Nursing Colleges====
* Santiniketan Sebaniketan Nursing Institute

===Schools===
====Visva Bharati affiliated Schools====
* [[Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan|Patha Bhavana]]
* [[Siksha Satra]]

====Residential Schools====
* [[Ekalavya Model Residential School]] (EMRS)

====Private Schools====
* [[Techno India Group Public School]] (TIGPS)
* [[Ryan International School]]
* [[Nava Nalanda High School]]
* [[St.Teresa's School,ICSE ISC Board]]
* North Point Senior Secondary Boarding School
====Central Government Schools====
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]

====State Government High Schools====
* [[Bolpur High School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Schools |url=https://www.aim.gov.in/pdf/West-Bengal.pdf |website=aim.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Bolpur Girls' High School]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Snehamoy |title=Bolpur Girls' High School students agitate for exam delay |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bolpur-girls-high-school-students-agitate-for-exam-delay/cid/1842503 |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Bandhgora Kalikrishna Vidyapith]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WBBSE :: Affiliated Schools Birbhum |url=http://wbbse.org/sbirbhum.htm |website=wbbse.org |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Srinanda High School]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Newly-Married Couple Found Dead On Campus Of Visva-Bharati University |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/visva-bharati-university-birbhum-west-bengal-newly-married-couple-found-dead-inside-campus-2033046 |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=NDTV |date=5 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Bolpur NNB High School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Education First |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19082001102 |website=school.banglarshiksha.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Bolpur Vivekananda Vidyapith]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Education First |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19082000202 |website=school.banglarshiksha.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shailabala Girls' High School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Education First |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/contact/19082001103 |website=school.banglarshiksha.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bolpur Subdivisional Hospital has 520 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 9 February 2018 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Bolpur Block Primary Health Centre at Bolpur, serving [[Bolpur Sriniketan]] community development block, has 60 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

[https://pathyasathi.com Pathyasathi Ayurveda] Sonajhuri, Santiniketan has 30 beds,an ayurvedic hospital in collaboration with Dhanwanthari Vaidyasala. The later is recognized as one of the oldest houses of Ayurveda in Kerala.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

==Wildlife sanctuary==
• [[Ballabhpur Wildlife Sanctuary]] & Deer Park (Santiniketan)

==Notable people==
{{Main|Notable people associated with Santiniketan}}

==See also==
*[[Rampurhat]]
*[[Malda, West Bengal]]
*[[Basirhat]]
*[[Barrackpore]]
*[[Durgapur]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130203115000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041219/asp/calcutta/story_4148675.asp Around Bolpur] ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 19 December 2004
* [http://www.santiniketan.com/ From Bolpur to Santiniketan]
* [https://www.santiniketantravelguide.com/ Santiniketan travel guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129184517/https://santiniketantravelguide.com/ |date=29 November 2021 }}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Santiniketan}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Vellayani Devi Temple

2026-02-10T18:01:46Z

Robbub: Bio

{{short description|Bhadrakali Devi Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Major Vellayani Devi Temple
| image = Vellayani Devi Golden Idol.png
| alt =
| caption = ''' Golden Idol of Vellayani Devi '''
| map_type = India Kerala#India#Asia
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|8|26|44|N|76|59|29|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location = [[Nemom]], [[Vellayani]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals= [[Kaliyoottu]], Aswathy [[Pongala]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]] ([[Kovil]])
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| creator =
| website =https://www.onlinetdb.com/
|governing_body=[[Travancore Devaswom Board]]|native_name=}}

[[File:Vellayani Temple Dikkubali Mahotsavam.webm|thumb|''' Vellayani Temple Dikkubali Mahotsavam ''']]

The '''Major''' '''Vellayani Devi Temple''' is a highly revered shrine in [[Kerala]], [[India]], dedicated to goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The shrine is situated in Vellayani 1.5 km west of Vellayani junction, 12 km southeast of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on the eastern bank of [[Vellayani Lake]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/vellayani.htm |title=Kerala Temples - Bhagavathy Temples - Vellayani Devi |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081040/http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/vellayani.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.geoview.info/vellayani_devi_temple,2156110055n |title=Vellayani Devi Temple |publisher=In.geoview.info |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081027/http://in.geoview.info/vellayani_devi_temple,2156110055n |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple is under the management of [[Devaswom boards in Kerala#Travancore Devaswom Board|Travancore Devaswom Board]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Sreejith N |url=http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/vellayani.htm |title=Bhagavathy Temples - Vellayani Devi |publisher=Kerala Temples |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081028/http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/vellayani.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple structure has a bronze roof with traditional art work and carries [[Dravidian architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Sumathi, Saigan Connection |url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/architecture/gprmvmna.html |title=Temples - Gopurams / mandapams / vimanams in South Indian Hindu temples |publisher=Indian Heritage |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131628/http://www.indian-heritage.org/architecture/gprmvmna.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple has eastern and northern towers called [[Gopuram]]s with statues of different Gods sculptured in them. The Gopurams function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/musicals/kallidaihari/gopuram.html |title=Gopuram - Tamil temple architecture - Hari's Carnatic |publisher=Angelfire.com |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081029/https://www.angelfire.com/musicals/kallidaihari/gopuram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vellayani Devi Temple is renowned for celebrating South India's longest continuous temple festival and the duration of the festival is around 65 to 70 days. This festival is held every three years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/kaliyoottu-vellayani/203/2 |title=Kaliyoottu Mahotsavam of Vellayani Devi Temple |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081032/http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/kaliyoottu-vellayani/203/2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Deities==
[[File:Vellayani devi idol detailed view.jpg|thumb| ''' Artistic detailing of the golden idol ''']]
The temple enshrines Goddess [[Bhadrakali]] as the presiding [[deity]]. The deity, as per the scriptures is a form of [[Shiva]]'s wrath. Goddess Kali is situated toward the north (vadakke nada). The idol is known in the local [[Malayalam]] language as Thirumudi. The idol of the Goddess in the Vellayani temple is one of the largest among the idols of Kerala Kali temples.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |url=http://keralawindow.net/templesoftrivandrum.htm |title=Welcome to Kerala window |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024124523/http://keralawindow.net/templesoftrivandrum.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The idol is four and a half feet in height as well as width. Pure gold and precious stones decorate the frontal view of the idol.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/15397432/Vellayani-Devi-Temple |title=Vellayani Devi Temple - Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081032/http://wikimapia.org/15397432/Vellayani-Devi-Temple |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Upadevatha's in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb| ''' Upadevatha's in Vellayani Devi Temple ''']]

Other deities worshipped at the Vellayani Devi temple called Upadevatha's temples include Lord [[Shiva]], Lord [[Ganesh]] and [[Nagaraja]]. The temple also has a small sub-temple where another deity Madan Thampuran is enshrined.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Vellayani-Devi-Temple-86185.htm |title=Vellayani Devi Temple in Thiruvananthapuram India |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=23 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823002946/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Vellayani-Devi-Temple-86185.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the temple [[Antler]] is also worshipped. The circulating notion about this is that the antler serves as a medium to invoke the spirit of the divinity at a new-built temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=11089 |title=Antler Worship in Bali and South Travancore by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair |publisher=Boloji.com |date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081032/https://www.boloji.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the antlers kept in the [[Sanctum sanctorum]] oriented towards the east is from the Thekkathu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=11090 |title=The Antiquity of the Tradition of Antler Worship by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081031/https://www.boloji.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kalankaval in Vellayani.jpg|thumb| ''' Vellayani Devi ''']]
Legend says that a Kollan (blacksmith) named Kelan Kulasekhara saw a frog with divine spirit of Goddess near Vellayani Lake. He caught the divine frog with the help of his assistant who belonged to a low caste. They brought the matter to the [[Nair]] chieftains of the locality and with their help Kulasekhara consecrated the Thiru Mudi (idol) in which divine spirit is evoked. The right to perform Uchabali (a ritual connected with festival of the temple) is still held by the Nair families. Priest of the temple is not belonging to [[Brahmin]] community but a selected person belonging to the Kollan (blacksmith) community.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

== Kali - Darika Legend ==
[[File:Kali lithograph.jpg|thumb| ''' Bhadrakali ''']]
[[Darika]] was a demon who received a boon from [[Brahma]] which granted that he would never be defeated by any man living in the fourteen worlds mentioned in Hindu
mythology. This made Darika immensely powerful and arrogant. with this boon, Darika went on to conquer the world, defeating even [[Indra]], the king of the Devas. As his atrocities became intolerable, the sage [[Narada]] requested [[Shiva]] to control Darika <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artskerala.in/mudiyett.html |title=>Welcome To Arts Kerala | an Encyclopedia on Kerala Art Forms |publisher=Artskerala.in |access-date=2013-05-08 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022071435/http://www.artskerala.in/mudiyett.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shiva opened his third eye and create Kali, whose purpose was to destroy Darika.The Goddess was a woman who was not born of humans. Even after beheading Darika,
Goddess unable to control her rage, began destroy everything. The Gods could not defeat her, and she was finally calmed when Shiva lay on the ground in front of her, submitting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/Tantra/Shakti_Incarnate82005.asp |title=Shakti Incarnate |publisher=Lifepositive.com |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020020811/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/Tantra/Shakti_Incarnate82005.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Kaliyoottu Mahotsavam==
[[File:Purathezhunallathu At Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb| ''' Purathezhunallathu At Vellayani Devi Temple ''']]
Vellayani Devi Temple is renowned for celebrating the longest continuous festival of South India and the duration of the festival is around 65 to 70 days. This festival is held every three years, usually between February and April. The festival is known as the '''[[Kaliyoottu|Kaliyoottu Mahotsavam]]''', which literally means "the festival to sumptuously feed Devi".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://trivandrumdistrict.blogspot.in/2010/10/vellayani.html#Vellayani%20Devi%20Temple |title=Welcome to Trivandrum District: Vellayani |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120824/http://trivandrumdistrict.blogspot.in/2010/10/vellayani.html#Vellayani%20Devi%20Temple |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaliyoottu is the dramatic presentation of the genesis of Bhadrakali and Darika the representatives of good and evil respectively, their confrontation and later the extermination of Darika in devotional terms and with rhythmic footsteps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralatemples.info/temple/vellayani-devi-temple/36 |title=Kerala Temples in Vellayani - Vellayani Devi Temple |publisher=Keralatemples.info |date=2007-08-20 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081031/http://keralatemples.info/temple/vellayani-devi-temple/36 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaliyoottu is a ritualistic performing art. The most important rituals associated with the Kaliyoottu festival are Kalamkaval, Uchabali, Dikkubali, Paranettu and Nilathil Poru.

Here in Vellayani encompassing beautiful Vellayani Lake, is the heaven of the resplendent "Vellayani Devi" (Goddess Bhadrakali), is the deity of this village. The deity is in the form of a golden crown ("Thanka Thirumudi"), inside Mudippura (mudi means hair of goddess and pura means house). Pujaris in Mudipuras called 'Vathis', play an important role in Kaliyoottu. During Kaliyoottu Vathi dressed as Bhadrakali will perform the Kalamkaval ceremony wearing the "Thanka Thirumudi".

Once in three years here celebrating Kaliyoottu, ie. " Thanka Thirumudi " The main deity who comes out from the Mudippura and visits all the four directions (Dikkubali) insearch of "Darika" (The Evil). Finally, the goddess finds Darika near the temple on her journey on air (Paranettu) and calls him for an open war (Nilathil poru).

On the nilathil poru day Devi kills Darika and ensures peace and prosperity to her devotees. This ritual is a symbolic victory over Evil by Goodness.

The Vellayani Kaliyoottu is the longest running festival celebrated in Kerala, continuously for 70 days. The date of the Kaliyoottu festival was announcing on the ceremony called "Thiruvay Prasnam" (on the basis of astrology)

The darshan of the "Thanka Thirumudi" (Goddess Golden Thirumudi crown, the main deity) is an enlightening experience for the devotees. The Kaliyoottu gives pleasure, peace and prosperity to the Devotees.

===Karadikottu===
Karadikottu is the maiden custom related with the festival performed with a special drum. The performer is locally known as Panan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellayani Devi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |website=keralatourism.org |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129213910/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kalamkaval ===
[[File:Kalankaval in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb| ''' Kalamkaval in Vellayani Devi Temple ''']]
Kalamkaval is a famous customs practiced at the temple premises and nearby places during festival. It is believed that the Goddess Bhadrakali searches her enemy demon, Daaruka in all directions before putting him to death. Devotees commemorate this legend by seeing this unique Kalamkaval. Kalamkaval is the ritual in which chief priest, carries the idol on his head and performs some trance like dances until he is unconscious. During kalamkaval, chief priest wears anklet and thiruvabharam (traditional gold ornaments of goddess that includes kappu, vanki, odyanam, paalakka mala, pichi mottu mala, muthu mala etc.). All people believe that the priest gets strength to carry on the trance with the idol on his head, due to the blessings of the Devi enshrined in the temple.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite web |url=http://pendrive.xomba.com/vellayani_devi_temple_a_temple_with_unique_features |title=Vellayani Devi Temple, a temple with unique features |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020054757/http://pendrive.xomba.com/vellayani_devi_temple_a_temple_with_unique_features |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nagaroottu ===

Nagaroottu is the custom performed (before "Uchabali") for the satisfaction of Naga.

=== Uchabali ===
[[File:Uchabali in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb| ''' Performing Uchabali in Vellayani Devi Temple ''']]
Uchabali is another custom performed during the festival. About sixty four gestures like in [[Kadhakali]] are used for the performance. Mathsyam, sampannam, chathurasramam, sarppamudra, and jyothimudra are some of the main gestures used. A beautiful crown built of coconut palm is fixed at the spot of Uchabali.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /> Uchabali is performed during midnight.

=== Paranettu ===
It is believed that a fight erupted between Devi and the demon Darikan in sky. The fight is enacted on a specially erected stage, about 100 feet high and is conducted at night known as Paranettu.

===Nilathilporu===
[[File:Vellayani Kaliyoottu.jpg|thumb| ''' Nilathilporu At Vellayani Devi Temple ''']]
[[File:Vellayani devi after nilathilporu.jpg|thumb| ''' Vellayani Devi after defeating Daarika ''']]
Nilathilporu that marks the conclusion of the Kaaliyoottu festival at Vellayani Devi Temple. During the climactic moment of this ceremony, the demon Daarika (the man with the symbolic crown in the foreground) weeps and begs for mercy from the Goddess. Subsequently, the Goddess beheads the demon.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1763358.ece?css=print | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Slaying of the demon | date=2011-04-24 | access-date=2 December 2012 | archive-date=26 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081039/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Slaying-of-the-demon/article14695225.ece?css=print | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Aaraattu===
[[File:Vellayani Devi’s Aaraattu.jpg|thumb| ''' Vellayani Devi’s Aarattu ''']]
The festival, Kaliyoottu, ended with a grand procession knows as [[Aaraattu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/kerala/festivals/arattu-festival.html |title=Aaraattu Festival - Kerala Aaraattu Temple Festival - Aaraattu Festival Kerala India |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081039/http://www.bharatonline.com/kerala/festivals/arattu-festival.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During Aaraattu the Idol is cleaned using water collected from 101 pots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellayani Devi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |website=keralatourism.org |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129213915/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Aaraattu is conducted at vellayani lake. A girl from the priest family below ten years of age, along with chief priest performs the function.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellayani Devi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |website=keralatourism.org |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129213911/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Pooja timing==
Every day, the temple opens at 5:30 pm and closes at 8:00 pm. On Sunday, Tuesday and Friday, the temple is also open from 12:30 pm to 2:00 pm, during which a special Madhu Pooja is performed for the Goddess.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellayani Devi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |website=keralatourism.org |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129213912/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515480262-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On the first day of all Malayalam months, the temple will open at morning 5:30 am and close at 8:00 am.

==Aswathy Pongala==
[[Pongala]] Festival at Vellayani Devi Temple is celebrated during the Malayalam month of Meenam on the Aswathy Nakshatram (Aswini Nakshatra). Pongala is the rice cooked with jaggery, ghee, coconut as well as other ingredients in the open in small pots by women to please the Goddess

==Fireworks blast accident==
One person died<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/thiruvananthapuram/31253871_1_cracker-unit-annual-pongala-festival-karakkamandapam |title=One dies in cracker unit fire at Vellayani Devi temple |date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2013-10-31 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103015625/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/thiruvananthapuram/31253871_1_cracker-unit-annual-pongala-festival-karakkamandapam |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the five persons who were injured in an explosion in temple firework shed on 26 March 2012. The accident took place around 8.45 a.m. when last-minute arrangements were on for the Aswathi pongala festival at the temple. The embers from an exploded pipe gun fell on the stored explosives resulting in the blast. The compound that housed the fireworks shed was behind the temple and soon after the blast, the area was engulfed in smoke. The police have registered cases against five men for careless handling of explosives.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/five-injured-in-fireworks-blast-at-temple/article3224875.ece |title=Five injured in fireworks blast at temple |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2012-03-26 |access-date=2013-10-17 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021184924/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/five-injured-in-fireworks-blast-at-temple/article3224875.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article460807.ece |title=Five hurt as fireworks explode at temple |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081103/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/mar/26/five-hurt-as-fireworks-explode-at-temple-352302.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/five-hurt-as-fireworks-explode-at-temple/242792-60-116.html |title=Five hurt as fireworks explode at temple |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-03-26 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194454/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/five-hurt-as-fireworks-explode-at-temple/242792-60-116.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Vellayani Devi Temple}}
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]
* [[Vellayani Lake]]
* [[Attukal Temple]]
* [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
* [[Bhadrakali]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Vellayani Devi Temple}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130820095705/http://kerala.me/thi_religious_places.php Pilgrim Centers in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala.me]

*http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/kaliyoottu-vellayani/203/2

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[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar

2026-02-05T11:22:25Z

Robbub: brief cleaned up references and added references

{{short description|Loco shed in Jharkhand, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar
| image = TATA WAG9.jpg
| image_upright = 1.5
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Tatanagar based WAG-9 at Durg Jn.
| location = [[Tatanagar]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22|46|07|N|86|12|06|E|display=inline}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| depotcode = TATA
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1962|||df=y}}
| closed =
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads =
| rollingstock = [[WAP-7]] [[WAG-9]]
| former_rolling_stock = [[WAM-4]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]]
| routes =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_size = 250
| embed =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Tatanagar]] of the [[South Eastern Railway zone]] in [[Jharkhand]], India.

==Operations==
Being one of the three electric engine sheds in South Eastern Railway, various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried out here. It has the sanctioned capacity of 120 engine units. Beyond the operating capacity, this shed houses a total of 200 engine units, including 27 [[WAP-7]] and 174 [[WAG-9]]. Like all locomotive sheds, TATA does regular maintenance, overhaul and repair including painting and washing of locomotives.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

==Livery & Markings==
TATA based WAP-7 has '''TATA Steel''' advertisement on loco's body side.
[[File:Tatanagar WAP 7 37269.jpg|thumb|Tatanagar WAP-7 37269 standing at Platform 5 of Tatanagar]]

Tatanagar loco shed has its own logo and stencils. It is written on loco's body side as well as front & back side.

==Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|54
|-
|2.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6120
|215
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>
|269
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Tatanagar]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jamshedpur]]

Balmukund Goutam

2026-02-05T04:14:25Z

Robbub: quick update

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balmukund Singh Gautam
| image =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Dhar]]
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority =
| term_start = 24 September 2013
| term_end = 8 December 2013
| successor = [[Neena Verma]]
| prior_term =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Lebad village, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh
| nationality = [[Demographics of India|India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| residence = Lebad, Dhar
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Businessman
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Balmukund Singh Gautam''' ({{IPA|hi|balmʊkʊnd̪ ɡəʊt̪əm}}) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]] state. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], He served as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha) for [[Dhar]] Constituency.

== Political career ==
Balmukund Singh Gautam is a member of the second largest political party in India, the Indian National Congress. He is a president of Dhar District Congress Committee.

He ran on the Congress ticket in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2008|2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from Dhar Vidhan Sabha Constituency, but lost due to unfair means, against [[Neena Verma]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Gautam won the seat by two votes in the first vote count; he received 50,507 votes against Verma's 50,505. Verma and her party requested to recount the votes, and she was declared winner by a margin of only one vote.<ref name="Hindustan2012">{{cite news | title = Dhar BJP MLA's Election Void: HC | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 20 October 2012 | accessdate = 5 November 2013 | location=Indore | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2793553781.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111045500/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2793553781.html | url-status=dead | archive-date = 11 November 2013 }}</ref> The final tally of votes was 50,510 to 50,509.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/oct2008/pollupd/ac/states/s12/aconst201.htm | title=State Elections 2008 – Dhar — Madhya Pradesh | publisher=Eci.nic.in. [[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=5 November 2013}}</ref>

He was very confident and challenged Verma's election and the recounting process in the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] in 2009. He petitioned that there was a misconduct in counting the [[postal votes]]. The Indore Bench of High Court ruled in favour of Gautam and declared Verma's election void on the grounds of non-compliance of the provisions of the [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of Peoples Act]]. Verma filed a recrimination petition against Gautam, which was rejected by the Bench. He was declared elected by the Court and took his oath of office on 24 September 2013.<ref name="Hindustan2012" /><ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh-pollmeter-never-too-late/article5314707.ece?ref=sliderNews | title=Madhya Pradesh Pollmeter: Never too late | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=5 November 2013 | accessdate=5 November 2013}}</ref>

On 5 November 2013, the [[All India Congress Committee]] announced Gautam as the party's candidate from Dhar Constituency for the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013 state legislative assembly election]]; the election held on 25 November.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.prativad.com/NewsDetail.aspx?newsid=7614&categoryid=1 | title=कांग्रेस द्वारा विधान सभा चुनाव के लिए 82 प्रत्याशियों की एक और सूची जारी | date=5 November 2013 | accessdate=5 November 2013 | publisher=Prativad.com | language=Hindi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105191557/http://www.prativad.com/NewsDetail.aspx?newsid=7614&categoryid=1 | archive-date=5 November 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> His nomination was opposed by some Congress leaders from Dhar.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-MP-IND-c-8-853963-NOR.html | title=फालतू की टॉफियां लेना हो तो लो, यहां अब कुछ नहीं हो सकता : दिग्विजय | work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] | date=28 October 2013 | agency=Bhaskar News Network | accessdate=5 November 2013 | location=Indore | language=Hindi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102011707/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-MP-IND-c-8-853963-NOR.html | archive-date=2 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He lost to Neena Verma by a margin of 11,482 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS12201.htm?ac=201 | title=Constituency Wise Result Status – Madhya Pradesh – Dhar | publisher=Eciresults.ap.nic.in. [[Election Commission of India]] | date=8 December 2013 | accessdate=8 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215042220/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS12201.htm?ac=201 | archive-date=15 December 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Arrest ==
The [[Rajasthan Police]] seized a tanker in Subhash Nagar, [[Bhilwara]], for [[Rum-running|carrying illegal liquor]] on 3 August 2003, and registered a case under the Rajasthan Excise Act against five people, including Gautam and his younger brother Rakesh Singh. Gautam was arrested on 11 December 2012 from a hotel in [[Pithampur]] by Rajasthan Police with the help of Dhar and [[Jhabua]] police.<ref name="Jagran2012">{{cite news | url=https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-9934092.html | title=कांग्रेस नेता बालमुकुंद गौतम गिरफ्तार | work=[[Dainik Jagran]] | date=11 December 2012 | access-date=5 November 2013 | location=Bhopal | language=Hindi}}</ref> His brother was arrested from Delhi on 15 April 2012 with the help of Dhar, [[Khandwa]] and [[Delhi Police]].<ref name="DNA2012">{{cite news | title = Power equations evident in mushrooming liquor trade | work = [[Daily News and Analysis]] | date = 15 April 2012 | accessdate = 5 November 2013 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2634072011.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111045458/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2634072011.html | url-status=dead | archive-date = 11 November 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Balmukund}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dhar]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia

2026-01-12T06:57:19Z

Robbub: Started New Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Non-fiction book by Hussain Zaidi}}
{{notability|books|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Dongri To Dubai
| image = Dongri To Dubai Cover Page.jpg
| caption = Cover art of the Book
| alt =
| author = [[Hussain Zaidi]]
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code = EN
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| published = Roli Books
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 408 (paperback)
| awards =
| isbn = 978-8174368942
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Byculla to Bangkok]]
| wikisource =
}}

'''''Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia''''' is a book by former investigative journalist [[Hussain Zaidi]] published in 2012. The book traces the evolution of the [[Mumbai]] [[mafia]] from a group of thugs and smugglers to the present day mafia dons of [[organised crime]].<ref name=LiveMint>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/drJt71RLPsqB40U2zmQvSK/Stranger-than-fiction.html|last=O'Yeah|first=Zac|publisher=[[Livemint]]|title=Stranger than fiction|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> It traces the journey of [[Dawood Ibrahim]] from the by-lanes of Dongri where he first cut his teeth in crime, to [[Dubai]], where he eventually established his empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dawood-ibrahim-dongri-to-dubai-by-s-hussain-zaidi-102732-2012-05-19 |title=The Don's story : North, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>

The book was adapted into the film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' by Sanjay Gupta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shootout at Wadala was not possible without Dongri to Dubai, says Sanjay Gupta |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shootout-at-wadala-was-not-possible-without-dongri-to-dubai-says-sanjay-gupta-625014 |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> A TV adaptation is currently in the works.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dongri to Dubai, Farhan Akhtar's Web Show on Dawood Ibrahim, to Resume Shooting After Monsoon? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dongri-to-dubai-farhan-akhtars-web-show-on-dawood-ibrahim-to-resume-shooting-after-monsoon-3899459.html |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bambai Meri Jaan]] is a web series based on this book.

==Plot==
The book chronicles the story of notorious Mumbai gangsters like [[Haji Mastan]], [[Karim Lala]], [[Chhota Rajan]], [[Abu Salem]], and primarily [[Dawood Ibrahim]] from 1947 to 2011.

Dawood Ibrahim was initiated into crime as a pawn in the hands of the Mumbai police and went on to wipe out the competition and eventually became the Mumbai police's own enemy. The narrative encompasses several milestones in the history of crime in India, from the rise of the Pathans, formation of the Dawood gang, the first ever supari, mafia's nefarious role in Bollywood, Dawood's move to Karachi, and Pakistan's subsequent alleged role in sheltering one of the most wanted persons in the world.

The story is primarily about how a boy from Dongri became a don in Dubai and captures his bravado, focus, ambition, and lust for power in a gripping narrative. The meticulously researched book provides an in-depth and comprehensive account of the mafia's games of supremacy and internecine warfare.

The narrative begins from the period of the 1950s when the eras of smugglers like Haji Mastan and Varadarajan Mudaliar flourished. Then it moves to tell stories of the menace of the Pathan gang, the short but deadly span of Manya Surve and the rise and fall of Maya Dolas whose location was tipped by Dawood Ibrahim himself in order to cut the hands reaching towards him eventually all the events leading to the making of the don - Dawood Ibrahim. It's a story of how a young boy from the streets of Dongri, a police man's own son becomes a fugitive from law to hide in Dubai and never to return to his homeland. All the events mentioned in the book leads to the [[1993 Mumbai blasts|1993 Mumbai Blasts]] which were blamed on Dawood. It explains why Dawood was not entirely the mastermind and how due to political manipulation he went on to be called a 'deshdrohi'.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:Crime in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:D-Company]]

{{crime-book-stub}}

Manu Singh

2025-12-30T16:45:10Z

Robbub: Created bio...

{{short description|Indian Meditation Expert}}
[[File:Manu Singh.jpg|thumb|Manu Singh addressing a gathering in an event on interfaith harmony|alt=]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr Manu Singh
| image = Manu Singh from Varenyam delivering an interactive session on meditation..jpg
| birth_name = Manu Singh
| birth_date = 21 May 1983
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| occupation = Environmentalist, social activist, Interfaith activist, Meditation Guru
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Anoop Singh and Indu Bala
}}

'''Manu Singh''' (मनु सिंह ) is an environmentalist<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.apnlive.com/special-tv-shows/apn-mudda-show/eco-issues-need-to-come-into-our-everyday-culture-44495|title="Eco issues need to come into our everyday culture" – APN Live|last=Live|first=APN|date=5 June 2018|work=APN Live|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030809/http://www.apnlive.com/special-tv-shows/apn-mudda-show/eco-issues-need-to-come-into-our-everyday-culture-44495|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a social justice and [[peace activist]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disaster Law: Can Laws make communities safer from disasters?|url=http://www.napsipag.org/PDF/NAPSIPAG%20REPORT%20'DISASTER%20LAW'%202014JNU%20seminar%20report.pdf|journal=Network of Asia Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010134946/http://www.napsipag.org/PDF/NAPSIPAG%20REPORT%20'DISASTER%20LAW'%202014JNU%20seminar%20report.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a well known [[Spirituality|spiritual]] trainer, experimenting with a variety of meditative techniques, and a renowned [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] practitioner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html|title=Who we are|website=www.sdsamvaad.org|access-date=2019-07-03|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221437/http://sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently he is the Chairperson of Sarva Dharma Samvaad, a holistic well-being organisation. He is also a columnist for Holistic living, Eco-spirituality and Meditative living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bridestoday.in/weddings-and-planning/story/mindfulness-and-meditation-5-ways-to-keep-calm-during-a-pandemic-brides-today-1775|title=Mindfulness and Meditation: 5 Ways to Keep Calm During a Pandemic|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121051147/https://www.bridestoday.in/weddings-and-planning/story/mindfulness-and-meditation-5-ways-to-keep-calm-during-a-pandemic-brides-today-1775|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://globalspaonline.com/health/alternative-therapies/eco-spirituality-the-pathway-to-a-meaningful-life/|title=Eco-spirituality the Pathway to a Meaningful Life | GlobalSpa - Beauty, Spa & Wellness, Luxury Lifestyle Magazine Online |date=4 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/a-new-lease-of-life-.html|title=A new lease of life? }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh was born in Dehradun, Uttarakhand on 21 May 1983 to Anoop Singh and Indu Bala. He completed his schooling from Riverdale High School, Dehradun. He pursued higher education from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fsi_guestFaculty|url=http://meafsi.in/fsi/fsi_guestFacult_list.asp?fsi_guestFacultyPage=7|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010134900/http://meafsi.in/fsi/fsi_guestFacult_list.asp?fsi_guestFacultyPage=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Meditation Guru ===
Manu Singh is a meditation and mindfulness expert, who teaches meditative living using a plethora of eastern techniques. His method is unique as he combines scientific aptitude and decantative spiritual wisdom.<ref name=":1" /> He emphasises on holistic wellbeing, physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, social and beyond. His idea of mindfulness and meditation is not limited to time or space, rather his idea of evolving focuses on encapsulating everything that is within and around oneself.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Holistic Health For Mind & Body: 5 Pillars To Maintain Holistic Health, And Its Importance - Onlymyhealth|date=21 August 2020 |url=https://www.onlymyhealth.com/holistic-health-for-mind-body-5-pillars-to-maintain-holistic-health-and-its-importance-1598014617}}</ref>

Mr Singh has propounded that the most dangerous form of pollution is pollution of human consciousness and not air, water, soil or noise. In his theory the entire world is a vast ocean of conscious interconnectedness, where every particle resonates and oscillates with the entire ocean and itself. All living entities as conscious and vibratory beings are not separate from this ocean, but when we overtly invest in our egos, we develop an illusion of separateness. This illusion leads us onto the path of disconnection from this conscious interconnectedness and we turn into a contaminant, a toxin for this entire creation.<ref name=":1" />

According to him Health is a way of living, a state of existence that encompasses everything from one’s relationships, career, physical and mental activities and spiritual practises. Above all, health and happiness are in a unified marriage, and one cannot function in the absence of the other.<ref name=":5" />

=== Eco spirituality ===
Mr Manu Singh claims that the entire existence is an interconnected web and the pollution of one's own consciousness leads to the disruption of everything around us. The solution according to him is to address this pollution of our consciousness which arises out of the overfeeding the human ego is to invest mindfully in eco-centrism: a way of life that recognizes and respects the life and sentience in every vibratory particle of the entire multiverse. Once this realization is inculcated, humans develop the forces of Satva through which they can download the deep love and compassion embedded within the entire cosmos and lead an integral life of Ahimsa (Non-Violence), Karuna (Compassion), Satvikta (Simplicity), and Aparigraha (renunciation).<ref name=":2" />

His techniques inclusively focus on the well-being of every living being intending to promote a [[sustainable living]] rather than an anthropocentric approach towards life. He even suggests that nations should join forces for the greater good of the ecosystem, for cleaner energies, and reduction in deforestation. He emphasises that the pandemic (COVID-19) was a result of our current lifestyle and that we must radically and consciously alter it.<ref name=":2" />

=== Environmentalism ===
Mr. Singh has been vocal about the issues that need immediate attention and has forthrightly condemned the development narrative when needed for its lack of sustainable planning. He has also been the panelist on many news platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic issues need to come into our everyday culture|url=http://www.apnlive.com/special-tv-shows/apn-mudda-show/eco-issues-need-to-come-into-our-everyday-culture-44495|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030809/http://www.apnlive.com/special-tv-shows/apn-mudda-show/eco-issues-need-to-come-into-our-everyday-culture-44495|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He has taken various sessions on climate change and its effects, time and again he has drawn the attention of youth towards the interconnectedness of nature and has been promoting sustainable living for all. His scientific temper and in-depth understanding of the history of earth and humanity shapes way for his audience to connect to his cause.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Varenyam: A discussion on Climate Change|date=23 February 2017 |url=https://officialmashproject.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/varenyam-a-discussion-on-climate-change/}}</ref>

Mr Singh has been extremely critical of the meat industry and he has elaborate sessions that encourage people to adopt a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle, both for personal well-being and for the well-being of the planet.<ref name=":3" />

Mr Singh has been continuously raising awareness about the disastrous AQI in Delhi NCR every year during the advent of winters. He Speaks’s about holistic solutions rather than knee jerk symptomatic reactions and speaks against Diwali crackers, illegal constructions, Stubble burning etc

== Animal welfare and rights ==
Since 2002, Singh has been engaged in animal welfare activities, particularly in Delhi, where he has continuously fed and cared for stray animals.{{cn|date=November 2025}} He is a vocal advocate of the idea of ''shared space'' in urban development, opposing what he describes as an anthropocentric model of city planning. In 2025, following a Supreme Court decision on the removal of stray dogs from the streets of Delhi, Singh was one of the first to write to the Court, arguing against the order.{{cn|date=November 2025}} He described the decision as "anti-Sanatan" and "anti-Hindu" and stressed its legal, scientific, and moral shortcomings.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Beyond urban animal rights issues, Singh has also been critical of the management of India’s national parks. He has spoken against what he considers the influence of illegal mining interests and unsustainable tourism in protected areas, particularly in Ranthambore, where he has written on the shifting role of tigers from protectors of cultural heritage sites to predators under ecological stress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manu |date=10 June 2025 |title=रणथंभौर: त्रिनेत्र गणेश मंदिर के रक्षक बाघ क्यों बन रहे भक्षक |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/opinion/ranthambore-tigers-who-were-protectors-of-trinetra-ganesha-temple-becoming-predators-know-the-reason-8631315 |url-status=live |website=NDTV Rajasthan |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Interfaith Harmony ===
Manu Singh founded the NGO – [http://www.sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html Sarva Dharma Samvaad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221437/http://sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html |date=26 June 2019 }} in 2008<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interfaith Foundation India|url=http://www.interfaithfoundationindia.com/national-conference-dec-2016.php|access-date=10 October 2018|website=interfaithfoundationindia.com|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135007/http://www.interfaithfoundationindia.com/national-conference-dec-2016.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> to work towards harmony among various religions in India. The concept of Sarva Dharma Samvaad was to work on a common minimum programme, with leaders of various faiths to crusade against several social ills. He partnered with the [[United Nations]], [[United Religions Initiative|URI]], [[HWPL]], [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]] and [[KAICIID]], organising conventions and programmes centered around interfaith dialogue in [[India]]. Through Sarva Dharma Samvaad He has conducted several workshops and trainings focussing on media and information literacy, advocacy trainings and workshops, methodological workshops at various platforms and levels, partnering with several organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO-LED NATIONAL CONSULTATION ON MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY|url=http://www.uou.ac.in/system/files/MILNCINDIA-AGENDA_0.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Trainings|url=http://www.sdsamvaad.org/what-we-do.html|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205100932/http://sdsamvaad.org/what-we-do.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Striking the right chord between the environment, social inclusion and religion: Samvaad {{!}} URI - United Religions Initiative|url=https://www.uri.org/uri-story/20200423-striking-right-chord-between-environment-social-inclusion-and-religion-samvaad}}</ref>

He convened the Sarva Dharm Sansad in 2008 inviting leaders of various religions on a common platform with the agenda to come together and work together for social amelioration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=सामाजिक कुरीतियों के खिलाफ धर्मगुरूओं का 'न्यूनतम साझा कार्यक्रम'|language=hi|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/india-news/all-religion-clerics-are-coming-on-one-platform-against-all-social-ills-39151|access-date=10 October 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 November 2014|title=धर्मगुरुओं ने की 'न्यूनतम साझा कार्यक्रम' बनाने की पहल|work=Zee News Hindi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/dharm-guru-agree-for-common-minimum-programme-in-sarva-dharma-sansad/240168|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> He also directed a socio- spiritual talk show titled Vichar Manthan on Lok Sabha TV, which brought about several experts from the civil society to discuss on the various social problems and their respective solutions and then also anchored and directed a TV show on similar lines titled Ved Manthan on Sadhna TV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VED MANTHAN| website=[[YouTube]] | date=16 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2JYyiVTWmc}}</ref>

=== Social Movements ===
He has been honorary consultant of Bandha Mukti Morcha, an internationally acclaimed NGO working against bonded labors in the India and a convener of Anupam Sarva Sewa Samiti which is working in kumaon (uttarakhand) for the upliftment of the hilly people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who we are - SDS|url=http://www.sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221437/http://sdsamvaad.org/who-we-are.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Singh served as the media secretary and chief of the youth wing of the World Council of Arya Samaj, an organisation distinct<ref>{{Cite book|last=Long|first=Jeffery D.|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-5381-2294-5|language=en|author-link=Jeffery D. Long}}</ref> from Dayananda's [[Arya Samaj]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/pragya-singh-thakur-subjected-to-third-degree-torture-swami-agnivesh_846799.html|title=Pragya Singh Thakur subjected to third degree torture: Swami Agnivesh|date=6 May 2013|work=Zee News|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> He has been instrumental in organizing various events, and religious and cultural programs against Beef, drugs and Alcohol through the World Council of Arya Samaj.

He was one of the initial members of the [[India Against Corruption]] movement and remained an active participant until the movement transformed from one of social betterment to a movement of attaining political power. His powerful poetry recitation and speeches were very famous amongst the crowd.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Anna Hazare Inspiring Poem| website=[[YouTube]] | date=24 August 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6F3PziVVIA}}</ref>

He worked with several social activists as a mediator for the release of 5 Policemen who were abducted by [[maoists]] in Chhattisgarh on Feb.11, 2011. During this mission of mediation He had to walk through several miles of the dangerous Bastar forests in the so-called Liberated maoist zones<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happenings- Utsah Toli|url=http://utsahtoli.org/manu-singh-bio.html|access-date=10 October 2018|website=utsahtoli.org|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216164738/http://utsahtoli.org/manu-singh-bio.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Naxals set to release 5 abducted cops in Chhattisgarh on Feb 11|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naxals-set-to-release-5-abducted-cops-in-Chhattisgarh-on-Feb-11/articleshow/7455222.cms|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Maoists release five abducted cops in Chhattisgarh|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/maoists-release-five-abducted-cops-in-chhattisgarh/|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=13 October 2018|title=Meet Manu Singh- Combining the power of Youth and Inter Faith Dialogue – Delhi Now|work=Delhi Now|url=http://www.delhinowmagazine.com/manusingh/|access-date=19 November 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He has been an animal rights activist and involved in promoting compassion and care for all living creatures. He also organised campaigns to ban slaughter of animals in the name of religion and for promoting vegetarianism. He was actively involved in the movement to ban the Gadhimai animal sacrifice in Nepal and also has been instrumental in saving camels during the Eidul Adha sacrifices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Benefits of Vegetarianism| website=[[YouTube]] | date=12 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6SjzzitR3U}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=International Day For Peace- Live in Peace not in Pieces| website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://m.facebook.com/events/238791726272827?ref=content_filter}}</ref> He raised voice against slaughterhouses in Gurgaon and animal slaughter in [[Gadhimai festival|Gandhimai]] in Nepal.<ref name=":0" /> His session titled Varenyam encourages youth for adopting a lifestyle that causes minimum suffering to animals and also helps protect the environment.<ref name=":7" /> Varenyam has received great support from eminent sportspersons like ace badminton player [[Saina Nehwal]], wrestler Rajeev Tomer and UFC champion and Hollywood star [[Randy Couture]], [[Dolph Lundgren]], [[Jonty Rhodes]] etc.

== Other activities ==
He won and consequently was part of the jury for [[Hult Prize]] in India, given by an institution under the patronship of former US President [[Bill Clinton]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/page/cfe-events-93|title=Events|publisher=Ashoka University|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174307/https://www.ashoka.edu.in/page/cfe-events-93|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manu}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Organization founders]]

Shiva Chalisa

2025-12-13T01:13:57Z

Robbub: Added

{{Short description|Hindu hymn dedicated to Shiva}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Bangalore Shiva.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Shiva, the deity to whom the hymn is devoted]]{{Italic title}}

{{Saivism}}The '''''Shiva Chalisa''''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: शिव चालीसा, literally Forty {{Transliteration|hi|[[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupais]]}} on [[Shiva]]) is a Hindi ''[[stotra]]'' dedicated to [[Hindu]] [[deity]] [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=B. K. |title=The Hymns And Orisions Of Lord Shankar|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6-VttFFXT4C&q=Shiva+Chalisa&pg=PA63|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=81-7182-169-3|page=63|chapter=5. Shree Shiv Chalisa}}</ref> Adapted from the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', it consists of 40 (chalis) {{Transliteration|hi|chaupais}} (verses) and recited daily or on special festivals like ''[[Maha Shivaratri]]'' by [[Shivaite|Shaiva]]s, the worshippers of Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jha |first=Makhan |title=Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Shiva+Chalisa&pg=PA39|year=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications|isbn=81-7533-034-1|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik |title=Shiva: an introduction|year=1997|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd|page=104}}</ref>

== Hymn ==
The ''Shiva Chalisa''{{'}}s first stanza extols the attributes of Shiva:
{{Blockquote|text=''jaya girijāpati dīnadayālā sadā karata santana pratipālā bhāla candramā sohata nīke kānana kuṇḍala nāga phanī ke''

Glory to Girija’s consort Shiva, who is compassionate to the destitute, who always protects the saintly, the moon on whose forehead sheds its beautiful lustre, and in whose ears are the pendants of the cobra hood.}}

==See also==
* ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]'', Hindu devotional hymn

==Further reading==
* ''Sri Shiv Chalisa (Dicritical)'', by Manoj Pub. Ed. Board. Manoj Publications, 2009. {{ISBN|81-310-0927-0}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Shaiva texts]]

Basanagouda Daddal

2025-12-09T08:26:44Z

Robbub: added a pg basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Basanagouda Daddal''' (born 4 April 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raichur Rural Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Raichur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Raichur rural Assembly Constituency News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Raichur rural Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/election/karnataka-raichur-rural-assembly-constituency/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The Hindu }}</ref> He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Raichur Rural Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Basanagouda Daddal Wins From Raichur Rural |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/raichur-rural-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601772 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=news.abplive.com }}</ref><ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Basanagouda Daddal was appointed Chairperson for Scheduled Tribes Development Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Daddal is from [[Raichur]]. His father Tippanna is a farmer. He completed his Pre University Course in 2013 from Sharada Vidyaniketana through Open University, Manvi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanagouda Daddal(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAICHUR RURAL (ST)(RAICHUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7762 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Daddal won from [[Raichur Rural Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 89,140 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Tipparaju Hawaldar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 13,857 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanagouda Daddal in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/basanagouda-daddal-raichur-rural-candidate-s10a053c007/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=News18 }}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] also on Indian National Congress ticket from the same seat and defeated the same opponent, Tipparaju Hawaldar of BJP by a margin of 9,964 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Raichur Rural Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/raichur-rural-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99738673.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basanagouda, Daddal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]

Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta

2025-10-23T11:13:06Z

Robbub:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Goshta-Serial.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama film|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Comedy]]
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| writer =
| producer = Shrirang Godbole
| director = Vinod Lavhekar
| editor = Prathamesh Patkar
| company = Indian Magic Eye Pvt. Ltd. (IMEPL)
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| location = [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]]
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 271
| first_aired = {{start date|2013|10|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2014|8|16|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''
}}

'''''Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta''''' ({{translation|The Third Story of a Marriage}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It is a [[spin-off (media)|spin off]] from series ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=आता बघा 'एका लग्नाची तिसरी गोष्ट'|url=http://marathistars.com/tv-serial/eka-lagnachi-tisari-goshta-zee-marathis-new-tv-serial/|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 14 October 2013 by replacing ''[[Tuza Maza Jamena]]''. The show was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Mile Sur Mera Tumhara'' which aired from 4 May 2015 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-TV-julun-yeti-reshimgathi-and-eka-lagnachi-tisari-goshta-now-in-hindi-4978341-NOR.html|title=मराठी मालिका आता हिंदीतही, 'जुळून येती...' व 'एका लग्नाची तिसरी गोष्ट' आता झी टीव्हीवर|work=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show is a story of two young lawyers, Om and Isha, who fall in love. They have several things in common but one major difference is their family background. Isha's house is full of people while Om's parents divorced each other in his childhood and since then, he grew up on his own. Isha's grandfather, Mothe Baba, puts a condition to marry her in a house with a lot of people. This leads Om to arrange fake parents and siblings in his house, and he hides this from Isha too. One day, Isha finds out the reality and breaks up with him. She rejects all of Om's attempts to tell her the truth. His true love for her makes him depressed, and he resigns from his job.

From her friend, Isha learns the real intention behind Om's fake arrangement, and she accepts his love again. Now, the couple is reunited but still, the question is how to disclose this to Isha's family. Isha becomes part of the game and they continue to hide the reality from her family but Mothe Baba discovers the truth. Isha and Mothe Baba secretly strike a deal that she will bring Om's real parents back and reunite them in three months. This is kept a secret from everyone, including Om. Soon, Om's real parents, Ajit and Gauri, turn up in different circumstances. However, this also brings out Om's dark side as he disowns them completely due to the treatment he received from them since childhood. Ajit's current wife files a divorce case against him and claims all his properties which devastates him completely. Isha supports him, and with the help of Mothe Baba, Ajit wins his case; but this doesn't go down well with Om. Isha and Om's relationship suffers because of this but Isha continues her attempt to bring Om closer to his parents. Finally, Om and Isha marry each other in the attendance of both Om's real and fake parents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Cupid-strikes-Marathi-television/photostory/39039283.cms|title=Cupid strikes Marathi television|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Umesh Kamat]] as Om Chaudhari<ref name=popularity>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Umesh-Kamat-Spruha-Joshi-Prajakta-Mali-Tejashree-Prahdan-Chinmay-Mandlekar-Sur-Rahu-de-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Goshta-Sangharsh-Julun-Yeti-Reshimgathi-Pune-Via-Bihar-Lagna-Pahave-Karun-Honar-Sun-Mi-Ya-Gharchi-Sutradhaar-Tu-Tithe-Mee/articleshow/30952854.cms|title=Popularity of TV stars help Box Office success|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Spruha Joshi]] as Isha Deshmukh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Tejashree-Pradhan-Honar-Sun-Mi-Ya-Gharchi-Mrunal-Dusanis-Tu-Tithe-Mee-Dhanashree-kadgaonakar-Gandha-Fulancha-Sangun-Gela-Spruha-Joshi-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht-Swarada-Thigale-Majhe-Mann-Tujhe-Zale-Rujuta-Deshmukh-Savar-Re-Nirmiti-Sawant-1760-sasubaaii-Mayuri-Wagh-Asmita/articleshow/31616972.cms|title=Women power in Marathi television shows|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Ajit Chaudhari
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Dattaram Newale (Datta Bhau)
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Gauri Panse-Chaudhari<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht-Umesh-Kamat-Shilpa-Tulaskar-Spruha-Joshi-Mohan-Joshi-Mohan-Agashe-Sagar-Talshikar-Shubha-Khote-Anita-Date/articleshow/31268270.cms|title=Shilpa enters ELTG as Om's mother|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
* Sagar Talashilkar as Ranjeet Chaudhari
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Prabhakar Deshmukh
* Rama Joshi as Isha's grandmother
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]] as Shobhana
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Pramila Desai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht-Shubha-Khote-Nikhil-sheth-umesh-Kamat-Spruha-Joshi/articleshow/33175325.cms|title=Shubha Khote goes missing|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Shubha-Khote-Bhavana-Balsaver-Umesh-Kamat-Spruha-Joshi-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Gosht/articleshow/34206351.cms|title=Shubha, Bhavana to make the audience crack up|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
* Sandesh Kulkarni as Jayesh
* Sneha Majgaonkar as Dhanashri
* [[Anita Date-Kelkar]] as Ashwini Ketkar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Anita-Date-Eka-Lagnachi-Tisari-Goshta-PG-ELTG-Umesh-Kamat-Spruha-Joshi/articleshow/39550033.cms|title=Anita teams up with the ELTG team again|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
* Aarti Wadagbalkar as Madhu
* Sunil Abhyankar as Shrikant Bramhe
* Milind Phatak as Ulhas Pradhan
* Ajit Kelkar as Vasant Deshmukh
* Prasanna Ketkar as Satyajeet Chaudhari
* Anil Gawas as Shantaram Newale
* Rohit Haldikar as Sameer Chaudhari
* Sudeep Modak as Sagar
* Vishal Upasni as Om's office peon
* Kishor Kadam as Sushant
* Uma Sardeshmukh as Alka Deshmukh
* Uma Gokhale as Uma Deshmukh
* Ketaki Saraf as Deepa Deshmukh
* Ramesh Medhekar as Sadashiv Kamat
* Gautam Murudeshwar as Hemant Deshmukh
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=920 | title = Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115032541/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=920 | archive-date = 15 January 2010 | access-date = 10 February 2021 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt3387202}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/eka-lagnachi-teesri-goshta/0-6-51 ''Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]

Okhil Kumar Medhi

2025-09-30T23:29:22Z

Robbub: Adding basic bio first draft...

{{Short description|Scientist and former Vice-chancellor of Gauhati University, Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Okhil Kumar Medhi
| image = Prof OK Medhi.png
| caption = Okhil Kumar Medhi during his early years at the Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University
| thesis_year =
| awards =
| children =
| spouse =
| known_for =
| doctoral_students =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_advisor =
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url = https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=88672
| birth_date =
| alma_mater = {{plain list|
*[[IIT Kanpur]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[PhD]])
*[[Cotton University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}}
| workplaces = [[Gauhati University]], [[North-Eastern Hill University]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| fields = [[Chemistry]]
| other_names =
| death_place =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
}}
'''Okhil Kumar Medhi''' (1951-2021) was an Indian chemist and academic.<ref name=":1" /> He is best known for his time as the Vice-chancellor of [[Gauhati University]] in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], where he was also a professor of [[inorganic chemistry]] and former Head of Department in the university's chemistry department.<ref name=":0" /> After completing a Ph.D. at the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] [[IIT Kanpur|Kanpur]], Medhi undertook research at both the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (as a visiting fellow) and [[North-Eastern Hill University]] (as a lecturer), but spent much of his academic career at [[Gauhati University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> His scientific work has been varied but has included contributions to the fields of [[inorganic chemistry]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Medhi |first1=Okhil K. |last2=Silver |first2=Jack |date=1989 |title=A Mössbauer study on the (protoporphyrinato IX)iron(II) complexes of imidazole and substituted imidazoles as axial ligands in frozen aqueous solutions |url=|journal=Inorganica Chimica Acta |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80797-5 |issn=0020-1693}}</ref> and [[carbon]] [[nanoparticle]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deka |first1=Manash Jyoti |last2=Dutta |first2=Parlie |last3=Sarma |first3=Sewaljyoti |last4=Medhi |first4=Okhil Kumar |last5=Talukdar |first5=N.C. |last6=Chowdhury |first6=Devasish |date=2019 |title=Carbon dots derived from water hyacinth and their application as a sensor for pretilachlor |url=|journal=Heliyon |volume=5 |issue=6 |article-number=e01985 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01985 |doi-access=free |pmid=31338457 |pmc=6626484 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501985D |issn=2405-8440}}</ref>

During his time as Vice-Chancellor, Medhi made notable contributions to the development of [[Gauhati University]], including overseeing the creation of the university's Institute of Science and Technology (GUIST).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Prof Okhil Kumar Medhi - campus |url=https://sites.google.com/a/gauhati.ac.in/campus/home/rememberingprofokhilkumarmedhi |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> He additionally advocated for holistic and skill-based education especially in the university, and extending support to colleges across the state of [[Assam]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=[Assam] Prof OK Medhi new GU VC (The Assam Tribune, Tuesday, August 19, 2008 ) |url=http://listserv.aoir.org/pipermail/assam-assamnet.org/2008-August/019871.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=listserv.aoir.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-09 |title=Make Gauhati University an abode of enlightenment: Governor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/make-gauhati-university-an-abode-of-enlightenment-governor/articleshow/20979542.cms |access-date=2023-08-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

==Early life and education==

Okhil Kumar Medhi completed his early years of education at [[Don Bosco High School, Guwahati|Don Bosco High School]], a private education institute.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-26 |title=Vice Chancellor Recalls Fond Memories of DB School |url=https://cmpaul.wordpress.com/2011/07/26/vice-chancellor-recalls-fond-memories-of-db-school/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=NewsGrab |language=en}}</ref> Showing a particular interest in chemistry, Medhi attended [[Cotton University|Cotton College]], and thereafter he studied for a Master's degree in Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur ([[IIT Kanpur]]) in [[Kanpur|Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" /> His doctoral thesis was on the [[electron paramagnetic resonance]] of heavy [[transition metal]]s and was supervised by Professor UC Agarwal at [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==

Medhi's first research position following his doctoral studies was as a visiting fellow at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-20 |title=Akhil Kr Medhi appointed new Gauhati University VC |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/1428 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. This was followed by an academic appointment as lecturer at [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in [[Shillong]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1983, Medhi was appointed as a Reader of Chemistry at [[Gauhati University]] where he spent the majority of his career.<ref name=":0" /> He took a brief sabbatical from this position to undertake a visiting position as a Commonwealth Fellow at the [[University of Essex]] in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":2" />

Upon his return to [[Gauhati University]], Medhi was promoted to a full professorship and eventually became the Head of Department between 2000 and 2003.<ref name=":0" /> During his tenure as Head of Department, Medhi secured funding from the [[Government of India]]'s [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] to help the department modernise itself.<ref name=":0" />

Later in his career, Medhi was elected as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Gauhati University]].<ref name=":1" /> During his time as Vice-Chancellor, Medhi advocated for significant change in the Assamese education system, including promoting the teaching of science.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2010-09-15 |title=OIL supports cancer research |url=https://assamtribune.com/oil-supports-cancer-research |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> His notable contribution includes leading the creation of the Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology.<ref name=":0" />

Aside from his academic profile, Medhi's scientific research focussed predominantly on [[bioinorganic chemistry]]{{cn|date=February 2024}} and [[nanoparticle]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boruah |first1=SK |last2=Boruah |first2=PK |last3=Sarma |first3=P |last4=Bezbarauh |first4=B |last5=Medhi |first5=C |last6=Medhi |first6=OK |date=2013 |title=Exfoliation of Graphene oxide nanosheets from pencil lead and in situ preparation of gold nanoparticles on graphene oxide nanosheets |url=|journal=International Journal of Nanoscience |volume=12 |issue=5 |page=1350034 |doi=10.1142/s0219581x13500348 |bibcode=2013IJN....1250034B |issn=0219-581X}}</ref> He contributed to several academic papers and is a co-author of Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of Structure and Reactivity,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huheey |first1=James E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix1fTQ5gY5cC |title=Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity |last2=Keiter |first2=Ellen A. |last3=Keiter |first3=Richard L. |last4=Medhi |first4=Okhil K. |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-7758-130-0 |language=en}}</ref> a reference textbook for chemistry students. He was also an advisor to several doctoral students during his career.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==

Medhi resided for most of his life in north-east India, mostly in [[Guwahati]], the capital city of the state of [[Assam]].<ref name=":0" /> He married Chitrani Medhi, also a chemistry professor, with whom he had two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medhi, Okhil Kumar}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gauhati University]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University]]
[[Category:People from Guwahati]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]

Nauri Nayak

2025-09-29T23:30:54Z

Robbub: Created new article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Ramesh Patua
Succedessor = [[Sudarshan Haripal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Nauri Nayak''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Rengali Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nauri Nayak, BJP Candidate from Rengali Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/nauri-nayak-s18aed2008a016e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rengali Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Rengali Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/rengali-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Nauri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Raktakarabi (play)

2025-09-29T04:28:16Z

Robbub: Adding first entry basic info

{{Short description|Play by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''''Raktakarabi''''' ({{langx|bn|রক্তকরবী|lit=''Red Oleanders''}}) is a symbolic play by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. It was written at [[Shillong]] in 1923/1924 (1330 [[Bengali calendars|BS]]), and was originally titled ''Yaksapuri''. It was published in the [[Ashvin (month)|Ashwin]] 1331 (September/October 1924) edition of [[Prabasi]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Raktakarabi |author=Shamima Akhter}}</ref>

The play is set in a world where a greedy king forces his subjects to mine for gold. One of the main characters is Nandini, a woman whose sole ornament is jewels made from red [[oleanders]], which she wears as a tribute to Ranjan, the man she loves.

In a 2016 review of a production of ''Raktakarabi'' at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]], the play is called 'Tagore's finest protest against [[totalitarianism]]'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/7318/Tagores-1923-Raktakarabi-Gains-New-Relevance-Today?infinitescroll=1 |title=Tagore's 1923 Raktakarabi Gains New Relevance Today |website=The Citizen|first=Shoma|last=A.Chatterji|date=4 April 2016|access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> According to writer Pratap Narayan Biswas, the story of ''Raktakarabi'' is inspired by a play by [[August Strindberg]] and the character of ''Raktakarabi'', Nandini, is similar to the character of that play.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/todays-newspaper/shahitto-shamoiki/182624/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80|title=রক্তকরবীর নন্দিনী|lang=bn|first=Miron|last=Mohiuddin|date=2 August 2019|access-date=30 May 2024|newspaper=Protidiner Bangladesh}}</ref> According to literary critics, Tagore expressed his socialist spirit through this play. However, according to Mazharul Haque Lipu of [[Bangla Tribune]], it is different from the socialist concept of [[Karl Marx]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/literature/articles/774274/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0|title=রক্তকরবীর সমাজতাত্ত্বিক পাঠ|lang=bn|first=Mazharul|last=Haque Lipu|date=25 November 2022|access-date=30 May 2024|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]}}</ref>

The play has been staged multiple times in India and Bangladesh as well as adapted into films and TV dramas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2023/05/06/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8/|title=তারা রবি ঠাকুরের 'নন্দিনী'|lang=bn|date=6 May 2023|access-date=30 May 2024|newspaper=[[Bhorer Kagoj]]}}</ref> Shaukat Hossain Sajib, Director from Prachyanat School of Acting and Design, said about the play "...while doing the play Raktakarbi, I never felt that it was written 100 years ago, rather it felt more modern than our current thinking. Therefore, we feel that Yakshapuri is 50 years from now".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bonikbarta.net/home/news_description/370827/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8-|title=শিল্পকলায় রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের 'রক্তকরবী'র মঞ্চায়ন|lang=bn|date=29 January 2024|access-date=30 May 2024|newspaper=[[The Bonik Barta]]}}</ref> Writer [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]] commented that the play was "good but complex" after hearing it from Tagore's mouth. According to Professor Fazlul Haque Saikat of Bengali Department from [[National University, Bangladesh|National University]], it is a theoretical play that highlights the conflict between agricultural and mechanized civilization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/391376.details|title=রক্তকরবীর মুক্তিকামী রবীন্দ্রনাথ|lang=bn|first=Fazlul|last=Haque Saikat|date=7 May 2015|access-date=30 May 2024|website=[[Banglanews24.com]]}}</ref> According to Sanjay Sarkar of Sampratik Deshkal, the play shows how the greed of money and wealth is destroying nature, so Tagore's thought about environment is also revealed here.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://shampratikdeshkal.com/art-literature/news/2305110862/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE|title=রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের নাটকে পরিবেশভাবনা|lang=bn|first=Sanjay|last=Sarkar|date=4 May 2023|access-date=30 May 2024|newspaper=Sampratik Deshkal}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tagoreweb.in/Plays/red-oleanders-212/red-oleanders-4072/ Text of the play, translated into English at Tagore Web]

[[Category:1924 plays]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist plays]]
[[Category:Plays by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]

Jor Mandir

2025-09-14T17:49:27Z

Robbub: entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jor Mandir
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Bishnupur Cluster of Temples.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = Narayana
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =
| location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| locale =
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|3|36.69|N|87|19|18.87|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = ''[[Ek-ratna]]'' style
| founded_by = [[Gopal Singha Dev I]]
| creator =
| established = {{Start date and age|1726}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =
| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =
| designation1 = Monuments of National Importance (India)
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_offname = Jor Mandir
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| footnotes = {{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=18}}
| website =
|designation1_number = IN-WB-10}}
'''Jor Mandir''' also known as group of temples, Located in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].

== History and architecture ==
The temple was built in 1726 by King [[Gopal Singha Dev I]] of [[Mallabhum]]. The Temple is built in the ''Ek-ratna'' style temple architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Jormandir |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Dr. Sanjay |title=Bishnupur: A Town of Terracotta Temple and Artistic Excellence |url=https://www.ijhsss.com/files/11.-Sanjay-Prasad.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=104}}</ref>

Among the Jor-Mandir group of temples, the two on the south and north are slightly larger than the one at middle. The temple, which is situated in the centre, is decorated with extensive and elaborate ornamentations. There are stucco figures on the laterite wall. The subject of the detailed ornamentation in laterite are mostly illustrations from the Ramayana and also Krishna-lila. This temple on plan is like other eka-ratna temples. Another temple which is situated on the northern side also has on its walls some ornamentations of interesting nature. The temple on the north side is square on plan, each side measuring 11.7 m and 12.2 m in height, the middle one is square on plan each side being 7 m and 7.6 m in height and the temple on the south side is about 1 1.8 square m on plan and 12.2 m in height.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=18}}

Currently, it is preserved as one of the archaeological monuments by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Shyamrai |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref> Since 1998, the Jor Mandir temple is on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Site's]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|Tentative list]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jor group of temples in Bishnupur 01.jpg
File:Jor group of temples in Bishnupur 44.jpg
File:Jor group of temples in Bishnupur 46.jpg
File:Jor group of temples in Bishnupur in Bankura 17.jpg
File:Jor group of temples in Bishnupur in Bankura 16.jpg
File:Jor Group temples in Bishnupur in Bankura district 02.jpg
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |edition=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypxFqTmRsgC |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|}}

{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]
[[Category:Bishnupur, Bankura]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Temples in Bishnupur, Bankura]]

9XO

2025-08-11T15:14:39Z

Robbub: page edit

{{short description|Indian music television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = 9xO India
| logo = 9XOEnglishMusicTelevisionChannelLogo.jpg
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{Launch date and age|df=y|2012|4|24}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/apr/apr199.php | title=9X Media's intl music channel 9XO launches on 24 April | publisher=indiantelevision.com | work=IT Team | date=23 April 2012 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>
| closed_date = {{End date and age|df=y|2020|5|31}}
| owner = [[9X Media]]
| picture_format = [[4:3]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]])
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| sister_channels = [[9XM]] [[9X Jhakaas]] [[9X Tashan]] [[9x Jalwa]] [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.9xO.in/}}
}}

'''9XO''' was an Indian English music television channel, broadcast in India based in [[Mumbai]]. The channel was owned by [[9X Media]], an Indian television broadcaster, owned by a consortium of private equity fund investors. It was launched in 2012.

As of September 2014, approximately 45,875,000 Indian households (67.54% of households with television) received 9xO.

9XO's programming was targeted at upscale urban youth, airing English and international music from across the globe. 9XO also provided a platform called OmeGrown for independent Indian music bands playing English music to showcase their talent. 9X Media decided to shut the broadcast operations of the channel at midnight on 31 May 2020, removing the service from all leading DTH and MSO platforms.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

==Music festival==

9xO presented the Sunburn Arena Music Festival, which included performances in [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mumbai]] by Swedish DJ and producer [[Axwell]].<ref>{{cite video|url=http://9xo.in/sunburn-arena-presents-axwell-powered-by-9xo|title=Sunburn Arena Presents Axwell Powered By 9XO!|website=YouTube|publisher=9xO India|date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|http://www.9xO.in/}}

{{9X Media}}
[[Category:9X Media]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2016]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct music video networks]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]