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Mollem, Goa

2026-05-08T17:27:35Z

Roamingindian: Added Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Otheruses|Mollem}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Molem
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.379047|N|74.226294|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kushavati district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GA 12
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mollem''' (pronounced '''mole'''; the alphabet '''m''' is silent) is a small village in [[Goa]],on NH4 near the border with [[Karnataka]] in the foothills of the [[Sahyadri]] Mountain range at the beginning of [[Anmod]] Ghat. It comes under the [[Dharbandora]] block.<ref>[http://iay.nic.in/netiay/benf_lvl2.aspx?page=p&panchayat_code=1002002042&panchayat_name=MOLEM&state_code=10&state_name=GOA&district_name=SOUTH%20GOA&block_name=SANGUEM,&fin_year=2010-2011&shortname=GO Rural Housing Report for Financial year 2010-2011]</ref> The village is the primary entry point for [[Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park]].

==Geology==
Some of the world's oldest rocks are found in this region and are classified as [[Gneiss|Trondjemeitic Gneiss]] with [[Rubidium]] [[isotope dating]] estimating them to be at least 3,600 million years old.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

James Dundas (VC)

2026-05-02T03:34:56Z

Roamingindian: started a data

{{Short description|Scottish Victoria Cross recipient (1842–1879)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= James Dundas
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1842|9|10|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1879|12|23|1842|9|10|df=yes}}
|birth_place =[[Edinburgh]], Scotland
|death_place= [[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment|Sherpur]], Afghanistan
|image= VCJamesDundas.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{UK}}
|service_years=
|rank= [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]
|branch=[[British Indian Army]] [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|22px]] [[British Army]]
|commands=
|unit=[[Bengal Engineers]] [[Royal Engineers]]
|battles=[[Bhutan War]] [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]
|other_work=
}}
[[File:The memorial plaque to Robert Dundas VC in St Marys Episcopal Cathedral in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|280px|The memorial plaque to James Dundas VC in St Marys Episcopal Cathedral in Edinburgh]]
[[File:Memorial to James Dundas VC, Rochester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|280px|Memorial to James Dundas VC, Rochester Cathedral]]
'''James Dundas''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (10 September 1842 – 23 December 1879) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early life==

He was born the son of [[George Dundas, Lord Manor]] a judge in the [[Edinburgh]] High Court, and his wife Elizabeth Mackenzie on 10 September 1842 and baptised on 12 September. He was the older brother of [[William John Dundas]] [[FRSE]] (1849–1921).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/George-Dundas/6000000018160570200|title = George Dundas, Lord Manor| date=3 February 2023 }}</ref> His early education was at [[Edinburgh Academy]].

From 1855 to 1857 he attended [[Glenalmond College|Glenalmond School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glenalmondcollege.co.uk/news-events/archive/victoria-crosses-come-to-glenalmond/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408142838/http://www.glenalmondcollege.co.uk/news-events/archive/victoria-crosses-come-to-glenalmond/ |archive-date=8 April 2016 |title=Victoria Crosses come to Glenalmond}}</ref> He then attended [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] for specific officer training for the British Army. In 1860 he was given a commission as a lieutenant in the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>Afghan Campaigns of 1878 and 1880, by Sidney H Shadbolt</ref>

In 1862 he went with his regiment to India under General [[Henry Tombs]] VC, and rose to the level of Executive Engineer as part of a series of public works in the Bengal area.

==Details of award==

Dundas was 22 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the [[Bengal Engineers]], [[Indian Army]] during the [[Bhutan War]] when the following deed took place on 30 April 1865 at Dewan-Giri, [[Bhutan]] for which he was awarded the VC in a joint citation with Major [[William Spottiswoode Trevor]]:
{{blockquote|For their gallant conduct at the attack on the Block-house at Dewan-Giri, in Bhootan, on the 30th of April, 1865.
Major-General Tombs, C.B., V.C., the Officer in command at the time, reports that a party of the enemy, from 180 to 200 in number, had barricaded themselves in the Block-house in question, which they continued to defend after the rest of the position had been carried, and the main body was in retreat. The Block-house, which was loop-holed, was the key of the enemy's position. Seeing no Officer of the storming party near him, and being anxious that the place should be taken immediately, as any protracted resistance might have caused the main body of the Bhooteas to rally, the British force having been fighting in a broiling sun on very steep and difficult ground for upwards of three hours, the General in command ordered these two Officers to show the way into the Block-house. They had to climb up a wall which was 14 feet high, and then to enter a house, occupied by some 200 desperate men, head foremost through an opening not more than two feet wide between the top of the wall and the roof of the Block-house. Major-General Tombs states that on speaking to the Sikh soldiers around him, and telling them in Hindoostani to swarm up the wall, none of them responded to the call, until these two Officers had shewn them the way, when they followed with the greatest alacrity. Both of them were wounded. Dundas fought on despite his wounds and convinced the 200 to surrender. He recovered from his wounds 3 months in a hospital.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23338|page=7107 |date=18 November 1864 }}</ref>}}

The medal was presented to Dundas in [[Calcutta]] on 23 March 1868 by Major General C F Fordyce on behalf of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memorialstovalour.co.uk/vc325.html|title=James Dundas}}</ref>

The medal forms part of the Ashworth Collection at the [[Imperial War Museum]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lordashcroftmedals.com/collection/james-dundas-vc/|title = James Dundas VC - Lord Ashcroft Medal Collection}}</ref>

==Later life==

In March 1877, he had inherited the family estate of [[Ochtertyre]], near Stirling in Scotland, from his uncle [[David Dundas (politician)|Sir David Dundas MP]]. He returned to Britain briefly that year to inspect the property but returned to India after a few months.

In 1878 he is recorded as saving a man's life in a fire at the [[Simla]] bazaar.

Remaining in the army, Dundas died during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. General Roberts had selected him to lead a group advancing on Kabul. He was killed on 23 December 1879 during the [[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment]]. He was killed by a British mine going off prematurely due to a makeshift fuse. He is buried nearby at the Seah Sang Cemetery in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memorialstovalour.co.uk/vc325.html|title=James Dundas}}</ref>

James Dundas died unmarried, and on his death the estate passed to his twin brother Colin Mackenzie Dundas.

==Memorials==

A brass memorial plaque exists in [[St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)]].

A plaque also exists at [[Glenalmond College|Glenalmond School]].

Listed on the "For Valour" memorial at the Royal Engineers Museum in Kent.

A memorial window and brass plaque in [[Rochester Cathedral]].

In 2002 the Royal Engineers erected a new bridge in Afghanistan close to where he met his fate and named it the '''James Dundas Bridge'''.

==Further information==

"The Dundas Bridge", between [[Kabul]] and [[Bagram]], [[Afghanistan]], was named after him, by the [[British Army]], [[Corps of Royal Engineers|Royal Engineers]], following reconstruction work during 2002.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''Scotland's Forgotten Valour'' (Graham Ross, 1995)
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (This England, 1997)
*''[[The Sapper VCs]]'' (Gerald Napier, 1998)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060810230716/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_vc.htm#1d#1d Royal Engineers Museum] Sappers VCs

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dundas, James}}
[[Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:People educated at Glenalmond College]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Bhutan War]]
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]

Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju

2026-04-24T19:22:36Z

Roamingindian: put up a page

{{Short description|Indian politician (1933–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = Potnuru Suryanarayana
| successor = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency = [[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]]
| term_start1 = 1978
| term_end1 = 1994
| predecessor1 = Meesala Akku Naidu
| successor1 = Potnuru Suryanarayana
| constituency1 = [[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1978
| predecessor2 = Taddi Sanayasi Naidu
| successor2 = Vangapandu Narayanappala Naidu
| constituency2 = [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 1933
| death_date = 10 August 2020 (aged 86–87)
}}

'''Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju''' (1933 – 10 August 2020) was an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was an eight-time member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and a former minister in the undivided Andhra Pradesh. He was the only MLA who won eight time in the united Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-08-10 |title=AP: Eight-time MLA Samba Siva Raju passes away in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/ap-eight-time-mla-samba-siva-raju-passes-away/articleshow/77457281.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=Eight-time MLA, YSRC leader P Sambasiva Raju passes away at 87 in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/Aug/11/eight-time-mla-ysrc-leader-p-sambasiva-raju-passes-away-at-87-in-visakhapatnam--2181862.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Raju hails from Mayida Vijayarampuram village in Nellimarla mandal, [[Vizianagaram district]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Raju won as MLA for a record eight times. He served as a transport minister in the [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] cabinet from 1989 to 1992. He was also a Minister during the Chief Ministerial tenure of [[N. Janardhana Reddy|N. Janardhan Reddy]] in 1992–93.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2020-08-10 |title=YSRCP veteran leader Sambasiva Raju no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-veteran-leader-sambasiva-raju-no-more/article32320663.ece |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He began his political career as a Panchayat Samithi president in 1958. He was elected as an MLA for the first time in 1967 as an independent candidate from [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram Constituency]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2020-08-12 |title=Politico Samba Siva Raju passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/politico-samba-siva-raju-passes-away/articleshow/77471039.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Again he was the MLA from Gajapathinagaram Constituency in 1972 representing Indian National Congress. In the 1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election he shifted to [[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]] constituency and won on Congress ticket. He retained the Sathivada seat for the Congress in 1983 and 1989 elections. Sathivada is now the Nellimarla constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |date=2020-08-10 |title=8 time MLA Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju dies in Visakhapatnam, CM Jagan expresses condolence |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/8-time-mla-penumatsa-sambasiva-raju-dies-in-visakhapatnam-cm-jagan-expresses-condolence-638517 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost the election in 1994. He was considered as a guide and mentor for many political leaders including Botsa Satyanarayana and Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy.<ref name=":2" />

=== Death ===
Raju died at a private hospital in Visakhapatnam. He was hospitalised after a fall in his house.<ref name=":3" /> His last rites were performed with state honours. He is survived by his two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":2" /> One of his sons, [[P. V. V. Suryanarayana Raju]], was an MLC with YSR Congress Party.<ref name=":1" />[https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_mem_id=145&p_auth=OPLKQBNm] His other son P. Suresh, who is a doctor, became an MLC in 2020 by YSRCP after the death of Raju senior.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2020-08-11 |title=Sambasiva Raju's son Suresh chosen for MLC seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sambasiva-rajus-son-suresh-chosen-for-mlc-seat/article32329998.ece |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His grandson Krishnudu is an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=sekhar |date=2020-08-10 |title=కృష్ణుడి తాత పెన్మెత్స సాంబశివరాజు కన్నుమూత.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/actor-krishnudus-grand-father-penumatsa-sambasiva-raju-passed-away-94987.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

Poornavalli Thayar

2026-04-19T14:06:03Z

Roamingindian: put up new details

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Poornavalli Thayar''' is a [[Hindu]] figure. Poornavalli, also called "Poorva Devi", means "the one who filled the grail". ''[[Lakshmi]]'' is named as Poornavalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uthamar Temple : Uthamar Uthamar Temple Details {{!}} Uthamar- Uthamar Koil {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} உத்தமர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=169 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref>
==Temple==
She is the [[Mother goddess]], worshiped in [[Uthamar Kovil]] (also known as Thirukkarambanoor or Bhikshandar Kovil) in Uthamar Kovil, a village in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu gods [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]]. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divyadesams dedicated to Vishnu and Lakshmi, where Vishnu is worshiped as [[Purushottama|Purushottama Perumal]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as '''Poornavalli Thayar'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uthamar Temple : Uthamar Uthamar Temple Details {{!}} Uthamar- Uthamar Koil {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} உத்தமர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=169 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref>
==Mythological history==
The skull of Brahma was stuck in his (Shiva's) palm. Shiva used it as the begging bowl. While coming to this place (Bikshandar Kovil), Vishnu requested his consort Lakshmi to give alms to Shiva. Shiva's grail was filled by the alms and Lakshmi came to be known as "Poornavalli" (the one who filled the grail). She got rid of Shiva's hunger completely. Since Shiva came with a begging bowl and his hunger was entirely satisfied, he is known as Bikshandar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uthamar Temple : Uthamar Uthamar Temple Details {{!}} Uthamar- Uthamar Koil {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} உத்தமர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=169 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref>

[[Brahma]] and Shiva both had originally five heads. One day Brahma went to Kailasha. Parvati could not recognise Brahma; she was confused and concluded it was her husband "Shiva". Parvati started to perform Paadha Pooja (ablution of feet, considered as an act of respect). Brahma knew this fact, but he remained silent. On seeing this, Shiva understood that Parvati had no intention. Parvati was unaware that the one who stood before her was not Her lord, but it was Brahma. Enraged in anger, Shiva plucked the Brahma's fifth head, which resulted in Brahmahathi Dosha (the sin resulted due to the murder of an innocent Brahmana). The fifth head of Brahma stuck in Shiva's hand. Shiva wandered and visited temples to be relieved from the curse after being told by Sarasvati to do this in order to get relieved from this curse. To find salvation from the curse, Shiva went around the world on a pilgrimage begging for food, with Brahma’s skull as the begging vessel. Every time someone filled the vessel with food, it vanished immediately, to Shiva’s horror. At Uthamar Kovil, God Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi filled the vessel with food, thus ending Shiva’s hunger. However, to Shiva’s dismay, Brahma’s skull still lay fixed on his hand. He was partly absolved of the sin at Bitchadanar Kovil. Vishnu instructed Shiva to worship Him (Vishnu) at Thirukandiyur after a bath in the temple tank. Shiva went to Thirukandiyur and did accordingly and was absolved of the sin. The temple tank, since then, has come to be known as Kapala Tirtha.

==Similarities to other figures==
The Poornavalli Thayar satisfies Shiva's hunger. This legend is similar like [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]. Goddess [[Parvati]] was told by her consort God Shiva that the world is an illusion and that food is a part of this illusion called Māyā. The Divine Mother who is worshiped as the manifestation of all material things, including food, became angry. To demonstrate the importance of her manifestation of all that is material, she disappeared from the world. Her disappearance brought time to a standstill and the earth became barren. There was no food to be found anywhere, and all the beings suffered from the pangs of hunger.

Seeing all the suffering, Mother Parvati was filled with compassion and reappeared in Kashi and set up a kitchen. Hearing about her return, Shiva ran to her and presented his bowl in alms, saying, "Now I realize that the material world, like the spirit, cannot be dismissed as an illusion." Parvati smiled and fed Shiva with her own hands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=king-theme.com |title=Maa Annapurna Darshan |url=https://kashiannapurnatemple.com/maa-annapurna-darshan/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Sri Annapurna Mandir Charitable Trust {{!}} Kashi Annapurna Temple {{!}} Annakshetra |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]
* [[Uthamar Kovil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://templesoftamilnadu.co.in/tag/poornavalli-thayar/
*http://acharya.org/bk/eb/DP4000/DP2000-PeriyaThirumozhi-eng.pdf
*http://acharya.org/bk/eb/DP4000/DP2000-PeriyaThirumozhi-tml.pdf

[[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lakshmi]]

Sonari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:36Z

Roamingindian: starting a entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonari
| constituency_no = 93
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sonari Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| district = [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Sonari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Sonari forms part of the [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Purnananda Chetia]]
! rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Janakinath Handique
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! rowspan="2" |Satya Tanti
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhadreswar Buragohain]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Sarat Barkotoky]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|2019^
![[Nabanita Handique]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Dharmeswar Konwar]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Utpal Gogoi |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 by-election ===
{{Election box begin |title=By-election, 2019: Sonari<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =[[Nabanita Handique]]
|votes =66,698
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =Sushil Kumar Suri
|votes =51,268
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =15,430
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,22,209
|percentage =71.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonari<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
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{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Charaideo district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Vijayawada West Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:13Z

Roamingindian: starting a stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijayawada West
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (79- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vijayawada West Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Sujana Chowdary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| constituency_no = 79
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Y S Chowdary.JPG
| electors = 232,555
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
}}

'''Vijayawada West Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[NTR district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Sujana Chowdary]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 232,555 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf|title=The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Delimitation Orders, 1967)|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== Mandals ==

The mandal and wards that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Vijayawada Urban mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]] (Ward No. 34, 35, 37 to 56)
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Marupilla Chitti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Asib Pasha
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Pothina Chinna
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|B. S. Jayaraju
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Uppalapati Ramachandra Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|M. K. Baig
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Kakarlapudi Subba Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Jaleel Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Shaik Nasar Vali
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|Jaleel Khan
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Sujana Chowdary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada West<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election in 2009|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2009-election-results.html|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|votes = 51,467
|percentage = 34.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mallika Begum
|votes = 43,125
|percentage = 28.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,342
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 154,459
|percentage = 65.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada West<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=14 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party =YSRCP
|candidate = [[Jaleel Khan]]
|votes = 63,180
|percentage = 40.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|votes = 60,072
|percentage = 38.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,108
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 154,459
|percentage = 65.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|votes = 58,435
|percentage = 38.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Shabana Musarat Khatoon
|votes = 50,764
|percentage = 33.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Pothina Venkata Mahesh
|votes = 22,367
|percentage = 14.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,671
|percentage = 5.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 153,623
|percentage = 63.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sujana Chowdary]] |votes=1,05,669 |percentage=61.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSRCP|candidate=Shaik Asif|votes=58,637 |percentage=34.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India |candidate=Koteswara Rao Gummadidala|votes=25,723 |percentage=22.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,236 |percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,032|percentage=27.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,71,843|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.538|80.613|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:NTR district]]
[[Category:Politics of Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Chhamb Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:22Z

Roamingindian: put up basic post first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Chhamb]]
| mla = [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 82
}}

'''Chhamb Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a northern union territory of [[India]]. Chhamb is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chhamb Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/vijaypur.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Chhaju Ram Lamba || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Diwakar Singh
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ram Nath || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Madan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=3 | [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kirshan Lal|Dr. Kirshan Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=33,985 |percentage=39.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajeev Sharma (politician)|Rajeev Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,056 |percentage=31.12% |change={{decrease}}29.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,449 |percentage=18.92% |change={{decrease}}16.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,005 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=384 |percentage=0.44% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,929 |percentage=7.97% |change= {{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,946 |percentage=84.19% |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,277 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kirshan Lal|Dr. Kirshan Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,033 |percentage=60.53% |change={{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,243 |percentage=35.69% |change={{decrease}}12.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=653 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=223 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,790 |percentage=24.85% |change= {{increase}}20.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,528 |percentage=77.55% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,763 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,335 |percentage=48.59% |change={{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,940 |percentage=44.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,321 |percentage=4.45% |change={{decrease}}18.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janak Raj |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=645 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Dutt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=488 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,395 |percentage=4.59% |change= {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,140 |percentage=78.35% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,630 |percentage=46.30% |change={{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chhaju Ram Lamba]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,296 |percentage=23.10% |change={{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=9,288 |percentage=20.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subash Chander |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,916 |percentage=4.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=978 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,334 |percentage=23.19% |change= {{increase}}21.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,562 |percentage=70.47% |change= {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,294 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,663 |percentage=35.15% |change={{decrease}}17.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,001 |percentage=33.31% |change={{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Dutt |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,485 |percentage=26.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnam Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,036 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Janata Dal |votes=845 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=662 |percentage=1.84% |change= {{decrease}}14.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,030 |percentage=72.07% |change= {{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,448 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,527 |percentage=52.50% |change={{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,795 |percentage=36.50% |change={{increase}}19.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,285 |percentage=7.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=210 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chhaju Ram Lamba]] |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,732 |percentage=16.00% |change= {{decrease}}24.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,577 |percentage=81.06% |change= {{increase}}6.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,000 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,090 |percentage=57.23% |change={{increase}}40.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,208 |percentage=17.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,145 |percentage=16.84% |change={{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,652 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=252 |percentage=1.02% |change={{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satgur Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,882 |percentage=40.14% |change= {{increase}}18.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,618 |percentage=74.27% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=9,352 |percentage=38.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dewan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,106 |percentage=16.91% |change={{decrease}}38.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,904 |percentage=16.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Divakar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=3,286 |percentage=13.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,351 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,309 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Vinod Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=971 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,246 |percentage=21.61% |change= {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,279 |percentage=74.39% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,170 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwakar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,495 |percentage=55.75% |change={{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,558 |percentage=24.80% |change={{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,999 |percentage=13.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=255 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Dayal Nidar |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,937 |percentage=30.95% |change= {{increase}}25.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,411 |percentage=77.87% |change= {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,641 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chhaju Ram Lamba]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,267 |percentage=43.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=8,135 |percentage=38.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Raj |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=1,535 |percentage=7.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,399 |percentage=6.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Dyal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=857 |percentage=4.01% |change={{decrease}}48.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,132 |percentage=5.30% |change= {{decrease}}14.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,358 |percentage=82.29% |change= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,110 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chhamb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chhaju Ram Lamba]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,142 |percentage=52.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahdev Singh |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=6,401 |percentage=33.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,683 |percentage=8.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pishori Lal |party=Harijan Mandal |votes=964 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,741 |percentage=19.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,190 |percentage=74.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,698 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chhamb]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.84|74.40|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Srikakulam revenue division

2026-04-12T02:02:19Z

Roamingindian: starting new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Srikakulam revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Srikakulam district]]
| image_skyline = 700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 65.jpg
| image_caption = Mukhalingeswara temple, [[Mukhalingam]]
| image_map = Srikakulam revenue division in Srikakulam district.png
| map_caption = Srikakulam revenue division in Srikakulam district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| total_type = Total
| population_total = 1005427
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Srikakulam revenue division''' (or Srikakulam division) is a [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue division]] in the [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the three revenue divisions in the district with thirteen mandals under its administration.<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Srikakulam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_B_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=13 February 2016|page=27|format=PDF}}</ref> The divisional headquarters are located at [[Srikakulam]].

== Administration ==
The 13 mandals administered under the revenue division are:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Mandals
|-
|1
|[[Srikakulam mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Gara mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Amadalavalsa mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Ponduru mandal, Srikakulam district|Ponduru mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Sarubujjili mandal|Sarubujji mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Burja mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Narasannapeta mandal]]
|-
|8
|[[Polaki mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Etcherla mandal]]
|-
|10
|[[Laveru mandal]]
|-
|11
|[[Ranastalam mandal]]
|-
|12
|[[Ganguvarisigadam mandal]]
|-
|13
|[[Jalumuru mandal]]
|}

== Demographics ==
The division has a population of 10,05,427. Rural population was 7,79,693 and urban population was 2,25,734. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9.13% and 0.73% of the population respectively.<ref name="census" />

98.65% of the population are Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> 98.93% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Srikakulam district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]

{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}

Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya

2026-04-07T22:17:05Z

Roamingindian: started new bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kunvarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] of Water Supply, Water Resource and Food Civil Supply, Animal Husbandry, Rural Housing in [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = currently serving

| constituency = [[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency3 = [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]], Gujarat<ref name="Lok Sabha profile">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha profile|publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=14 August 2012|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4445}}</ref>
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Jasdan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jasdan]]
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Gujarat]]
| term4 = 1995–2009<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| term_start5 = 2017
| constituency5 = [[Jasdan]]
| predecessor5 = Bholabhai Gohel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|03|16}}<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| birth_place = [[Jasdan]], [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], [[India]]<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]](since 2018).<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| other_party = [[Bharatiya janta party- (BJP)]]
| spouse = Mrs. Parulben.<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 3<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| alma_mater = [[Saurashtra University]] [[Gujarat University]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]] Businessman
| profession = Farmer, teacher, Social Worker & Politician.<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>
| portfolio = Labour, Skill Development and Employment Department
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 = 
| nickname =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
| native_name_lang = Gj
| country = {{flag|India}}
| parents = * Mohanbhai Bavaliya (father)
* Maniben Bavaliya (mother)
}}

'''Kunvarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya''' is the [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] Of Water Supply, Water Resource, Food Civil Supply, Animal Husbandry, Rural Housing in the [[Government of Gujarat|Government Of Gujarat]]. Convener of Gujarat Member of Parliament, President of All India Koli Samaj, New Delhi. He belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCVGEAAAQBAJ&dq=kunvarji+Koli&pg=PT140 |title=Electoral Dynamics in the States of India |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashutosh |last3=Sisodia |first3=Yatindra Singh |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-47697-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=after the 2017 assembly elections, the BJP brought in their fold the biggest '''Koli''' community INC leader '''Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya''' to regain the community's support. He was directly made a cabinet minister. As a result, the INC was left without having a top leader from the Koli community, a handicap in the 2019 election |language=en}}</ref> When he was excluded from cabinet ministry in the Gujarat government, there was a protest by people from Koli community in [[Rajkot district]] to make him a minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Rajkot village protests exclusion of Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya from Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/rajkot-village-protests-exclusion-of-kunvarji-bavaliya-from-cabinet-7514054/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and background==
Bavaliya holds [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] and [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]] degrees from [[Saurashtra University]] and [[Gujarat University]]. He was a farmer by profession before entering politics.<ref name="Lok Sabha profile"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1995 || 1997 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]])
|-
| 02 || 1998 || 2002 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]])
|-
| 03 || 2002 || 2007 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]])
|-
| 04 || 2007 || 2009 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]])
|-
| 05 || 2009 || 2014 || [[Member of Parliament]] [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 06 || 2017 || 2018 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 07 || 2018 || 2022 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 08 || 2022 || Onward || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
Cabinet Minister of Food Civil Supply, Water supply, Water Resources, Animal husbandry, Rural Housing Government of Gujarat
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Government of India]]
*[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bavaliya, Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

Kesineni Chinni

2026-04-07T21:58:46Z

Roamingindian: started a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kesineni|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Kesineni Chinni.jpg
| caption =
| name = Kesineni Sivanath (Chinni)
| father = Ramaswamy Kesineni
| mother = Prasunamba Kesineni
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|08|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakollu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Detail|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members|website=sansad.in/ls|access-date=2024-07-13|language=en}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| spouse = {{marriage|Janaki Kesineni|1995}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kesineni-chinnis-wife-campaigns-in-vijayawada-east-868263 | title=Kesineni Chinni's wife campaigns in Vijayawada East | website=[[The Hans India]] | date=27 March 2024 | access-date=5 June 2024 | archive-date=5 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605074054/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kesineni-chinnis-wife-campaigns-in-vijayawada-east-868263 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| years_active =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Businessman]]
| children = Venkat Chowdary Kesineni Snigdha Kesineni
| constituency = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| predecessor = [[Kesineni Nani]]
| successor =
| website = https://kesinenisivanath.com/
| signature =
}}
'''Kesineni Sivanath''', commonly known as '''Kesineni Chinni''' (born 3 August 1969), is an Indian politician and entrepreneur. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and serves as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for the [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/a-silent-wave-of-support-to-alliance-parties-picking-up-in-state-says-kesineni-chinni/article68106487.ece | title=A silent wave of support to alliance parties picking up in State, says Kesineni Chinni | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=May 2024 | access-date=24 May 2024 | archive-date=24 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524072050/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/a-silent-wave-of-support-to-alliance-parties-picking-up-in-state-says-kesineni-chinni/article68106487.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/vijayawada-election-result-2024-live-updates-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-result-vote-counting-live-winner-loser-tally-bjp-nda-congress-india-1691937 | title=Vijayawada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates | website=[[ABP News]] | access-date=5 June 2024 | archive-date=5 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072621/https://news.abplive.com/elections/vijayawada-election-result-2024-live-updates-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-result-vote-counting-live-winner-loser-tally-bjp-nda-congress-india-1691937 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Chinni was born in [[Palakollu]] to Kesineni Ramaswamy and Prasunamba on 3 August 1969. He married Smt. Janaki Kesineni and has two Children named Venkat and Snigdha. Sivanath completed his schooling in little flower school in Mudenappali, Krishna dist later on studied intermediate at Gowtham Residential college, Vijayawada. Sivanath completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in [[Mechanical engineering]] in the year 1991 from [[Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering]], [[Kanchipuram]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/politics/how-chandrababu-gives-tdp-mp-ticket-to-kesineni-chinni-nag-1229263.html | title=AP Elections 2024: కేశినేని చిన్నికి ఎంపీ టికెట్ ఎలా దక్కింది..?| website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] | date=23 March 2024 | access-date=24 May 2024 | archive-date=24 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324101918/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/politics/how-chandrababu-gives-tdp-mp-ticket-to-kesineni-chinni-nag-1229263.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political==
Sivanath won the [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0112.htm|title=Election results|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607100125/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0112.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He defeated his own brother [[Kesineni Nani]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a landslide victory with a record margin of 2,82,085 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-two-time-ex-tdp-mp-kesineni-nani-loses-to-brother-in-vijayawada | title=Lok Sabha polls: Two-time ex-TDP MP Kesineni Nani loses to brother in Vijayawada | website=[[The News Minute]] | access-date=5 June 2024 | archive-date=5 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072621/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-two-time-ex-tdp-mp-kesineni-nani-loses-to-brother-in-vijayawada | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
|1
|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|[[Kesineni Nani]]<ref name="auto"/> ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])
|7,94,154 - 5,12,069
|2,82,085
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|KesineniS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinni, Kesineni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Madhurakavi Alvar

2026-03-28T04:30:43Z

Roamingindian: Added A Data

{{Short description|Tamil poet-saint}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Madhurakavi Alvar
| image = [[File:Madurakavi Alvar PBA.jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = April 25, 8th century<ref>[[Alvars]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2020}}
| birth_place = Thirukollur
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Bhakti]]
| honors =
| literary_works = [[Kanninun Cirutampu]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Madhurakavi Alvar''' was one of the twelve ''[[azhwars|Alvars]]'' saints of [[Tamilnadu]], who are known for their affiliation to [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. The verses of the ''[[azhwars|Alvars]]'' are compiled as the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' and the 108 temples revered are classified as ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desams]]''. Madhurakavi is considered to be the sixth in the line of the twelve Alvars. He was the disciple of [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]], considered to be the greatest among the twelve Alvars, his contributions amounting to 11 among the 4000 stanzas in the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam''. Madhurakavi is believed to have recorded and compiled the works of Nammalvar, the ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' (1102 verses). The 11 verses of ''[[Kanninun Cirutampu]]'' composed by Madhurakavi Alvar may be considered to be the inspiration for the 4000 verses of ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]''. These verses were chanted by [[Nathamuni]] 12,000 times to propitiate [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]] and re-obtain the lost [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]] from Nammalvar.

As per Hindu legend, Nammalvar remained speechless from his birth sitting in a tamarind tree and he first interacted with Madhurakavi, who saw a bright light shining to the south, and followed it until he reached the tree where the boy was residing. The works of Madhurakavi along with the other Alvars contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism. The verses of Madhurakavi and other Alvars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in several Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu.

==Life==
Madhurakavi was born before Nammalvar, in a Brahmin family, in the month of ''Chittirai'' and in ''chitra'' star in Thirukkolur near [[Alwarthirunagiri|Alwarthirunagari]].<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 45</ref><ref>[[#Das|Das]] 2005, p. 29</ref> The presiding deity in the temple is called ''Vaitha Maanidhi'', meaning the storage of great wealth. He is believed to be the divine form of Kumudha Ganesa, the disciple of [[Vishvaksena]], a servant of Vishnu. He is also believed to be the incarnation of [[Garuda]], the sacred eagle vehicle of Vishnu.<ref name="Dalal227">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 227</ref> Though some believe that he is an incarnation of Garuda, some accounts show that he is the incarnation of Kumuda, Vishvaksena's disciple, while Nammalvar himself is the incarnation of Vishvaksena (Vishvaksena is the commander in chief of [[Vishnu]]'s army). Madhurakavi Alvar lived during the lifetime of [[Nammalvar]] (Vishvaksena's incarnation).

Madhurakavi is believed to have learnt the ''[[Vedas]]'' and considered well-versed in both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]]. He used to compose poems in the praise of Vishnu. At one stage in his life, he decided to abandon all the chains of livelihood and strive towards ''[[moksha]]''. In this pursuit he undertook a pilgrimage to the ''[[divya desam|Divya Desam]]'' located in northern India like Ayodhya and Mathura.

=== Meeting Nammalvar ===
In popular tradition, when Madhurakavi Alvar, after long tour, had reached Ayodhya and completed the ''[[mangalasasanam]]'' of the enchanting forms of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Hanuman]] and others, he noticed a glowing ball of fire in the sky. However much he tried, he could not understand the reason for this phenomenon. He also noticed that the ball of fire started moving southwards. He decided to follow the light which led him to Alwarthirunagari, and finally disappeared. Madhurakavi already heard about a sixteen-year-old youth (Nammalvar) who spent his life since birth under a Tamarind tree without eating anything and emitting a divine glow. Madhurakavi proceeded straight to the seat of Nammalvar who was in a trance. In order to test Nammalvar, Madhurakavi dropped a stone. Unable to elicit any reaction from the child, he asked him a riddle:

"''செத்ததன் வயிற்றில் சிறியது பிறந்தால் எத்தைத்தின்று எங்கே கிடக்கும்?''"

"If an infant is born in the womb of the dead, on what will it subsist and where will it stay?" (philosophically; if the subtle soul is embodied in the gross body, what are its actions and thoughts?) Nammalvar broke his lifelong silence and responded,

"''அத்தைத் தின்று அங்கே கிடக்கும்''"

Translation: "On that it will subsist, in that it will stay!" (meaning that if the soul identifies with the body, it will be the body but if it serves the divine, it will stay in [[Vaikunta|Vaikuntha]] and eat(think) of God).<ref name="Dalal227" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas| last=Swami |first=Parmeshwaranand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxPCBCk3wVIC&q=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas+%2B+nammalwar&pg=PA908|page=908|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2001|isbn=9788176252263}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2av2SuI8PpoC&q=madurakavi&pg=PA26|page=24|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1991|isbn=9788120807181|last=Filliozat|first=Jean}}</ref>

=== Story of the idols ===
When [[Nammalvar]] was ready to go to Vaikuntha (depart earthly existence), a teary-eyed Madhurakavi asked [[Nammalvar]] what to do next. [[Nammalvar]] advised Madhurakavi to boil the waters of Tamraparni and stated that an idol will form during boiling of the water. Madhurakavi did as per [[Nammalvar|Nammalvar's]] advice. When he had boiled the waters of Tamraparni, he gained an idol of Bhagavad [[Ramanuja]]. He was surprised to see that the idol was different from what he had expected. He went to [[Nammalvar]] with the idol and the latter told him that this idol was Bhavishyadhacharya (future guru) and that he would be born 4000 years from then. He again advised to boil the waters of Tamraparni. Madhurakavi once again boiled the waters of Tamraparni and finally got the idol of [[Nammalvar]].

==Works==
The eleven verses of Madhurakavi are classified as ''[[Kanninun Cirutampu]]'', all of which are in four lines in praise of his divine teacher, Nammalvar. The verses are compiled as ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam'' along with the work of the other eleven Alvars. Mathurakavi was instrumental in spreading the works of Nammalvar and composing tunes to each of them. The verses begin with "The name of the great one, my acharya of Kurukoor, brings nectar to my tongue and far sweeter than the name of the Lord".<ref name="Dalal227"/> It is believed that Madhurakavi compiled and codified all the verses of ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' by Nammalvar as he recited them.<ref>[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy]] 2007, p. 211</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&q=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&q=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216|ref=Dalal}}
* {{cite book | title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular| last=Das| first=Sisir Kumar|author2=Sāhitya Akādemī| year=2005| publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|location=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=madhurakavi+azhwar&pg=PA29|isbn = 81-260-2171-3|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450|ref=Ramaswamy}}
{{Azhwars}}
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Sukhamo Devi (TV series)

2026-03-27T06:25:33Z

Roamingindian: starting new biography

{{short description|Indian Malayalam soap opera}}
{{About|the 2023 Malayalam soap opera|the 1986 Malayalam film|Sukhamo Devi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sukhamo Devi TV series.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = Maya Karichal
| director = Faisal Adimali
| starring = Susmitha Prabhakaran [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 900
| producer = Flowers TV
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| company = Silver Screen Studios Private Limited.
| network = [[Flowers TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|05|08}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Sukhamo Devi''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by Faisal Adimali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/sukhamo-devi-serial-flowers/|title=Sukhamo Devi Serial on Flowers TV Launching on 09th May, Airing Everyday at 09:00 PM|work=Kerala TV|date=29 April 2023 }}</ref> It airs on [[Flowers TV]] from 8 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/sukhamo-devi-serial-flowers/|title=സുഖമോ ദേവി സീരിയല്‍ മെയ് 8 തിങ്കളാഴ്ച മുതൽ എല്ലാ ദിവസവും രാത്രി 9:00 മണിക്ക് ഫ്ലവേര്‍സ് ടിവിയില്‍|work=Kerala TV|date=29 April 2023 }}</ref> It stars Prayaan, [[Susmitha Prabhakaran]] and [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-to-Aniyathipravu-malayalam-tv-serials-that-copied-their-titles-from-classic-movies/photostory/102363085.cms|title=Mounaragam to Aniyathipravu: Malayalam soaps that copied their titles from classic movies|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 August 2023 }}</ref> The title of the series is adapted from 1986 Malayalam film ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-to-aniyathipravu-malayalam-tv-serials-that-copied-their-titles-from-classic-movies/photostory/102363085.cms|title=Mounaragam to Aniyathipravu: Malayalam soaps that copied their titles from classic movies|website=The Times Of India|date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Devika and Nandan loves each other. Nandan belongs to a rich family,Chandroth and Devika's parents are poor. They got married secretly. But due Nandan's fear on his family, he lied that his friend Murali married Devika. Murali's mother is a maid in Chandroth house. Murali's mother treats Devi badly and she took her to Chandroth as servant to help her. Devika stayed in Murali's house and suffers all the difficulties in hope to live peacefully with Nandan soon.
Later, the family members realise about Devika' truth. Prabhavathi tries to remove Devika from Nandan's life by making him marry to Meera. Murali marries his lover Gouri. Nandan's sister Rajani is a victim of a broken marriage. The family plans to get Rajani married to Girish; her old lover to which Prabhavathi disagrees. Meanwhile, Girish's cousin Prakash Menon is a fraud film star who faked love towards Meera. Meera realising his true intentions stabbed him.

==Cast==
*[[Susmitha Prabhakaran]] as Devika Nandan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/neeyum-njanum-sukhamo-devi-fame-susmitha-prabhakaran-s-opens-up-on-her-serial-entry/articleshow/109448211.cms|title=എല്ലാം തന്നത് കണ്ണനാണ്! എന്റെ ജീവിതം തന്നെ മാറ്റിമറിച്ചു; സങ്കടം വന്നാലും സന്തോഷം വന്നാലും ഗുരുവായൂരപ്പൻ തന്നെ ശരണം!|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as Chandroth Prabhavathi Sidharthan, Nandan's mother
* Prayaan Vishnu as Chandroth Nandan, Devika's husband <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/sukhamo-devi-fame-prayan-s-life-story-actor-s-open-talk-about-his-career-and-family/photoshow/102830526.cms|title=അമ്മയെ പേടിച്ച് കെട്ടിയ പെണ്ണിനെ മാറ്റിനിർത്തിയ അവസ്ഥ; മെക്കാനിക്കൽ എഞ്ചിനീയറായ പ്രയാൺ, നന്ദനാകാനെത്തിയപ്പോൾ നിറഞ്ഞ കൈയ്യടി|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>
* [[Vivek Gopan]]/ Stebin Jacob as Murali
* V.K.Baiju as Chandroth Siddharthan, Nandan's father
* Amritha Prasanth as Rajani Gireesh, Nandan's sister
* Priyanka Anoop as Bhargavi, Murali's mother
* Lakshmi Pramod<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/lakshmi-pramod-comeback-with-sukhamo-devi-serial-lakshmi-as-meera-on-the-serial/articleshow/101352552.cms|title=പ്രതിസന്ധിയിൽ തളർന്നില്ല; നല്ലൊരു കഥാപാത്രം കിട്ടിയപ്പോൾ ലക്ഷ്മിയെത്തി; ഇനി ചന്ദ്രോത്ത് മീരയുടെ നാളുകൾ!|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> / Aiswarya Unni<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/kudumbavilakku-fame-dr-aiswarya-unni-joined-on-sukhamo-devi-serial/photoshow/104715317.cms|title=ഡോക്ടർ ആണ്, മോഡലാണ്, സർവ്വോപരി മുടിയന്റെ സ്വന്തവും! മീരക്ക് പുതിയ മുഖമായി ഐശ്വര്യ!|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> as Meera Balaraman (dead)
* Deepan Murali as Prakash Menon, Meera's ex lover
*[[Bhagyalakshmi]] as Dr. Janaki
* Ibrahim Kutty as Hari; Janaki's husband
* Ardra Das as Gouri Murali, Murali's wife
* Ramya Sudha as Radhika Madhavan; Devika's mother
* KPAC Saji as Balaraman; Meera and Tanuja's father (dead)
* Manju Satheesh/Divya Sreedhar as Chandramathi Balaraman; Meera's mother
* Harishanth as Thyagarajan; Chandramathi's brother
* Giridhar as Gireesh, Rajani's husband and Vasundhara's Best friend
* [[Reneesha Rahiman]] as Isabella
* [[Ranjith Raj]] as Sethu; Nandan's friend
* Kishore Peethambaran as Karthikeyan
* Pavithran as Madhavan; Devika's father
* Aiswarya Devi as Urmila; Murali's sister
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as DGP Thomas Chacko [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Vaishnavi Sai Kumar as Kalavathi, Prabhavathi's cousin
* [[Anu Joseph]] as SP Vasundhara [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Gireesh's friend
* Sujitha Stany as Thanuja; Balaraman and Mary's daughter
* as Purushothaman; Thanuja's adopted father
* as Sujatha; Thanuja's adopted mother
* Maya Moushmi as Minister Mary Thomas; Tanuja's mother
* as Uma; Murali's sister
* as Giri's mother
* as Sharika Madhavan; Devika's sister
* as Vasudevan; Gouri's father
* as Varadha; Gouri's mother
* as Esthappan; a goon
* as Nimmy; Esthappan's daughter
* as Eliyamma a.k.a Achaamma; Esthappan's helper
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Arundhathi
* as Narendran; Rajani's first husband
* as Meenakshi; Chandroth house maid
* [[Sheelu Abraham]]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|2025
| 3rd Kerala Vision Television Awards
| Best Actor in Negative Role
| Harisanth
| {{win}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralavisionnews.com/2025/12/12/keralavision-television-awards-2025-26018|title=മൂന്നാമത് കേരളവിഷൻ ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; കേരളവിഷൻ പബ്ലിക്കേഷൻസിന്റെ മൂന്ന് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ കവർ പ്രകാശനവും നടന്നു|website=Kerala Vision News|language=ml}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.flowerstv.in/fiction/sukhamo-devi/ Sukhamo Devi - Flowers TV]
*[https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-malayalam-serial-sukhamo-devi-episodeno-Aug21-2024/detail/199564/0/ Sukhamo Devi - Sun NXT]

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

J. B. S. Haldane

2026-03-25T09:47:58Z

Roamingindian: minor edit

{{short description|Geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1892–1964)}}
{{For|his father, another British physiologist|John Scott Haldane}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English |date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = J. B. S. Haldane
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|FRS}}
| image = J. B. S. Haldane.jpg
| caption = Haldane in 1914
| birth_name = {{nowrap|John Burdon Sanderson Haldane}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|11|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|12|01|1892|11|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Orissa, India
| father = [[John Scott Haldane]]
| mother = [[Louisa Kathleen Trotter]]
| citizenship = {{hlist|United Kingdom (until 1961)|India (from 1961)}}
| field = {{hlist|[[Biology]]|[[biostatistics]]}}
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]|[[University College London]]|[[Indian Statistical Institute]]}}
| alma_mater = [[New College, Oxford]]
| academic_advisors = [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]
| doctoral_students = {{ubl|[[Helen Spurway]]|[[Krishna Dronamraju]]|[[John Maynard Smith]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl |[[Enzyme kinetics#Reversible catalysis and the Haldane equation|Haldane equation]] | [[Genetic_map_function#Haldane_Mapping_Function|Haldane mapping function]]|[[Beta_distribution#Haldane's_prior_probability_(Beta(0,0))|Haldane's prior]]|[[Haldane's sieve]] | [[Haldane's rule]] |[[#Haldane's principle|Haldane's principle]] |[[Haldane's dilemma]] |[[Abiogenesis|Oparin–Haldane hypothesis]] | [[Darwin (unit)]]|[[Enzymology]]|[[Hydrogen economy]]|[[Genetic resistance to malaria|Malaria resistance]] |[[Population genetics]] |[[Neo-Darwinism]] ||[[Primordial soup]] | [[Heterotrophic theory]] | [[Fitness (biology)|Fitness]] | [[Kin selection]] | [[Selection shadow]] |}}
| prizes = {{ubl|[[Baly Medal]] (1913)| [[Weldon Memorial Prize]] (1938)|[[Darwin Medal]] (1952)|[[Bateson Lecture]] (1957)|[[Darwin–Wallace Medal]] (1958)}}
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Charlotte Haldane|Charlotte Franken]]|1926|1945|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Helen Spurway]]|1945}}}}
| relatives = [[Naomi Mitchison]] (sister)
| module = {{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|allegiance = {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears = 1914–1920
|rank = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
|unit = [[Black Watch]]
}}
}}

'''John Burdon Sanderson Haldane''' {{postnom|country=GBR|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɔː|l|d|eɪ|n}}; 5 November 1892{{snd}}1 December 1964<ref name="Pirie-1966">{{cite journal |author = Pirie, N. W. |title = John Burdon Sanderson Haldane. 1892–1964 |journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |year = 1966 |volume = 12 |pages = 218–249 |doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1966.0010 |doi-access = free|s2cid = 73216473 |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=4331308 |author-link = Norman Pirie }}</ref><ref name="Rao-2015">{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Veena|date=2015|title=J. B. S. Haldane, an Indian scientist of British origin|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/03/0634.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=109|issue=3|pages=634–638|jstor=24906123|url-access=}}</ref>), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS",<ref name="Dronamraju-Recollections">{{cite journal|last1=Dronamraju|first1=Krishna R|date=2012|title=Recollections of J.B.S. Haldane, with special reference to Human Genetics in India|journal=Indian Journal of Human Genetics|volume=18|issue=1|pages=3–8|doi=10.4103/0971-6866.96634|pmc=3385175|pmid=22754215 |doi-access=free }}</ref> was a British-born scientist who later moved to India and acquired Indian citizenship. He worked in the fields of [[physiology]], [[genetics]], [[evolutionary biology]], and [[mathematics]]. With innovative use of [[statistics in biology]], he was one of the founders of [[neo-Darwinism]]. Despite his lack of an academic degree in the field,<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> he taught biology at the [[University of Cambridge]], the [[Royal Institution]], and [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dronamraju|first=Krishna R.|date=1986|title=Possible worlds: contributions of J. B. S. Haldane to genetics|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/016895258690288X|journal=Trends in Genetics|language=en|volume=2|pages=322–324|doi=10.1016/0168-9525(86)90288-X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Renouncing his British citizenship, he became an Indian citizen in 1961<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mcouat | first=Gordon | title=J. B. S. Haldane's passage to India: reconfiguring science | journal=Journal of Genetics| volume=96 | issue=5 | year=2017 | issn=0022-1333 | doi=10.1007/s12041-017-0829-0 | pages=845–852| pmid=29237894 }}</ref> and worked at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] until his death in 1964.

Haldane's article on [[abiogenesis]] in 1929 introduced the "[[primordial soup]] theory", which became the foundation for the concept of the chemical origin of life. He established human [[gene map]]s for [[haemophilia]] and [[colour blindness]] on the [[X chromosome]], and codified [[Haldane's rule]] on [[sterility (physiology)|sterility]] in the [[heterogametic sex]] of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] in [[species]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turelli|first1=M|last2=Orr|first2=HA|date=1995|title=The dominance theory of Haldane's rule|journal=Genetics|volume=140|issue=1|pages=389–402|doi=10.1093/genetics/140.1.389|pmc=1206564|pmid=7635302}}</ref><ref name="Haldane1922">{{cite journal|last1=Haldane|first1=J. B. S.|year=1922|title=Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428440|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=12|issue=2|pages=101–109|doi=10.1007/BF02983075|s2cid=32459333}}</ref> He correctly proposed that [[sickle-cell disease]] confers some immunity to [[malaria]]. He was the first to suggest the central idea of [[in vitro fertilisation]], as well as concepts such as [[hydrogen economy]], cis and [[trans-acting]] regulation, [[coupling reaction]], [[molecular repulsion]], the [[Darwin (unit)|darwin]] (as a unit of evolution), and organismal cloning.

In 1957, Haldane articulated [[Haldane's dilemma]], a limit on the speed of beneficial [[evolution]], an idea that is still debated today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barton |first1=N.H. |last2=Briggs |first2=D.E.G. |last3=Eisen |first3=J.A. |last4=Goldstein |first4=D.B. |last5=Patel |first5=N.H. |year=2007 |title = Evolution |publisher = Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |location = Cold Spring Harbor, New York}}</ref> He is also remembered for his work in [[human biology]], having coined "[[Human cloning|clone]]", "[[cloning]]", and "[[ectogenesis]]". With his sister, [[Naomi Mitchison]], Haldane was the first to demonstrate [[genetic linkage]] in [[mammal]]s. Subsequent works established a unification of [[Mendelian genetics]] and [[Darwinian evolution]] by [[natural selection]] whilst laying the groundwork for [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]], and helped to create [[population genetics]].

Haldane served in [[World War I]], and obtained the rank of captain.<ref name= LG/> He was a professed [[socialist]], [[Marxist]], [[atheist]], and [[secular humanist]] whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India, becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961. [[Arthur C. Clarke]] credited him as "perhaps the most brilliant [[Science popularization|science populariser]] of his generation".<ref>{{cite book |last = Clarke |first = Arthur C. |title = What I Require From Life: Writings on Science and Life from J.B.S. Haldane |year = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923770-8 |page = ix |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5233gQF1kBEC |editor = John Burdon Sanderson Haldane |chapter = Foreword |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308021407/https://books.google.com/books?id=5233gQF1kBEC&pg |archive-date = 8 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="dronamjaru1992">{{cite journal |last = Dronamraju |first = KR |title = J.B.S. Haldane (1892–1964): centennial appreciation of a polymath |journal = American Journal of Human Genetics |year = 1992 |volume = 51 |issue = 4 |pages = 885–9 |pmid = 1415229 |pmc = 1682816 }}</ref> Brazilian-British biologist and [[Nobel laureate]] [[Peter Medawar]] called Haldane "the cleverest man I ever knew".<ref>{{cite book |last = Gould |first = Stephen Jay |title = The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History |year = 2011 |publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location = Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-674-06167-5 |page = 305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wApMpVmi-5gC |edition = 1st Harvard University Press }}</ref> According to [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], "Haldane was always recognized as a singular case"; [[Ernst Mayr]] described him as a "[[polymath]]" (as did others);<ref name="Adams-2000">{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Mark B.|date=2000|title=Last judgment: the visionary biology of J.B.S. Haldane|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=457–491|doi=10.1023/A:1004891323595|jstor=4331611|pmid=13678078|s2cid=46244914}}</ref> [[Michael J. D. White]] described him as "the most erudite biologist of his generation, and perhaps of the century";<ref name="Crow-1992" /> [[James Watson]] described him as "England's most clever and eccentric biologist",<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=James D.|date=1968|title=The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA|publisher=Atheneum |isbn=0-689-70602-2|oclc=6197022}}</ref> and [[Sahotra Sarkar]] described him as "probably the most prescient biologist of this [20th] century".<ref name="Sarkar-1992a">{{cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Sahotra|date=1992|title=A Centenary Reassessment of J. B. S. Haldane, 1892–1964|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/1311997|journal=BioScience|volume=42|issue=10|pages=777–785|doi=10.2307/1311997|jstor=1311997|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to a Cambridge student, "he seemed to be the last man who might know all there was to be known".<ref name="Adams-2000" /> He willed his body for medical studies, as he wanted to remain useful even in death.

== Biography ==

=== Early life and education ===

Haldane was born in [[Oxford]] in 1892. His father was the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[physiology|physiologist]], scientist, [[philosopher]], and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]], [[John Scott Haldane]], who was the grandson of evangelist [[James Alexander Haldane]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dboDwAAQBAJ&dq=John+Burdon+Sanderson+Haldane+grandfather+James+Alexander+Haldane&pg=PP10|title=Haldane: The Forgotten Statesman Who Shaped Britain and Canada|author= Campbell, John|date=16 July 2020|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-2280-0233-8}}</ref> His mother Louisa Kathleen Trotter, was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] of Scottish ancestry. His only sibling, [[Naomi Mitchison]], became a prominent Scottish writer.<ref name="Fantes-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Fantes|first1=Peter|last2=Mitchison|first2=Sally|date=2019|title=J. Murdoch Mitchison. 11 June 1922—17 March 2011|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=67|pages=279–306|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2019.0006|doi-access=free}}</ref> His uncle was [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|Viscount Haldane]] and his aunt was the author [[Elizabeth Haldane]]. Descended from an aristocratic and [[secular]] family of the [[Clan Haldane]],<ref name="acott">{{cite journal |last = Acott |first = C. |title = JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resumé of their lives. |journal = South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume = 29 |issue = 3 |year = 1999 |issn = 0813-1988 |oclc = 16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 |access-date = 12 July 2008 |url-status = usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727224432/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 |archive-date = 27 July 2011 }}</ref> he later claimed that his [[Y chromosome]] could be traced back to [[Robert the Bruce]].<ref name=hedrick>{{cite journal |last = Hedrick |first = Larry |title = J.B.S. Haldane: A Legacy in Several Worlds |journal = The World & I Online |year = 1989 |url=http://www.worldandischool.com/public/1989/december/school-resource15482.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141231/http://www.worldandischool.com/public/1989/december/school-resource15482.asp |archive-date = 22 February 2014 |access-date = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>

Haldane grew up at 11 Crick Road, North Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |title = J. S. Haldane (1860–1936) |url=http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/haldane.html |publisher = Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board |access-date = 17 February 2014 }}</ref> He learnt to read at the age of three, and at four, after injuring his forehead, he asked the physician treating him about the bleeding, "Is this [[oxyhaemoglobin]] or [[carboxyhaemoglobin]]?" He was raised as an [[Anglicanism|Anglican Christian]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3h4DQAAQBAJ&q=anglican|title=Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JSB Haldane|author= Dronamraju, Krishna R.|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933392-9}}</ref> From age eight he worked with his father in their home laboratory where he experienced his first [[self-experimentation]], the method he would later be famous for. He and his father became their own "human guinea pigs", such as in their investigation on the effects of poison gases. In 1899, his family moved to "Cherwell", a late Victorian house at the outskirts of Oxford with its own private laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/world-war-1/people/john-scott-haldane |title=John Scott Haldane |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115930/https://www.ox.ac.uk/world-war-1/people/john-scott-haldane }}</ref> At age 8, in 1901, his father brought him to the [[Oxford University Junior Scientific Club]] to listen to a lecture on [[Mendelian genetics]], which had been recently rediscovered.<ref name="Sarkar-1992b" /> Although he found the lecture given by [[Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire]], Demonstrator of Zoology at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], "interesting but difficult",<ref name="dronamjaru1992" /> it influenced him permanently such that genetics became the field in which he made his most important scientific contributions.<ref name="Crow-1992" />

His formal education began in 1897 at Oxford Preparatory School (now [[Dragon School]]), where he gained a First Scholarship in 1904 to [[Eton College]]. In 1905 he joined Eton, where he experienced severe abuse from senior students for allegedly being arrogant, but was befriended by [[Julian Huxley]].<ref>Calder, Jenni (2019), ''The Burning Glass: The Life of Naomi Mitchison'', Sandstone Press Ltd., [[Dingwall]], p. 27, {{isbn|9781912240661}}</ref> The indifference of authority left him with a lasting hatred for the English education system. However, the ordeal did not stop him from becoming captain of the school.<ref name="Monk-2020" />

He participated for the first time in scientific research as a volunteer subject for his father in 1906. John was the first to study the effects of [[Decompression sickness|decompression]] (relief from high pressure) in humans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Devanney|first=Richard|date=7 September 2016|title=Decompression Theory – Part 2|url=https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi-diver-news/decompression-theory-part-2/|access-date=7 August 2021|website=www.tdisdi.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He investigated the physiological condition called "[[Decompression sickness |bends]]", such as when goats lift and bend their legs if discomforted, that also may affect deep-sea divers.<ref name =JoH/> In July 1906, on board ''[[HMS Spanker (1889)|HMS Spanker]]'' off the west coast of Scotland, [[Rothesay]], young Haldane jumped into the Atlantic Ocean with the experimental diving suit. The study was published in a 101-paged article in ''[[The Journal of Hygiene]]'' in 1908; where Haldane was described as "Jack Haldane (age 13)" for whom it "was the first time [he] had ever dived in a diving dress".<ref name =JoH>{{Cite journal|last1=Boycott|first1=A. E.|last2=Damant|first2=G. C.|last3=Haldane|first3=J. S.|date=1908|title=The Prevention of Compressed-air Illness|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|volume=8|issue=3|pages=342–443|doi=10.1017/s0022172400003399|pmc=2167126|pmid=20474365}}</ref>{{rp|436}} The research became a foundation for a scientific theory called [[Haldane's decompression model]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jones|first1=Mark W.|title=Hyperbaric Physics|date=2021|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448104/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=28846268|access-date=7 August 2021|last2=Brett|first2=Kaighley|last3=Han|first3=Nathaniel|last4=Wyatt|first4=H. Alan}}</ref>

He studied mathematics and [[classics]] at [[New College, Oxford]], and obtained first-class honours in mathematical [[Moderations]] in 1912. He became engrossed in genetics and presented a paper on gene linkage in [[vertebrate]]s in the summer of 1912. His first technical paper, a 30-page long article on haemoglobin function, was published that same year, as a co-author alongside his father.<ref name="haldane1912">{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=C. G.|author2=Haldane, J. S.|author3=Haldane, J. B. S.|year=1912|title=The laws of combination of haemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=275–304|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001517|pmc=1512793|pmid=16993128}}</ref> His mathematical treatment of the study was published in December 1913 in the ''Proceedings of the Physiological Society''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|date=1913|title=The dissociation of oxyhemoglobin in human blood during partial CO poisoning (Proceedings of the Physiological Society: October 19, 1912)|journal=The Journal of Physiology|language=en|volume=45|issue=suppl|pages=xxii–xxiv|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1913.sp001573|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Haldane did not want his education to be confined to a specific subject; he took up [[Greats]] (classics) and graduated with first-class honours in 1914. While he had full intention of studying physiology, his plan was, as he described later, referring to World War I, "somewhat overshadowed by other events".<ref name="Monk-2020">{{Cite web |last=Monk |first=Ray |date=20 November 2020 |title=JBS Haldane: the man who knew almost everything |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/11/jbs-haldane-man-who-knew-almost-everything |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=New Statesman |language=en}}</ref> His only formal education in biology was an incomplete course in vertebrate anatomy.<ref name="Pirie-1966" />

=== Career ===

To support the war effort, Haldane volunteered to join the [[British Army]], and was commissioned a temporary second lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the [[Black Watch]] (Royal Highland Regiment) on 15 August 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29172 |supp=y |page=5081 |date=25 May 1915}}</ref> He was assigned as the trench mortar officer, to lead his team for hand-bombing the enemy trenches, the experience of which he described as "enjoyable".<ref name="Monk-2020" /> In his article in 1932 he described how "he enjoyed the opportunity of killing people and regarded this as a respectable relic of primitive man".<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> He was promoted to temporary lieutenant on 18 February 1915 and to temporary captain on 18 October.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29172 |supp=y |page=5079 |date=25 May 1915}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29399 |supp=y |page=12410 |date=10 December 1915}}</ref> While serving in France, he was wounded by artillery fire and sent back to Scotland, where he served as instructor of grenades for the Black Watch recruits. In 1916, he joined the war in [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] (Iraq), where an enemy bomb severely wounded him. He was relieved from action and sent to India, where he stayed for the rest of the war.<ref name="Monk-2020" /> He returned to England in 1919 and relinquished his commission on 1 April 1920, retaining his rank of captain.<ref name= LG>{{London Gazette |issue=32445 |supp=y |page=7036 |date=2 September 1921}}</ref> For his ferocity and aggressiveness in battles, his commander described him as the "bravest and dirtiest officer in my Army".<ref name="cochran">{{cite web |last1=Cochran |first1=Gregory |last2=Harpending |first2=Henry |date=10 January 2009 |title=J.B.S. Haldane |url=http://the10000yearexplosion.com/jbs-haldanes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222810/http://the10000yearexplosion.com/jbs-haldanes/ |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=The 10,000 Year Explosion }}</ref> Another senior officer of his regiment called him 'mad' and 'cracked'.<ref>University of St Andrews, University Collections, Anstruther of Balcaskie Collection, msdep121/8/2/11/1/4 – Letter from Major Robert Anstruther, 8th Battalion The Black Watch, to his mother, 6th March 1917.</ref>

Between 1919 and 1922, he served as [[Fellow#In ancient universities|Fellow]] of New College, Oxford,<ref name=Biol>{{cite web |title = Biological Sciences |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/biological-sciences |publisher = [[New College, Oxford]] |access-date = 15 April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425070751/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/biological-sciences |archive-date = 25 April 2016 }}</ref> where, despite his lack of formal education in the field, he taught and researched in physiology and genetics. During his first year at Oxford, six of his papers dealing with physiology of respiration and genetics were published.<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> He then moved to the [[University of Cambridge]], where he accepted a newly created [[Reader (academic rank)|readership]] in [[biochemistry]] in 1923 and taught until 1932.<ref name="acott" /> During his nine years at Cambridge, he worked on [[enzyme]]s and [[genetics]], particularly the mathematical side of genetics.<ref name="acott" /> While working as a visiting professor at the [[University of California]] in 1932, he was elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref name="New York Times-1964">{{Cite news|date=2 December 1964|title=Prof. J.B.S. Haldane, 72, Dies; British Geneticist and Writer; Developed Simple Treatment for Tetanus—Marxist Quit His Homeland for India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/02/archives/prof-jbs-haldane-72-dies-british-geneticist-and-writer-developed.html|access-date=6 August 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Haldane worked part-time at the John Innes Horticultural Institution (later named [[John Innes Centre]]) at [[Merton Park]] in Surrey from 1927 to 1937.<ref name="jic.ac.uk">{{cite web|title=John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (1892–1964): Biochemist and geneticist; head of genetics at JIHI, 1927–1937. FRS 1932.|url=https://www.jic.ac.uk/centenary/timeline/info/JBSHaldane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112912/https://www.jic.ac.uk/centenary/timeline/info/JBSHaldane.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|work=jic.ac.uk}}</ref> When Alfred Daniel Hall became the director in 1926,<ref name="Russell-1942">{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=E.J.|date=1942|title=Alfred Daniel Hall, 1864–1942|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018|journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=4|issue=11|pages=229–250|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018|doi-access=free|s2cid=161964820|issn=1479-571X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> one of his earliest tasks was to appoint as assistant director "a man of high quality in the study of genetics" who could become his successor. Upon the recommendation of [[Julian Huxley]], the council appointed Haldane in March 1927, with the terms: "Mr. Haldane to visit the Institution fortnightly for a day and a night during the Cambridge terms, to put in two months also at Easter and long vacations in two continuous blocks and to be free in the Christmas vacation."<ref name="Wilmot2017" /> He was officer in charge of Genetical Investigations.<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> He became the [[Fullerian Professor of Physiology]] at the [[Royal Institution]] from 1930 to 1932 and in 1933 he became Professor of Genetics at [[University College London]], where he spent most of his [[Academic staff|academic]] career.<ref name="ucl">{{cite web|url=http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27HALDANE%27&dsqDb=Catalog|title =Full view of record [of Haldane]|publisher =University College London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302074310/http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27HALDANE%27&dsqDb=Catalog|archive-date =2 March 2017|url-status =live|work =UCL Archives|access-date =3 February 2017}}</ref> As Hall did not retire until 1939,<ref name="Russell-1942" /> Haldane did not in fact succeed him, but resigned from the John Innes in 1936 to become the first Weldon Professor of [[biometry]] at University College London.<ref name="acott" /> Haldane was credited with helping the John Innes become "the liveliest place for research in genetics in Britain".<ref name="Wilmot2017" /> He moved his team to the [[Rothamsted Experimental Station]] in Hertfordshire from 1941 to 1944, during [[World War II]], to escape bombings.<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> [[Reginald Punnett]], founder of the ''Journal of Genetics'' in 1910 with [[William Bateson]], invited him to become editor in 1933, a post he retained until his death.<ref name="Rao-2015" />

=== In India ===

[[File:Marcello Siniscalco (standing) and J.B.S. Haldane in Andra Pradesh, India, 1964.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marcello Siniscalco]] ''(standing)'' and Haldane in Andhra Pradesh, India, 1964]]

[[File:John Burdon Sanderson Haldane Avenue - Kolkata 7660.JPG|thumb|J.{{nbsp}}B.{{nbsp}}S. Haldane Avenue in [[Kolkata]], the busy connecting road from [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] to [[Park Circus]] area containing [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]]]]

In 1956, Haldane left [[University College London]], and joined the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] where he worked in the [[biostatistics|biometry]] unit.<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> Haldane gave many reasons for moving to India. Officially he stated that he left the UK because of the [[Suez Crisis]], writing: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of [[international law]]." He believed that the warm [[climate]] would do him good, and that India shared his socialist dreams.<ref name="dronam">{{cite journal |title = On Some Aspects of the Life and Work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F.R.S., in India |author = Krishna R. Dronamraju |journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume = 41 |issue = 2 |year = 1987 |pages = 211–237 |doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1987.0006 |pmid = 11622022 |jstor = 531546 |doi-access = free }}</ref> In an article "A passage to India" that he wrote in ''The Rationalists Annual'' in 1958, he stated: "For one thing I prefer Indian food to American. Perhaps my main reason for going to India is that I consider that the opportunities for scientific research of the kind in which I am interested are better in India than in Britain, and that my teaching will be at least as useful there as here."<ref name="Haldane-1968">{{Cite book|last=Haldane|first=John Burdon Sanderson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_hDAAAAIAAJ|title=Science and Life: Essays of a Rationalist|date=1968|publisher=Pemberton Publishing|isbn=978-0-301-66584-9|pages=124–134|language=en}}</ref> The university had sacked his wife Helen for being [[public intoxication|drunk and disorderly]] and refusing to pay a fine, triggering Haldane's resignation. He decided that he would no longer wear socks, stating that "Sixty years in socks is enough."<ref>{{cite book |last = deJong-Lambert |first = William |title = The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research: An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair |year = 2012 |publisher = Springer |location = Dordrecht |isbn=978-94-007-2839-4 |page = 150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzxvfRbIMbAC |edition = 2012. |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308005118/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzxvfRbIMbAC&pg |archive-date = 8 March 2017 }}</ref> Afterwards, he always dressed in Indian attire.<ref name=dronamjaru1992 />

Haldane was keenly interested in inexpensive research. Explaining in "A passage to India", he said, "Of course, if my work required [[electron microscopes]], [[cyclotrons]], and the like, I should not get them in India. But the sort of facilities which [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and [[William Bateson|Bateson]] used for their researches—such as gardens, gardeners, pigeon lofts, and pigeons—are more easily obtained in India than in England."<ref name="Haldane-1968" /> He wrote to Julian Huxley about his observations on ''Vanellus malabaricus'', the [[yellow-wattled lapwing]]. He advocated the use of ''Vigna sinensis'' ([[cowpea]]) as a model for studying [[plant genetics]]. He took an interest in the [[pollination]] of ''[[Lantana camara]]''. He lamented that Indian universities forced those who took up biology to drop mathematics.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Majumder PP |year = 1998 |title = Haldane's Contributions to Biological Research in India |journal = Resonance |pages = 32–35 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Dec1998/pdf/Dec1998p32-35.pdf |doi = 10.1007/BF02838095 |volume = 3 |issue = 12 |s2cid = 121546764 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910153330/http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Dec1998/pdf/Dec1998p32-35.pdf |archive-date = 10 September 2008 }}</ref> He took an interest in the study of [[floral symmetry]]. In January 1961 he befriended Canadian lepidopterist [[Gary Botting]], the 1960 U.S. Science Fair winner in zoology (who had first visited the Haldanes along with Susan Brown, 1960 U.S. National Science Fair winner in botany), inviting him to share the results of his experiments hybridising ''[[Antheraea]]'' silk moths. He, his wife Helen Spurway, and student Krishna Dronamraju were present at the [[The Oberoi Group|Oberoi Grand Hotel]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] when Brown reminded the Haldanes that she and Botting had a previously scheduled event that would prevent them from accepting an invitation to a banquet proposed by the Haldanes in their honour and had regretfully declined the honour. After the two students had left the hotel, Haldane went on his much-publicized hunger strike to protest what he regarded as a "U.S. insult".<ref>"Haldane on Fast: Insult by USIS Alleged", ''Times of India'', 19 January 1961; "Protest Fast by Haldane: USIS's "Anti-Indian Activities", ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; "Situation was Misunderstood, Scholars Explain", ''Times of India'', 20 January 1961; "USIS Explanation does not satisfy Haldane: Protest fast continues", ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; "USIS Claim Rejected by Haldane: Protest Fast to Continue", ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; "Haldane Not Satisfied with USIS Apology: Fast to Continue", ''Free Press Journal'', 18 January 1961; "Haldane Goes on Fast In Protest Against U.S. Attitude", ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; "Haldane to continue fast: USIS explanation unsatisfactory", ''Times of India'', 19 January 1961; "Local boy in hunger strike row", ''Toronto Star'', 20 January 1961; "Haldane, Still on Fast, Loses Weight: U.S.I.S. Act Termed 'Discourteous'", ''Indian Express'', 20 January 1961; "Haldane Slightly Tired on Third Day of Fast", ''Times of India'', 21 January 1961; "Haldane Fasts for Fourth Consecutive Day", ''Globe and Mail'', 22 January 1961</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses |year = 1984 |publisher = University of Toronto Press |location = Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-6545-2 |page = xvii |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRj4hmqPRxEC |author = Botting, Gary |editor1 = Heather Denise Harden |editor2 = Gary Botting |chapter = Preface |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312150123/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRj4hmqPRxEC&dq |archive-date = 12 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=cook50>{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Laurence M. |last2=Turner |first2=John R. G. |date=2020 |title=Fifty per cent and all that: what Haldane actually said |url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/129/3/765/5700465 |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=765–771 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blz169 |issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free }}</ref> When the director of the ISI, [[P. C. Mahalanobis]], confronted Haldane about both the hunger strike and the unbudgeted banquet, Haldane resigned from his post (in February 1961), and moved to a newly established biometry unit in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Orissa ([[Odisha]]).<ref name="dronam" />

Haldane took Indian citizenship; he was interested in [[Hinduism]] and became a [[vegetarian]].<ref name="dronam" /> In 1961, Haldane described India as "the closest approximation to the Free World". [[Jerzy Neyman]] objected that "India has its fair share of scoundrels and a tremendous amount of poor unthinking and disgustingly subservient individuals who are not attractive."<ref name="Dronamraju-2017">{{Cite book|last=Dronamraju|first=Krishna R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3h4DQAAQBAJ|title=Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933392-9|location=New York|pages=280–285|language=en}}</ref> Haldane retorted:<blockquote>Perhaps one is freer to be a scoundrel in India than elsewhere. So one was in the U.S.A in the days of people like [[Jay Gould]], when (in my opinion) there was more internal freedom in the U.S.A than there is today. The "disgusting subservience" of the others has its limits. The people of Calcutta riot, upset trams, and refuse to obey police regulations, in a manner which would have delighted [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]. I don't think their activities are very efficient, but that is not the question at issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why india survives – The true choice facing Indians|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/why-india-survives-the-true-choice-facing-indians/cid/1019066|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Telegraph}}</ref></blockquote>When on 25 June 1962 he was described in print as a "[[World Citizen|Citizen of the World]]" by [[Groff Conklin]], Haldane responded:<blockquote>No doubt I am in some sense a citizen of the world. But I believe with Thomas Jefferson that one of the chief duties of a citizen is to be a nuisance to the government of his state. As there is no world state, I cannot do this. On the other hand, I can be, and am, a nuisance to the government of India, which has the merit of permitting a good deal of criticism, though it reacts to it rather slowly. I also happen to be proud of being a citizen of India, which is a lot more diverse than Europe, let alone the U.S.A, the U.S.S.R or China, and thus a better model for a possible world organisation. It may of course break up, but it is a wonderful experiment. So, I want to be labeled as a citizen of India.<ref name="Dronamraju-2017" /></blockquote>Haldane found science teaching in India wanting. He said "the stupidity of the ''[[mynah]]'' shows that in birds, as in men, linguistic and practical abilities are not very highly correlated. A student who can repeat a page of a text book may get first class honours, but may be incapable of doing research."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majumder |first=Partha P. |date=1 February 2016 |title=A Humanitarian and a Great Indian |url= |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=467–469 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evw012 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4779617 |pmid=26837547}}</ref>

=== Personal life ===

Haldane was married twice, first to [[Charlotte Haldane|Charlotte Franken]] and then to [[Helen Spurway]].<ref>[https://www.bmj.com/content/2/5423/1536 "J.S.B. Haldane"], Obituary Notices, ''Br Med J'', 1964;2:1536.</ref> In 1924, Haldane met Charlotte Franken, who was a journalist for the ''[[Daily Express]]'' and married to Jack Burghes. Following the publication of Haldane's ''Daedalus, or Science and the Future'', she interviewed Haldane and they began a relationship.<ref name="Monk-2020" /> In order to marry Haldane, Franken filed a divorce suit, which resulted in controversy as Haldane was involved as co-respondent in the legal proceeding.<ref name="Pirie-1966" /> Additionally, as [[Sahotra Sarkar]] reported: "For her to secure a divorce, Haldane overtly committed adultery with her".<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" /> Haldane's conduct was described as "gross immorality", for which he was formally dismissed by Cambridge's Sex Viri (a six-member disciplinary committee) from the university in 1925. Cambridge professors, including [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[Bertrand Russell]], and W. L. George, raised their defence for Haldane insisting that the university should not make such judgements, based solely on a professor's private life.<ref name="New York Times-1964" /> The ouster was revoked in 1926. Haldane and Charlotte Franken were married in 1926. Following their separation in 1942, they divorced in 1945. Later that year he married [[Helen Spurway]], his former PhD student.<ref>GRO marriage register Dec 1945 Pancras</ref> He also had an affair with [[Angel Records]] founder [[Dorle Soria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Book Review: "Master Lovers" – An Inventive and Intelligent Fictional Memoir – The Arts Fuse |url=https://artsfuse.org/285776/book-review-master-lovers-an-inventive-and-intelligent-fictional-memoir/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=artsfuse.org/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

Haldane once boasted about himself, saying, "I can read 11 languages and make public speeches in three; but am unmusical. I am a fairly competent public speaker."<ref name="New York Times-1964" /> He had no children,<ref name="New York Times-1964" /> but he and his father were important influences to his sister Naomi's children, of whom [[Denis Mitchison]], [[Murdoch Mitchison]], and [[Avrion Mitchison]] became professors of biology at the [[University of London]], [[Edinburgh University]], and University College London, respectively.<ref name="Fantes-2019" />

Inspired by his father, Haldane often used self-experimentation and would expose himself to danger in order to obtain data. To test the effects of acidification of the blood he drank dilute [[hydrochloric acid]], enclosed himself in an airtight room containing 7% carbon dioxide, and found that it 'gives one a rather violent headache'. One experiment to study elevated levels of [[oxygen saturation]] triggered a fit that resulted in his suffering crushed [[vertebrae]].<ref name="jobling2">{{cite journal|author=Jobling MA|year=2012|title=The unexpected always happens|journal=Investigative Genetics|volume=3|issue=1|page=5|doi=10.1186/2041-2223-3-5|pmc=3298498|pmid=22357349 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In his [[decompression chamber]] experiments, he and his volunteers suffered [[perforated eardrum]]s. But, as Haldane stated in ''What is Life'',<ref>{{cite archive|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8631282|title=What is Life|author=J. B. S. Haldane|date=1947|publisher=Boni and Gaer|collection=Stephen Jay Gould Collection|collection-url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/sp673gr4168|institution=[[Stanford University]]|repository=Stanford Library|item-id=Q171 .H1565 1947|type=book|location=[[Palo Alto, California]]}}</ref> "the drum generally heals up; and if a hole remains in it, although one is somewhat deaf, one can blow tobacco smoke out of the ear in question, which is a social accomplishment".<ref name=Bryson2003>{{cite book|last=Bryson|first= Bill|author-link=Bill Bryson|title=A Short History Of Nearly Everything|edition= 1st|location= New York|publisher= Broadway Books|date=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CWlKRYLbIwC&pg=PT149|page=149|isbn=978-0-385-67450-8}}</ref>

Haldane made himself unpopular among his colleagues from the start of his academic career. In Cambridge, he annoyed most of the senior faculty due to his uninhibited behaviour, particularly at dinner. His partisan, [[Edgar Adrian]] (a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|1932 Nobel]] laureate), had almost convinced [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] to offer him an appointment as a Fellow, but that was ruined by an incident when Haldane arrived at the dining table carrying a gallon jar of urine from his laboratory.<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" />

=== Later life and death ===
In the autumn of 1963, Haldane visited the US for a series of scientific conferences. At the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]], [[Sewall Wright]] introduced him before his speech, noting many of Haldane's achievements, after which Haldane modestly remarked that the introduction would have been more accurate if all the references to "Haldane" were replaced with "Wright".<ref name="Crow-1992" /> In Florida, he met, for the first and only time, the Russian biochemist [[Alexander Oparin]], who had developed an [[primordial soup|origin of life theory]] quite independent of his own in the 1920s. It was while there that he started feeling abdominal pains.<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" />

Haldane went to London for a diagnosis. He was found to have [[colorectal cancer]], and had a surgery in February 1964. Around that time Philip Dally was making a BBC documentary about eminent living scientists, which included Sewall Wright and the double Nobel laureate [[Linus Pauling]]. Dally's team approached Haldane at the hospital for the documentary profile, but instead of a filmed interview, Haldane gave them a self-obituary,<ref name="Sear-1964">{{Cite news|last=Sear|first=Richard|date=2 December 1964|title=Obituary on TV — by man who died|page=1|work=Daily Mirror|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19641202/001/0001|access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref> the opening lines of which run:<blockquote>I am going to begin with a boast. I believe that I am one of the [originally as "I am the most"] most influential people living today, although I haven't got a scrap of power. Let me explain. In 1932 I was the first person to estimate the rate of mutation of a human gene.<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" /></blockquote>He also wrote a comic poem while in the hospital, mocking his own incurable disease. It was read by his friends, who appreciated the consistent irreverence with which Haldane had lived his life. The poem first appeared in print on 21 February 1964 issue of the ''[[New Statesman]]'', and runs:<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Dronamraju |first1 = K. |title = J. B. S. Haldane's last years: his life and work in India (1957–1964) |journal = Genetics |year = 2010 |volume = 185 |issue = 1 |pages = 5–10 |doi = 10.1534/genetics.110.116632 |pmid = 20516291 |pmc = 2870975 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Hesketh |first1 = Robin |title = Betrayed by Nature: The War on Cancer |year = 2012 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |location = New York (US) |isbn=978-0-230-34192-0 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/betrayedbynature0000hesk/page/237 237]–238 |url=https://archive.org/details/betrayedbynature0000hesk |url-access = registration }}</ref>

{{poemquote|
''Cancer's a Funny Thing'':
I wish I had the voice of [[Homer]]
To sing of rectal carcinoma,
Which kills a lot more chaps, in fact,
Than were bumped off when Troy was sacked ...}}
The poem ends:
{{poemquote|
... 
Thanks to the nurses and Nye Bevan
The NHS is quite like heaven
Provided one confronts the tumour
With a sufficient sense of humour.
I know that cancer often kills,
But so do cars and sleeping pills;
And it can hurt one till one sweats,
So can bad teeth and unpaid debts.
A spot of laughter, I am sure,
Often accelerates one's cure;
So let us patients do our bit
To help the surgeons make us fit.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Cancer is a Funny Thing| author=J. B. S. Haldane| journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]| volume=45| url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/45/3/673/2572990}}</ref>}}

He willed that his body be used for medical research and instruction at the [[Rangaraya Medical College]], [[Kakinada]].<ref name=vigyan /><ref name="Nayeem-2022">{{Cite web |last=Nayeem |first=K. Javeed |date=2022-11-20 |title=J.B.S. Haldane: Distinguished yet Disillusioned! |url=https://starofmysore.com/j-b-s-haldane-distinguished-yet-disillusioned/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Haldane Museum.jpg|thumb|Haldane Museum Located in Rangaraya Medical College]]
{{blockquote |quote = My body has been used for both purposes during my lifetime and after my death, whether I continue to exist or not, I shall have no further use for it, and desire that it shall be used by others. Its refrigeration, if this is possible, should be a first charge on my estate.<ref>{{cite book |last = Murty |first = K. Krishna |title = Spice in science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXaqNB2V6RcC |access-date = 1 February 2011 |year = 2005 |publisher = Pustak Mahal |location = Delhi |isbn=978-81-223-0900-3 |page = 68 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921142110/http://books.google.com/books?id=jXaqNB2V6RcC |archive-date = 21 September 2014 }}</ref>}}His surgery in London was declared successful. But the symptoms reappeared after returning to India in June, and in August, the Indian doctors confirmed that his condition was terminal. Writing to [[John Maynard Smith]] on 7 September, he said, "I am not appreciably upset by the prospect of dying fairly soon. But I am very angry [at the English doctor who performed the operation]."<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" />

He died on 1 December 1964 in [[Bhubaneswar]]. On that day the BBC broadcast his self-obituary as "Professor J.B.S. Haldane, obituary."<ref name="Sear-1964" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boon|first=Timothy|date=2015|title='The televising of science is a process of television': establishing Horizon, 1962–1967|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|volume=48|issue=1|pages=87–121|doi=10.1017/S0007087414000405|jstor=43820569|pmid=25833799|s2cid=206212519}}</ref> Following his will, his body was moved to Kakinada where Vissa Ramachandra Rao performed post-mortem and preservation of his body parts. His skeleton and organs are on display to the public in the Haldane Museum, located in the pathology department of Rangaraya Medical College.<ref name="Nayeem-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-07 |title=Biju Patnaik and JBS Haldane..... {{!}} |url=https://odishabarta.com/biju-patnaik-and-jbs-haldane/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=odishabarta |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Scientific contributions ==

Following his father's footsteps, Haldane's first publication was on the mechanism of [[gaseous exchange]] by haemoglobin in ''[[The Journal of Physiology]]'',<ref name=haldane1912 /> and he subsequently worked on the chemical properties of blood as a pH buffer.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Davies |first = HW |author2 = Haldane, JB |author3 = Kennaway, EL |title = Experiments on the regulation of the blood's alkalinity: I |journal = The Journal of Physiology |year = 1920 |volume = 54 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 32–45 |pmid = 16993473 |pmc = 1405746 |doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1920.sp001906 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Haldane |first = JB |title = Experiments on the regulation of the blood's alkalinity: II |journal = The Journal of Physiology |year = 1921 |volume = 55 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 265–75 |pmid = 16993510 |pmc = 1405425 |doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1921.sp001969 }}</ref> He investigated several aspects of [[kidney function]]s and mechanism of excretion.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Baird |first = MM |author2 = Haldane, JB |title = Salt and water elimination in man |journal = The Journal of Physiology |year = 1922 |volume = 56 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 259–62 |pmid = 16993567 |pmc = 1405382 |doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1922.sp002007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Davies |first = HW |author2 = Haldane, JB |author3 = Peskett, GL |title = The excretion of chlorides and bicarbonates by the human kidney |journal = The Journal of Physiology |year = 1922 |volume = 56 |issue = 5 |pages = 269–74 |pmid = 16993528 |pmc = 1405381 |doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1922.sp002009 }}</ref>

=== Genetic linkage ===

In 1904, [[Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire]] published a paper on an experiment attempting to test [[Mendelian inheritance]] between [[Japanese house mouse|Japanese waltzing]] and albino mice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darbishire|first=A. D.|date=1904|title=On the Result of Crossing Japanese Waltzing with Albino Mice|journal=Biometrika|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–51|doi=10.2307/2331519|jstor=2331519}}</ref> When Haldane came across the paper, he noticed that Darbishire had overlooked the possibility of genetic linkage in the experiment. Having sought advice from [[Reginald Punnett]], a professor of biology at the University of Cambridge, he was ready to write a paper, but only after an independent experiment.<ref name="Crow-1992" /> With his sister [[Naomi Mitchison|Naomi]] and a friend one year his senior, Alexander Dalzell Sprunt, he started the experiment in 1908 using [[guinea pigs]] and [[mouse|mice]]. By 1912, the report was ready.<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" /> The paper was entitled ''Reduplication in mice'' and published in the ''[[Journal of Genetics]]'' only in December 1915.<ref name="haldane1915">{{cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|author2=Sprunt, A. D.|author3=Haldane, N. M.|year=1915|title=Reduplication in mice (Preliminary Communication)|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/005/02/0133-0135|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=5|issue=2|pages=133–135|doi=10.1007/BF02985370|s2cid=22245638|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It became the first demonstration of [[genetic linkage]] in [[mammal]]s, showing that certain genetic traits tend to be inherited together (this was later discovered to be due to their proximity on chromosomes).<ref name="Dronamraju-Recollections" /> (Between 1912 and 1914, genetic linkage had been reported in the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophilla]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=T. H.|last2=Lynch|first2=Clara J.|author2-link=Clara Lynch|date=1912|title=The Linkage of Two Factors in Drosophila That Are Not Sex-Linked|journal=Biological Bulletin|volume=23|issue=3|pages=174–182|doi=10.2307/1535915|jstor=1535915|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Bombyx mori|silk moth]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=Yoshimaro|date=30 April 1913|title=Gametic coupling and repulsion in silkworm, Bombyx Mori|url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/12515|journal=The Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan|language=en|volume=5|issue=5|pages=115–148}}</ref> and plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bridges|first=Calvin B.|date=1914|title=The Chromosome Hypothesis of Linkage Applied to Cases in Sweet Peas and Primula|journal=The American Naturalist|language=en|volume=48|issue=573|pages=524–534|doi=10.1086/279428|doi-access=free|bibcode=1914ANat...48..524B }}</ref>)

As the paper was written during Haldane's service during World War I, [[James F. Crow]] called it "the most important science article ever written in a front-line trench".<ref name="Crow-1992">{{cite journal|last1=Crow|first1=JF|date=1992|title=Centennial: J. B. S. Haldane, 1892–1964|journal=Genetics|volume=130|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1093/genetics/130.1.1|pmc=1204784|pmid=1732155}}</ref> Haldane recalled that he was the "only officer to complete a scientific paper from a forward position of the Black Watch".<ref name="Monk-2020" /> As was Haldane, Sprunt had joined 4th Battalion [[Bedfordshire Regiment]] at the start of World War I, and was killed at the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] on 17 March 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A D Sprunt|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/14590|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> It was upon this news that Haldane submitted the paper for publication, in which he remarked: "Owing to the war it has been necessary to publish prematurely, as unfortunately one of us (A. D. S.) has already been killed in France."<ref name="haldane1915" /> He was also the first to demonstrate linkage in [[chicken]]s in 1921,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haldane|first=JB|year=1921|title=Linkage in poultry|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448275|journal=Science|volume=54|issue=1409|page=663|bibcode=1921Sci....54..663H|doi=10.1126/science.54.1409.663|pmid=17816160}}</ref> and (with [[Julia Bell]]) in humans in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=J.|last2=Haldane|first2=J. B. S.|date=1937|title=The Linkage between the Genes for Colour-Blindness and Haemophilia in Man|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=123|issue=831|pages=119–150|bibcode=1937RSPSB.123..119B|doi=10.1098/rspb.1937.0046|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Enzyme kinetics ===

In 1925, with [[George Edward Briggs|G.{{nbsp}}E. Briggs]], Haldane derived a new interpretation of the [[enzyme]] kinetic law of Victor Henri in 1903, better known as the 1913 [[Michaelis–Menten kinetics|Michaelis–Menten equation]].<ref>U. Deichmann, S. Schuster, J.-P. Mazat, [[A. Cornish-Bowden]]: ''Commemorating the 1913 Michaelis–Menten paper "Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung": three perspectives.'' In: ''FEBS Journal.'' 2013, {{doi|10.1111/febs.12598}}</ref> [[Leonor Michaelis]] and [[Maud Menten]] assumed that enzyme (catalyst) and substrate (reactant) are in fast equilibrium with their complex, which then dissociates to yield product and free enzyme. By contrast, at almost the same time, [[Donald Van Slyke]] and G. E. Cullen<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Van Slyke
| first1 = DD
| last2 = Cullen
| first2 = GE
| title = The mode of action of urease and of enzyme in general
| journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry
| volume = 19
| pages = 141–180
| year = 1914| issue = 2
| doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88300-4
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> treated the binding step as an irreversible reaction. The Briggs–Haldane equation was of the same algebraic form as both of the earlier equations, but their derivation is based on the quasi-[[steady state]] approximation, which is the concentration of intermediate complex (or complexes) does not change. As a result, the microscopic meaning of the "Michaelis Constant" (''Km'') is different. Although commonly referring to it as Michaelis–Menten kinetics, most of the current models typically use the Briggs–Haldane derivation.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Briggs |first = GE |author2 = Haldane, JB |title = A Note on the Kinetics of Enzyme Action |journal = The Biochemical Journal |year = 1925 |volume = 19 |issue = 2 |pages = 338–9 |pmid = 16743508 |pmc = 1259181 |doi = 10.1042/bj0190338 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Chen |first = W. W. |author2 = Niepel, M. |author3 = Sorger, P. K. |title = Classic and contemporary approaches to modeling biochemical reactions |journal = Genes & Development |year = 2010 |volume = 24 |issue = 17 |pages = 1861–1875 |doi = 10.1101/gad.1945410 |pmid = 20810646 |pmc = 2932968 }}</ref>

=== Haldane's principle ===

In his essay ''[[On Being the Right Size]]'' he outlines '''Haldane's principle''', which states that the size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: "Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must have complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells."<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Scientific Principles|last=Marvin|first=Stephen|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-58224-4|location=Chicester|page=140}}</ref>

{{anchor|Haldane's principle}}

=== Haldane's sieve ===

In 1927, Haldane pointed out that because selection mainly acts on heterozygotes, newly arisen dominant mutations are much more likely to be fixed, than are recessive ones,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haldane |first=J. B. S. |year=1927 |title=A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection, part V: selection and mutation |journal=Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=838–844 |doi= 10.1017/S0305004100015644|bibcode=1927PCPS...23..838H |s2cid=86716613 }}</ref> a mechanism now called ''[[Haldane's sieve]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Adaptation and evolution in Heliconius: a defense of neoDarwinism |first=John R. G. |last=Turner |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=12 |pages=99–121 |date=1981 |issue=1 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.000531 |bibcode=1981AnRES..12...99T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Mating system, Haldane's sieve, and the domestication process |first1=Joëlle |last1=Ronfort |first2=Sylvain |last2=Glemin |journal=Evolution |volume= 67 |issue=5 |pages=1518–1526 |date=2013 |doi= 10.1111/evo.12025|pmid=23617927 |s2cid=33466120 }}</ref> This leads to the expectation that adaptation from new mutations in large outcrossing populations should primarily proceed via fixing non-recessive beneficial mutations.

=== Origin of life ===
{{further|Prebiotic soup}}

In 1929, Haldane introduced the modern concept of [[abiogenesis]] in an eight-page article entitled "The Origin of Life" in ''The Rationalist Annual'',<ref name=lazcano>{{cite journal |last1 = Lazcano |first1 = A. |title = Historical development of origins research |journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |date = 2010 |volume = 2 |issue = 11 |article-number = a002089 |doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a002089 |pmid = 20534710 |pmc = 2964185 }}</ref> describing the primitive ocean as a "vast chemical laboratory" containing a mixture of inorganic compounds – like a "hot dilute soup" in which organic compounds could have formed. Under the solar energy the [[Anoxic event|anoxic atmosphere]] containing [[carbon dioxide]], [[ammonia]], and [[water vapour]] gave rise to a variety of organic compounds, "living or half-living things". The first molecules reacted with one another to produce more complex compounds, and ultimately the cellular components. At some point a kind of "oily film" was produced that enclosed [[self-replication|self-replicating]] nucleic acids, thereby becoming the first cell. [[John Desmond Bernal|J. D. Bernal]] named the hypothesis ''biopoiesis'' or ''biopoesis'', the process of living matter spontaneously evolving from self-replicating, but lifeless molecules. Haldane further hypothesised that viruses were the intermediate entities between the prebiotic soup and the first cells. He asserted that prebiotic life would have been "in the virus stage for many millions of years before a suitable assemblage of elementary units was brought together in the first cell".<ref name=lazcano /> The idea was generally dismissed as "wild speculation".<ref>{{cite book |last = Fry |first = Iris |title = The Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview |year = 2000 |publisher = Rutgers University Press |location = New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=978-0-8135-2740-6 |pages = 65–66, 71–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KoRvUeUUuEC }}</ref>

[[Alexander Oparin]] had suggested a similar idea in [[Russian language|Russian]] in 1924 (published in English in 1936). The hypothesis gained some empirical support in 1953 with the classic [[Miller–Urey experiment]]. Since then, the [[primordial soup]] theory (Oparin–Haldane hypothesis) has become the foundation in the study of abiogenesis.<ref>{{cite web |last = Gordon-Smith |first = Chris |title = The Oparin–Haldane Hypothesis |url=http://www.simsoup.info/Origin_Landmarks_Oparin_Haldane.html |access-date = 18 February 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226225142/http://www.simsoup.info/Origin_Landmarks_Oparin_Haldane.html |archive-date = 26 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = The Oparin–Haldane Theory of the Origin of Life |url=http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/chapter26/page10.htm |publisher = Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford |access-date = 18 February 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202551/http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/chapter26/page10.htm |archive-date = 23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Lazcano |first = A. |title = Historical development of origins research |journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |year = 2010 |volume = 2 |issue = 11 |article-number = a002089 |doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a002089 |pmid = 20534710 |pmc = 2964185 }}</ref>

Although Oparin's theory became widely known only after the English version in 1936, Haldane accepted Oparin's originality and said, "I have very little doubt that Professor Oparin has the priority over me."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Stanley L.|last2=Schopf|first2=J. William|last3=Lazcano|first3=Antonio|date=1997|title=Oparin's "Origin of Life": Sixty Years Later|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=44|issue=4|pages=351–353|bibcode=1997JMolE..44..351M|doi=10.1007/PL00006153|pmid=9089073|s2cid=40090531}}</ref>
[[File:Inordinate fondness for beetles display.jpg|thumb|[[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]] display dedicated to Haldane and his reply when asked to comment on the mind of the [[Creator deity|Creator]]]]
Haldane is famous for the (possibly [[apocryphal]]) response that he gave when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Creator from the works of His Creation: "an inordinate fondness for beetles",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=G. Evelyn |author-link=G. Evelyn Hutchinson |year=1959 |title=Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals? |journal=[[The American Naturalist]] |volume=93 |issue=870 |pages=145–159 |bibcode=1959ANat...93..145H |doi=10.1086/282070 |jstor=2458768 |s2cid=26401739}}</ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFCain1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cain, Arthur (14 August 1992). Letter to the editor. Correspondence. ''[[The Linnean]]''. [https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean-9-1-1993.pdf '''9''' (1)] (PDF): 13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240616100628/https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean-9-1-1993.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2024.</cite></ref> or sometimes he would respond: "an inordinate fondness for stars and beetles".<ref>[https://quoteinvestigator.com/2010/06/23/beetles/#:~:text=God%20has%20an%20inordinate%20fondness%20for%20stars%20and,2018%20the%20bibliographic%20style%20was%20switched%20to%20numeric. God has an inordinate fondness for stars and beetles.] ''quoteinvestigator.com'', accessed 31 October 2020</ref>

Haldane recognized that although evolution took random path, that science typically examined adaptations in hindsight. He wrote that "[[Teleology]] is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he's unwilling to be seen with her in public."<ref>{{cite book |author=Hull, D. |title=Philosophy of Biological Science |publisher=Prentice–Hall |year=1973 |series=Foundations of Philosophy Series |place=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mayr, Ernst |title=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |year=1974 |volume=XIV |pages=91–117}}</ref>

=== Malaria and sickle-cell anemia ===

Haldane was the first to realise the evolutionary link between genetic disorder and infection in humans. While estimating the rates of human mutation in different situations and diseases, he noted that mutations expressed in red blood cells, such as [[thalassemia]]s, were prevalent only in [[tropical regions]] where deadly infection such as malaria has been [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]. He further observed that these were favourable traits (heterozygous inheritance of [[sickle cell trait]]) for natural selection that protected individuals from receiving malarial infection.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Sabeti |first = Pardis C |author-link=Pardis Sabeti |title = Natural selection: uncovering mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation to infectious disease |journal = Nature Education |year = 2008 |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |page = 13 |url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/natural-selection-uncovering-mechanisms-of-evolutionary-adaptation-34539 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109143615/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Natural-Selection-Uncovering-Mechanisms-of-Evolutionary-Adaptation-34539 |archive-date = 9 January 2015 }}</ref> He introduced his hypothesis at the Eighth International Congress of Genetics held in 1948 at Stockholm on a topic "The Rate of Mutation of Human Genes".<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bengtsson BO, Tunlid A|date=July 2010|title=The 1948 international congress of genetics in Sweden: people and politics|journal=Genetics|volume=185|issue=3|pages=709–15|doi=10.1534/genetics.110.119305|pmc=2907196|pmid=20660651}}</ref> He proposed that genetic disorders in humans living in [[malaria]]-endemic regions provided a condition ([[phenotype]]) that makes them relatively immune to malarial infections. He formalised the concept in a technical paper published in 1949 in which he made a prophetic statement: "The corpuscles of the anaemic heterozygotes are smaller than normal, and more resistant to hypotonic solutions. It is at least conceivable that they are also more resistant to attacks by the sporozoa which cause malaria."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haldane|first1=J. B. S.|year=1949|title=The rate of mutation of human genes|journal=Hereditas|volume=35|issue=S1|pages=267–273|doi=10.1111/j.1601-5223.1949.tb03339.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> This became known as "Haldane's malaria hypothesis", or concisely, the "malaria hypothesis".<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lederberg J|date=September 1999|title=J. B. S. Haldane (1949) on infectious disease and evolution|journal=Genetics|volume=153|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1093/genetics/153.1.1|pmc=1460735|pmid=10471694}}</ref> This hypothesis was eventually confirmed by [[Anthony C. Allison]] in 1954 in the case of [[sickle-cell anemia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Allison |first = AC |title = The distribution of the sickle-cell trait in East Africa and elsewhere, and its apparent relationship to the incidence of subtertian malaria |journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |year = 1954 |volume = 48 |issue = 4 |pages = 312–8 |pmid = 13187561 |doi = 10.1016/0035-9203(54)90101-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Hedrick |first = Philip W |title = Resistance to malaria in humans: the impact of strong, recent selection |journal = Malaria Journal |year = 2012 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |article-number = 349 |doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-11-349 |pmid = 23088866 |pmc = 3502258 |doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Population genetics ===
{{further|Modern synthesis (20th century)}}

Haldane was one of the three major figures to develop the mathematical theory of [[population genetics]], along with [[Ronald Fisher]] and [[Sewall Wright]]. He thus played an important role in the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] of the early 20th century. He re-established [[natural selection]] as the central mechanism of [[evolution]] by explaining it as a mathematical consequence of [[Mendelian inheritance]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haldane|first=JB|year=1990|title=A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection—I. 1924|journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biology|volume=52|issue=1–2|pages=209–40; discussion 201–7|doi=10.1007/BF02459574|pmid=2185859|s2cid=189884360}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Haldane|first=JB|year=1959|title=The theory of natural selection today|journal=Nature|volume=183|issue=4663|pages=710–3|bibcode=1959Natur.183..710H|doi=10.1038/183710a0|pmid=13644170|s2cid=4185793}}</ref> He wrote a series of ten papers, [[A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection]], deriving expressions for the direction and rate of change of [[gene frequencies]], and also analyzing the interaction of natural selection with [[mutation]] and [[migration (ecology)|migration]]. The series consists of ten papers published between 1924 and 1934 in journals such as ''[[Biological Reviews]]'' (part II), ''[[Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society]]'' (parts I and from III to IX), and ''[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]'' (part X).<ref name="Haldane-1990">{{Cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|date=1990|orig-date=1924|title=A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection—I|url=https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/haldane1.pdf|journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biology|language=en|volume=52|issue=1–2|pages=209–240|doi=10.1007/BF02459574|pmid=2185859|s2cid=189884360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B.|date=1934|title=A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection Part X. Some Theorems on Artificial Selection|journal=Genetics|volume=19|issue=5|pages=412–429|doi=10.1093/genetics/19.5.412|pmc=1208491|pmid=17246731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bodmer|first=W. F.|date=2017|title=A Haldane perspective from a Fisher student|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12041-017-0825-4|journal=Journal of Genetics|language=en|volume=96|issue=5|pages=743–746|doi=10.1007/s12041-017-0825-4|pmid=29237882|s2cid=33409033|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He gave a set of lectures based on this series at the [[University of Wales]] in 1931, and they were summarised in his book, ''[[The Causes of Evolution]]'' in 1932.<ref name="Sarkar-1992b">{{Citation|last=Sarkar|first=Sahotra|title=Haldane as Biochemist: The Cambridge Decade, 1923–1932|date=1992|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-011-2856-8_4|work=The Founders of Evolutionary Genetics|series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science|volume=142|pages=53–81|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Sahotra|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-2856-8_4|isbn=978-0-7923-3392-0|access-date=7 August 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

His first paper on the series in 1924 specifically deals with the rate of natural selection in [[peppered moth evolution]]. He predicted that environmental conditions can favour the increase or decline of either the dominant (in this case the black or [[Melanism|melanic forms]]) or the recessive (the grey or [[wild type]]) moths. For a sooty environment such as Manchester, where the phenomenon was discovered in 1848, he predicted that the "fertility of the dominants must be 50% greater than that of the recessives".<ref name=cook50/> According to his estimate, assuming 1% dominant form in 1848 and about 99% in 1898, "48 generations are needed for the change [for the dominant to appear]... After only 13 generations the dominants would be in a majority."<ref name="Haldane-1990" /> Such mathematical prediction was considered improbable for natural selection in nature,<ref name="Sarkar-1992a" /> but it was subsequently proven by an elaborate experiment (named [[Kettlewell's experiment]]) that was performed by an Oxford zoologist [[Bernard Kettlewell]] between 1953 and 1958.<ref name="kett1955">{{cite journal|last1=Kettlewell|first1=H B D|year=1955|title=Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera|journal=Heredity|volume=9|issue=3|pages=323–342|doi=10.1038/hdy.1955.36|doi-access=free|bibcode=1955Hered...9..323K }}</ref><ref name="kett56">{{cite journal|last1=Kettlewell|first1=Bernard|year=1956|title=Further selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera|journal=Heredity|volume=10|issue=3|pages=287–301|doi=10.1038/hdy.1956.28|doi-access=free|bibcode=1956Hered..10..287K |author-link=Bernard Kettlewell}}</ref><ref name="kett58">{{cite journal|last1=Kettlewell|first1=Bernard|year=1958|title=A survey of the frequencies of ''Biston betularia'' (L.) (Lep.) and its melanic forms in Great Britain|journal=Heredity|volume=12|issue=1|pages=51–72|doi=10.1038/hdy.1958.4|doi-access=free|bibcode=1958Hered..12...51K |author-link=Bernard Kettlewell}}</ref> Haldane's prediction was proven further by a Cambridge geneticist [[Michael Majerus]] in his experiments conducted between 2001 and 2007.<ref name="Cook2012">{{cite journal|author=Cook, L. M.|author2=Grant, B. S.|author3=Saccheri, I. J.|author4=Mallet, James|year=2012|title=Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus|journal=Biology Letters|volume=8|issue=4|pages=609–612|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136|pmc=3391436|pmid=22319093}}</ref>

His contributions to statistical human genetics included: the first methods using [[maximum likelihood]] for the estimation of human [[linkage map]]s; pioneering methods for estimating human mutation rates; the first estimates of [[rate of mutation|mutation rate]] in humans (2 × 10−5 mutations per gene per generation for the X-linked [[haemophilia]] [[gene]]); and the first notion that there is a "cost of natural selection".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|year=1935|title=The rate of spontaneous mutation of a human gene|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=31|issue=3|pages=317–326|doi=10.1007/BF02982403|s2cid=34797487}}</ref> He was the first to estimate the rate of human mutation in his 1932 book entitled ''The Causes of Evolution''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nachman|first=Michael W.|date=2004|title=Haldane and the first estimates of the human mutation rate|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=83|issue=3|pages=231–233|doi=10.1007/BF02717891|pmid=15689624|doi-access=free}}</ref> At the [[John Innes Horticultural Institution]], he developed the complicated linkage theory for polyploids;<ref name="jic.ac.uk" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|date=1930|title=Theoretical genetics of autopolyploids|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02984197|journal=Journal of Genetics|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=359–372|doi=10.1007/BF02984197|s2cid=46262752|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and extended the idea of gene-enzyme relationships with the biochemical and genetic study of plant pigments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crow|first=James F.|date=1985|title=JBS Haldane-an appreciation|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02923548|journal=Journal of Genetics|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=3–5|doi=10.1007/BF02923548|s2cid=34693589|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Crow-1992" />

Although Haldane did not come up with an explicit gene-centric view of life he had an idea of [[Hamilton's rule|inclusive fitness]] when he responded to whether he would lay down his life for his brother by supposedly replying that he would give up his life for "two brothers or eight cousins".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dugatkin |first1=L.A. |year=2007 |title=Inclusive fitness theory from Darwin to Hamilton |url=http://www.genetics.org/content/176/3/1375.full |url-status=live |journal=Genetics |volume=176 |issue=3 |pages=1375–80 |doi=10.1093/genetics/176.3.1375 |pmc=1931543 |pmid=17641209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324230626/http://www.genetics.org/content/176/3/1375.full |archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

== Political views ==
Haldane became a [[socialist]] during the First World War, supported the [[Second Spanish Republic]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]], and then became an open supporter of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] in 1937. A pragmatic dialectical-materialist [[Marxist]], he wrote many articles for the ''[[Daily Worker (UK)|Daily Worker]]''. In ''[[On Being the Right Size]]'', he wrote that "while [[nationalization]] of certain industries is an obvious possibility in the largest of states, I find it no easier to picture a completely socialized British Empire or United States than an elephant turning [[somersaults]] or a hippopotamus jumping a hedge".

[[File:Old Low's Almanack - Prophesies for 1949; J.B. S. Haldane Wellcome L0073422.jpg|thumb|A [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]] cartoon featuring Haldane{{snd}}"Prophesies for 1949"]]
In 1938, Haldane proclaimed enthusiastically: "I think that Marxism is true." He joined the Communist Party in 1942. He was pressed to speak out about the rise of [[Lysenkoism]] and the persecution of geneticists in the Soviet Union as anti-Darwinist and the political suppression of genetics as incompatible with [[dialectical materialism]]. He shifted his polemic focus to the United Kingdom, criticizing the dependence of scientific research on financial patronage. In 1941, he wrote about the Soviet trial of his friend and fellow geneticist, [[Nikolai Vavilov]]:

{{blockquote|quote = The controversy among Soviet geneticists has been largely one between the academic scientist, represented by Vavilov and interested primarily in the collection of facts, and the man who wants results, represented by Lysenko. It has been conducted not with venom, but in a friendly spirit. Lysenko said (in the October discussions of 1939): 'The important thing is not to dispute; let us work in a friendly manner on a plan elaborated scientifically. Let us take up definite problems, receive assignments from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR and fulfil them scientifically. Soviet genetics, as a whole, is a successful attempt at synthesis of these two contrasted points of view.'}}

By the end of the [[Second World War]], Haldane had become an explicit critic of the Soviet regime.<ref name=cochran /> The Soviet Union's blanket condemnation of genetics as "bourgeois science" and even the principle of scientific freedom as a bourgeois ideal stunned Haldane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Diane B. |date=1983 |title=A War on Two Fronts: J. B. S. Haldane and the Response to Lysenkoism in Britain |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00186674 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Biology]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |issn=0022-5010 |access-date=20 February 2026 |via=Springer Nature Link}}</ref> He left the party in 1950, shortly after considering standing for Parliament as a Communist Party candidate. He continued to admire [[Joseph Stalin]], describing him in 1962 as "a very great man who did a very good job".<ref name=cochran /> Haldane has been accused by authors including [[Peter Wright (MI5 officer)|Peter Wright]] and [[Chapman Pincher]] of having been a Soviet [[Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)|GRU]] spy codenamed ''Intelligentsia''.<ref>{{cite book |first = Peter |last = Wright |title = Spycatcher |url=https://archive.org/details/spycatcher00wrig |url-access = registration |publisher = Heinemann |year = 1987 |page = [https://archive.org/details/spycatcher00wrig/page/236 236] |isbn=978-0-85561-098-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Pincher |first = Chapman |title = Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders and Cover-Ups: Six Decades of Espionage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32xlXpcaBCIC&pg=PT52 |year = 2011 |publisher = Mainstream |isbn=978-1-84596-811-3 |page = 52 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111142103/https://books.google.com/books?id=32xlXpcaBCIC&pg=PT52 |archive-date = 11 November 2017 }}</ref>

== Social and scientific views ==

=== Human cloning ===
Haldane was the first to have thought of the genetic basis for [[human cloning]], and the eventual artificial breeding of superior individuals. For this he introduced the terms "clone" and "cloning",<ref>{{cite book|title=Should scientists pursue cloning?|last=Thomas|first=Isabel|publisher=Raintree|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4062-3391-9|location=London|page=5}}</ref> modifying the earlier "clon" that had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century (from Greek ''klōn'', twig). He introduced the term{{Dubious|1=Neologisms|date=July 2024|reason=Term is not introduced in speech}} in his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the ''[[Ciba Foundation]] Symposium on Man and his Future'' in 1963. He said:<ref>{{cite book|title=Man and his future|last=Haldane|first= J.B.S.|publisher=J. & A. Churchill|year=1963|isbn=978-0-470-71479-9|editor-last=Wolstenholme|editor-first= Gordon|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|location=London|pages=337–361|chapter=Biological Possibilities for the Human Species in the Next Ten Thousand Years|doi=10.1002/9780470715291.ch22|chapter-url=http://www.transhumanism.org/resources/Haldanebioposs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108083010/http://www.transhumanism.org/resources/Haldanebioposs.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in ''Brave New World''...

On the general principle that men will make all possible mistakes before choosing the right path, we shall no doubt clone the wrong people [such as Hitler]...

Assuming that cloning is possible, I expect that most clones would be made from people aged at least fifty, except for athletes and dancers, who would be cloned younger. They would be made from people who were held to have excelled in a socially acceptable accomplishment.}}

=== Ectogenesis and in vitro fertilisation ===
{{Eugenics sidebar}}
His essay ''[[Daedalus; or, Science and the Future]]'' (1924) posited the concept of [[in vitro fertilisation]], which he called [[ectogenesis]]. He envisioned ectogenesis as a tool for creating better individuals (eugenics).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=James |first1=David N. |title=Ectogenesis: a reply to Singer and Wells |journal=Bioethics |date=1987 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=80–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.1987.tb00006.x |pmid=11649763}}</ref> Haldane's work was an influence on Huxley's ''[[Brave New World]]'' (1932) and was also admired by [[Gerald Heard]].<ref>"Mr. Wells' Apocalypse" by Gerald Heard. The Nineteenth Century, October 1933. Reprinted in ''The H. G. Wells Scrapbook'' by Peter Haining. London : New English Library, 1978. {{ISBN|0-450-03778-9}} (pp. 108–114).</ref> Various essays on science were collected and published in a volume entitled ''Possible Worlds'' in 1927. His book, ''A.R.P. (Air Raid Precautions)'' (1938) combined his physiological research into the effects of stress upon the human body with his experience of air raids during the [[Spanish Civil War]] to provide a scientific account of the likely effects of the air raids that Britain was to endure during the [[Second World War]].

=== Criticism of C. S. Lewis ===
Along with [[Olaf Stapledon]], [[Charles Kay Ogden]], [[I. A. Richards]], and [[H. G. Wells]], Haldane was accused by [[C. S. Lewis]] of [[scientism]]. Haldane criticised Lewis and his [[Ransom Trilogy]] for the "complete mischaracterisation of science, and his disparagement of the human race".<ref>Adams, Mark B., "The Quest for Immortality: Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature", in Post, Stephen G., and Binstock, Robert H., ''The Fountain of Youth: Cultural, Scientific, and Ethical Perspectives on a Biomedical Goal''. Oxford University Press, 2004; {{ISBN|0-19-517008-3}} (p. 57–58).</ref> Haldane wrote a book for children entitled ''My Friend Mr. Leakey'' (1937), containing the stories "A Meal With a Magician", "A Day in the Life of a Magician", "Mr. Leakey's Party", "Rats", "The Snake with the Golden Teeth", and "My Magic Collar Stud". Later editions featured illustrations by [[Quentin Blake]]. Haldane also wrote an essay criticising Lewis's arguments for the existence of God, entitled "More Anti-Lewisite", a reference to the [[Lewisite|poison gas]] and its [[Dimercaprol|antidote]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rice |first=Stanley |date=November–December 2020 |title=God's Pet Bunny |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/11/creationist-funhouse-episode-five-gods-pet-bunny/ |magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827170906/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/11/creationist-funhouse-episode-five-gods-pet-bunny/ |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

=== Hydrogen-generating windmills ===
In 1923, in a talk given in Cambridge entitled "Science and the Future", Haldane, foreseeing the exhaustion of [[coal]] for power generation in Britain, proposed a network of [[hydrogen]]-generating [[windmill]]s. This is the first proposal of the [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen-based renewable energy economy]].<ref>{{cite web |title = An Early Vision of Transhumanism, and the First Proposal of a Hydrogen-Based Renewable Energy Economy |url=http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=4107 |publisher = Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. |access-date = 19 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Hordeski |first = Michael Frank |title = Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: Advances in Transportation and Power |year = 2009 |publisher = The Fairmont Press, Inc. |location = Lilburn, GA |isbn=978-0-88173-562-8 |pages = 202–203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfFIEQg1iioC&pg=PA202 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308004636/https://books.google.com/books?id=LfFIEQg1iioC&pg=PA202&lpg |archive-date = 8 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Demirbas |first = Ayhan |title = Biohydrogen For Future Engine Fuel Demands |year = 2009 |publisher = Springer London |location = London |isbn=978-1-84882-511-6 |page = 106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w9DMBh7JOUC |edition = Online-Ausg. |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234653/https://books.google.com/books?id=1w9DMBh7JOUC&dq |archive-date = 7 March 2017 }}</ref>

=== Scientists ===
In his ''An Autobiography in Brief'', published shortly before his death in India, Haldane named four close associates as showing promise to become illustrious scientists: T. A. Davis, [[Dronamraju Krishna Rao]], [[Suresh Jayakar]], and S. K. Roy.<ref>"Selected Genetic Papers of JBS Haldane", pp. 19–24, New York: Garland, 1990</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

Haldane was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1932.<ref name=ucl /> The [[French Government]] conferred him its [[National Order of the Legion of Honour]] in 1937. In 1952, he received the [[Darwin Medal]] from the [[Royal Society]]. In 1956, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of the [[Anthropological Institute of Great Britain]]. He received the [[Feltrinelli Prize]] from [[Accademia dei Lincei|Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei]] in 1961. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Science, an Honorary Fellowship at New College, Oxford, and the Kimber Award of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in the United States. He was awarded the [[Linnean Society of London]]'s prestigious [[Darwin–Wallace Medal]] in 1958.<ref name=vigyan>{{cite web |last = Mahanti |first = Subodh |title = John Burdon Sanderson Haldane: The Ideal of a Polymath |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JBSHaldane.htm |work = Vigyan Prasar Science Portal |access-date = 19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414044023/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JBSHaldane.htm |archive-date = 14 April 2013 }}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
The [[Haldane Lecture]] at the [[John Innes Centre]],<ref name=jic>{{cite web|url=https://www.jic.ac.uk/news-and-events/whats-on/friday-seminars/haldane-lecture/|title=The Haldane Lecture – John Innes Centre|first=Creative|last=Sponge|website=www.jic.ac.uk|date=11 August 2023 }}</ref> where Haldane worked from 1927 to 1937 is named in his honour.<ref name=Wilmot2017>{{cite journal|last1=Wilmot|first1=Sarah|title=J. B. S. Haldane: the John Innes years|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=96|issue=5|year=2017|pages=815–826|issn=0022-1333|doi=10.1007/s12041-017-0830-7|pmid=29237891|s2cid=39998560}}</ref> The [[The Genetics Society#JBS Haldane Lecture|JBS Haldane Lecture]]<ref name=geneticsorguk>{{Cite web|url=https://genetics.org.uk/medals-and-prizes/genetics-society-medals-and-lectures/jbs-haldane-lecture/|title=JBS Haldane Lecture}}</ref> of [[The Genetics Society]] is named in his honour as well.

In the novel ''[[Antic Hay]]'' (1923) Haldane was parodied by his friend [[Aldous Huxley]] as an obsessive self-experimenter described as "the biologist too absorbed in his experiments to notice his friends bedding his wife".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kevles|first=Daniel J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8esnhRxBomMC&q=the+biologist+too+absorbed+in+his+experiments+to+notice+his+friends+bedding+his+wife&pg=PA186|title=In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity|date=1995|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05763-0|page=186|language=en}}</ref>

A major thoroughfare in Kolkata is named in his honor. '''J. B. S. Haldane Avenue''' is a busy connector road from the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass to the Park Circus–Science City area. Named after Haldane, who headed the biometry unit at the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata after moving to India in 1957, the avenue runs past the prominent Science City complex and serves as a key traffic link in the eastern part of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Datta |first=Amit |title=JBS Haldane Avenue |work=The Telegraph India |date=June 2021 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/from-sudder-street-to-ho-chi-minh-sarani-do-you-know-the-tales-behind-these-kolkata-street-names/cid/1841118}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=John Burdon Sanderson Haldane Avenue – Kolkata 7660.JPG (description) |publisher=Wikimedia Commons |date=18 September 2010 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Burdon_Sanderson_Haldane_Avenue_-_Kolkata_7660.JPG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Science City Kolkata – "Address: J.B.S. Haldane Avenue" |publisher=Science City Kolkata |url=https://sciencecitykolkata.org.in/}}</ref>

== Collections ==
Haldane's archive is held at [[University College London]].<ref name="UCL Special Collections">{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |title=Haldane Papers |url=https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=HALDANE |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=UCL Archives Catalogue}}</ref> It includes personal and family papers, correspondence, documents relating to his involvement in committees and societies, and extensive scientific research notes.<ref name="UCL Special Collections" />

== Quotations ==
{{Cleanup MOS|section|date=November 2025}}
* "My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we ''can'' suppose."<ref name=Haldane1932>{{cite book |author=Haldane, J.B.S. |title=Possible Worlds, and Other Essays |orig-date=1927 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |place=London, UK |year=1932 |edition=reprint}}{{rp|286}} Emphasis in the original.</ref>
* "It seems to me immensely unlikely that mind is a mere by-product of matter. For if my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true. They may be sound chemically, but that does not make them sound logically. And hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms."<ref name=Haldane1932/>{{rp|209}}
* "I suppose the process of acceptance will pass through the usual four stages: (i) This is worthless nonsense; (ii) This is an interesting, but perverse, point of view; (iii) This is true, but quite unimportant; (iv) I always said so."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haldane |first=J.B.S. |department=Book review |title=The Truth about Death: The Chester Beatty Research Institute Serially Abridged Life Tables, England and Wales, 1841–1960 |journal=Journal of Genetics |year=1963 |volume=58 |issue=3 |page=464 |doi=10.1007/bf02986312 |s2cid=8921536 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jgenet/58/450.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033748/http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jgenet/58/450.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

* ''[[Daedalus; or, Science and the Future]]'' (1924), E.{{nbsp}}P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on 4 February 1923 (on [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70955 Gutenberg])
** second edition (1928), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.
** see also ''Haldane's'' Daedalus ''Revisited'' (1995), ed. with an introduction by Krishna R. Dronamraju, foreword by Joshua Lederberg; with essays by [[M. F. Perutz]], [[Freeman Dyson]], Yaron Ezrahi, Ernst Mayr, Elof Axel Carlson, D. J. Weatherall, N. A. Mitchison, and the editor. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-854846-X}}
* [[A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection]], a series of papers beginning in 1924
* {{cite journal |year = 1925 |title = A note on the kinetics of enzyme action |pmid = 16743508 |pmc = 1259181 |journal = Biochemical Journal |volume = 19 |issue = 2 |pages = 338–339 |doi = 10.1042/bj0190338 |last1 = Briggs |first1 = G. E |last2 = Haldane |first2 = J. B }} (With G.E. Briggs)
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3145729 ''Callinicus: A Defence of Chemical Warfare''] (1925), [[E. P. Dutton]] (in [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73730 Gutenberg])
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8708294 ''Possible Worlds and Other Essays'']; [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.470199|Internet Archive copy]] (1927), Chatto & Windus; 2001 reprint, Transaction Publishers: {{ISBN|0-7658-0715-7}} (includes "[[On Being the Right Size]]", "[https://books.google.com/books?id=4iOqz-vlOo4C&pg=107 On Being One's Own Rabbit]", and "[[The Last Judgment (Haldane)|The Last Judgment]]" (an essay sequel to ''Daedalus'')''.<ref name="Adams-2000" />''
* [http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf "The origin of life"] in the ''Rationalist Annual'' (1929)
* ''Animal Biology'' (1929) Oxford: Clarendon
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/21827 ''The Sciences and Philosophy''] (1929) NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Company. By John Scott Haldane, JBS Haldane's father
* ''Enzymes'' (1930), MIT Press 1965 edition with new preface by the author written just prior to his death: {{ISBN|0-262-58003-9}}
* {{cite journal |title = Mathematical Darwinism: A discussion of the genetical theory of natural selection |journal = The Eugenics Review |date = 1931 |volume = 23 |issue = 2 |pages = 115–117 |pmid = 21259979 |pmc = 2985031 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B }}
* [http://mugu.com/haldane/books/1932-Inequality-of-Man/ ''The Inequality of Man, and Other Essays''] (1932)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=JupUCPvgO6AC ''The Causes of Evolution''] London: Longmans, Green, 1932
* ''Science and Human Life'' (1933), Harper and Brothers, Ayer Co. reprint: {{ISBN|0-8369-2161-5}}
* ''Science and the Supernatural: Correspondence with Arnold Lunn'' (1935), Sheed & Ward, Inc.
* ''Fact and Faith'' (1934), Watts Thinker's Library<ref name="Fact and faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/4423692 |title = Fact and faith |work = worldcatlibraries.org |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145748/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/4423692 |archive-date = 29 September 2007 }}</ref>
* ''Human Biology and Politics'' (1934)
* "A Contribution to the Theory of Price Fluctuations", ''The Review of Economic Studies'', 1:3, 186–195 (1934)
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8703849 ''My Friend Mr Leakey''] (1937), Jane Nissen Books reprint (2004): {{ISBN|978-1-903252-19-2}}
* "A Dialectical Account of Evolution" in ''Science & Society'' Volume I (1937)
* {{cite journal |title = View on race and eugenics: propaganda or science? |journal = The Eugenics Review |date = 1937 |volume = 28 |issue = 4 |pages = 333–334 |pmid = 21260239 |pmc = 2985639 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B }}
* {{cite journal |title = The Linkage between the Genes for Colour-blindness and Haemophilia in Man |journal = Annals of Human Genetics |year = 1937 |volume = 50 |issue = 1 |pages = 3–34 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01935.x |pmid = 3322165 |bibcode = 1937RSPSB.123..119B |last1 = Bell |first1 = J |last2 = Haldane |first2 = J. B |s2cid = 86421060 }} (with [[Julia Bell]])
* {{cite journal |title = A new estimate of the linkage between the genes for colourblindness and haemophilia in Man |journal = Annals of Eugenics |year = 1947 |volume = 14 |issue = 1 |pages = 10–31 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1947.tb02374.x |pmid = 18897933 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B |last2 = Smith |first2 = C. A |doi-access = free }} (with C.A.B. Smith)
* ''Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.)'' (1938), Victor Gollancz
* [http://mugu.com/haldane/books/1938-Heredity-and-Politics/ ''Heredity and Politics''] (1938), Allen and Unwin
* "Reply to A.P. Lerner's Is Professor Haldane's Account of Evolution Dialectical?" in ''Science & Society'' volume 2 (1938)
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8496533 ''The Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences''] (1939), Random House, Ayer Co. reprint: {{ISBN|0-8369-1137-7}}
* Preface to Engels' ''Dialectics of Nature'' (1939)
* ''Science and Everyday Life'' (1940), Macmillan, 1941 Penguin, Ayer Co. 1975 reprint: {{ISBN|0-405-06595-7}}
* "Lysenko and Genetics" in ''Science & Society'' volume 4 (1940)
* "Why I am a Materialist" in ''Rationalist Annual'' (1940)
* "The Laws of Nature" in ''Rationalist Annual'' (1940)
* ''Science in Peace and War'' (1941), Lawrence & Wishart Ltd.
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8702524 ''New Paths in Genetics''] (1941), George Allen & Unwin
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8447420 ''Heredity & Politics''] (1943), George Allen & Unwin
* ''Why Professional Workers should be Communists'' (1945), London: Communist Party (of Great Britain) In this early four page pamphlet, Haldane contends that Communism should appeal to professionals because Marxism is based on the scientific method and Communists hold scientists as important; Haldane subsequently disavowed this position.
* ''Adventures of a Biologist'' (1947)
* ''Science Advances'' (1947), Macmillan
* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8631282 ''What is Life?''] (1947), Boni and Gaer, 1949 edition: Lindsay Drummond
* ''Everything Has a History'' (1951), Allen & Unwin—Includes "Auld Hornie, F.R.S."; C.S. Lewis's "Reply to Professor Haldane" is available in "On Stories and Other Essays on Literature", ed. Walter Hooper (1982), {{ISBN|0-15-602768-2}}
* "The Origins of Life", ''New Biology'', 16, 12–27 (1954). Suggests that an alternative biochemistry could be based on liquid ammonia.
* ''The Biochemistry of Genetics'' (1954)
* {{cite journal |title = Origin of Man |journal = Nature |date = 1955 |volume = 176 |issue = 4473 |pages = 169–170 |doi = 10.1038/176169a0 |pmid = 13244650 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B |bibcode = 1955Natur.176..169H |s2cid = 4183620 }}
* {{cite journal |title = The cost of natural selection |journal = Journal of Genetics |date = 1957 |volume = 55 |issue = 3 |pages = 511–524 |doi = 10.1007/BF02984069 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B. S |s2cid = 32233460 }}
* {{cite journal |title = Natural selection in man |journal = Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica |date = 1956 |volume = 6 |issue = 3 |pages = 321–332 |pmid = 13434715 |last1 = Haldane |first1 = J. B |s2cid = 4186230 |doi = 10.1159/000150849 }}
* "Cancer's a Funny Thing", in ''New Statesman'', 21 February 1964

== See also ==

* ''[[Experiments in the Revival of Organisms]]'', a 1940 Soviet film featuring Haldane in the introduction
* [[List of independent discoveries#20th century|List of independent discoveries]] ("[[primordial soup]]" theory of the evolution of life from carbon-based molecules, {{circa|1924}})
* [[Precambrian rabbit]]
* [[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Mathematics|Science|United Kingdom}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Ronald W. Clark|Clark, Ronald]] (1968). ''JBS: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane''. Coward-McCann. {{ISBN|0-340-04444-6}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Crow |first1 = James F. |editor1-last = Crow |editor1-first = James F. |editor2-last = Dove |editor2-first = William F. |title = Perspectives on Genetics: Anecdotal, Historical, and Critical Commentaries, 1987–1998 |date = 2000 |publisher = University of Wisconsin Press |location = Madison (US) |isbn=978-0-299-16604-5 |pages = 253–258 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QMBiN1vorsC |chapter = Centennial: J. B. S. Haldane, 1892–1964 }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Dronamraju |first1 = Krishna R. |title = Haldane and Modern Biology |date = 1968 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-0177-8 |page = 352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKTsmQEACAAJ&q=jbs+haldane }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Dronamraju |first1 = Krishna R. |title = Haldane: the Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane with Special Reference to India |date = 1985 |publisher = Aberdeen University Press |location = Aberdeen |isbn=978-0-08-032436-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqpPAQAAIAAJ&q=jbs+haldane }} Foreword by Naomi Mitchison.
* {{cite book |last1 = Dronamraju |first1 = Krishna |title = Haldane, Mayr, and Beanbag Genetics |date = 2011 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = New York |isbn=978-0-19-981334-6 |page = 296 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1Imc_vSEgoC&q=haldane }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Dronamraju |first1 = Krishna R. |title = Selected Genetic Papers of J.B.S. Haldane |date = 2015 |publisher = Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-78343-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D-WrgEACAAJ&q=jbs+haldane }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Haldane |first1 = Louisa Kathleen |title = Friends and Kindred: Memoirs |date = 2009 |publisher = Kennedy & Boyd |location = Glasgow |isbn=978-1-904999-99-7 |page = 248 |orig-date = 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxeOQgAACAAJ&q=Friends+and+kindred+haldane }}
* [[Samanth Subramanian|Subramanian, Samanth]] (2019). ''[[A Dominant Character|A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane]].'' Simon and Schuster. {{ISBN|978-93-86797-53-7}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Tredoux |first1 = Gavan |title = Comrade Haldane is too busy to go on holiday: JBS Haldane, communism and espionage |date = 2017 |publisher = renoster.com |url=http://mugu.com/haldane/tredoux/index.html }}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|collapsible=true|c=Category:J. B. S. Haldane|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|s=no|d=Q156333|n=no}}

* [https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=HALDANE Haldane Papers] at [[University College London]]
* {{FadedPage|id=Haldane, J. B. S.|name=J.B.S. Haldane|author=yes}}
* ''[https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131068272368D&R=DC-37131068272368D Possible worlds, and other essays]'' at [[Toronto Public Library]]
* [http://mugu.com/haldane/ Facsimiles of Haldane's books and some of his scientific papers, with photographs, a detailed bibliography of his publications and other materials]
* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Daedalus.html An online copy of ''Daedalus or Science and the Future'']
* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/causes-of-evolution A review (from a modern perspective) of ''The Causes of Evolution'']
* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/people/john_haldane.html Unofficial SJG Archive – People – JBS Haldane (1892–1964)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001014/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/academy/resonance/Dec1998/pdf/Dec1998p32-35.pdf Haldane's contributions to science in India]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/ Marxist Writers: J.B.S. Haldane]
* The [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/h/a.htm#haldane-jbs biography] on the Marxist Writers page has a photograph of Haldane when he was younger
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1930s/leakey.htm My Friend Mr. Leakey – text – Haldane's most amusing imaginary acquaintance]
* [http://wellcomelibrary.org/using-the-library/subject-guides/genetics/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/j-b-s-haldane/ Codebreakers: Makers of Modern Genetics: the J B S Haldane papers]
* [http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2013/07/haldane-a-cantankerous-and-charismatic-pioneer/ Haldane: a cantankerous and charismatic pioneer]

{{S-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Julian Huxley]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Fullerian Professor of Physiology]] |years = 1930–1933}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Grafton Elliot Smith]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Population genetics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldane, J. B. S.}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:Black Watch officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Great Britain members]]
[[Category:Critics of Lamarckism]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in India]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:English biochemists]]
[[Category:English Marxists]]
[[Category:English emigrants to India]]
[[Category:English geneticists]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English physiologists]]
[[Category:English political writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fullerian Professors of Physiology]]
[[Category:Haldane family|J. B. S]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Indian physiologists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Linnean Medallists]]
[[Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin]]
[[Category:Modern synthesis (20th century)]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People who lost British citizenship]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:British population geneticists]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British biologists]]
[[Category:British eugenicists]]
[[Category:Indian eugenicists]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century English chemists]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Saryuparin Brahmin

2026-03-24T08:04:59Z

Roamingindian: starting new page!

{{Short description|Brahmin sect in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|a Brahmin sect|the varna|Brahmin}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Saryupareen Brahmin
| image =
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Uttar Pradesh]] • [[Madhya Pradesh]] • [[Bihar]] • [[Chhattisgarh]] [[Fiji]] • [[Mauritius]] • [[Suriname]] • [[Trinidad and Tobago]] • [[Guyana]]
| langs = First languages – [[Hindi language|Hindi]] •[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] Second languages – [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] • [[Maithili language|Maithili]] [[Fijian Hindi]] • [[Mauritian Bhojpuri]] • [[Caribbean Hindustani]] • English
| rels = [[Image:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (100%)
| related = [[Kanyakubja Brahmins]] • [[Sanadhya Brahmin]]
}}

'''Saryuparin Brahmin''', also known as Saryupareen Brahmin, or Saryupari Brahmin, is a subcaste of the [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] in the [[caste system in India]]. They are native to the eastern plain of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] in [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="ASI"/>

== Origin ==
According to one legend, the Brahmins did not want to accept food prepared in the ''[[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha yajna]]'' performed by [[Rama]], because the latter committed ''[[brahmahatya]]'' by killing [[Ravana]], a Brahman. As a solution, [[Hanuman]] brought sixteen [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] boys, who underwent thread ceremony in Ayodhya. They were fed and were offered charities, after which they were taken back to [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] by Hanuman, where their parents refused to accept them. Therefore, they had to settle on the bank of the river Sarayu.<ref name="ASI">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1283 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |pages=1283–1285}}</ref>

According to another legend, the Brahmin brought from Kanyakubja were adults and experts in ritualistic performances. Among them, Brahmins of Garga, Gautam and Shandilya gotras were appointed as Udgata, Aghwarya and Brahma, respectively. Therefore, these Gotras are considered most prominent among Saryupareens.<ref name="ASI"/>

==Notable people==
* [[Kamlapati Tripathi]], former Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&dq=Kamalapati+Tripathi+saryupareen+Brahmin&pg=PA125 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tulsidas]], Hindu saint and poet, known for his devotion to [[Rama]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=M. P. |title=Society and Culture in Medieval India, 1206-1707 |date=1975 |publisher=Chugh Publications |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPctAAAAMAAJ&q=tulsidas+saryuparin+brahmin |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Yen Peyar Anandhan

2026-03-23T20:37:29Z

Roamingindian: starting page

{{Short description|2020 Indian film by Sridhar Venkatesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yen Peyar Anandhan
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sridhar Venkatesan
| producer = Sridhar Venkatesan Gopi Krishnappa
| writer =
| starring = [[Santhosh Prathap]] [[Athulya Ravi]] [[Deepak Paramesh]]
| music = [[Jose Franklin]]
| cinematography = Mano Raja
| editing = Vijay Andrews
| studio = Savitha Cine Arts Kaavya Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|11|27}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Yen Peyar Anandhan''''' ({{translation|My Name is Anandhan}}) is a 2020 [[Tamil language]] thriller film directed by Sridhar Venkatesan and starring [[Santhosh Prathap]] and [[Athulya Ravi]] in the lead roles. It was released on 27 November 2020.

== Cast ==
*[[Santhosh Prathap]] as Sathya
*[[Athulya Ravi]] as Savithri
*Arun Asthma as Anandhan
*[[Deepak Paramesh]] as Anwar
*Aravind Rajagopal as Parthiban
*Arun Ragav as Iyarkai
*[[Teejay Karthi]] as Karthi
*Divya as Charulatha
*Madhan as the narrator

== Production ==
Sridhar Venkatesan had previously made the ''Sithiram Kolluthadi'' segment in the anthology film, ''[[6 Athiyayam]]'' (2018).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} [[Santhosh Prathap]] and [[Deepak Paramesh]] were cast in the lead roles, while [[Athulya Ravi]] signed on to play the lead female role in early 2018.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In November 2020, the makers spoke out against Athulya for refusing to promote the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2020 |title=En Peyar Anandhan team upset with Athulya for not promoting her own film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/en-peyar-anandhan-team-upset-with-athulya-for-not-promoting-her-own-film/articleshow/79356661.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
Before its theatrical release, the film was selected to be a part of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2020 |title=Santhosh Prathap happy with 'Yen Peyar Anandhan' for its prestigious selection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-prathap-happy-with-yen-peyar-anandhan-for-its-prestigious-selection/articleshow/78122486.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2020 |title=Santhosh Prathap's unique Tamil film received 'U' certificate from Censor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-prathaps-unique-tamil-film-received-u-certificate-from-censor/articleshow/77853953.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film was released on 27 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=This role has tapped Santhosh Prathap's acting potential: Sridhar |url=https://www.text.in/News/Cinema/2020/11/28013301/1264063/This-role-has-tapped-Santhosh-Prathaps-acting-potential-.vpf |website=dtNext.in |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''The Times of India'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars, noting "even if we don't have to buy into the film's ideas, the earnestness with which it goes about its work kind of makes us look upon it a bit more favorably".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yen Peyar Anandhan Movie Review: An earnest but wannabe experimental cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yen-peyar-anandhan/movie-review/79444389.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Maalaimalar'' gave the film a middling review concluding that its premise was unclear.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=காணாமல் போகும் இயக்குனர் - என் பெயர் ஆனந்தன் விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2020/11/28180411/2114842/Yen-peyar-anandhan-movie-review-in-Tamil.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13434010}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mangalanathan Gurukkal

2026-03-17T15:58:22Z

Roamingindian: Added New Data

{{Short description|Indian priest and actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Priest, actor
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mangalanathan Gurukkal''' also spelled '''Mangalanatha Gurukkal''' is an Indian Hindu Tamil priest and film actor. He has appeared in over 400 films.

== Early life ==
He was borin in Sevur village near [[Tindivanam]]. He then relocated to Mayilapore.

In 2021, Gurukkal lodged a police complaint against scammers for allegedly spreading fake news and rumours about his health on social media, including claims that he died due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title='What have I done to deserve this humiliation?' |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/what-have-i-done-to-deserve-this-humiliation/20150505.htm |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-04 |title=Miscreants fake death of actor Mangalanathan Gurukkal, his kin for money |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/miscreants-fake-death-of-actor-mangalanathan-gurukkal-his-kin-for-money/articleshow/83224032.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் மங்கலநாத குருக்கள் இறந்துவிட்டதாக கூறி மோசடி! போலீசில் புகார் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/actor-mangalanadha-gurukkal-files-police-complaint-on-death-rumours/articleshow/83183885.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=யாரும் இல்லாமல் நடிகர் மங்கலநாத குருக்கள் இறந்தார்! |url=https://tamil.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=145209 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=tamil.adaderana.lk}}</ref>

== Career ==
He belongs to the [[Brahmin]] community, a typical Gurukkal who performs [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] and other rituals in [[Kovil|''kovils'']], cultural events and weddings. He began his religious work as a [[Pujari|temple priest]] at Valampuri Vinayagar Kovil in Mayilapore.

=== Actor ===
He predominantly appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] in Hindu priest roles, mostly confined to astrology, kalyana homam (Hindu wedding fire rituals) and ''kovil pooja'' sequences where he would recite holy sacred [[mantra]]s. He featured in AVM Studio's Tamil television soap opera ''Nambikkai'' where he played the role of a ''poosari'' performing rituals. He also performed ''pooja'' rituals for the inauguration of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s Tamil television soap opera ''[[Metti Oli]],'' appearing in the first episode.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Navaneethakrishnan |first=Stalin |title='அசின் காதுல சொன்னதும் அஜித் கலாய்ச்சிட்டாரு' மனம் திறந்த மங்களநாதன் குருக்கள்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kollywood-iyer-mangalanathan-gurus-shared-memories-about-actor-ajith-131670593246570.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref>

He made his film acting debut in Suriya starrer [[Sri (2002 film)|''Sri'']] (2002) after accepting a film offer to play a role in ''Sri'' through a phone call from a wellwisher. It was revealed that the wellwisher apparently requested Mangalanathan Gurukkal to take around 50 elder women to the shooting spot for a ''pooja'' sequence. During the film shooting of ''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006), [[Ajith Kumar]] affectionately nicknamed him as "High-Tech Iyer" after seeing how Mangalanathan had motorbike keys around his stomach and simultaneously was performing mantra rituals.<ref name=":1" />

Mangalanathan Gurukkal is respected among film fraternity and he is invited occasionally to inaugurate ''pooja'' ceremonies.

== Partial filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sri (2002 film)|''Sri'']] (2002)
*''[[Madhurey]]'' (2004)
*''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' (2006)
*''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006)
*''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]'' (2007)
*''[[Machakaaran]]'' (2007)
*''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' (2008)
*''[[Gnabagangal]]'' (2009)
*''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010)
*''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012)
*''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013)
*''[[Jilla]]'' (2014)
*''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017)
*''[[Sangu Chakkaram]]'' (2017)
*''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' (2019)
*''[[Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum]]'' (2024)
*''[[Middle Class (film)|Middle Class]]'' (2025)
{{Colend}}

=== Television ===
*''Nambikkai''
*''[[Metti Oli]]'' (2002)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurukkal, Mangalanathan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Flag of India

2026-03-09T16:33:29Z

Roamingindian: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|none}}{{redirect|Tiranga|the Bollywood film|Tirangaa (film){{!}}''Tirangaa'' (film)}}
{{pp|vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Republic of India
| Nickname = ''{{lang|hi-Latn|Tiraṅgā}}'' (meaning "Tricolour")
| Image = Flag of India.svg
| Use = 111000
| Symbol = {{FIAV|111000}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Equal}} {{FIAV|Vertical normal}}
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = {{start date and age|1947|07|22|df=yes}}
| Design = A horizontal [[triband (flag)|triband]] of India saffron, white, and India green; charged with a navy blue [[Ashoka Chakra]] with 24 spokes in the centre.
| Designer = [[Surayya Tyabji]]<ref group="N" name="PV">Surayya Tyabji made the first copy of current flag that flew on Jawahar Lal Nehru's car on the night of independence. and Initial version of flag were designed by Pingali Venkayya.</ref>
| Image3 = Civil Ensign of India.svg
| Nickname3 = [[List of Indian flags#Ensigns|Red Ensign]]
| Use3 = 000100
| Symbol3 = {{FIAV|000100}}
| Proportion3 = 2:3
| Design3 = A red ensign with the Indian Flag in the canton
| Image4 = Government Ensign of India.svg
| Nickname4 = [[List of Indian flags#Ensigns|Blue Ensign]]
| Use4 = 000010
| Symbol4 = {{FIAV|000010}}
| Proportion4 = 2:3
| Design4 = A blue ensign with the Indian Flag in the canton, and a yellow anchor horizontally in the fly
| Image5 = Naval Ensign of India (2022).svg
| Nickname5 = [[Indian Naval Ensign|White Ensign]]
| Use5 = 000001
| Symbol5 = {{FIAV|000001}}
| Proportion5 = 1:2
| Design5 = A white ensign with the Indian Flag in the canton, and a blue octagon with golden borders encasing the national emblem atop an anchor superimposed on a shield with the naval motto ''"Śaṁ No Varuṇaḥ"'' in [[Devanagari]] in the fly
| Nickname6 = [[List of Indian flags#Ensigns|Air force Ensign]]
| Use6 = [[Air force ensign]]
| Image6 = Air Force Ensign of India.svg
| Proportion6 = 1:2
| Design6 = A sky blue ensign with the Indian Flag in the canton and the Air Force [[roundel]] in the fly
}}

The [[national flag]] of [[India]], [[Colloquialism|colloquially]] called ''Tiraṅgā'' (the [[tricolour]]), is a horizontal rectangular tricolour flag, the colours being of [[Saffron (color)#Political and religious uses|India saffron]], [[white]] and [[Variations of green#India green|India green]]; with the {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Ashoka Chakra]]}}, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.india.gov.in |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501093137/https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Identity Elements - National Flag |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-flag.php |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=knowindia.india.gov.in |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715024706/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-flag.php |url-status=live }}</ref> It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the [[Republic of India]]. In India, the term "[[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]]" almost always refers to the Indian national flag.

The flag is based on the ''{{lang|hi-Latn|Swaraj}}'' flag, a flag of the [[Indian National Congress]] adopted by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] after making significant modifications to the design proposed by [[Pingali Venkayya]].<ref name="Kapoor 2018">{{cite book | last=Kapoor | first=P. | title=Gandhi: An Illustrated Biography | publisher=Roli Books | year=2018 | isbn=978-81-936009-1-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2EuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121 | language=mt | access-date=2023-08-14 | page=121}}</ref> This flag included the [[Spinning_wheel#Charkha|''charkha'']], which was replaced with the ''[[Ashoka Chakra|chakra]]'' in 1947 by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="Goucher Walton">{{cite book | last1=Goucher | first1=C. | last2=Walton | first2=L. | title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-08828-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Os-g5vLFfBcC&pg=PA667 | page=667}}</ref>

Before the amendment of the flag code in 2021, the flag was by law only to be made of ''{{lang|hi-Latn|[[khadi]]}}'', a special type of hand-spun cloth or silk, made popular by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]]. The right to manufacture the flag is held by the [[Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission]], which allocates it to regional groups. As of 2023, there are 4 units in India that are licensed to manufacture the flag.

Usage of the flag is governed by the [[Flag Code of India]] and other laws relating to the [[national emblem]]s. The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]. In 2002, on hearing an appeal from a private citizen, [[Naveen Jindal]], the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the [[Government of India]] to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens. Subsequently, the [[Union Cabinet of India]] amended the code to allow limited usage. The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing. The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags.

== History ==
{{See also|Star of India (flag)|Flag of the East India Company|List of Indian flags|Tricolour (flag)#History|Triband (flag)}}

=== Pre-independence movement ===
[[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|left|thumb|alt=A British red Ensign (a red flag with the Union Jack placed at the top left corner) charged with the Star of India (five pointed star inside a circular band tied at the bottom)|{{FIAV|historical}} [[Star of India (flag)|Civil Ensign]] of [[British Raj|British India]], 1880–1947]]

A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the [[Indian independence movement]] by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]], which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. [[Star of India (flag)|The first flag]], whose design was based on western heraldic standards, was similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and South Africa; its red field included the [[Union Jack]] in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", [[Queen Victoria]] created the [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the [[British Raj#British India and the princely states|Indian princely states]] received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.<ref name="Virmani172">{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|p=172}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=498}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/findien.htm|title=British Raj Marineflagge|access-date=4 September 2005|author=Volker Preuß|language=de|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917132232/http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/findien.htm|archive-date=17 September 2005}}</ref>

[[File:Proposed flag of India (1904).svg|thumb|220px|{{FIAV|Proposal}} A proposed flag for India from 1904, as seen in an Anglo-Indian weekly. The dark blue band represented Hindus and Buddhists, the green band represented Muslims, and the light blue band represented Christians. The vertical purple band on the left side contained the stars from the [[Orion (constellation)|Orion constellation]], which represented the provinces and states. The surrounding red border symbolised India being kept united and whole by British rule.<ref name="Dipesh Navsaria">{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in!.html |title=Indian Flag Proposals |author=Dipesh Navsaria |date=27 July 1996 |work=Flags of the World |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907194303/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/in!.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of [[Edward VII]], a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|p=173}}</ref> Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the [[Ganesha]], advocated by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], and [[Kali]], advocated by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. Another symbol was the cow, or ''Gau Mata'' (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|p=174}}</ref>

=== Early tricolour development ===
[[File:Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg|left|thumb|220px|{{FIAV|historical}}{{FIAV|noflag}}The [[Calcutta flag]], design of the "Flag of Indian Independence" raised by [[Bhikaji Cama]] on 22 August 1907, at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany]]

In Europe, in 1579, during the [[Eighty Years' War]], which established the independence of the [[Dutch Republic]] from the [[Spanish Empire]], newly formed [[Netherlands]] adopted the first [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] in the world, known as [[Prince's Flag|Prinsenvlag]], an orange-white-blue flag. This flag symbolised [[independence]]. During the [[French Revolution]], in 1790, [[Flag of France|Le Tricolore]], a blue, white and red flag was adopted to symbolise [[republicanism]] (overthrow of monarchy). The flag of the Netherlands inspired the flag of France, which in turn inspired many further tricolour flags in countries around the world. Every country took to its own choice of colors to be represented in their tricolours.

The [[partition of Bengal (1905)]] resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the [[Indian independence movement]] that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country.

The ''Vande Mataram'' flag, part of the nationalist [[Swadeshi movement]], comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' slogan in the [[Devanagari]] script on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either but was used at the annual session of the [[Indian National Congress]]. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by [[Bhikaiji Cama|Madam Bhikaji Cama]] at the [[International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907|second International Socialist Congress]] in [[Stuttgart]] in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=175–176}}</ref>

Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by [[Sister Nivedita]], a Hindu reformist and disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|pp=498–499}}</ref> Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.

In 1909, [[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], former Governor of the [[Madras Presidency]], wrote to ''[[The Times]]'' of London in the run-up to [[Commonwealth Day#History|Empire Day]] pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."<ref>{{cite news |title=A Flag for India |work=Luton Times and Advertiser |date=21 May 1909 |access-date=27 August 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000536/19090521/002/0001 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Flag of the Indian Home Rule movement.svg|left|thumb|220px|{{FIAV|historical}}{{FIAV|noflag}} Flag of the [[Indian Home Rule Movement]] adopted by [[Annie Besant]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]
In 1916, [[Pingali Venkayya]] submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, [[Annie Besant]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] adopted a new flag as part of the [[Indian Home Rule Movement|Home Rule Movement]]. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in [[Coimbatore]] banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=176–177}}</ref>

In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the [[League of Nations]] wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.

=== Gandhi's activism ===
[[File:Gandhi Flag 1921 - Ganesh and Co. Silk Cigarette Card.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A reproduction of a tricolour flag of white, green and red with a spinning wheel in the centre|A reproduction of Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=504}}</ref>]]
In April 1921, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wrote in his journal ''[[Young India]]'' about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the ''charkha'' or [[spinning wheel]] at the centre.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=177–178}}</ref> The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by [[Lala Hansraj]], and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|pp=503–505}}</ref>

On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in [[Nagpur]] commemorating the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], the ''Swaraj'' flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the ''[[Flag Satyagraha]]'', gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The ''satyagraha'', promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the ''Swarajists'', called it inconsequential.

Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July 1923, at the insistence of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sarojini Naidu]], Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=181–186}}</ref>

While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the ''Swaraj'' flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the [[Khilafat Movement]] as the national flag.

[[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|right|thumb|alt=A tricolour flag of saffron, white and green with a spinning wheel in the centre|{{FIAV|historical}} The ''Swaraj flag'', officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931]]

Detractors of the flag movement, including [[Motilal Nehru]], soon hailed the ''Swaraj'' flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from London, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the ''Swaraj'' flag.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=187–191}}</ref> The ''Swaraj'' flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=508}}</ref>

[[File:Mountbatten Proposed Flag of India.svg|left|thumb|{{FIAV|Proposal}} [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]'s 1947 proposal for the flag of India, effectively the flag of the Congress but with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on the grounds that he felt that Congress' nationalist members would see the inclusion of the Union Jack as pandering to the British.<ref name="Dipesh Navsaria"/>]]

=== Final adoption ===
A few months before India gained its independence in August 1947, the [[Constituent Assembly]] was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ''ad hoc'' committee headed by [[Rajendra Prasad]] and including [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[K. M. Munshi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as its members.<ref name="Code2002"/>

[[File:1947 India Flag 3½ annas.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A postage stamp, featuring a fluttering Indian flag above the word "INDIA". At left is "15 AUG. 1947" and "3½ As."; at right is "जय हिंन्द" above "POSTAGE".|Indian Flag, the first stamp of independent India, released on 21 November 1947, was meant for foreign correspondence.<ref name="Phil">''India Postage Stamps 1947–1988''.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.</ref><ref name="SS">Souvenir sheet of the ''Independence'' series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948</ref>]]

On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the [[Indian National Congress]] be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.<ref name="Code2002">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html|title=Flag code of India, 2002|access-date=11 October 2006|date=4 April 2002|work=Fact Sheet|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522102724/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html|archive-date=22 May 2006}}</ref> The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the ''[[Ashoka Chakra]]'' from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]. According to [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], the ''chakra'' was chosen as it was representative of ''[[dharma]]'' and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.

The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka Chakra in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jha|2008|pp=106–107}}</ref> It served as the [[national flag]] of the [[Dominion of India]] between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the [[India|Republic of India]] since then.<ref name="FOTW">{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html|title=India|access-date=11 October 2006|last=Heimer|first=Željko|date=2 July 2006|work=Flags of the World|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018060420/http://crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html|archive-date=18 October 2006}}</ref>

== Timeline of official flags ==
===State flags===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
|Official State flag for use between 1858 and 1947
|British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|National Flag of India used to represent India internationally and domestically (1880–1947)
|Flag of India.svg
|National Flag of India (1947–present)
}}

===Army flags===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|File:Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg
|Flag of the Indian Army (1876–1947)
|File:Flag of the Indian Army.svg
|Flag of the Indian Army (1947–present)
}}

===Navy flags===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|Flag of Imperial India.svg
|Flag of the Royal Indian Marine (1879–1924)
|Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
|Flag of the Royal Indian Marine and the Royal Indian Navy (1924–1947)
|Naval Ensign of India (1950–2001).svg
|Flag of the Indian Navy (1947–2001)
|Naval Ensign of India (2001–2004).svg
|Flag of the Indian Navy (2001–2004)
|Naval Ensign of India (2004–2014).svg
|Flag of the Indian Navy (2004–2014)
|Naval Ensign of India (2014–2022).svg
|Flag of the Indian Navy (2014–2022)
|Naval Ensign of India (2022).svg
|Flag of the Indian Navy (2022–present)
}}

===Air force flags===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|Air Force Ensign of India (1945–1947).svg
|Flag of the Royal Indian Air Force (1945–1947)
|Air Force Ensign of India (1950–2023).svg
|Flag of the Indian Air Force (1950–2023)
|Air Force Ensign of India.svg
|Flag of the Indian Air Force (2023–present)
}}

===Civil and state ensigns===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|Civil Ensign of India (1880–1947)
|Flag of Imperial India.svg
|State Ensign of India (1880–1947)
}}
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|Civil Ensign of India.svg
|Civil Ensign of India (1947–present)
|Government Ensign of India.svg
|State Ensign of India (1947–present)
}}

== Design ==

=== Specifications ===
According to the [[Flag code of India]], the Indian flag has a width:height [[aspect ratio]] of 3:2. All three horizontal bands of the flag (saffron, white and green) are equally sized. The [[Ashoka Chakra]] has twenty-four evenly spaced spokes.<ref name="Code2002" />

The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the flag code, but in section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that describes specific sizes of the flag and the chakra (reproduced alongside).<ref name="IS11968"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+Sizes of the National Flag
|-
! Flag size<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm |title=Flag Code of India|access-date=11 October 2006|date=25 January 2006|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060110155908/http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm |archive-date = 10 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IS 1 (1968): Specification for The National Flag of India (Cotton Khadi, PDF version)|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S12/is.1.1968.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=9 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095421/https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S12/is.1.1968.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref>
! Width and height (mm)
! Diameter of Ashoka Chakra (mm)<ref name="IS11968"/>
|-
| 1
| 6300 × 4200
| 1295
|-
| 2
| 3600 × 2400
| 740
|-
| 3
| 2700 × 1800
| 555
|-
| 4
| 1800 × 1200
| 370
|-
| 5
| 1350 × 900
| 280
|-
| 6
| 900 × 600
| 185
|-
| 7
| 450 × 300
| 90<ref name="IS1A2">{{cite book | title = IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi), Amendment 2 | author = Bureau of Indian Standards | year = 1979 | publisher = Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 225 × 150
| 40
|-
| 9
| 150 × 100
| 25<ref name="IS1A2"/>
|}

=== Construction Sheets ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 750
| image1 = Flag of India (construction sheet) (2-3).svg
| alt1 = Flag of India (construction sheet)
| caption1 = Flag of India construction sheet
| image2 = Flag of India (construction sheet - Ashoka Chakra detail).svg
| alt2 = Ashoka Chakra (construction sheet)
| caption2 = Ashoka Chakra construction sheet
| align = center
}}

=== Colours ===
Both the Flag code and IS1 call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.<ref name="IS11968"/><ref name="Code2002" /> Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of navy blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with [[Standard illuminant#Illuminants B and C|illuminant C]].<ref name="IS11968">{{Cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.1.1968 | title = IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi) | access-date = 23 July 2012 | author = Bureau of Indian Standards | date = 1968 | publisher = Government of India}}</ref> The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803–1973.<ref name="IS11968"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours<ref name="IS11968"/>
|-
! Colour
! X
! Y
! Z
! Brightness, Percent
|-
| India saffron
| 0.538
| 0.360
| 0.102
| 21.5
|-
| White
| 0.313
| 0.319
| 0.368
| 72.6
|-
| India green
| 0.288
| 0.395
| 0.317
| 8.9
|}

The values given in the table correspond to [[CIE 1931 colour space]]. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF671F, white #FFFFFF, India green #046A38, navy blue #06038D.<ref>Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names</ref> [[Pantone]] values closest to this are 165 C, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.

{| class=wikitable width=100% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Colour scheme
! ! style="background:#FF671F; width:20%; color:white;"| India saffron
! style="background:#FFFFFF; width:20%; color:black;"| White
! style="background:#046A38; width:20%; color:white;" | India green
! style="background:#06038D; width:20%; color:white;" | Navy blue
|-
| [[Pantone]] || 165 C || 000 C || 2258 C || 2735 C
|-
| [[CMYK]] || 0-60-88-0 || 0-0-0-0 || 96-0-47-58 || 96-98-0-45
|-
|[[Web colours|HEX]]
|#FF671F
|#FFFFFF
|#046A38
|#06038D
|-
|[[RGB colour model|RGB]]
|255,103,31
|255,255,255
|4,106,56
|6,3,141
|}

== Symbolism ==
[[File:Flag of India, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Flag of India, New Delhi]]
Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by [[Pingali Venkayya]]. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing, between a red stripe for Hindus and a green stripe for Muslims. The design was then modified to replace red with saffron and to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities (as well to symbolise peace between the communities) and provide a background for the spinning wheel. However, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, the three bands were later reassigned new meanings: courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title = Flag of India| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| year = 2009| url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India| access-date = 2 July 2009| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081215142903/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India| archive-date = 15 December 2008}}</ref>

A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted [[Constituent Assembly]] decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.<ref name="FOTW" /> A modified version of the ''Swaraj'' flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the spinning wheel was replaced by the [[Ashoka Chakra]] representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], who later became India's first [[Vice President of India|vice president]] and second [[President of India|president]], clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

{{cquote|''Bhagwa'' or the [[Saffron (colour)|Saffron]] denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of [[dharma]]. Truth or ''[[satya]]'', ''dharma'' or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.<ref name=PIB>{{cite web|title=Flag Code of India, 2002|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India|date=3 April 2002|access-date=23 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520211458/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html|archive-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>}}

== Protocol ==
{{Main|Flag code of India|Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971}}

[[File:India-flag-horiz-vert.svg|thumb|alt=Two Indian flags side by side, the first is horizontal with the saffron band at the top, the second is vertical with the saffron band to the left.|{{FIAV|normal}}Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag]]
Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honor Act, 1971.<ref name="Code2002" /> Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf|title=The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=30 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123231821/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water or be used as a drapery in any form.<ref name="Code2002" /> The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag.<ref name="NIC"/> When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.<ref name="Code2002" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-24/india/28074561_1_national-flag-flag-code-naveen-jindal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-24/india/28074561_1_national-flag-flag-code-naveen-jindal|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Now, Indians can fly Tricolour at night|last=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|date=24 December 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 February 2010}}</ref>

The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.<ref name="NIC" />

The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] or [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]. In 2001, [[Naveen Jindal]], an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated, and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a [[public interest litigation]] petition in the [[High Court of Delhi]]; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm|date = 13 June 2001|title = My Flag, My Country|access-date = 15 November 2007|work = Rediff.com|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071121183544/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm|archive-date = 21 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="jindal">{{cite web | title= Union of India v. Navin Jindal | work=Supreme Court of India | url=http://www.supremecourtonline.com/cases/9305.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224041041/http://www.supremecourtonline.com/cases/9305.html | archive-date=24 December 2004| access-date=1 July 2005}}</ref>
[[File:National Flag of India at Central Park.jpg|thumb|The flag of India showcases three colours in a horizontal fashion: saffron, white and green with an Ashoka Chakra in the middle.]]
At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the [[Supreme Court of India]]; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the [[Government of India]] to consider the matter. The [[Union Cabinet of India]] then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.<ref name="Code2002" /> It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of [[Part Nineteen of the Constitution of India|Article 19 of the Constitution of India]].<ref name="Code2002" />

The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.<ref name="Belt">{{cite news | author=Chadha, Monica | date=6 July 2005 | title=Indians can wear flag with pride | publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4656963.stm | access-date=18 February 2012 | archive-date=6 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106215759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4656963.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.<ref name="NIC" />

=== Display ===
[[File:IndiaFlagTwoNations.png|thumb|upright|alt=The Indian flag and another flag on crossed poles; the Indian flag is at the left.|Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country's flag]]
[[File:IndiaFlagIndoors.png|thumb|upright|alt=The Indian flag is placed on the observer's left|Placement protocol for the Indian flag indoors]]

The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their [[hoist (flag)|hoists]] should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other, and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.<ref name="NIC" />

Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So, when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.<ref name="NIC" />

[[File:IndiaFlagParade.png|left|thumb|alt=Sketch of eight people carrying flags in a procession, the first and last persons have the India tricolour|A flag procession]]
The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be [[Flag dipping|dipped]] to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the [[Jana Gana Mana|national anthem]].<ref name="NIC" />

[[File:India-0037 - Red Fort (2214262369).jpg|300px|right|thumb|Indian Flag at the [[Red Fort]], Delhi]]
The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice President or the Prime Minister, [[Governors of states of India|Governors and Lieutenant Governors]] of states, [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Ministers]], [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Union Ministers]], members of the [[Parliament of India]] and [[States of India|state legislatures]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] ([[Vidhan Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Parishad]]), judges of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts]], and [[flag officer]]s of the [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.<ref name="NIC"/>

The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.<ref name="NIC" />

When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the [[flag of the United Nations]], which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.<ref name="NIC" />

When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.<ref name="NIC" />

=== Half-mast ===
[[File:The flag of India at half-mast hoisted on THE RED FORT at the time of national mourning.jpg|thumb|Indian flag flown at half-mast at the Red Fort]]

The flag should be flown at [[half-staff|half-mast]] as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the president of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.

The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, vice president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of governors, lieutenant governors and chief ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.

The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October), or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.

On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.<ref name="NIC" />

=== Manufacturing process ===
[[File:Indian flag header Size 6.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Lettering written and printed on a canvas strip|A header of an Indian flag (size 6, date 2007/2008) certified by the [[Indian Standards Institute|ISI]]]]
The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS). All of the flags are made out of [[khadi]] cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf |title=Indian Standards |access-date=29 November 2008 |publisher=Bureau of Indian Standards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040808/http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008}}</ref> Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.<ref name="NIC" />

In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the [[International System of Units|metric system]] which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.<ref name="Code2002" /> The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and [[hemp]] [[rope|cordage]]. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.<ref name="KVIC">{{cite news |first =Shyam Sundar|last =Vattam|url =http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060522230211/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp|archive-date=22 May 2006|title =Why all national flags will be 'Made in Hubli'|newspaper =[[Deccan Herald]]|date =15 June 2004|access-date =11 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="Process">{{cite news |title=The Flag Town |author=Aruna Chandaraju |date=15 August 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm |access-date=10 February 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923163100/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

Until 2021, [[Khadi]] or hand-spun cloth was the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material was punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine (although this was rarely enforced). Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly {{convert|205|g}}.<ref name="Code2002" /><ref name="KVIC" /><ref name="Process" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm|title=The flag town|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna|date=15 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 February 2010|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923163100/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm|archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the [[Dharwad]] and [[Bagalkot]] districts of northern [[Karnataka]]. {{As of|2022}}, there are four BIS flag production and supply units; namely [[Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha]] based in [[Hubli]], Khadi Dyers & Printers (also known as Kore Gramodyog Kendra) based in [[Borivali]], KDP Enterprises based in [[Vasai]], and the Madhya Bharat Khadi Sangh based in [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/knowyourstandards/Indian_standards/isdetails/ |title=Specification for the national flag of India (Cotton khadi)|access-date=24 July 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Indian Standards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The tricolour story |author=Nitin Sreedhar |date=14 August 2016 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/the-tricolour-story/347129/ |access-date=3 July 2023 |newspaper=The Financial Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ग्वालियर खादी संघ बना रहा 4 गुना राष्ट्रीय ध्वज, पूरे देश में यहीं से होते हैं त‍िरंगे सप्‍लाई |date=30 July 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/trending-news/gwalior-khadi-sangh-makes-tricolor-flying-in-many-parts-of-country-in-independence-day-mpap/965015|access-date=20 July 2023 |newspaper=zeenews.india.com |language=hi }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indore: Amendment in Flag-Code made National Flag affordable, price came down from Rs 700 to Rs 25 per piece |author=Manish Upadhyay |date=6 August 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-amendment-in-flag-code-made-national-flag-affordable-price-came-down-from-rs-700-to-rs-25-per-piece |access-date=20 July 2023 |newspaper=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tiranga of Gwalior: Tricolor made in Gwalior hoisted in half of the country |date=26 January 2023 |url=https://pipanews.com/tiranga-of-gwalior-tricolor-made-in-gwalior-hoisted-in-half-of-the-country-pipa-news/ |access-date=20 July 2023 |newspaper=pipanews.com}}</ref> The unit in Gwalior in particular has a laboratory for testing the standard of the Khadi cloth used for making the flags.

Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.<ref name="Code2002" />
<ref name="Process" /> The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at [[Garag]], a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the centre's licence to make flags.<ref name="Code2002" />

Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.<ref name="KVIC" /><ref name="Process" />

In December 2021 the [[Government of India]] amended the flag code to allow machine manufacturing of flags as well as the use of alternative materials including polyester, non-khadi cotton or silk.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Har Ghar Tiranga: National flag can now be machine-made, in polyester |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/har-ghar-tiranga-national-flag-can-now-be-machine-made-in-polyester-122060100386_1.html |work=The Business Standard |date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611081021/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/har-ghar-tiranga-national-flag-can-now-be-machine-made-in-polyester-122060100386_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Flag of Thailand]], which has a similar name "Trai rong"
* [[Indian Naval Ensign]]
* [[Jana Gana Mana]]
* [[Largest Human Flag of India]]
* [[List of Indian flags]]
* [[List of Indian state flags]]
* [[National Pledge (India)|National Pledge]]
* [[Satyameva Jayate]]
* [[State Emblem of India]]
* [[Tiranga Point]]
* [[Vande Mataram]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="N"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Cited Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Virmani|first=Arundhati| author-link=Arundhati Virmani|title=A National Flag for India: Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment|publisher=Delhi, Permanent Black|year=2008| isbn=978-81-7824-232-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Virmani|first=Arundhati | title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923| jstor=651278 | date=August 1999| journal=Past & Present |issue=164 | pages=169–197 | doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169}}.
* {{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Srirupa|title=A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906– |journal=Journal of Asian Studies|volume = 65| date = August 2006|oclc=37893507| issn=0021-9118| issue = 3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jha|first=Sadan | title=The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite| date=25 October 2008| journal=Economic and Political Weekly | pages=102–111|issn=0012-9976|oclc=1567377 }}
* {{cite web| title=Indian Standards| work=Bureau of Indian Standards| url=http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf| access-date=1 July 2005| archive-date=11 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111123731/https://bis.gov.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf%20| url-status=live}}
* {{cite web| title=India| work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]]| url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html| access-date=30 June 2005| archive-date=18 October 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018060420/http://crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html| url-status=live}}
* {{cite web| title=India: Historical Flags| work=Flags of the World| url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-hist.html| access-date=30 June 2005| archive-date=1 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601003424/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-hist.html| url-status=live}}
* {{cite web| title=Flying the real tricolour| work=Rediff.com| url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm| access-date=1 July 2005| archive-date=19 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019205647/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm| url-status=live}}
* {{cite web| title=My Flag, My Country| work=Rediff.com| url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm| access-date=1 July 2005| archive-date=21 November 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121183544/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm| url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Trevor|last=Royle|title=The Last Days of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-W5QgAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=John Murray|isbn=978-0-7195-5686-9|page=217}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|National flag of India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisourcepar|Flag Code of India}}
* {{cite web | title= National Flag | work=National Portal of India |publisher=[[Government of India]]| url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_flag.php| access-date=8 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126160054/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_flag.php  | archive-date=26 January 2010}}
* {{cite web | title= History of Indian Tricolour | work=National Portal of India |publisher=[[Government of India]]| url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/national_flag.php| access-date=15 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809095826/http://india.gov.in/myindia/national_flag.php  | archive-date=9 August 2010}}
* {{cite web | title= Flag Code of India | publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs (India) | url= http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/flagcodeofindia.pdf | access-date= 26 July 2016 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211150/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/flagcodeofindia.pdf | archive-date= 19 October 2017}}
* {{FOTW|id=in|title=India}}

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Life in India}}
{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}}

[[Category:Flags of India| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:National flags|India]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1947|India]]
[[Category:Flags with circles]]
[[Category:Horizontally symmetrical flags]]

Aranmanai 2

2026-03-07T09:24:31Z

Roamingindian: updated details

{{Short description|2016 film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aranmanai 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| producer = [[Khushbu Sundar]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* [[Venkat Raghavan]]
* Sundar C}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Sundar C
* S.B.Ramadoss}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Sundar C
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
* [[Trisha Krishnan]]
* [[Hansika Motwani]]
* [[Poonam Bajwa]]
}}
| music = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax]]
| distributor = [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|01|29}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aranmanai 2''''' ({{translation|Palace 2}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Sundar C]]. Produced by [[Avni Cinemax]], and distributed by [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]], it is the second instalment in the [[Aranmanai (film series)|''Aranmanai'' film series]] following ''[[Aranmanai]]'' (2014). The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including Sundar C, [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Hansika Motwani]] and [[Poonam Bajwa]]. In the film, a man and his fiancée returns to his ancestral home after his father gets in a coma under mysterious circumstances, but takes a turn when he uncovers his family's dark secrets.

The film released on 29 January 2016 and received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, but became a hit at the box-office.

== Plot ==
The movie starts with the Amman statue that guarded the village against evil spirits and negative energy stored in an underground room during the temple's renovation. At a [[cemetery|graveyard]] close to the temple, a group of tantric practitioners capitalise on the dormant Amman to awaken evil spirits for black magic purposes. During the ritual, they inadvertently release a demonic entity that they could not contain. The evil spirit leaves the graveyard as a cloud and moves into the village. The village mendicant-holy man notices the evil spirit and chases after it but cannot prevent it from entering the titular palace. The palace owner ignored his pleadings since the holy man was mute. Later that night, the spirit attacks the owner, who then falls and goes into a [[coma]]. His elder son, Ramesh, arrives with his wife, Sandhya, and their son, Suresh. Together with them are his younger brother, Murali and his fiancée Anitha. Devadas also appears in disguise as his father, Sandhu Bondu Naadimuthu, a doctor, and had contact with the landowners.

One night, a mysterious being kills the family driver. After a few nights, Suresh does crazy things and says that a spirit is telling him to do so. Also, Murali sees a supernatural being elevating his father above the bed and gets scared. Anitha, who also witnesses these things, calls her brother Ravi. One night, Ravi sees Suresh [[drowning]] and rescues him. Initially, he suspects Manju, a nurse that the family got to care for Murali's father, but she has a different agenda, so he realises it isn't her. After that, he sets up cameras around the house. A few nights later, the elder brother goes missing, and Ravi sees it. With the cameras, he can identify the spirit that is causing havoc. Murali identifies her as Maya, his younger sister.

In the past, The family loved Maya, especially her father and Murali. She was also the owner of Maya Granites, as shown in the song Maya Maya. On the day before her marriage, she eloped with one of the workers' son, and the whole family was shocked and felt disgraced. Murali passes the good news to his father and brother when he sees Maya pregnant three years later in Bangalore. Their father asks Maya to come back home, to which she agrees. On the day she was supposed to arrive, Maya didn't appear, and Murali thought she had changed her mind. Later, Ravi says that it's not true. Maya and her husband got off a stop earlier since her elder brother wanted them to arrive home safely. While travelling in a Jeep on the way to their palace, the driver stabbed Maya's husband. After that, he instructed Maya to go into hiding. But this plan failed when Maya's father arrived and told her to drink poison since she disgraced her family's name and status by marrying someone who belonged to a lower caste. Maya agrees to her father's words with the condition that her brothers should spare her husband's life. After she drank the poison, Maya's elder brother killed her husband in front of her, which made Maya vow that she would end the male generation in her family before her father choked her to death.

In the present, Ravi also says that her primary target is Murali since he told their father and elder brother about her whereabouts and Suresh. Manju says that her uncle is a priest and lives near the Kerala border. Ravi goes with Manju to the priest, whose disciples at first refuse to offer a helping hand because the priest is just recuperating from [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack). But before they leave, the priest decides to help them and starts the pooja. After a few moments, the priest informs that Maya has possessed someone in the palace and gives them a lime. The lime turns bad and reveals that Anitha is possessed. Also, Anitha killed Murali's elder brother and poisoned her father-in-law as an act of revenge, even though he managed to recover from his coma. Ravi decides to find Maya's corpse, while Murali, Suresh, and Manju try to distract Anitha by taking the entire family to a restaurant. Their main goal is to get Anitha's blood and put some holy ink on her hair. They manage to get her blood when she is cutting an apple, and one of the assistants manages to put the ink before getting thrashed by Anitha/Maya. There, Anitha goes to the house and tries to kill Murali and Suresh. However, it fails, and the priest manages to get Maya out of Anitha.

Later, Ravi and the priest decide to kill the spirit, and the only way is to be possessed by the spirit and stab its own corpse. Ravi manages to do it and completes it, but the priest gets chest pain and tells Murali that their only hope is to go to the [[Mariamman]] Pooja, which is happening in their village temple, as the goddess is their final hope. Murali and Suresh get there with Ravi, possessed by Maya, trying to stop them. When Ravi is about to kill Murali, Mariamman uses her powers and prevents Maya's spirit from killing Murali and Suresh. Before she leaves, she sees her brother Murali, who sheds tears for what had happened to his beloved sister. Before Maya disappears, she smiles at Mariamman's massive idol. After this incident, Murali, Suresh and Anitha reunite, and Ravi reunites with Manju, leaving the Aranmanai in the hands of the caretakers. As everyone leaves the palace, Maya's spirit enters a doll and returns to the palace, waiting for the right time to swing back into action. The movie ends with a hint of a sequel.

== Cast ==
<section begin=cast/>{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Ravi
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Murali
* [[Trisha Krishnan]] as Anitha, Murali's fiancée, Ravi's younger sister ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Krithika Nelson)
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Maya, Murali's younger sister ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Renuka Kathir)
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Manju, a nurse, Ravi's love interest
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Devadas and Sandhu Bondhu Naadimuthu, Devadas's father
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Komalam, Sandhu Bondhu Naadimuthu's ex-lover, a servant
* [[Manobala]] as Vera Shekar, Komalam's brother, a servant
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Sandhya, Ramesh's wife
* Nithin Manivannan as Suresh, Ramesh's son
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Maya's father
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Ramesh, Murali's eldest brother
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] as a driver
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Ravi's father
* Sanika Raghawa as Ravi's relative
* [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Namboothiri, Manju's uncle
* Dhindukal Saravanan as Devadas's assistant
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Namboothiri's assistant
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Ramakrishnan
* [[Rahul Thatha]] as a priest
;Cameo appearances
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Arun, Maya's husband
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] in the song "Amma"
* [[Hiphop Tamizha]] in the song "Party with the Pei"}}
<section end="cast" />

== Production ==

The project's progress was first officially revealed after [[Trisha Krishnan]] had tweeted her involvement in the sequel and revealed that she would star alongside [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Trisha signs `Aranmanai-2` with Sundar C |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-signs-aranmanai-2-with-sundar-c-news-tamil-pffj9hgcjfeah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508020815/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-signs-aranmanai-2-with-sundar-c-news-tamil-pffj9hgcjfeah.html |archive-date=8 May 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Hansika Motwani]] subsequently also announced that she would work in ''Aranmanai 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2015 |title=Hansika joins Trisha and Siddharth for `Aranmanai 2` |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-joins-trisha-and-siddharth-for-aranmanai-2-news-tamil-pfik6Jegaibba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510215453/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-joins-trisha-and-siddharth-for-aranmanai-2-news-tamil-pfik6Jegaibba.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Aadukalam Naren]], then known mainly for [[Character actor|character roles]], was chosen to play an antagonistic role as Sundar felt he was an "underrated" actor and wanted to further explore his acting skills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=Naren turns baddie for `Aranmanai 2` |url=http://www.sify.com/news/naren-turns-baddie-for-aranmanai-2-news-others-pf2oujbjadbbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215708/http://www.sify.com/news/naren-turns-baddie-for-aranmanai-2-news-others-pf2oujbjadbbh.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Principal photography began in mid-June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=Hansika to start shoot for Sundar C's 'Aranmanai 2' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-to-start-shoot-for-sundar-cs-aranmanai-2-news-tamil-pgqjJPddcefib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616110941/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-to-start-shoot-for-sundar-cs-aranmanai-2-news-tamil-pgqjJPddcefib.html |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's makers created a {{convert|103|feet}} statue of the sleeping goddess [[Mariamman]] for a song sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Asia's largest goddess statue comes alive on Aranmanai 2 sets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/asia-s-largest-goddess-statue-comes-alive-on-aranmanai-2-sets/story-b3Zzjng2Y5VhkTDatl8kZJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307091156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/asia-s-largest-goddess-statue-comes-alive-on-aranmanai-2-sets/story-b3Zzjng2Y5VhkTDatl8kZJ.html |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by early December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=2 December 2015 |title=Aranmanai 2 Team Wraps Up Shoot; Poses for Selfie |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Dec/02/aranmanai-2-team-wraps-up-shoot-poses-for-selfie-850941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307091610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Dec/02/aranmanai-2-team-wraps-up-shoot-poses-for-selfie-850941.html |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aranmanai 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| alt =
| released = 27 December 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:56
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Hiphop Tamizha
| prev_title = [[Thani Oruvan]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The film's soundtrack album and background score were composed by Hiphop Tamizha. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks. The music rights were purchased by [[Think Music]]. The album was released on 27 December 2015.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Independent singer Kaushik Krish (who earlier recorded "Kannala Kannala", also composed by Hiphop Tamizha for ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'') announced in September 2015 that he was working on a single track from the album,<ref>{{Cite web |last=L M |first=Kaushik |date=13 September 2015 |title=THE VOICE BEHIND THE RECENT MELODY SENSATION |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kaushik-krish-of-thani-oruvan-fame-talks-about-his-experience-singing-kannala-kannala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915214219/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kaushik-krish-of-thani-oruvan-fame-talks-about-his-experience-singing-kannala-kannala.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> but his name did not appear on the tracklist.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

<section begin="tracks" />
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:56
| title1 = Party With The Pei
| lyrics1 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| extra1 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[Kharesma Ravichandran]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Maayaa Maayaa
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Padmalatha]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Poraadaa Poraadaa
| lyrics3 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| extra3 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Kuchi Mittai
| lyrics4 = Hiphop Tamizha
| extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Amma
| note5 = the Amman song
| lyrics5 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi Lakshman]], [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[Vishnupriya Ravi]], [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Aranmanai 2
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Hiphop Tamizha
| length6 = 2:31
}}

<section end="tracks" />

== Release ==
''Aranmanai 2'' was initially announced to be released in mid-January 2016 during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=Aranmanai 2 eyes festival season |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151106/entertainment-kollywood/article/aranmanai-2-eyes-festival-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105201535/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151106/entertainment-kollywood/article/aranmanai-2-eyes-festival-season |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> however the release date was pushed to 29 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2015 |title=Aranmanai 2 out Kathakali in for Pongal |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=23388 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105201826/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=23388 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=LiveChennai.com}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Thenandal Films bags a horror flick again |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150906/entertainment-kollywood/article/thenandal-films-bags-horror-flick-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124033858/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150906/entertainment-kollywood/article/thenandal-films-bags-horror-flick-again |archive-date=24 November 2025 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote "Despite toeing so closely to the original's formula and being equally unpretentious, ''Aranmanai-2'' feels underwhelming. The horror scenes not even remotely scary (though, the visual effects continue to be tacky). The cast and the director seem to be coasting along with a 'people will see this movie no matter what' attitude, and it is this blatant acknowledgement of the film being just a cash grab that is most disappointing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=30 January 2016 |title=Aranmanai 2 Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Aranmanai-2/movie-review/50781184.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202230801/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Aranmanai-2/movie-review/50781184.cms |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Sundar C's ''Aranmanai 2'' is a pucca paisa vasool popcorn entertainer, which is packaged with all the commercial trappings like glamour, slapstick comedy and thrilling moments. Set in a familiar milieu, one can easily predict each and every scene and the film will work big time with common man seeking pure time pass entertainment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Aranmanai 2 Review: Ghosts & Laughs |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aranmanai-2-review-ghosts-laughs-review-tamil-qb3qFoddadcic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630153232/http://www.sify.com/movies/aranmanai-2-review-ghosts-laughs-review-Tamil-qb3qFoddadcic.html |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Silverscreen India'' wrote, "At a time when a younger generation of filmmakers in Kollywood are coming up with well-made horror films like ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'', ''[[Pisaasu]]'' and ''[[Demonte Colony]]'', ''Aranmanai 2'' looks like a grinch in a hip Bengaluru pub. Out of place and awkward".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=29 January 2016 |title=Aranmanai 2 Review: A Horror Mockery |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/aranmanai-2-review-a-horror-mockery/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220925080600/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/aranmanai-2-review-a-horror-mockery/ |archive-date=25 September 2022 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2016 |title=Aranmanai 2 Tamil Movie Review by Chennaivision |url=http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/aranmanai-2-tamil-movie-review-by-chennaivision/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818085856/http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/aranmanai-2-tamil-movie-review-by-chennaivision/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=Chennaivision |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Aranmanai 2'' grossed ₹16.08 crore in the first 3 days of its release.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Director [[Sundar C]] stated that despite mixed reviews, the film surpassed its predecessor financially.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2018 |title=Aranmanai 2 made more money than the original: Sundar C |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154014/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Future ==
{{further|Aranmanai (film series)}}

The third instalment titled ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' was released in 2021, and the fourth instalment ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' in 2024.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2016 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hiphop Tamizha]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa

2026-03-04T04:55:24Z

Roamingindian: starting a entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = N. C. Chakravarthi
| screenplay = [[Chithralaya Gopu|Gopu]]
| producer = [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[Nagesh]] [[Thengai Srinivasan]] [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]] Mali [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] [[Rama Prabha]] [[Sachu]] [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] Vijaya Chandrika
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[Chithralaya]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|1|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa''''' ({{translation|Come inside without permission}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, directed by N. S. Chakravarthi in his debut, produced by [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]] and written by [[Chithralaya Gopu|Gopu]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Nagesh]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]], Mali, [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Rama Prabha]], [[Sachu]], [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] and Vijaya Chandrika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=8 January 2017 |title=Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa (1970) TAMIL |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Uttharavindri-Ulle-Vaa-1970-TAMIL/article17004258.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108081231/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Uttharavindri-Ulle-Vaa-1970-TAMIL/article17004258.ece |archive-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> It was released on 14 January 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=உத்தரவின்றி உள்ளே வா / Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa (1971) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/uttharavindri-ulle-vaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129131809/https://screen4screen.com/movies/uttharavindri-ulle-vaa |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Vintha Illu Santha Gola'' (1976).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Plot ==
Ravi lives in a bungalow that was bought by his father recently, so that Ravi can study in the city. Ravi stays with his three other bachelor friends, Mani, Raju and Mahalingam alias Mali. Raju works in a sports store which is a mundane job. Mani works as an assistant manager in a company while Mali works as a mechanic. When Ravi gets his collage leave for a week, the 4 friends plan to go on a vacation to Ooty. The three working friends cook up story to attain leave and succeed. The night prior to their planned trip, a woman comes and hides in their house. When the guys find her, she simply says that she is trying to protect herself. Ravi allows her to stay in his house for the time being and cancels the trip.

All 4 of them falls for the woman, Janaki and tries to make themselves good in front of her. They also come to a deal that if she falls for any one of them, the other 3 should give way to which all agree. They do various stuff to impress her. But Janaki falls for Ravi. One night, they all hear a child crying outside their house. An a one-year-old girl is found alone with a letter addressed to Mahalingam. It said that its from Sharadha, a woman that Mahalingam has cheated and the child is his. Mahalingam denies knowing such a woman but no one trusts him. The take in the child regardless, and name her Shanti. Ravi and Janaki's love deepens.

One day, while Raju is travelling in a bus, a woman follows him all the way home and addresses him as Nadha (Old fashioned style to call a lover boy or husband). Shocked, Raju informs his friends. Shortly, the woman's mother, Sivagami comes to the house too and settles there. She informs the rest that her daughter, Andal met with an accident recently and had gotten the memories of her past life. In her previous birth, she was married to Raju. Raju hates her constant urging romance. In the meantime, Ravi's father pays a visit but the guys carry it forward in a smooth manner.

To prevent anything worse from happening, they plan to bring in a psychiatrist, Dr. Swaminathan to cure Andal. Swami is assisted by his nurse daughter, Sarasa. Janaki sees Swami and gets shocked, and so does he. Sarasa and Mani fall in love. Swami tells Mani that he had seen Janaki in a brothel when he went to attend a patient. Mani gets shocked and informs Mali and Raju. Janaki overhears this and leaves the house. When Mani tells Ravi about this, Ravi gets angry at him and goes to find Janaki.

Meanwhile, Raju brings Andal on his bike for a ride, as a treatment suggested by Swami. He hits a woman and she falls unconscious and so does Andal. Raju is arrested for the same. The woman's handbag is taken by the police and Raju sees the picture of Baby Shanti and a threatening letter from Mahalingam. Raju says that it's his friend Mali. Mali too gets arrested for threatening the woman. It is also revealed that the woman is Sharadha and the child is hers. Both Sharadha and Andal gets conscious and Sharadha leaves for the police station to meet her child. Andal gets her memories back. At the station it is revealed that Mali is not the Mahalingam that Sharadha intended to give the child to. It happened that before Ravi's father bought the house, a man named Mahalingam lived in the house and he was the one who cheated Sharadha. He turns out to be a criminal who is on the run.

Janaki, gets cornered by criminal Mahalingam and it turns out that he was the one who forced her to be a prostitute and she ran away and hid in Ravi's house, bringing back her intro in this film. Ravi fights the bad guys and rescues Janaki. Ravi's father also gets to know about it. In the end, Ravi marries Janaki, Raju marries Andal and Mani marries Sarasa.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Ravi
* [[Nagesh]] as Raju
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Dr. Swaminathan
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]] as Mani
* Mali as Mahalingam "Mali"

;Female cast
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Janaki
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Andal
* [[Sachu]] as Sarasa
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] as Sivakami
* Vijaya Chandrika as Saradha

;Supporting cast
* Veera Raghavan as Ravi's father
* Baby Shanthi

== Production ==
[[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]'s directorial ''[[Dharti (1970 film)|Dharti]]'' failed at the box office, which led his production company [[Chithralaya]] to suffer losses. To compensate for the losses, Sridhar decided to do two projects at the same time, which became ''[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]'' and ''Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa''.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=9 August 1992 |title=மோதிர கையால் ஒரு குட்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-09/page/n51/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231113135039/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-09/page/n51/mode/2up? |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Unlike his previous films under Chithralaya where he only directed, for this film Sridhar only worked as producer while giving directorial responsibilities to his associate N. C. Chakravarthi who made his debut with this film. The film's screenplay was written by [[Chithralaya Gopu|Gopu]].<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=16 August 1992 |title=எனக்கென்றும் ஓர் மனம் |trans-title=A mind of my own |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-16/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230129164350/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-16/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–53 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utharavindri Ulle Va Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/utharavindri-ulle-va-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621055245/https://macsendisk.com/product/utharavindri-ulle-va-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Utharavindri Ulle Vaa |url=http://saregama.com/album/Utharavindri-Ulle-Vaa_89692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604110831/http://www.saregama.com/album/Utharavindri-Ulle-Vaa_89692 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> According to ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' writer Sruthisagar Yamunan, the song "Madhamo Aavani Mangaiyo", sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], was proof of the singer's command over ''sangadhis'', despite his lack of formal training in classical music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=13 November 2016 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam's staggering achievement: 40,000 tracks, 50 years later, numerous languages |url=https://scroll.in/reel/820529/sp-balasubrahmanyams-staggering-achievement-40000-tracks-50-years-later-numerous-languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112180130/https://scroll.in/reel/820529/sp-balasubrahmanyams-staggering-achievement-40000-tracks-50-years-later-numerous-languages |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> The song "Kadhal Kadhal Endru" is set in [[Dharmavati]] raga,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> "Utharavindri Ulle Vaa" is partly set in [[Ranjani]], whereas "Theanaatrangaraiyinile" is set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)#Janya 1: Ragam Pahadi/Pahari|Pahadi.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Utharavindri Ulle Vaa" || [[L. R. Eswari]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:38
|-
| "Madhamo Aavani Mangaiyo" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]] || 04:19
|-
| "Unnai Thoduvathu Iniyathu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, Saibaba, L. R. Eswari || 05:25
|-
| "Kaadhal Kaadhal Endru Pesa" || P. Susheela, [[M. L. Srikanth]]|| 04:47
|-
| "Theanaatrangaraiyinile" || L. R. Eswari || 03:24
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1970s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chithralaya Gopu]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Patra (film)

2026-03-03T03:33:59Z

Roamingindian: put up new data

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| caption =
| director = Jayantan
| writer = Jayantan
| producer = V. Gandhikumar
| starring = Mithun Dev Vaidehi Sam Paul
| cinematography = Sunoj Velayuthan
| editing =
| music = Srikrishna
| studio = GK Cinemaas
| released = {{Film date|2015|3|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Patra''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Jayantan and starring Mithun Dev, Vaidehi, and Sam Paul. It was released on 20 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil movies released on March 20 |url=https://newgenentertainments.com/tamil-movies-released-on-march-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321135936/https://newgenentertainments.com/tamil-movies-released-on-march-20/ |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=New Gen Entertainments |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2015 |title=Friday Fury-March 20 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-20-news-tamil-pdukVzcfgifag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321030253/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-20-news-tamil-pdukVzcfgifag.html |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=February 2026}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Mithun Dev as Kannan
*Vaidehi as Uma
*Sam Paul as Dhana
*Aadesh Bala
*Captain Ganesh
*Puli Pandi as Karikalan
*[[Vinod Sagar]]
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "despite the glitches, the film, a crisp 109 minutes, is a far better product than what one would have expected from a debutant maker and his team of freshers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 March 2015 |title=Patra: Usual Plot with Quite A Few Gripping Twists |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Mar/21/patra-usual-plot-with-quite-a-few-gripping-twists-731514.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213010846/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Mar/21/patra-usual-plot-with-quite-a-few-gripping-twists-731514.html |archive-date=13 February 2026 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote, "Director Jayanthan has tried to narrate an old storyline in a new way but the movie fails to create an impact. Sri Krishna's music and Velayuthan's cinematography are not up to the mark".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Patra |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/24150859/Patra.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612175518/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/24150859/Patra.vpf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' called the film a new wine in an old bottle and said it was not praiseworthy despite having a good crew (music, cinematography, editing, writing, direction).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=பட்ற |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1544 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130140240/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1544 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13010676}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pakka (film)

2026-03-03T03:13:30Z

Roamingindian: put up page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakka
| image = Pakka (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = S. S. Surya
| producer = T.Sivakumar
| starring = [[Vikram Prabhu]] [[Nikki Galrani]] [[Bindhu Madhavi]]
| music = [[C. Sathya]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| studio = Benn Consortium Studios (P) Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2018|04|27}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''''Pakka''''' ({{Translation|Awesome}}) is a 2018 [[Tamil language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant S. S. Surya. Produced by Benn Consortium Studios (P) Ltd, starring [[Vikram Prabhu]] in dual role alongside [[Nikki Galrani]] and [[Bindu Madhavi]]. Production for the film began in February 2017. The movie was released on April 27, 2018. It received mixed reviews from both critics and audience and was considered as a "Disaster" at the box office.

== Plot ==
Nadhiya who is trying to kill herself on a railway track, but our hero Dhoni Kumar rescues her. Nadhiya mistakes Kumar for Pandi a toy-seller from the village. In a flashback it is revealed that Nadhiya, the village chief's daughter, had fallen for Pandi seeing his inherent goodness but due to parental opposition, the lovers get separated. Nadhiya runs away from her house in search of Pandi and meets up with Dhoni Kumar, who is a spitting image of Pandi. Dhoni Kumar is a carefree man who is a fan of [[MS Dhoni|Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] and he is in love with Rajini Radha, the president of a [[Rajinikanth|Superstar Rajinikanth]] fan club. Hearing the sad story of Nadhiya, Dhoni Kumar promises that he will find her lover Pandi. Dhoni also revealed that he fell love with Radha but she dies due to a firecracker blast but before she dies, he accepted her love. After hearing his story, they managed to find Pandi. It is revealed that Pandi was attacked and kidnapped. In the end, they live happily together.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as '[[MS Dhoni|Dhoni]]' Kumar and Pandi (Dual Role)
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as '[[Rajinikanth|Rajini]]' Radha
* [[Bindu Madhavi]] as Nadhiya
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Murugan
* [[Sathish]] as Kumar's friend
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Nadhiya's father
* [[Anandaraj]] as Nattamai
* [[Bharathi Kannan]] as Priest
* [[Singamuthu]] as Priest
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Magizhchi Minor
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Ferris Wheel Operator
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as Nattamai's wife
* [[Singampuli]]
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Ambani Shankar]]
* T. Sivakumar as Police Officer
* Subhashini as Radha's friend
* Shanthini Theva as Radha's friend
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Deaf Man
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Drunkard
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Drunkard
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Singapore Groom
* Jayamani
* J. S. Hariharan
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pakka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[C. Sathya]]
| Cover =
| alt =
| released = Jan 22, 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 18:31
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = C. Sathya
| prev_title = [[Bayama Irukku]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aghavan]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

The Soundtrack was composed by [[C. Sathya]] and Released by [[Lahari Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:31
| title1 = Ola Veedu Nallaala
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = Mathichiyam Bala, Palaniammal
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Enga Pona
| lyrics2 =Yugabharathi
| extra2 = Reema
| length2 = 2:36
| title3 = Izhutha Izhupukku
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra3 = [[Shivai Vyas]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 3:33
| title4 = Kannukulla
| lyrics4 =Yugabharathi
| extra4 = Mahalingam
| length4 = 3:10
| title5 = Dopu Singari
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = Mahalingam, Lakshmi
| length5 = 4:14
}}

== Production ==
In November 2016, it was reported that [[Vikram Prabhu]] had agreed terms to work on a film titled ''Pakka'' directed by newcomer Surya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-14 |title=Vikram Prabhu's next titled as Pakkaa |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vikram-prabhus-next-titled-as-pakka.html |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Nikki Galrani]] signed on to play the leading female role in January 2017, and worked on the film alongside her commitments in ''[[Neruppu Da]]'' (2017), which also featured her alongside Vikram Prabhu. The project became Nikki Galrani's 25th film, and the director revealed that she would portray a [[Rajinikanth]] fan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikki Galrani, Vikram prabhu couple-up in pakka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/24/nikki-galrani-vikram-prabhu-couple-up-in-pakka-1563117.html |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-19 |title=Vikram Prabhu: Nikki Galrani's next is with Vikram Prabhu, again! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nikki-galranis-next-is-with-vikram-prabhu-again/articleshow/56645762.cms |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Director Surya revealed ''Pakka'' would be a "complete commercial entertainer which is set against a rural backdrop", and also confirmed that the team had signed on actors [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Sathish]] and [[Anandaraj]] for supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's The Premise Of Vikram Prabhu's 'Pakka' – The Cinemaflix |url=http://www.thecinemaflix.com/heres-the-premise-of-vikram-prabhus-pakka/ |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Thecinemaflix.com}}</ref>

The team began the shoot on 1 February 2017 in Courtallam, undertaking a schedule for twenty days. Other than this film is produced by T. Sivakumar and Coproduced by P.B.Saravanan <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan K R - Twitter : (@cineobserver) |date=2017-02-06 |title=Nikki Galrani to play the female lead in Vikram Prabhu's Pakkaa - SouthScope |url=http://southscope.in/nikki-galrani-play-female-lead-vikram-prabhus-pakka/ |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Southscope.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7853278}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Sathya]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sanskriti The Gurukul

2026-02-22T20:08:44Z

Roamingindian: slightly cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2015}}{{Promotional|date=April 2014}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{infobox school
| name = Sanskriti The Gurukul, Guwahati
| type = Private
| image = A. K. Antony presenting the "Best Student Award for Innovative Ideas Science & Technology” an online competition hosted by Brahmos to Master Sagar Dutta a class ix student of Sanskriti-The Gurukul School Guwahati, Assam.jpg
| logo = STG LOGO.jpg
| location = Ahomgaon
| country = India
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| zipcode = 781035
| coordinates = {{coord|26.614|91.436|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Endless Possibilities
| established = April, 2003
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| principal = Radha Baruah
| grades = 1 to 12
| enrollment = 2000 Approx.
| houses = Aravali {{color box|red}}, Nilgiri {{color box|blue}}, Patkai {{color box|green}}, Shivalik {{color box|yellow}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.sanskritithegurukul.in}}
}}

'''Sanskriti the Gurukul''' is a day boarding school on the outskirts of [[Guwahati]], in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The school follows the ICSE and ISC curriculum and was inaugurated by [[S.K. Sinha]] as North-East India's first day boarding{{clarify|reason= two contradictory terms - what is meant here?|date=October 2016}} school. It was established based on the ideas of Ashutosh Aggarwal. In 2015, the school was awarded “India’s most influential brand” by [https://asiaone.co.in/magazines/ AsiaOne Magazine]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Academics ==
Affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Sanskriti the Gurukul provides education from the pre-primary level to class XII.

STG is claimed to place a strong emphasis on continuous innovation and employs experiential and exploratory teaching methods for subjects like Science and Mathematics. English lessons involve storytelling and recreating scenes. Additionally, students from class VI onwards are introduced to coding, Python, and Ubuntu.

STG maintains a teacher-student ratio ranging from 1:10 to 1:26.

== Campus ==
The school campus spans 3.7 acres and features study centers equipped with cutting-edge ICT infrastructure, including smart boards and short throw projectors. Additionally, there are well-equipped laboratories for physics, chemistry, and biology, along with a well-stocked library.

Sports amenities comprise a swimming pool, lawn tennis, basketball and volleyball courts, five badminton courts, a Yoga Pavilion, a taekwondo arena, an aerobic center, TT tables, carom boards, and chess tables.

Furthermore, the campus includes a three-bed infirmary staffed by a trained and experienced nurse, as well as a dining hall capable of accommodating up to 300 students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-30 |title=Sanskriti The Gurukul |url=https://www.educationworld.in/sanskriti-the-gurukul/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=EducationWorld |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sanskritithegurukul.in Official website]

[[Category:Schools in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

International Indian School, Jeddah

2026-02-22T19:21:02Z

Roamingindian: started new pg!

{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox school
| name = International Indian School Jeddah
| logo =
| logo_size =
| motto = Knowledge is Light
| established = 1969 (est.)
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public school]]
| patron = [[Dr. Suhel Ajaz Khan]]
| chairman = Dr. Mohammed Saleem
| principal = Dr. Mohammed Imran
| district = Al Rehab (Boys & KG), Al Aziziyah (Girls)
| enrollment = 12,000 (est.)
| staff = 600 (est.)
| system = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| sister_school = [[International Indian School, Riyadh]]
| publication = Vista
| houses = {{color box|red}}{{color box|blue}}{{color box|green}}{{color box|yellow}} Red, Blue, Green, Yellow
| city = [[Jeddah]]
| country = Saudi Arabia
| campus = Urban, {{convert|8|acre}} approx.
| website = {{URL|https://www.iisjedinfo.com}}
}}
The '''International Indian School Jeddah or IISJED'', ({{langx|ar|المدرسة الهندية العالميه بجدة}}; {{langx|hi|अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भारतीय विद्यालय जेद्दा}})
formerly known as the Embassy of India School, is an elementary and secondary school for the children of Indian nationals in [[Jeddah, Saudi Arabia]], with boys and girls taught separately in English. It was founded in 1969.<ref name="home page" /> The school is part of global International Indian Schools, which also includes [[International Indian School, Riyadh]].

== History ==
[[File:IISJ Logo 2013.png|thumb|IISJ logo which was used until March 2022]]
On the encouragement of the local Indian community, Rafiuddin S. Fazulbhoy started the school on a small scale in 1969. It was then called "Embassy of India School, Jeddah". The construction of the present girls' section started in 1982 with the foundation stone laid by Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and was completed in 1984. The construction of boys' section was started in 1992 and completed in 1994. As of 2011, the school teaches more than 12,000 students. Later on another building was added for KG Section in 2011 and yet another in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/saudi-arabia/iisjs-4th-campus-ready-for-3500-more-students/|title=Saudi Gazette/ Saudi Arabia|website=saudigazette.com.sa}}</ref><ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://iisjed.com/aboutus.asp|title=Info|publisher=|access-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317014444/http://iisjed.com/aboutus.asp|archive-date=2013-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Administration==
The Indian [[Ambassador]] to the [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] is the Patron of the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/288673|title=IISJ to Have Nominated Advisory Committee|date=7 September 2006|publisher=}}</ref> The Indian Consulate oversees the functioning of the school through an Observer in the rank of a [[Consul (representative)|Consul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/849201|title=IISJ bids farewell to school observer|date=12 December 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

The administration of the school is carried out by the chairman and five members of the Managing Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/697861|title=IISJ plans higher fees; says expansion needed to admit more students|date=1 February 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
In 2025, Dr. Mohammed Saleem was appointed as the new Chairman of the school, succeeding Dr. Prince Mufti Zia Ul Hasan.

==Courses offered==
The school offers five subjects for primary and secondary levels to prepare the students for [[AISSE]] examinations.

In senior secondary Humanities, Commerce and Science are offered as course streams. The optional subjects include Mathematics, Computer Science, Informatics, Home Science, Physical Education, Biology and languages like Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam, Urdu, etc.

==Affiliation==
The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]<ref name="home page">{{cite web|url=http://www.iisjed.com/|title=International Indian School Jeddah|first=Global Indian International|last=School|website=www.iisjed.com|access-date=2008-04-16|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101144858/http://www.iisjed.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> under the Affiliation Number 5730001. The CBSE School Code is 90072. It is also a CBSE Examination Centre.

==Achievements==
The founder of the school, Rafiuddin Fazulbhoy, was awarded [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman|Pravasi Bhartiya Samman]], highest honour conferred on overseas Indians, by the President of India in 2008.

The school is known for its participation in setting a [[Guinness World Records]] in collaboration with Al Abeer Medical Group on 14 November 2017 (World Diabetes Day) for the largest Human Mosaic.

In 2017 IISJ U-19 [[cricket]] team won SCC Inter-School cricket championship organised by [[Saudi Cricket Centre]].

In 2018 IISJ U-19 [[association football|football]] team was placed third in the CBSE National Football Championship 2018-19 held in India organised by [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].

In 2020 IISJ U-19 [[cricket]] team was the finalist up of SCC Inter-School cricket championship organised by [[Saudi Arabia national cricket team]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2008jan09/mauritius_pm_bilimoria_trinidad_center_among_diaspora_awardees.html#.Vyj5nNJ95dg|title=Mauritius PM, Bilimoria, Trinidad center among diaspora awardees - TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|date=9 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/862956|title=Emerging opportunities in India highlighted|date=9 January 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbd-india.com/Pravasi-samman.html |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2015 |access-date=2016-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316183126/http://www.pbd-india.com/Pravasi-samman.html |archive-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indians in Saudi Arabia]]
*[[List of schools in Saudi Arabia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iisjedinfo.com Official website]
{{Jeddah}}
{{International schools in Saudi Arabia}}
{{Indian international schools}}

{{coord|21|33|01|N|39|13|33|E|type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1969]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:International schools in Jeddah]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]

Satnarayan Maharaj

2026-02-21T12:47:58Z

Roamingindian: Added.

{{short description|Trinidad and Tobago politician (1931–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Satnarayan Maharaj
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|4|17|}} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/letters/0,139490.html |title=Happy 80th birthday Sat |publisher=[[Trinidad Newsday]] |accessdate=25 April 2011|date=2011-04-25 }}</ref>
| birth_name = Satnarayan Maharaj
| birth_place = Chandernagore Village, [[Chaguanas]], [[Caroni County]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|father=[[Pandit|Pt.]] Sieupersad Maharaj
| mother = Sirjudaye Maharaj
|children=Vijay Maharaj (son) Vindra Maharaj (son) Vidya Satnarayan Maharaj (son, deceased) Vimala Tota-Maharaj (daughter) Sati Maharaj (daughter, deceased) Deviyani Gobin (daughter, deceased) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/calls-for-a-state-funeral-for-sat-6.2.987938.00c1e3f2b5|title = Calls for a State funeral for Sat}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Bhadase Maraj|Bhadase Sagan Maraj]] (father-in-law) Deolatia Maharaj (paternal grandmother)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/TTCentralBeat/posts/1051183774911686:0 | title=Central Beat| website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Pt. Changa Maharaj (paternal grandfather) Pt. Rampartap Misir (maternal grandfather)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|11|16|1931|4|17}}
| death_place =[[Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago|Saint Joseph]], [[Tunapuna–Piarco]], Trinidad and Tobago<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.looptt.com/content/sat-maharaj-has-died|title = Sat Maharaj has died | Loop Trinidad & Tobago}}</ref><ref>https://m.facebook.com/sdms1952/photos/𝑾𝒆-𝒃𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒏-𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓-𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆-𝒐𝒇-𝑨-𝑽𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆-𝒐𝒇-𝑴𝒚-𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚-𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏-𝒃𝒚-𝒕𝒉𝒆-𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆-𝑺𝒉𝒓𝒊-𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒏𝒂𝒓/331582438568000/?locale=ne_NP&_rdr {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=June 2022}}</ref>
| residence = Champ Fleurs, [[San Juan–Laventille]], Trinidad and Tobago
| spouse = {{marriage|Shanti Sagan Maraj|1953|2009|end=her death}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/sat-maharaj-has-died/article_475280c0-054d-11ea-8658-7bfc2eddcb4e.html|title = Sat Maharaj Has Died | date=16 November 2019 }}</ref>
| nickname =Sat Maharaj ''[[Hanuman]] ji of Trinidad'' ''The [[Bengal Tiger]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicnewstt.com/index.php/2019/12/05/long-live-the-bengal-tiger/|title=The Catholic News - Archdiocese of Port of Spain}}</ref> ''The Big Boss''
| education =
*[[Caroni County|Caroni]] [[Canadian Presbyterian Mission|Canadian Mission School]]
*[[San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago|San Juan]] Canadian Mission School
*[[Biche]] Canadian Mission School
*Plum Road Canadian Mission School
*[[Holborn College]]
| native_name =
| honorific_suffix = [[Chaconia Medal|CM]]
| image = Sat Maharaj.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage =
| alt =
| order =
| office = Secretary General of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 16 November 2019
|1blankname=Dharmacharya
| 1namedata =[[Rampersad Parasram|Pt. Dr. Rampersad Parasram]] {{small|(5 May 2019 – 16 November 2019)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/05/05/new-dharmacharya-congratulated/ |title = New Dharmacharya congratulated|date = 2019-05-05}}</ref> Pt. Uttam Maharaj {{small|(30 April 2005-d. 29 November 2018)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://newsday.co.tt/2018/11/30/maha-sabha-loses-its-spiritual-head/ | title=Maha Sabha loses its Spiritual Head| date=2018-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2005/05/03/pundit-uttam-maharaj-is-new-dharmachaya/ |title = Pundit Uttam Maharaj is new Dharmachaya|date = 2005-05-03}}</ref> Pt. Krishna Maharaj {{small|(1986-2003)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2003/10/21/death-of-a-guru/ |title = Death of a Guru|date = 2003-10-21}}</ref> Pt. Sahadeo Persad Dubay Sharma {{small|(d. 1986)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.panditbhisham.com/about-me/ |title = Pt. Bhisham Persad » » About Me}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hindisongstt.com/photo_listing.php?start=40&catId=23&pagesize=100 |title = Rare Photos of Pandits of Trinidad}}</ref>
|2blankname = Upadharmacharya
|2namedata = Pt. Ganpat Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/9099985|title = Reflections on Divali in Trinidad and Tobago|last1 = Mahase|first1 = Radica}}</ref>
| 3blankname = President General
| 3namedata = Pt. Krishna Rambally {{small|(2018-16 November 2019)}} Pt. Uttam Maharaj {{small|(30 April 2005-d. 29 November 2018)}} D. Omah Maharajh Thirbhowan Seegobin
| 4blankname = Vice Secretary
| 4namedata = Vijay Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/11/14/sats-son-to-succeed-in-sdms/|title = Son to succeed Sat in SDMS|date = 15 November 2019}}</ref>
| successor = Vijay Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/11/14/sats-son-to-succeed-in-sdms/|title = Son to succeed Sat in SDMS|date = 15 November 2019}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Simbhoonath Capildeo]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bharatmarg.com/satnarayan-maharaj-founder-of-the-indian-caribbean-museum-of-trinidad-tobago/ | title=Satnarayan Maharaj – Founder of the Indian Caribbean Museum of Trinidad & Tobago| date=2018-07-17}}</ref>
| prior_term =
| office2 = Trustee of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Central Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
| term_start2 = 26 January 2011<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2011/04/26/sat-maharaj-appointed-trustee-of-central-vishwa-hindu-parishad/ | title=Sat Maharaj appointed trustee of Central Vishwa Hindu Parishad| date=2011-04-26}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 26 January 2014
|office3 = Assistant Secretary of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]]
|term_start3 = 1972<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2011/04/25/happy-80th-birthday-sat/ | title=Happy 80th birthday Sat| date=2011-04-25}}</ref>
|term_end3 = 1977
|office4 = President of the Caroni East Indian Association Youth Arm
|party=Democratic Liberation Party (1971)
|module = {{Infobox Hindu leader| embed=yes
|guru = [[Pandit|Pt.]] Krishna Maharaj
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
| sect = [[Sanātanī]]
|awards = [[Chaconia Medal]]
}}
}}
[[File:Sat Maharaj on Maha Sabha Strikes Back.jpg|thumb|Satnarayan Maharaj on the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]]’s [[TV Jaagriti|TV]] and [[Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM|Radio Jaagriti's]] talk show ''The Maha Sabha Strikes Back''.]]
'''Satnarayan Maharaj''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Chaconia Medal|CM]]}}, also known as '''Sat Maharaj''', ({{IPA|hi|sət̪ənɑːrɑːjəɳə məɦɑːrɑːɟə|pron}}; 17 April 1931 – 16 November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/a-fighter-passes-on--sat-maharaj-has-died-6.2.987561.ca738b7827 |title = A fighter passes on - Sat Maharaj has died}}</ref> was a [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] [[Hindu]] religious leader, educationalist, and civil rights activist in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. He was the [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], a major [[Hinduism|Hindu]] organisation in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/a-fighter-passes-on--sat-maharaj-has-died-6.2.987561.ca738b7827|title = A fighter passes on - Sat Maharaj has died}}</ref>

The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha operates 150 [[mandir]]s and over 50 schools in Trinidad and Tobago. It was formed in 1952 when [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]], the father-in-law of Satnarayan Maharaj, engineered the merger of the Satanan Dharma Association and the Sanatan Dharma Board of Control. An affiliated group, the Pundits' Parishad, has 200 affiliated pundits. The organisation's headquarters are located in St. Augustine.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Under the Secretary General Satnarayan Maharaj, the Maha Sabha has modernised all 42 schools and built 5 secondary schools as well as 12 early childhood educational centres. Maharaj has also revived the observance of [[Phagwah]] and was instrumental in the creation of the [[Indian Arrival Day]] holiday and annual celebrations. The Maha Sabha also introduced a Children's Cultural Festival - Baal Vikaas Vihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discover-tt.net/arts_and_culture/baal_vikaas_vihar_festival.html |title=Baal Vikaas Vihar Festival |publisher=DiscoverTT |accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Sat Maharaj: Hindu Civil Rights Leader of Trinidad & Tobago {{ISBN|978-976-8249-70-8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Satnarayan}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago Hindus|Maharaj, Satyanarayan]]
[[Category:Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago) politicians]]

Homa (ritual)

2026-02-19T13:52:34Z

Roamingindian: Enhanced article with new information

{{Italic title}}
{{Short description|Fire ritual in Indian religions}}
{{confuse|Haoma}}
{{Other uses|Yajna{{!}}Yagya}}
[[File:道仙寺大護摩供養祭.jpg|thumb|A Shingon Buddhist ''goma'' fire ritual in Japan]]
{{Hinduism}}
In [[Indian religions]], a '''''homa''''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: होम), also known as '''''homam''''' (plural: '''''homams''''') or '''''havan''''', is a fire ritual performed on special occasions. In [[Hinduism]], by a [[Hindu priest]] usually for a homeowner (''[[gṛhastha|grihastha]]'': one possessing a home). The ''grihastha'' keeps different kinds of fire including one to cook food, heat the home, among other uses; therefore, a ''yajna'' [[sacrifice|offering]] is made directly into the fire.<ref name=richardpayne2>{{cite book |author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=1–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hillary Rodrigues |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |year=2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7 |pages=329 with note 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC}}</ref> A ''homa'' is sometimes called a "sacrifice ritual" because the fire destroys the offering, but a ''homa'' is more accurately a "[[votive offering|votive]] ritual".<ref name=richardpayne2/> The fire is the agent, and the offerings include those that are material and symbolic such as grains, [[ghee]], milk, incense, and seeds.<ref name=richardpayne2/><ref name=axelmichaels237/>

It is rooted in the [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]],<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> and was also adopted in ancient times by [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name=richardpayne2/><ref name=axelmichaels237>{{cite book |author=Axel Michaels |title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1 |pages=237–248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> The practice spread from India to Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.<ref name=richardpayne2/> Homa rituals remain an important part of many Hindu ceremonies, and variations of homa continue to be practiced in current-day Buddhism, particularly in parts of Tibet and Japan.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name="mushashit126"/> It is also found in modern Jainism.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399/>

A homa is also called ''[[yajna]]'' in Hinduism, sometimes for larger public fire rituals, or ''jajnavidhana'' or ''goma'' in Buddhism.<ref name=axelmichaels237/><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=30, 51, 341–342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> In modern times, a homa tends to be a private ritual around a symbolic fire, such as those observed at a wedding.<ref>{{cite book |author=Axel Michaels |title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The Sanskrit word ''homa'' (होम) is from the root ''hu'', which refers to "pouring into fire, offer, sacrifice".<ref>{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Geiger |title=Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of Mahavamsa |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0430-8 |page=234 with footnotes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KiFnbZzJkMC}}</ref><ref name="axelmichaels231"/><ref>[https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/], Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899, via Koeln University, Germany</ref>

==History==

Homa traditions are found across Asia, from [[Samarkand]] to [[Japan]], over a 3000-year history.<ref name="Witzel2015p143">{{cite book |author=Timothy Lubin |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=143–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> A ''homa'', in all its Asian variations, is a ceremonial ritual that offers food to fire and is ultimately linked to the traditions contained in the Vedic religion.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> The tradition reflects a reverence for fire and cooked food (''pākayajña'') that developed in Asia, and the [[Brahmana]] layers of the [[Vedas]] are the earliest records of this ritual reverence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Timothy Lubin |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=143–145, 148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote='''Inner Homa, body as temple'''
<poem>
Therefore the first food which a man may take,
is in the place of Homa.
And he who offers that first oblation,
should offer it to [[Prana]], saying ''svaha''!
Then Prana is satisfied.
If Prana is satisfied, the eye is satisfied.
If eye is satisfied, the sun is satisfied.
If sun is satisfied, heaven is satisfied.
</poem>
|source=— ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 5.19.1–2'' Transl: [[Max Muller]]<ref name="M?ller">{{cite book |author=Friedrich Max Muller |title=The Upanishads |orig-year=1879 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-177-07458-2 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_LtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref><ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 153, for context see pages 143–155</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align=right
}}

The ''yajñā'' or fire sacrifice became a distinct feature of the early ''[[śruti]]'' rituals.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> A ''[[śrauta]]'' ritual is a form of [[quid pro quo]] where through the fire ritual, a sacrificer offered something to the gods and goddesses, and the sacrificer expected something in return.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=2–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Michael Witzel 2008 78">{{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C}}</ref> The Vedic ritual consisted of sacrificial offerings of something edible or drinkable,<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C}}</ref> such as milk, [[clarified butter]], yoghurt, rice, barley, an animal, or anything of value, offered to the gods with the assistance of fire priests.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sushil Mittal |author2=Gene Thursby |title=Religions of South Asia: An Introduction |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59322-4 |pages=65–66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name=mdhavamony107>{{cite book |author=M. Dhavamony |title=Hindu Worship: Sacrifices and Sacraments |series=Studia Missionalia |volume=23 |year=1974 |publisher=Gregorian Press, Universita Gregoriana, Roma |pages=107–108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwLaO91rsu0C}}</ref> This Vedic tradition split into śrauta (śruti-based) and [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]] ([[Smriti|Smṛti]]-based).<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/>

The homa ritual practices were observed by different Buddhist and Jaina traditions, states Phyllis Granoff, with their texts appropriating the "ritual eclecticism" of Hindu traditions, albeit with variations that evolved through medieval times.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004883605055 | doi=10.1023/A:1004883605055 | date=2000 | last1=Laughlin | first1=J. | title=Other people's rituals: Ritual Eclecticism in early medieval Indian religious | journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy | volume=28 | issue=4 | pages=399–424 | s2cid=171077173 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Christian K. Wedemeyer |title=Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions |year=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-16241-8 |pages=163–164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvUYBQAAQBAJ}}</ref> The homa-style Vedic sacrifice ritual, states Musashi Tachikawa, was absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism and homa rituals continue to be performed in some Buddhist traditions in Tibet, China, and Japan.<ref name="mushashit126">{{cite book |author=Musashi Tachikawa |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=126–141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Indian Fire Ritual">{{cite book |author1=Musashi Tachikawa |author2=S. S. Bahulkar |author3=Madhavi Bhaskar Kolhatkar |title=Indian Fire Ritual |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1781-4 |pages=2–3, 21–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upXc2KdPlWkC&pg=PR12}}</ref>

==Hinduism==
[[File:Homa kundam.JPG|thumb|A homa altar with offerings]]
The homa ritual grammar is common to many [[samskara (rite of passage)]] ceremonies in various Hindu traditions.<ref name=frazierintrop2>{{cite book |last1=Frazier |first1=Jessica |title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies |date=2011 |publisher=Continuum |location=London |isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/n15 1]–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sushil Mittal |author2=Gene Thursby |title=Religions of South Asia: An Introduction |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59322-4 |pages=65–67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Niels Gutschow |author2=Axel Michaels |title=Bel-Frucht und Lendentuch: Mädchen und Jungen in Bhaktapur, Nepal |year=2008 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05752-3 |pages=54–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC}}</ref> The Vedic fire ritual, at the core of various homa ritual variations in Hinduism, is a "bilaterally symmetrical" structure of a rite.<ref name=hollyg47/> It often combines fire and water, burnt offerings, and soma; fire as masculine, earth and water as feminine, the fire vertical and reaching upward while the altar, offerings, and liquids being horizontal.<ref name=hollyg47/> The homa ritual's altar (fire pit) is itself a symmetry, most often a square, a design principle that is also at the heart of temples and mandapas in Indian religions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Titus Burckhardt |title=Foundations of Oriental Art and Symbolism |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-933316-72-7 |pages=13–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SelZ_qRsklcC}}</ref> The sequence of homa ritual events similarly, from beginning to end, are structured around the principles of symmetry.<ref name=hollyg47>{{cite book |author=Holly Grether |title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1 |pages=47–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> ).<ref name=hollyg47/>

The fire-altar (''[[vedi (altar)|vedi]]'' or homa/havan kunda) is generally made of brick or stone or a copper vessel, and is almost always built specifically for the occasion, being dismantled immediately afterward. This fire-altar is invariably built in square shape. While very large ''vedis'' are occasionally built for major public ''homas'', the usual altar may be as small as one foot square and rarely exceeds three feet square.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

A ritual space of homa, the altar is temporary and movable.<ref name=richardpayne2/> The first step in a homa ritual is the construction of the ritual enclosure (mandapa), and the last step is its deconstruction.<ref name=richardpayne2/> The altar and mandapa is consecrated by a priest, creating a sacred space for the ritual ceremony, with recitation of [[mantra]]s. With hymns sung, the fire is started, offerings collected. The sacrificer enters, symbolically cleanses himself or herself, with water, joins the homa ritual, gods invited, prayers recited, conch shell blown. The sacrificers pour offerings and libations into the fire, with hymns sung, to the sounds of ''svaha''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Stratton Hawley |author2=Vasudha Narayanan |title=The Life of Hinduism |year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24914-1 |pages=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC}}</ref> The oblations and offerings typically consist of clarified butter (''ghee''), milk, curd, sugar, saffron, grains, coconut, perfumed water, incense, seeds, petals, and herbs.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hillary Rodrigues |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |year=2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7 |pages=224–231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C}}</ref>

The altar and the ritual is a symbolic representation of the Hindu cosmology, a link between reality and the worlds of gods and living beings.<ref name=axelmichaels231/> The ritual is also a symmetric exchange, a "quid pro quo", wherein humans offer something to the gods through the medium of fire, and in return expect that the gods will reciprocate with strength and that which they have power to influence.<ref name=axelmichaels231>{{cite book |author=Axel Michaels |title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1 |page=231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Michael Witzel 2008 78"/>

==Buddhism==
{{multiple image
|direction=vertical
|width=220
|footer=[[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon Buddhist]] priests practice ''homa'' ritual, which sometimes includes beating drums and blowing [[horagai]] (lower, [[conch]]).<ref name=stephencovel2/><ref name="SwansonChilson2006p241">{{cite book |author1=Paul Loren Swanson |author2=Clark Chilson |title=Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions |year=2006 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3002-1 |pages=240–242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vuHBV0FpIIC}}</ref>
|image1=Shingon goma ceremony.jpg
|alt1=Shingon homa
|image2=Antique Japanese horagi (conch shell trumpet).JPG
|alt2=Conch shell for Japanese homa
}}

The homa ({{linktext|護|摩}}, ''goma'') ritual of consecrated fire is found in some Buddhist traditions of Tibet, China, and Japan.<ref name="mushashit126"/><ref name="Indian Fire Ritual"/> Its roots are the Vedic ritual, it evokes Buddhist deities, and is performed by qualified Buddhist priests.<ref name=mushashit126/><ref name=charlesorzech267>{{cite book |author=Charles Orzech |editor=Michael Witzel |title=''Homa in Chinese Translations and Manuals from the Sixth through Eighth Centuries'', in Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=266–268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> In Chinese translations of Buddhist texts such as ''Kutadanta Sutta'', ''Dighanikaya'', and ''Suttanipata'', dated to be from the 6th to 8th century, the Vedic homa practice is attributed to Buddha's endorsement along with the claim that Buddha was the original teacher of the [[Vedas]] in his previous lives.<ref name=charlesorzech267/>

In some Buddhist homa traditions, such as in Japan, the central deity invoked in this ritual is usually [[Acala|Acalanātha]] (''Fudō Myōō'', 不動明王, lit. "Immovable Wisdom King"). ''Acalanātha'' is another name for [[Vajrapani]] or ''Chakdor'' in Tibetan traditions, and of ''Sotshirvani'' in Siberia.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Maki Evans |title=Kurikara: The Sword and the Serpent |year=2011 |publisher=North Atlantic |isbn=978-1-58394-428-8 |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnp04xFqWKcC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles Russell Coulter |author2=Patricia Turner |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96397-2 |page=1113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&pg=PT1113}}</ref> The Acala Homa ritual procedure follows similar Vedic protocols found in Hinduism, with offerings into the fire by priests who recite mantras being the main part of the ritual and the devotees clap hands as different rounds of hymns have been recited.<ref>{{cite book |author=Musashi Tachikawa |editor=Michael Witzel |title=''The Structure of Japanese Buddhist Homa'', in Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=134–138, 268–269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Other versions of the homa (''goma'') rituals are found in [[Japanese Buddhist]] traditions, namely [[Tendai]] and [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]], as well as in [[Shugendō]] and [[Shinbutsu-shūgō|Buddhist-Shinto syncretism]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |pages=3, 29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ryûichi Abé |title=The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52887-0 |pages=347–348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ExNmHIACskC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Helen Josephine Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |pages=100–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC}}</ref> In China, the homa ritual was widely performed by the [[Zhenyan]] tradition of [[Chinese Buddhism]], and many historical records document its performance especially during the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618-907) and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties (960-1279).

In most Shingon temples, this ritual is performed daily in the morning or the afternoon, and is a requirement for all acharyas to learn this ritual upon entering the priesthood.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9 |page=338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> The original medieval era texts of the ''goma'' rituals are in Siddham Sanskrit seed words and Chinese, with added Japanese katakana to assist the priests in proper pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael R. Saso |title=Tantric Art and Meditation: The Tendai Tradition |year=1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1363-5 |pages=xv–xvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGbHEZ6VGpkC}}</ref> Larger scale ceremonies often include multiple priests, chanting, the beating of [[Taiko]] drums and blowing of conch shell (''horagai'') around the mandala with fire as the ceremonial focus.<ref name=stephencovel2>{{cite book |author=Stephen Grover Covell |title=Japanese Temple Buddhism: Worldliness in a Religion of Renunciation |year=2005 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2856-1 |pages=2–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krxXMkPWP1QC}}</ref><ref name="SwansonChilson2006p241"/> The ritual is also performed in modern Zhenyan temples in China, Taiwan and other Chinese communities after the revival of esoteric lineages via the re-importation of Shingon practices and teachings in contemporary times. Homa rituals (''sbyin sreg'') widely feature in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and Bön and are linked to a variety of Mahayana Buddhas and tantric deities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halkias |first=Georgios T |editor1-last=Halkias |editor1-first=Georgios T |title=Homa Variations |chapter=Fire Rituals by the Queen of Siddhas |journal=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |pages=225–245 |year=2016 |isbn=9780199351572 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351572.003.0008 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19262354}}</ref>

==Jainism==
[[File:Yajna implements.jpg|thumb|Example of traditional wooden homa and yajna implements used during rituals]]
Homa rituals are also found in [[Jainism]].<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399/> For example, the ''Ghantakarn'' ritual is a homa sacrifice, which has evolved over the centuries, and where ritual offerings are made into fire, with ''pancamrit'' (milk, curd, sugar, saffron, and clarified butter) and other symbolic items such as coconut, incense, seeds, and herbs.<ref name="Cort2001p166">{{cite book |author=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9 |pages=165–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC}}</ref><ref name="Shah1998p206"/> The mantra recited by Jains include those in Sanskrit, and the 16th-century Svetambara text ''Ghantakarna Mantra Stotra'' is a Sanskrit text which describes the homa ritual dedicated to [[Ghantakarna Mahavira]] in one of the Jaina sects.<ref name="Cort2001p166"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Kristi L. Wiley |title=The A to Z of Jainism |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2 |pages=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC}}</ref>

The ''[[Adipurana]]'' of Jainism, in section 47.348, describes a Vedic fire ritual in the memory of [[Rishabha]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |pages=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC}}</ref> Traditional Jaina wedding ceremonies, like among the Hindus, is a Vedic fire sacrifice ritual.<ref name="Shah1998p206">{{cite book |author=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |year=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |pages=205–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |pages=458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dhuni]]
* [[Holocaust (sacrifice)]]
* [[Kupala Night]]
* [[Lag BaOmer]]
* [[Walpurgis Night]]
* [[Yajna]]{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Yajna]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]
[[Category:Religious rituals]]
[[Category:Vedic customs]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Buddhist rituals]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhism]]
[[Category:Shugendō]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]

Arav Chowdharry

2026-02-13T14:45:39Z

Roamingindian:

{{short description|Indian actor and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arav Chowdharry
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1981|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| honours =
| occupation = {{hlist| [[Actor]]|[[model (person)|model]]}}
| notable_works = ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
|
|
}}

'''Arav Chowdharry''' (born 23 November 1981) is an Indian [[actor]] and [[Model (person)|model]]. He is best known for his role as [[Bhishma]] in the TV show ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]].'' He is from [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arav-Choudhary-misses-Makar-Sankranti-and-Jaipur-winters/articleshow/45779569.cms |title=Arav Choudhary misses Makar Sankranti and Jaipur winters|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Richa |last=Shukla |date=7 January 2015|accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vivegam-tamil-movie-rating-audience-review/|title=Vivegam Tamil Movie Rating [4/5], Audience Review – QuintDaily|last=quintdaily|date=23 August 2017}}</ref> He is an Indian actor who appeared in several Bollywood movies such as ''[[Dhoom]]'' and ''[[Housefull 3]]''. He got fame for his role as [[Bhishma]] Pitamah in the 2013 edition of ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' on television.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-Bhishma-Pitamah-Arav-Chaudhary-now-turns-business-tycoon/articleshow/45730822.cms|title=After Bhishma Pitamah, Arav Chaudhary now turns business tycoon|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 January 2015 |accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref> He has also acted in a television series named ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''.

==Filmography==
* ''[[Laado]]'' (2001)
* [[Lakshya (2004 film)|''Lakshya'']] (2004) credited as Sanjay M Singh
* ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004) as Rahul
* ''[[Right Yaaa Wrong]]'' (2010)
* [[Ajith (film)|''Ajith'']] (2014) – Kannada film
* ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017) as Shawn (Tamil film)
* ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016) as Rajeev
* [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']] (2019)
* [[Action (2019 film)|''Action'']] (2019) as Imran Kalli (Tamil film)
* ''[[Razakar (film)|Razakar]]'' (2024) Telugu film

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|Years
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Role
|-
|1997
|''Zindagi Mil Ke Bitayenge''
|Unknown
|-
|1998
|''[[Captain Vyom]]''
|Captain Blaze
|-
|2002
|''[[Dhadkan (TV series)|Dhadkan]]''
|Unknown
|-
|2009–2010
|'' [[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|[[Mangal Pandey]]
|-
|2010
|''Gulaal''
|Raman
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
|[[Dara Shikoh]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|[[Rana Sanga]]
|-
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''
|Indrajeet Sarkar
|-
|2013–2014
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
|[[Bhishma]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Aarambh: Kahaani Devsena Ki|Aarambh]]''
| Purohit Indramitra
|-
|2019
|''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''
| Senapathi Mahipal
|-
|2021–2023
|[[Sasural Simar Ka 2|''Sasural Simar ka 2 '']]
|Gajendra Oswal
|-
|2023
|''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|Ali Baba]]''
|Iblis
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
|[[Dasharatha]]
|-
|''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
|[[Mahishasura]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Veer Hanuman]]''
|[[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]]
|-
|''[[Dhaakad Beera]]''
|Dushyant
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Web series
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[Sunflower (web series)|Sunflower]]''
|Ramesh Kapoor
|
|-
|2025
|''Zindagi Ka U-Turn''
|Jaiveer Oberoi
|[[Microdrama]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*{{IMDb name|4234608|name=Arav Chowdharry}}
*{{Facebook|aravchowdharryofficial|name=Arav Chowdharry}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdharry, Arav}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Bhakti Charu Swami

2026-02-05T04:15:49Z

Roamingindian: small enhance structure based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian ISKCON spiritual leader (1945–2020)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{advert|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #FFA07A
|honorific-prefix = His Holiness
| name = Bhakti Charu Swami
| image =Bhakti Charu Swami at Santiago de Compostela.JPG
| caption =Swami in 2012
| birth_date = 17 September 1945<ref name = Singh619 >{{Harvnb|Singh|Bandyopadhyay|2001|p=619}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kuti Union|Kuti]], [[Brahmanbaria District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|7|4|1945|9|17|df=y}}
| death_place = Florida, United States
| religion = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Hinduism]]|
| location =
| Period =
| Predecessor = [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]
| Successor =
| initiation = Harinama, Brahmana and Sannyasa Diksha (1977)
| post = [[ISKCON Guru System|ISKCON Guru]], [[Sannyasi]], Member of the Governing Body Commission
| website = http://www.bhakticharuswami.com/
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Bhakti Charu Swami''' ({{IAST3| Bhakti Cāru Svāmī}}, 17 September 1945 – 4 July 2020) was an Indian spiritual leader of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON). He was also a disciple of ISKCON's founder [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].{{citation required|date=April 2024}}

==Early life==
Swami was born in 1945 into an aristocratic Bengali family and spent his early childhood in [[Kolkata]]. After leaving India in 1970 for further education, he attended university in Germany to study [[chemistry]]. While there, he spent time researching ancient [[Vedas|Vedic scriptures]].

==Career==
After reading ''The Nectar of Devotion'' written by [[Srila Prabhupada]], Swami joined the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]], India. His first meeting with Srila Prabhupada took place in January 1977 during the 'Maha' Kumbha Mela at Prayagraj. Srila Prabhupada instructed him to translate all of his books into Bengali and become his Secretary for Indian Affairs. He was given his first and second initiation in Sridham Mayapur during the Gaura Purnima festival in March 1977. Shortly thereafter, during the Snana Yatra festival in Vrindavan, Prabhupada awarded him the renounced order of [[sannyasa]]. He later became the GBC (Governing Body Commissioner) Chairman in 1989 and then again in 2017. Maharaja continued to translate many of Srila Prabhupada's books into Bengali until their completion in 1996, which was the centennial anniversary of Srila Prabhupada's appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History |url=http://www.bhakticharuswami.com/about/}}</ref>

Thereafter, he was involved in writing, producing, and directing the [[Biography|biographical]] video series, 'Abhay Charan'. With over 100 episodes and broadcasts on Indian National Television, reaching more than 4 million viewers in just a few months, the series chronologically portrayed Srila Prabhupada's life and achievements.<ref>{{Citation |title=Abhay Charan |date=1996-09-07 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3972566/ |type=Adventure, Biography, Drama |publisher=Veda Foundation |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>

He further went on to develop the ISKCON<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=International Society for Krishna Consciousness |date=2022-12-12 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness&oldid=1126987345 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref> project in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India, where Lord Sri Krishna, along with his brother Balarama and friend Sudama received their education from Maharishi Sandipani. Under Maharaj's leadership, a marble temple was inaugurated in less than 10 months in February 2006. As the resident GBC of that area, he continued to oversee the development of the project and the preaching programmes in Madhya Pradesh as well as its surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=HH Bhakti Charu Swami had the temple erected from rough rocky ground to a breathtakingly beautiful marble temple, in an unbelievable and historical 10 months and 20 days! |url=https://www.iskconujjain.com/iskcon-ujjain/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903024910/http://www.iskconujjain.com/iskcon-ujjain/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=2 November 2020 }}</ref>

The Ujjain ISKCON temple under the direction of Bhakti Charu Swami feeds more than 23,000 school children per day. To facilitate this feeding project, Bhakti Charu Swami built a 6,000 sq. ft. (560 m2) industrial kitchen. He was the Chairman of Annamrita Foundation, ISKCON's midday meals programme, which fed 1.7 million children across India.

He has also established a department in Ujjain which produces decorated altars, murtis and deity dresses for devotees and ISKCON temples all over the world.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 2013, he oversaw the development of a new ISKCON temple in [[Panihati]] (West Bengal) – a holy place in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, the home of Raghava Pandit and the place of Lord Nityananda's Flattened Rice (Chida Dahi) Festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beloved ISKCON Guru and GBC Member Bhakti Charu Swami Passes Away |url=https://iskconnews.org/beloved-iskcon-guru-and-gbc-member-bhakti-charu-swami-passes-away,7419/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141814/https://iskconnews.org/beloved-iskcon-guru-and-gbc-member-bhakti-charu-swami-passes-away,7419/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2014, he established Arogya Niketan, a traditional [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] health clinic in Ujjain.

In the same year, he joined Artha Forum and began delivering keynote speeches globally on spirituality to business leaders.

He found and established [[I-Foundation]], a [[Hindu]] charity organisation in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=I Foundation |url=https://www.bhaktivedantamanor.co.uk/home/?tag=bhakti-charu-swami |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, Bhakti Charu Swami wrote a [[memoir]], "Ocean of Mercy – A Search Fulfilled", which is a recollection of his interactions with Srila Prabhupada. This book describes how he developed his love and dedication for Srila Prabhupada.<ref>{{cite web |title=HH Bhakti Charu Swami's book (autobiography) "OCEAN OF MERCY" |date=8 July 2020 |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/hh-bhakti-charu-swami-s-book-autobiography-ocean-of-mercy |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, the Institute of International Social Development – New York, an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations awarded an accolade to Bhakti Charu Swami, for his work with ISKCON.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhakti Charu Swami {{!}} Institute of International Social Development, United Nations (NY) Awards Bhakti Charu Swami |url=https://www.bhakticharuswami.com/2016/11/institute-international-social-development-united-nations-ny-awards-bhakti-charu-swami/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He had started a new project called 'Veda Foundation and Cow Sanctuary' which is situated in Deland, Florida, and stretches across an expanse of 120 acres. His mission there was to propagate the Vedic culture and wisdom more simply in the West through setting in motion farm communities and visual media.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Death==
Bhakti Charu Swami tested positive for [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Florida]] and a few days later, he died on [[the 4th of July]] 2020, at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhakti Charu Swami Last Rites Held As Offerings of Love Continue From Around the World |date=10 July 2020 |url=https://iskconnews.org/bhakti-charu-swami-last-rites-held-as-offerings-of-love-continue-from-around-the-world,7427/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029043451/https://iskconnews.org/bhakti-charu-swami-last-rites-held-as-offerings-of-love-continue-from-around-the-world,7427/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=ISKCON Guru Bhakticharu Swami dies of coronavirus in Florida|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/iskon-guru-bhakticharu-swami-dies-of-coronavirus-in-florida-10013573|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Jagran English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Bhakti Charu Swami, head of ISKCON governing body dies from Covid-19 in the US|url=https://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2020/07/bhakti-charu-swami-head-of-iskcon-governing-body-dies-from-covid-19-in-the-us/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Uttarakhand News Network|language=en-US}}</ref>

Following his departure, various leaders in ISKCON expressed heartfelt condolences. [[Jayapataka Swami|HH Jayapataka Maharaj]] stated the departure of HH Bhakti Charu Swami to be a great loss for ISKCON, and the Executive Committee of ISKCON's Governing Body Commission published a long statement describing Bhakti Charu Swami's contribution to ISKCON and his service in Srila Prabhupada's mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Team Mayapur |date=2020-07-04 |title=His Holiness Bhakti Charu Swami departs - A great loss to ISKCON and the world |url=https://mayapurvoice.com/svagatam/his-holiness-bhakti-charu-swami-departs-a-great-loss-to-iskcon-and-the-world/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Mayapur Voice |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of ISKCON members and patrons]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{Citation
| last1= Singh | first1=Thoudam Damodara | last2=Bandyopadhyay | first2=Samaresh
| year= 2001
| title=Thoughts on Synthesis of Science And Religion: Srila Prabhupada Birth Centenary Volume
| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Institute]]
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv8QAQAAIAAJ
| isbn= 81-901369-0-9
}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| last=Rosen | first= Steven J.
| year=2008
| title=The Yoga of Kirtan: Conversations on the Sacred Art of Chanting
| publisher=Folk Books
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0qAPgAACAAJ
| isbn= 978-0-615-20510-6
}}
*{{Citation
| last1=Shivadas | first1=P.C.
| title=Labour of love for spiritual guru
| newspaper=[[The New Straits Times]]
| date=11 August 1997
| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KvIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HBUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6760,1757609
}}
*{{Citation
| last1=Kuppan | first1=Irene
| title='Lack of spirituality making world evil'
| newspaper=[[The Daily News (Durban)|The Daily News]]
| date=18 October 2006 | page=2
| url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=139&art_id=vn20061018095827869C571572
}}
*{{Citation
| last1= Gupta | first1=Suchandana
| title=MP madrassas boycott Iskcon's mid-day meals
| newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
| date=17 August 2007
| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-17/india/27964161_1_mid-day-meals-midday-meals-iskcon
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024115726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-17/india/27964161_1_mid-day-meals-midday-meals-iskcon
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=24 October 2012
}}
*{{Citation
| last1=Burke | first1=Daniel
| title=For 'Dharma Indexes,' Firms' Conduct Matters
| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
| date=20 January 2008 | page=F03
| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011900055.html
}}
*{{Citation | last1=White | first1=Charles S. J. | title=The Yoga of Kirtan: Conversations on the Sacred Art of Chanting Book Review | year=2009 | url=http://www.yogaofkirtan.com/Site/White_Review.html | access-date=13 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422161721/http://www.yogaofkirtan.com/Site/White_Review.html | archive-date=22 April 2009 | url-status=dead }}
*{{Citation
|last1 = ISKCON News Staff
|title = Bhakti Charu Swami Hospitalized for Heart Condition
|newspaper = ISKCON News Weekly
|date = 1 April 2008
|url = http://news.iskcon.com/node/966
|access-date = 13 August 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185654/http://news.iskcon.com/node/966
|archive-date = 26 July 2011
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{Citation
| last1=Das | first1=Rasananda
| title=Bhakti Charu Swami doing Sankirtan at Waikiki
| date=5 May 2012
| url=http://bhakticharuswamipreaching.blogspot.in/2012/05/hh-bhakti-charu-swami-maharaja-doing.html
}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bhakticharuswami.com/}}
* [http://www.bcsquotes.com/ Official Quotation Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031015346/http://www.bcsquotes.com/ |date=31 October 2020 }}

{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, Bhakti Charu}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Indian Hare Krishnas]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida]]

Government Medical College, Kannur

2026-01-31T21:30:59Z

Roamingindian: expanded content

{{Short description|Medical College in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{For|the private self-financing medical college located in Anjarakandy|Kannur Medical College}}
{{Infobox university
| native_name =
| image_name = Pariyaramknr.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1993}}
| closed =
| type = Government
| affiliation = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| principal = Dr. K. Ajaya Kumar
| director =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 100 Admission per year
| postgrad = 36 Admission per year
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Pariyaram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = 119 acres
| free_label = Administration
| free = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| former_names =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| website =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Government Medical College Kannur, Pariyaram''', or '''Pariyaram Medical College''', was established in March 1993 at [[Pariyaram]] in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]] state, [[India]]. It was the first medical college to be established under the [[cooperative]] sector in India and was then called '''Academy of Medical Sciences (ACME).'''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/pariyaram-medical-college-a-journey-of-controversies/articleshow/31061242.cms |title=Pariyaram Medical College: A journey of controversies |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pariyaram-medical-college-to-be-in-govt-sector/article26394332.ece |title=Pariyaram medical college to be in govt. sector |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

This is now a major medical center in the malabar area, This serves [[Kannur district]], [[Kasaragod district]] and parts of [[Kozhikode district]] & [[Wayanad district]].

==History==

The Pariyaram Medical College was a vision of Mr. [[M. V. Raghavan]] Minister of [[Kerala]]

==See also==
* [[AKG Hospital Kannur]]
* [[Parassinikkadavu Snake Park]]
* [[pappinisseri visha chikilsa Kendram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pariyaram Medical College}}
* [http://www.mcpariyaram.com/ Official website]

{{Educational Institutes in Kannur}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Coord|12|4|26|N|75|17|38|E|display=title}}
{{Kannur |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kannur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Kerala]]

Kanpur Airport

2026-01-31T17:10:27Z

Roamingindian: improve references also and improved wording

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Kanpur Airport
| nativename-a =
| image = Kanpur Airport 2.jpg
| caption =
| IATA = KNU
| ICAO = VECX
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label = '''KNU'''/VECX
| type = Public/Military
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Kanpur]]
| location = [[Chakeri]], Kanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 410
| elevation-m = 126
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.3994624|80.4269499|type:airport|display=inline}}
| website =
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f = 8325
| r1-length-m = 2536
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 322,252 ({{increase}} 13.3%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 2,210 ({{increase}} 5.8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 116 ({{decrease}} 9.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Kanpur Airport''' ({{airport codes|KNU|VECX|p=n}}), is a [[domestic airport]] and an [[Indian Air Force]] base that serves the city of [[Kanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located at [[Chakeri]], about {{cvt|17|km}} from the city centre, and operates from a new civil terminal. It provides connectivity to major tourist and historical attractions in the area such as [[Bithoor]], [[Sankissa]], [[Etawah Safari Park]], [[Kalinjar Fort]], [[Kalpi]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], [[Bhitargaon]] and [[Kannauj]].

==Infrastructure==

[[File:Kanpur Airport 3.jpg|thumb|Kanpur Airport]]

The previous terminal at Kanpur Airport had limited expansion options available and was subject to restrictions enforced by the [[Airports Authority of India]] due to a strong military presence. It was too small to handle the increasing traffic into [[Kanpur]] and projected future demand.<ref name="aai report">{{cite web | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Kanpur%20-%20%28Chakeri%29%20REPORT.pdf#page=4| title=Kanpur (Chakeri) Airport, Airport Authority of India| page=4| access-date=12 May 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081021/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Kanpur%20-%20%28Chakeri%29%20REPORT.pdf#page=4| archive-date=13 May 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref> Therefore, a new terminal spread over 6,200 m². has been constructed near the threshold of the eastern end of the runway and to [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]] through a new approach road.<ref>{{cite news | author1=ET Travel World| title=AAI undertaking development projects at Kanpur airport worth INR 144 crore, new terminal building to be ready by December 2022| url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/aai-undertaking-development-projects-at-kanpur-airport-worth-inr-144-crore-new-terminal-building-to-be-ready-by-december-2022/94026772| date=6 September 2022|access-date=24 November 2022|work=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kanpur Airport 1.jpg|thumb|Kanpur Airport]]

The new terminal comprises six hangars and a waiting room for 400 passengers, eight check-in desks, and four-lane approach roads to the nearby highway and to the outer ring road. It was inaugurated by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|State Civil Aviation Minister]], [[Nand Gopal Nandi]], along with others in a ceremony at the airport on 26 May 2023. Flights from the new terminal began on 7 June 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shewaramani |first=Jatin | title=Long-awaited Kanpur Airport terminal inches closer to completion |url=https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/long-awaited-kanpur-airport-terminal-inches-closer-to-completion|date=3 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023 |work=Knocksense|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mitra|first1=Hritika|last2=Singh Pratap|first2=Vishal|title=CM Adityanath inaugurates new terminal building of Kanpur Airport – Details|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-airport-new-terminal-inauguration-cm-yogi-adityanath-jyotiraditya-scindia-details-pictures-latest-updates-2023-05-26-872680|work=India TV|date=26 May 2023|access-date=26 May 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chawla|first=Simer|title=Kanpur Airport gets new terminal building, first flight welcome with water salute|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/kanpur-airport-gets-new-terminal-building-first-flight-welcome-with-water-salute/ar-AA1cf13Q?ocid=emmx-mmx-feeds&PC=EMMX01|work=India Today|date=7 June 2023|access-date=8 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>

It has been proposed to rename the airport the ''Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport'' after [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-airports-and-the-name-game-1351357-2018-09-27| title=Indian airports and the name game| work=[[India Today]]| date=27 September 2018| access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kanpur-airport-to-be-named-after-ganesh-shankar-vidyarthi-yogi-adityanath/articleshow/60416492.cms |title=Kanpur airport to be named after Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi: Yogi Adityanath |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date= 8 September 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>

{{Clear|left}}

== Base Repair Depot, IAF ==
The Kanpur Airport hosts 1 Base Repair Depot and 4 Base Repair Depot under the [[Maintenance Command]] of the Indian Air Force. The 1 BRD overhauls [[Antonov An-32]] transport aircraft fleet while 4 BRD previously used to overhaul the [[Tumansky R-29|R-29]] engines of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23]] and [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG-27]] and currently the [[Snecma M53|M53 P2]] engines of [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]. The airport also hosts the [https://service.hal-india.co.in/TAD-Kanpur%20Division/M__120 Transport Aircraft Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530094609/https://service.hal-india.co.in/TAD-Kanpur%20Division/M__120 |date=30 May 2024 }} (TAD) of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) which previously produced [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HS 748 Avro]] and currently manufactures [[Dornier 228]] for Indian Armed Forces as well as commercial market.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maintenance Command - IAF |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/maintenance-command/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Base Repair Depot, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/4%20BRD |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dornier 228 planes: HAL delivers two Dornier 228 planes to Guyana Defence Force: Prez Ali - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/hal-delivers-two-dornier-228-planes-to-guyana-defence-force-prez-ali/amp_articleshow/108952559.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[IndiGo]]| [[Kempegowda Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://www.goindigo.in/booking/flight-select.html|website=[[IndiGo]]|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/kvkndp/status/1823384431026946190?s=61|title=Indigo to launch Hyderabad to Kanpur flight from September 27|work=kvkndp|accessdate=14 August 2024}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai-Shivaji]] }}

== Statistics ==
It was the 5th most profitable airport in [[India]] in the year 2020–21.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/pune-airport-was-most-profitable-in-fy21-mumbai-delhi-biggest-lossmakers-7215011.html| title = Pune airport was most profitable in FY21; Mumbai, Delhi biggest lossmakers| date=23 July 2021 }}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124923/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/kanpur_generalinfo.jsp Kanpur Airport at AAI]

{{Kanpur|state=collapsed}}
{{Airports in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian Air Force|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Nirmala College of Engineering

2026-01-24T20:13:39Z

Roamingindian: adjusted references per sources

{{Short description|Private college in Kerala, India}}
{{moresources|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{infobox University
|name = Nirmala College of Engineering
|logo =
|image_name = Nirmala.jpg
|motto =
|established = 2011
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.3057|76.3899|type:edu|display=inline,title}}

|type = Self-financing
|city = Kunnappilly, [[Thrissur district]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|country = India
|faculty =
|website = {{URL|http://www.nirmalacollege.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Nirmala College of Engineering''' is a private engineering college situated in Kunnappilly, [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], India. The college is affiliated to [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] and [[University of Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=TklF
|title=NIRMALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KUNNAPPILLY PO, MELOOR, CHALAKUDY, THIRISSUR
|publisher=Kerala Govt
|accessdate=2013-06-28
|archive-date=6 August 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806164616/http://www.cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=TklF
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Departments==
* Civil Engineering
* Computer Science Engineering
* Automobile Engineering
* Applied Science department
* [[Mechatronics]] Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.nirmalacollege.edu.in/}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]

Vankhandeshwar Mahadev Temple

2026-01-24T03:24:04Z

Roamingindian: starting location!

{{Short description|Hindu deities temple in india}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Vankhandeshwar Mahadev
|image=Vankhandeshwar mahadev bhind.jpg
|deity=[[Shiva]]
|tradition= [[Shaivism]]
|festival=[[Maha Shivaratri]] Shiva Baraat
|location=Vankhandeshwar Mandir, HQ5R+WRF, Sarvoday Nagar, [[Bhind district|Bhind]], Madhya Pradesh, India 477001
|district=[[Bhind district|Bhind]]
|state=[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|creator=[[Maharaja Mahendra Badan Singh Bhadauria]]<ref name ="Imperial Sovereignty And Local Politics">{{Cite book | last=Imperial Sovereignty And Local Politics | title=Imperial Sovereignty and Local Politics: The Bhaduria Rajputs and the Transition from Mughal to British India, 1600– 1900 | date=23 May 2019 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-108-49743-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boOWDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
|year_completed=1652 AD
|temple_tree=[[Ficus religiosa|Peepal]]
|architecture_type= [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]
}}

'''Vankhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to Hindu deity [[Shiva]] located on the banks of Gauri Lake in [[Bhind]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vankhandeshwar Temple {{!}} District Bhind, Government Of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://bhind.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vankhandeshwar-temple/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
It was built by the Maharaja of Bhadawar, Badan Singh Devju Bhadauria in 1652 A.D<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Tripurdaman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boOWDwAAQBAJ |title=Imperial Sovereignty and Local Politics: The Bhaduria Rajputs and the Transition from Mughal to British India, 1600– 1900 |date=2019-05-23 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49743-5 |language=en}}</ref>., after the construction of Gauri Taal, surrounded by fine ghats, and on the bank of which stands the temple of Vyankateshwar Mahadev.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luard |first=C. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35648/page/n229/mode/2up?q=Bhadawar |title=Gwalior State Gazetteer Volume I |date=1908}}</ref>

There is famous old mythical assertion that the temple was built by Samrat [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], but no contemporary and epigraphical sources proves that it was built by him.

== About the Temple ==
The Shivalinga present in the temple is swayambhu. Akhand jyoti or the eternal flame of two diyas is continuously burning in the temple since the construction of temple. Every year at the time of Mahashivaratri lakhs of devotees go to the mandir to take blessings of Mahadev.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=PHOTOS: भोलेनाथ का अनोखा वनखंडेश्वर महादेव मंदिर, यहां आज भी जल रहा है पृथ्वीराज चौहान का जलाया हुआ दीपक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/madhya-pradesh/bhind-lamp-lit-by-prithviraj-chauhan-still-burning-in-vankhandeshwar-mahadev-temple-in-bhind-know-the-secret-behind-it-6836337.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Apart from Mahadev, idols of [[Rama|Shri Ram]], Laxman,Mata Jaanki, Lord Ganesh are also present in the temple.An old Peepal tree is also located in the temple premises.

The Maha Aarti is organized in this temple every Monday, with devotees from far flung areas coming to attend<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vankhandeshwar Temple {{!}} Commissioner Chambal Division {{!}} India |url=https://chambaldivisionmp.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vankhandeshwar-temple/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.55980|78.79194|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]

2023 Taiwanese anti–Indian migrant worker protest

2026-01-10T20:03:55Z

Roamingindian: added some details w/ sources...

{{Short description|Protest in Taiwan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2023 Taiwanese anti-Indian migrant worker protest
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{End date|2023|12|3}}
| place = [[Ketagalan Boulevard]], [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Opposition to a memorandum of understanding for importing Indian workers
| goals = * Stop adding new migrant worker countries
* Provide an effective platform for people to speak out
* Impose special laws on managing migrant workers
* Improve labour conditions in Taiwan
| methods = [[Protest]], [[Internet activism]]
| status = Protest ended
| concessions = The Government continued to import migrant workers, but agreed to slow down its speed
}}
On 3 December 2023, 100 individuals took part in a protest named {{lang|zh|守護民主台灣大遊行 123別印來}} ({{lit|A Great Protest of Protecting Taiwan: 123 Don't Come In}}) in [[Taiwan]], which called for a halt to the importation of [[Labour in India#Migrant labours|Indian migrant workers]]. The protest took place during the discussion of a [[memorandum of understanding]] between [[Taiwan]] and [[India]], which would allow Taiwan to import [[Labour in India#Migrant labours|Indian migrant workers]] to address the [[labour shortage]] in Taiwan caused by its [[ageing of Taiwan|ageing population]].<ref name=":3" /> The MOU would allow Taiwan to hire up to 100,000 Indian workers. The news coverage of the MOU provoked backlash on the Internet, which led to the protest. It was the first protest in Taiwan specifically against migrant worker imports.

Initially, the Taiwanese government characterised the protest as the result of [[cognitive warfare]], but later promised to strengthen communication and proceed with the policy incrementally. Media outlets and experts have expressed concern about the discriminatory nature of the stereotypes driving the protest. Other commentators have suggested that [[Chinese information operations and information warfare|disinformation campaigns]] linked to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] contributed to the protest.

==Background==
[[File:Memorandum of understanding between The Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in New Delhi, India and The India Taipei Association on the facilitation of employment of Indian workers.pdf|thumb|Memorandum of understanding between The Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in New Delhi, India and The India Taipei Association on the facilitation of employment of Indian workers]]
Due to a [[labour shortage]], Taiwan began importing [[migrant worker#Asia|migrant workers]] from the 1980s. In 1992, the "Employment Service Act" ({{lang|zh|就業服務法}}) and its corresponding regulations were enacted to provide a legal framework for employing migrant workers. Following this, Taiwanese employers started hiring migrant workers as part of their regular workforce.<ref>{{cite web |title=移工與外籍勞工的差異？從零接觸移工議題的你，一定要看！ |url=https://one-forty.org/tw/blog/migrant-statistics-in-taiwan |website=社團法人台灣四十分之一移工教育文化協會 |accessdate=2025-06-25}}</ref> Migrant workers often work in Taiwan as [[Migrant caregivers in Taiwan|caregivers]], [[construction workers]], [[factory workers]], [[farmworkers]], [[lumberjacks]], and [[fisherman|fishers]]. The main source countries for migrant workers in Taiwan are [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]. Before 2023, the latest source country that Taiwan opened to migrant workers was [[Mongolia]] in 2004.<ref name="opinioncw" /><ref name="twreporter" />

With a fertility rate below [[sub-replacement fertility|replacement level]], Taiwan's labour force has been declining recently. This, combined with [[ageing of Taiwan|ageing population]], has caused the demand for migrant workers to continue to rise. [[Labour shortage]] has become a significant issue for Taiwanese industries. Taiwan remains heavily reliant on Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, to source migrant workers from. In contrast, other developed Asian countries have a more diverse range of source countries. For example, [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] source migrant workers from more than 10 countries, and both have reformed their immigration policies to attract foreign labour.<ref name="opinioncw" /><ref name=b /> Taiwan has previously attempted to develop migrant worker sourcing agreements with [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Myanmar]]. However, these efforts failed due to [[political status of Taiwan|Taiwan's political status]].<ref name="opinioncw" /> Meanwhile, India, the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country in the world]], faced the challenge of high unemployment due to the size of [[List of countries by labour force|its labour force]].<ref name=b>{{cite news | last1=Sen | first1=Sudhi Ranjan | last2=Srivastava | first2=Shruti | last3=Hou | first3=Betty | title=India Plans Taiwan Labor Supply Pact While China Tensions Brew | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=2023-11-10 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-10/india-plans-taiwan-labor-supply-pact-while-china-tensions-brew#xj4y7vzkg | accessdate=2023-11-27 | archive-date=2024-02-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215040608/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-10/india-plans-taiwan-labor-supply-pact-while-china-tensions-brew#xj4y7vzkg }}</ref> India and Taiwan, therefore, sought to resolve their respective issues through a mutual agreement.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=印度可望成新移工來源國家總期待補充照服人力|work=中央社|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202309280134.aspx|author=吳欣紜、曾以寧|language=zh-tw|accessdate=2023-11-27|archive-date=2023-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127112945/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202309280134.aspx}}</ref><ref name="opinioncw">{{cite news |author1=劉苑杉 |title=印度移工什麼時候進來？台印簽署MOU後，你需要釐清的幾個爭議點 |url=https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/31/article/14811 |accessdate=2025-06-24 |publisher=[[天下雜誌]] |date=2024-11-15}}</ref>

On 12 September 2023, [[Chen Chien-jen]], then [[Premier of the Republic of China]], met with {{ill|Manharsinh Laxmanbhai Yadav|zh|葉達夫}}, then director general of the [[India-Taipei Association]]. They agreed to sign two [[memoranda of understanding]] on migration, mobility and traditional medicine.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Laskar |first1=Rezaul H |title=Taiwan, India to seal pact on migration to overcome Taipei's shortage of workers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/taiwan-india-to-sign-pact-on-migration-to-overcome-taipei-s-shortage-of-workers-101695738135671.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 Sep 2023}}</ref> [[Arindam Bagchi]], then [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]], said the MOU would benefit both sides. The agreement was expected to be finalised by the end of 2023, according to Chen.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Leskovsky |first1=Filip |title=Taiwan and India to sign MOU on labor cooperation - Rti |url=https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2010264 |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=RTI Radio Taiwan International |date=10 November 2023 |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> In November 2023, negotiations of a mutual pact were almost complete, which would allow Taiwan to hire up to 100,000 Indian workers, according to a senior official quoted by [[Bloomberg News]]. The report also noted that the agreement would potentially anger China, which has long-standing geopolitical tensions with both Taiwan and India.<ref name=b/><ref>{{cite news | last1=Sen | first1=Sudhi Ranjan | last2=Srivastava | first2=Shruti | last3=Hou | first3=Betty | title=India Plans Taiwan Labor Supply Pact While China Tensions Brew | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=2023-11-10 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/taiwan-set-to-hire-1-lakh-indian-workers-india-taiwan-pact-india-china-relations/articleshow/105118104.cms |accessdate=2025-06-27 |via=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Protest==
After the Bloomberg news report, a rumour that Taiwan would hire 100,000 Indian workers spread on Taiwanese social networks [[Dcard]] and [[PTT Bulletin Board System|PTT]]. Reasons for opposition to the pact include concern that Indian migrant workers may affect local security due to perceptions that [[Rape in India|sexual assault and murder are highly prevalent in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-25|title=專題報導／開放印度移工非缺工唯一解方三面向觀察|author=張佳琪|url=https://bccnews.com.tw/archives/503580|access-date=2023-12-04|website=中廣新聞網|language=zh-TW|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204174952/https://bccnews.com.tw/archives/503580 }}</ref> Another concern was a potential decline in working conditions.<ref name="theinitium" /><ref name="twreporter" /><ref name="opinioncw" /> Other users criticised the government for its hasty decision-making and lack of complementary measures to the policy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=引進印度移工引反彈？專家憂台灣還沒準備好|url=https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2187646|website=中央廣播電臺|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204170518/https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2187646 }}</ref><ref name="theinitium" />

Media coverage noted [[racist]] stereotypes that connect Indians with sex crimes, as some users on social media labelled them as "potential rapists" and suggested that "Taiwan will become a land of rape".<ref name="IORG">{{cite news| title=「10 萬印度移工讓台灣變成性侵島」可判定為資訊操弄| work=台灣資訊環境研究中心 IORG| date=2023-11-10| url=https://iorg.tw/eval/21| language=zh-tw| accessdate=2023-11-28| archive-date=2024-02-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210215120/https://iorg.tw/eval/21 }}</ref><ref name="theinitium">{{cite news |author1=蕭函青 |title=右翼民粹能量暗湧，台灣反印度移工浪潮中的張力與微光 |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20231220-taiwan-oppose-indian-migrant-workers |accessdate=2025-06-24 |work=[[Initium Media]] |date=2023-12-19 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328020901/https://theinitium.com/article/20231220-taiwan-oppose-indian-migrant-workers }}</ref>

On 3 December 2023, a citizen activist group called "{{lang|zh|反對增加新移工國}}" ({{lit|Oppose Adding New Migrant Worker Countries}}) held a protest named "{{lang|zh|守護民主台灣大遊行 123別印來}}" ({{lit|A Great Protest of Protecting Taiwan: 123 Don't Come In}}) in [[Ketagalan Boulevard]], [[Taipei]], with four demands to the government, including "stop adding new migrant worker countries", "provide an effective platform for people to speak out", "impose special laws on managing migrant workers", and "improve labour conditions". The protest, which included approximately one hundred participants, was organised by social media user Yuna. Yuna emphasised that doubts about Indian workers and the protest's demands were gathered from [[Dcard]] and [[Line (software)|Line]]. It was the first protest in Taiwan against the importation of migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-03|title=民團上凱道提4訴求籲暫緩新增移工來源國|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202312030123.aspx|author=張雄風|access-date=2023-12-04|website=中央社 CNA|language=zh-Hant-TW|archive-date=2023-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211181021/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202312030123.aspx}}</ref><ref name="twreporter" /><ref name="theinitium" />

On 10 December, {{ill|Taiwan International Workers Association|zh|台灣國際勞工協會}} held a protest called "{{lang|zh|政府承擔、仲介滾蛋}}" ({{lit|government kick in, agents kick out}}), calling on the government to lead the hiring process and abolish private agents involved in hiring migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-04|title=移工大遊行10日登場要求強化公立機構服務 |author=張雄風|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202312040136.aspx|access-date=2023-12-04|website=中央社|language=zh-Hant-TW|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209223812/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202312040136.aspx}}</ref><ref name="theinitium" /><ref>{{cite news|author1=張梓嘉|author2=葉霈萱|title=移工大遊行登場百人上街頭籲跨國直聘廢除私人仲介|work=公視|date=2023-12-10|url=https://news.pts.org.tw/article/670729|accessdate=2024-02-16|archive-date=2023-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226181239/https://news.pts.org.tw/article/670729}}</ref>

==Government response==
{{Further|Chinese information operations and information warfare}}
[[Hsu Ming-chun]], then [[Ministry of Labor (Taiwan)#List of ministers|Minister of Labor]], responded to the protest by stating that the claim "Taiwan will hire 100,000 Indians" was misinformation. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] also alleged that racist feeds on social media are a part of Chinese [[Internet manipulation]], citing similar activity from other fake accounts. During the protests, traces of "modular message manipulation" ({{langx|zh|模組化留言的操作}}) appeared, according to national security departments in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news | title=Taiwan Indian Workers News: China Spread Racism Against Indian Taiwan Hit Back With Milk Tea Alliance | work=[[Navbharat Times]] | date=2023-11-25 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/world/china/taiwan-indian-workers-news-china-spread-racism-against-indian-taiwan-hit-back-with-milk-tea-alliance/articleshow/105490743.cms | language=hi | accessdate=2023-11-28 | archive-date=2023-12-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204225229/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/world/china/taiwan-indian-workers-news-china-spread-racism-against-indian-taiwan-hit-back-with-milk-tea-alliance/articleshow/105490743.cms }}</ref><ref name="theinitium" /> The official Twitter account of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs later stated that any attempts to destroy goodwill in the [[Milk Tea Alliance]] would not prevail.<ref>{{cite news | last=Banka | first=Neha | title=Taiwan's plan to hire Indian workers sees racist backlash on social media: Why Taipei has blamed China for this | work=[[indian express]] | date=2023-11-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/taiwans-hire-indian-workers-racist-backlash-china-9043579/ | language=en | accessdate=2023-11-28 | archive-date=2024-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022239/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/taiwans-hire-indian-workers-racist-backlash-china-9043579/ }}</ref> However, protesters, rejected these assertions. Yuna denied allegations of discrimination or manipulation during the protest.<ref name="theinitium" />

In December 2023, in response to the protest, the Ministry of Labor stated that they would plan complementary measures to the policy.<ref group="Note">According to the department, complementary measures include industries that can use Indian migrant workers, quotas, migrant worker criteria, bilateral legal regulation, and importing procedures."</ref> Any introduction of new migrant workers would be a gradual process.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-03|title=穩健開放新來源國回應外界期待健全配套消除社會疑慮|url=https://www.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=7F220D7E656BE749&sms=E9F640ECE968A7E1&s=EF1910E925F04E6E|website=勞動部勞動力發展署|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204173106/https://www.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=7F220D7E656BE749&sms=E9F640ECE968A7E1&s=EF1910E925F04E6E|quote=雙邊須透過工作層級會議，討論開放行業、名額、移工資格條件、雙邊法規調適及引進作業流程等配套}}</ref> On 16 February 2024, Taiwan and India signed the memorandum of understanding, agreeing that Taiwan would import migrant workers after preparations had completed.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|author=吳欣紜|title=印度移工MOU簽了勞動部：開放行業人數由台灣決定|work=中央社|date=2024-02-16|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202402160200.aspx|accessdate=2024-02-16|archive-date=2024-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225085006/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202402160200.aspx}}</ref> In November 2024, Taiwan agreed to import 1,000 Indian migrant workers to factories in Taiwan, in a test of the policy, and stated it would adjust importing policy according to the results of the test.<ref name="opinioncw" />

==Reaction==
{{Quote box
| quote = They are independent and not manipulated by others in certain kinds, and determined to prove it by resisting the labels put by authority. Their understanding of the policy, however, is often one-sided: They built a fuzzy perception from "flashing" feeds on social media, and linked it with existing stereotype labels. It is very easy to breed xenophobic activities, or even hate speech, in the emotion of fear without awareness.<ref group="Note">{{lang|zh|某種程度他們很有獨立精神，想透過反抗權威貼上的標籤，證明自己並非腦袋空空、任人操控。然而他們對議題的理解往往相對片面，透過社群媒體上「閃現」的動態消息成為一個模模糊糊的印象，再將這樣的印象與（刻板）標籤進行連結。因此，容易在恐懼的情緒孳生成排外的行動，或發表赤裸裸的歧視言論而不自覺。}}</ref>
| source = Comment from the reporter reporting the protest on the ''[[Initium Media]]'' <ref name="theinitium" />
| width = 22em
}}

According to media coverage, many Indians found the protest offensive and discriminatory. Priya Lee Lalwani,<ref name="twreporter" /> an Indian resident of Taiwan since 1987, expressed disappointment with the demonstration, stating that it stemmed from a misunderstanding between Taiwanese and Indian communities. The Taiwan Association for India Studies ({{lang|zh|臺灣印度研究協會}}) issued a statement expressing regret over instances of hate speech and the limited understanding of Indian society and culture within Taiwan. Yuna, the organiser of the protest, revised the protest demands after being made aware of the response of Indians to the protest.<ref name="theinitium" /><ref name="twreporter">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-04|author1=許詩愷|title=暌違20年再開國門，歧視移工爭議風波如何因印度再現？|url=https://www.twreporter.org/a/oppose-introducing-indian-migrant-workers|access-date=2025-06-25|website=報導者|archive-date=2025-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325082607/https://www.twreporter.org/a/oppose-introducing-indian-migrant-workers}}</ref>

On the other hand, Sun Chi-pen ({{lang|zh|孫治本}}), then executive of the Taiwan-India Association ({{lang|zh|台灣印度協會}}), observed that many protesters were concerned about [[Labour in Taiwan|labour conditions in Taiwan]] and distrusted the [[Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen|government]]. Sun also suggested that the government should strengthen communication and formulate and improve complementary measures to the policy.<ref name="twreporter" />

{{ill|Sriparna Pathak|qid=Q47489030}}, Associate Professor of China Studies at [[O.P. Jindal Global University]], described racist feeds on social media as "malicious propaganda" in her [[NDTV]] column, and criticised this content for ignoring [[rape in Taiwan|sexual crimes in Taiwan]]. She also suggested that stereotypes against Indians may be spread as a part of Chinese misinformation campaigns, citing ''[[China Times|China Times'<nowiki/>]]'' media coverage as evidence.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Sriparna |last1=Pathak |title=Opinion: Racism, Disinformation Cast Shadow On India-Taiwan Cooperation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/racism-disinformation-cast-shadow-on-india-taiwan-cooperation-4579209 |accessdate=2025-06-25 |work=www.ndtv.com |date=2023-11-16 |language=en}}</ref> Fact checks by {{ill|Taiwan FactCheck Center|zh|台灣事實查核中心}} and {{ill|Taiwan Information Environment Research Center|qid=Q135079296}} were also underway at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=【錯誤】網傳「全世界都不敢招印度工人」？|work=台灣事實查核中心|date=2023-11-22|url=https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/9920|language=zh-tw|accessdate=2023-11-28|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209060627/https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/9920}}</ref><ref name="IORG" /> According to [[NHK]], most protesters were influentially made aware of the memorandum of understanding by posts on [[Dcard]]; often these posts used the mainland China dialect instead of the Taiwanese dialect. NHK also discussed the possibility of cognitive warfare, citing the quick spread of rumours and misinformation on [[Dcard]] and [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite news|title=調査報道新世紀 File6 中国・流出文書を追う|work=NHK|date=2024-10-20|url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/special/ts/2NY2QQLPM3/episode/te/GNM1LMZGJ5/|accessdate=2024-10-21|archive-date=2024-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921124624/https://www.nhk.jp/p/special/ts/2NY2QQLPM3/episode/te/GNM1LMZGJ5/|language=ja}}</ref>

{{ill|Pei-chia Lan|qid=Q112507896}}, Professor of Sociology at [[National Taiwan University]] and a researcher of migrant labour in Taiwan, mentioned the tendency of Taiwanese individuals to [[sexualization|sexualise]] foreigners and the legacy of the {{ill|2023 Taiwanese MeToo movement|zh|2023年臺灣＃MeToo運動}} in increasing the participation of women in the protest. {{ill|Yoyo Yu|zh|尤芷薇}}, a former journalist stationed in India, said the environment that can develop [[rape in India]] cannot be reproduced in countries where migrant workers reside. <ref name="twreporter" /> Both Karen Hsu ({{lang|zh|徐瑞希}}), founder of the Global Worker's Organization ({{lang|zh|台灣外籍工作者發展協會}}), and Yoyo Yu, emphasise the impact of [[mass media in Taiwan]] in constructing stereotypes of Indians and promoting hate speech.<ref name="theinitium" /><ref name="twreporter" />

== See also ==
* [[I-Soon leak]]
* [[India–Taiwan relations]]
* [[2024 United Kingdom riots]]
* [[Irish anti-immigration protests]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|61553474440335|反對增加新移工國}}
* [https://www.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=31&s=15150 臺印度勞工合作備忘錄勞動部今送請立法院查照]
** [https://nws.wda.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMS9SZWxGaWxlLzEwMzA2LzE1MTUwLzExMzA0MDPnmbzlsZXnvbLmlrDogZ7nqL8o6ZmE5Lu2KV%2fjgIzpp5DljbDluqblj7DljJfntpPmv5%2fmlofljJbkuK3lv4PoiIfljbDluqblj7DljJfljZTmnIPkv4PpgLLlg7HnlKjljbDluqbli57lt6Xnnq3op6Plgpnlv5jpjITjgI3lvbHmnKwucGRm&n=MTEzMDQwM%2beZvOWxlee9suaWsOiBnueovyjpmYTku7YpX%2bOAjOmnkOWNsOW6puWPsOWMl%2be2k%2ba%2fn%2baWh%2bWMluS4reW%2fg%2biIh%2bWNsOW6puWPsOWMl%2bWNlOacg%2bS%2fg%2bmAsuWDseeUqOWNsOW6puWLnuW3peeereino%2bWCmeW%2fmOmMhOOAjeW9seacrC5wZGY%3d 駐印度台北經濟文化中心與印度台北協會促進僱用印度勞工瞭解備忘錄]

[[Category:2023 protests]]
[[Category:India–Taiwan relations]]
[[Category:Migrant workers]]
[[Category:December 2023 in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Chinese information operations and information warfare]]
[[Category:Immigration to Taiwan]]

Sunil K. Pandya

2026-01-05T07:43:41Z

Roamingindian: starting a details!

{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Sunil K. Pandya
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| native_name =
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| birth_name = Sunilkumar Krishnalal Pandya
| birth_date = 1940
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| death_date = 17 December 2024
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| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Neurosurgeon]]
| period =
| known_for = Head of the Department of Neurosurgery at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) and Seth GS Medical College]] Founding member ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]''
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| education = [[Grant Medical College]]
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| influences = [[Homi Minocher Dastur]]<ref name=Goel2025/>
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| workplaces = [[National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery|Institute of Neurology]], London [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM and Seth GS Medical College]], Mumbai [[Jaslok Hospital]], Mumbai
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'''Sunil K. Pandya''' (1940 - 17 December 2024) was an Indian [[neurosurgeon]], ethicist, and medical historian, known for being the head of the Department of Neurosurgery at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) and Seth GS Medical College]], Mumbai, and founding the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]''.

==Early life and education==
Sunil K. Pandya was born Sunilkumar Krishnalal Pandya in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], Mumbai, on 11 February 1940.<ref name=Goel2025>{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=Atul |last2=Nadkarni |first2=Trimurti D. |last3=Pauranik |first3=Apoorva |title=Prof. Sunil K. Pandya |journal=Neurology India |date=February 2025 |volume=73 |issue=1 |page=202 |doi=10.4103/neurol-india.Neurol-India-D-25-00005 |doi-access=free |issn=0028-3886}}</ref> In 1961 he graduated in medicine from [[Grant Medical College]], where he also completed his internship, residency, and [[Master of Surgery]] in 1965.<ref name=Goel2025/><ref name=Nagral2024>{{cite news |last1=Nagral |first1=Sanjay |title=Dr. Sunil Pandya: In memory of a teacher, a neurosurgeon, Gandhian |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/in-memory-of-a-teacher-a-neurosurgeon-gandhian-101735153357707.html |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 December 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1974, with a [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth medical scholarship]], Pandya trained under [[Valentine Logue]] at the [[National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery|Institute of Neurology]] in London, where he was also taught by [[Majid Samii]] and [[Gazi Yaşargil]].<ref name=Goel2025/> He returned to India after a year to take up a post at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital]] (KEM), Mumbai, in 1975.<ref name=Goel2025/><ref name=Nagral2024/> There, commonly known as Dr SKP, he worked for a few years with [[Homi Minocher Dastur]], and remained there for 23 years.<ref name=Goel2025/> His contributions to neurosurgery included microneurosurgery in general and vascular surgery.<ref name=Goel2025/> He was appointed KEM's chair of Medical Humanities, a post created following the death of KEM's head of anatomy, [[Manu Kothari]].<ref name=Goel2025/>

Pandya co-founded the journal ''Issues in Medical Ethics'', a precursor of the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]'', which he edited for several years.<ref name=Goel2025/> He was also on the editorial boards of the ''[[National Medical Journal of India]]'' and the ''Men's Sana Monographs''.<ref name=Goel2025/> His interest in history of medicine was influenced by KEM's [[Ashok D.B. Vaidya|Ashok Vaidya]] and Samuel J. Aptekar of the [[Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital]].<ref name=Goel2025/> This interest made him a follower of the works of [[William Osler|Sir William Osler]].<ref name=Goel2025/> He later contributed to an [[Sir William Osler: An Encyclopedia|encyclopaedia on Osler]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bryan |editor1-first=Charles S.|editor-link=Charles S. Bryan |title=[[Sir William Osler: An Encyclopedia|Sir William Osler: an encyclopedia]] |date=2020 |publisher=Norman Publishing History of Science.com in association with the American Osler Society |location=Novato, California |isbn=978-0-930405-91-5 |edition=First|page=xiii}}</ref>

After retiring from KEM in 1998, Pandya joined [[Jaslok Hospital]].<ref name=Goel2025/> His book ''Human Behaviour'' looks at what shapes how people act, explaining normal and unusual behaviour through a mix of genetics and life experiences.<ref name="Gnanavel2015">{{cite journal |last1=Gnanavel |first1=Sundar |title=Human Behaviour |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |date=1 October 2015 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=478–479 |doi=10.1177/09751564201504 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |pmc=4676227 }}</ref>

==Death==
Pandya died from [[interstitial lung disease]] on 17 December 2024.<ref name=Goel2025/> He was survived by his wife Subha, an electrophysiologist, and two children.<ref name=Goel2025/><ref name=Jesani2025>{{cite journal |last1=Jesani |first1=Amar |title=The bioethics movement in India and the legacy of Sunil Pandya |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |date=6 February 2025 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2025.006 |url=https://ijme.in/articles/the-bioethics-movement-in-india-and-the-legacy-of-sunil-pandya/?galley=html |language=en|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite journal |title=Understanding brain, mind and soul: contributions from neurology and neurosurgery |journal=Mens Sana Monographs |date=January 2011 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=129–149 |doi=10.4103/0973-1229.77431 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free |pmid=21694966 |issn=1998-4014 |last1=Pandya |first1=Sunilk |pmc=3115284 }}
*{{cite journal |title=The Medical Council of India: need for a total overhaul |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |date=1 April 2014 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=68–71 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2014.020 |pmid=24727616 |issn=0974-8466 |last1=Pandya |first1=Sunil K. |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |title=As I approach the end of my life… |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2015 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.166507 |doi-access=free |pmc=4943372 |language=en |issn=0022-3859 |last1=Pandya |first1=S. |pmid=26440389 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Dr Charles Morehead MD (Edinburgh), FRCP (1807–1882): Pioneer in medical education |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=1 May 2015 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73–83 |doi=10.1177/0967772013506821 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0967772013506821 |language=en |issn=0967-7720|url-access=subscription |last1=Pandya |first1=Sunil K. |pmid=24585609 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Dr Pranjivandas Manekchand Mehta MD, MS, FCPS 1889–1981 and Caraka Samhita (1949) |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=26 December 2024 |article-number=09677720241304740 |doi=10.1177/09677720241304740 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09677720241304740?journalCode=jmba |language=en |issn=0967-7720|url-access=subscription |last1=Pandya |first1=Sunil K. |pmid=39726131 }} (Biographical account of [[Pranjivandas Manekchand Mehta]])

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Pandya |first1=Sunil K. |title=My recent experiences as a patient |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |date=2012 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2012.052 |pmid=22864069 |issn=0974-8466|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |title=IJME Tribute - celebrating the life and work of our Founder Editor, Dr Sunil Pandya |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |url=https://ijme.in/ijme-tribute-celebrating-the-life-and-work-of-our-founder-editor-dr-sunil-pandya/ |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Sunil K.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical historians]]
[[Category:Medical ethicists]]
[[Category:21st-century scholars]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]

Nabagram Hiralal Paul College

2026-01-02T21:26:10Z

Roamingindian: cleaned up content per standard format and added references

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed |date= February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nabagram Hiralal Paul College
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| type = Government Aided co-educational institution
| established = {{start date and age|1957}}
| closed = 
| founder =
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| accreditation = NAAC
| affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
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| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Srikanta Samanta
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = Nabagram, [[Konnagar]], Hooghly
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 712246
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7094972|N|88.3416978|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language = English and Bengali
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [http://www.hiralalpaulcollege.ac.in/ Nabagram Hiralal Paul College]
| logo = Nabagram Hiralal Paul College logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nabagram Hiralal Paul College''', also known as '''Konnagar College''', established in 1957,<ref name=UGC/> is one of the oldest colleges in [[Konnagar]], in the [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences, as well as a postgraduate course in Bengali. It is affiliated to [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218141029/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |archivedate=18 February 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:NABAGRAM HIRALAL PAUL COLLEGE.jpg|thumb|500x500px|Nabagram Hiralal Paul College]]

== ''Departments (Under Graduate)'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Science !! Arts and Humanities !! Commerce
!B.Voc
|-
| [[Chemistry]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Finance]] & Accounting

|Retail Management
|-
| [[Physics]] || [[English language|English]] ||
|[[Hospitality]] & [[Tourism]]
|-
| [[Mathematics]] || [[Psychology]] ||
|
|-
|[[Economics]]
|[[Sanskrit]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[History]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Political science]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Philosophy]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sociology]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Education]]
|
|
|}

== ''Departments (Post Graduate)'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Bengali
!
!
!
|}
Started in 2017, affiliated to University of Calcutta.

== ''Accreditation'' ==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref> In 2006 it was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded B grade, an accreditation that has since then expired.<ref>{{cite news|title=Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054834/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2012 }}</ref> Recently The college was re-accredited with a score of 2.75 (equivalent to B++ presently) in 2016.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== ''See also'' ==
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==''References''==
{{Reflist}}Latest News on this College - [https://pmgraminyojana.com Professor Of Nabagram Hiralal Paul College Allegedly Attacked By Students] in Nabagram Hiralal Paul College.

==''External links''==
*[https://hiralalpaulcollege.ac.in/ Nabagram Hiralal Paul College]

{{University of Calcutta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali

2025-12-31T00:14:51Z

Roamingindian: Added New Biography

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{for|the 2001 song|Zubeidaa}}
{{multiple issues|{{tone|date=May 2021}}
{{original research|date=May 2021}}}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MehndiHaiRachneWaali.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]
| developer =
| writer = Sonali Gupta Shrivastav
| story = Abhijeet Guru Santshree Sarkar Nishchal Shome Sonakshi Khandelwal Vikas Tejpal Sharma
| screenplay = Nidhi Singh
| director = Hemant R Prabhu Jafar Shaikh Rohit Phulari
| creative_director = [[Sandiip Sikcand]] Kadambari S Dogrey Twinkle S Pandey
| starring = Shivangi Khedkar [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
| theme_music_composer = Prakash Gaiakwad
| opentheme = ''Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali'' by [[Anwesha]]
| composer = Shubham Sundaram
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 246
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Fazila Allana]] [[Sandiip Sikcand]] Kamna Menezes
| cinematography = Sadanand Pillai
| location = [[Kolhapur]]
| editor = Prerit Vyas Swapnikal S Nerukar Akshat Jaimini Om Tale Mohit Varshney
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = SOL Productions Sandiip Films
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|02|15}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2021|11|27}}
| related =
}}
'''''Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered on 15 February 2021 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-confirms-launch-date-of-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/|title=Star Plus confirms launch date of 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali'|website=Biz Asia|access-date=7 February 2021|date=6 February 2021}}</ref> It is based on [[Star Maa]]'s [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] series ''Gorintaku''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/mehendi-hai-rachne-waali-producer-sandiip-sikcand-spills-beans-about-remaking-telugu-show-gorintaku-in-hindi-696356|title=Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali: Producer spills beans about remaking Telugu show Gorintaku in Hindi|website=[[India TV News]]|access-date=12 April 2021|date=8 April 2021}}</ref> Produced by SOL Productions and Sandiip Films, it stars Shivangi Khedkar, and [[Sai Ketan Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shivangi-khedkar-and-sai-ketan-rao-talk-about-their-debut-in-mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-interview-1770023-2021-02-17|title=Shivangi Khedkar and Sai Ketan Rao talk about their debut in Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali: Interview|website=[[India Today]]|date=17 February 2021|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story centres around Pallavi Deshmukh, a widowed daughter-in-law of the Deshmukh family. Despite being loved as a daughter by most of the family members, she faces challenges, especially from Sulochana and Amruta. Pallavi manages the Deshmukh Saree Emporium for her father-in-law, Vijay Deshmukh. The plot takes a turn when Raghav Rao, a business tycoon with an arrogant and reckless demeanour, enters Pallavi's life, leading to misunderstandings based on their different personalities.

In later developments, it is disclosed that the accountant in Pallavi's shop is Keerti, who happens to be Raghav's sister. Keerti and her mother, Jaya, live separately from Raghav due to past incidents. Raghav, driven by misunderstandings, wrongly believes that his mother and sister were defamed because of Pallavi. Seeking revenge, he fabricates evidence to defame Pallavi, leading Vijay to disown Pallavi and expel her from the house.

Upon learning about Pallavi's situation, Jaya demanded that Raghav should marry Pallavi if he wanted them to reconcile. Raghav, seeking to live with Jaya and Keerti, proposed to Pallavi. Initially, Pallavi rejected the proposal without much consideration. However, Raghav blackmailed Pallavi by putting her brother-in-law Nikhil in jail. To save Nikhil, Pallavi reluctantly agrees to marry Raghav. After the marriage, Jaya and Keerti move to Raghav's house, and Pallavi becomes more assertive in dealing with the arrogant Raghav.

Later, Raghav realizes that Sulochana is the person who defamed Keerti and Jaya. After discovering the truth, a guilt-ridden Raghav stops Pallavi from leaving and asks for a chance to become a good husband within one month. Pallavi agrees to the condition. During this time, Pallavi and Raghav grow closer, and Raghav falls in love with Pallavi. Pallavi learns that Raghav's father was lynched resulting from a failed financial business of Raghav, which led to Keerti and Jaya distancing themselves from him.

Pallavi clears the misunderstandings between Raghav and Jaya. During this time, Keerti's lover, Sunny, arrives, and Sulochana plots against Raghav and Pallavi, inadvertently bringing them closer. The Rao family disapproves of Keerti and Sunny's relationship due to his bad behaviour. Pallavi investigates her ex-husband Mandar's accident and discovers that Sunny was responsible. She sends Sunny to jail, leading Keerti to consider Pallavi as her enemy.

It is then revealed that Mandar is still alive and Pallavi brought him to the Deshmukh family. Mandar creates many misunderstandings between Pallavi and Raghav to have Pallavi for himself. Meanwhile, Raghav and Pallavi confessed their love for each other. Raghav and Pallavi exposed Mandar in front of the family that he stalked Pallavi during her college days he killed Pallavi's best friend, Devyani, to get her and also tried to kill his own mother by pushing her from terrace for supporting Raghav and Pallavi.

Sunny and Keerti elope, causing Pallavi to be blamed initially, but the matter is later resolved. Keerti and Sunny move into Raghav's house, where Sunny causes trouble for the family. Meanwhile, Pallavi discovers Raghav's involvement in diamond smuggling during a police encounter and gets shot. The experience of almost losing Pallavi prompts Raghav to abandon smuggling.

Raghav's ex-girlfriend Esha came who just wanted the money of Raghav and made Pallavi believe that she and Raghav slept together. A heartbroken Pallavi breaks all ties with Raghav. Later Pallavi found that Esha was framing Raghav and she exposed her with the help of Raghav and Sunny.

The show ended with Pallavi and Raghav remarrying with the blessings and love of their respective families. Sulochana, Amruta and Manasi became good to others. Keerti and Sunny are accepted by the Rao family and Keerti becomes pregnant.

==Cast==

===Main===
* Shivangi Khedkar as Pallavi Deshmukh Rao – Caretaker of Deshmukh Saree Emporium; Sister of Siddhesh, Nikhil, Amruta, and Mansi. Raghav's wife (2021)
* [[Sai Ketan Rao]] as Raghav Rao – Don of Hyderabad; Jewellery Designer and owner of Jayati Jewels; Jaya and Ajit's son; elder brother of Kirti and Arjun. Pallavi's husband (2021)

===Recurring===
* Milind Phatak / Sameer Deshpande as Vijay Deshmukh – Owner of Deshmukh Saree Emporium; Milind's brother; Sharda's husband; Pallavi and Nikhil's father (2021)
* Asmita Ajgaonkar as Sharda Deshmukh – Vijay's wife; Pallavi and Nikhil's mother (2021)
* Karan Manocha as Nikhil Deshmukh – Vijay and Sharda's younger son; Brother of Pallavi, Mansi and Amruta. (2021)
* Ajinkya Joshi as Milind Deshmukh – Vijay's brother; Sulochana's husband; Mansi and Amruta's father (2021)
* Snehal Reddy as Sulochana Deshmukh – Milind's wife; Mansi and Amruta's mother (2021)
* Rutuja Sawant as Mansi Deshmukh – Milind and Sulochana's elder daughter; Amruta's sister; Mandar and Nikhil's cousin; Rahul's ex-fiancée (2021)
* Priyanka Dhavale as Amruta Deshmukh – Milind and Sulochana's younger daughter; Sister of Pallavi, Nikhil, and Mansi. (2021)
* Snehal Borkar as Krishna – Pallavi's friend and assistant at Deshmukh Saree Emporium (2021)
* [[Ragini Shah]] / [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Jaya Rao – Ajit's wife; Raghav, Kirti and Arjun's mother (2021)
* Sayali Salunkhe as Kirti Rao Ahuja – Jaya and Ajit's daughter; Raghav and Arjun's sister; Sunny's wife (2021)
* Kushagre Dua as Sunny Ahuja: Kirti's husband (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/divya-drashti-actor-kushagre-dua-joins-the-cast-of-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/articleshow/82482722.cms |title=Kushagre Dua to play a tattoo artist in StarPlus' Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 May 2021 }}</ref>
* Himanshu Bamzai as Farhad Nawaz: Raghav's secretary, right-hand man and friend (2021)
* Krishna Kaurav as Harish: Raghav's bodyguard (2021)
* Jeet Pol as Madan: Raghav's bodyguard (2021) Aaj
* Jatin Sharma as Sumit: Esha's estranged husband (2021)
* Sarika Raghwa as Anjali: She tried to get intimate with Raghav despite being engaged to someone else. Later Raghav exposed her in front of her fiancé (2021)
* Saim Khan as Akash: Kirti's love interest (2021)
* Gourav Raj Puri as Rahul: Mansi's ex-fiancé; Asha's son (2021)
* Sonal Palan as Asha: Rahul's mother (2021)
* Manoj Kaushik as Siddhesh Sawant: Pallavi's brother; Pawani's husband (2021)
* Payal Singh as Pawani Sawant: Siddhesh's wife (2021)
* Ankit Gulati as Vedant (Ved) aka Lion: Raghav's former best friend and business partner who turned enemy due to business differences (2021)
* Snehal Waghmare as ACP Laxmi Singh: Raghav's enemy (2021)
* Abhay Verma as Rocky: Sunny's friend (2021)
* Ishrat Khan as Dr. Ramya: Mandar/Raja's doctor turn into Amma (2021)
* Supreet Nikam as Vishnu: Mandar/Raja's friend (2021)
* Deepak Soni as Inspector Nitin Reddy (2021)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Organizer
! Category
! Nominated
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan ="11" | 2022
|rowspan ="3" | 21st [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Popular Show
| Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali
- Drama
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 5 Nominees for Popular Show - Drama |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CaJukAgvUuH/ |work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Actor
- Drama
| [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Popular Actress
- Drama
|rowspan ="2" | [[Shivangi Khedkar]]
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 5 Nominees for Popular Actress - Drama |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CaJqevNvabS/ |work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="2" | [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Best Debut TV Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title= 𝐈𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 on Instagram: "It's an Honor to announce Shivangi Khedkar is awarded with the Iconic Best Debut TV Actress of the Year 2022 - Mehandi Hai Rachne Waali Every hard-work and Dedication is to be felicitated and it's the most cherishable moment for us that we can honour @khedkarshivangi with this prestigious Iconic Gold Awards 2022 Our Heartiest congratulations 🎉🎉 . . . #iconicgold2022 #iconicgoldawards #iconicgoldawards2022 #IconicGoldAwards #awardwinning #awards"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CbGGzomPgHB/ |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Debut TV Actor
| [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title= 𝐈𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 on Instagram: "It's an Honor to announce #saiketanrao is awarded with the Iconic best debut TV actor of the Year 2022 Mehndi Hain Rachne Waali Every hard-work & Dedication is to be felicitated and it's the most cherishable moment for us that we can honour @saiketanrao with this prestigious #iconicgoldawards2022 Our Heartiest congratulations 🎉🎉 #iconicgoldawards"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CbGdhoGKOvw/ |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="3" | 14th [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Jodi
| [[Sai Ketan Rao]] & [[Shivangi Khedkar]]
| {{Nom}}
|rowspan ="3" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url=https://www.goldawards.in|work=Gold Awards|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Debut in a Lead Role (Male)
| [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Debut in a Lead Role (Female)
|[[Shivangi Khedkar]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan ="3" | 22nd [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Popular Show
- Drama TV
| Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali
| {{Nom}}
|rowspan ="3" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com|work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Actor
- Drama TV
| [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Popular Actress
- Drama TV
|[[Shivangi Khedkar]]
| {{Nom}}
|
|}

==Production==
===Preparation===
Shivangi Khedkar said, "My character is of a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] girl, Pallavi. Since our whole team is [[Marathi people|Marathi]], everyone helps me in speaking words in their language. Even I am working hard myself".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shivangi-khedkar-and-sai-ketan-rao-talk-about-their-debut-in-mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-interview-1770023-2021-02-17|title=Shivangi Khedkar and Sai Ketan Rao talk about their debut in Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali: Interview|website=[[India Today]]|date=17 February 2021|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

===Filming===
Set against the backdrop of [[Hyderabad]], the series was mainly filmed at sets in [[Kolhapur]] in [[Maharashtra]] while some initial sequences were shot in [[Hyderabad]] in early February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mayapuri.com/star-plus-upcoming-show-mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-shooting-held-in-main-places-of-hyderabad/|title=Shooting in prime locations of Hyderabad for the upcoming show 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali'|website=Mayapuri|access-date=7 February 2021|date=6 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/star-plus-upcoming-show-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-shoots-prime-locations-hyderabad/|title=Star Plus' upcoming show Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali shoots in prime locations of Hyderabad|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=9 February 2021|date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

On 13 April 2021, Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]], [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced a sudden curfew due to increased [[COVID-19]] cases, and the show's production halted on 14 April 2021. The show's team decided to temporarily move their shooting location to [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad until the next update.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-gashmeer-mahajani-and-sumbul-touqeers-imlie-and-shivangi-khedkar-and-sai-ketan-raos-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-to-shift-their-shooting-locations-to-hyderabad/articleshow/82064816.cms|title=Exclusive - Gashmeer Mahajani and Sumbul Touqeer's 'Imlie' and Shivangi Khedkar and Sai Ketan Rao's 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali' to shift their shooting locations to Hyderabad?|website=The Times Of India|access-date=18 April 2021|date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imlie to Anupamaa; TV shows shift shoots to Goa, Hyderabad and other locations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imlie-to-anupamaa-tv-shows-shift-shoots-to-goa-hyderabad-and-other-locations/photostory/82089576.cms|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Release===
It premiered on 15 February 2021 at 6:30 PM on [[StarPlus]]. However, on 11 October 2021, it was shifted to the early-evening slot of 5:30 PM to accommodate upcoming show, [[Vidrohi (TV series)|Vidrohi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tv-show-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-gets-a-new-time-slot/articleshow/86701179.cms|title=Exclusive: TV Show "Mehndi Hai Arachne Waali" gets a new time-slot|website=The Times Of India|date=2 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-to-shift-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-for-vidrohi-lanunch/|title=Star Plus to shift "Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali" for "Vidrohi" launch|website=Biz Asia|date=29 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/mehendi-hai-rachne-waali-producer-sandiip-sikcand-spills-beans-about-remaking-telugu-show-gorintaku-in-hindi-696356|title=Producer spills beans about remaking Telugu show, Gorintaku|website=[[India Today]]|date=8 April 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/ca/tv/mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/1260054490 Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali] on [[Hotstar]]

{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]
[[Category:Television series about widowhood]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Garlang Stadium

2025-12-26T03:59:57Z

Roamingindian: put up the pg basic info

{{Short description|Football stadium in West Bengal, India}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Garlang Stadium
| logo_image =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Rangli Rangliot]], [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|3|38.23|N|88|23|14.11|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened = 2022
| owner = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| surface =
| dimensions =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost = ₹6 crores
| former_names =
| capacity = 15,000<ref name="auto">https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/gta-gifts-hills-a-soccer-stadium/cid/1897924</ref>
| suites =
| tenants =
| nickname =
}}

'''Garlang Stadium''' (also known as '''Peshok Playground''') is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] located in [[Rangli Rangliot]] under [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Announced in 2018, the Construction was started in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/construction-playground-garlang-peshok-te-under-rangli-rangliot-block-gta-2c11c6d/|title=Construction of Playground at Garlang Peshok T.E. ..., Darjeeling, West Bengal Tender|website=TendersOnTime}}</ref> and after completion it was inaugurated in 2023 by [[Anit Thapa]], the chief executive of the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|GTA]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Specifications==
The stadium is spread over 5 Acres in the hills. The stadium soccer ground is of international standards and 105 metres long and 65 metres wide. The stadium can accommodate 15,000 spectators.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Darjeeling district]]

Indian Pro Music League

2025-12-21T19:16:59Z

Roamingindian: Done.

{{Short description|Indian singing reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| italic_title = 
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = Reality
| creator = Fathom Pictures
| based_on = 
| inspired_by = 
| developer = [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios Television]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Karan Wahi]] [[Waluscha De Sousa]]
| starring = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shaan-plays-kishore-kumar-themed-antakshari-top-singers-indian-pro-music-league/|title=Shaan plays a Kishore Kumar-themed antakshari with top singers on Indian Pro Music League : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 March 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517163508/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shaan-plays-kishore-kumar-themed-antakshari-top-singers-indian-pro-music-league/|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Neha Bhasin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-bhasin-gets-emotional-on-ipml-as-she-recalls-being-asked-to-get-off-the-stages-for-wearing-shorts/articleshow/81603013.cms|title=Neha Bhasin gets emotional on IPML as she recalls being asked to get off the stage for wearing shorts - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517162743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-bhasin-gets-emotional-on-ipml-as-she-recalls-being-asked-to-get-off-the-stages-for-wearing-shorts/articleshow/81603013.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| judges = 
| voices = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Sajid–Wajid]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-pro-music-league-sajid-wajids-mother-gets-emotional-reveals-formers-wife-went-behind-everyones-back-to-donate-wajid-her-kidney/articleshow/82007402.cms|title=Indian Pro Music League: Sajid-Wajid's mother gets emotional; reveals former's wife went behind everyone's back to donate Wajid her kidney - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517162646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-pro-music-league-sajid-wajids-mother-gets-emotional-reveals-formers-wife-went-behind-everyones-back-to-donate-wajid-her-kidney/articleshow/82007402.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| opentheme = IPML Opening Theme
| endtheme = IPML End Theme
| composer = Sajid–Wajid
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor = 
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 60 Minutes
| company = [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios Television]] [[Contiloe Entertainment|Contiloe Entertainment Television]] Fathom Pictures
| budget =
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|02|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|07|18|df=yes}}
| related = 
}}

'''''Indian Pro Music League''''' or '''''IPML''''' is the world's first Music League based in [[India]] that premiered on 26 February 2021 on [[Zee TV]] and concluded on 18 July 2021. The first season was hosted by [[Karan Wahi]] and [[Waluscha De Sousa]].

==Format==
This show has a "league" format similar to a [[sports league]], where a number of teams, representing different regions of India, compete with each other.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee TV to launch Indian Pro Music League |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zee-tv-to-launch-indian-pro-music-league-171057 |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=16 November 2020 |ref=tribune |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517192820/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zee-tv-to-launch-indian-pro-music-league-171057 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first season of the show had six teams: Mumbai Warriors, Punjab Lions, Bengal Tigers, Gujarat Rockers, UP Dabbangs and Delhi Jammers. Each team consisted of five people, including playback singers and reality show participants.<ref name="tamilmurasu">{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/entertainment/top-stars-indian-pro-music-league|title=Top stars in Indian Pro Music League|website=tamilmurasu.com|access-date=2021-05-05|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517164401/https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/entertainment/top-stars-indian-pro-music-league|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="salman">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-salman-khan-shares-mega-selfie-with-govinda-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-suresh-raina-mika-singh-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-karan-wahi-before-indian-pro-music-league-opening-ceremony-on-zee-tv-2877791|title='Indian Pro Music League': Salman Khan shares 'mega selfie' with Govinda, Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao, others|date=26 February 2021|website=DNA India|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517173130/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-salman-khan-shares-mega-selfie-with-govinda-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-suresh-raina-mika-singh-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-karan-wahi-before-indian-pro-music-league-opening-ceremony-on-zee-tv-2877791|url-status=live}}</ref>

Various Bollywood and sports celebrities sponsored the teams,<ref name="tamilmurasu" /> with [[Salman Khan]] being the brand ambassador.<ref name="salman" />

==Teams==

The six teams in the first season of the show were Mumbai Warriors, Punjab Lions, Bengal Tigers, Gujarat Rockers, UP Dabbangs and Delhi Jammers.<ref>{{URL|https://www.zeebiz.com/zeal/entertainment/news-indian-pro-music-league-full-list-of-impl-teams-god-of-all-music-shows-is-here-151236/amp|Indian Pro Music League: Full list of IMPL teams - God of all music shows is here!}}</ref>

Here is a list of the teams and their members, who are all singers and music composers of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{URL|https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/entertainment/top-stars-indian-pro-music-league|Top stars in Indian Pro Music League}}</ref><ref>{{URL|https://www.auditionform.in/indian-pro-music-league-team-judges-presenter-contestants-list/amp/|Indian pro music league Teams Name list and presenter list}}</ref>

Indian pro music league
*Brand ambassador [[Salman Khan]]

'''1) WeSafe India Punjab Lions''': [[Mika Singh]], [[Asees Kaur]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Shehnaz Akhtar and Rupali Jagga. ({{Green|Winner}})
*Brand ambassador [[bobby Deol]]

'''2) Nilkamal Mattrezzz Mumbai Warriors''': [[Kailash Kher]], [[Mohammad Irfan Ali|Mohammed Irfan]], Rachit Agrawal, [[Shilpa Rao]], and Purva Mantri.({{Cyan|1st runner-up}})
*Brand ambassador [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] & [[Genelia]]

'''3) Ananya Birla Foundation Bengal Tigers''': [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Akriti Kakar]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Rituraj Mohanty]]<ref>{{URL|http://www.uniindia.com/shaan-akriti-kakkar-nikhita-gandhi-of-ananya-birla-s-team-on-indian-pro-music-league-bengal-tigers-in-kolkata-to-rally-for-votes/east/news/2346144.html|IPML team Bengal Tigers in Kolkata to Rally Votes}}</ref> and Mismi Bose( {{brown|2nd runner-up}})
*Brand ambassador [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]

'''4) Divya Bhaskar Gujarat Rockers''': [[Javed Ali]], [[Bhoomi Trivedi]], [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], Laj and [[Hemant Brijwasi]].({{magenta|3rd runner-up}})
*Brand ambassador [[Rajkumar Rao]]

'''5) Eduauraa UP Dabbangs''': [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Payal Dev]], Amit Gupta, Rupam Bharnarhia and [[Salman Ali]].({{Red|Eliminated}})
*Brand ambassador [[Suresh Raina]]

'''6) Smule Delhi Jammers''': [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Shabab Sabri]], Ankush Bhardwaj and Priyanshi Shrivastava<ref>{{URL|https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/07/indian-pro-music-league-shraddha-kapoor-backs-delhi-jammers-captained-by-neha-bhasin-22696.amp|NewsIndian Pro Music League: Shraddha Kapoor backs Delhi Jammers captained by Neha Bhasin}}</ref>({{Red|Eliminated}})
*Brand ambassador [[Shakti Kapoor]] & [[Shraddha Kapoor]]

==Team Status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Teams
!Place
!Status
|-
!Punjab Lions
|1st
| style="background:lightgreen " | Winner
|-
!Mumbai Warriors
|2nd
|{{Runner-up}}
|-
!Bengal Tigers
|3rd
|style="background: turquoise;"| 2nd Runner-up
|-
!Gujarat Rockers
|4th
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
!UP Dabbangs
|5th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|-
!Delhi Jamners
|6th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|}

==Marketing==
The show approached big brands for sponsorship such as Maruti Suzuki, Lifebuoy, LIC of India, Nilkamal Mattrezzzz and many more to increase popularity across the globe.<ref>{{URL|https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-entertainments-indian-pro-music-league-strikes-the-right-chord-with-advertisers-111266.html|Zee Entertainment’s Indian Pro Music League strikes the right chord with advertisers}}</ref>

==COVID-19 outbreak==

The shooting of the show had been halted in May 2021 due to lockdown in [[Maharastra]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

According to [[Pinkvilla]], due to coronavirus outbreak, the makers had decided to conclude its final episode just after fourth innings whenever they got the permission to shoot episodes, which was initially planned for five League Matches.<ref>{{URL|https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-salman-khan-s-indian-pro-music-league-cut-short-one-inning-finale-be-shot-post-shoot-resumes-745890|EXCLUSIVE: Salman Khan’s Indian Pro Music League cut short by one inning; Finale to be shot post shoot resumes}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Singing competitions]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Kenuozou Hill Ward

2025-12-07T22:31:24Z

Roamingindian: started new data!

{{Short description|Municipal ward in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Kenuozou Hill Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.684239|N|94.108900|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kenuozou Hill Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 3 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Kenuozou Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%203%20-%20North%20Block%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 3|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202083609/https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%203%20-%20North%20Block%20Ward|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Kenuozou Government Primary School
* Mount Hermon Higher Secondary School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map3.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016075444/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map3.html |date=16 October 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Centre for Public Policy Research

2025-11-01T21:41:14Z

Roamingindian: put up new post first draft

{{Short description|Think tank in Kochi, India}}
{{distinguish|Centre for Policy Research|Institute for Public Policy Research}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Centre for Public Policy Research
| abbreviation = CPPR
| logo = Centre for Public Policy Research logo.png
| formation = 9 July 2004
| type = Public Policy [[Think Tank]]
| headquarters = Kochi, Kerala
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Dr. D. Dhanuraj
| website = {{URL|www.cppr.in}}
}}
'''Centre for Public Policy Research'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/global-directory/centre-for-public-policy-research|title=Centre for Public Policy Research|website=Atlas Network|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/3274/interview-mr-d-dhanuraj-centre-for-public-policy-research-cppr/|title=Interview: Mr. D. Dhanuraj, Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR)|date=15 May 2011|work=The Better India|access-date=29 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> ('''CPPR''') is an independent non-profit research organization located in [[Kochi]], [[India]]. It was established in the year 2004. It conducts professional research, integrating developments in the areas of education, livelihood, governance, urban reforms and environment.<ref>{{cite news|title=On empowering the Mayor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3579474.ece|access-date=26 July 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Study stresses need to improve public transport|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/23/stories/2011062364040300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810040515/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/23/stories/2011062364040300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2011|access-date=26 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 June 2011}}</ref> The four focus study centers are: CPPR Centre for Urban Studies, CPPR Centre for Comparative Studies, CPPR Centre for Strategic Studies and CPPR Academy.

==History==
CPPR was conceived as a policy [[think tank]] by a group of young individuals, who believed in [[Freedom of speech|Freedom of Expression]], [[Rule of law|Rule of Law]] and Right to Livelihood. The centre aims to support the creation of an equitable, socially just and environmentally sound society enriched by the principles of democracy and secularism.

In 2009, the Ministry of Science and Technology, India authorised the CPPR team and Civitas Legal Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.civitas.in/|title=Civitas – Legal Solutions, Urban Solutions, Advisory Solutions|website=www.civitas.in|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> to assist the [[Government of India]] (GOI) in preparing the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.civitas.in/news_and_events/14/National_Data_Sharing_Policy_approved_by_the_Cabinet|title=National Data Sharing Policy approved by the Cabinet – Civitas|website=www.civitas.in|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611104116/http://www.civitas.in/news_and_events/14/National_Data_Sharing_Policy_approved_by_the_Cabinet|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Cabinet of India]] cleared the draft policy on 15 February 2012.

CPPR also initiated the Digital RTI Mission<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Digitalisation-of-RTI-Act-information-planned/article16497703.ece|title=Digitalisation of RTI Act information planned|date=19 October 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cppr.in/events/digital-rti-mission/|title=Digital RTI Mission – Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR)|date=2 March 2012|work=Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR)|access-date=29 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> in 2009, making Kerala the first [[Right to Information Act|RTI]] digital state of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interest in RTI dying out in state, says research body|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-24/kochi/29922326_1_rti-queries-information-act-public-domain|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103220044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-24/kochi/29922326_1_rti-queries-information-act-public-domain|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|accessdate=29 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2011}}</ref>

==CPPR Focus Study Centres==

===CPPR Centre for Urban Studies===
Susan Zielinski, managing director of SMART, Michigan University, launched the CPPR Centre for Urban Studies in Kochi on 2 September 2013.

The centre aims to understand the emergence of growth centers, market activity and the diverse nature of [[urbanization in India]]. It strives to develop market models for building sustainable systems and processes to meet the growing demands of urban spaces. It was in the forefront of initiating 'Bus Day<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bus-day-observed-in-kochi/article2067332.ece|title=Bus Day observed in Kochi|author=Staff Reporter|date=1 June 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bus-day-to-be-revived-in-kochi/article2039651.ece|title =Bus Day to be revived in Kochi
|date=May 22, 2011}}</ref>’ in Kochi, a campaign aimed at branding buses as the best way to move about a city. The campaign encouraged people to leave their private vehicles at home and hop on to city buses, to understand the importance of the public transport system in reducing traffic and environmental issues.

===CPPR Centre for Comparative Studies===
Dr Chandra Ranade,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/States-that-do-well-should-be-supported-Chandra-Ranade/articleshow/22416426.cms|title=States that do well should be supported: Chandra Ranade|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> Adjunct Faculty of Virginia International University, launched the CPPR Centre for Comparative Studies in Kochi on 6 September 2013.

The centre attempts to study the socio-economic and political factors influencing the development of states in India. It analyses the evolution of democratic processes, voting patterns and new actors of conflict in the states of India. The centre also looks into Centre–state relationship, state–state relationship and city–city relationship in the post-globalised world.

===CPPR Centre for Strategic Studies===
CPPR Centre for Strategic Studies was launched in Kochi on 16 August 2013 . The event was marked by a lecture on 'Prospects of ASEAN in India's Look East Policy' delivered by Dr. Ernest Bower, Senior Adviser and Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies, Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), Washington D.C. It was held in association with the Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Consulate General, Chennai.

The centre initiates research in the areas of energy security, maritime security, terrorism, inter-state and inter-country cooperation and extremism. It seeks to develop database and expertise on security in India at the regional level. It also aims to develop a vision plan for Centre-State relationship in national security. This will aid the Indian Government and its security agencies in developing a framework to strengthen security and coordination at the state level.

=== CPPR Academy ===
CPPR Academy aims to promote research and scientific thinking and strives to spread knowledge about public policy research. The academy purports to seek partnerships with like-minded academia and institutions across the world.
;Semester at Sea<ref>{{cite news|title=Semester at Sea students learn about Kerala|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/semester-at-sea-students-learn-about-kerala/article2993123.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
Around 80 students and staff of Semester at Sea (SAS), a 105-day academic voyage around the world on a floating campus, MV Explorer, anchored in Kochi for the first time in 2010. The participants visited the CPPR office in Kochi to attend a presentation on 'Social Justice, Sustainable Development and Democracy in India'. SAS is a unique course designed for students from various streams and nationalities with sessions inside a ship. The University of Virginia is the academic sponsor of the programme.

SAS has now become a regular affair with Kochi and India on its map, due to the efforts of CPPR. The centre has hosted SAS six times since 2010, with the latest being a thematic session on 'Global Trade from India's Perspective' in March 2016.

;Finishing School for Law Students

CPPR conducts a three-day residential certificate course for law graduates called the Finishing School for Law Students (FSL). It is organised by the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Centre, the dispute resolution wing of CPPR. Launched in 2008.

;Summer/Winter School on Public Policy Research Methods
The concept of Winter School was initiated in 2012, when the Atlas Economic Research Foundation or [[Atlas Network]] and CPPR came together to launch a pilot venture to impart necessary training in research techniques to public policy researchers across the globe. Surprisingly, it was found that many institutions working in the arena of public policy, advocacy and policy analysis were doing research with less or no understanding of research techniques. The Atlas Network wanted CPPR to train research institutions and individual researchers, who can utilise the skills for their activities in their home countries. The primary aim was to facilitate research that stood out for its originality of thought and approach. Over the years, both Summer Schools and Winter Schools have attracted participants from Europe, Africa, Australia, America and Asia.

;Internship

CPPR offers internship opportunities to undergraduate and graduate students. It has hosted more than 100 interns from different educational and cultural backgrounds, who have become its campus ambassadors in India and abroad.

== CPPR Quarterly Lecture Series ==
The CPPR Quarterly Lecture Series is one of the prestigious events organised by CPPR, which has helped cement its position as one of the leading policy think tanks in India. Through the lecture series, CPPR aims to stimulate thought processes and inspire people to act through talks, debates and discussions on social, political, economic, strategic and legal areas.
* [[Shashi Tharoor|Dr Shashi Tharoor]] inaugurated the CPPR Quarterly Lecture<ref>{{cite news|title=Tharoor calls for caution in freedom of expression|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article606856.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917094809/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article606856.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Series, delivering the CPPR 1st Quarterly Lecture with an inspiring talk on 'Freedom of Expression in the Internet Era' on 12 September 2012.
* CPPR 2nd Quarterly Lecture was delivered by Dr Alexander Lennon, Chief Editor of [[The Washington Quarterly|Washington Quarterly]], on the topic, 'The Real China Challenge' on 17 January 2013.
* CPPR 3rd Quarterly Lecture was delivered by renowned scientist Professor [[Madhav Gadgil]] on the topic, 'Science, Democracy and Ecology' on 15 April 2013.
* CPPR 4th Quarterly Lecture was delivered by former [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioner]] Mr [[James Michael Lyngdoh]] on the topic, 'Decriminalization of Indian Electoral System' on 4 October 2013.
* CPPR 5th Quarterly Lecture was delivered by Dr Happymon Jacob on the topic, 'Indo-Pak Relations: What lies Ahead', on 23 December 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Progress Not Likely for 2-3 Yrs in Indo-Pak Peace Talks|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/%E2%80%98Progress-Not-Likely-for-2-3-Yrs-in-Indo-Pak-Peace-Talks%E2%80%99/2013/12/25/article1964114.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123060425/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/%E2%80%98Progress-Not-Likely-for-2-3-Yrs-in-Indo-Pak-Peace-Talks%E2%80%99/2013/12/25/article1964114.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* CPPR 6th Quarterly Lecture was delivered by Dr Sandeep Shastri,<ref>{{cite news|title=Youngsters vote for Modi|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Youngsters-Vote-for-Modi/2014/03/31/article2140151.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222704/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Youngsters-Vote-for-Modi/2014/03/31/article2140151.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> prominent political scientist and Pro Vice Chancellor of the [[Jain University]], on the topic, 'Emerging Electoral Landscape: Analysis of Indian Democracy' on 29 March 2014.

==Discussions, Seminars and Workshops==
* CPPR organised an interaction with [[Meera Sanyal]] on 'Governance', former Country Head of RBS on 26 April 2013.
* CPPR organised a three-day residential programme, 'CPPR Introductory Course on Social Science Research Methods' in the period 23–25 May 2013.

==Milestones and achievements==

'''Mobility Hub:''' CPPR created a Mobility Hub concept with the District Administration of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]. CPPR developed feasibility study for the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII). It is a long-term transport solution for the city of [[Kochi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobility grid plan being prepared|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Mobility-grid-plan-being-prepared/2013/09/03/article1765589.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224130/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Mobility-grid-plan-being-prepared/2013/09/03/article1765589.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/KMRL-to-chip-in-for-mobility-hub-expansion/article17264077.ece|title=KMRL to chip in for mobility hub expansion|last=Praveen|first=M. P.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 February 2017|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Based on suggestions from [http://www.cppr.in/ Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR)], Cochin, Kochi Metro Rail Limited decided to shift [[Vyttila]] station to [[Vyttila Mobility Hub, Kochi|Vyttila Mobility Hub]] to follow the guidelines of ministry of Urban Development to integrate various mode of transport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/city-needs-decentralised-hubs-says-transportation-expert/article2894922.ece|title=City needs decentralised hubs, says transportation expert|author=Staff Reporter|date=15 February 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Long-distance buses operate out of Vyttila hub and the hub authorities are planning to build a new boat jetty there as the part of their second phase of development. Thus, the Kochi metro project became the first metro in the country which connects rail, road and water transport facilities<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/metro-station-at-vyttila-mobility-hub-on-the-cards/article2945566.ece|title=Metro station at Vyttila mobility hub on the cards|author=Staff Reporter|date=29 February 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Livelihood Freedom Campaign:''' The Law, Liberty and Livelihood Project documented the livelihood regulations and entry level barriers governing the informal sectors in the 63 Indian cities identified for [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM).

'''India Development Indicators:''' It is an online platform that leverages existing investments in data by standardizing, harmonizing, and visualizing development data at various resolutions such as state, district, and parliamentary constituency. CPPR carried out this project in 20 states and 2 UTs covering 378 districts.

'''Study on Autorickshaw sector in Chennai:''' CPPR partnered with Civitas Urban Solutions for a study commissioned by Chennai City Connect Foundation. The study aimed at finding the reasons for the distorted pricing of autorickshaw fare system in Chennai. The study was comprehensive with a larger representative samples of the passengers and auto rickshaw drivers of Chennai. Study proposed suggestions for the policy changes in the sector.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/autonomics-economics-behind-autorickshaw-trade-in-chennai/article6602405.ece|title=Autonomics|last=Sreevatsan|first=Ajai|date=15 November 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''NDSAP:''' CPPR was given the mandate by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] to assist the Government of India in preparing the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP), 2011 – intended to meet the demands of the general public to access government documents through a single window system.

'''Study on Para-transit System in Chennai:''' Urban Consultancy wing of CPPR, Civitas Urban Solutions in association with Chennai City Connect and supported by Sakthi Foundation, Delhi, conducted a study on the para-transit system in the city of Chennai. This Study aims at raising the status of Para-transit services, formally integrate them into the existing and future public transport system with nurturing and transparent regulations. The report has been taken up by the City Traffic Commissioner, Chennai City to make improvements in Parking in Chennai City.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chennaicityconnect.com/knowledgebase/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Paratransit-report-final.pdf |title=Study on paratransit sector in Chennai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181604/http://chennaicityconnect.com/knowledgebase/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Paratransit-report-final.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

'''Compendium on campus politics in India:''' Liberal Youth Forum (LYF), in association with the Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR), conducted a study, wherein it probed how and to what extent Lyngdoh's recommendations were implemented in colleges and universities, and what were the results. The study feature dialogues with educational authorities and campus leaders to understand how campus politics is conducted. The study was able to cover 100 colleges and universities across the country.

'''Parking Guidelines for Chennai:''' This study was conducted by the Civitas Urban Solutions in partnership with CPPR. Study undertook four case study areas and suggested guidelines for the parking slots and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Guideline for Parking Management in Chennai |url=http://chennaicityconnect.com/knowledgebase/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Parking-Report-Chennai.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926144202/http://chennaicityconnect.com/knowledgebase/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Parking-Report-Chennai.pdf |url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 September 2017|journal=Chennai Connect}}</ref>

==Organisational structure==
Dr D Dhanuraj is the chairman of the Board of Trustees of CPPR.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://theviewspaper.net/interview-with-mr-d-dhanuraj-founding-chairman-of-centre-for-public-policy-research/ |title = Interview with Mr D.Dhanuraj, Founding Chairman of Centre for Public Policy Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Interview Dr.D Dhanuraj|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/3274/interview-mr-d-dhanuraj-centre-for-public-policy-research-cppr/|newspaper=thebetterindia.com}}</ref> The advisory board includes former Ambassador [[T. P. Sreenivasan]], Professor [[Shanta Sinha]], and Professor [[K.N. Panikkar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public policy research]]
[[Category:Libertarianism in India]]
[[Category:Libertarian think tanks]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]

List of state highways in Karnataka

2025-10-26T18:43:21Z

Roamingindian: updated page

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or highways of the neighboring states.

==Introduction==
There are 14 [[List of National Highways in India#Karnataka|national highways]] and 151 state highways in [[Karnataka]].

==List of state highways in Karnataka==
{{Cleanup|reason=There are many red links and unlinked places, and some can probably be changed to link to articles. Dashes are missing making it unclear what the links are, and it's unclear if the vertical bars in some entries have any significance.|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style=width:6em;| State Highway
!style=width:40em;| Route
!style=width:20em;| Passes through - District(s)
!style=width:5em;| Total length (Km)
|-
|[[State Highway 1 (Karnataka)|KA SH 1]]
|[[Padubidri]] - [[Karkala]] - [[Agumbe]] - [[Thirthahalli]] - [[Ripponpet]] - [[Anandapura]] - [[Siralkoppa]] - [[Hangal]]
[[Tadas]] - [[Kalghatgi]] - [[Dharwad]] - [[Belawadi]] - [[Bailahongal]] - [[Murgod]]
- [[Chikalgud]]
|[[Udupi District|Udupi]], [[Shimoga District|Shimoga]], [[Haveri District|Haveri]], [[Dharwad District|Dharwad]], [[Belgaum District|Belgaum]]
|457
|-
|[[State Highway 2 (Karnataka)|KA SH 2]]
|[[Ekkumbi]] [[Haveri]] - [[Mylara]] - [[Harapanahalli]] - [[Kudligi]] - [[Molakalmuru]]
|[[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada]], [[Haveri District|Haveri]], Vijayanagara, [[Chitradurga District|Chitradurga]]
|235
|-
|[[State Highway 3 (Karnataka)|KA SH 3]]
|[[Muttatti]] - [[Sathanur, Magadi|Sathanur]] - [[Ramanagara]] - [[Magadi]] - [[Solur]] - [[Sompura]] - [[Dabaspete]]-[[Koratagere]] - [[Madugiri]]
- [[Pavagada]]- [[Chikkahalli]]
|[[Ramanagara District|Ramanagara]], [[Tumkur District|Tumkur]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|249
|-
|[[State Highway 4 (Karnataka)|KA SH 4]]
|[[Kamalanagar, Bidar|Kamalanagar]] - [[Halburga]] - [[Bidar]]- [[Gunalli]]
|[[Bidar District|Bidar]]
|69
|-
|[[State Highway 5 (Karnataka)|KA SH 5]]
|[[Bangarapet]] - [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] - [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]]- [[Bagepalli]]
|[[Kolar District|Kolar]], [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]]
|106
|-
|[[State Highway 6 (Karnataka)|KA SH 6]]
|[[Karwar]] - [[Kaiga]] - [[Yellapura]] - [[Mundgod]] - [[Bankapura]] - [[Savanur]] - [[Gadag]] - [[Gajendragarh]] -
[[Hanumasagara]] - [[Ilkal]]
|[[Uttara Kannada District|Uttara Kannada]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]], [[Gadag District|Gadag]], [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
|332
|-
|[[State Highway 7 (Karnataka)|KA SH 7]]
|[[Srirangapatna]] - [[Pandavapura]] - [[Krishnarajpet|K.R Pet]] - [[Channarayapatna]] - [[Arasikere]]
|[[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|108
|-
|[[State Highway 8 (Karnataka)|KA SH 8]]
|[[Hirisave]] - [[Shravanabelagola]] - [[Channarayapatna]] - [[Holenarasipura]] - [[Arkalgud]]- [[Shanivarsanthe|Sanivarasanthe]] - [[Chengadahalli]] - [[Vanaguru]] - [[Kundali, Karnataka|Kundali]] - [[Shanthalli]] - [[Thaltarshettahalli]] - [[Thakere]] - [[Beligere]] - [[Kumburu]] - [[Suntikoppa|Suntekoppa]]- [[Chattalli]]
|[[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|170
|-
|[[State Highway 9 (Karnataka)|KA SH 9]]
|[[Yelahanka]] - [[Doddaballapura]] -[[Thondebhavi]] - [[Gowribidanur]]- [[Kudumalakunte]]
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]], [[Chikballapur district|Chikballapur]]
|74
|-
|[[State Highway 10 (Karnataka)|KA SH 10]]
|[[Sarasamba]] - [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]]- [[Gulbarga]] - [[Sedam]]- [[Ribbonapalli]]
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|147
|-
|[[State Highway 11 (Karnataka)|KA SH 11]]
|[[Hulasur]] - [[Balakunda]] - [[Basavakalyana]] - [[Mudubi]] - [[Mahagao]]
|[[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Gulbarga district|Kalaburagi]]
|64
|-
|[[State Highway 13 (Karnataka)|KA SH 13]]
|[[Devasugur]] - [[Raichur]] - [[Katagodu]]
|[[Raichur District|Raichur]]
|52
|-
|[[State Highway 14 (Karnataka)|KA SH 14]]
|[[Ramdurg]] - [[Badami]] - [[Pattadakal]] - [[Hulgund]] [[Kodihal]] - [[Karadi]] - [[Mudagal]] - [[Maski]] - [[Basapura]] -
[[Pothanal]] - [[Chikalaparvi]]- [[Manvi]]
|[[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Raichur District|Raichur]]
|212
|-
|[[State Highway 15 (Karnataka)|KA SH 15]]
|[[Wanamarapalli]] - [[Aurad]] - [[Santhapur]] - [[Bidar]] - [[Mannaekhalli|Mannaekhelli]] - [[Chincholi]] - [[Sedam]] - [[Yadagir]] - [[Khanapura]][[Hathiguduru]] - [[Dhabha]][[Devdurg]] - [[Gabburu]][[Raichur]]
|[[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]], [[Raichur District|Raichur]]
|290
|-
|[[State Highway 16 (Karnataka)|KA SH 16]]
|[[Sindagi]] Gogi - mall a Yankanchi[[Sahapur]] - [[Kanapur]] - [[Yadagiri]] - [[Gurmatkal]] - [[Kodangal]]
|[[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
|152
|-
|[[State Highway 17 (Karnataka)|KA SH 17]]
|[[Bangalore]] - [[Ramanagara]] - [[Chennapatna]] - [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] - [[Mandya]] - [[Srirangapatna]] - [[Mysore]]
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]], [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|144
|-
|[[State Highway 18 (Karnataka)|KA SH 18]]
|[[Mudhol]] - [[Chikkodi]] - [[Nippani]]
|[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi District|Belagavi]]
|111
|-
|[[State Highway 19 (Karnataka)|KA SH 19]]
|[[Srirangapatna]] - [[Nagamangala]]-[[Bellur Cross]]-[[Mayasandra]]-[[Turuvekere]]-[[K.B.Cross]]-[[Chikkanayakanahalli]]-[[Huliyar]] - [[Hiriyur]] - [[Chellakere]] - [[Bellary]]-[[Sindhigeri]]- [[Siruguppa]] - [[Sindhanur]] -
[[Lingasugur]] - [[Surpur]] - [[Sahapur]] (including Gulbarga City limits)-- [[Jeevargi]]
|[[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]], [[Chitradurga District|Chitradurga]], [[Bellary District|Bellary]], [[Raichur District|Raichur]], [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|611
|-
|[[State Highway 20 (Karnataka)|KA SH 20]]
|[[Raichur]] - [[Lingasugur]] - [[Hungund]] - [[Nandawadagi]] - [[Bagalkot]] - [[Lokapur]] - [[Yeraghatti]] - [[Belgaum]] - [[Bachi]]
|[[Raichur district|Raichur]],
|354
|-
|[[State Highway 21 (Karnataka)|KA SH 21]]
|[[Halebidu]] - [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] - [[Arakalgudu]] - [[Periyapatna]]- [[Anechukur]]
|[[Hassan District|Hassan]]
|124
|-
|[[State Highway 22 (Karnataka)|KA SH 22]]
|[[Gulbarga]] - [[Afzalpur]] - [[Hosur]]
|[[Kalaburgi district|Kalaburgi]]
|100
|-
|[[State Highway 23 (Karnataka)|KA SH 23]]
|[[Kalmal]] - [[Manvi]] - [[Sindhanur]] - [[Gangavathi]] - [[Ginigera]] - [[Koppal]] - [[Mundaragi]] - [[Laxmeshwar]]
- [[Gudigere]] - [[Shiggaon]]
|[[Raichur district|Raichur]],[[Koppal district|Koppal]],[[Gadag district|Gadag]],[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
|350
|-
|[[State Highway 24 (Karnataka)|KA SH 24]]
|[[Tarikere]] - [[Hosadurga]] - [[V. V Pura]] - [[Hiriyur]] - [[Dharmapura]]
|
|137
|-
|[[State Highway 25 (Karnataka)|KA SH 25]]
|[[Hospet]] - [[Mariammanahalli]] - [[Harapanahalli]] - [[Harihara]] - - [[Shimoga]]
|[[Bellary District|Vijayanagara]], [[Davangere District|Davangere]], [[Shimoga District|Shimoga]]
|181
|-
|[[State Highway 26 (Karnataka)|KA SH 26]]
|[[Halageri]] - [[Honnali]] - [[Ayanur]] - [[Arasalu]] - [[Hosanagar]] - [[Hulikal]]
|
|190
|-
|[[State Highway 27 (Karnataka)|KA SH 27]]
|[[Virajpet]] - [[Madikeri]] - [[Somavarpete]] - [[Sakaleshpura]] - [[Mudigere]] - [[Vastare]] - [[Jayapura]] -
[[Sringeri]] - [[Begar]] - [[Agumbe]] - [[Halady]] - [[Byndoor]]
|
|375
|-
|[[State Highway 28 (Karnataka)|KA SH 28]]
|[[Joida|Supa]] - [[Haliyala]] - [[Dharwad]] - [[Hebsur]] - [[Annigeri]]
|
|112
|-
|[[State Highway 29 (Karnataka)|KA SH 29]]
|[[Mudgal]] - [[Thavaregere]] - [[Gangavathi]] - [[Kampli]] - [[Kudithini]]
|
|117
|-
|[[State Highway 30 (Karnataka)|KA SH 30]]
|[[Sindhanur]] - [[Kushtagi]] - [[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]] - [[Saundatti]] - [[Belawadi]] - [[Bekawadi]] - [[Khanapur]] - [[Hemmadaga]]
|
|306
|-
|[[State Highway 31 (Karnataka)|KA SH 31]]
|[[Jath]] - [[Ananthapura]] - [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] - [[Gurlapura]] - [[Gokak]] - [[Nesargi]] - [[Bailahongal]] - [[Sampgaon]] - [[Chikka Bagewadi]] - [[Hire Bagewadi]] - [[Khanapura]] - [[Jamboti]]
|
|245
|-
|[[State Highway 32 (Karnataka)|KA SH 32]]
|[[Umarga]] - [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]] - [[Mahagaon, Karnataka|Mahagaon]] - [[Chincholi]] - [[Sulepet]]
|
|119
|-
|[[State Highway 33 (Karnataka)|KA SH 33]]
|[[Koratagere]] - [[Tumkur]] - [[Kunigal]] - [[Maddur,|Maddur]] - [[Malavalli]] - [[Mysore]] - [[H. D.Kote]] - [[Bavali]]
|[[Tumkur district|Tumkur]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|273
|-
|[[State Highway 34 (Karnataka)|KA SH 34]]
|[[Aurad]] - [[Balki, Karnataka|Balki]] - [[Basavakalyana]] - [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]] - [[Afzalpur]]-[[Almela]] - [[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]] - [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Bijapur]] -
[[Jamakhandi]] - [[Mudhol]] - [[Lokapur]] - [[Ramdurg]] - [[Saundatti]] - [[Dharwad]] [[Ramnagar, Uttara Kannada|Ramnagar]] - [[Supa (Joida)]] - [[Anashi, Karnataka|Anashi]] - [[Sadashivagad]]
|[[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], Vijayapura, [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi District|Belagavi]], [[Uttara Kannada]]
|666
|-
|[[State Highway 35 (Karnataka)|KA SH 35]]
|[[Sidlaghatta]] - [[Hoskote]] - [[Kadugodi]] - [[Anekal]]
|[[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore rural]], [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|89
|-
|[[State Highway 36 (Karnataka)|KA SH 36]]
|[[Koppal]] - [[Bevur]] - [[Kushtagi]] - [[Kyadhiguppa]]
|
|70
|-
|[[State Highway 37 (Karnataka)|KA SH 37]]
|[[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]] - [[Dharmasthala]] - [[Belthangadi]] - [[Karkala]] - [[Udupi]]
|
|132
|-
|[[State Highway 38 (Karnataka)|KA SH 38]]
|[[Kollegal]] - [[Hasanurghat]]
|
|64
|-
|[[State Highway 39 (Karnataka)|KA SH 39]]
|[[Bangalore]] - [[Hesarghatta]]
|
|13
|-
|[[State Highway 40 (Karnataka)|KA SH 40]]
|[[Mylara]] - [[Hadagali]] - [[Hagaribommanahalli]] - [[Kudlagi|Kudligi]]- [[Sandur, India|Sandur]]-[[Thoranagallu]]
|Vijayanagara

|162
|-
|[[State Highway 41 (Karnataka)|KA SH.41]]
|[[Shiradon]] - [[Chadchan]] - [[Zalki]] - [[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]] - [[Devarahipparagi]] - [[Hovinahipparagi]] - [[Muddebihal]][[Nalatwad]] - [[Narayanapura]][[Basava Sagara Jalashaya]] -
[[Lingasugur]]
|Vijayapura-Yadgir-Raichur
|197
|-
|[[State Highway 42 (Karnataka)|KA SH 42]]
|[[Ankola]] - [[Munirabadh Town limits]]- [[Joladharasi in Koppal]]
|
|11
|-
|[[State Highway 43 (Karnataka)|KA SH 43]]
|[[Tikota]] - [[Kanamadagi]]
|
|23
|-
|[[State Highway 44 (Karnataka)|KA SH 44]]
|[[Sankeshwar]] - [[Hukeri]] - [[Ghataprabha]] - [[Kulgod]] - [[Yadawad]] - [[Lokapura]] - [[Kerakalamatti]] - [[Agasanakoppa]] -

[[Guledhagudda]] - [[Kamathagi]] - [[Gulur]] - [[Sangama, Srirangapatna|Sangam]]
|
|198
|-
|[[State Highway 45 (Karnataka)|KA SH 45]]
|[[Arabhavi]] - [[Gokak]] - [[Nargund]] - [[Shalavadi]] - [[Shirahatti]] - [[Mundaragi]] - [[Hadagali]] - [[Itagi]] -
[[Ujjani]] - [[Jagalur]] - [[Challakere]]
|
|310
|-
|[[State Highway 46 (Karnataka)|KA SH 46]]
|[[Mundgodu]] - [[Kalaghatagi]] - [[Haliyala]] - [[Dandeli]]-[[Gund]]-[[Anashi, Karnataka|Anashi]]
|
|136
|-
|[[State Highway 47 (Karnataka)|KA SH 47]]
|[[Mandya]] - [[Melukote]] - [[Shravanabelagula]] - [[Tiptur]] - [[Huliyar]] - [[Hosadurga]] - [[Holalkere]] -
[[Anagodu]] - [[Harapanahalli]] - [[Hadagali]] - Mundargi
|Mandya, Tumkur, Chithradurga, Davanagere, Vijayanagara, Gadag
|354
|-
|[[State Highway 48 (Karnataka)|KA SH 48]]
|[[Kumta]] - [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapura]] - [[Soraba]] - [[Shikaripura]] - [[Honnali]] - [[Basavapatna]] - [[Chitradurga]] -
[[Challakere]] - [[Pavagada]] - [[Kadamadagi]]
|
|390
|-
|[[State Highway 49 (Karnataka)|KA SH 49]]
|[[Sandur, India|Sandur]] - [[Hosapet]] - [[Kampli]] - [[Siraguppa]]
|
|106
|-
|[[State Highway 50 (Karnataka)|KA SH 50]]
|[[Bhatkal]] - [[Jog Falls|Jog]] - [[Mavinagundi]] - [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapura]] - [[Chandragutti]] - [[Soraba]]
|
|128
|-
|[[State Highway 51 (Karnataka)|KA SH 51]]
|[[Basavakalyan]] - [[Gulbarga]] - [[Shahabad, Gulbarga|Shahabad]] - [[Ravoor]] - [[Wadi]] - [[Yadgir]] - [[Raichur]]
|
|190
|-
|[[State Highway 52 (Karnataka)|KA SH 52]]
|[[Thirthahalli]] - [[Nagara, Karnataka|Nagara]] - [[Balebare]] - [[Hosangadi]] - [[Siddapura, Udupi|Siddapura]] - [[Basur]] - [[Kundapur]]
|
|84
|-
|[[State Highway 53 (Karnataka)|KA SH 53]]
|[[Kagawad]] - [[Ugar (town)|Ugar]] - [[Kudachi]] - [[Jamakhandi]] - [[Kaladgi|Kaladhagi]]
|
|122
|-
|[[State Highway 54 (Karnataka)|KA SH 54]]
|[[Jambooti]] - [[Peeranawadi]] - [[Belgaum]] - [[Budhihal]] - [[Akkatangerahal]] - [[Kolavi]] - [[Mamadhapur]] -
[[Davaleshwar]] - [[Mahalingapura]] - [[Rabakavi]]
|
|130
|-
|[[State Highway 55 (Karnataka)|KA SH 55]]
|[[Yaragatti]] - [[Yadawad]] - [[Mudhol]] - [[Mantur]] - [[Amalazari]] - [[Chickkagalagali]] - [[Babaleshwar]]
|
|108
|-
|[[State Highway 56 (Karnataka)|KA SH 56]]
|[[Bedi, Karnataka|Bedi]] - [[Kittur]] - [[Gobbaragumpi]] - [[Alagawadi]] - [[Navalgund]] - [[Shelawadi]] - [[Belavanki]]
|
|112
|-
|[[State Highway 57 (Karnataka)|KA SH 57]]
|[[Bagalakote]] - [[Badami]] - [[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]] - [[Huilgola]] - [[Gadag]] - [[Shirahatti]] - [[Guttal]] - [[Ranibennur]] -
[[Masur, India|Masur]] - [[Sikaripura]] - [[Shimoga]] - [[Lakkavalli]] - [[Tharikere]] - [[Chikamagalur]] - [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] -
[[Hassan, India|Hassan]] - [[Holenarasipura]] - [[K R Nagar]] - [[Belikere]] - [[Nanjangud]] - [[Yalandur]]-
[[Beligeriranganabetta]]
|
|662
|-
|[[State Highway 58 (Karnataka)|KA SH 58]]
|[[Mudigere]] - [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] - [[Halebidu]] -[[Javagal]] - [[Banavara]] - [[Huliyar]] - [[Sira, India|Sira]] - [[Gowribidanur]] - [[Chickaballapura]] - [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] - [[Srinivasapura]] - [[Mulbagal]] - [[Tayalur]] - [[Venkatagirikota]] ( The complete highway was upgraded to [[National Highway 234 (India)|NH 234]])
|
|390
|-
|[[State Highway 59 (Karnataka)|KA SH 59]]
|[[Kustagi]] - [[Pattadhakal]]
|
|52
|-
|[[State Highway 60 (Karnataka)|KA SH 60]]
|[[Hungund]] | [[Muddebihal]]-[[Talikote]]-pirapur- | [[Kodaganur cross]] - [[Kembavi]] | [[Kumbarpete]] | [[Surapura]]
|Yadgir-vijayapura-bagalkote
|122
|-
|[[State Highway 61 (Karnataka)|KA SH 61]]
|[[Managuli]]-[[Basavana Bagewadi]]-[[Hoovinahipparagi]]-[[Talikoti]]-[[Malanoor]]-[[Hunasagi]]-[[Devapur, Yadgir|Devapur]][[Thinthni Bridge]][[Jalahalli]]-[[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]] [[Siriwara]] - [[Neermanvi]] - [[Bailmerchad]] - [[Rajolibanda]] - [[Bichal]]
|Raichur,Yadgir,Vijayapura,Andhra Pradesh State Border
|221
|-
|[[State Highway 62 (Karnataka)|KA SH 62]]
|[[Haveri]] - [[Lingapura]] - [[Chikerur]] - [[Hirekerur]] - [[Siralakoppa]]- [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]]
|
|108
|-
|[[State Highway 63 (Karnataka)|KA SH 63]]
|[[Raravi]] - [[Siraguppa]] - [[Desanur]] - [[Gorebal]] - [[Karatagi]] - [[Kanakagiri]] - [[Yelaburga]] - [[Sankallur]] - [[Sudi, India|Sudi]] - [[Rajur]] - [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
|
|165
|-
|[[State Highway 64 (Karnataka)|KA SH 64]]
|[[Bantwal]] - [[Kalladka]] - [[Vitla|Vittal]] - [[Perla, Kasaragod|Perla]] - [[Badiyadka]] - [[Kasaragod]] - [[Kanhangad]]
|
|85
|-
|[[State Highway 65 (Karnataka)|KA SH 65]]
|[[Malpe]] - [[Udupi]] - [[Hebri]] - [[Agumbe]] - [[Begar]] - [[Koppa, India|Koppa]] - [[Narasimharajapura]] - [[Sulageri]] -
[[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] - [[Channagiri]] - [[Shanti Sagara]] - [[Davanagere]] - [[Jagalur]] - [[Mustur]] - [[B G Kere]] -
[[Molakalmur]]
|
|340
|-
|[[State Highway 66 (Karnataka)|KA SH 66]]
|[[Gangamoola]] - [[Malleshwara]] - [[Kalasa]] - [[Magundi]] - [[Kotigehara]]
|
|94
|-
|[[State Highway 67 (Karnataka)|KA SH 67]]
|[[Mangalore]] - [[Bajpe]] - [[Kateel]] - [[Belman, Karkal|Belman]] - [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]] - [[Shirva, India|Shirva]] (including Hospet Mangalore Road in
Mangalore City Old NH 48 in Mangalore City Limits) - [[Athradi]]
|
|72
|-
|[[State Highway 68 (Karnataka)|KA SH 68]]
|[[Tumkur]] - [[Shimoga Town Limits]] - [[Honnavar in Badravathi]]
|
|12
|-
|[[State Highway 69 (Karnataka)|KA SH 69]]
|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] - [[Mundagodu]] - [[Tadas]]
|
|75.0
|-
|[[State Highway 70 (Karnataka)|KA SH 70]]
|[[Belthangadi]] - [[Moodabidri]] - [[Mulki, India|Mulki]]
|
|57
|-
|[[State Highway 71 (Karnataka)|KA SH 71]]
|[[Tiptur]] - [[Dudda, Hassan|Dudda]] (additional length of 8 km from Dairy Circle to Devarayapatna) (NH-48 in Hassan town limits) -
[[Hassan, India|Hassan]]
|
|57
|-
|[[State Highway 71E (Karnataka)|KA SH 71E]]
|[[Dairy Circle]] - [[Busthenahalli]](NH-48 in Hassan town limits)
|
|2
|-
|[[State Highway 72 (Karnataka)|KA SH 72]]
|[[Nippani]] - [[Nanadhi]] - [[Examba]] - [[Ugar (town)|Ugar]] - [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] - [[Kothalagi]]
|
|135
|-
|[[State Highway 73 (Karnataka)|KA SH 73]]
|[[Ugar (town)|Ugar]] - [[Kudachi]] - [[Raibag]] - [[Kabbur]] - [[Bellad Bagewadi]] - [[Ghataprabha]] - [[Konnur]] -[[Gudichinamalki]] - [[Paschapur]] - [[Akkatangerahal]] - [[Nesargi]] - [[Sampagaon]] - [[Neginahal]] - [[Nayanagar]] - [[Belawadi]] - [[Budaraghatti]] - [[Thadakoda]] - [[Mammighatti]] - [[Dharwad]] - [[Hubli]] - [[Kundagol]] (including Old NH 4 between Dharwad) - [[Hubli]] - [[Laxmeshwar]]
|
|300
|-
|[[State Highway 74 (Karnataka)|KA SH 74]]
|[[Anekal]] -
[[Harohalli]] -
[[Bidadi]] -
[[Thavarekere]] -
[[Nelamangala]] - [[Doddaballapur]]- [[Chikkaballapur]]
|[[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]],[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore rural]]
[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagar]]
|150
|-
|[[State Highway 75 (Karnataka)|KA SH 75]]
|[[Bhalki|Balki]] - [[Humnabad]] - [[Kabirwadi]] - [[Chitgoppa|Chitaguppa]] - [[Ainapur, Chincholi|Inapur]]- [[Kanakpur, Chincholi|Karakmukli]] - [[Chincholi]]
|
|81
|-
|[[State Highway 76 (Karnataka)|KA SH 76]]
|[[Birur]] - [[Ajjampura]] - [[Channagiri]] - [[Santhebennur]] - [[Davangere]]
|
|212
|-
|[[State Highway 77 (Karnataka)|KA SH 77]]
|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] - [[Soraba]] - [[Masur, Karnataka|Masur]] - [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]] - [[Purappemane]] - [[Bettamallppa]] - [[Hosnagar]]
|
|111
|-
|[[State Highway 78 (Karnataka)|KA SH 78]]
|[[Shettihalli]] - [[Dhaddi, Karnataka|Dhaddi]] - [[Hatharagi]] - [[Hukkeri]] - [[Chikodi]] - [[Examba]] - [[Sadalga]]- [[Borangaon]]-

[[Ichalakaranji]]
|
|88
|-
|[[State Highway 79 (Karnataka)|KA SH 79]]
|[[Srirangapatna]] - [[Sosale]] - [[T Narsipura]] - [[Madapura]] - [[Kollegal]] - [[Ramapura, Chamarajanagar|Ramapura]] - [[Kowdalli]] - [[Hanur]] - [[Palar]]- [[Malemahadeshwarabetta]]
|
|149
|-
|[[State Highway 80 (Karnataka)|KA SH 80]]
|[[Nanjangud]] - [[Chamarajanagar]] - [[Kyathadevara Gudi]]- [[Biligiriranganabetta]]
|
|86
|-
|[[State Highway 81 (Karnataka)|KA SH 81]]
|[[Yelandur]] - [[Honganoor]] - [[Chamarajanagar]] - [[Terakanambi]]- [[Gundlupet]]
|
|55
|-
|[[State Highway 82 (Karnataka)|KA SH 82]]
|[[Hoskote]] - [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]]- [[Gownipalli]]
|
|88
|-
|[[State Highway 83 (Karnataka)|KA SH 83]]
|[[Manuli]] - [[Kadakola]] - [[Gudachi]] - [[Salahalli]] - [[Konnur]] - [[Sirola]] - [[Holealur]] - [[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]] - [[Abbigere]]- [[Kotamachagi]]
|
|121
|-
|[[State Highway 84 (Karnataka)|KA SH 84]]
|[[Sira, India|Sira]] - [[Gubbi]] - [[Chandrashekarapura, Tumkur]] [[Kallur, Tumkur|Kallur]] - [[Yadayur]] - [[Amruthur]] - [[Mandya]] - [[Kirugaval]] - [[Hosavatti]] - [[T Narsipura]]- [[Nanjangud]]
|
|229
|-
|[[State Highway 84A (Karnataka)|KA SH 84]]
|[[NH-212]] - [[Varuna Hoskote Suththur]] -[[State Highway 84 (Karnataka)|SH-84]]
|
|17
|-
|[[State Highway 84B (Karnataka)|KA SH 84]]
|[[Kupparavalli on SH-84]] - [[Suththur]]
|
|4
|-
|[[State Highway 85 (Karnataka)|KA SH 85]]
|[[Bangalore]] - [[Magadi]] - [[Huliyurdurga]] - [[Nagamangala]] - [[KR Pet]] - [[Saligrama]] - [[Ramanathapura]] - [[Somwarpet]] - [[Vanagur]] - [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]] - [[Jalsoor]]
|
|329
|-
|[[State Highway 86 (Karnataka)|KA SH 86]]
|[[Ramanathapura]] - [[Bachhehalli]] - [[Kattemalalavadi]] - [[Hunsur]] - [[HD Kote]] - [[Saragur]] - [[Begur, Chamarajanagar|Begur]] - [[Madapatna]]- [[Terakanambi]]
|
|154
|-
|[[State Highway 87 (Karnataka)|KA SH 87]]
|[[Bangalore]] - [[Bannerghatta (village)|Bannerghatta]]- [[Anekal]]
|
|49
|-
|[[State Highway 88 (Karnataka)|KA SH 88]]
|[[Mysore]] - [[Hunsur]] - [[Periyapatna]] - [[Bylakuppe]] - [[Kushalanagar]] - [[Madikeri]] - [[Sulya]] - [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]- [[Bhantwal]]
|
|220
|-
|[[State Highway 89 (Karnataka)|KA SH 89]]
|[[Madakeri]] - [[Siddapura, Kodagu|Siddapura]] - [[Ghattathala]] - [[Chennyanakote]] - [[Athur, Karnataka|Athur]] -l [[Gonikoppal]]- [[Kutta, Karnataka|Kutta]]
|
|98
|-
|[[State Highway 90 (Karnataka)|KA SH 90]]
|[[Hunsur]] - [[Virajpet]] - [[Napoklu]] - [[Nalkanadu]] - [[Bhagamandala]]- [[Talakaveri]]
|
|113
|-
|[[State Highway 91 (Karnataka)|KA SH 91]]
|[[Konanur, Hassan|Konanur]] - [[Ramanathapura]] - [[Kushalanagar]] - [[Siddapura, Kodagu|Siddapura]] - [[Virajpet]]- [[Makutta]]
|
|90
|-
|[[State Highway 92 (Karnataka)|KA SH 92]]
|[[Kanakapura]] - [[Sangama, Srirangapatna|Sangam]]
|
|30
|-
|[[State Highway 93 (Karnataka)|KA SH 93]]
|[[Khanapura]] - [[Haliyal]] - [[Yellapura]] - [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] - [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapura]] - [[Talaguppa]]
|
|196
|-
| [[State Highway 94 (Karnataka)|KA SH 94]]
|[[Bagepalli]] - [[Gudibande]] - [[Manchenahalli]] - [[Thondebhavi]] - [[Kudur]] - [[Magadi]] -[[Jalamangala]] [[Ramanagara|Ramanagar]] - [[Channapatna]]- [[Halaguru]]
|
|232
|-
|[[State Highway 95 (Karnataka)|KA SH 95]]
|[[Hoskote]] - [[Malur]] - [[Tekal]] - [[Bangarpet]] - [[BEML Nagar]] - [[Venkatagirikote]]
|
|84
|-
|[[State Highway 96 (Karnataka)|KA SH 96]]
|[[Devanahalli]] - [[Vijayapura]] - [[Vemgal]] - [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] - [[Ghattakamadanahalli]] - [[Kolar Gold Fields|KGF]]- [[Kempapura]]
|
|68
|-
|[[State Highway 97 (Karnataka)|KA SH 97]]
|[[Sankeshwar]] - [[Kowthalli]] - [[Nippani]] - [[Badkihal]] - [[Shamanewadi]] - [[Sadalga]]
|
|47
|-
|[[State Highway 98 (Karnataka)|KA SH 98]]
|[[Bhatnagoor]] - [[Barawada]] - [[Mangura]] - [[Karagad]]- [[Boragaonwadi]]
|
|43
|-
|[[State Highway 99 (Karnataka)|KA SH 99]]
|[[Kothapalli, Karnataka|Kothapalli]] - [[Gownipalli]] - [[Rajepalli]] - [[Srinivasapura]] - [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] - [[Tekal]]- [[Masti, Karnataka|Masti]]
|
|103
|-
|[[State Highway 100 (Karnataka)|KA SH 100]]
|[[Subramanya, Karnataka|Kukke Subramanya]] - Panja - [[Kaniyuru|Kaniyooru]] - [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] - Parladka - [[Punacha]] - Ukkuda- [[Kanyana]]- [[Anekallu]]- [[Hosangadi|Hosangady]] - [[Manjeshwar|Manjeswar]]
|
|89
|-
|[[State Highway 101 (Karnataka)|KA SH 101]]
|[[Surathkal]] - [[Bajpe]] - [[Gurupura]] - [[Bantwal]] - [[Panemangalore]] - [[Panolibailu]] - [[Manchi]] - [[Vittal (town)|Vittal]] - [[Kabaka Puttur|Kabaka]] ( Near Puttur )
|
|76
|-
|[[State Highway 102 (Karnataka)|KA SH 102]]
|[[Huliyar Keralapura]] - [[Arasikere]] - [[Haranahalli]] - [[Shanthigrama]] - [[Hariharapura]] - [[Jakkanahalli]] of Holenarsipura - [[Jayachamarajapura]]
|
|
|-
|[[State Highway 103 (Karnataka)|KA SH 103]]
|[[Gokak]] - [[State Highway 31 (Karnataka)|SH-31]] to [[Muragodu]] - [[Karimani]] - [[Sogal-kshetra]] - [[Munnoli]] - [[Malaprabha]] - [[Goravanakolla]] - [[Saundatti]]
|
|67
|-
|[[State Highway 104 (Karnataka)|KA SH 104]]
|[[Bangalore]] - [[Kadugondahalli]] - [[Nagavara]] - [[Thanisandra]] - [[Bellahalli]] - [[Kannur]] - [[Bagalur, Bangalore Urban|Bagalur]] - [[Arisinakunte]] - [[Devanahalli]] - [[Malligenahalli]] - [[Karahalli]] - [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi]]
|
|50
|-
|[[State Highway 105 (Karnataka)|KA SH 105]]
|[[Humnabad]] - [[Bidar]]
|
|47
|-
|[[State Highway 106 (Karnataka)|KA SH 106]]
|[[Horanadu]] - [[Balur H andpost]] - [[Kalasa]]
|
|42
|-
|[[State Highway 107 (Karnataka)|KA SH 107]]
|[[Jannapura]] - [[Vanagur]] -Huradi Hanabal Anemahal Skaleshpura Byakarahalli Hethur
|
|56
|-
|[[State Highway 108 (Karnataka)|KA SH 108]]
|[[Holenarsipura]] - [[KR Nagar]] - Hallimysore Saligrama Chunchanakatte Kesthur Koppalu Gate Srirampura Hebbalu
|
|45
|-
|[[State Highway 109 (Karnataka)|KA SH 109]]
|[[Yarane Junction]] - [[Holenarsipura]] - Bikanahalli Channiganahalli Ankapura Karle Hanumanahalli Paduvalahippe
|
|35
|-
|[[State Highway 110 (Karnataka)|KA SH 110]]
|[[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] - [[Kodlipet]] - Bichodu Vatehole Kamathikodigi Byrapura Kundur K Hosakote Magalu
|
|
|-
|[[State Highway 111 (Karnataka)|KA SH 111]]
|[[Doddagangavadi Gate]] - [[Chowdanakuppe]] - [[Doddagangavadi Virupas]] - Tavarekere Bandigowdanapalya
|
|21
|-
|[[State Highway 112 (Karnataka)|KA SH 112]]
|[[Belur Bikkodu]], Ballupet [[K Hosakote]] [[Magalu Karnataka]][[Kodlipete]] - [[Somvarpet]]
|
|63
|-
|[[State Highway 112A (Karnataka)|KA SH 112A]]
|[[State Highway 8 (Karnataka)|SH-8]] - [[SH-57]] - [[CR Patna Holenarsipura Kodlipet]]
|
|22
|-
|[[State Highway 113 (Karnataka)|KA SH 113]]
|[[Uppinangadi on NH-48]] - [[SH-37 (Bisley Ghat Road - MDR)]] - [[Bajaththur Alankaru Balya Kadaba]]
|
|33
|-
|[[State Highway 114 (Karnataka)|KA SH 114]]
|[[Gundya on NH-48]] - [[Kalkunda on SH-37]] - [[Shiribagilu Kombharu Bilinele]]
|
|16
|-
|[[State Highway 115 (Karnataka)|KA SH 115]]
|[[Kudligere]] - [[Kammaraghattta]]
|
|38
|-
|[[State Highway 116 (Karnataka)|KA SH 116]]
|[[Tumkur Honnavar road (SH-68)]] - [[Birur Sammasagi road (SH-76)]] - [[Bhadravathi Shivani road]]
|
|34
|-
|[[State Highway 117 (Karnataka)|KA SH 117]]
|Ilawala - KR Nagara KA SH-117
|
|22
|-
|[[State Highway 118 (Karnataka)|KA SH 118]]
|[[Guruvayankere|Guruvayanakere]] - [[Uppinangady|Uppinangadi]] - [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] KA SH-118
|
|20
|-
|[[State Highway 119 (Karnataka)|KA SH 119]]
|Ilawala - Nagarakatte - KR Nagara KA SH-119
|
|7
|-
|[[State Highway 120 (Karnataka)|KA SH 120]]
|Hampapura - Saligrama KA SH-120
|
|17
|-
|[[State Highway 121 (Karnataka)|KA SH 121]]
|BT Road - Kodlihalli Road KA SH-121
|
|17
|-
|[[State Highway 122 (Karnataka)|KA SH 122]]
|MaharaKA SHtra Border - Handaraki KA SH-122
|
|183.60
|-
|[[State Highway 123 (Karnataka)|KA SH 123]]
|AP Border - Hulsur KA SH-123
|
|69.95
|-
|[[State Highway 124 (Karnataka)|KA SH 124]]
|Kharked Sindhi-BB,Ingalgi-Tumbgi-Talikoti-Muddebihal-Hoovinhippargi-Basavana.Bagewadi-kolhara- Bilagi KA SH-124
|
|294.07
|-
|[[State Highway 125 (Karnataka)|KA SH 125]]
|Firozbad Cross - Kamlapur KA SH-125
|
|105.55
|-
|[[State Highway 126 (Karnataka)|KA SH 126]]
|AP Border - Bosga KA SH-126
|
|163.97
|-
|[[State Highway 127 (Karnataka)|KA SH 127]]
|KA SH 10 - A P Border KA SH-127
|
|174.95
|-
|[[State Highway 128 (Karnataka)|KA SH 128]]
|KA SH 61 - Bellary KA SH-128
|
|231
|-
|[[State Highway 129 (Karnataka)|KA SH 129]]
|Chikkahesarur - Mundaragi KA SH-129
|
|166.87
|-
|[[State Highway 130 (Karnataka)|KA SH 130]]
|Yalburga - Munirabad KA SH-130
|
|122.80
|-
|[[State Highway 131 (Karnataka)|KA SH 131]]
|[[Hampi]] - Hagaribommanahalli KA SH-131
|
|208.30
|-
|[[State Highway 132 (Karnataka)|KA SH 132]]
|Kampli - Kurugodu - Kudatini - Haraginadoni - [[Bellary]] - Moka - Andhra Border KA SH-132
|
|100.00
|-
|[[State Highway 133 (Karnataka)|KA SH 133]]
|Surebana - Kudalasangama KA SH-133
|
|108.90
|-
|[[State Highway 134 (Karnataka)|KA SH 134]]
| [[Badami]] - [[Gokak]] - [[Gokak Falls]] - [[Konnur]] -[[Hidkal Dam]] - [[Thanahattargi]] - [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH 4]]
|
|120.00
|-
|[[State Highway 135 (Karnataka)|KA SH 135]]
|Banashankari - Almatti Dam KA SH-135
|
|71.20
|-
|[[State Highway 136 (Karnataka)|KA SH 136]]
|Gajendragad - Soraba KA SH-136
|
|285.62
|-
|[[State Highway 137 (Karnataka)|KA SH 137]]
|Navalagund - Mugavalli KA SH-137
|
|140.81
|-
|[[State Highway 138 (Karnataka)|KA SH 138]]
|Nagaragali - Katakola KA SH-138
|
|112.58
|-
|[[State Highway 139 (Karnataka)|KA SH 139]]
|Yaragatti - Mudhola KA SH-139
|
|77.68
|-
|[[State Highway 140 (Karnataka)|KA SH 140]]
|Alnavar - Betageri KA SH-140
|
|84.85
|-
|[[State Highway 141 (Karnataka)|KA SH 141]]
|Maharashtra Border - Sutagatti - Joining NH 4 KA SH-141
|
|45.80
|-
|[[State Highway 143 (Karnataka)|KA SH 143]]
|[[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] - [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] KA SH-143
|
|
|-
|[[State Highway 144 (Karnataka)|KA SH 144]]
|[[Honnavar]] - Menasi KA SH-144
|
|60.28
|-
|[[State Highway 145 (Karnataka)|KA SH 145]]
|[[Songimane]] - Unchalli Falls KA SH-145
|
|71.66
|-
|[[State Highway 146 (Karnataka)|KA SH 146]]
|[[Ulavi]] – [[Goa]] Border KA SH-146, Via Kumbarwada,Diggi
|Uttara Kannada,Goa
|63.20
|-
|[[State Highway 148 (Karnataka)|KA SH 148]]
|[[Ayanur]] – [[Thirthahalli]] KA SH-148,Via Hanagere,Kannangi,Bejjavalli
|Shivamogga, Karnataka
|38.0
|-
|[[State Highway 155 (Karnataka)|KA SH 155]]
|[[Ilkal]] - [[Karadi]]-[[Nagarhal]] - [[Narayanpur Rural]] - [[Kodekal]] - [[Hunasagi]] - [[Kolihal Cross]] - [[Mudanoor]] - [[Kembhavi]] - [[Malla, Karnataka|Malla]] - [[Malli, Karnataka|Malli]] - [[Yadrami]] - [[Ijeri]] - [[Jevargi]] | [[Bagalkote]] - [[Yadagiri]] - [[Kalaburgi]]
|
|
|-
|[[State Highway 188(Karnataka)|KA SH 188]]
|[[Tinthni]] [[Kakkera]] [[Srinivaspura]] [[Hunasagi]] [[Ambhanagar]] [[Islampur, Karnataka|Islampur]] [[Basava.Calony]] [[Kolihal]] [[Navadagi]] [[(belur)Byalal Cross]] [[Pirapur Cross]] [[Bantanur]] [[Gotakhandki]] [[Tumbagi]]
|
|-
|}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160233/http://kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh#dsh Public Works Department, Government of Karnataka]
{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{Karnataka State Highways Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Karnataka State Highways]]
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists|State Highways]]

Stephanian school of literature

2025-08-16T14:59:05Z

Roamingindian:

'''Stephanian school of literature''' is a body of fictional works written in English,<ref>[http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-November-1997/gandhi.html Elite Aesthetics and the Rise of the Stephanian Novel]</ref> mostly novels written by the alumni of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi]].

It may be called a subgenre of [[Indian English literature]], but the validity of this is heavily debated by various critics. Brinda Bose's "Of Voids and Speculums; Or Where Is the Woman in the Text" is an essay that forcefully denies the existence of such a school of writing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2ai6XVABXdkC&dq=OF+VOIDS+AND+SPECULUMS%3B+OR%2C+WHERE+IS+THE+WOMAN+IN+THIS+TEXT%3F&pg=PA135 "Of Voids and Speculums; Or Where Is the Woman in the Text", in ''The Fiction of St. Stephen's'', by Brinda Bose]</ref>

Many other authors and scholars have discussed this in detail in various essays.<ref>[http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=266 At the Gates of St Stephens, by Lotta Strandberg, ''Muse India'']</ref> Some authors defend the spirit of Stephania and state it does not matter whether or not there is such a school of literature, while others tend to celebrate the college.<ref>[http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/relipolcom5.nsf/5e7647d942f529c9e5256c3100376e2e/3ed7ee45dee680ce65256ccc0046e65a/$FILE/bac14630.pdf Stephenian School of Literature]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D9iJqwXp-AUC&q=Stephanian+School+of+Literature&pg=PA225 Is there a Stephanian School of Literature?]</ref>

[[Amitav Ghosh]], Rukun Advani, [[Mukul Kesavan]] and [[Shashi Tharoor]] are some famous Indian English writers who belong to the Stephanian School of Literature.

In an interview Amitav Ghosh comments on this topic:<ref>[http://www.dosco.org/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/spotlights/aghosh/weekly.htm Interview/Amitav Ghosh, ''Doon Online'']</ref>

<blockquote>The ethos of St. Stephen's were not at all artistic. Everyone had the IAS exams in their mind. But in a way many writers like Shashi Tharoor and Upamanyu Chatterjee came through that bureaucratic set-up. When I look back I find there is nothing really surprising about it. Because Stephen's had a lot of talented people who were also self-confident. Whenever there is some form of artistic outburst, there are links of this kind. Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel studied at San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid with poet Federico Garcia Lorca and surrealist painter [[Salvador Dalí]]. I think these connections do exist in the world of art and literature.</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Literature from North East India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-November-1997/gandhi.html Elite Aesthetics, and the Rise of the 'Stephanian' Novel]
* [http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=266 At the Gates of St. Stephen's, essay in Muse India by Lotta Strandberg]
* [https://archive.today/20130203125220/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/look/story_4668755.asp The Stephanians, article in ''The Telegraph'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060208234549/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG23Df01.html Passage to Stephanian]

[[Category:Indian literature in English]]

Raiganj (community development block)

2025-07-27T18:00:19Z

Roamingindian: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raiganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Raiganj in Uttar Dinajpur (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.62|N|88.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1 April 1992
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 472.13
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 430,221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]], [[Hemtabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hemtabad]], [[Kaliaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliaganj]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raiganj''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Historically the western frontier of ancient [[Pundravardhana]] kingdom, bordering ancient [[Anga]] of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the [[Permanent Settlement]] in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.<ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 2-5: Administrative History of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], and on the recommendations of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of [[Kishanganj]] and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960–61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | title = Islampur Municipality | work = History | publisher = IM | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 3 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103112955/http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.<ref name=history/>

==Geography==
Raiganj is located at {{coord|25.62|N|88.12|E|format=dms|}}.

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger [[Barind Tract]]. The soil is composed of different varieties of [[alluvium]]. The main rivers are: [[Nagar River (Rangpur)|Nagar]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and [[Tangon River|Tangon]]. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during [[monsoon]], overflow the banks. The Nagar River flows in the eastern part of the CD Block and Kulik river flows along the western boundary eastern boundary with Hemtabad CD Block and then though the Raiganj CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-14: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 337: Map of Raiganj CD Block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 17-21: The Regional Setting | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Raiganj CD Block is bounded by [[Haripur Upazila]] in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh on the north, [[Hemtabad]] and [[Kaliaganj (community development block)|Kaliaganj]] CD Blocks on the east, [[Itahar]] CD Block on the south and Barsoi CD Block in [[Katihar district]] of Bihar on the west.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 14, Map: Locational Setting of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/katihar.html |title = CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Katihar |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

Approximately 206 km of the [[Bangladesh-India border|India-Bangladesh border]] is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/district_profile.html |title = Egiye Bangla Uttar Dinajpur district | work= Demographic Profile at a Glance |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

[[File:Openbill Stork Nesting Time.jpg|thumb|Openbill stork at Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]], also known as Kulick Bird Sanctuary, is the largest breeding colony in the world for the [[Asian openbill|open bill stork]]. It is home to 164 species of birds and 80,000 migratory birds visit it every year.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.raiganjwlsanctuary.in/ |title = Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher= RWS | access-date = 2 January 2019 }}</ref>

Tourist attractions in Raiganj CD Block are: Durgapur Rajbari, Raiganj bird sanctuary, Bairabi temple at Bindole, Bahin Rajbari, Durga Mandir at Maharajahat, Durga Mandir at Halalpur, Tarohat Kali Mandir at Maslandapur, Karnajora Park, Radha Gobindo Mandir at Maharajahat

Raiganj CD Block has an area of 472.13 km2.It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 279 gram sansads (village councils), 222 [[mouza]]s and 221 inhabited villages. [[Raiganj#Police station|Raiganj]] police station serves this block.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1>{{cite web|url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur|work = Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3|publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|access-date = 26 December 2018|archive-date = 21 January 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at PO Sudarshanpur, Raiganj.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.<ref name=sizegrowth>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Raiganj block/ panchayat samiti are: Bahin, Baruna, Bhatun, Bindole, 11 NO Birghoi, Gouri, Jagadishpur, Kamalabari I, Kamalabari II, Mahipur, Maraikura, Rampur Maharajahat, Sherpur and Sitgram.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Uttar Dinajpur district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 January 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Raiganj CD Block had a total population of 430,221, of which 414,143 were rural and 16,078 were urban. There were 221,738 (52%) males and 208,483 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 61,515. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 163,662 (38.04%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 27,785 (6.46%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 December 2018}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Raiganj block had a total population of 362,285, out of which 187,183 were males and 175,102 were females. Raiganj block registered a population growth of 30.71 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 28.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Uttar Dinajpur district (04)| access-date = 2011-03-12| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040124/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm| archive-date = 2011-07-19}}</ref>

Census towns in Raiganj CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (6,011) and [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur|Kasba]] (10,067).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Raiganj CD Block were (2011 population in brackets):Rupahar (4,155), Bhomra (5,539), Chhatrapur (4,138), Chhota Parua (5,258), Barabarua (6,198), Kasba Mahaso (4,368), Serpur (5,624), Karnajora (6,858), Dakshin Goalpara (5,648), Gauri (4,588), Soharai (4,449), Rampur (4,759), Dwipnagar (5,116), Sitgram (6,167), Sariabad (8,477), Runia (4,024), Adiar (5,834), Lakshmania (9,156), Jagadishpur (6,237), Malibari (4,219), Bhatol (5,135) and Gopalpur (5,618).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Raiganj CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Bindol (1,486), Bahin (2,793), Birghai (2,126), Maraikura (917) and Mahipur (1,585).<ref name=census2011/>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 30.37,57.70,23.14,18.83
|y2 = 30.2,34.0,28.7,23.2
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive, yellow, violet
|y1Title= Raiganj CD Block
|y2Title= Uttar Dinajpur district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971–1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Raiganj PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Raiganj CD Block in 2001-2011 was 18.83%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 47 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Raiganj PS in 1991-2001 was 23.14%, in 1981-91 was 57,70% and in 1971-81 was 30.37%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Uttar Dinajpur | work = page 24 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows: 30.2% in 1971–81, 34.0% in 1981–91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001–11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Page 39: Table 3: Decadal Growth Rate of Population in Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001–2011, 17.77% in 1991–2001,<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971–1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 26 December 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.<ref name=sizegrowth/>

According to the [[Human Development Report]] for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with waves of [[East Bengali refugees]] coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. "A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951-1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to [[Illegal immigration in India|Hindu and tribal migrants]] from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur." The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.<ref name=population>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 25: Decennial Densist Increment, Pages 292-311: Chapter 6: Migration and Resettlement in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A study by North Bengal University has observed that "Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971." The Human Development Report opines, "The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga."<ref name=population/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Raiganj CD Block was 234,192 (63.52% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 133,461 (70.23% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 100,731 (56.37% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.86%.<ref name=census2011/>

The [[literacy rate]] in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Uttar Dinajpur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Raiganj CD Block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|34.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.48}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 280,214 and formed 65.13% of the population in Raiganj CD Block. Muslims numbered 146,871 and formed 34.14% of the population. Christians numbered 2,075 and formed 0.48% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others numbered 1,061 and formed 0.25% of the population. In Raiganj CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 31.08% in 1991 to 32.78% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 68.45% in 1991 to 66.43% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.<ref name=censusreligion2011/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 43-44: Table 9: Religion |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Raiganj CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 86.30 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 3.86 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value3 = 2.90 |color3 = plum
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.28 |color4 = orange
|label5 = 'Other' Bengali |value5 = 1.41 |color5 = mediumpurple
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.25 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 86.30% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 3.86% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.90% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] and 2.28% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 1.41% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali in the census.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 27.0% of the rural families in Raiganj CD Block belonged to the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category. As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, "The headquarters block of Raiganj, which ranked fourth in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) but offered the best livelihood opportunities in rural Uttar Dinajpur, accordingly, has a low concentration of poverty… Kaliaganj and Raiganj form a pocket of low human poverty. Exclusion and human poverty is otherwise widely present in the other blocks of Uttar Dinajpur".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 358-360: Poverty & Deprivation within Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Raiganj CD Block'''
|value1 = 23.86
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 43.81
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.71
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 28.62
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Raiganj CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 40,441 and formed 23.86%, agricultural labourers numbered 74,241 and formed 43.81%, household industry workers numbered 6,280 and formed 3.71% and other workers numbered 48,516 and formed 28.62%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 66, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 169,472 and formed 39.39% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 260,749 and formed 60.61% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 62, Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 221 inhabited villages in Raiganj CD Block. All 221 villages (100%) have power supply. 219 villages (99.10%) have drinking water supply. 30 villages (13.57%) have post offices. 220 villages (99.55%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 70 villages (31.67%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 52 villages (23.53%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (3.62%) have agricultural credit societies. 18 villages (8.14%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 71 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Market===
Kamlabari Hat, Raiganj Kisak Bazar, Bogram Hat, Maharaja Hat, Mohiniganj Hat, Baroduari Hat, Rupahar Hat, Panisala Hat

===Agriculture===
"With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations."<ref name=livelihood>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 143-218: Chapter 4: Economic Livelihood in Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets.<ref name=livelihood/>

Raiganj CD Block had 272 fertiliser depots, 137 seed stores and 72 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Raiganj CD Block produced 79,500 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 30,502 hectares, 13,411 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,325 hectares, 258 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 145 hectares, 17,277 tonnes of wheat from 6,489 hectares, 954 tonnes of maize from 392 hectares, 104,043 tonnes of jute from 7,893 hectares, 24,926 tonnes of potatoes from 1,076 hectares and 41,827 tonnes of sugar cane from 400 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Raiganj CD Block was 1,111 hectares, out of which 259 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 780 hectares by deep tube wells and 72 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Craft based activities===
"More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditional crafts based industries, among which [[dhokra]], mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable."<ref name=craft>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 200: Non-farm livelihoods in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Industry===
West Dinajpur Spinning Mills Ltd. was established at Village Bogram, PO Karanjora, in 1975. Its line of business includes preparation and spinning of silk fiber including blended silk.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://3ci.in/8-company/1389496-west-dinajpur-spinning-mills-ltd-u17112wb1975plc030181 |title = West Dinajpur Spinning Mills Limited |publisher= 3CI Score| access-date = 30 December 2018 }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012–13, Raiganj CD Block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 5 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
Raiganj CD Block has 7 ferry services, 45 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Barsoi-Radhikapur branch line]] passes through the Raiganj CD Block and there are stations at Jhitka and Raiganj.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14172/442/2689 | title= 55729 Katihar-Radhikapur Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 2 January 2019}}</ref>

Assam Behar State Railway extended the [[metre gauge]] railway from [[Parbatipur railway station|Parbatipur]], now in Bangladesh, to [[Katihar railway station|Katihar]] in 1889.<ref name=irii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870-1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref> With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the Indian side of the Barsoi-Parbatipur line became the [[Barsoi-Radhikapur branch line]]. It was converted to [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | title = Role of Engineering Deptt in Meeting Corporate Objectives of Indian Railways | first = V.P. | last = Srivastava | access-date = 2013-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160317/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | archive-date = 30 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

New broad gauge lines – Gazole-Itahar (27.20 km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 km) and Itahar-Buniadpur (27.095 km) – as a material modification of the Eklakhi-Balurghat project (commissioned in 2004) was included in the budget 1983–84. Initial work for the lines has been taken up by Northeast Frontier Railway. 431.973 ha of land is to be acquired. Land acquisition has commenced in the Gazole-Itahar sector with initial fund sanctions. As of August 2018, further sanctions are awaited.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | title = Brief of all projects (as of 31st August 2018) | work = Page 14: New BG Line: Gazole-Itahar (27.20 Km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 Km) & Iatahar-Buniadpur (27.095 Km) as a Material Modification of Eklakhi to Balurghat (86.76Km) New Line project: (Total=163.215Km) | publisher = Northeast Frontier Railway (Cconstruction) | access-date = 2 December 2018 | archive-date = 2 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202616/https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through [[Raiganj]] and Raiganj CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

State Highway No. 10A, running from [[Buniadpur]] to Raiganj originates/ terminates at Raiganj.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 2 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012–13, Raiganj CD Block had 259 primary schools with 36,441 students, 30 middle schools with 3,026 students, 6 high schools with 2,733 students and 39 higher secondary schools with 44,561 students. Raiganj CD Block had 2 technical /professional institutions with 340 students and 745 institutions for special and non-formal education with 35,579 students. There are 2 degree colleges with 9,957 students and other educational facilities at [[Raiganj]], outside the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Raiganj CD Block, amongst the 221 inhabited villages, 10 villages did not have a school, 154 villages had 1 or more primary schools, 57 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 28 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

The [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meal programme]] for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/middaymeal.html |title = Cooked Mid day meal programme |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 30 December 2018 }}</ref> [[Maharaja Hat High School]]

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Raiganj CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 28 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 57 family welfare subcentres. 2,255 patients were treated indoor and 280,769 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. [[Raiganj]] has 3 hospitals and 6 private nursing homes with total 562 beds and 46 doctors, all located outside the CD Block but accessible by people of the neighbouring areas.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Raiganj block primary health centre at [[Maharaja Hat]] (with 10 beds) is the main medical facility in Raiganj CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at PO Bhupalpur (Durgapur PHC) (with 6 beds), PO Bhupalpur (Bindol PHC) (with 6 beds), PO Bhatolhat (Bhatun PHC) (with 10 beds). Raiganj District Hospital, now a part of Raiganj Medical College, with 300 beds, at [[Raiganj]], is located outside Raiganj CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Raiganj}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district]]

Ananya

2025-07-16T09:07:28Z

Roamingindian:

{{Infobox given name
| name = Ananya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender =
| meaning =
| region = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Sanskrit]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
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| name day =
| derived =
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| footnotes =
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}}

'''Ananya''' is the common English spelling of two [[Indian given name]]s: the masculine अनन्य ''{{IAST|ananya}}'' and the feminine अनन्या ''{{IAST|ananyā}}''.<ref name="Gandhi 2004 girls">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Maneka |title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Girls |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |publication-place=New Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-303169-7 |oclc=60454994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM4MqU2GgLwC&pg=PA5 |pages=5 |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-date=2020-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012000951/https://books.google.com/books?id=OM4MqU2GgLwC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The meaning of name Ananya is "unique".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/baby-names/meaning-of-ananya#:~:text=%3A-,Ananya,Unique%2C%20Different%20from%20others%2C%20Charming | title=Meaning of Ananya, Baby Name Ananya Meaning, Lucky Number, Gender, Origin and Personality Traits }}</ref>

== Notable people named Ananya ==
* [[Ananya (actress)]] (born 1987), Indian actress
* [[Ananya Agarwal]], Indian television child actress
* [[Ananya Bhat]] (born 1993), Indian playback singer
* [[Ananya Birla]] (born 1994), Indian singer, songwriter and entrepreneur
* [[Ananya Chatterjea]], Indian dancer and scholar
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] (born 1977), Indian actress
* [[Ananya Jahanara Kabir]], Indian literary scholar working in Britain
* [[Ananya Kasaravalli]], Indian film actress and director
* [[Ananya Khare]] (born 1968), Indian actress
* [[Ananya Nagalla]], Indian actress
* [[Ananya Nanda]], Indian playback singer
* [[Ananya Panday]] (born 1998), Indian actress
* [[Ananya Roy]] (born 1970), American-Indian urban theorist
* [[Ananya Vajpeyi]], Indian academic and writer

== See also ==
* [[Ananya Express]], Indian Railways superfast-class train
* [[Anannya Magazine]], a women's Bengali-language magazine
* [[Anannya Nattya Goshthi]], a theatre group
* ''[[Lepiota ananya]]'', a gilled mushroom found in Kerala, India
* [[Shree Airlines]], Nepalese airline formerly known as Air Ananya
* {{intitle|Ananya}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}


[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Deula

2025-07-15T14:35:31Z

Roamingindian: updated page additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Element in Hindu temple architecture}}
{{For|the villages in West Bengal|Deula, Magrahat|Deula, Medinipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[Image:Simplified schema of Kalinga architecture.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Simplified schema of a Kalinga architecture temple]]
'''Deula''' is an architectural element in a [[Hindu temple]] in the [[Kalinga architecture]] style of the [[Odisha]]n temples in Eastern India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526023645/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 May 2012 |title=Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent - Glossary |publisher= |accessdate=2007-01-26 }}</ref> Sometimes the whole temple is also referred to as ''Deula''. The word "deula" in [[Odia language]] means a building structure built with a particular style that is seen in most of the temples from Odisha.<ref name="Fergusson pp. 92–116">{{cite book | last=Fergusson | first=James | title=History of Indian and Eastern Architecture | chapter=ORISSA | year=2013 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge | doi=10.1017/cbo9781139814638.007 | pages=92–116| isbn=9781139814638 }}</ref> ''Deul'' is also used in English, though the [[deul]] temples are also of a different form in the [[Manbhum]] region of Western Bengal.

There are three types of ''Deulas'':<ref>http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Orissan_Temple_Architecture.pdf p. 45-47</ref> In terms of the general north Indian terminology, the Rekha Deula (rekha deul) is the sanctuary and the tower over it, respectively the [[garbhagriha]] and the [[shikhara]], the Pidha Deula (pida deul) is the [[mandapa]] where the faithful are present. The Khakhara deula is an alternative form of tower over the sanctuary, which in shape resembles the oblong [[gopuram]] temple gatehouses in southern [[Dravidian architecture]].

== Rekha Deula ==
[[File:Lingaraj Temple bbsr10.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lingaraja temple]], example of a "shikhara deula".]]
[[File:Shantinath_Temple.JPG|thumb|right|Shantinath Shiva temple at Shihar near [[ Jayrambati]], West Bengal.]]
Rekha in Odia means a straight line. It is a tall building with a shape of sugar loaf, looking like a [[Shikhara]]. It covers and protects the sanctum sanctorum ([[Garbhagriha]]).
Examples :
* The [[Shikhara]] of the [[Lingaraja Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* The [[Shikhara]] of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] in [[Puri]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Nayagarh]]
* [[Uttaresvara Siva Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* The [[Shikhara]] of [[Yameshwar Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* The [[Shikhara ]] of the Shantinath Shiva Temple at Shihar village near [[Jayrambati]], [[Bankura]], West Bengal

== Pidha Deula ==
[[File:Konarak-jagamohan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Konark Sun Temple]], example of a "pitha deula" (the larger tower behind has fallen down).]]
It is a square building, typically with a pyramid-shaped roof, rather like the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] towers over the sanctuaries of temples in southern [[Dravidian architecture]]. For the halls or service rooms of the temple.
Examples
* The [[Jagamohana]] (assembly hall) of the [[Sun temple]] in [[Konârak]]
* The [[Jagamohana]] of [[Yameshwar Temple|Yameshwara Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
*The [[Jagamohana]] of the Shantinath Shiva Temple in Jayrambati, Bankura, West Bengal
* [[Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]

== Khakhara deula ==
[[File:Vaitala Mandira.jpg|thumb|right|[[Baitala Deula]] example of a "khakara deula".]]
Khakara deula is a rectangular building with a truncated pyramid-shaped roof, like the [[gopura]]s. The name comes from Khakharu (gourd) because of the shape of the roof. The temples of the feminine deities as [[Shakti]] are temple of that type.
Examples :
* [[Baitala Deula]], [[Bhubaneswar]] (dedicated to [[Chamunda]])
* [[Varahi Deula, Chaurasi|Varahi Deula]], Chaurasi, [[Puri district]] (dedicated to [[Varahi]])
* [[Kedar Gouri|Kedara Gouri]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Narayani Temple]], [[Khalikote]] (dedicated to [[Durga]])
* [[Durga Temple, Baideshwar|Durga Temple]], [[Banki, Orissa|Banki]]
* Brahmi Temple, Chaurasi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Orissan_Temple_Architecture.pdf
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120526023645/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php Article title]}}

{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Odisha]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Phi III, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:51:09Z

Roamingindian: put up details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type3 = City
| official_name =
| unit_pref =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201310
| area_code =
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| other_name =
}}
'''Phi III''' or '''Phi 3''' is a residential locality in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=19 Jan 2022|title=gnida: Gnida Issues Tenders For 18 Infra Projects Worth 40 Crore {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gnida-issues-tenders-for-18-infra-projects-worth-40-crore/articleshow/88983304.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Meenakshi Sinha|date=6 Dec 2021|title=GNIDA divides Greater Noida into 5 zones for waste collection {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gnida-divides-city-into-5-zones-for-waste-collection/articleshow/88111427.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Why Greater Noida outshines its neighbours|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bordered by [[Phi I, Greater Noida|Phi I]] and [[Phi II, Greater Noida|Phi II]] to the north and Chi III and Chi IV to the west, it is known to be one of the [[real estate]] hotspots of [[Greater Noida]], alongside [[Omega II, Greater Noida|Omega II]], [[Omega I, Greater Noida|Omega I]], [[Phi I, Greater Noida|Phi I]], [[Phi II, Greater Noida|Phi II]], [[Phi IV, Greater Noida|Phi IV]], Chi I, Chi II, Chi III, Chi IV and Chi V.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Realty hot spot series: A well-connected area in NCR with good infrastructure|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It is named after the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[Phi]].{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]

{{Meerut-geo-stub}}

Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)

2025-07-08T04:46:22Z

Roamingindian: improve article and improved wording

The '''Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)''' (WAC(I)) was created in March 1942, out of the [[Women's Auxiliary Service (Burma)]]. By the end of the [[Second World War]], it had recruited 11,500 women.<ref name=Harfield2005>{{cite journal |last1=Harfield |first1=Alan |title=The Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=2005 |volume=83 |issue=335 |pages=243–254 |jstor=44231211 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44231211 |issn=0037-9700|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=National>{{cite web |author1=Family Records gov uk Consortium |title=FamilyRecords.gov.uk {{!}} Focus on... Women in Uniform {{!}} Women in World War II - Profile |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/womeninuniform/wwii_profile.htm |website=FamilyRecords.gov.uk Consortium |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114454/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/womeninuniform/wwii_profile.htm |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=Sen2017>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sudarshana |title=Anglo-Indian Women in Transition: Pride, Prejudice and Predicament |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-10-4356-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ4vDwAAQBAJ&dq=Women%27s+Auxiliary+Corps+(India)&pg=PA69 |language=en |chapter=2. Anglo-Indian women|page=69}}</ref><ref name=Perry1988>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Frederick William |title=The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars |date=1988 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=0-7190-2595-8 |page=114 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-VRAQAAIAAJ&dq=Women%27s+Auxiliary+Corps+(India)&pg=PA114 |language=en |chapter=3. The Indian Army}}</ref><ref name=Vitali2019>{{cite journal |last1=Vitali |first1=V. |title=The Women's Royal Indian Naval Service: Picturing India's New Woman |journal=Women's History Review |date=17 October 2019 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1114–1148 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2019.1674468 |s2cid=210364785 |url=https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/871qw |language=en |issn=0961-2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Mohanan2020>{{Cite book |last=Mohanan |first=Kalesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 |title=The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-55495-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxford |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref>

Recruits had to be a minimum age of 18 years and their duties were clerical or domestic. In December 1942, the minimum age was reduced to 17 years. Volunteers could enlist on Local service or General service terms. Those on General service could be sent to serve anywhere in India.<ref>Brown, p.140</ref>

Compared to over two million men, the corps of 11,500 women was small, but recruitment was always hampered by caste and communal inhibitions. Indian women at the time did not mix socially or at work with men and a large part of the corps was formed from the mixed-race Anglo–Indian community.<ref>Blunt, p.61</ref> The WAC(I) had an autonomous Air Wing, which served as the Indian counterpart of the WAAF: the women operated switchboards and similar duties at airfields and air headquarters (AHQ). In the earlier part of the war there was likewise a Naval Wing, but with the very localised environment of naval base and the very distinct ethos of the wartime naval services, British and Indian, this department was formally hived-off, in 1944, to become: the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] (WRINS), with its own uniform, similar to WRNS.

==Personnel==
[[File:Commonwealth Forces in India IND4410.jpg|thumb|Commonwealth Forces in India, Imam is second from left]]

* [[Moina Imam]], [[chief petty officer#India|chief petty officer]] from [[Bihar]], was among the first Indian girls to join the (WAC(I)) and became its poster girl.<ref name="James">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Lawrence |title=Churchill and Empire: Portrait of an Imperialist |date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-0-297-86915-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrs-Aabpw0oC&dq=Moina+Imam&pg=PA32|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WRIN">{{cite web |title=Women's Royal Indian Naval Service established during WW2 |url=https://wrens.org.uk/womens-royal-indian-naval-service-established-during-ww2/ |website=Association of Wrens |access-date=13 November 2022 |date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113063040/https://wrens.org.uk/womens-royal-indian-naval-service-established-during-ww2/|archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Kate Orchard]], worked as a [[Plotter (RAF)|plotter]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-03 |title=Veteran Kate Orchard, 100, selling poppies in Cornwall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-63490776 |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Field Marshal Auchinleck inspects Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) 1947.jpg|Inspection by Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck|Auchinleck]]
Field Marshall Auchinleck inspects Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) 1946-1947.jpg|Inspection by Field Marshal Auchinleck
File:The Women Auxiliary Corps (India) - 01.jpg|Women Auxiliary Corps (India)
File:The Women Auxiliary Corps (India) - 02.jpg| Women Auxiliary Corps parade
File:Training to become officers of the Indian Women's Auxiliary Corps.jpg|Indian Women's Auxiliary Corps at [[Dagshai]]
File:Private Begum Pasha Shah of the WAC (1) on duty in the Orderly Room of an RAF station in India, August 1943.jpg|Private Begum Pasha Shah
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Women in World War II]]
*[[Women in the Indian Armed Forces]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women in the military by country]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Bharata (sage)

2025-06-07T20:16:25Z

Roamingindian: added basic article initial version...

{{short description|Ancient Indian sage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Bharata Muni at IGNCA, Delhi.jpg|thumb|An image of Bharata Muni at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Delhi]]

'''Bharata''' ([[Devanagari]]: भरत) was a ''[[Muni (saint)|muni]]'' (sage) of [[ancient India]].{{sfn|Katz|2001}} He is traditionally attributed authorship of the influential [[performing arts]] treatise ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', which covers ancient Indian dance, poetics, [[dramaturgy]], and [[Music in ancient India|music]].{{sfn|Katz|2001}}

==Identity==
He is thought to have lived between 200 BCE and 200 CE,<ref> Lidova, N. (2014). ''Natyashastra''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref> Mehta, T. (1995). ''Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India''. Motilal Banarsidass.</ref> but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.<ref>Dace, W. (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". Educational Theatre Journal. 15 (3): 249.</ref>

==''Nāṭya Śāstra''==
Bharata is known only as being traditionally attributed authorship of the treatise ''[[Natya Shastra]]''. All other early [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] treatises were similarly attributed to mythical sages.{{sfn|Katz|2001}} The text draws on his authority, as existing in the public imagination.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A rasa reader: classical Indian aesthetics |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-17390-2 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon I. |series=Historical sourcebooks in classical indian thought |location=New York |pages=47}}</ref>

The ''Nāṭya Śāstra'' is notable as an ancient encyclopedic treatise on the [[performing arts]], which has influenced dance, music and literary traditions in India.{{sfn|Katz|2001}} It is also notable for its aesthetic [[Rasa (aesthetics)|"Rasa"]] theory, which asserts that entertainment is the desired effect of performance arts but not the primary goal and that the primary goal is to transport the individual in the audience into another parallel reality, full of wonder, where he experiences the essence of his own consciousness and reflects on spiritual and moral questions.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Katz |first=Jonathan |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Bharata |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48131 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000048131 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Pramod |first=Kale |year=1974 |title=The Theatric Universe: a Study of the Natyashastra |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-118-8 |pages=8–9 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yRdNBKIHnjkC}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Vatsyayan |first=Kapila |year=2001 |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zKW1PAAACAAJ}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |author-link=Moriz Winternitz |year=2008 |orig-year=1922 |title=History of Indian Literature |volume=3 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=New Delhi |pages=9–11 |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 }}

{{portal bar|The arts|Biography|India|Literature|Music|Theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muni, Barata}}
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Dance education]]
[[Category:Philosophers of art]]

{{India-writer-stub}}
{{theat-bio-stub}}

Babashafi Pathan

2025-06-02T14:48:07Z

Roamingindian: cleanup

#REDIRECT[[List of Baroda cricketers]]
{{R to list entry}}

Achutha Kurup

2025-03-15T04:11:29Z

Roamingindian: added some entry first draft...

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player and coach (died 2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Achutha Kurup''' was an Indian [[volleyball]] player and former coach of the [[India men's national volleyball team|India national volleyball team]]. He is a retired Navy officer and has also served as the Director and Coach of Bengaluru SAI.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Biography==
He was born in Vellikulangara Thekke Aminji family in [[Vadakara]], [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He started playing volleyball at Vadakara Malabar Gymkhana Volleyball Team.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> In the meantime he got a job at Sriram Rayons in Jaipur.<ref name="ManoramaOnline2">{{cite news |title=വടകര വോളിബോൾ വിലാസമറിയിച്ച അച്യുതക്കുറുപ്പ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2017/11/14/achuthakurup.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928063200/https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2017/11/14/achuthakurup.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He died on 14 November 2017 at the age of 75 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Career==
Achutha Kurup, a member of the Services team for eight years, was their captain for three years.<ref name="ManoramaOnline2"/> He has played for India for six years since 1966.<ref name="ManoramaOnline2"/> He trained in coaching after retirement, and joined as volleyball coach at the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI).<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He was the one who took the initiative to start SAI in Bengaluru.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> In 1974, he became India's co-coach at the Tehran Asian Games.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> After working in Mauritius for three years, he became a senior coach at Patyala NIS.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Then, after studying in [[East Germany]] in 1984, he became the head coach of the Indian national team in 1986.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He coached the Indian team that won bronze at the [[1986 Asian Games]] in Seoul.<ref>{{cite news |title=അച്യുതക്കുറുപ്പ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2017/11/14/volleyball-national-team-former-coach-achyuthakurupp-passed-away.html |work=www.twentyfournews.com |date=14 November 2017 |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928063150/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2017/11/14/volleyball-national-team-former-coach-achyuthakurupp-passed-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team under him also won silver in the International Friendship Volleyball Championship held in [[Japan]] in 1989.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Volleyball coach Achutha Kurup passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/nov/15/volleyball-coach-achutha-kurup-passes-away-1701368.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928063158/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/nov/15/volleyball-coach-achutha-kurup-passes-away-1701368.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also coached the team at the 10th Don Republic Championship in Iran.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=മുൻ ഇന്ത്യൻ വോളിബോൾ‌ കോച്ച് എ. അച്യുതക്കുറുപ്പ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/11/14/01-clt-achuthakkurupp-obit.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928063150/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/11/14/01-clt-achuthakkurupp-obit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Achutha Kurup also coached the Indian women's volleyball team at the [[1982 Asian Games|1982 Delhi Asian Games]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He also coached the Indian team at the 1987 and 1989 SAF Games.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> In 1988, he and Sethumadhavan were selected as the coaches of the Indian team for the 1990 Asian Games by the Indian Volleyball Federation, but due to differences with the Federation, he did not take up the position.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He has also represented India as an observer in many competitions.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Family==
His wife Kusum is from [[Punjab]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=വോളിബോള്‍ ദേശീയ ടീം മുന്‍ പരിശീലകന്‍ അച്യുതക്കുറുപ്പ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/volleball-coach-achuthakkurupp-died-at-bengalore-1.2385938 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121072658/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/volleball-coach-achuthakkurupp-died-at-bengalore-1.2385938 |url-status=live }}</ref> His wife Kusum, who played volleyball for Punjab, was a volleyball coach at SAI.<ref name="ManoramaOnline2"/> His son Anandakurup and daughter Aaradhana kurup are national volleyball players.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Achutha Kurup's brother Gopi was also a volleyball player.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian volleyball coaches]]
[[Category:Indian men's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

Bamraulia Dynasty

2025-03-03T20:42:12Z

Roamingindian: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bamroli]]