Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Digvijaysinhji

2026-05-07T07:27:52Z

Riya parik: created the post initial version

{{Short description|Thakore of Limbdi from 1940 to 1941}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]]
| reign = 30 September 1940{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|6 January 1941}}
| predecessor = [[Daulatsinhji]]
| successor = Chhatrasalji
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|04|10}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1941|01|06|1896|04|10|df=yes}}
| issue = {{ubl|Ramrajendrasinhji|Prem Kunverba|Dharmendra Kunverba|Chhatrasalji}}
| issue-link = #Early_life,_family,_and_education
| father = [[Daulatsinhji]]
| mother = Baluba
| spouse 1 = {{marriage|Nand Kunverba|1910}}
| module = {{infobox person
|embed=yes
|education={{ubl|[[Eton College]]|[[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]}}
}}
}}
'''Digvijaysinhji''' (10 April 1896{{Sndash}}6 January 1941) was [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]] from 30 September 1940 until his death in 1941.
== Early life, family, and education ==
Digvijaysinhji was born on 10 April 1896 at [[Jamnagar]] to [[Daulatsinhji]] and his wife Baluba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Elizabeth |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5186 |title=Thakore Sahib Sir Daulat Singh of Limbdi, Kathiawar: A Biography |date=1931 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |pages=28,55,106–109,123}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=LIMBDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/limbdi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925121427/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/limbdi.html |archive-date=2017-09-25 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He was first educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in [[Rajkot]] and then at [[Eton College]] in [[Eton, Berkshire|Eton]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Forty_Years_of_the_Rajkumar_College/Qm0gAQAAMAAJ |title=Forty Years of the Rajkumar College: An Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rajkumar College, Rajkot |date=1910 |publisher=Printed and bound by Hazell, Watson and Viney |pages=194,244,293,305–306,349,348 |language=en}}</ref> He married twice.<ref name=":5" /> Firstly, in 1910, to Nand Kunverba, the only daughter of Kesarisinhji, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Idar State|Idar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Khosla |first1=K.R. |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George V and the Princes of India and the Indian Empire (Historical-Biographical) |last2=Chatterjee |first2=R.P. |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co |year=1937 |location=Lahore |pages=132}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=683 |language=en}}</ref> This marriage was proposed by [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh]].<ref name=":5" /> To mark this marriage, his father established several scholarships to help aid students.<ref name=":1" /> By his first wife, he had one son, Ramrajendrasinhji, and two daughters, Prem Kunverba and Dharmendra Kunverba.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> By his second wife, he had a son, Chhatrasalji.<ref name=":2" /> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911 with his father.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Coronation_Durbar_Delhi_1911/4WxBAQAAMAAJ |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=222–223 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father on 30 September 1940, he succeeded him to the rank, dignity and title of the Thakore of Limbdi.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=John Edmond |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sovereignty_Power_Control/-uL7EAAAQBAJ |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916-1947 |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-64479-3 |pages=204–205 |language=en}}</ref> However, his reign was short-lived, as he died 3 months and 7 days after his accession to the throne.<ref name=":12" />

== Death ==
He died on 6 January 1941 and was succeeded by Chhatrasalji as the Thakore of Limbdi.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107205 |title=Who S Who Among Indian Princes Rajas And Chiefs Nobles 1941 - 42 |date=1942 |pages=1282}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Digvijaysinhji}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]

2026 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-05-01T04:37:12Z

Riya parik: added references

{{Short description|Elections for the upper house of Indian Parliament}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = yes
| previous_election = 2025 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2025
| next_election = 2027 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2027
| election_date = March – November 2026
| seats_for_election = 73{{efn|including 1 casual vacancy}} of the 233{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]].}} elected seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 123{{efn|out of 245 (including 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]].)}} total
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagat_Prakash_Nadda_2023.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 24 June 2024
| leaders_seat1 =
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats_before1 = 108{{efn|excluding 5 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]].}}
| seats_after1 =
| seat_change1 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mallikarjun_Kharge_briefing_the_media_after_presenting_the_Interim_Railway_Budget_2014-15_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 16 February 2021
| leaders_seat2 =
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| seats_before2 = 29
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 =
| 1blank = Current Alliance seats
| 1data1 = 135{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]].}}
| 1data2 = 75
| 2blank = Alliance seats after
| 2data1 =
| 2data2 =
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 =
| 3data2 =
| title = Majority
| posttitle = Majority after election
| before_election = [[National Democratic Alliance]]{{efn|including the support of 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| before_party =
| after_election = ''[[To be announced|TBD]]''
| after_party =
}}

The 2026 '''Rajya Sabha elections''' will be held as part of a routine six-year cycle of the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] from 16 March to November 2026 to elect 72 of its 245 members, of which the states through their legislators elect 233, and the remaining 12 are appointed by the President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/RetLMemState.aspx|title=Statewise Retirement|website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-18 |title=Elections To 37 Rajya Sabha Seats Falling Vacant Across 10 States On March 16: EC |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/elections-to-rajya-sabha-seats-falling-vacant-across-states-to-be-held-on-march-16-election-commission-enn26021801378 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral system==
[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MPs]] are elected through [[indirect election]] by the members of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]] using the system of [[proportional representation]] by means of the [[single transferable vote]]. Each voter (MLA) ranks candidates in the order of preference (marking 1, 2, 3 and so on) under an [[open ballot system]]. Candidates have to reach a specific quota of votes in order to win a seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership of Rajya Sabha |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/30-85/CHAPTER3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121163132/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/30-85/CHAPTER3.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>

<math>
\text{Quota} = \left( \frac{\text{Total valid votes}}{\text{Vacancies} + 1} \right) + 1
</math>

For a single-seat election, each ballot is valued at one. When multiple seats are filled, the ballot value is set to one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Prabhash K. |date=2020-06-19 |title=Rajya Sabha election: How MPs are elected to the upper house |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-election-how-mps-are-elected-to-the-upper-house-1690564-2020-06-19 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A candidate is elected unopposed when the number of candidates matches the number of available seats after nominations and withdrawals period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handbook for Returning Officers |url=https://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers(Council_Elections).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802035728/https://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers(Council_Elections).pdf |archive-date=2016-08-02}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; "
!Poll event
!March election<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Date of Notification
|26 February 2026
|-
|Last date for filing nomination
|5 March 2026
|-
|Scrutiny of nomination
|6 March 2026
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|9 March 2026
|-
|'''Date of Poll (if necessary) & Declaration of Result'''
|'''16 March 2026'''
|}

==Members Retiring and Elected==

=== March Election ===
Election were held in Bihar, Haryana & Odisha to elect its Rajya Sabha MPs on 16 March 2026. For rest of the states, MPs have won uncontested as number of candidates matched the number of available seats after nominations and withdrawals period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-16 |title=Rajya Sabha polls: Tight contests loom in Bihar, Odisha, Haryana after 26 elected unopposed |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-polls-tight-contests-loom-in-bihar-odisha-haryana-after-26-elected-unopposed-13861228.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Bhubaneshwar Kalita]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="3"|09-Apr-2026
|[[Jogen Mohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Rameswar Teli]]
|[[Terash Gowalla]]
|-
|3
|[[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]
|{{party name with color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|{{party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="5"|09-Apr-2026
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|-
|3
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|4
|[[Amarendra Dhari Singh]]
|[[Shivesh Kumar]]
|-
|5
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[K. T. S. Tulsi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|09-Apr-2026
|Laxmi Verma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Kiran Chaudhary ]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|09-Apr-2026
|[[Sanjay Bhatia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Ram Chander Jangra]]
|[[Karamvir Singh Boudh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
|[[Indu Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|Anurag Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Dhairyashil Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="7"|02-Apr-2026
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]
|Ramrao Wadkute
|-
|3
|[[Rajani Ashokrao Patil|Rajani Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Maya Ivnate
|-
|4
|[[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Jyoti Waghmare
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|5
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|-
|6
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|rowspan=2}}
|[[Parth Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|7
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Mamata Mohanta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="4"|02-Apr-2026
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
|-
|3
|[[Munna Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|Santrupta Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|4
|[[Niranjan Bishi]]
|[[Dilip Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Tiruchi Siva]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="6"|02-Apr-2026
| [[Tiruchi Siva]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[N. R. Elango]]
|[[J. Constantine Ravindran]]
|-
|3
|[[P. Selvarasu]]
|[[M. Christopher Tilak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[Kanimozhi N. V. N. Somu]]
|[[L.K. Sudhish|L. K. Sudhish]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|5
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|6
|[[G. K. Vasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|09-Apr-2026
| [[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Vem Narender Reddy]]
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="5"|02-Apr-2026
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|[[Koel Mallick]]
|-
|3
|[[Mausam Noor]]{{efn|Defected from [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Ahead of Bengal polls, TMC Rajya Sabha MP Mausam Noor quits party, returns to Congress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2026/Jan/04/ahead-of-bengal-polls-tmc-rajya-sabha-mp-mausam-noor-quits-party-returns-to-congress |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>}}
|[[Menaka Guruswamy]]
|-
|4
|[[Saket Gokhale]]
|[[Rajeev Kumar (IPS)|Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
|5
|[[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Rahul Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== May Election ===

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Sana Satish]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan="4"|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2
|[[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]
|
|{{Party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Nabam Rebia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Rambhai Mokariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="4"|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2
|[[Ramilaben Bara]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Narhari Amin]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|colspan="4" align=middle|'''Vacant''' ([[Shibu Soren]])
|
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Deepak Prakash (Politician)|Deepak Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Iranna B. Kadadi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="4"|25-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[K. Narayan]]
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|3
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|4
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[George Kurian (politician)|George Kurian]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="3"|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Sumer Singh Solanki]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur|Manipur]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya|Meghalaya]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Wanweiroy Kharlukhi]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Mizoram|Mizoram]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|{{Party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|19-Jul-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1
|[[Rajendra Gehlot]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="3"|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Neeraj Dangi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== November Election ===

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Naresh Bansal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|rowspan="10"|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|2
|[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Seema Dwivedi]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Brij Lal (police officer)|Brij Lal]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|
|-
|7
| [[Geeta Shakya]]
|
|-
|8
| [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
|
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|9
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|
|-
|10
|[[Ramji Gautam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|
|colspan=2|{{efn|1=Quota = 403 ÷ (10+1) + 1 = 37 votes. NDA with 294 MLAs could win seven seats and [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] with 104 MLAs could win two seats; the remaining votes are NDA 35, INDIA 30 and Others 3. Since none reach 37, the result of the tenth seat depends on the stand of the three Other MLAs (JD(L)-2, BSP-1) and three [[2026_elections_in_India#Uttar_Pradesh|by-elections]].}}
|}

=== [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Nominated MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]]
|bgcolor=#000000|
|[[Nominated|NOM]]
|16-Mar-2026
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#000000|
|[[Nominated|NOM]]
|}

== By-elections ==
===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Vacancy date
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
!Reason for Vacancy
|-
|1
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|TBD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:2026 elections in India|Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India]]

G. H. Srinivasa

2026-04-29T13:49:24Z

Riya parik: created some post with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''G. H. Srinivasa''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Tarikere Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikmagalur district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G H Srinivasa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/g-h-srinivasa-tarikere-candidate-s10a126c006/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/tarikere-1118 | title=Karnataka Election 2023: Tarikere Assembly Seat | website=www.hindustantimes.com }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Srinivasa is from [[Tarikere]], Chikmagalur district. His father's name is G. H. Nanjundappa. He completed his L.L.B. in 1988 from National Law College, [[Kuvempu University]], [[Shimoga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.H. Srinivasa(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- TARIKERE(CHIKMAGALUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8354 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Srinivasa won from [[Tarikere Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 63,086 votes and defeated his nearest rival, D. S. Suresh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 12,131 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] but contested as an independent candidate and lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Tarikere Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/tarikere-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99727203.cms |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasa, G. H.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Eastern South Asia

2026-04-27T19:10:44Z

Riya parik:

{{Short description|Subregion of South Asia}}
{{distinguish|Southeast Asia}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Eastern South Asia
| image = [[File:Eastern South Asia.png|250px]]
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 =
| label1 = Countries
| data1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|India}} ([[East India]] and [[Northeast India]]) {{flag|Nepal}}
| label2 = Population
| data2 = 441 million
| label3 =
| data3 =
| label4 = Languages
| data4 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Dzongkha]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Hindi]], [[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Kokborok]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sikkimese Bhutia language|Sikkimese]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
| label5 = Time Zones
| data5 = [[UTC+05:30]], [[UTC+05:45]], [[UTC+06:00]]
}}

'''Eastern South Asia'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/133.html |title=Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region - Joint Research Program Series No.133 - Institute of Developing Economies |publisher=Ide.go.jp |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020834/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/133.html |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BhatiaSingh2013">{{cite book |author1=Ambassador Rajiv Bhatia |author2=Mr Swaran Singh |author3=Ms Reena Marwah |title=Transforming South Asia: Imperatives for Action: Imperatives for Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUm6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |date=15 November 2013 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85714-61-0 |pages=61–}}</ref><ref name="AhmedKelegama2010">{{cite book |author1=Sadiq Ahmed |author2=Saman Kelegama |author3=Ejaz Ghani |title=Promoting Economic Cooperation in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNOGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0497-1 |page=140}}</ref> is a [[Subregion#Asia|subregion]] of [[South Asia]]. It includes the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]] (specifically [[East India]] and [[Northeast India]]), and [[Nepal]]. Geographically, it lies between the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Two of the world's largest rivers, the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra]], flow into the sea through Eastern South Asia. The region includes the world's highest mountainous terrain and the world's [[Ganges Delta|largest delta]], and has a climate ranging from [[alpine climate|alpine]] and [[Montane ecosystems#Subalpine zone|subalpine]] to [[subtropics|subtropical]] and [[tropics|tropical]]. Since Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India are [[landlocked country|landlocked]], the coastlines of Bangladesh and East India serve as the principal gateways to the region.

With more than 441 million inhabitants, Eastern South Asia is home to 6%{{nbsp}}of the [[world population|world's population]] and 25% of South Asia's population. The [[BBIN|Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Initiative]] promotes economic integration in the region. The four countries are members of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and the [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]]. [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]] and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and [[Myanmar]] are historically, economically, and culturally interdependent on Eastern South Asia. The [[BCIM Economic Corridor|Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum]] has established an economic corridor in the region.

==History==
{{See also|History of Bengal|History of Bangladesh|History of West Bengal|History of India}}

===Archaeology===
Eastern South Asia's [[archaeology|archaeological]] heritage includes [[Lumbini]], the birthplace of the [[Buddha]]; the ancient universities and monasteries of [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramshila]], [[Somapura Mahavihara]], [[Jaggadala]], [[Odantapuri]] and [[Mainamati]]; the [[Ashokan pillar]]s and the [[Mauryan Empire]]-era cities of [[Pataliputra]], [[Champapuri|champa]], [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Balirajpur]], [[Rajgir]], [[Sisupalgarh]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and [[Mahasthangarh]]; and the ruined fort cities of [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]], [[Bhitagarh]], and [[Chandraketugarh]]. The region has an important Buddhist Tourist Circuit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiapacific.unwto.org/event/international-conference-developing-sustainable-and-inclusive-buddhist-heritage-and-pilgrimage |title=International conference on Developing Sustainable and Inclusive Buddhist Heritage and Pilgrimage Circuits in South Asia's Buddhist Heartland in collaboration with UNWTO | Regional Programme for Asia & the Pacific |publisher=Asiapacific.unwto.org |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728220823/http://asiapacific.unwto.org/event/international-conference-developing-sustainable-and-inclusive-buddhist-heritage-and-pilgrimage |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eastern South Asia hosts a large number of medieval and early modern mosques, including [[Adina Mosque]], the subcontinent's largest medieval mosque, and the [[Sixty Dome Mosque]], and large [[caravansaries]] such as [[Bara Katra]] and [[Katra Masjid]]. It is home to several outstanding examples of medieval and early modern Hindu temple architecture, particularly the [[Newa architecture]] of Nepal and the [[architecture of Bengal]].
[[File:Chickensneckindia.jpg|400px|thumb|A map showing the [[Siliguri corridor]] (Chicken's Neck corridor) between India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan]]

===Old kingdoms===
Eastern South Asia is a cradle of South Asian civilisation. Historical states in the region include those recorded in Indian epics such as the [[Mahabharata]], including ancient Nepal, [[Vanga]], and [[Pundra]]; the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] recorded kingdom of [[Gangaridai]];<ref>{{cite news |author=Tim Steel |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/heritage/2016/12/10/greeks-wrote-lands/ |title=The Greeks wrote about these lands |work=Dhaka Tribune |type=Opinion |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628171545/http://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/heritage/2016/12/10/greeks-wrote-lands/ |archive-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> major Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms including [[Kikata]], [[Kingdom of the Videhas|Videha]], [[Vajjika League|Vṛji]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]], [[Anga]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Kamarupa]], [[Samatata]], [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]], [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]], [[Sena Empire|Sena]], [[Khadga dynasty|Khadga]], [[Candra dynasty|Candra]], [[Deva dynasty|Deva]], [[Kingdom of Tripura|Tripura]], and [[Cooch Behar State]]. Major Islamic empires in the region included the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] and [[Bengal Sultanate]]s, and the [[Suri Empire|Suri]] and [[Mughal Empire]]s (including the important province of [[Mughal Bengal]]). A [[confederation]] of Muslim and Hindu aristocrats called the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] existed in the late 16th and early 17th{{nbsp}}centuries.

===Bengal Presidency===
The [[Bengal Presidency]] was established in the 18th{{nbsp}}century by the [[British Empire]], with its headquarters in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], in coastal southwestern Bengal. The British made Bengal the center of their Indian empire, during which Bengal became synonymous with India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/long-form/2013/jul/23/india-your-name-could-be-bangladesh |title=India, your name could be Bangladesh |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726103912/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/long-form/2013/jul/23/india-your-name-could-be-bangladesh |archive-date=26 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Until the mid-19th century, the Bengal Presidency's jurisdiction covered British-controlled territories in [[north India]], northeast India, and Southeast Asia.

The [[Governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[Governor General of India]] for many years. Fort William's surroundings grew into the port city of [[Calcutta]], which was the [[capital of India]] until 1911. After the [[British Indian Empire]] was established in 1858 following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Bengal Renaissance]] flourished in Calcutta and other Bengali urban centers. The [[Indian independence movement]], including parts of the [[Pakistan movement|movement]] which created Pakistan, had its origins in the Bengal Presidency. The Parliament of Bengal, including the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] and the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]], was the oldest and largest in British India.

The Bengal Presidency had the highest gross domestic product in British India.<ref name="daily-sun1">{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 |title=Reimagining the Colonial Bengal Presidency Template (Part I) |work=Daily Sun |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195430/https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Partition of Bengal===
Citing administrative improvement and affirmative action for [[Bengali Muslims]] and non-Bengali communities in [[colonial Assam]], the British government enacted the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] in 1905. The new province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], with its own [[Legislative Council of Eastern Bengal and Assam|Legislative Council]], saw more investments in education and infrastructure. The province was a center of the petroleum, tea, and jute industries. Its capital was [[Dacca]], with a summer capital at [[Shillong]]. The summer capital enjoyed the highest per capita income in British India.<ref name="daily-sun1"/> The [[All India Muslim League]] was formed in Dacca to safeguard the interests of [[Indian Muslims|British Indian Muslims]]. But the first partition sparked strong protests from elites in Calcutta and sections of the landed [[Zamindar|gentry]], particularly [[Bengali Hindus]]. The protests caused a pan-Indian political crisis. In 1912, East Bengal was reunited with West Bengal as [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] while Assam was separated as [[Assam Province]].

The first partition left a strong legacy. Decades later in the 1940s, when Hindu–Muslim relations deteriorated, the British government again partitioned Bengal into [[East Bengal]] and [[West Bengal]] as part of the [[Partition of British India]]. East Bengal was made part of the Muslim-majority [[Dominion of Pakistan]] and West Bengal a part of the Hindu-majority [[Dominion of India]]. East Bengal was later renamed [[East Pakistan]] in 1955.

In 1971, East Pakistan seceded in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which established the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]. The [[constitution of Bangladesh]] established a multiparty parliamentary democracy in 1972. The country endured several [[Military coups in Bangladesh|military coups]] in the late 1970s and 1980s. [[Islam]] is the [[state religion]] of Bangladesh. In the Indian state of West Bengal, the [[Communist Party of India]] governed for three decades.

===Himalayan states===
{{See also|History of Bhutan|History of Nepal|History of Sikkim}}
The Eastern Himalayas has been home to three independent kingdoms since the 17th{{nbsp}}century, including the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]], the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]]. The Himalayan kingdoms served as [[buffer state]]s between [[Imperial China]] and India. In the 19th{{nbsp}}century, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan became [[protectorate]]s of [[British India]]. The [[Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923|Anglo-Nepal Treaty of 1923]] recognised Nepal's sovereignty. The treaty was recorded in the [[League of Nations]]. Bhutan's relations with British India were managed under the [[Treaty of Punakha]] of 1910. Sikkim's relations with British India were managed under the [[Treaty of Titalia]] of 1817 and the [[Treaty of Tumlong]] of 1861.

After India became independent, it signed a [[Bhutan–India relations|treaty with Bhutan]] in 1949, and, in 1950, a [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|treaty with Nepal]] and a treaty with Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sikkim |title=Sikkim |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112303/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sikkim |archive-date=1 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]], particularly after the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], caused an exodus of Tibetan refugees into Northern and Eastern South Asia, including into Nepal and Bhutan.

Refugees included the spiritual Tibetan head of state, the [[Dalai Lama]], who established the [[Tibetan government in exile]] in India. The [[CIA Tibetan program]] in Nepal trained Tibetan refugees for guerrilla war against the PRC. Following the Tibetan crisis, India and the PRC engaged in a brief [[Sino-Indian War|border war]] in 1962 over the disputed [[McMahon Line]] and [[Aksai Chin]] areas. In 1975, the [[Annexation of Sikkim|Indian annexation of Sikkim]] was strongly opposed by China.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ankit Panda |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/shadows-of-sikkim-in-crimea/ |title=Shadows of Sikkim in Crimea |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203301/https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/shadows-of-sikkim-in-crimea/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nepal's first period of parliamentary democracy lasted from 1950 to 1960. The [[King Mahendra|King of Nepal]] imposed the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|panchayat]] system in the 1960s and 1970s. A mass uprising pressured the [[King Birendra|King of Nepal]] to restore democracy in 1990. The [[Nepalese Civil War]] began in 1992.

Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971. Bhutan was the first country to recognise the independence of Bangladesh.

===Indian northeast===
{{See also|East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India}}
[[Colonial Assam]] was reorganised by the [[Indian government]] into the [[Seven Sister States]] of northeast India, including [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Tripura]]. [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] has been a security challenge for the Indian government. Since 1958, the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] has been imposed in the region. The law has been described as perpetuating indirect [[Martial law|military rule]]. There have been many allegations of [[human rights abuses]] in northeast India.

===21st century===
In 2003, China acknowledged Sikkim as a part of India while India recognised Tibet as part of China.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030624/main1.htm |title=India, China sign accord: Agreement on trade through Sikkim |work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh |date=24 June 2003 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118211918/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030624/main1.htm |archive-date=18 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=M.K. Razdan and Anil K Joseph |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=22486 |title=India recognises Tibet as part of Chinese territory |work=The Indian Express |date=24 June 2003 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814060946/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=22486 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Dalai Lama has often asserted that Tibet should be given meaningful autonomy within China, not independence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tibet-doesnt-want-freedom-but-just-autonomy-says-dalai-lama/articleshow/58038071.cms |title=Dalai Lama: Tibet doesn't want freedom, but autonomy, says Dalai Lama |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718073405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tibet-doesnt-want-freedom-but-just-autonomy-says-dalai-lama/articleshow/58038071.cms |archive-date=18 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, the King of Nepal imposed direct rule, which led to the monarchy's overthrow, the end of the civil war, and the creation of the [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] in 2008. Bhutan held its first general election in 2008.

In 2011, India granted duty-free access to most Bangladeshi products.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangladesheconomy.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/india-grants-duty-free-entry-to-all-bd-goods/ |title=India grants duty-free entry to all BD goods | Bangladesh Economic News |publisher=Bangladesheconomy.wordpress.com |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730061802/https://bangladesheconomy.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/india-grants-duty-free-entry-to-all-bd-goods/ |archive-date=30 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, India affirmed in principle to allow Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal to transit its territory for trade movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-114094 |title=India 'positive' on rail transit to Nepal |date=14 November 2009 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002222/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-114094 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Pratim Ranjan Bose |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/economic-renaissance-in-the-east/article8561531.ece |title=Economic renaissance in the East |work=Business Line |date=5 May 2016 |type=Opinion |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-17229342 |title=Bangladesh and India may open transit networks to boost trade |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2012 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415025101/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-17229342 |archive-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Bangladesh and India resolved their maritime boundary dispute at a UN tribunal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-wins-maritime-dispute-with-india/article6191797.ece |title=Bangladesh wins maritime dispute with India |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715181438/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-wins-maritime-dispute-with-india/article6191797.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Habib |first1=Haroon}}</ref>

In 2015, India and Bangladesh signed a land boundary agreement to resolve border disputes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/implementation-of-india-bangladesh-land-boundary-agreement-to-start-tomorrow-1202215 |title=Implementation of India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement to Start Tomorrow |publisher=NDTV |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> In 2014 [[Bangladesh–Bhutan relations|Bangladesh and Bhutan]] signed a trade agreement in which Bhutan gained duty-free access for 90{{nbsp}}products in the Bangladeshi market. Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Bhutan signed a regional motor vehicle agreement in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://netindian.in/news/2015/06/15/00034106/bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal-sign-motor-vehicles-agreement |title=Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal sign motor vehicles agreement | NetIndian |publisher=Netindian.in |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728201513/http://netindian.in/news/2015/06/15/00034106/bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal-sign-motor-vehicles-agreement |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The four countries have agreed to develop [[hydropower]] in the Himalayas. Bhutan and India have developed two hydropower projects, as of 2017.

Nepal has been a key participant in the Chinese [[One Belt, One Road]] initiative, which seeks to revive the historical Silk Road between South Asia and Tibet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramesh Bhushal |url=https://thewire.in/156554/nepal-china-obor-transport-infrastructure/ |title=One Belt, One Road Fuels Nepal's Dreams |publisher=Thewire.in |date=23 June 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926104920/https://thewire.in/156554/nepal-china-obor-transport-infrastructure/ |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aditya Baral |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/silk-road-euphoria.html |title=Silk Road euphoria |work=The Kathmandu Post |type=Op-ed |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803002423/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/silk-road-euphoria.html |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The rapid development of the [[Chinese economy]] has caused increased trade and economic activity between China and Eastern South Asia. China is the largest trading partner of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal while Hong Kong is one of Bhutan's chief trading partners. The [[Indian economy]] has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies although its eastern and northeastern states have had lower economic growth than northern, western, or southern India. According to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[Bangladeshi economy]] was the world's second-fastest-growing major economy in 2016, but the country faces challenges of political instability and infrastructure shortages.

The [[2017 China India border standoff]] developed on the [[Doklam]] plateau, located on the tri-nation border between Bhutan, Indian Sikkim, and Chinese Tibet.

==Geography and climate==
===Bangladesh===
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Satellite image of Bangladesh in October 2001.jpg|thumb|left|The river delta flowing into the Bay of Bengal in 2001]]
[[File:Blue sky, sea and beach, cox's bazar.jpg|thumb|300px|The longest beach in the world is located in Cox's Bazaar]]
The geography of Bangladesh is varied and has an area characterised by three distinct features: a broad deltaic plain subject to frequent flooding, elevated forested plateaus, and a small hilly region crossed by swiftly flowing rivers. The country has an area of {{convert|147610|sqkm}} and extends {{convert|820|km}} north to south and {{convert|600|km}} east to west. Bangladesh is bordered on the west, north, and east by a {{convert|4095|km|adj=on}} land frontier with India and, in the southeast, by a short land and water frontier ({{convert|193|km}} with Burma (Myanmar). On the south is a highly irregular deltaic coastline of about {{convert|580|km}}, containing many parallel rivers and streams flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The territorial waters of Bangladesh extend {{convert|12|nmi|km mi}}, and the exclusive economic zone of the country is {{convert|200|nmi|km mi}}. Bangladesh has a [[tropical monsoon climate]].

The [[Sundarbans]] in Bangladesh, which is shared with India, is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. [[Cox's Bazar Beach]] is one of the world's longest beaches.

===Bhutan===
{{Main|Geography of Bhutan}}
[[File:National Library of Bhutan 2008 01 24 b.jpg|300px|thumb|Snow in Thimphu. The picture was taken at the National Library of Bhutan]]
Bhutan is roughly the size of Switzerland. It is located on the southern slopes of the eastern Himalayas, landlocked between the Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and the Indian states of Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh to the west and south. The land consists mostly of steep and high mountains crisscrossed by a network of swift rivers, which form deep valleys before draining into the Indian plains. Elevation rises from {{convert|200|m}} in the southern foothills to more than {{convert|7000|m}}. The highest peak in Bhutan is [[Gangkhar Puensum]] at {{convert|7570|m}}.

The climate in Bhutan varies with elevation, from subtropical in the south to temperate in central areas and alpine in the north, with year-round snow in the north. Western Bhutan has the heavier monsoon rains; southern Bhutan has hot humid summers and cool winters.

===India===
{{Main|Geography of India}}

====East India====
The bulk of the East India region lies on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. It includes the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Odisha]]. The region is bounded by [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Bhutan]] in the north, [[Bangladesh]] in the east, the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh on the west, and the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh in the south. It is connected to the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by the narrow [[Siliguri Corridor]]. West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north, to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The region lies in the [[humid]]-[[subtropical]] zone.

====Northeast India====
[[File:One horn Rhino in Kaziranga national park.jpg|thumb|A rhinoceros in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam]]
The [[landlocked]] region of Northeast India includes the states of [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Tripura]]. It has land borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. The region is usually categorised into the [[Eastern Himalaya]] and the [[Brahmaputra Valley|Brahmaputra]] and the [[Barak Valley]] plains. Northeast India has a predominantly humid [[sub-tropical]] climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters. The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra–Barak River systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak, and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea level to over {{convert|7000|m}} above [[mean sea level]]. The region's high rainfall, averaging around {{convert|10000|mm}} and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.
[[File:Mount Everest as seen from Drukair2.jpg|thumb|300px|Mount Everest seen from the window of a plane flying over the Himalayas]]

===Nepal===
{{Main|Geography of Nepal}}
Nepal is the world's [[List of countries by area|93rd largest country]]. Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: mountain, hill, and southern lowland plains (the ''[[Terai]]''). These ecological belts run east–west and are vertically intersected by Nepal's major, north to south-flowing river system. The southern lowland plains bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Hill Region (Pahad) abuts the mountains and varies from {{convert|800|to|4000|m}} in altitude with progression from subtropical climates below {{convert|1200|m}} to alpine climates above {{convert|3600|m}}. The Lower Himalayan Range reaching {{convert|1500|to|3000|m}} is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and "hills" alternating to the north of this range. The Mountain Region (Himal), situated in the Great Himalayan Range, makes up the northern part of Nepal. It contains the highest elevations in the world, including [[List of tallest mountains|eight of the ten highest mountains]].

The climate of Nepal includes [[subtropical]], [[temperate]], [[subalpine]] and [[alpine climate|alpine]] zones.

==Demographics==
{{See also|Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Largest cities
| country = Eastern South Asia
| stat_ref = [[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]], [[Census of India]], Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics and others
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Country
| div_link = Eastern South Asia 
| city_1 = Kolkata | div_1 = India | pop_1 = 14,112,536<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above |website=Census of India 2011}}</ref>
| city_2 = Dhaka |div_2 = Bangladesh | pop_2 = 8,906,039<ref name="bbsCensus2011">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2011 - Volume 3: Urban Area Report |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Population%20%20Housing%20Census%202011.pdf |date=August 2014 |pages=xi, 24–26 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| city_3 = Chittagong | div_3 = Bangladesh | pop_3 = 2,592,439<ref name="bbsCensus2011" />
| city_4 = Patna | div_4 = India| pop_4 = 2,049,156<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/174-patna.html | title=Patna City Population Census 2011-2022 | Bihar }}</ref>
| city_5 = Asansol | div_5 = India | pop_5 = 1,243,008<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/200-asansol.html | title=Asansol City Population Census 2011-2022 | West Bengal }}</ref>
| city_6= Kathmandu | div_6 = Nepal | pop_6 = 1,003,285<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2019/02/Statistical-Year-book-2013_SS.pdf |title=Statistical Year Book of Nepal - 2013 |website=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| city_7 = Guwahati | div_7 = India | pop_7 = 962,334<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html | title=Guwahati City Population Census 2011-2022 | Assam }}</ref>
| city_8 = Bhubaneshwar | div_8 = India | pop_8 = 837,456<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above |website=Census of India 2011}}</ref>
| city_9 = Siliguri | div_9 = India | pop_9 = 705,579<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/192-siliguri.html | title=Siliguri City Population Census 2011-2022 | West Bengal }}</ref>
| city_10 = Khulna | div_10 = Bangladesh | pop_10 = 664,728<ref name="bbsCensus2011" />
| city_11 = Sylhet | div_11 = Bangladesh | pop_11 = 526,412<ref name="bbsCensus2011" />
| city_12 = Rajshahi | div_12 = Bangladesh| pop_12 = 451,425<ref name="bbsCensus2011" />
}}

===Bangladesh===
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|Languages of Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh is the world's [[List of countries by population|eighth most populous country]], with a population of more than [[Demographics of Bangladesh|160{{nbsp}}million]]. [[Bengalis]] are the largest ethnic group, with [[Bengali Muslim]] a majority, followed by [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Bengali Buddhists]], and [[Bengali Christians]]. The country has a significant [[Urdu]]-speaking minority and numerous minority [[Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh|indigenous ethnic groups]]. The [[Bengali language]] is the [[official language]]. [[Dhaka]], [[Chittagong]], [[Khulna]], [[Sylhet]], and [[Rajshahi]] are among the country's largest cities and towns. Bangladesh's [[life expectancy]] is ranked third in South Asia.

===Bhutan===
{{Main|Demographics of Bhutan}}
Bhutan has the second-smallest population in South Asia after the [[Maldives]]. Bhutan's three main ethnic groups are the [[Ngalop]], [[Sharchop people|Sharchop]], and [[Lhotshampa]]. The state religion is [[Buddhism]]. The official language is [[Dzongkha]]. Bhutan has a significant Nepali-speaking minority. [[Thimphu]] and [[Phuntsholing]] are the largest cities.

===India===
{{See also|Demographics of India|Official languages of India}}
With an estimated population of 226{{nbsp}}million, [[East India]] has a multi-lingual and multi-ethnic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] population. [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Darjeeling]] are among the area's largest cities. [[Northeast India]] has a population of 45{{nbsp}}million. It has a multi-ethnic [[Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Austroasiatic|Austric]] population, except in Bengali-majority Tripura. [[Guwahati]], [[Agartala]], [[Shillong]], [[Imphal]], [[Aizawl]], and [[Gangtok]] are the major towns and cities. [[Hindi]] and English are the federal official languages of India while most states also have their own official language.

===Nepal===
{{Main|Demographics of Nepal}}
Nepal has a population of 25 million, which is the world's [[List of countries by population|41st largest]]. Nepal is a multiethnic Himalayan nation with [[Nepali language|Nepali]] as the official language.

==Economy==
===Bangladesh===
[[File:GulshanDhaka.jpg|thumb|[[Dhaka]], the commercial and financial hub of the country, is a major business center in South Asia and the largest economic centre in Eastern South Asia]]
Listed as one of the [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Next Eleven|Next Eleven]], the [[economy of Bangladesh]] ranks [[List of countries by nominal GDP|39th]] in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|29th]] in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). In the fiscal year 2018–2019, Bangladesh registered exports worth US$40.53 billion and imports worth US$55.44 billion. Its major trading partners include the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Australia, [[Malaysia]], and Singapore. The [[Port of Chittagong]] is Bangladesh's busiest port, as well as the busiest in Eastern South Asia. Bangladesh's chief export is [[Bangladesh textile industry|textiles]]. It is the world's second-largest textile exporter after China.<ref>{{cite news |author=Refayet Ullah Mirdha |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladesh-remains-second-largest-garments-exporter-against-all-odds-1255084 |title=Bangladesh remains second largest garments exporter, against all odds |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711184035/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/Bangladesh-remains-second-largest-garments-exporter-against-all-odds-1255084 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is largely self-sufficient in [[Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh|pharmaceuticals]], shipbuilding, steel rods, ceramics, glass, [[Agriculture in Bangladesh|food]], and numerous other sectors. Bangladesh has significant natural gas, limestone, and coal reserves. The [[jute trade]] has been historically important. Bangladesh's financial sector is one of the largest in South Asia along with those of India and Pakistan. The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] and [[Chittagong Stock Exchange]] are its principal capital markets.

Bangladesh has the second-largest [[foreign exchange reserve]]s in South Asia. Its [[credit rating]] is also the second-best in the region after India.

The [[Nepal Bangladesh Bank]] was set up by Bangladesh's [[IFIC Bank]] in neighbouring Nepal.

===Bhutan===
[[File:Bhutan Airlines Airbus A319-112 (A5-BAB) at Paro Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Bhutan Airlines]] is owned by the [[Tashi Group]], Bhutan's largest conglomerate.]]
The [[economy of Bhutan]] is notable for its [[energy in Bhutan|hydropower]], [[ferroalloy]]s, apples, [[red rice]], construction materials, and [[tourism in Bhutan|tourism]] sectors. Bhutan's main trading partners are India, Bangladesh, [[Thailand]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. [[Phuntsholing]] is Bhutan's financial center. The [[Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan]] is the main stock exchange. The [[Bank of Bhutan]] and the Bhutan National Bank are the largest financial institutions. The SAARC Development Fund is based in [[Thimphu]].

Bhutan ranks first in [[Index of Economic Freedom|economic freedom]] and [[Ease of doing business index|ease of doing business]], is second in per capita income, and is the [[Corruption Perceptions Index|least corrupt country]] in South Asia.

===India===
East India's [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]] states have rich mineral deposits. East India is also notable for [[Darjeeling tea]]. Northeast India has one of the world's oldest [[Assam oil|petroleum]] and [[Assam tea|tea]] industries. Tourism is also important for the region's economy. Kolkata is the principal financial center of eastern and northeastern India, being home to the [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]]. The [[Port of Kolkata]] is the region's principal gateway and is also used by Nepal and Bhutan. The [[Haldia Port|port of Haldia]] is a hub of heavy industry. The [[Guwahati Tea Auction Centre]] is important for the region's tea industry. [[Jute]] is a major crop, as in neighbouring Bangladesh.

A cross-border conveyor belt carries limestone from mines in [[Meghalaya]], India, to [[Sylhet Division]], Bangladesh, to supply a [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] cement plant.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/11/dictators-mining-bangladesh |title=Seamless transition |magazine=The Economist |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728211126/https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/11/dictators-mining-bangladesh |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nepal===
[[File:Two nepalese rupee coin.png|thumb|left|Two sides of a [[Nepalese rupee]] coin]]
[[File:Kathmandu Darbar0607 KumariGhar.JPG|thumb|[[Tourism in Nepal|Tourism]] is one of Nepal's largest foreign exchange earners.]]
While Kathmandu is Nepal's main commercial center, most of the country's industries are located along the southern border with India. The [[economy of Nepal]] relies heavily on [[tourism in Nepal|tourism]], [[agriculture in Nepal|agriculture]], food processing, metal production, [[remittance]]s, carpet making, and textile manufacturing. Nepal's principal trading partners are India, the United States, and China. [[Binod Chaudhary]] is Nepal's sole ''Forbes''-listed billionaire.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Abby |url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/how-nepals-first-and-only-billionaire-rose-to-the-top-1466131908 |title=How Nepal's Only Billionaire Made It Big |work=Barron's |date=17 June 2016 |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073623/http://www.barrons.com/articles/how-nepals-first-and-only-billionaire-rose-to-the-top-1466131908 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic history===
{{See also|History of the taka|Silk Road|Tea Horse Road|Grand Trunk Road}}
[[File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg|thumb|left|Coinage from the [[Bengal Sultanate]]]]
The [[History of the taka|taka]] introduced by Muslims is the historical currency of [[Bengal]], Nepal, and Tibet. [[Arab people|Arab]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] traders frequented the region for centuries. One branch of the ancient [[Silk Road]] ran between Tibet, Sikkim, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bengal. The [[Lhasa Newar]] merchants were active on the trade route until the Chinese takeover of Tibet in the 1950s. The [[Kathmandu Valley]]'s early prosperity was due to these merchants. Another branch of the Silk Road connected Bengal with China through Burma and [[Yunnan]]. This route is also known as the [[Tea Horse Road]]. The [[Grand Trunk Road]] has its eastern terminus in Bengal. The seaports of Bengal were part of [[Indian Ocean trade]] networks with Africa and East Asia. In the 15th{{nbsp}}century, the Sultan of Bengal shipped a giraffe from Somalia and sent it to China as a gift for the Ming emperor. In the 17th{{nbsp}}century, Mughal Bengal generated 50% of India's GDP due to its worldwide [[muslin]] and silk exports. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish trading posts in the region. By the 18th{{nbsp}}century, Bengal attracted Dutch, French, Armenian, Danish, Greek, and British traders.

==Political and legal systems==
[[File:G7 members and Guest Invitees group photo.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister of Bangladesh (seventh from right) with G7 leaders in Japan]]
===Bangladesh===
Bangladesh is a [[unitary state]] and a [[parliamentary republic]]. The [[Jatiyo Sangshad]] is its unicameral legislature. The [[President of Bangladesh]] is the ceremonial head of state, and the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] is the head of government. The [[laws in Bangladesh|legal system of Bangladesh]] is based on [[English common law]] and Muslim, Hindu, and Christian personal [[religious law]]s. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has wide powers for [[Judicial review in Bangladesh|judicial review]]. [[Fundamental rights in Bangladesh|Fundamental rights]] are enshrined in the country's constitution, but the [[human rights in Bangladesh|human rights situation]] faces challenges. Bangladesh ranks first in [[gender equality]] in South Asia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladesh-leads-s-asia-reducing-gender-gap-1305064 |title=Bangladesh leads South Asia in gender equality |work=The Daily Star |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706111017/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladesh-leads-s-asia-reducing-gender-gap-1305064 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Jigme Singye Wangchuck and Robert Blake.jpg|thumb|Bhutan's royal family with a US government official]]
===Bhutan===
Bhutan is a [[constitutional monarchy]] headed by the [[King of Bhutan]]. Bhutan is a [[parliamentary democracy]], with an elected [[bicameral]] [[parliament of Bhutan|legislature]]. The [[Prime Minister of Bhutan]] is the head of government. The legal system of Bhutan is a mixture of the semi-theocratic [[Tsa Yig]] code and English common law influences. Capital punishment was abolished in Bhutan in 2004.

===India===
India is a [[federal republic|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]. While the Indian federal government is headed by the ceremonial [[President of India]] and executive [[Prime Minister of India]], the [[states of India]] are headed by a ceremonial governor and executive [[chief minister]]. Indian legislatures include the bicameral national parliament and numerous unicameral and bicameral state legislatures. The federal government can impose [[President's rule]] in the states. Indian states are not permitted to develop relations with foreign countries, including neighbouring countries within Eastern South Asia unless it is strictly overseen by the heavily bureaucratic federal government. The [[Law of India|Indian legal system]] is a mixture of English common law, civil law, custom laws, and religious laws. The Supreme Court of India has a notable history of [[judicial activism]]. [[Fundamental rights in India|Fundamental rights]] are enshrined in India's [[Constitution of India|constitution]].

Despite India's democratic framework, much of northeast India is under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]], which has been described as "draconian".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/scs-orders-on-afspa-prove-that-it-is-a-draconian-provision-not-an-enabling-one-2888652.html |title=SC's orders on AFSPA prove that it is a draconian provision, not an enabling one |work=Firstpost |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720191730/http://www.firstpost.com/india/scs-orders-on-afspa-prove-that-it-is-a-draconian-provision-not-an-enabling-one-2888652.html |archive-date=20 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-abomination-called-afspa/article4404804.ece |title=An abomination called AFSPA |work=The Hindu |type=Opinion |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023052557/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-abomination-called-afspa/article4404804.ece |archive-date=23 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Sudha Ramachandran |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/indias-controversial-armed-forces-special-powers-act/ |title=India's Controversial Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804195224/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/indias-controversial-armed-forces-special-powers-act/ |archive-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human rights abuses in Manipur]] have been a challenge.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-india-40460078 |title=Manipur killings: Seeking justice for hundreds of 'unlawful deaths' |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717085104/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-india-40460078/manipur-killings-seeking-justice-for-hundreds-of-unlawful-deaths |archive-date=17 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nepal===
Nepal is a [[federal republic]]. The [[President of Nepal]] is the head of state. The [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]'s role as head of government has been in place for over a century. Nepal has a bicameral parliament. The country continues to transition from a monarchy to a republic. Nepal's legal system is historically based on [[Hindu law]] but has incorporated influences from English law and other legal systems since modernisation began in the country in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Nepal.html |title=Research Guide of the Legal System of Kingdom of Nepal – GlobaLex |publisher=Nyulawglobal.org |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710144350/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Nepal.html |archive-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal has seen secularisation since the republic was proclaimed in 2008. Capital punishment has been abolished. Nepal ranked 63rd on the 2016 Rule of Law Index compiled by the [[World Justice Project]], which was higher than India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-slips-five-positions-rule-law-index/ |title=Nepal slips five positions down in Rule of Law Index|work=The Himalayan Times |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728214146/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-slips-five-positions-rule-law-index/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Armed forces==
[[File:Nepalese Army, USAF work with Bangladesh, Indian Air Forces to process relief supplies 150507-F-XN788-020.jpg|thumb|US Air Force personnel unloading relief supplies from a Bangladesh Air Force C130 plane in Kathmandu, Nepal]]
===Bangladesh===
The [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] are the third-largest in South Asia and include the [[Bangladesh Army]], [[Bangladesh Navy]], and [[Bangladesh Air Force]]. Bangladesh is a leading contributor of [[UN peacekeeping]] forces. Bangladesh's main defence partners are the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, and China. Bangladesh's military was responsible for several [[Military coups in Bangladesh|coups]] in the 1970s and 1980s.

===Bhutan===
The [[Royal Bhutan Army]] is Bhutan's principal defence force. It has an extensive partnership with the armed forces of neighbouring India that includes training and logistics. The Royal Bhutan Army is responsible for monitoring Bhutan's disputed northern border with China.

===India===
The [[Eastern Command (India)|Indian Eastern Command]] is responsible for the country's security interests in the Eastern South Asia region.

The [[Indian Armed Forces]] is the world's third-largest military force. It includes the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]], and [[Indian Air Force]]. The Indian military is the foremost regional military in South Asia. India is a declared [[nuclear weapons state]]. India's main defence suppliers include Russia, the United States, and Israel.[[File:A Nepalese soldier, back left, with the Royal Gurkha Rifles (RGR) regiment of the British army, Brigade of Gurkhas blesses a British soldier during the Nepalese festival of Dashain in Lashkar Gah district 110924-N-TH989-244.jpg|thumb|A British Army soldier with Nepalese Gurkha soldiers]]

===Nepal===
The [[Nepal Army]] is responsible for landlocked Nepal's national security. It includes the [[Nepalese Army Air Service]]. Nepal's military has historically enjoyed a close association with the [[British armed forces]] due to the recruitment of [[Gurkha]]s. Nepal is a consistent contributor to UN peacekeeping operations.

==Regional economic integration==
===BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement===
In 2015, the [[Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal|BBIN]] countries signed an agreement to allow their vehicles (carrying both cargo and passengers) to travel between the countries with an electronic permit. Once implemented, the agreement is expected to replace transshipment costs with cheaper direct transit. However, its implementation has been forestalled by the failure of Bhutan's [[National Council of Bhutan|upper house]] to ratify the agreement, even though Bangladesh, India and Nepal have ratified. Bhutanese opponents argue that allowing foreign vehicles within the country would pollute its natural environment. In 2018, it was reported that Bangladesh, India and Nepal could move forward with implementation without Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/kVaw1u3uvAq3SVugqTGkCI/BBIN-pact-India-Bangladesh-Nepal-okay-vehicle-movement-pr.html |title=BBIN pact: India, Bangladesh, Nepal okay vehicle movement procedure |date=15 January 2018 |work=Livemint |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023646/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/kVaw1u3uvAq3SVugqTGkCI/BBIN-pact-India-Bangladesh-Nepal-okay-vehicle-movement-pr.html |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bangladesh transit===
[[File:Karnaphuli River at night (01).jpg|thumb|400px|Chittagong in Bangladesh hosts the busiest seaport in the region, handling over 2.2 million TEUs in 2016]]
Prior to the [[partition of British India]], a regime of freedom of trade and transport existed in the region, including free ports in Calcutta, [[Port of Narayanganj|Narayanganj]] and Chittagong. The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] and [[Assam Bengal Railway]] were vital transport arteries. Cross border transport continued after partition of Bengal in 1947. In 1963, an agreement between Nepal and Pakistan allowed free trade and transit through the port of Chittagong in [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/nepal/66.htm |title=Nepal - Pakistan and Bangladesh |website=countrystudies.us |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623152638/http://countrystudies.us/nepal/66.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, cross border railway, bus and water transport became indefinitely suspended after the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-318 |title=Tragedy of errors |date=17 August 2007 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428003144/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-318 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the independence of East Pakistan, Nepal signed a Transit Agreement with Bangladesh in 1976, even though cross border transport through India remained suspended since 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tepc.gov.np/pages/bangladesh-routes |title=Trade and Export Promotion Centre |website=tepc.gov.np |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401172222/http://tepc.gov.np/pages/bangladesh-routes |archive-date=1 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, a Joint Declaration by the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and India pledged to establish a transit regime for landlocked [[Northeast India]], Nepal and Bhutan through Bangladeshi territory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/indiabangjoint2010.htm |title=India-Bangladesh Joint Statement, January 2010 |website=satp.org |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101001049/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/indiabangjoint2010.htm |archive-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed transit is focused on international seaports in [[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong]] and [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]], as well as the [[Bangladesh Railway]] and [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|inland waterways]]. In 2016, the prime ministers of Nepal and India agreed in principle on the prospect of freedom of transit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/india-nepal-sign-agreements-on-rail-network-transit-to-bangladesh/articleshow/51070778.cms |title=India, Nepal sign agreements on rail network; transit to Bangladesh |date=20 February 2016 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327085619/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/india-nepal-sign-agreements-on-rail-network-transit-to-bangladesh/articleshow/51070778.cms |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, a joint statement by the prime ministers of Bangladesh and Bhutan also affirmed the principle of freedom of transit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladesh-bhutan-joint-statement-1393816 |title=Bangladesh-Bhutan joint statement |date=20 April 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704041921/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladesh-bhutan-joint-statement-1393816 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the first Indian ship made transit through Bangladesh while travelling between West Bengal and Tripura.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-bangladesh-waterways-transit-inaugurated-in-dhaka/article14429632.ece1 |title=India-Bangladesh waterways transit inaugurated in Dhaka |date=18 June 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320060544/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-bangladesh-waterways-transit-inaugurated-in-dhaka/article14429632.ece1 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port of Ashuganj]] was officially declared a port of call.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/business/2016/07/06/ashuganj-port-gives-india-relief |title=Ashuganj port gives India relief |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144746/https://bdnews24.com/business/2016/07/06/ashuganj-port-gives-india-relief |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[World Bank]] announced a US$150 million financing agreement for improving infrastructure to develop a transit regime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/12/07/world-bank-helps-bangladesh-improve-trade-and-transport-connectivity |title=World Bank Helps Bangladesh Improve Trade and Transport Connectivity |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084205/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/12/07/world-bank-helps-bangladesh-improve-trade-and-transport-connectivity |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Road Transport Union]] has called for a singular customs system in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/development/2017/11/07/global-transit-system-ease-trade/ |title=Global transit system could ease trade with Bhutan, Nepal and India |date=7 November 2017 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220628/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/development/2017/11/07/global-transit-system-ease-trade/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Internet connectivity===
Northeast Indian states import internet [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] by using the Bangladeshi [[submarine cable]] in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/Agartala-becomes-Indias-third-intl-internet-gateway/articleshow/51544682.cms |title=Agartala becomes India's third int'l internet gateway | Agartala News - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612131031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/Agartala-becomes-Indias-third-intl-internet-gateway/articleshow/51544682.cms |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh also plans to export internet bandwidth to Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://drrgateway.net/information-communications-technology/bangladesh-export-bandwidth-to-bhutan |title=Bangladesh to start Bandwidth Export to Bhutan | ICT & DRR Gateway |website=drrgateway.net |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084156/http://drrgateway.net/information-communications-technology/bangladesh-export-bandwidth-to-bhutan |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Nepal imports internet bandwidth from both India and China.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-ends-india-s-monopoly-on-internet-access-with-new-chinese-link/story-lxcEzrufnTLM7Pv8WxhXCN.html |title=Nepal ends India's monopoly on internet access with new Chinese link |date=12 January 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130205020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-ends-india-s-monopoly-on-internet-access-with-new-chinese-link/story-lxcEzrufnTLM7Pv8WxhXCN.html |archive-date=30 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hydropower===
Bhutan exports electricity to India from four major [[hydroelectric]] facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbedelhi/?page_id=28 |title=Bhutan-India Hydropower Relations |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904232940/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbedelhi/?page_id=28 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bhutan, Nepal and India plan to export electricity to Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2016/10/20/nepal-bangladesh-agree-to-build-more-than-1-600-mw-of-pumped-storage-hydropower/ |title=Nepal, Bangladesh agree to build more than 1,600 MW of pumped-storage hydropower |date=20 October 2016 |website=Hydro Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bhutan-to-supply-hydropower-to-bangladesh-through-india-soon/59434785 |title=Bhutan to supply hydropower to Bangladesh through India soon |website=ETEnergyWorld |date=4 July 2017 |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023826/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bhutan-to-supply-hydropower-to-bangladesh-through-india-soon/59434785 |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ready-to-sell-power-to-bangladesh-says-modi/article6651864.ece |title=India ready to sell power to Bangladesh, says Modi |first=Syed Sajjad |last=Ali |date=1 December 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204035520/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ready-to-sell-power-to-bangladesh-says-modi/article6651864.ece |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Visa free travel===
{{See also|Visa requirements for Indian citizens|Visa requirements for Bangladeshi citizens|Visa requirements for Nepalese citizens|Visa requirements for Bhutanese citizens}}
India enjoys a visa free travel regime with Nepal and Bhutan. Bangladesh enjoys a visa free regime with Bhutan and its citizens get a visa on arrival in Nepal. However, visa requirements still exist between India and Bangladesh and between Nepal and Bhutan.

==Water sharing==
{{See also|Sharing the water of the Ganges}}
There are numerous transboundary rivers in the region, which has been a cause of water sharing disputes. Bangladesh and India share 54 transboundary rivers, but they do not have a comprehensive river management treaty.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/law-analysis/revisiting-the-1996-ganges-treaty-1259266 |title=Revisiting the 1996 Ganges Treaty |date=26 July 2016 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123814/https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/law-analysis/revisiting-the-1996-ganges-treaty-1259266 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> There has also been criticism of India's existing water sharing and hydropower agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thelondonpost.net/indias-water-issues-with-bangladesh-nepal-and-bhutan/ |title=India's Water Issues with Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan |first=The London |last=Post |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327025022/https://thelondonpost.net/indias-water-issues-with-bangladesh-nepal-and-bhutan/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2016/10/04/india-bhutan-hydropower-cooperation-fraying-at-the-edges/ |title=India Bhutan hydropower cooperation fraying at the edges |date=4 October 2016 |website=The Third Pole |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917114229/https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2016/10/04/india-bhutan-hydropower-cooperation-fraying-at-the-edges/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh and India are also concerned by Chinese efforts to dam the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/bangladesh-should-be-worried-about-chinas-brahmaputra-dam-160111 |title=Bangladesh should be worried about China's Brahmaputra dam |date=21 October 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123750/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/bangladesh-should-be-worried-about-chinas-brahmaputra-dam-160111 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal]]
* [[Northern South Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Geographic location|Centre=Eastern South Asia|North=[[China]]|Northeast=[[China]]|East=[[Southeast Asia]]|Southeast=[[Southeast Asia]]|South=[[Bay of Bengal]]|Southwest=[[East India]]|West=[[Northern South Asia]]|Northwest=[[China]] (specifically [[Tibet]])}}
{{South Asian topics}}
{{Foreign relations of Bangladesh}}
{{Foreign relations of Bhutan}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Nepal}}

[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of South Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Nepal]]
[[Category:Geography of Bhutan]]

Vemulawada, Kakinada district

2026-04-24T07:13:50Z

Riya parik: Creating New Place Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vemulawada, [[Kakinada district]]
| native_name =
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| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_total = 2500
| population_as_of =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = (+5:30)
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533462
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| area_code = +91-884
| blank1_info_sec1 =
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}}
'''Vemulawada''' is a village in [[Karapa mandal]], [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is close to Daksharamam.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located 13 km towards west from the Port city of Kakinada, which is the district headquarters, and it is at a distance of 4 km from Karapa, the Mandal headquarters. Nearby towns are Kakinada to the east and Samarlakota to the west. The Karapa mandal is adjacent to the Samarlakota Mandal. The village is located close to the natural drain Tulyabhaga or Jamadagni and in close proximity to the Temple (Bhimeswara Temple) town of Drakshramam close to river Godavari in Kakinada District of Andhra Pradesh. The famous temple of Sri Chalukya Kumararama in which the deity Sri Bhimeswara Swamy is worshipped, is well known and is considered as one of the ‘Pancharama Kshetras’. The temple is at a distance of one KM from the Samarlakota( which is also called Samalkota) railway station. Details of the temple are available in the following Wikipedia articles -1 . Pancharama Kshetras, 2. Kumararama, 3. Samalkot, 4. Temples of Andhra Pradesh.

Vemulavada of Kakinada district and its famous temple are often confused with another town also called Vemulavada (originally Lemulawada or Lembulawada) in Karimnagar district of the State of Telangana and the Sri Rajarajeswara Swamy temple available there, in many web sites.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Kakinada district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vemulawada}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kakinada district]]

Ahom religion

2026-04-24T05:19:45Z

Riya parik:

{{short description|Ethnic religion of the Ahom people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox religion
| icon =
| icon_width =
| icon_alt =
| name = Ahom Religion (Phuralung religion)
| native_name = 𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨
| native_name_lang = Tai-Ahom
| image = Habung2.jpg
| type = [[Taoic religion|Taoic]]
| scripture = Lit Lai Peyn Kaka
|language = [[Ahom language]]
}}
The '''Ahom religion,''' also known as '''Phuralung religion''', is the [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Ahom people]] of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gogoi|first=Dr. Lakhimi|title=DEITIES OF AHOM|website=ResearchGate|date=2019-02-06|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330912609|access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref> The Ahom people came to Assam in 1228, led by the [[Tai people|Tai]] prince [[Sukaphaa]], and admixed with the local people. The people who came into Assam included two clans of priests, joined later by a third, who brought with them their own religion, rituals, practices and scriptures. The Ahom religion is based on ritual-oriented [[ancestor worship]]<ref>"The Tai Ahom religion is explained and interpreted by the scholars differently; yet the ancient religion of the Tai Ahoms, is in essence, the religion of [[ancestor worship]]. It is a ritual oriented religion and the rituals are primarily based on the cult of ancestor worship." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=17}}</ref> that requires animal sacrifice (''Ban-Phi''),<ref>"Ban Phi' is the sacrificial process to offer oblations to the gods and ancestors." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=47}}</ref> though there is at least one [[Buddhism]]-influenced ritual in which sacrifice is forbidden (''Phuralung'').<ref>"Although blood sacrifice is a must in the Tai Ahom rituals, yet the 'Phuralung' ceremony needs no shed of blood of any bird and animal." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=48}}</ref> Ancestor worship and the [[animism|animistic]] concept of ''khwan'' are two elements it shares with other [[Tai folk religion]]s.<ref>Tai Ahom religion is entirely based on the very cult of ancestor worship and Khon (Khwan) belief and these two are the common elements present in all the Tais spreading over the world.{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=XII}}</ref> There is no [[idolatry]] except for the titular god of the [[Ahom king]]<ref>"There is no image worship or Idolatry in the ''Tai Ahom'' religion except for ''Chumpha rung sheng mung'', commonly known as ''Chum Pha''." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=21}}</ref> and though there is a concept of [[heaven]] or a heavenly kingdom (''Mong Phi'', sometimes identified with a part of [[Tian]], [[China]]),<ref>"Heaven is here Tien a part Yunnan In Southwest China." {{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=14}}</ref> there is no concept of hell.<ref>"The concept of 'The Heavenly Kingdom' or 'Mong Phi' is there in the Tai Ahom religion. But there is no concept of hell in this religion" {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=21}}</ref> It was the [[state religion]] of the [[Ahom kingdom]] in the initial period.

The [[Ahom kingdom]] expanded suddenly in the 16th century and the [[Ahom people]]s became a small minority in their own kingdom—though they continued to wield control. Subsequently, they slowly converted and by the early 19th-century, Ahom religion declined to be replaced by [[Hinduism]]. In the 1931 survey, all Ahoms listed Hinduism as their religion.<ref>"The 1931 Census report of Assam recorded 249,434 Ahoms in Assam
spread over in various districts and they all were returned as Hindus." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=11}}</ref> Nevertheless, due to the [[Ahom revivalism movement]] as well as efforts from scholars, many of the older practices of the Ahom religion have been resurrected since the 1960s and 1970s.

The three priestly clans (''Mo'sam'', ''Mo'hung'', ''Mo'Plong'') of the Ahom people are the current custodians of the Ahom religion.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=70}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In the [[Tai-Ahom language]], ''Am-Su-Shin'' refers to a religion or a doctrine. ''Phuralung'' is a combination of two Tai-Ahom words, ''Phura'', meaning ‘the unified force of the world’, and ''Lung'', meaning ‘Dragon’.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2019}}</ref>

In 1975, the priestly class formed the Assam Phuralung Society, and designated the Ahom religion ''Am-Su-Shin Phuralung'', or the Phuralung Religion.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Ancestor worship==
{{main|Me-Dam-Me-Phi}}
Ancestor worship is a core tenet of Ahom religion. Ancestor worship ceremonies are divided into two main types: ''Dam-Phi'', performed in individuals households, and ''Me-Dam-Me-Phi'', a public socio-religious ceremony. In the Ahom religion, after one dies, they are believed to become a ''Dam'' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] 'spirit of the dead').<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=26}}</ref> ''Dam'' are held in awe, worshiped and propitiated for protection.<ref>"When his descendants propitiate him with the offerings he comes down to earth and partakes the offerings and keeps an eye upon them as their guardian spirit." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=42}}</ref> After the fourteenth generation, a ''Dam'' becomes a ''Phi'' (god) and is worshiped by the whole community.<ref>"A person becomes a Dam after his death, and he gets oblation as a household Dam, when he becomes Phi after crossing the fourteenth generation counting from the living household then he remained no longer a Dam but he is considered to be a god and in no way concerned with the particular family and becomes a national spirit or ancestor god to the whole community." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=34–35}}</ref> There are three stages of ''Dam,'' based on the generation (with the highest living generation numbered one) and the circumstances of death, and they progress from one stage to the next.

===''Griha Dam''===
The head of the household and his wife, or the parents, are called the ''Na Dam'' ("new ''Dam''", 2nd generation), the next highest generation the ''Ghai Dam'' ("main ''Dam''", 3rd generation) and the next higher generation the ''Chi Rwan Dam'' (4th generation). Each ''Dam'' is complete only when both the husband and wife are dead. These three ''Dam''s constitute the ''Griha Dam'' (household ''Dam'') and they are believed to reside in the North-east pillar of the kitchen, ''Pho Kam'' (Assamese: ''Dam Khuta''), which is usually raised first during the construction of the house and is considered most sacred place in the entire house.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=28}}</ref> The ''Dam Phi'' rituals are directed at the ''Pho Kam''.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=160}}</ref> The household deity, ''Seng Ka Pha'', is also worshiped at the ''Pho Kam''.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=13}}</ref> Those who die unnaturally, without children or unmarried are called ''Jokorua Dam'' and are not included in the ''Griha Dam'' and treated and worshiped differently.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=27–28}}</ref>

===''Chang Dam''===
The next nine generations of ''Dam''s (5th to 13th) constitute ''Chang Dam'', the ''Dam''s who have been let out of the house into the threshold;<ref>"(''Chi ren Dam'') are upgraded to the threshold or ''jakhala'' to heaven and are then lifted to ''Chang Phi Dam''." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=28}}</ref> and are worshiped according to special rites, called ''No Puruxor Saul Khua'' (feast for nine generations).

===''Chao Phi Dam''===
This is the final stage for ''Dam''s and in this stage, the ''Dam''s (14th and above) are considered to have become gods (''Phi'') and merged with original forefathers of the entire community collectively called ''Chao Phi Dam''. In this class of ''Dam''s the two evil deities, ''Ra Khin'' and ''Ba Khin'' too belong, but they are worshiped with lower status and separately.<ref>"Along with the gods and the Chao Phi Dam, another two evil deities are worshipped namely, ‘Ra-Khiri and ‘Ba-Khiri. Yet they are not given the same status and veneration with the eight gods and Chao Phi Dam. They are worshipped by making a platform on earth far away from the main ground of ritual. A slightly thick wall is made to separate them from the main ritual ground." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=30}}</ref> The ''Jokorua Dam''s in the fourteenth generation become ''Khin'' and join these two deities.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=30}}</ref>

==Gods and cosmogony==
===Creation of gods===
It is mentioned in the Ahom scripture, ''Lit Lai Peyn Kaka,'' that at first there was nothing but the water of the ocean. ''Pha Tu Ching'' — the omnipotent and formless supreme deity<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=17,18}}</ref> — opened his eyes to the void and created from his breast the first deity — ''Khun Theu Kham''. Freshly created, and finding nothing to lean on, ''Khun Theu Kham'' dove into the water and then laid on his back, and a lotus plant issued from his navel. This was followed by the creation of a crab, a tortoise, and an eight-hooded snake that encircled the tortoise. The eight hoods spread in eight directions. Then were created a white elephant with long tusks, and two mountains in the north and south, on which pillars were placed. Then a pair of gold-tinted spiders were created that floated in the air and dropped excrement, from which earth came about. The spiders then placed eight pillars in the eight corners of the wall, and spun their web to create heaven. Heaven in Ahom religion denotes [[Tian|Tien]], a part of [[Yunnan]] in [[Southwest China]]<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=14}}</ref> known as ''Mong Phi''.

''Pha Tu Ching'' also created a consort for ''Khun Theu Kham'', and they gave birth to the ''Lon Kām'' (four golden eggs). ''Pha Tu Chin'' then created a ''Thaolung'' to warm the eggs—but the eggs would not hatch for many years. So he sprinkled ambrosia (''Nya Pulok'') on them and four gods emerged:
: (1) ''Pha-Sang-Din-kham-Neyeu''
: (2) ''Seng-Cha-Cha-Kham''
: (3) ''Seng-Kam-Pha''
: (4) ''Ngi-Ngao-Kham'' (also known as ''Phu-ra'')
The fourth son, ''Ngi-Ngao-Kham,'' stayed back to help create the world. The third son, ''Seng-Kam-Pha'', revolted and turned into an evil spirit, though his son ''Seng Ka Pha'' became a household deity.

===Revered deities===
According to Ahom beliefs, the supreme deity is ''Pha Tu Ching.'' He is omnipotent and formless, and is the creator, sustainer, and destroyer of everything.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=1}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=19}}</ref> The other gods and the universe are his creation. The Ahom [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of gods that generally receive oblations are ''Lengdon'', ''Khao Kham'', ''Ai Leng Din'', ''Jan Chai Hung'', ''Jasing Pha'', ''Chit Lam Cham'', ''Mut-Kum Tai Kum'', ''Ra-Khin'', ''Ba-Khin'' and ''Chao Phi Dam''.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=20}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ {{nowrap|The Pantheon of major Ahom Gods}}

|-
!
! God
! Domain
|-
| 1 ||''Khao Kham'' ||The presiding deity of water
|-
| 2 ||''Ai Leng Din'' || The presiding deity of earth
|-
| 3 ||''Jan Chai Hung'' || The master god of all natural powers
|-
| 4 ||''Lengdon'' || The ruler of the whole universe
|-
| 5 ||''Chit Lam Cham'' || The presiding deity of seven powers
|-
| 6 ||''Mut-Kum Tai-Kum'' || The master gods of light: the sun and the moon
|-
| 7||''Jasing Pha'' || The original wise forefathers, masters of language, culture, education and knowledge.
|-
| 8||''Chao Phi Dam'' || The forefathers above the thirteenth generation.
|-
| 9 ||''Ra-Khin'' || The evil power that creates different diseases, pain, misery in the body.
|-
| 10||''Ba-Khin'' || The evil power who creates diseases, pain in mind.
|}

[[Chumpha]] (''Chumpha-Rung Seng-Mong)'' was the titular deity of the [[Ahom dynasty]], represented by a relic and which symbolized the king’s sovereignty. It accompanied Sukaphaa across the Patkai on his journey into Assam.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=9}}</ref> It used to be housed in the royal seat until [[Suklenmung]] (1539–1552) moved it away and played a prominent role during [[Singarigharutha ceremony]].<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=10}}</ref> The relic is said to have been brought down from ''Mong Phi'' by ''Kun Lung'' and ''Kun Lai'' the ancestor of Sukaphaa rulers of Mong Ri-Mong Ram (Now [[Xishuangbanna]], [[China]])<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=9}}</ref> and could be worshipped and handled only by the king.

=== Other major deities ===
There are many other deities, including major ones, in the Ahom religion. The [[Tai-Ahom]] people generally had numbers of gods and spirits. They believed that, in this world of phenomena, visible objects have invisible spirits.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=12}}</ref> These are some more of the major deities in the Ahom religion:<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976}}</ref>
* ''Langkuri''
* ''Chao Ban'' (the solar deity)
* ''Chao Den'' (the lunar deity)
* ''Chao Phai'' (the god of fire)
* ''Chao Pha Kun'' (the god of rain)
* ''Tai Lang'' (the god of death)
* ''Aai Yang Nao''
* ''Kham Seng'' or ''Aai A Nang'' (the goddess of wealth)
* ''Lao Khri''. (''Mo-Seng Pha Lao-Khri'')
* ''Pu-Phi-Su'' (the god of the forest, who lives in the ficus tree ()
* ''Khun Theu Kham''
* ''Krai Pha Rung Kham''
* ''Pha but rum Shang Dam''
* ''Pha Ship ip shang Den'' <ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1976|p=13}}</ref>

==Scriptures==
The religious aspects are inscribed in scriptures written in the [[Ahom language]] on a kind of bark known as ''xasi''. Ahom religion has various manuscripts on divination, prognostication, ''khwan'' calling, incantation, and Phralung. The three priestly clans (Mo'sam, Mo'hung, Mo'Plong) widely use these scripts. Some prayer scripts are known as ''Ban-Seng'' were found from [[Habung]]. Some of them were brought from [[Yunnan]], [[China]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scripture
! Description
|-
|''Lit Lai Pak Peyn Ka Ka''
|The Lit-Lai-Pat-Peyn-Ka-Ka is considered as the main scripture of Ahom religion.<ref>The Tai Ahoms have a number of sacred texts and Lit Lai Pak Peyn Kaka is the most important religious scripture which is called the Bible of the Tai Ahom religion." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=18–19}}</ref> Most of the cosmology and Gods of Ahom religion derived from this vast scripture.
|-
|''Khyek Phi Pha Nuru Lengdon'' ''Lit Khamphi Lengdon Lanmung''
|These two texts enumerate the ritual worship of ''Lengdon''
|-
|''Ming Mang Phurālōng''
|This text enumerates the ''Phurālōng'' ritual worship.
|-
|''Doya Phurā Puthi'' ''Nemimang Phura Yao Ching Bong Phura'' ''Urak Pha Phra''
|These three books list the Jataka tales of the Buddha.
|-
|''Khyek Phi Umpha'' ''Umpha Phi Kun An Lao''
|These books enumerate the ritual worship of ''Umpha''
|-
|''Dam-Phi-Chi-Phun-Kka-Rik Khwan'' ''Khon Ming'' ''Bar Phai''
|These books list the ''Rik-khwan'' ritual worship for longevity.
|-
|''Lit Me-Dam Me-Phi''
|This book lists the ritual worship of ancestors.
|-
|''Lai lit Nang Hoon Pha''
|This lists the ritual Ahom marriage ceremony called ''Cho-klong''.
|-
|''Jatak Phi An Ak''
|Included details of Rituals related to Birth Ceremony.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=18–19}}</ref>
|-
|''Lit Ye Seng Pha:''
|Included details of Rituals related to ''Ye-Seng-Pha'' (Ancestor Queen, Lord Of Knowledge and Arts).<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=18–19}}</ref>
|-
|''Kai Tham'' ''Kai theng Muong''
|manuscript gives the ritual of sacrificing of a chicken by incantation without causing death by suffocation and slitting and gives the method of divination by studying the chicken bones or chicken legs.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=18–19}}</ref>
|-
|''Pat nam Lai'' ''Lit Aap tang''
|Books included the process of purifying water.
|-
|''Pun Ko’ muong''
|A manuscript that describes the genesis.
|-
|''Phi Luong - Phi Wan''
|A manuscript is of Ahom astrology.
|}

==Rituals==
The Ahom religion is based on rituals, and there are two types of rituals: ''Ban-Phi'' that involve animal sacrifice and ''Phuralung'' that forbids animal sacrifice. Rituals could also be performed at the household level or at the communal level.

===Communal ceremonies===
====''Me-Dam-Me-Phi''====
{{main|Me-Dam-Me-Phi}}

''Me-Dam-Me-Phi'' ([[Ahom language]] : ''Me''-worship; ''Dam''-spirit of the dead; ''Phi''-god) is one of the major ceremonies among the Ahom religious rituals that is performed publicly, propitiating the spirits of the dead. In the modern times, this is held annually on 31 January. The rituals begin with the creation of a temporary structure with bamboo and thatch octagonal in shape, called ''ho phi''. In it six raised platters on the main platform are placed for the following divinities: ''Jashing Pha'', ''Jan Chai Hung'', ''Lengdon'', ''Chit Lam Cham'', ''Mut-Kum Tai-Kum'', ''Chao Phi Dam''. To the left of the main platform the raised platforms for ''Khao Kham'' and ''Ai Leng Din'' are placed; and to the right the raised platters of ''Ra Khin'' and ''Ba Khin''.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=71}}</ref>

====''Rik-Khwan Mong Khwan''====
The ''Rik-Khwan Mong Khwan ''([[Ahom language]] : ''Rik''-to call; ''Khwan''-Life/longevity/Soul; ''Mōng''-Nation),<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=43}}</ref> is a ritual to worship ''Khwan'', to enhance or to call back the prosperity of the state or a person. The Rik Kwan is an important part of the Tai-Ahom marriage system described in the old Tai script ''Lai Lit Nang Hoon Pha''. In early days Rik-Khwan Mung Khwan was performed by the Tai-Ahom kings on the victory of a war or the installation of the new kings. In the ceremony, devotee propitiates the god Khao Kham (the god of water) and invoke to restore the soul in the original normal place and to grant a long life.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=43}}</ref>
====Poi cheng ken====
Poi cheng ken is a traditional spring festival celebrated in the Ahom month of Duin-Ha, which is part of the [[Sexagenary cycle]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> The festival is marked by activities like washing, especially bathing household cattle, honoring ancestors, and worshiping the insignia ''Chum Pha Rueng Sheng Mueang''.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> The rituals of Cheng Ken are detailed in the ancient manuscript ''Khyek Lai Bet''.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> As recorded: {{Cquote|Duin ha jao pai ka duin ruk Poi cheng ken ao ma, hu ap nam, khai ap nam...., {{lit|‘the month of Duin-ha has passed. Poi cheng ken has come in Duin-ruk. Cows and buffaloes are washed with water.}}}}

===Non-communal rituals===
====''Dam Phi''====
The ''Dam Phi'' rituals are specific to propitiating the ''Na Dam'', ''Ghai Dam'', ''Chi rwan Dam'' and the ''Jokorua Dam'' at the ''Pho Kam'' pillar inside the house. These rituals are offered on all auspicious occasion in the household—the three [[Bihu]]s, the ''Na Khua'' ceremony (feast following new harvest), new birth in the household, ''nuai tuloni biya'' (female puberty ceremony), ''Chak lang'' (marriage), and annual death ceremonies.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=152–153}}</ref>

== Similarities with other East Asian religions ==
Ahom religion is primarily based on worshiping Deities called ''Phi'' and ''Dam'' (Ancestor Spirit). Ancestor worship and the [[animism|animistic]] concept of ''khwan'' are two elements it shares with other [[Tai folk religion]]s.<ref>"Tai Ahom religion is entirely based on the very cult of ancestor worship and Khon (Khwan) belief and these two are the common elements present in all the Tais spreading over the world." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=XII}}</ref> While the duality of the individual self Han (Phu) and Pu are concepts that probably came from [[Taoism]] Concepts [[Yin and Yang]].<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=vii}}</ref> The custom sacred offerings consisting of chicken and ''Lao'' traditional rice beer, both in diluted (''Nam Lao'') and undiluted (''Luok Lao'') forms can be seen in other [[Tai folk religion]] too.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=288}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bathouism]]
* [[Sanamahism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Gogoi| first = Padmeshwar| title = Tai Ahom Religion and Customs| publisher = Publication Board, Gauhati, Assam | year = 1976| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99476 }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Gogoi |first=Shrutashwinee|date=2011 |title=Tai ahom religion a philosophical study |hdl=10603/116167 |type=PhD |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/116167 |access-date=January 31, 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Nitul Kumar |title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom |date=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180692819 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&q=ahom+religion&pg=PA64 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Daoratanahong |first1=Lakana |last2=Edmondson |first2=Jerold A. |last3=Sinnott |first3=Megan |last4=Kanda |first4=Yagi |last5=Chonnabot |first5=Mahāwitthayālai Mahidon Sathāban Wičhai Phāsā læ Watthanatham phư̄a Phatthanā |last6=Thō̜ngdī |first6=ʻĪam |title=Introduction to Tai-Kadai people: the International Conference on Tai Studies, July 29-31, 1998, Royal River, Bangkok |date=1998 |publisher=Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University |isbn=9789746613491 |pages=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu1HAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahom+Ngi+Ngao+Kham+dragon |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sud̈ostasien |first1=-Gesellschaft |title=Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies |date=2001 |publisher=SEACOM Sud̈ostasien-Gesellschaft |pages=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahom+lit+lai |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{Religion topics}}
{{Belief systems}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Ahom religion| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]

Yesvantpur–Kannur Express

2026-04-20T17:09:37Z

Riya parik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Yesvantpur–Kannur Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Mahe
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (YPR)
| stops = 18
| end = {{stnlnk|Kannur}} (CAN)
| distance = {{convert|660|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13h 20m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC first class,AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = LHB coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 16527/16528
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Yesvantpur–Kannur Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Yesvantpur]] ([[Bangalore]]) and {{stnlnk|Kannur}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16527/16528 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5439&did=15009836324775A5E11A4B443DED554F76DC3558B3A76.web91 | title=Permanent augmentation of trains | date=25 July 2017 | publisher=Southern Railway | access-date=24 January 2019 | archive-date=16 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032656/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5439&did=15009836324775A5E11A4B443DED554F76DC3558B3A76.web91 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1826&did=15008767224396580C09C07369F9E9AD34918167A0E74.web91 |title=PERMANENT AUGMENTATION |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801122454/http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1826&did=15008767224396580C09C07369F9E9AD34918167A0E74.web91 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5397&did=149994698219496E5BB13DD1B8AAEC4B0A72469C2C56E.web91 |title=LHB coach FOR YESVANTPUR - KANNUR - YESVANTPUR TRAINS |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801124243/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5397&did=149994698219496E5BB13DD1B8AAEC4B0A72469C2C56E.web91 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==
The 16527/Yesvantpur–Kannur Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 660 km in 13h 45m. The 16528/Kannur–Yesvantpur Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 660 km in 13h 45m. Earlier was [[WDM-3A]] or [[WDG-3A]] now it is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] based in [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram]]. It uses a long route, the shortest route being via {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Mangalore Junction}}. Train number 16512/16513 serves this route. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the train's numbering was changed to 07389(to Kannur) and 07390(from Kannur). The regular numbering, 16527/28, was restored on Nov 26, 2021.

== Route and halts ==

The halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Banaswadi}}
* [[Karmelaram]]
* {{stnlnk|Hosur}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharmapuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
* [[Tiruppur railway station|Tiruppur]]
* {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
* [[Kuttippuram railway station|Kuttippuram]]
* {{stnlnk|Tirur}}
* [[Parappanangadi railway station|Parappanangadi]]
* {{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}
* [[Koyilandy railway station|Quilandi]]
* [[Vadakara railway station|Vadakara]]
* [[Thalassery railway station|Thalassery]]
* {{stnlnk|Kannur}}

== Incidents ==

On 12 November 2021, at least 7 coaches of the train, operating as 07390/Kannur-Yesvantpur Special, derailed after boulders fell on it, between Sivadi and Muthampatti, along the Omalur-Bengaluru section, as a result of heavy rain and wind. All 2,348 passengers on board escaped unhurt.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kannur Yesvantpur Express Derailed: Kannur- Yeshwantpur Express derails after boulders fall on it near Dharmapuri in Tamil Nadu | website=The Times of India | date=12 November 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kannur-yeshwantpur-train-derails-near-dharmapuri-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/87658075.cms | ref={{sfnref|The Times of India|2021}} | access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

On April 9 2024, a significant theft occurred in the AC coaches between Salem and Dharmapuri, where over 20 passengers reported missing valuables such as mobile phones, jewellery and cash. Some passengers' bags were later found abandoned in the train's toilets.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nearly 20 passengers in Yesvantpur-Kannur Express robbed of valuables including mobile phones, jewellery | website=Onmanarama | date=9 April 2024 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/04/09/passengers-in-kannur-bound-train-robbed-of-valuables.html | ref={{sfnref|Nearly 20 passengers in Yesvantpur-Kannur Express robbed of valuables including mobile phones, jewellery|2024}} | access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1974 16527/Yesvantpur - Kannur Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1775 16528/Kannur - Yesvantpur Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7605 07389/Yesvantpur-Kannur Special] India Rail Info

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Kannur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kannur]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2001]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Jhagadiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:01Z

Riya parik: adding a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jhagadiya
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 152
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Riteshkumar Vasava]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:258955}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Jhagadiya''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# [[Jhagadia]] Taluka
# Valia Taluka
# [[Netrang]] taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]|| Dhanuben Dalpatbhai Vasava || ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||Zinabhai Ramsang Vasava ||
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||Chimanlal K Vasava ||
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| Zinabhai Ramsang Vasava ||
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]||rowspan=2| Ravadas Limjibha Vasava ||rowspan=2| ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]||rowspan=7|[[Chhotubhai Vasava]] ||rowspan=7| ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]] ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||rowspan=7|[[Ritesh Vasava|Riteshkumar Vasava]]|| rowspan="7" | ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ritesh Vasava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89,933
|percentage = 45.55
|change = +11.24
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|party = Independent
|votes = 66,433
|percentage = 33.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Urmila Bhagat|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=19,722|percentage=9.99|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Fatehsinghbhai Vasava|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15,219|percentage=7.71|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,500|percentage=11.91|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,97,456|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Jhagadiya<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|votes = 1,13,854
|percentage = 60.18
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ravjibhai Vasava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,906
|percentage = 34.31
|change = +12.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhotubhai A. Vasava
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 5,055
|percentage = 2.67
|change = -36.49
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 25.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,89,179
|percentage = 81.44
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|winner = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 66,622
|percentage = 39.16
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balubhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,318
|percentage = 31.34
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narendrabhai Vasava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 36,473
|percentage = 21.44
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rakeshkumar Vasava
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 8,056
|percentage = 4.74
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thakorbhai Vasava
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,641
|percentage = 3.32
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,304
|percentage = 7.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 170110
|percentage = 81.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 41,460
|percentage = 39.06
|change = -3.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandubhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,927
|percentage = 31.96
|change = +3.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rashmikaben Vasava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 22,983
|percentage = 21.65
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 7.1
|change = -7.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,06,156
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 45,157
|percentage = 42.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dalpatsinh Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29,868
|percentage = 28.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramanbhai Vasava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 22,442
|percentage = 21.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 14.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,05,471
|percentage = 69.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharuch district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.72|73.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Hinganghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:54Z

Riya parik: adding a details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hinganghat
| constituency_no = 46
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 46-Hinganghat.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
| district = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =297,703
}}
'''Hinganghat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency is one of the four Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the [[Wardha district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>

Hinganghat is part of the [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]], [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]] and [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]] in Wardha district and [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]] and [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]] in the [[Amravati district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable sortable
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinganghat Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/hinganghat.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Vinayak Chaudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Keshavrao Zade
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Deorao Kolhe
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dhanraj Kumbhare
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Vasant Bonde
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|Ashok Shinde
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Raju alias Mohan Timande
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Ashok Shinde
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3|[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,14,578 |percentage = 54.27% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atul Namdevrao Wandile |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 84,484 |percentage = 40.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashwin Tawade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,865 |percentage = 1.36% |change={{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pralay Bhaurao Telang |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,362 |percentage = 1.12% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,251 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 0.99% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Umesh Somaji Waware |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,619 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,094 |percentage = 14.25% |change= {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,13,215 |percentage = 71.62% |change= {{increase}}6.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,11,115}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,97,703|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,03,585 |percentage = 54.33% |change={{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 53,130 |percentage = 27.87% |change={{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,623 |percentage = 6.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Umesh Somaji Waware |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,810 |percentage = 3.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Nanaji Tembhare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,285 |percentage = 2.25% |change={{decrease}}11.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damadu Warlu Madavi |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 3,385 |percentage = 1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Atmaram Jawade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,419 |percentage = 1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,764 |percentage = 0.93% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,455 |percentage = 26.47% |change= {{decrease}}8.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,92,536 |percentage = 65.02% |change= {{decrease}}7.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,90,648}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,96,130|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,275 |percentage = 48.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pralay Bhaurao Telang|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 25,100 |percentage = 13.43% |change={{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 23,083 |percentage = 12.35% |change={{decrease}}11.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 21,523 |percentage = 11.52% |change={{decrease}}19.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Usha Arun Thute |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,645 |percentage = 6.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Atul Namdevrao Wandile |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,310 |percentage = 3.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaju Kubade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,598 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 951 |percentage = 0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 65,175 |percentage = 34.87% |change= {{increase}}34.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,87,983 |percentage = 72.03% |change= {{increase}}4.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,86,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,968|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}17.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=9 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,285 |percentage = 31.01% |change={{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 49,864 |percentage = 30.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,685 |percentage = 23.39% |change={{decrease}}28.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanraj Pannalal Chopada |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,965 |percentage = 7.24% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Daga |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,205 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Madhukar Dharmarajji Zoting |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 2,887 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Neware Umesh Sadashivrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 0.86% |change= {{decrease}}15.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,65,366 |percentage = 67.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,65,361}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,44,590|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,630 |percentage = 52.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,258 |percentage = 35.46% |change={{decrease}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanraj Chopda |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,766 |percentage = 6.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kawdu Pandhari Uike |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 2,843 |percentage = 1.79% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Sambaji Wankhede |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,694 |percentage = 1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumbhare Rajkumar Nilkanth |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhede Keruji Baliram |party=Ambedkarist Republican Party |votes = 1,001 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,372 |percentage = 16.62% |change= {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,58,711 |percentage = 69.39% |change= {{increase}}11.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,58,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,28,707|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 54,108 |percentage = 43.19% |change={{increase}}14.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao Timande |party=Independent politician |votes = 41,690 |percentage = 33.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. M. Patil |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,356 |percentage = 11.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijay Nagorao Aglawe |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,743 |percentage = 6.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pradeep Ganpatrao Walke|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 2,529 |percentage = 2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Anil Babarao Bongade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,590 |percentage = 1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mirza Parwej Anwar Beg |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,290 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,418 |percentage = 9.91% |change= {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,33,124 |percentage = 61.91% |change= {{decrease}}18.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,15,031|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}14.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,964 |percentage = 28.41% |change={{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 39,971 |percentage = 25.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Chandrakantji Raut |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,615 |percentage = 14.62% |change={{decrease}}16.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sidharth Narayan Patil|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 22,374 |percentage = 14.46% |change={{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghorpade Tryanbakrao Alis Motibaba Krushnrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,546 |percentage = 9.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pandurang Warluji Tulaskar|party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,962 |percentage = 1.27% |change={{decrease}}33.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhaurao Shrawan Telang|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,519 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,993 |percentage = 2.58% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,58,501 |percentage = 78.56% |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,54,735}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,01,757|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Vasant Laxmanrao Bonde|party=Janata Dal |votes = 40,730 |percentage = 34.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Deshmukh| Suresh Bapuraoji Deshmukh]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,867 |percentage = 31.08% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shamrao Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,847 |percentage = 20.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sidharth Narayan Patil|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,929 |percentage = 5.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shrawan Narayanrao Dhange|party=Independent politician |votes = 4,584 |percentage = 3.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ashok Shivaramji Ramteke|party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,184 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Vithalrao Kapse |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,312 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,863 |percentage = 3.26% |change= {{decrease}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,20,666 |percentage = 68.23% |change= {{decrease}}0.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,18,633}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,841|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Laxmanrao Bonde|party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 42,633 |percentage = 43.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Deshmukh| Suresh Bapuraoji Deshmukh]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,596 |percentage = 33.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Iqbal Ahmad S/O M. Abdul Wahab |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 18,037 |percentage = 18.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyanesh Wakudkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanth Vithobaji Dhanorkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 758 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. K. Zade |party=Independent politician |votes = 650 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,037 |percentage = 10.21% |change= {{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,755 |percentage = 68.74% |change= {{increase}}16.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,320}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,113|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}11.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Dhanraj Laxmanrao Kumbhare|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,412 |percentage = 55.07% |change={{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deoraoji Zolbaji Kolhe|party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 19,718 |percentage = 29.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bholanath Lahanuji Sute|party=Independent politician |votes = 9,236 |percentage = 13.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Tukaram Pandharinath Bakre|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,694 |percentage = 26.04% |change= {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,289 |percentage = 52.26% |change= {{decrease}}25.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,939}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,579|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Deoraoji Zolbaji Kolhe|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 56,668 |percentage = 60.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pandharinath Vithobaji Hulke|party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 21,226 |percentage = 22.80% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Krishnarao Motiramji Zothing|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,190 |percentage = 9.87% |change={{decrease}}35.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bholanath Lahanuji Sute|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,602 |percentage = 3.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vikram Mahipati Lohkare|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,334 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rameshchandra Dharmaji Pise|party=Independent politician |votes = 755 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,442 |percentage = 38.07% |change= {{increase}}18.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,243 |percentage = 78.07% |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,107}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,997|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Keshaorao Motiram Zade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,382 |percentage = 45.29% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deoraoji Zholbaji Kolhe |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 19,092 |percentage = 25.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Rewatkar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 10,304 |percentage = 13.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Lakhaji Bhagat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,328 |percentage = 11.30% |change={{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao W. kosurkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,605 |percentage = 3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,290 |percentage = 19.39% |change= {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,683 |percentage = 70.81% |change= {{decrease}}1.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,711}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,876|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Keshaorao Motiram Zade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,092 |percentage = 43.94% |change={{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. M. Chaudhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,375 |percentage = 35.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=I. M. Abdulwahas |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,019 |percentage = 19.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. P. Dhote |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,717 |percentage = 8.35% |change= {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,460 |percentage = 75.57% |change= {{decrease}}1.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,491}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,211|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}13.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayak Madhaorao Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes = 37,523 |percentage = 57.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshaorao Motiram Zade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,847 |percentage = 38.09% |change={{decrease}}14.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasantrao Yeshwantrao Sarode |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,666 |percentage = 2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,676 |percentage = 19.43% |change= {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,684 |percentage = 76.26% |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,240}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,070|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Keshaorao Motiram Zade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,235 |percentage = 52.52% |change={{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chawdhari Vinayak Madhaorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,660 |percentage = 44.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shaligram Dashrath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,673 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,575 |percentage = 7.95% |change= {{decrease}}10.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,568 |percentage = 70.37% |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,568}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,805|ref = |change= {{increase}}51.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Hinganghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramkisandas Motilal Mohota |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,149 |percentage = 39.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikantha Morarji Chatwai |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,903 |percentage = 20.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Pandu Sakhare |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,289 |percentage = 18.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jogendranath Ishanchandra Majumdar |party= |votes = 5,355 |percentage = 15.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balbhadra Sarjuprasad Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,006 |percentage = 2.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Lakheji Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Sitaram Singroo |party=Independent politician |votes = 404 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,246 |percentage = 18.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,718 |percentage = 62.55% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,718}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,905|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hinganghat]]
* [[Samudrapur]]
* [[Seloo]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wardha district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.55|78.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Media in Gujarati language

2026-04-14T21:48:07Z

Riya parik: Starting First Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{Indian newspaper topics}}
The '''Media in [[Gujarati language]]''' started with publication of ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'' in 1822. Initially, the newspapers published business news and they were owned by [[Parsi people]] based in [[Bombay]]. Later Gujarati newspapers started published from other parts of [[Gujarat]]. Several periodicals devoted to social reforms were published in the second half of the 19th century. After the arrival of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Indian independence movement peaked and it resulted in the proliferation of Gujarati media. Following independence, the media was chiefly focused on political news. After the bifurcation of Bombay state, the area of service changed. Later, there was an increase in readership due to the growth of literacy and the media houses expanded their readership by publishing more editions. Later, these media houses ventured into digital media also. The radio and television media expanded after 1990.

==Print media==

===History===
[[File:A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabistān-i Mazāhibm' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (1815).jpg|thumb|A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabestan-e Mazaheb' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (25 December 1815)]]
[[File:Daandiyo.jpg|thumb|''Daandiyo'', dated 1 September 1864 (first issue)]]

==== 1822—1915 ====
The printing was introduced in Gujarati in 1812. The first printed book published was the Gujarati translation of ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]'' prepared and printed by Parsi priest [[Fardunjee Marzban]] in 1815. Early newspapers in Gujarati were published from [[Bombay]], and they covered commercial and business news chiefly. They were mainly published by [[Parsi]] community and served the area of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). On 1 July 1822, the first Gujarati newspaper ''Bombayna Samachar'' was started by [[Fardunjee Marzban]] as a weekly business journal with 150 subscribers. In 1832, it was renamed ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'' and converted into a biweekly. Later, it became daily in 1855. In 1933, its present publisher, the Cama family, bought it. Another Parsi, Naoroji Dorabji Chandaru, started ''Mumbai Vartman'' in 1830. A year later was renamed ''Mumbaina Halkaru Ane Vartaman'' and converted into a biweekly publication, which was published until 1843. Pestonji Manekji started a weekly ''Jam-e-Jamshed'' in 1831, which was later converted into a daily in 1853. Several other newspapers published between 1832 and 1856: ''Doorbeen'', ''Samachar Darpan'', ''Mombaina Kasud'', ''Chitranjan Darpan'' and ''Chabuk''.<ref name=pii>{{cite web|title=History of Gujarati journalism|url=http://pressinstitute.in/history-of-gujarati-journalism/|date=January 2013|publisher=Press Institute of India|first=Mrinal|last=Chatterjee|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013054039/http://pressinstitute.in/history-of-gujarati-journalism/|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=Translating India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|access-date=5 August 2014|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9|pages=73–74}}</ref><ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1875|volume=2|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1875}}</ref> The first women's magazine in Gujarati, ''[[Stribodh]]'' was established in 1857 by Parsi social activists.<ref name="YagnikSeth2005">{{cite book|author1=Achyut Yagnik|author2=Suchitra Seth|title=Shaping Of Modern Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&pg=PT88|date=24 August 2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-185-7|pages=88–91}}</ref>
[[File:Buddhi Prakash Gujarati periodical 1850.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Buddhiprakash]]'', Gujarati periodical, 1850]]
[[File:Vartamaan Gujarati newspaper 1849.jpg|thumb|left|''Vartaman'', Gujarati newspaper, 1849]]
The [[Gujarat Vernacular Society]] of [[Ahmedabad]], founded by British Magistrate [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]], started ''Vartaman'' in 1849. The society also published ''Budhvar'' weekly and ''[[Buddhiprakash]]'' magazine. Due to the efforts of Forbes, ''Surat Samachar'', a biweekly, was introduced in [[Surat]] in 1850, which ran for a short period. Dinshaw Ardeshir Talyarkhan started ''Gujarat Darpan'' in 1863 as a biweekly. It was merged with ''Gujaratmitra'' in 1894 and was renamed ''Gujaratmitra Gujarat Darpan''.<ref name=pii/><ref name="Datta1988"/>

Several journals during those times were dedicated to social reform. ''Parhejhgar'' of Surat was devoted to prohibition. Lallubhai Raichand launched ''Shamasher Bahadur'' in Ahmedabad in 1854. Social reformer [[Dadabhai Navroji]] introduced ''Rast Goftar'' (The Truth Teller) to clarify [[Zoroastrian]] concepts in 1854, which was published until 1921. [[Narmad]] launched ''Dandiyo'' in 1864 which was inspired by ''[[The Spectator (1711)|The Spectator]]''. It ran until 1869 and merged with ''Sunday Review'' in 1870. [[Karsandas Mulji]] started ''[[Satyaprakash]]'' in 1855 in Bombay.<ref name=pii/><ref name="Datta1988"/><ref name="YagnikSeth2005"/><ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA42|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Das1991">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA534|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5|pages=534–}}</ref>

The first daily published in [[Gujarat]] was ''Hitechchhu''. It was launched biweekly in 1861 and later became daily in 1873. ''Prajabandhu'' was introduced in 1895. A weekly from [[Kheda]], ''Kheda Vartman'' was started in 1861 and completed its centenary. An evening newspaper ''Sanj Varman of Bombay'' was introduced in 1902 and published until 1950.<ref name=pii/> ''[[Doot (magazine)|Doot]]'', a Gujarati Catholic monthly, was launched from Bombay.

==== 1915—1960 ====
[[File:Navjeevan.PNG|thumb|''Navjivan'' dated 8 August 1920 covering death of [[Lokmanya Tilak]]]]
Gujarati journalism was greatly influenced by the [[Indian independence movement]] between 1915 and 1947. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who led the independence movement, introduced ''Navjivan'' in 1919. It was renamed ''Harijan Bandhu'' in 1932 and published until 1940. It was revived and published again from 1946 to 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/gandhis-journals-how-the-mahatma-shaped-a-nations-ideas-through-young-india-navjivan-and-harijan-8870621.html|title=Gandhi's journals: How the Mahatma shaped a nation's ideas through Young India, Navjivan and Harijan|access-date=2 October 2020|website=Firstpost|date=2 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/as-mahatma-gandhi-turns-150-his-news-magazines-navjivan-and-young-india-turn-100/298484/|title=As Mahatma Gandhi turns 150, his news magazines Navjivan and Young India turn 100|access-date=29 September 2019|website=The Print|date=29 September 2019 }}</ref> ''Saurashtra'' weekly was started in 1921 which was renamed later as ''[[Phulchhab]]''.<ref name=pii/><ref name="Group2004">{{cite book|author=Taylor & Francis Group|title=Europa World Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC&pg=PA2093|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85743-254-1|page=2093}}</ref> [[Hajimahamad Allarakha]] published artistic periodical ''Visami Sadi'' from 1916 to 1920.<ref name="Kendra2007">{{cite book|author=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|page=457}}</ref><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=153}}</ref>
[[File:Visami Sadi 1916 Magazine cover.jpg|thumb|Cover of 1916 issue of ''Visami Sadi''. Cover Art by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]. Edited by [[Hajimahamad Allarakha]].]]
[[File:Navjivan 1931.jpg|thumb|Page of ''Navjivan'' dated 6 December 1931]]

''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'' was founded by Nandlal Bodiwala in 1923 following [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]. ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' was started in 1932 following [[Dandi March]] and civil disobedience movement. Amritlal Seth founded Saurashtra Trust in 1931 and launched ''Janmabhoomi'' on 9 June 1934 in Bombay. It was edited by [[Samaldas Gandhi]]. After sometime, Samaldas Gandhi left ''Janmabhoomi'' and launched ''Vande Mataram''. Following a business war between two newspapers, Amritlal Seth founded the Indian Languages Newspapers Association. He also founded a cooperative society to finance other newspapers. It expanded its reach by publishing and acquiring several magazines and newspapers. It owns ''Vyapar'' (1948), the first business magazine in an Indian language, founded in 1948, ''[[Phulchhab]]'' (1921) publishing from [[Rajkot]] and ''[[Kutchmitra]]'' (1955) publishing from [[Bhuj]]. It also owns a weekly, ''Pravasi'' and a literary journal ''Kavita''. ''[[Jai Hind (newspaper)|Jai Hind]]'' was founded by Babulal Shah in 1948 which is headquartered at [[Rajkot]]. ''Loksatta—Jansatta'' was founded in 1953. <ref name=pii/><ref name="Group2004"/> ''[[The Prabhat]]'' was founded in 1934 by [[Kakalbhai Ravjibhai Kothari|Kakalbhai Kothari]] after leaving ''Phulchhab''. He was the driving force of ''Phulchaab'' around the years 1932 and later edited the weekly 'Navsaurashtra', a part of the Prabhat Group of Newspapers <ref> https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533 </ref>

==== 1960—2000 ====
Following [[Mahagujarat Movement]] in 1960, [[Bombay state]] was divided into [[Gujarat]], with [[Ahmedabad]] as its capital, and [[Maharashtra]] with Mumbai as its capital. The newspapers published from both capital cities changed their area of coverage accordingly. ''[[Akila Daily]]'' started in 1978 from Rajkot. ''Gujarat Samachar'' and ''Sandesh'' expanded its number of editions in 1980s. ''Sandesh'' was headed by Chimanbhai Patel from 1958, who introduced weekly supplements in Gujarat. Pradyumna Mehta published the monthly ''Hindustan Patrika'' in [[Chicago]] from 1977 to 1981 for the Gujarati diaspora. Other monthlies abroad were ''Gujarat Vartaman'' and ''Bharat Sandesh'', both based in Chicago and stopped in the 1980s. ''Gujarati Samachar'' based in [[New York City]] was published also. [[Bhupat Vadodaria]] established [[Sambhaav]] media group in 1986 which publishes evening tabloid ''Sambhaav Metro'' in Ahmedabad. It also publishes ''Abhiyaan'', a socio-political weekly.<ref name=pii/><ref name="Group2004"/><ref name="Rangaswamy2007">{{cite book|author=Padma Rangaswamy|title=Namaste America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy-2xNW84dsC&pg=PA320|date=21 December 2007|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04349-4|page=320}}</ref><ref name=dna>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-eminent-gujarati-writer-bhupat-vadodaria-passes-away-at-82-1595251|title =Eminent Gujarati writer Bhupat Vadodaria passes away at 82|date=5 October 2011|access-date =31 August 2014|work=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=P.C.I. Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2w5AAAAIAAJ|year=1986|page=23}}</ref><ref name="ShethMenon1986">{{cite book|author1=Pravin N. Sheth|author2=Ramesh Menon|title=Caste and Communal Timebomb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2YeAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Golwala Publications|pages=81–82}}</ref>

==== 2000 onwards ====
''Sambhaav'' was the first media group to enter online media in Gujarat. ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'' was introduced in 2003 by [[D B Corp Ltd.|Dainik Bhaskar Group]] which led to another business war in Gujarati print media. It quickly expanded across Gujarat and took over ''Saurashtra Samachar'' based in [[Bhavnagar]] in 2004.<ref name="Shah2009">{{cite book|author=Shah|title=Advertising N Promotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQEiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA722|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-008031-7|pages=722–723}}</ref> Divya Bhaskar publishes an edition for the Gujarati diaspora in North America.<ref name=pii/> [[The Times Group]] which publishes ''[[The Times of India]]'', launched Gujarati edition of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' in February 2007 in Ahmedabad<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.mobi/story.aspx?news_id=29693|title=After ET Gujarati, BCCL all set to launch Hindi edition of Economic Times|first=Abhijeet|last=Mukherji|date=8 February 2008|work=Exchange4Media|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014171746/http://www.exchange4media.mobi/story.aspx?news_id=29693|archive-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> and its Gujarati daily ''[[NavGujarat Samay]]'' in January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-launches-NavGujarat-Samay/articleshow/28909985.cms|title=Times Group launches NavGujarat Samay|date=17 January 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date =9 October 2014}}</ref>

==Digital media==
Gujarat was the first state in India where the rural high-frequency television transmitter was established. In 1975, it was established at Pij, [[Kheda district]]. The state-owned [[Doordarshan]] was the first to enter television, and it operates [[DD Girnar]]. Other privately operated TV channels are [[Colors Gujarati]], P7 News, Dainik Gujarat, Gujarat First News, TV 9 Gujarati, Bizz News, VTV Gujarati, Sandesh News, GSTV News, ABP Asmita,<ref name=pii/><ref name="Shah2009"/> PTN News, [[Live Gujarati News]], Gujarati Jagran.<ref>https://www.gujaratijagran.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/gujarat-cm-bhupendra-patel-to-launch-jagran-group-gujarati-news-web-sites-2717</ref>

==Radio==
The first radio station in Gujarat was founded by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda State]] in 1939. Later, it was merged with [[All India Radio]] in 1948 after [[independence of India]]. In 2011, there were 10 radio stations in Gujarat run by [[All India Radio]], including ''Vividhbharti''. There were several other radio channels owned by private media groups in Gujarat, including [[Radio Mirchi]], Radio City, Red FM, My FM, Radio One, [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] and Top FM. There are four campus radio stations in Gujarat, ''Micavaani'' by [[Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad|MCA]], GURU by [[Gujarat University]], Vallabh Vidyanagar Campus radio and a campus radio by [[Sardar Patel University]], Anand. [[Self Employed Women’s Association|SEWA]] operates the community radio, ''Rudi no Radio'' in [[Sanand]] near Ahmedabad.<ref name=pii/>

==Statistics==
{{update section|date=September 2017}}
In 1984, there were 735 publications in Gujarati including 43 dailies. It grew to 3005 publications in 2007—2008 as per [[Registrar of Newspapers for India]], including 220 dailies and 1410 weeklies.<ref name=pii/> They further grew to 4836 registered publications in 2014-2015, which include 539 dailies, 19 bi/triweeklies, 2189 weeklies, 548 fortnightly, 1324 monthlies, 105 quarterlies, 17 annuals and 95 others as per Registrar of Newspapers for India.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://rni.nic.in/pin2015.htm|chapter=II: Analysis Of Registered Publications|title=Press in India 2014-15|page=25|publisher=[[Registrar of Newspapers for India]]|year=2015}}</ref> According to the [[Indian Readership Survey]] 2013, the top three Gujarati dailies were ''Gujarat Samachar'' (4339000 readers), ''Divya Bhaskar'' (3770000), ''Sandesh'' (3724000).<ref name=pii/>

As per 2011, there were more than 4 million television connections in Gujarat.<ref name=pii/>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|first=Dr. Sanjay |last=Kachot|title=19 Mi Sadinu Gujarati Patrakaratvana Pravaho ane Prabhav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkwjDQAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=RED'SHINE Publication. Inc|language=gu|isbn=978-93-84190-11-8|trans-title=Trends and Impact of Gujarati Journalism of 19th Century}}
* {{cite book|first=Dr. Sanjay |last=Kachot|title=Gujarati Patrakaratvanu Sahityik ane Samajik Pradan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNkhDQAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=RED'SHINE Publication. Inc|isbn=978-93-84190-12-5|language=gu|trans-title=Literary and Social Contribution of Gujarati Journalism}}

==See also==
* [[Gujarati literature]]
* [[Gujarati language]]
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]
* [[List of Gujarati-language magazines]]
* [[Media of India]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Gujarati language}}
{{Gujarat}}

[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language mass media]]
[[Category:Journalism in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Gujarat]]

Sonika Tandi

2026-04-13T03:44:48Z

Riya parik: Creating New Pg More To Come

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Sonika Tandi
| image = Sonika Tandi.jpg
| caption = Tandi in August 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|3|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Galad, [[Churu district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Income Tax
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Odisha Warriors]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2016–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 91
| nationalgoals1 = 7
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Gifu]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Field Hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
}}

'''Sonika Tandi''' (born 20 March 1997) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a midfielder for the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sonika-profile-294 |title=Sonika |publisher=Hockey India |access-date=14 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/11/08/indian-womens-hockey-team/ |title=Meet The Players Of The Indian Women's Hockey Team |publisher=Feminism in India |last=Mishra |first=Shinjinee |date=8 November 2017 }}</ref>

She was part of the Indian squad at the [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] which won the gold medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tms.fih.ch/teams/4045#players |title=Women's Asia Cup 2017 India |publisher=FIH |date=28 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/10991 |title=Sonika |publisher=FIH |access-date=14 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-hockey-s-golden-girl-returns-2559429 |title=Hockey's golden girl returns |publisher=DNA India |date=12 November 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIH|10991}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sonika-profile-294 Sonika] at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FHW Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandi, Sonika}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:People from Churu district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya

2026-04-09T13:42:44Z

Riya parik: made a stub added tags

{{Short description|College at Bishnupur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Primary sources|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya
| native_name = নিখিল বঙ্গ শিক্ষণ মহাবিদ্যালয়
| native_name_lang =
| image = Nbsm front.png
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = [[Public college]]
[[Teacher-training college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1969}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| accreditation = NAAC http://naac.gov.in › index.php NAAC
| affiliation = [[University of Burdwan]] https://bsaeu.in/
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = UGC https://www.ugc.gov.in, National Council for Teacher Education
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Tanmoy Ghosh
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Bhim Chandra Mondal
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 15
| administrative_staff = 4
| students = 200
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = At- Tilbari, P.O- Bishnupur, Dist- Bankura
| city = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 722122
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0689129|N|87.3270184|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations = [[West Bengal Committee of Institutes of Physical Education|WBCIPE]] – FTEI Western Cluster
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [https://nbsmahavidyalaya.org/ Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya]
| logo = NBSM logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nikhil Banga Sikshan Mahavidyalaya |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/nikhil-banga-sikshan-mahavidyalaya-bankura-117785 |website=www.shiksha.com |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> is an institution of higher education situated at [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Bankura district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
The college was established in August 1969. The institution was approved by the UGC on 31 January 1971 and was considered eligible for central assistance.<ref name="nbsmahavidyalaya">{{cite web |title=History of Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya |url=https://nbsmahavidyalaya.org/pages/124 |website=www.nbsmahavidyalaya.org |access-date=22 October 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Departments and courses==
The college offers courses on B.Ed and B.P.Ed.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://nbsmahavidyalaya.org/ Nikhil Banga Sikhsan Mahavidyalaya]

{{University of Burdwan}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1969]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bankura district]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Bengal]]

Rajesh Kumar

2026-04-04T18:55:13Z

Riya parik:

'''Rajesh Kumar''' is an Indian male name may refer to:

* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar (air marshal)]], officer in the Indian Air Force
* [[Rajesh Kumar (soldier)]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal]], judge on the Supreme Court of India
* [[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]], politician
* [[Rajesh Kumar (Madhya Pradesh politician)]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar Grover]], oncologist
* [[Rajesh Kumar (police officer)]], commissioner of police, Kolkata
* [[Rajesh Kumar (wrestler)]] (born 1969), Indian Olympic wrestler
* [[Rajesh Kumar (writer)]], author of crime fiction
* [[Rajesh Kumar Bind]] (born 1994), Indian javelin thrower
* [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)]], Indian politician from Bihar

==See also==
*{{intitle|Rajesh Kumar}}
*[[Raj Kumar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (disambiguation)]]
*[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation)]]

{{Hndis|Kumar, Rajesh}}

Kozhikode Metro

2026-03-30T18:08:07Z

Riya parik:

{{Short description|Proposed mass rapid transport system (MRTS) in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox public transit
| name = Kozhikode Metro
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| locale = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| transit_type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| operation_will_start = TBD
| system_length = {{convert|44|km|mi}}
| lines = 1 (Phase I)
| stations = 22 (Phase I)
| ridership =
| headway =
| track_gauge = {{railgauge|1435 mm|al=on}}
| operator = [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]]
| character = Elevated
| train_length = 3 Coaches
| el = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| notrack = 2
}}

'''Kozhikode Metro''' is a proposed [[rapid transit]] system for the city of [[Kozhikode]], in India. In 2010, the State government explored the possibility of implementing a metro rail project for Kozhikode city and its suburbs. The proposal was to have a corridor connecting Meenchanda to the [[Kozhikode Medical College]] Hospital through the heart of the city. An inception report was submitted by a [[Bangalore]]-based consultant, Wilber Smith, on the detailed feasibility study on the prospect of implementing the Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) and [[Light rail|Light Rail Transit System]] (LRTS) in the city. However, the project has been scrapped to be replaced by [[Kozhikode Metro]] project.

The Kozhikode Light Metro project was actively pushed by the UDF government under Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]], with the foundation stone laid in March 2016 for a 13.3-km stretch. Chandy's administration aimed to mirror the success of the Kochi Metro by initiating works, but the project later faced delays and administrative changes after the LDF government took over.

The State Cabinet then decided to form a [[Special purpose entity|special purpose vehicle]] (SPV) to implement monorail projects in Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram, and administrative sanction was given in October 2012.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Cabinet-approves-detailed-project-report-of-Kozhikode-monorail-project/articleshow/16661984.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/kozhikode/34258992_1_meenchanda-city-project-monorail |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Cabinet approves detailed project report of Kozhikode monorail project |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> The state government issued orders entrusting the [[Thiruvananthapuram Monorail]] project to the KMCL on 26 November 2012. The government had handed over the Kozhikode Monorail project to the KMCL prior to that.<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Anil Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/monorail-project-on-track-soon/article4139685.ece |title=Monorail project on track soon |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=18 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 12 June 2013, the State Cabinet gave clearance for an agreement to be signed between KMCL and DMRC, that would make the latter the general consultant for the monorail projects in Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nod-for-pact-with-dmrc-for-monorail/article4809672.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Nod for pact with DMRC for monorail | date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The DMRC will receive a consultancy fee of 3.25% of the {{INR}} 55.81 billion ({{INR}} 35.90 billion for Thiruvananthapuram and {{INR}} 19.91 billion for Kozhikode).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/agreement-with-dmrc-to-be-signed-on-june-19/article4815555.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=Agreement with DMRC to be signed on June 19 | date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The agreement was signed on 19 June 2013.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kerala-monorail-delhi-metro-ink-consultancy-agreement/article4830251.ece Kerala Monorail, Delhi Metro ink consultancy agreement | Business Line]</ref>

However, due to cost overrun and the cold response from the bidders the project was put on hold. Bombardier Transportation was the only bidder for the project. The project was later scrapped and [[Light metro]] was proposed.<ref name="IANS-28-August">{{cite news|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS news]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-drops-monorail-projects-opts-for-light-metro-114082801021_1.html |title=Kerala drops monorail projects, opts for light metro |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="The-Hindu-29-08">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/monorail-scrapped-lrts-mooted/article6361025.ece|title=Monorail scrapped, LRTS mooted|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=28 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="IANS-24-October">{{cite news|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS news]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-opts-for-light-metro-not-monorail-114102400510_1.html |title=Kerala opts for light metro, not monorail |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="The-Hindu-25-October">{{cite news|agency=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kmcl-nod-for-light-metro-project/article6531829.ece |title=Nod for Light Metro project for Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode |work=[[The Hindu]] |author= Radhakrishnan, S. Anil |date=25 October 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

In the 2025-2026 Kerala Budget, Finance minister [[K. N. Balagopal|KN Balagopal]] plans to develop the Kozhikode Metro project after the completion of the [[Thiruvananthapuram Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Budget highlight: Thiruvananthapuram Metro work to begin in 2025; IT parks in Kollam & Kannur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/07/kerala-budget-thiruvananthapuram-metro-2025-it-park-kollam-kozhikode-kochi.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

later the plans was changed to make a full fledged Metro instead of a lite Metro, citing the cost for building lite metro will be higher due to importing of components, but due to the regular Metro having robust production facility in india it would be the one having lower cost.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Metro rail service in Kozhikode soon to become a reality? Kerala Budget raises hopes |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/metro-rail-service-in-kozhikode-soon-to-become-a-reality-kerala-budget-raises-hopes-ed8c85bc |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===The proposal===
The [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Union Urban Development Ministry]] decided to consider the proposal for a Metro in Kozhikode after the success of the [[Delhi Metro]] and signed up for drawing the detailed project report (DPR) of the [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]27.71 billion Kozhikode metro transport project with [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] as a [[feasibility study]] for the introduction of suburban services in Kozhikode city. The Ministry decided to bear 50% of the cost of the preparation of the DPR for the city that comes under the population cut-off bracket. The preliminary feasibility study had been carried out by the [[National Transportation Planning and Research Centre]] (NATPAC) in association with the Kerala Road Fund Board in December 2008. Based on this feasibility report, the Board entrusted Wilber Smith to conduct the study in June 2009. Already, the NATPAC has submitted a metro rail project covering a total distance of 32.6 km from [[Karipur]] to the [[Kozhikode Medical College]]. The cost of the project was estimated at Rs. 27.71 billion and was expected be completed within five years. The monorail project which replaced the metro rail project was estimated to cost Rs 1,991 crore has received a bid from the lone bidder Bombardier consortium, and was almost double of the estimate. The project was scrapped and the Light Metro has been approved.<ref name="IANS-28-August" /><ref name="The-Hindu-29-08" /><ref name="IANS-24-October" /><ref name= "The-Hindu-25-October" />

===Proposed route===
As per the proposal for Metro, it would start from [[Karipur Airport]], touching [[Ramanattukara]], Meenchanda, Mini- Bypass, Arayadathupalam and culminate at the Medical College. An estimated 2,083,000 people would get the benefits of the new transportation system by 2031. The project, which can be partly finished within three years, will be economically and technically feasible. However the detailed project report prepared by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, the alignment for [[Kozhikode Monorail]] is retained for the Light metro project.

===The funding===
The Union government was in favour of implementing the project with private participation, ruling out its own financial involvement. The Ministry of Urban Development and the Planning Commission were also against government investment in the project, and refused to accept it as a project in line with the [[Delhi Metro]] and [[Chennai Metro]]. The political rivalry between the earlier Left Front government in Kerala and the UPA government at the Centre was a major reason for such developments and the slow down in the project. The change in government in Kerala changed that scenario, making the Kozhikode Metro one of the top priorities of the UDF government. But later, not to affect the [[Kochi Metro]] project The Kerala cabinet under the Chief Ministership of [[Oommen Chandy]] decided to give clearance only for the [[Kozhikode Monorail]] project, replacing the Metro rail project.

The newly proposed Light Metro is proposed to be implemented as government initiative expecting a viability gap funding from the central and state government. Remaining fund is expected to be sourced internally and externally form competent agencies.<ref name= "The-Hindu-25-October" />

==Proposes==
The project was proposed to cover a distance of 14.2 km with 15 stations, from Medical College Hostel to Meenchanda.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/work-on-kozhikode-monorail-to-begin-in-february-sreedharan/article5231012.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Work on Kozhikode monorail to begin in February: Sreedharan | date=13 October 2013}}</ref> The car depot was proposed to be located about {{convert|500|metres}} east of the Medical College Hostel station on {{convert|5.20|ha}} of vacant land owned by the government.

The monorail was proposed to be built in two phases. The first from Medical College to Mananchira and the second from Mananchira to Meenchantha.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Approximately {{cvt|10.65|ha}} of land was to be required for the project,<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Monorail-project-to-get-on-track-in-February-2014/articleshow/24066423.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-13/kozhikode/42992134_1_monorail-project-monorail-work-panniyankara | url-status= live | archive-date= 2013-11-01 | work= [[The Times of India]] |title= Monorail project to get on track in February, 2014 }}</ref> of which 80% is government-owned land.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Phase !! colspan="2" | Terminals !! Length (km) !! Stations !! Opening date
|-
| Phase I || [[Calicut Medical College|Medical College]] || [[Mananchira]] || || ||
|-
| Phase II || Mananchira || Meenchanda || || ||
|-
! Total
| '''Medical College''' || '''Meenchanda''' || '''14.20''' || '''15''' ||
|}
===Stations===
Kozhikode monorail was proposed to have a total of 15 stations.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Monorail-project-Selection-of-station-sites-draws-flak/articleshow/24404513.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102193155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-20/kozhikode/43219691_1_monorail-project-ksrtc-monorail-station | url-status= live | archive-date= 2013-11-02 | work= [[The Times of India]] |title= Monorail project: Selection of station sites draws flak}}</ref>
[[File:Kozhikode_Monorail.png|border|thumb|405x405px|Map of possible routes]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! #
! Station Name
! Opening
! Connections
|-
|-
|1||align="center"|Medical College Hostel|| ||None
|-
|2||align="center"|[[Calicut Medical College|Medical College]]|| ||None
|-
|3||align="center"|[[Chevayur]]|| ||None
|-
|4||align="center"|Thondayad|| ||None
|-
|5||align="center"|Kottuli|| ||None
|-
|6||align="center"|New Bus Stand|| || Private inter-city buses
|-
|7||align="center"|KSRTC|| || [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC buses]]
|-
|8||align="center"|[[Mananchira]]|| ||None
|-
|9||align="center"|Palayam|| ||Private intra-city buses
|-
|10||align="center"|[[Kozhikode railway station|Railway Station]]|| || [[Indian Railways]]
|-
|11||align="center"|Pushpa|| ||None
|-
|15||align="center"|[[Kallayi]]|| ||None
|-
|13||align="center"|[[Panniyankara]]|| ||None
|-
|14||align="center"|Vattakkinar|| ||None
|-
|15||align="center"|Meenchanda|| ||None
|}

===Planned future expansion===
The government had planned to extend the monorail to Civil Station and West Hill. It would have required {{INR convert|600|c}} for the {{convert|6|km|adj=on}} stretch connecting Malaparamba and Civil Station.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Sreedharan-to-head-monorail-project/articleshow/12063012.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130116041739/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-28/kozhikode/31107508_1_first-phase-e-sreedharan-ebrahim-kunju | url-status= live | archive-date= 2013-01-16 | work= [[The Times of India]] |title= Sreedharan to head monorail project }}</ref>

==Rolling stock==

Each train will be made up of 3 coaches on the formation - leading car / intermediate car / leading car. The length and width of the cars will be 18m and 2.8m respectively. The total length of train will be approximately 59.94 m.

Each train has a capacity of approximately 800 passengers. The metro is designed to carry 30,000 passengers per hour.

==See also==
* [[Kochi Metro]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* THE HINDU Article. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801160740/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072751290300.htm CALICUT METRO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002055/http://www.agre-international.com/en/agre-cafe/current-affairs/item/270-12-cities-to-get-metro-rail-soon AGRE International.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080519/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-18/news/30415037_1_metro-projects-dmrc-model-kolkata-metro ECONOMIC TIMES Article.]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/projectsupdate/consultancy_project.aspx Delhi Metro.]

== External links ==
* [http://www.kozhikode.com Kozhikode]
* [http://www.kozhikode.gov.in Kozhikode Authority]
* [http://www.iimk.ac.in Indian Institute of Management]

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala transit}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Transport in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Siemens Mobility projects]]
[[Category:Underground rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]

Kallikuppam

2026-03-28T15:19:29Z

Riya parik: adding a info!

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Original research|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallikuppam
| pudhu theru atti =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.130973|N|80.174862|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Ambattur Zone No 7
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = kallikuppam (Ward 82)
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600053
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 044
| registration_plate = '''TN-13'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = City
| blank2_info_sec1 = Chennai
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Ambattur (state assembly constituency)|Ambattur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kallikuppam''' is a locality in [[Ambattur]]<ref name="b426">{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-01-04 |title=Work on ₹866-crore underground drainage project picks up pace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/work-on-866-crore-underground-drainage-project-picks-up-pace/article66338079.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> (Ward 82 of [[Chennai corporation]]), which is a large neighbourhood in [[Chennai]] City.



==History==
Sangothai Amman temple and Gangai Amman temple are the most important Hindu temples in kallikuppam. Sangothai Amman temple is one of the oldest temples in Chennai.
Kallikuppam has developed from being a rural area along the Ambattur - Redhills high road to become one of the important residential localities of Ambattur and Closer to Villivakkam, Korattur, Anna Nagar, Madhavaram, Puzhal, Padi and Avadi, . It was a part of the erstwhile Ambattur Municipality till October 2011.Now as per a G.O., Kallikuppam has become a part of the zone 7, [[Ambattur]], of the [[Chennai Corporation]]. Kallikuppam has escalated itself from being a less-known suburb to a decent suburban centre with many iconic projects such as Lake Dugar Towers project Opp Tata Communications and is fast developing on par with the other localities like Anna Nagar. For instance proper roads with reflectors (seen only on ECR) have been completed and the [[Corporation of Chennai]] has been carrying on various infrastructure projects.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}



== Government and politics ==
Kallikuppam is part of the [[Ambattur (state assembly constituency)]] and [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].


==Amenities==

Ambattur fire station is the nearest fire station.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Kallikuppam falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Greater Chennai Police]], West zone, headquartered at Ambattur Industrial Estate.
Ambattur Police station. There is a police booth on Kadappa road in Kallikuppam and redhills road near ayappan temple.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

[[Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital]] is a modern multi-speciality hospital in Ambattur. The hospital is named after Sir Ivan Stedeford, the British industrialist and philanthropist. The hospital was inaugurated on 25 February 1966, and then managed by the AMM Foundation. It is situated 4 km from the Kallikuppam tea shop bus stop on the Ambattur–Avadi road, about a kilometer from the Ambattur—Red Hills Road intersection. There are many small hospitals and clinics available near Kallikuppam.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}


Though Kallikuppam has a good number of bus commuters, it still does not have its own bus terminus, however there is a pending proposal to set up a bus terminus at Kallikuppam. Bus services are there to/fro [[Poonamallee]] (62), [[Avadi]] (62), (77M & 77d) [[Koyambedu]], [[Vallalar Nagar]] (248A & 248p), [[Tambaram]](104), [[Villivakkam]]-[[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]] (S43) (and few private buses to Kanchipuram and Red Hills). Recently operating (S67) Villivakkam to Kallikuppam. Share cabs remain the biggest logistics and transport service providers in Kallikuppam.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Roads===
The [[Chennai-Tiruvallur High Road]] (CTH Road or NH205) passes through 3 km in kallikuppam and the [[Chennai]]-[[Kolkata]] highway is just about 7 km from the place making it a strategic location. On an average, about 40,000 passenger car units use the CTH Road.[16] The new Chennai Bypass road between Maduravoyal and Madhavaram passes through kallikuppam. It connects NH4 with NH5 and NH205 via kallikuppam.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Railways===
The [[Chennai Central]]-[[Arakkonam]] railway line passes through [[Ambattur]] and has two railway stations in the neighbourhood. Ambattur railway station serves the residential areas and [[Pattaravakkam railway station]] serves the Ambattur Industrial Estate area. Suburban Broad Gauge EMU trains operate daily from Chennai Central and [[Chennai Beach]] to [[Avadi]], [[Tiruvallur]], [[Pattabiram Military Siding]], Arakkonam and [[Tiruttani]] via Ambattur. By rail, Ambattur is 30 minutes from Chennai Central, 20 minutes from [[Perambur]] and 10 minutes from [[Villivakkam]]. Many fast EMU locals (suburban trains) towards Tiruvallur, Arakkonam and Tiruttani, stop at Ambattur railway station, but fast local trains towards Chennai central do not halt at Ambattur. By fast local train it takes 25 minutes from Chennai Central. There has been a long pending request to the extension of timing of a Passenger reservation counter at Ambattur.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Sports==
A new park is opened just next to tata communication building. It is spacious and has more greenery. It has space for yoga, physical exercise. Both elderly and kids can spend a good time in the park, Chennai corporation Park Hindustan motor nagar (Kallikuppam) Opened.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}


== Education ==
===Schools===
Some notable schools are
* J S Silambakudam - Silambam, Rajaji St, Om Sakthi Nagar
* Kiddie Kingdom Academy, Rajaji St, Om Sakthi Nagar
* Keerthi's School of Dance, Rajaji St, Om Sakthi Nagar
* Velammal CBSE is located about 2 km from kallikuppam at Surapet on the Ambattur-Red Hills road
* Sharon Matriculation School
* Sree Saraswathi Matric School
* Infant Jesus matriculation school
* Govt. High school, Padasalai street
* Satheesh Balaji Matriculation Higher Secondary School;

===Colleges===
Some notable Colleges near Kallikkuppam are
* Velammal Engineering College is located about 2 km from kallikuppam at Surapet on the Ambattur-Red Hills road.
* Annai Violet College of Arts and Science at Menambedu.
* Soka Ikeda College of Arts and Science for Women at Madhanankuppam
* Benson College of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts at Ambattur

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107054131/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Ambattur/index.html Official site]
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ Chennai corporation homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041226232543/http://www.tiruvallur.tn.nic.in/places/ambattur.htm Ambattur]
* [http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ CMDA Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008183728/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ |date=8 October 2021 }}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

East Indiaman

2026-03-26T09:15:15Z

Riya parik: created initial data basic info

{{short description|Merchant ships operating under charter or license to European East India companies}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Robert Dodd - The East Indiaman Delaford, in two positions (1787).jpg|thumb|1787 painting of the British East Indiaman ''Delaford'' in two positions]]

'''East Indiamen''' were [[merchant ship]]s that operated under charter or licence for European [[Trading company|trading companies]] which traded with the [[East Indies]] between the 17th and 19th centuries. The term was commonly used to refer to vessels belonging to the [[East India Company|British]], [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]], [[Danish Asiatic Company|Danish]], [[Swedish East India Company|Swedish]], [[Austrian East India Company|Austrian]] or [[Portuguese East India Company|Portuguese]] East India companies.

Several East Indiamen chartered by the British East India Company (EIC) were known as [[clipper]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Villiers |first1=Alan |author-link=Alan Villiers |title=The Cutty Sark: Last of A Glorious Era |date=1 January 1966|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |orig-year=1953 |location=UK }}{{Page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> The EIC held a monopoly granted to it by [[Elizabeth I]] in 1600 for all English trade between the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and [[Cape Horn]]. This grant was progressively restricted during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, until the monopoly was lost in 1834. EIC East Indiamen usually ran between Britain, the Cape of Good Hope and India, where their primary destinations were the ports of [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].

EIC East Indiamen often continued on to China before returning to England via the Cape of Good Hope and [[Saint Helena]]. When the EIC lost its monopoly, the ships of this design were sold off. A smaller, faster ship known as a [[Blackwall Frigate]] was built for the trade as the need to carry heavy armaments declined.

==Description of the sailing vessels and the trade==
[[File:Sjöfartsmuseet Akvariet Memorial Hall East Indiaman Finland 1761 03.jpg|thumb|Model of a [[Swedish East India Company]] East Indiaman]]

East Indiamen vessels carried both passengers and goods, and were armed to defend themselves against pirates. Initially, the East Indiamen were built to carry as much cargo as possible, rather than for speed of sailing.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tea Clippers |url=https://www.tea.co.uk/tea-clippers |publisher=U.K. Tea and Infusions Association |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> The [[British East India Company]] had a monopoly on trade with [[British Indian Empire|India]] and [[China]], supporting that design.

East Indiamen were the largest merchant ships regularly built during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, generally measuring between 1100 and 1400 [[Builder's Old Measurement|tons burthen (bm)]]. Two of the largest were the ''[[Earl of Mansfield (ship)|Earl of Mansfield]]'' and ''[[HMS Madras (1795)|Lascelles]]'' being built at [[Deptford]] in 1795. The [[Royal Navy]] purchased both, converted them to 56-gun [[fourth rate]]s, and renamed them ''[[HMS Weymouth (1795)|Weymouth]]'' and ''[[HMS Madras (1795)|Madras]]'' respectively. They measured 1426 tons (bm) on dimensions of approximately 175 feet overall length of hull, 144 feet keel, 43 feet beam, 17 feet draft.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

In England, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] granted an exclusive right to the trade to the [[East India Company#Establishments in Britain|East India Company]] in 1600, a monopoly which lasted until 1834. The company grew to encompass more than the trade between England and India, but the ships described in this article are the type used in the 17th to the early 19th centuries to carry the trade.

Captain Robert William Eastwick gives an account of how EIC ships were chartered in his 1836 manuscript. As was the custom at least by 1791, ships were chartered from their owners, and were often used for four round trip voyages after which they were then considered "worn out." About thirty ships were required per season. When a ship was to be chartered, the owner chose a captain from a selection of applicants or interested parties. The post of captain was "sold" to the prospective captain for as much as 8,000-10,000 pounds per appointment. After the sale of the post, the command was considered transferable property, and could be resold to the highest bidder or passed to an heir. Additionally, the captain had the right to free outbound freight to the extent of fifty tons, and twenty tons on the return trip. This was extremely lucrative, and a prudent commander could average between 4,000 and 5,000 pounds per voyage, sometimes as high as 12,000 pounds. However, in the early 19th century this custom was completely abolished, because it significantly raised the rates of freight. At the time of its abolishment, all captains then in service were given a compensation and removed if necessary. From that point on, a person not qualified to command could not obtain the post, and the command of EIC vessels became merit based.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Compton |first1=Herbert |title=A MASTER MARINER. BEING THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN ROBERT WILLIAM EASTWICK |date=1891 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |pages=41–43}}</ref>

==French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars==
[[File:The East Indiaman General Goddard capturing Dutch East Indiamen, June 1795, by Thomas Luny.jpg|thumb|Painting of the British East Indiaman ''[[General Goddard (ship)|General Goddard]]'' attacking seven Dutch East Indiamen on 14 June 1795]]

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], East Indiamen were often painted to resemble warships; an attacker could not be sure if gunports were real or merely paint, and some Indiamen carried sizable armaments. The [[Royal Navy]] acquired several East Indiamen, turning them into [[fourth rate]]s (e.g., HMS ''Weymouth'' and HMS ''Madras'', described above), maintaining the confusion for military ships seeking merchant ships as prizes of war. In some cases the East Indiamen successfully fought off attacks by the French. One of the most celebrated of these incidents occurred in 1804, when a fleet of East Indiamen and other merchant vessels under [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Nathaniel Dance]] successfully fought off a marauding squadron commanded by Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois|Linois]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] in the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]].

Due to the need to carry heavy cannon, the hull of the East Indiamen – in common with most warships of the time – was much wider at the waterline than at the upper deck, so that guns carried on the upper deck were closer to the centre-line to aid stability. This is known as [[tumblehome]]. The ships normally had two complete decks for accommodation within the hull and a raised [[poop deck]]. The poop deck and the deck below it were lit with square-windowed galleries at the stern. To support the weight of the galleries, the hull lines towards the stern were full. Later ships built without this feature tended to sail faster,{{when|date=August 2015}} which put the East Indiamen at a commercial disadvantage once the need for heavy armament passed.

==Ships for the India–China trade==

According to historian [[Fernand Braudel]], some of the finest and largest Indiamen of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were built in India, making use of Indian shipbuilding techniques and crewed by Indians, their hulls of Indian [[teak]] being especially suitable for local waters. These ships were used for the China run. Until the coming of steamships, these Indian-built ships were relied upon almost exclusively by the British in the eastern seas. Many hundreds of Indian-built Indiamen were built for the British, along with other ships, including warships. Notable among them were ''Surat Castle'' (1791), a 1,000-ton (bm) ship with a crew of 150, ''Lowjee Family'', of 800 tons (bm) and a crew of 125, and ''Shampinder'' (1802), of 1,300 tons (bm).<ref>{{cite book |last=Braudel |first=Fernand |title=The Perspective of the World: Civilization & Capitalism, 15th–18th Century |volume=3 |year=1979 |publisher= Harper & Row |isbn=0-06-015317-2 |page=506}}</ref>

==Notable ships==

Another significant East Indiaman in this period was the 1176-ton (bm) ''Warley'' that John Perry built at his [[Blackwall Yard]] in 1788, and which the [[Royal Navy]] bought in 1795 and renamed {{HMS|Calcutta|1795|6}}. In 1803 she was employed as a transport to establish a settlement at [[Port Phillip]] in Australia, later shifted to the site of current-day [[Hobart]], Tasmania by an accompanying ship, the ''Ocean''. French forces captured ''Calcutta'' in 1805 off the [[Isles of Scilly]]. She grounded at the [[Battle of the Basque Roads]] in 1809, and was burned by a British boarding party after her French crew had abandoned her.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The 1200-ton (bm) [[Arniston (ship)|''Arniston'']] was likewise employed by the Royal Navy as a troop transport between England and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. In 1815, she was wrecked near [[Cape Agulhas]] with the loss of 372 lives after a navigation error that was caused by inaccurate [[dead reckoning]] and the lack of a [[marine chronometer]] with which to calculate her [[longitude]].

==End of the era==
[[File:East Indiaman Asia.jpg|thumb|1836 painting of the British East Indiaman ''Asia'']]

With the progressive restriction of the monopoly of the British [[East India Company]] the desire to build such large armed ships for commercial use waned, and during the late 1830s a smaller, faster ship known as a [[Blackwall Frigate]] was built for the premium end of the India and China trades. The last of the East Indiamen was reputed to be the [[Java (1813 ship)|''Java'' (1813–1939)]] that became a coal hulk, then was broken up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.com/2015/01/1811-java-triumph-of-skill-w.html|title=The People of Gibraltar |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

A ship named ''[[Lalla Rookh (ship)|Lalla Rookh]]'', involved in an incident in November 1850 off [[Worthing]], [[West Sussex]], in which many local men died after their rescue boat capsized, was described as an East Indiaman bringing sugar and rum from [[Pernambuco]], Brazil.<ref name=macleay>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234009633 |title=Tragic story of the sea |newspaper=[[Macleay Argus]] |issue=713 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=30 January 1897 |access-date=27 January 2021 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=newcastletyne>{{cite news|work=Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury |title=Maritime Intelligence|date= 30 November 1850 |issue=251|page=8|location=[[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime mystery comes to light |website=[[The Argus (Brighton)]] |date=7 July 2000 |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/5161295.maritime-mystery-comes-to-light/ | access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite web |last=Blann |first=Rob |title=Worthing Lifeboat Town: Timeline |website=Worthing Lifeboat Town |url=https://www.worthing-lifeboat-town.uk/ |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref>

{{Clear|left}}

==In literature==
[[File:Robert Dodd - Commodore Dance's celebrated action against a French squadron.jpg|thumb|1804 painting of the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]]]]

* The [[Battle of Pulo Aura]] is featured in [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s novel [[HMS Surprise (novel)|''HMS Surprise'']], with French [[Counter-admiral]] [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] in pursuit of a large fleet of British East Indiamen. In the novel, ''Surprise'' under Captain [[Jack Aubrey]] organises the merchantmen to defeat Linois' squadron. In history, all the ships that defeated the French squadron were merchantmen.
* The ''[[Black Pearl (Pirates of the Caribbean)|Black Pearl]]'' in the movie series ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' is based on the East Indiaman
* In the [[Aubrey–Maturin series]], East Indiamen are involved in many of the novels, including the second set in the Peace of Amiens, where some of the sailors took positions on East Indiamen. In other of the novels, Aubrey intercepts enemy vessels that interfere with the merchant ships, earning their gratitude.
* [[Stuart Turton]]'s 2020 novel ''[[The Devil and the Dark Water]]'' is mostly set on a Dutch Indiaman in 1634.
* In [[Jane Austen]]'s 1814 novel ''[[Mansfield Park]]'', one of [[Fanny Price]]'s brothers is a [[midshipman]] on an Indianman.

==Selected examples==
{{clarify|reason=What are the selection criteris?|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Length (m)
! scope="col" | Tons burthen
! scope="col" | Service
! scope="col" | Fate
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Comments
|-
! scope="row" | ''Admiral Gardner''
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| 44
| 816
| 1797–1809
| stranded
| Blown ashore on [[Goodwin Sands]] with the death of one crew member. Wreck located in 1985 with plenty of coins (mostly copper) salvaged.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Agamemnon (ship)|''Agamemnon'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
|
|
| 1855
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Albemarle''
| British
| ?
| ?
| ?–1708
| stranded
| Blown ashore near [[Polperro]], Cornwall, with her freight of diamonds, coffee, pepper, silk and indigo. The ship was a total loss and little of the freight ever recovered, yet it is said that most of her crew survived. The location of the wreck is still unknown.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Amsterdam (VOC ship)|''Amsterdam'']]
| Dutch
| 42.5
| 1100
| 1749
| beached
|Lost on maiden voyage. Wreck still visible at low tide off Bulverhythe, Bexhill-on-Sea, reputed to be the best preserved wreck because of the covering of fine sinking sand. Protected under UK law. Can be dangerous to visit because of sinking sands.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Arniston (ship)|''Arniston'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| 54
| 1200
| 1794–1815
| wrecked
| [[Longitude]] navigational error due to her not having a [[marine chronometer|chronometer]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17032 |title=The Lieutenant and Commander |first=Basil |last=Hall |author-link=Basil Hall (naval officer)|year=1862|publisher=Bell and Daldy}}</ref> Only 6 of the 378 on board survived.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirlifeandse01raikgoog|quote=arniston wreck giels.|last=Raikes|first=Henry|publisher=Hatchet & Son|title=Memoir of the Life and Services of Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton|year=1846|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirlifeandse01raikgoog/page/n544 527]}}</ref> The seaside resort of [[Arniston, Western Cape]], South Africa, is named after the wreck.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Atlas (1812 EIC ship)|''Atlas'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| 50.5
| 1267
| 1813–1830
| broken up
| She arrived at Gravesend at the end of her last voyage in August 1830 and was sold in May 1831 to C. Carter for breaking. Carter paid £4,100 for the 'Atlas', not a large sum and with a considerable part of the value being no doubt in her furnishings.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Batavia (1628 ship)|''Batavia'']]
| [[Dutch East India Company]]
| 56.6
| 1200
| 1628–1629
| sunk
| Struck a reef on [[Beacon Island (Houtman Abrolhos)|Beacon Island]] off Western Australia but most of the crew and passengers made it to a nearby island. In 1970, the remains of the ship and many artefacts were salvaged.
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bredenhof]]''
| [[Dutch East India Company]]
| 41
| 850
| 1746–1753
| sunk
| Foundered on a reef thirteen miles off the African coast on 6 June 1753 carrying 30 chests of silver and gold ingots. Her cargo was recovered in 1986.
|-
! scope="row" | [[USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)|''Bonhomme Richard'']]
| France/USA
| 46
| 998
| 1779
| sunk
| Former French East India Company (as the ''Duc de Duras''), gift to the US revolutionaries. Sunk in battle during the Revolutionary War.
|-
! scope="row" | [[VOC ship Candia (1788)|''Candia'']]
| [[Dutch East India Company]]
| {{convert|150|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}}
| 1150 tons
| 1788–1796
| Dismantled in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in 1796
| Depicted by Dutch maritime artist Gerrit Groenewegen (1754–1826) near [[Rotterdam]] in 1789.
|-
! scope="row" | ''Ceylon''
| British
| ?
| ?
| ?
| Captured
| Captured in the [[action of 3 July 1810]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cumberland (1802 EIC ship)|''Cumberland'']]
| British
| 40.8
| 1350
| ?
| Sold
| The ship was sold to the revolutionary Chilean government 1818 and renamed ''San Martín''. 1821 sunk in Peru
|-
! scope="row" | [[David Clark (1816 ship)|''David Clark'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
| 39.7
| 608
| 1816
| Broken up 1854 at Batavia
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Diemermeer (1736)|''Diemermeer'']]
| Dutch
| ?
| ?
| ?
| Wrecked on the [[Banana Islands]], [[Sierra Leone]], 1748
| The Captain, Christoffel Boort, and some surviving crew members built themselves a fort on the Banana Islands, but became embroiled in a dispute with the inhabitants. They were accused of kidnapping three children.<ref name=Bishop>{{cite web|last1=Bishop|first1=Leigh|title=The Final Circle|url=http://www.divernet.com/other_diving_topics/archaeology/2733340/the_final_circle.html|website=Divernet|publisher=Diver Group|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525034903/http://www.divernet.com/other_diving_topics/archaeology/2733340/the_final_circle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Doddington (ship)|''Doddington'']]
| British
| ?
| 499
| ?–1755
| wrecked in [[Algoa Bay]]
| 23 survivors out of 270 marooned for some time on Bird Island. Ship carried a significant quantity of gold and silver, some of which was later illegally [[marine salvage]]d, with the ensuing legal battle influencing the [[UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Dutton''
| British
| ?
| 755
| 1781–1796
| stranded
| Chartered to the government to carry troops, blown ashore on [[Plymouth Hoe]], most of the crew and passengers rescued by [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Sir Edward Pellew]].
|-
! scope="row" | [[HMS Abergavenny|''Earl of Abergavenny (I)'']]
| British
| 48.9
| 1182
| 1789–1794
| Sold
| Sold to the Admiralty in 1795
|-
! scope="row" | [[Earl of Abergavenny (1796 EIC ship)|''Earl of Abergavenny (II)'']]
| British
| 53.9
| 1460
| 1796–1805
| Wrecked, with more than 250 lives lost
| The wreck is located at [[Weymouth Bay]], in England.
|-
! scope="row" | ''Earl of Mansfield (I)''
| British
| ?
| 782
| 1777–1790
| Sunk
| Sunk in 1790
|-
! scope="row" | ''Earl of Mansfield (II)''
| British
| ?
| 1416
| 1795–?
| ?
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Earl of Mornington (1799 ship)|''Earl of Mornington'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
|
|
| 1799–1808
|
| [[Packet ship]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship||Exeter|1792 EIC ship|2}}
| [[British East India Company|British]]
|
| 1265
| 1792–1811+
| Unknown
| During the [[action of 4 August 1800]] ''Exeter'' captured the French [[Sailing frigate|frigate]] [[French frigate Médée (1778)|''Médée '']], the only instance of a merchantman capturing a large warship during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. In February 1804 she was present at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]].
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Friendship of Salem]]''
| [[East India Marine Society]]
| {{convert|171|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
|
| 1797–1812
| Captured by the British
| Captured as a prize of war by the British in September 1812
|-
! scope="row" |[[General Goddard (ship)|''General Goddard'']]
|British
| {{convert|143|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
| 799
| 1782–1799
| Captured
| On 15 June 1795 captured seven [[Dutch East Indiamen]] off [[Saint Helena|St Helena]]; Captured by the Spanish in the West Indies; subsequent fate unknown
|-
! scope="row" |[[Gosforth (ship)|''Gosforth'']]
| British
|
| 810<ref>{{cite news|title=Arrival of the Gosforth, with government immigrants|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41032579|access-date=31 March 2014|work=The South Australian Register|issue=26 Dec 1865}}</ref>
| 1856–?
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Götheborg (ship)|''Götheborg'']]
| Swedish
| 40.9
| 788
| 1739–1745
| sunk
| Sank off [[Gothenburg]] in 1745
|-
! scope="row" |[[Wreck of the Grosvenor|''Grosvenor'']]
| British
| ?
| 729 [[Long ton|tons]]
| ?
| sunk
| Sank off the [[Pondoland]] coast of [[South Africa]], north of the mouth of the [[Umzimvubu River]] on 4 August 1782. Of 150 crew and passengers there were 123 survivors of whom only 18 made it to land alive.
|-
! scope="row" |[[Horssen (1784)|''Horssen'']]
| [[Dutch East India Company]]
| {{convert|93|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}}
| 880 tons
| 1784–1792
| Put out of service in [[Goeree]] in 1792
| Transported [[Mary Bryant]] on a voyage from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], 21 December 1791, to [[Cape Town]], arriving on 19 March 1792.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Java (1813 ship)|''Java'']]
|British
|48.5 m (159 ft 2in.)
|1175 tons
|1813–1827
|Converted to Coal Hulk
|Built in 1813 at Calcutta, became a troop ship in 1827. Later served as an Australian migrant ship, and merchant ship serving Asia. Reputed as the last East Indiaman, taken to Gibraltar about 1860 as coal hulk number 16 and scrapped in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.com/2015/01/1811-java-triumph-of-skill-w.html|title=The People of Gibraltar|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Jonkheer Meester Van de Putterstock ''
|Dutch
| ?
| ?
| ?
| sank
|The Jonkheer Meester Van de Putterstock with a cargo of sugar, coffee, spices and [[Bangka Island|Banca tin]] with a value of £50,000 was wrecked under Angrouse Cliff near [[Mullion, Cornwall|Mullion Cove]], Cornwall in March 1667.<ref name="McBride">McBride, P. W. J.; Richard, L. & Davis, R. (Ferdinand Research Group). (1971) "A Mid–17th Century Merchant Ship-wreck near Mullion, Cornwall: interim report". ''[[Cornwall Archaeological Society|Cornish Archaeology]]'' 10: 75–78</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Joanna (East Indiaman)|''Joanna'']]
| British
| ?
| ?
| ?
| Wrecked
| Wrecked near [[Cape Agulhas]] on 8 June 1682
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kent (1799 ship)|Kent]]''
| British
| ?
| 820
| 1800
| Captured
| Captured by [[Robert Surcouf]], [[Bay of Bengal]].
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship||Kent|1820 EIC ship|2}}
| British
| ?
| 1,350
| 1825
| Burned at sea
| She was lost in 1825 on her third voyage to China, shortly after setting out. Some 550 persons of the 650 passengers and crew were saved.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lord Nelson (East Indiaman)|''Lord Nelson'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
|
|
| 1799
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nemesis (1839)|''Nemesis'']]
| [[British East India Company|British]]
|
|
| 1839
|
| First British-built ocean-going iron warship
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nossa Senhora dos Mártires (nau)|''Nossa Senhora dos Mártires'']]
| [[Portuguese East India Company|Portuguese]]
| ?
| ?
| 1605–1606
| Sunk
| Struck a submerged rock at the mouth of the [[River Tagus]], near [[Lisbon]], and went down close to shore. Wreck located in 1994, and excavated between 1996 and 2001.
|-
! scope="row" | ''Ogle Castle''
| British
| ?
| ?
| 1803–1825
| Wrecked
| When ''Ogle Castle'' docked at Bombay in May 1825, the crew mutinied and were held in jail until loading was complete; on the return voyage, it was driven onto the [[Goodwin Sands]] on 3 November 1825, with the loss of over 100 crew members.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biden |first1=Christopher |title=Naval Discipline : Subordination Contrasted with Insubordination |date=1830 |publisher=Palala Press |isbn=978-1358250682 |pages=338–339 |edition=2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Ponsborne''
| British
| 43.6
| 804
| 1780–1796
| Wrecked
| Sailed ports such as Bombay and China. Requisitioned for an expedition against the French in the West Indies in 1795, was wrecked off the coast of Granada on 26 March 1796.[http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20499/lot/34/]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Red Dragon (1595)|Red Dragon]]'' (also ''Dragon'')
| British
| ?
| 300
| 1601–1619
| Sunk
| Was the flagship of the first voyage of the English [[East India Company]] in 1601. Sunk by Dutch fleet.
|-
! scope="row" | ''Repulse''
| British
| ?
| 1334
| 1820–1830
| ?
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Royal Captain (1772 ship)|''Royal Captain'']]
| British
| 44
| 860
| 1772–3
| sunk
| Struck a reef in the [[South China Sea]], 3 lives and the entire freight was lost. Wreck located in 1999.
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sussex''
| British
| ?
| 490
| 1736–1738
| sunk
| Sunk off [[Mozambique]], located in 1987. No actual wreck, but the freight was dispersed over a large area on the [[Bassas da India]] atoll due to wave movement. Several cannon, two anchors and thousands of porcelain fragments were salvaged.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tryall|''Tryal'']]
| British
| ?
| 500
| 1621–1622
| sunk
| The likely wreck site was found in 1969 off Western Australia ([[Monte Bello Islands]]). At least 95 of the crew of 143 were lost and due to use of explosives while searching for treasures, there are only very few remains.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)|''Windham'']]
| British
| 36.2
| 830<ref name="dmarley">{{cite book |first=David |last=Marley |title=Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present |year=1998 |publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdvp3cGJUZoC |page=422|isbn=9780874368376 }}</ref>
| 1800–1828
| Scrapped
| The French captured ''Windham'' at the [[action of 18 November 1809]], but the British recaptured her in December. The French again captured her at the [[action of 3 July 1810]], but the British recaptured her at the [[Battle of Grand Port]]. ''Windham'' was sold to the revolutionary Chilean government 1818 and renamed ''Lautaro''.<ref name="clopezurrutia">{{cite book |first=Carlos Lopez |last=Urrutia |title=Historia de la Marina de Chile |trans-title=History of the Chilean Navy |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyV_C94lNRoC |page=94 |language=es}}</ref> Beached at Valparaiso and scrapped 27 September 1828
|}

==Sailing replicas==
Several East Indiamen have been reconstructed in recent decades. Some of these are (semi) permanently moored and can be visited as part of a museum collection.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Replica of
! scope="col" | Original service
! scope="col" | Replica construction period
! scope="col" | Replica length (m)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Amsterdam (1748)#Ship replica|Amsterdam]]''
| [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]]
| ''[[Amsterdam (1748)|Amsterdam]]''
| 1748–1749
| 1985–1991
| 48
| Moored at the Dutch [[Het Scheepvaartmuseum|National Maritime Museum]] (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)#Replica|Batavia]]''
| [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]]
| ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)|Batavia]]''
| 1628–1629
| 1985–1995
| 56
| Moored at the Dutch Batavialand museum (former {{interlanguage link|Bataviawerf|nl}}, Lelystad, Netherlands)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Götheborg (ship)|Götheborg III]]''
| [[Swedish East India Company|Swedish]]
| [[Götheborg (ship)|Götheborg I]]
| 1738–1745
| 1995–2003
| 58
| Sailing (August 2022)
|}

==In other media==
The 2018 video game ''[[Return of the Obra Dinn]]'' features an East Indiaman as the fictional title vessel,<ref name=Fahey2014>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/the-next-game-from-the-maker-of-papers-please-is-a-1-b-1581111389 |title=The Next Game From The Maker of Papers, Please Is A 1-Bit Mystery |first=Mike |last=Fahey |date=24 May 2014 |website=Kotaku |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> with gameplay requiring players to thoroughly explore a 3D model of the ship and observe the crew's activities.

''[[Empire: Total War]]'' features Indiaman as the primary Trading Ship for the European, Indian as well as the [[United States]] faction in game. Players move one or several of these ships to "trade nodes" in [[West Africa|West]] or [[East Africa]], [[Brazil]] or the [[East Indies]] to gain significant trade profit.

==See also==
*[[East India Company (disambiguation)]]
*[[Armed merchantman]]
*[[Chinaman (ship)]], a ship used to transport [[colonial goods]] from China
*[[Guineaman]], a ship used to transport slaves from the [[Guinea (region)|region of Guinea]]
*[[West Indiaman]], a ship used to transport [[colonial goods]] from the [[West Indies]]
*[[French frigate Brillant (1757)]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|East Indiamen}}
*[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.136/chapterId/2781/The-East-India-Company.html The East India Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113110058/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.136/chapterId/2781/The-East-India-Company.html |date=13 January 2008 }}
*[https://www.gotheborg.com/project/index.shtml The East Indiaman Gotheborg project]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54561/54561-h/54561-h.htm The East Indiaman] [[Project Gutenberg]]

{{Sailing Vessels and Rigs}}

[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Age of Sail]]
[[Category:Merchant ships]]
[[Category:Tall ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Ships attacked and captured by pirates]]

Vineet Jain

2026-03-21T18:55:40Z

Riya parik: Creating The Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1966)}}
{{For|the cricketer|Vineet Jain (cricketer)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vineet Jain
| image =File:Vineet Jain 2024.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jain in 2016 at the [[61st Filmfare Awards|61st Britannia Filmfare Awards]].
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |49|2017|04|14}}<ref name="intoday">{{cite news|title=India's 50 powerful people|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=April 14, 2017|archive-date=17 April 2017|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417122537/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan/1/928939.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Calcutta, India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = MD of [[The Times Group]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Indu Jain]] [[Ashok Kumar Jain]]
| relatives = [[Samir Jain]] [[Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain]] [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]]
}}
'''Vineet Jain''' (born 1966) is an Indian entrepreneur and current Managing Director of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Limited (B.C.C.L.), India's oldest and largest media group in India <ref name="timesnow">{{cite news
| url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vineet-jain-the-man-who-didnt-just-run-a-media-house-he-rewired-it-article-153668167
| title=Vineet Jain: The Man Who Didn't Just Run a Media House, He Rewired It
| work=Times Now
| access-date=23 February 2026
| url-status=live
}}</ref>, also known as [[The Times Group]].

==Early life and education ==
Vineet Jain was born in Kolkata. He graduated from the [[American College of Switzerland]].<ref name="newyorker">{{cite news | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain | title=Citizens Jain | publisher=New Yorker | archive-date=20 April 2020 | access-date=27 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420031405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain | url-status=live }}</ref>

==The Times Group==
Jain joined [[The Times Group]] in 1987.<ref name="newyorker"/> He is the great-grandson of Ramkrishna Dalmia, the founder of The Times Group and [[Dalmia Group]].<ref name="newyorker" /> Jain's grandfather [[Shanti Prasad Jain]], father [[Ashok Kumar Jain|Ashok Jain]] and mother [[Indu Jain]] all served as chairperson of B.C.C.L.<ref name="newyorker"/> His sister Nandita Judge also worked at the company.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/10/stories/0210000g.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128141323/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/10/stories/0210000g.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2002-11-28 | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2001-05-10 | title=Probe ordered into copter crash}}</ref>

Jain handles the day-to-day operations of the group's entertainment and TV businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading from the front: Vineet Jain - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/leading-from-the-front-vineet-jain-127675.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=29 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202004054/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/leading-from-the-front-vineet-jain-127675.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Family and personal life==
Jain is divorced. He splits his time between homes he shares with his brother in New Delhi and Mumbai.<ref name="newyorker" />

==Awards==
* 'Best Industrialist of the year' Rajiv Gandhi Award in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vineet-jain-wins-rajiv-gandhi-award/articleshow/4912745.cms|title=Vineet Jain wins Rajiv Gandhi Award|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 August 2009|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
* Impact Person of the Year Award in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/vineet-jain-wins-impact-person-of-the-year-award/articleshow/26987655.cms|title=Vineet Jain wins Impact Person of the Year Award|date=7 December 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>
* Entrepreneur of the Year Award from The Bombay Management Association in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-MD-Vineet-Jain-is-Entrepreneur-of-the-Year/articleshow/18900582.cms|title=Times Group MD Vineet Jain is Entrepreneur of the Year – The Times of India|date=11 March 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>
* Media Person of the Year award from International Advertising Association in 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/vineet-jainaroon-purieuday-shankar-and-cvl-srinivas-bag-top-honours-at-3rd-iaa-leadership-awards-59735.html|title=Vineet Jain, Aroon Purie, Uday Shankar and CVL Srinivas bag top honours at 3rd IAA Leadership Awards – Exchange 4 Media|date=20 April 2015|work=Exchange 4 media|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408095843/https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/vineet-jainaroon-purieuday-shankar-and-cvl-srinivas-bag-top-honours-at-3rd-iaa-leadership-awards-59735.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iaaindiachapter.org/Event.aspx?pn=IAA-Leadership-Awards-2015 |title=IAA Leadership Awards 2015 |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412093450/http://iaaindiachapter.org/Event.aspx%3Fpn%3DIAA-Leadership-Awards-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Art Karat Award in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/art-karat-celebrates-its-30th-anniversary-284206|title=Art Karat celebrates its 30th anniversary|date=9 February 2018|website=Millennium Post|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>
* ITA Sterling Icon of Indian Entertainment Award in Media category in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/winners-2018/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards Winners 2018|access-date=18 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asiaone.co.in/|title=World's greatest leaders 2017-18|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408120728/http://asiaone.co.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Times Group|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Vineet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:The Times Group people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jain families]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

Bhojtal

2026-03-21T10:55:52Z

Riya parik:

{{Short description|Lake in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox lake
| name= Bhopal
| other_name = Upper Lake
| image = Upper Lake, Bhopal, M.P.jpg
| caption = Boats on the Upper Lake
| alt = Boats on the Upper Lake
| pushpin_map = India Bhopal
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Upper Lake in Bhopal
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Upper Lake in Bhopal
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bhopal]]
| coords = {{coord|23.25|77.34|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow = Kolans River
| outflow =
| catchment = {{convert|361|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|31.5|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|31|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| cities =[[Bhopal]]
}}
'''Bhojtal''', also known as '''Upper Lake''',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110307131732/http://www.sify.com/news/bhojpal-not-bhopal-chouhan-sparks-debate-news-national-ldbqkibbdec.html Bhojpal, not Bhopal? Chouhan sparks debate]</ref> is a large lake which lies on the western side of the capital city of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bhopal]], [[India]]. It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city, serving around 40% of the residents with nearly {{convert|30|e6impgal|m3}} of water per day.<ref name=environment_incentives>{{cite web
|url=http://www.environmental-incentives.org/projects.htm#MP-Site3
|title=Source of potable water
|access-date=2007-04-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929235428/http://www.environmental-incentives.org/projects.htm#MP-Site3
|archive-date=29 September 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Upper Lake, along with the nearby [[Lower Lake, Bhopal|Lower Lake]], constitute the [[Bhoj Wetland]], which is now a [[Ramsar site]].<ref name=WWF>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|title=WWF Bhoj Wetland
|access-date=2007-04-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303162320/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|archive-date=2007-03-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==History==

According to the local folklore, Bhojtal is said to have been built by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoj]] during his tenure as a king of [[Malwa]] (1005–1055). He is also said to have established the city of Bhopal (also named after him, then as Bhojpal) to secure the eastern frontier of his kingdom. There is a legend why they built the lake. Once king Bhoj suffered from skin disease and all ''Vaidyas'' (Doctors) failed to cure him. Then, one day a [[saint]] told the king to build a tank to combine 365 tributaries and then have a bath in it to wipe out the skin disease. Bhoj called upon his engineers to build up a huge tank. They spotted a place near river [[Betwa]], which was 32 km away from Bhopal. It was found that it has only 359 tributaries. A [[Gondi people|Gond]] Commander Kalia fulfilled this shortage. He then gave the address of an invisible river. After merging the tributaries of this river the number 365 was completed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://bhopal.nic.in/interest.htm
|title=Legend of Bhoj
|access-date=2007-04-05
}}</ref>

The lake was created by constructing an earthen dam across the Kolans River. An eleven gate dam called the [[Bhadbhada dam]] was constructed at Bhadbhada in 1965 at the southeast corner of the Lake, and now controls the outflow to the river Kaliasote.

The lake was known as the Upper Lake or ''Bada Talab'' ("Big Pond") until March 2011 it was renamed to Bhojtaal in honour of the Great King Raja Bhoj who built it.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/2011/03/26/big-lake-bhopal-renamed-as-bhojtaal-madhya-pradesh-aid0073.html | title = भोपाल की बड़ी झील का नाम हुआ भोजताल | language = hi | date = 2011-03-26 | access-date = 2011-10-28 | work = OneIndia | archive-date = 3 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503135046/http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/2011/03/26/big-lake-bhopal-renamed-as-bhojtaal-madhya-pradesh-aid0073.html | url-status = live }}</ref> A huge statue of Raja Bhoj, standing with sword, was also installed on a pillar on one corner of the lake to cement the name of Bhopal as the city of lakes<ref>[http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=713571 Bhopal May Become Bhojpal Soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614060509/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=713571 |date=14 June 2012 }}. [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], 1 March 2011.</ref>

==Geography==
Bhojtal is situated on the west central part of Bhopal city and is surrounded by [[Van Vihar National Park]] on the south, human settlements on the east and north, and agriculture fields on the west.<ref name="WWF"/> It has an area of 31 km2, and drains a catchment or watershed of 361 km2. The watershed of the Upper Lake is mostly rural, with some urbanized areas around its eastern end. The Kolans was formerly a tributary of the [[Halali River]], but with the creation of the lake using an earthen dam and a diversion channel, the upper reach of the Kolans River and Bada Talaab now drain into the Kaliasote River.
[[File:Water fall near upper lake.jpg|thumb|A small water fall near Upper Lake]]

==Social and cultural significance==
Since the construction of the lake in the 11th century, Bhopal city has grown around it. The people are religiously and culturally attached to the lakes. The lakes meet their needs of water supply and they wash clothes in them (very harmful for the lake ecosystem), cultivate water chestnut in Bhojtal and lotus in Chhota Talaab. The idols of gods and goddesses are also immersed in the lake during religious festivals, though the local administration is advising devotees not to do so. The Takia island in Upper lake has a tomb of the Shah Ali Shah, which has religious and archaeological significance.<ref name=WWF-2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|title=Social & cultural values
|access-date=2007-04-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303162320/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|archive-date=2007-03-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Economy and entertainment==
[[File:UpperLake.jpg|thumb|right|Tourists in Bhojtal]]
The fishing rights to Bhopal have been given on long lease by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation to a co-operative consisting of some 500 fishermen families. Fishing is mainly done on its south-eastern shores. The lake also serves as the source of water for irrigating a large area. There are 87 villages in its catchment area in the Bhopal as well as Sehore districts. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for people in these areas and most farmers have livestock as well. While some farmers have large landholdings, many farmers are small and marginal farmers with only a few acres of land.<ref name=environment_incentives-2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.environmental-incentives.org/projects.htm#MP-Site3
|title=Fishermen
|access-date=2007-04-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929235428/http://www.environmental-incentives.org/projects.htm#MP-Site3
|archive-date=29 September 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Bhojtal attracts tourists due to its scenery. The National Sailing School was established at the Boat Club<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20060809/0908021.htm
|title=National sailing club
|access-date=2007-04-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526003810/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20060809/0908021.htm
|archive-date=2007-05-26
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> on its eastern side. This club offers various water sports such as [[kayaking]], [[canoeing]], [[rafting]], [[water skiing]], [[parasailing]] etc. A number of operators provide facilities for exciting trips by sail, paddle and motor boats.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.webindia123.com/madhya/tourism/bhopal.htm#uppe
|title=Boat rides
|access-date=2007-04-06
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070523111136/http://www.webindia123.com/madhya/tourism/bhopal.htm| archive-date= 23 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Van Vihar National Park]], situated on the south-eastern side of the lake, attracts tourists. The road passing through it has on one side the animals in their natural habitats, and on the other side is the lake.

The other major attraction close to the lake is the Bhopal Zoo on the bank of the lake. The zoo is kept in quite natural way.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

==Biodiversity==
[[File:Sarus cranecropped.jpg|thumb|Indian sarus crane]]
The two lakes support flora and fauna. [[White stork]], [[stork|blacknecked stork]], [[goose|bareheaded goose]], [[spoonbill]] etc., that have been rare sightings in the past, have started appearing. A recent phenomenon is the gathering of 100-120 sarus [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] in the lake. The largest bird of India, [[sarus crane]] (''Grus antigone'') is known for its size, majestic flight and lifetime pairing.<ref name=WWF-3>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|title=Flora and fauna
|access-date=2007-04-06
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303162320/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/bhoj_wetland_.cfm
|archive-date=2007-03-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Flora===

106 species of Macrophytes (belonging to 87 genera of 46 families), which includes 14 rare species and 208 species of Phytoplankton comprising 106 species of Chlorophyceae, 37 species of Cyano phyceae, 34 species of Euglenophyceae, 27 species of Bacilariophyceae and 4 species of Dinophyceae.<ref name="WWF-3"/>

===Fauna===

105 species of zooplanktons, which includes (Rotifera 41, Protozoa 10, Cladocera 14, Copepoda 5, Ostracoda 9, Coleoptera 11, and Diptera 25). There are 43 species of fish (natural and cultured), 27 kinds of birds, 98 species of insect and more than 10 species of reptiles and amphibians (including 5 species of tortoise).<ref name="WWF-3"/>

==Threat==
The lake is shrinking and being polluted due to human activities in recent times. The waste and drainage generated by nearby city of Bhopal is dumped in lake affecting its ecology.<ref name="Nair 2014">{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Pallavi | title=Study presents grim tale of shrinking Upper Lake | website=The Times of India | date=2014-02-16 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Study-presents-grim-tale-of-shrinking-Upper-Lake/articleshow/30490751.cms | access-date=2015-05-22}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Upper lake 1961.png|Bhojtal 1961 with Yacht club
File:Upper Lake, Bhopal.jpg|Takia Taapu and Bhojtal.
File:Boat club bhopal.jpeg|Situated at the Bhojtal, the Boat Club offers facilities for various water sports and tourism.
File:VIP Road Bhopal.JPG|VIP Road and Bhojtal.
File:Upper Lake & VIP Road, Bhopal.JPG|A view of the Bhojtal & Raja Bhoj Road.
File:Bhopal Architecture.JPG|Gohar Mahal Near Bhojtal.
File:Bhopal lake.jpg|Bhojtal as viewed from Manav Sangrahalaya.
File:Bhojtal and Raja Bhoj Statue at sunset.jpg|Bhojtal and Raja Bhoj Statue
File:Noha installation in Bhopal lake .jpg|Noha Installation
File:Noha installation friend view from Bhopal lake.jpg| Noha Installation front view
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category|Bhojtal}}
{{reflist}}
{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Geography of Bhopal]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

Chandil Dam

2026-03-21T10:10:05Z

Riya parik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Chandil Dam
| name_official =
| image = File:Chandil Dam.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Chandil Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand # India3
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9747|N|86.0203|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| construction_began = 1982–1993
| status = Functional
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type =
| dam_height = {{convert|56.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_length = {{convert|720.10|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Subarnarekha River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|196300|ha|km2|disp=flip}}
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive =
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'''Chandil Dam''' was built across the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], in Bihar (later Jharkhand), as a part of the Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Team WTJ |date=2026-02-09 |title=Chandil Dam, Jharkhand – Location, Boating, Picnic Spot, Tourist Attraction & How to Reach |url=https://welcometojamshedpur.in/chandil-dam/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Welcome to Jamshedpur |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Chandil]] (CT) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
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|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
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|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Chandil Dam is located near [[Chandil]], at {{coord|22.9747|N|86.0203|E|display=inline}}. It is in [[Chandil block]] in [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of Jharkhand state, India.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map has been described as "part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project==
Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project, jointly sponsored by the governments of Bihar (later Jharkhand), Odisha and West Bengal, supported by a joint agreement signed in 1978. The main components of the project were Chandil Dam and Galudih Barrage across the Subarnarekha, Icha Dam and Kharkhai Barrage across the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], and associated canal network.<ref name="project"> {{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrdjharkhand.nic.in%2FSubernarekha.doc%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSubarnarekha%2520Multipurpose%2520Project%2520is%2520a%2520joint%2520project%2520of%2Cas%2520follows%2520%253A-%2520Chandil%2520Dam%2520on%2520River%2520Subarnarekha.&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | title = Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 26 November 2021}}</ref>

==The project==
Chandil Dam has a length of {{convert|720.10|m|ft|abbr=on}} (300.10 m earthen + 400 m concrete) and a height of a height of {{convert|56.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ejatlas.org/conflict/subernarekha-multipurpose-project-chandil-dam-jharkhand-india | title = Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project (Chandil Dam) | publisher = [[Environmental Justice Atlas]] | access-date = 26 November 2021}}</ref>
Gross Storage capacity of Chandil dam is 1500 million cubic meters (52.98 Tmcft) which is the largest among all Jharkhand dams<Ref>Register of Large dams, Central Water Commission and National Dam safety Authority New Delhi, Sep 2023,Important Dams of India, Project Information code:JH05HH0055</ref>

Chandil Dam reservoir spreads over an area of {{convert|196300|ha|km2|disp=flip}}.<ref name="project"/>

==Tourism==
Seraikela Kharsawan district administration states that the "dam is one of the most visited places of Jharkhand". The [[Dalma Hills]] overlook the dam. It is {{convert|22|km}} from [[Jamshedpur]]. In a nearby museum, 2,000 year old scripts on rock are on display.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/tourist-place/chandil-dam| title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Tourism-Tourist Places-Chandil Dam | publisher = District administration| access-date = 26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/jamshedpur/chandil-dam.html | title = Chandil Dam | publisher = Incredible India | access-date = 26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Team WTJ |date=2026-02-09 |title=Chandil Dam, Jharkhand – Location, Boating, Picnic Spot, Tourist Attraction & How to Reach |url=https://welcometojamshedpur.in/chandil-dam/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Welcome to Jamshedpur |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}

{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jamshedpur]]

Ahichchhatra

2026-03-13T22:52:25Z

Riya parik: revised

{{Short description|Ancient capital of Northern Panchala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Ahichchhatra
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image = Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 18.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| caption = A diorama in Jain Museum of [[Madhuban, Giridih]] depicting the event at Ahichchhatra
| map_type = South Asia#Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label = Ahichchhatra
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.371|N|79.136|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| region =
| type = Temples
| part_of =
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| built = c. 1500 BCE
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures = [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]], [[Black and red ware]], [[Painted Grey Ware culture]], [[Gupta Empire]]
| dependency_of =
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| event =
| excavations =
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| management =
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| notes =
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[[File:GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Gupta art|Gupta]] [[terracotta]] of the personified [[Ganges]], 5th-6th century CE, [[National Museum, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harle |first1=James C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |date=January 1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA117 |language=en}}</ref>]]

'''Ahichchhatra''' or '''Ahikhet''' ({{langx|sa|अहिच्छत्र}}, {{IAST3|Ahicchatra}}) or '''Ahikshetra''' ({{langx|sa|अहिक्षेत्र}}, {{IAST3|Ahikṣetra}}), near the modern [[Ramnagar, Bareilly|Ramnagar]] village in [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla tehsil]], [[Bareilly district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, was the ancient [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Northern [[Panchala]], a northern Indian kingdom mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Dr Malti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=History of India |date=2016 |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-7335-498-4 |pages=51–54 |language=en}}</ref>

Most of the city was half a mile north-east of the modern village, with a large mound, popularly called the fort, two miles west of this. Several significant finds of sculpture, in both stone and (especially) [[terracotta]] of the early centuries CE, have been made at the site and are now in various museums. Excavations have uncovered nine strata, the lowest from before the 3rd century BCE and the latest from the 11th century CE.<ref name="dupref">Kala, p. xv</ref>

The city appears to have reached its height during the period of the [[Gupta Empire]]. The region lacks sources of good stone and was a centre for making [[Indian pottery]] at various periods, and in the early CE the temples were decorated with unusually large terracotta [[relief]] panels and sculptures, many of very high quality.<ref>Majumdar, 429-430</ref>

== Names ==
The word ''Ahi'' means ''snake'' or ''Naga'' in [[Sanskrit]]. [[Nāga|Nagas]] were a group of ancient people who worshiped serpents. The word ''{{lang|sa-Latn|khsetra}}'' means ''region'' in Sanskrit. This implies that {{lang|sa-Latn|Ahi-kshetra}} was a region of Nagas.

[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], composed by Jain Acharya Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE, mentions Samkhyāvatǐ as the earlier name of Ahichchhatra and describes two Jain temples dedicated to Parshvanatha in the area. Ahikshetra is mentioned as ''Shankavai Samkhyavati'' in ''Vividhatirthakalpa''.{{sfn|Subodh Kapoor|2002|p=16}}

== History ==
According to Jain Tradition, the history of Ahichchhatra traditionally starts from the period of [[Rishabhanatha|1st Tirthankara Rishabhanatha]]. It was visited by all 24 Tirthankaras. Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism, attained ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf |title=Brochure Ahicchatra |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525220525/https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ahichchhatra was one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]].{{sfn|Malik|2016|p=76}} Several ancient Jain [[ayagapata|āyāgapaṭa]] were excavated from this site, including the famous ''Nāṃdighoṣa āyāgapaṭa'' dated early {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Smith|1901|p=48}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=24}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2000|p=126}} 27 Jain inscriptions discovered here bear dates prior to 100 CE.{{sfn|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|1903|pp=5-6}}

[[Alois Anton Führer]] excavated a Jain temple constructed during the reign of [[Indo-Scythians]] dynasty, enhrining idols from 96—152 CE.{{sfn|Murray|1893|p=118}} A number of Jain temples were discovered by [[Alexander Cunningham]] during excavation.{{sfn|Cunningham|1885|p=104}} Many idols, stupas and pillars from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] periods have been discovered in Ahichchhatra.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], composed by Śvetāmbara Acharya Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE, mentions Samkhyāvatǐ as the earlier name of Ahichchhatra and describes two Jain temples dedicated to Parshvanatha in the area.{{sfn|Law|1942|p=21}} According to ''Ahicchatra-nagri-kalpa'', this place was visited by Goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]].{{sfn|Tiwari|1989|pp=26-27}} ''Kaivalyamala'', written by Śvetāmbara [[Jain acharya]] Udyotansuri in {{circa|778}} CE,{{sfn|Paniker|1997|p=453}}{{sfn|Mahapatra|1989|p=350}} mentions that Harigupta of the [[Gupta Empire]] took [[diksha]] here.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}

Its history reaches back to late [[Vedic]] times, at which time it was capital of the Panchala kingdom. The name is written '''Ahikshetras''' as well as '''Ahi-chhatra''', but the local legend of Adi Raja a Naga Descendent, who formed a Naga canopy over his head, when asleep, shows that the later is his correct form. The fort is said to have been built by the Adi Raja, a [[Nāga]] Descendent from [[Vasuki]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&dq=ahir+ahicchatra&pg=PA19|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-298-0|language=en}}</ref> whose future elevation sovereignty was foretold by [[Drona]], when he found him sleeping under the guardianship of a serpent with expended hood. The fort is also called '''Adikot'''.{{sfn|Subodh Kapoor|2002|pp=17-19}}

[[File:Panchalas of Adhichhatra.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Panchalas of Ahichhatra (75-50 BCE) Obv. [[Indra]] seated facing on pedestal, holding bifurcated object. Rev. ''Idramitrasa'' in [[Brahmi]], Panchala symbols.]]

The last independent ruler of Ahichatra was [[Achyuta of Panchala|Achyuta Naga]], who was defeated by [[Samudragupta]], after which Panchala was annexed into the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.473</ref> The coins of Achyuta found from Ahichatra have a wheel of eight spokes on the reverse and the legend ''Achyu'' on the obverse.<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.182</ref>

== Archaeology ==
The site was briefly explored by Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1871, and then excavated by the ASI from 1940 for "about five years".<ref name="dupref" /> The excavations found brick fortifications and continuity of occupation from a period before 600 BCE to 1100 CE.<ref>Lahiri, Bela (1972). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.)'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.170-88</ref> During the first excavations in 1940–44, the [[Painted Gray Ware]] pottery were found at the earliest level. Ruins of this city could be identified from the [[remote sensing]] imagery of IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) satellites. The ruins reveal that the city had a triangular shape. Recent excavations in Ahichchhatra showed it was first inhabited by the middle of the second millennium BC with [[Ochre Coloured Pottery]] culture people, followed by [[Black and Red Ware]] culture. Around 1000 BC, it reached at least 40 hectares of area, making it one of the largest [[Painted Grey Ware]] culture sites. Evidence of construction of early fortifications were discovered around 1000 BC indicating first urban development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/290/20130917201309171524062507304cdb3/What-Lies-Beneath.html|title=What Lies Beneath|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://www.educationtimes.com/article/290/20130917201309171524062507304cdb3/What-Lies-Beneath.html What lies Beneath, B. R. Mani 2013</ref> Near Ahichchhatra, 2 km to its west there is a big pond which is said to trace its ancestry to the time of Mahabharata. The pond, located in the village of Jagannathpur is said to have been made by the pandavas at the time of their forest dwelling ([[vanvas]]).

In the early Gupta period a section of the city set aside for pottery contained very large firing pits, some 10 or 12 feet deep.<ref>Majumdar, 430</ref>

== Jain tradition ==
{{Main|Ahichchhatra Jain temples}}

[[File:I38 12karshapana Panchala MACW4540 1ar (8486500958).jpg|thumb|A bronze currency of ½ [[karshapana]] of King Indramitra (ca 75-50 BC?) Of Ahichatra of Panchala. Obv.: Inside a rectangle, a line of 3 symbols, under the name of the king. Rev.: Indra standing on a pedestal without pillars. Dimensions: 15 mm. Weight: 4.18 g.]]
[[File:Coin-of-Achyuta.jpg|thumb|Coin of Achyuta, the last Panchala king, showing an 8-spoked wheel and the king's name: Achyu]]
[[File:Ahichchhatra Shwethambar Tirth (3).jpg|thumb|Ahichchhatra Jain temple]]

Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism, attained [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience). The temples in Ahichchhatra are built to commemorate [[Parshvanatha]] attaining [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka]].{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=2}} This temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha and is major Jain pilgrimage center.{{sfn|Jain|2008|p=64}}{{sfn|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z|p=31}} According to [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]], Ahichhatra Jain Temple witnessed over 4 lakh visitors in 2017.{{sfn|UP tourism|Year-wise Tourist Statistics}} Ahichhatra Jain Mela is the primary festival of this temple and is organized annually in March.{{sfn|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z|p=31}}

According to [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], Kamath in an attempt to obstruct Parshvanatha from achieving ''Kevala Jnana'' caused continuous rain. Parshvanatha was immersed in water up to his neck and to protect him the serpent god [[Dharanendra]] held a canopy of thousand hoods over his head and the goddess [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] coiled herself around his body. [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples]] are built to commemorate Parshvanatha attaining [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka]].{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=2}}{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=17}}

== Means of approach ==
From the Revati Bahoda Khera Station on Chandosi – Bareilly Line, vehicle of Kshetra and other vehicles are available.

* Buses are available from Delhi, Meerut, Aligarh, Lucknow, Kasganj & Badaun.
* Trains are available from Delhi, Bareilly, Agra, Moradabad, Aligarh to Revati Bahoda Khera Station. Vehicles are always available for Ramnagar from Revati Bahoda Khera Station.
* Airport: Delhi 250 km

== Nearby places ==
* Nainital – 180 km
* Hastinapur Atishaya Kshetra – 200 km
* Kampilji Atishaya Kshetra – 180 km
* Manglayatan (Aligarh) – 180 km
* Bareilly – 55 km

== Sculpture from Ahichchhatra ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Ahichchhatra excavation - Parshvanatha idol - 7th century BCE.jpg|alt=|23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha sculpture excavated from Ahichchhatra, 7th century BCE
File:Seated Buddha.jpg|Stone Buddha, c. 1st Century CE, Kushan Period
File:The Hindu God Shiva LACMA M.69.15.1 (2 of 3).jpg|Sandstone Shiva, 3rd century
File:Architectural Panel with Goddess LACMA AC1993.239.6 (cropped).jpg|Terracotta architectural panel with Goddess, Gupta period, 5th century
File:Goddess Yamuna. Delhi National Museum ni01-10.jpg|Gupta period terracotta [[Yamuna]], pair to the Ganga above
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham |title=Report of a Tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1882-83 | volume=20 | series=Archaeological Survey of India |url={{Google books|6M8OAAAAQAAJ|page=104|plainurl=yes}} |year=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing }}
* Kala, Satish Chandra, ''Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum'', p. xv, Abhinav Publications, 1980, {{ISBN|0391022342}}, 9780391022348, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha_C1ofYmxoC&pg=PR16-IA2 google books]
* {{citation |editor-first=Subodh |editor-last=Kapoor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography |volume=1 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=81-7755-298-8 |ref={{sfnref|Subodh Kapoor|2002}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Lakshmi |title=Dropout of Girl-child in Schools |url={{Google books|N8ZNPEflZzgC|page=64|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172112448 |year=2008}}
* {{cite book | last=Law | first=Bimala Churn | title=Panchalas and their capital Ahichchhatra | volume=67 | series=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22065.pdf | year=1942 | access-date=27 April 2022 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |title=Constitutional languages | volume=1 | series=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use |url={{Google books|yU8nq-C6wnoC|page=350|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Université Laval]] | isbn=9782763771861 | year=1989 | location=Québec}}
*Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, ''Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D.'', 1986, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., {{ISBN|8120800265}}, 9788120800267, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&pg=PA429 google books]
* {{cite book |last=Murray |first=J. | author-link=John Murray III |title=The Academy | volume=44 |url={{Google books|sZd6rztMwS0C|page=118|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)]] | location=[[London]] | year=1893 }}
* {{cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa | author-link=Ayyappa Paniker |title=Constitutional languages | volume=1 | series=Medieval Indian Literature |url={{Google books|KYLpvaKJIMEC|page=453|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=9788126003655 | year=1997 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Quintanilla | first=Sonya Rhie | title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249941 | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=60 | issue=1 | year=2000 | pages=79–137 | doi=10.2307/3249941 | jstor=3249941 | access-date=20 April 2022| url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Quintanilla |first=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004155374 |url={{Google books|X7Cb8IkZVSMC|pg=PR24|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book | author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | author-link=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |url={{Google books|j-B_DPdTBMEC|page=5|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year=1903 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=277|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[Delhi]] | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur | author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |title=The Jain Stûpa and Other Antiquities of Mathurâ | volume=20 | series=New Imperial series |url={{Google books|iQo2AJ3-FnECC|pg=PP48|plainurl=yes}} |year=1901 |publisher=F. Luker, superintendent Government Press }}
* {{cite book | last=Tiwari | first=Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad | url={{Google books|l0Tt04JDN0kC|page=26|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature | publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] | date=1989 }}
* [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | title=Uttar Pradesh: A to Z | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045228/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | url-status=dead }}
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/year-wise-tourist-statistics | title=Year-wise Tourist Statistics | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Year-wise Tourist Statistics}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=31 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531225103/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/year-wise-tourist-statistics | url-status=dead }}
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | title=Ahicchatra | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Ahicchatra}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=25 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525220525/https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | url-status=dead }}

{{Portal|India}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Places in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:History of Jainism]]
[[Category:Jain temples and tirthas]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Pañcāla]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]

Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar

2026-03-12T00:18:55Z

Riya parik: added info

{{Short description|Indian Freedom Fighter And King Of Sivagangai Tamilnadu}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

'''Muthu Vadu Periyavudaya Thevar''' was the second king of the [[Sivaganga estate|Sivagangai Estate]] which is also known "Lesser Maravar Kingdom". He ruled from 1750 to 1772.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XuLDwAAQBAJ&q=muthu+vaduganatha+periyavudaya+thevar&pg=PT184|title=The Women Who Ruled India: Leaders. Warriors. Icons.|isbn=9789351951537|last1=Gupta|first1=Archana Garodia|date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sivaganga.nic.in/about-district/history/|title=History | Sivaganga District, Government of Tamil Nadu | the Land with a Hoary Past | India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/of-valour-and-victory/article4952581.ece/amp/|title=Of valour and victory|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 July 2013}}</ref>

== Childhood ==
Muthuvadukanatha Thevar son of {{ill|Vijaya Raghunatha Sasivarna Periyavudaya Thevar|ta|சசிவர்ணத் தேவர்}} was native of [[Sivagangai]]. His mother Akilandeshwari Nachiyar a was native of [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Estate]].

== References==
<references />

[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:1750s births]]
[[Category:1772 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Mouni (film)

2026-03-03T21:44:55Z

Riya parik: Starting The Data Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mouni
| image = 2003 Kannada film Mouni poster.jpg
| caption = film poster
| director = [[B. S. Lingadevaru]]
| producer = N. Sivanandam
| writer = [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]
| screenplay = Uday Marakini H. Girish Rao
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[H. G. Dattatreya]] [[Anant Nag]]
| narrator =
| music = Baali
| cinematography = H. M. Ramachandra
| editing = Anil Naidu
| studio = Technomark Television Network Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|||}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Mouni''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by [[B. S. Lingadevaru]], and is based on a novella of [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ur-ananthamurthys-books-taken-as-movies/article6345000.ece|title=Celluloid faithfully celebrated his novels |date=23 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2016-01-15}}</ref> It stars [[H. G. Dattatreya]] and [[Anant Nag]] in the lead roles.

==Plot ==
Kuppanna Bhatta and Appanna Bhatta are areca cultivators and custodians of the math's property. The story revolves around the tensions and circumstances that shape and influence their relationship.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Kuppanna Bhatta
* [[Anant Nag]] as Appanna Bhatta
* Venkata Rao
* Nagendra Shah
* Rajeshwari Parthasarthy
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Harish Raj]]
* Kari Subbu
* Lakshmi Chandrashekhar
* Vasudha Bharighat
}}

== Production ==
Director [[B. S. Lingadevaru]] comes from an agricultural family that sells coconuts. He found one of [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]'s 1966 novellas about [[areca nut]] sellers relevant, so he made a film about it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/lingadevaru-national-film-awards-are-decided-on-merit-909347.html|title=Lingadevaru: National film awards are decided on merit|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2003 [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award - Special Mention]] – [[H. G. Dattatreya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/i-was-confident-of-my-film-getting-national-awards/article7029822.ece|title=‘I was confident of my film getting national awards’|date=24 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* 2003 [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story]] – [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2511470}}

{{B. S. Lingadevaru}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. S. Lingadevaru]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Unni (1989 film)

2026-03-03T21:13:56Z

Riya parik: improve content and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unni
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[G. Aravindan]]
| writer = [[William Rothman|Bill Rothman]] Kitty Morgan
| starring = Tara Johannessen Gijie Abraham
| producer = [[William Rothman|Bill Rothman]] Kitty Morgan [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| music =
| editing = [[Beena Paul|Beena Venugopal]] K. R. Bose
| studio = Malabar Productions
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]] [[Shaji N. Karun]] Ajayakumar
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime = 86 minutes
| language = English Malayalam
| country = India United States
| budget =
}}

'''''Unni''''' is a 1989 Indian feature film directed by [[G. Aravindan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carr|first=Jay|date=1989|title=A Wistful, Sensitive Unni|page=82|work=The Boston Globe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Assisi|first=Francis|date=March 1990|title=Aravindan Directs New Indo-American Collaboration|page=53|work=India – West}}</ref> [[William Rothman]] (Bill Rothman) and his wife, Kitty Morgan, wrote and co-produced (with the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]) the film. The film was inspired by the experiences of students in the International Honours Programme on Film, Television and Social Change.

==Plot summary==
The film is about a few American students studying in Kerala. Narrated by one of the students named Tara, the plot follows her relationship with a local boy named Unni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a065cbb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230121832/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a065cbb|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2018|title=Unni (1989)|publisher=British Film Institute|accessdate=24 January 2023}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Tara Johannessen as Tara
* Gijie Abraham as Unni
* Sethu as Sethu
* Chris Bonnell as Carol
* Vivian Colodro as Maggie
* Jordan Freid as Jorden
* Harold Linde as Hal
* Lori Wirth

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|Wm2Eo3sLqAg|Bill Rothman speaks about the experiences of working with Aravindan in ''Unni''}}
* [https://vimeo.com/381723647/e66985fa9f Bill Rothman's video on G. Aravindan]
* {{IMDb title|155320}}

{{G. Aravindan}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. Aravindan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ezhavathu Manithan

2026-03-03T05:17:24Z

Riya parik: created the page with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ezhavathu Manithan
| image = Ezhavathu Manithan.jpg
| producer = Palai N. Shanmugam
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]]
| story = Arunmozhi
| writer = {{ubl|[[K. Rajeshwar|Somasundareshwar]]|Arunmozhi}} (dialogues)
| screenplay = K. Hariharan
| starring = [[Raghuvaran]] Rathna
| cinematography = Dharmma
| editing = K. N. Raju
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|6|11|ref1=}}
| country = India
| runtime = 120 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ezhavathu Manithan''''' ({{IPA|ta|eːɻaːʋaðu maniðan|pron}} {{translation|The Seventh Man}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film co-written and directed by [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]]. Inspired by a real-life incident, the film focuses on environmental pollution and exploitation of industrial workers. Starring [[Raghuvaran]] in his first lead role, it features a host of newcomers playing other prominent roles. The film's soundtrack was made up from an album composed by [[L. Vaidyanathan]] with the lyrics of Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati]].

The film met with widespread critical acclaim upon release, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. It was screened at the Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]], and in the [[Soviet Union]], where it won the [[Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee|Afro–Asian Solidarity Award]]. At the [[13th Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1983, the film was nominated for the [[Golden St. George]] prize.

== Plot ==
Anand, a skilled engineering graduate, comes to a village from Madras to work in a cement factory. He is shocked when he learns about the exploitation and mistreatment of the workers there. Arjun, the corrupt manager of the factory, takes half of the wages from every worker as his commission. Anand complains to Ramkumar, the son of the factory owner, who used to be a college friend, and Ramkumar gives Arjun a warning. Meanwhile, Anand befriends Senthamari, a labourer in the factory, and is attracted to Gowri, Senthamari's sister.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=274}}

Gowri has not told anyone that she is affected by a lung disease caused by air pollution. Sudhakar, another labourer in the factory, is affected by the same disease. Dr Prema, a government doctor, informs Sudhakar that the disease has advanced and he needs to be treated in [[Chennai]]. Kulashekara Perumal, the factory owner, refuses to provide treatment to Sudhakar, resulting in the latter's death. A distressed Anand pleads with the management to look into the issue and to provide the employees with benefits that they are entitled to receive, but he is refused.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=274}}

Ramkumar tries to get the doctor who treated Sudhaker to issue a false certificate of death, but she refuses. Dr Prema also lets Anand know that she reported the death to the government health ministry, but nothing will be done about it because Ramkumar has bribed all the officials. Anand tries to speak with Ramkumar, but he beats him up. Anand establishes a union at the factory and calls a strike. When Senthamari leaves town to start another job, Ramkumar chases after him and murders him. The new factory manager, Settaya, arranges for Ramkumar to lay low in Chennai, while he buries Senthamari's body in the factory.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=274}}

All the management's attempts to get Anand to call off the strike fail. Settaya files a police report against Anand, accusing him of the attempted murder of Ramkumar. He also promises the factory workers that he will build a new chimney to reduce the air pollution if they call off the strike. A lawyer who is supportive of the factory's trade union bails out Anand and alerts the government to the factory's poor environmental record. The management decides to blow up the factory and claim the insurance money. However, their plan backfires as Anand and his friends spot most of the bombs and dispose of them. The one bomb that they do not remove is in the room where Settaya is hiding; he dies in the subsequent blast. Anand and the rest of the workers assume control of the factory. Dr Prema informs Anand that Gowri will recover from her illness.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Anand
*Rathna as Gowri
*Deepak as Senthamarai
*Ranga as Ramkumar
*Anitha Mathews
*Roopa Sowda
*Ramanamurthy as Kulashekara Perumal
* Satish as Satish
*"Vathiyar" R. K. Raman as Subbiah
*[[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Sameera |date=14 January 2015 |title=Remember that doctor from the movie 16 Vayithinile? |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215053443/http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[S. Sathyendra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|title=Meet Mr. Versatile|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2012|access-date=30 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216033702/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Director [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]] was initially approached by Palai N. Shanmugam, a former Indian independence activist and a leading criminal lawyer from [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="dff">{{Cite web |title=30th National Film Festival, 1983 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216074858/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30NFA.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=24}}</ref> to make a documentary film on the Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati]]. The year 1982 marked the centenary of the poet. While carrying out research about Bharati, Hariharan felt Bharati was a "complicated character" and a film about him "would have to tell a few truths that people would not be too comfortable with".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=14 May 2010 |title=Lessons from cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Lessons-from-cinema/article11638275.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809095203/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Lessons-from-cinema/article11638275.ece |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> Shanmugam and Hariharan abandoned the project and decided to make a film based on a real-life incident that took place in a village in [[Tirunelveli district|the same district]] which involved Shanmugam himself. He was fighting a case against a local cement factory in the locality that was polluting the air. Hariharan developed this event into a screenplay and thus made the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

''Ezhavathu Manithan'' was Hariharan's second film in Tamil. He was formerly visiting faculty at the [[Adyar Film Institute]], [[Chennai]], where Raghuvaran was a student. Raghuvaran was recommended to star in the film by co-writers [[K. Rajeshwar|Somasundareshwar]] and Arunmozhi, who were both students of the same institute. Raghuvaran was initially selected for the role of Ramkumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ஜெயந்தன் |date=12 December 2014 |title=இப்படியும் ஒரு கலைஞன்' – ரகுவரன்! பிறந்த தினம் டிசம்பர் 11 |language=ta |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/24450-11.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191419/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/24450-11.html |archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> However, after the screen test, the crew felt that he was "hero material" and elected him to play the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2008 |title=Raghuvaran passes away |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raghuvaran-passes-away-news-tamil-kkftKLdihafsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193851/http://www.sify.com/movies/raghuvaran-passes-away-news-tamil-kkftKLdihafsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The rest of the cast was made up by newcomers. The film was shot in the villages of the Tirunelveli district.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

== Theme ==
The stated theme of the film is that it requires a "seventh man" to lead six others in a village.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}} It also focuses on the effects of factory air pollution on people and the environment.<ref name="RayJoshi2005">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bibekananda |url=https://archive.org/details/conscienceofrace00rayb |title=Conscience of the Race: India's Offbeat Cinema |last2=Joshi |first2=Naveen |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-230-1298-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conscienceofrace00rayb/page/122 122]}}</ref> It also highlights the plight of workers and their exploitation by factory owners.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film features ten songs, all taken from an album composed by [[Carnatic music]]ian [[L. Vaidyanathan]]. Vaidyanathan had set the words of the Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati]] to music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2007 |title=Music director L. Vaidyanathan dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Music-director-L.-Vaidyanathan-dead/article14765924.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210055300/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Music-director-L.-Vaidyanathan-dead/article14765924.ece |archive-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2012 |title=Audio CD of Bharathiyar songs released |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1375675.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809094756/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/dec/12/audio-cd-of-bharathiyar-songs-released-433095.html |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> The film was the first to feature a score by Vaidyanathan.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Artist
|-
| "Aaduvome Pallu Paaduvome" || [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], Mathangi, [[P. Susheela]], Chandilyan
|-
| "Achchamillai Achchamillai" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Endha Neramum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Kaakai Sirakinile Nandalala" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Manadil Urudhi Vendum" || B. Neeraja
|-
| "Nallathor Veenaiseithe" || Rajkumar Bharathi
|-
| "Nenjil Uramum Inri" || Rajkumar Bharathi
|-
| "Odi Velaiyadu Papa" || K. J. Yesudas, Saibaba
|-
| "Senthamizh Naadennum" || P. Susheela
|-
| "Veenaiyadi Neeyenakku" || K. J. Yesudas, B. Neeraja
|-
| "Veenaiyadi Neeyenakku" || B. Neeraja
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ezhavathu Manithan'' had a theatrical release on 11 June 1982, and opened to critical acclaim. It had a 100-day run at the theatres and received praise for its content and cast performances. Raghuvaran's acting was well received.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2008 |title=Southern film actor Raghuvaran is dead |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/southern-film-actor-raghuvaran-is-dead/story-ADTyLRwwIcJkIi71qlSmaI.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710175143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/southern-film-actor-raghuvaran-is-dead/story-ADTyLRwwIcJkIi71qlSmaI.html |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> In its review, the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' appreciated the film's theme but criticised its failure to provide a solution for the issue of factory air pollution. It further noted that the "intensity" reduced as the film progressed and called it "disappointing" towards the climax. It also noted that the [[Sound recording and reproduction|sound recording]] was "poor" and the [[lip sync]] was "missing" in several scenes. However, it lauded the content and casting, and the "hard-hitting" dialogue.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}} Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Raghuvaran, Hariharan's direction, Dharma's cinematography, Somasundareshwar-Arunmozhi's dialogues and Vaidyanathan's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=4 July 1982 |title=ஏழாவது மனிதன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-04/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415130449/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-04/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=14 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
At the [[30th National Film Awards]], ''Ezhavathu Manithan'' won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref name="dff" /> In addition, it collected two awards: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film Award]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

The film premièred at the "Indian Panorama" section of the [[International Film Festival of India]]. It was also screened in the [[Soviet Union]] where it won the [[Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee|Afro–Asian Solidarity Award]], the first Tamil film to win an international award. It was also one of India's official entries to the [[13th Moscow International Film Festival]] (1983), where it was nominated for the [[Golden St. George]] prize.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=275}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0309580|title=Ezhavathu Manithan}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about pollution]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Goko Mako

2026-03-03T03:01:47Z

Riya parik: created initial stub needs work

{{short description|2019 film directed by Arunkanth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Goko Mako
| image = Goko Mako poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Arunkanth V
| producer = Arunkanth
| writer = Arunkanth V
| starring = Ramkumar Dhanusha
| narrator = [[Chaams]]
| music = Arunkanth
| studio = Info Pluto Media Works
| distributor = Info Pluto Media Works
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|2|14}}
| cinematography = Sukumaran Sundar
| editing = Vinoth Sridhar
| runtime = 96 minutes<ref name="New">{{Cite news |last=Sudha |first=K |date=14 February 2019 |title=A film shot entirely with GoPro |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/14/a-film-shot-entirely-with-gopro-1938503.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215144109/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/14/a-film-shot-entirely-with-gopro-1938503.html |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = 25 lakhs<ref name="New" />
| gross =
}}
'''''Goko Mako''''' is a 2019 Tamil language romantic comedy independent film directed by Arunkanth. The film stars Ramkumar, Danusha, Chaams & Kalangal Dinesh in the lead roles with Sara George, Vinod Varma, YG Mahendra and Santhana Bharathi in supporting roles. This is the first Tamil theatrical feature film to be completely shot on a [[Go Pro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=18 February 2019 |title=5 Steps To Making (And Releasing) Your Independent Micro-budget Movie |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/5-steps-to-making-and-releasing-your-independent-micro-budget-movie/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A film shot entirely with GoPro |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/14/a-film-shot-entirely-with-gopro-1938503.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215144109/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/14/a-film-shot-entirely-with-gopro-1938503.html |archive-date=15 February 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Ramkumar as Puyal
*Danusha as Nila
*Sara George
* [[Chaams]] as Pluto
*Kalangal Dinesh
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Natchatrian
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Delhi Ganesh
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Yamagundan
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Ajay Rathnam
*Vinod Varma as Vinod Varma

== Production ==
The film was shot in 12 days under a low budget and completely shot on a [[GoPro]]. The title of the film is based on Coimbatore colloquial language. Arunkanth V in addition to being the director, was also the producer and music composer.<ref name="New" /> Debutant Ramkumar, nephew of actor [[Sarathkumar]]., plays the male lead while Dhanusha plays the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கோகோ மாக்கோ! - Dinamalar Tamil Cinema News |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/65922 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031035700/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/65922 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |website=www.dinamalarnellai.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சரத்குமார் உறவினர் நடிக்கும் கோகோ மாக்கோ - Dinakaran Cinema News |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=28561 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com}}</ref> Sara George, who starred in ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' and [[Chaams]] were signed on to play pivotal roles.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=16 December 2018 |title=Goko Moko is a quirky comedy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/161218/goko-moko-is-a-quirky-comedy.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> During the making of the film, the dialogues were not practiced, but were improvised upon filming.<ref name="New" />

== Release ==
A website was created for pre-release sales to enable the film to run at a low price in multiple multiplexes.<ref name="New" /> The film released on 14 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Romantic thriller 'Dev' to release along with three other Tamil movies this week |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/tamil-movies-releasing-on-14-15-feb-101578/}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Maalai Malar]] gave the film a mixed review, while film portal ChennaiVision stated the film "gives us a feeling of watching a funny collage of YouTube and TikTok videos."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2019 |title=கோக்கு மாக்கான காதல் போராட்டம் - கோகோ மாக்கோ விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2019/02/16172545/1228093/Goko-Mako-Movie-Review-in-Tamil.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Goko Mako Tamil Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/goko-mako-tamil-movie-review/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9894418}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gaturro: The Movie

2026-03-03T02:12:48Z

Riya parik: edit

{{Infobox film
| name = Gaturro: The Movie
| image = Gaturro, The Movie poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[:es:Gustavo Cova|Gustavo Cova]]
| producer = Fernando de Fuentes S. José C. García de Letona P. Jayakumar José Luis Massa
| screenplay = Hernán Dzwonik Esteban Garrido Adriana Lorenzón Mariano Podesta Belén Wedeltoft Valeria Gómez
| based_on = ''[[Gaturro]]'' by [[Cristian Dzwonik|Nik]]
| starring = Mariano Chiesa Agustina Gonzalez Cirulnik Agustina Crulink Pablo Gandolfo Leto Dugakin Gustado Dardés Ándres Sala Rigler Mimicha René Sagastume Gustavo Bonfigli Lucila Gómez Mara Campanelli
| editing = Andrés Fernández
| music = Eduardo Frigerio Lolo Micucci Federico San Millán
| studio = Toonz Entertainment [[Illusion Studios]] [[Ánima Estudios]] [[Voltage Pictures]]
| distributor = Distribution Company S.A.
| released = {{Film date|2010|9|9}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = Argentina India Mexico
| language = Spanish English
| budget = $3.5 million<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan|first=Nyay|title=Toonz ties with Illusion for 'Gaturro'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toonz-ties-illusion-gaturro-84406|access-date=29 March 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 May 2009}}</ref>
| gross = AR$8.3 million (US$2.4 million)<ref name="box-office-argentina-feb-2011">{{cite web|title=Argentina Box Office, February 3-6, 2011 (check "Gross-to-Date")|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/argentina/?yr=2011&wk=5&currency=local&p=.htm|website=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gaturro, la pelicula (2010)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=00&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|access-date=31 May 2013|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205957/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=00&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Gaturro: The Movie''''' (''Gaturro'') is a 2010 animated comedy film based on the popular [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[comic book]] [[Gaturro|of the same name]] created by [[Hernán Dzwonik]]. The film is produced by [[Illusion Studios]], Toonz Animation, and co-produced by [[Mexico]]'s [[Ánima Estudios]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technoparktoday.com/toonz-making-final-touches-for-gaturro/ |title=Toonz making final touches for 'Gaturro' 3D animation Movie |publisher=Technopark Today |date= |access-date=2012-05-05 |archive-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318012942/http://www.technoparktoday.com/toonz-making-final-touches-for-gaturro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This film is the first [[India]]n-[[Latin America]]n animated co-production.<ref name="calcuttatube">{{cite web |url=http://calcuttatube.com/gaturro-first-indo-latin-american-animation-film-tops-argentina-box-office/120119/ |title=Gaturro-First Indo-Latin American animation film tops Argentina box-office |publisher=Calcutta Tube |date=2010-09-21 |access-date=2012-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026041456/http://calcuttatube.com/gaturro-first-indo-latin-american-animation-film-tops-argentina-box-office/120119/ |archive-date=2010-10-26 }}</ref>

It was released in theaters on September 9, 2010, in [[Argentina]], where it was a major critical and commercial success, grossing a total of $8.3 million [[Argentine peso|pesos]] (est. $0.4 million).<ref name="box-office-argentina-feb-2011"/>

The film was later released in [[Mexico]] on April 27, 2012, and became a huge [[box-office bomb|box-office disappointment]].<ref name="yahoomoviesmx">{{cite news|title=Llega "Gaturro. La película" a salas de cine de la Ciudad de México|url=http://es-us.mujer.yahoo.com/llega-gaturro-pel%C3%ADcula-salas-cine-ciudad-m%C3%A9xico-013400426.html|access-date=18 March 2014|date=27 April 2012|archive-date=19 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013249/http://es-us.mujer.yahoo.com/llega-gaturro-pel%C3%ADcula-salas-cine-ciudad-m%C3%A9xico-013400426.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was released [[direct-to-video]] in the [[United States]], distributed by Viva Pictures, on February 16, 2016.<ref name=awn-aviators>{{cite news|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=Imira Entertainment's 'The Aviators' Flies to North America|url=http://www.awn.com/news/imira-entertainment-s-aviators-flies-north-america|access-date=17 April 2015|work=Animation World Network|publisher=Animation World Network|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040812/http://www.awn.com/news/imira-entertainment-s-aviators-flies-north-america|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Gaturro, an anthropomorphic cat, tries multiple attempts to win the affection of Agatha, the most unpleasant cat in Gaturro's neighborhood, who falls in love with an aristocratic cat called Max. But when Gaturro accidentally becomes famous, he and a mouse called Rat Pitt devise a plan to prevent Agatha marrying Max.

==Voice cast==

;Spanish cast
* Mariano Chiesa as [[Gaturro]]
* Agustina Cirulnik as Agatha
* Pablo Gandolfo as Rat Pit
* Leto Dugatkin as Max
* Valeria Gómez as Katy Kit
* Gustavo Dardés as Federico Michou
* Ándres Sala Rigler as Mimicha
* René Sagastume as Alplato
* Gustavo Bonfigli as Daniel
* Lucila Gómez as Luz
* Mara Campanelli as Agustín

;English cast 
* Todd Doldersum as Gaturro / Daniel / Announcer
* Caitlin O'Reilly as Agatha / Valeria / Luz / Informetti / Gatalina Jolie
* [[Marty Stelnick]] as Max / Rat Pit / Gatulongo / Alplato / Robot
* Victoria Shepherd as Katy Kit / Mimicha / Stylist

The English-language version was found in the special features in the Argentine and Mexican DVD releases.

==Cultural references==
This film makes a number of references to popular Hollywood figures and movies.<ref name="yahoomoviesmx"/>

==Production==
The character designs and post-production services were done by [[Toonz India Ltd]] based in [[Trivandrum]], [[India]], while the majority of the animation was done by [[Illusion Studios]] in [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Toonz Animation woos global audience|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/toonz-animation-woos-global-audience/article593064.ece|access-date=29 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 August 2010|archive-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329221030/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/toonz-animation-woos-global-audience/article593064.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's special effects and backgrounds were done by [[Ánima Estudios]] in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/165961/6/mexicanos-dibujaran-a-gaturro.htm|title=Mexicanos dibujarán a ''Gaturro''|date=28 December 2009|publisher=Informador|language=Spanish|access-date=21 January 2010|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082246/http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/165961/6/mexicanos-dibujaran-a-gaturro.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

An animator who worked in 2008 on the film criticized the film for having a "bad script" with many spelling mistakes.<ref name="Gaturro_2">{{cite news |date=9 September 2010 |title=''Gaturro, avance técnico, retroceso narrativo'' |language=Spanish |publisher=Otros Cines |url=https://www.otroscines.com/nota?idnota=4612 |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105304/http://www.otroscines.com/nota?idnota=4612 |url-status=live }}</ref> He confirmed that there was no script for the movie then and the animators had to work out the details using only a script outline. He added however that the film was "visually correct" for kids.

==Release==
This film was released in 2D and 3D in [[Argentina]] on September 9, 2010. Santo Domingo Films released the film in [[Mexico]] on April 27, 2012.<ref name="yahoomoviesmx"/>

===Box office===
It became a box office success in [[Argentina]], opening #1 at the domestic box-office, grossing $2,268,283 pesos (US$460,098). It held the record as one of the biggest box-office openings in the Argentinian cinema history <ref name="calcuttatube"/> The film grossed a total of $10,342,696 [[Argentine peso|pesos]] ($2,097,910 [[USD]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&country=AR&wk=2010W37&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&p=.htm |title=GATURRO, LA PELICULA |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806013220/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&country=AR&wk=2010W37&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 April 2015, [[Animation World Network]] has announced that Viva Pictures has picked up the distribution rights for a [[United States]] release.<ref name=awn-aviators/> Victor Elizalde, president of Viva Pictures said, "The landscape for quality animated content is changing quickly and Imira is in leading the way by using globally recognized brands like ''[[Speed Racer]]'' and ''[[Gaturro]]'' along with visually stimulating animation."<ref name=awn-aviators/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1442556|Gaturro (2010)}}

{{Ánima Estudios}}
{{Illusion Studios}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 3D films]]
[[Category:2010 comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Argentine comedy films]]
[[Category:Mexican comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on comics]]
[[Category:Films based on Argentine comics]]
[[Category:Argentine animated feature films]]
[[Category:Mexican animated feature films]]
[[Category:Indian animated feature films]]
[[Category:Ánima Estudios films]]
[[Category:2010 Spanish-language films]]
[[Category:3D animated films]]
[[Category:2010 Mexican films]]
[[Category:2010 Argentine films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Ambajogai

2026-03-01T13:25:53Z

Riya parik: minor refine content per standard format and added references

{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambajogai
| native_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Ambajogai_Yogeshwari_Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Yogeshwari (Amba) Temple Top at Ambajogai
| nickname = Ambanagari<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambajogai city history|url=https://beed.gov.in/tourist-place/%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf/|publisher=Beed Government|website=www.beed.gov.in}}</ref>
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Ambajogai in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|18.73|N|76.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Maharashtra}}
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Ambabai]]
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 74,844
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Ambajogaikar
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 431517
| area_code = 02446
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-44
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| native_name_lang = mr
}}
'''Ambajogai''' is a city and [[tehsil]] in [[Beed district]] of [[Maharashtra]] State in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-03 |title=Census of India 2011, Tahsil Profile|url=http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/pdf/DI%20Profile_IND027027011_Ambejogai.pdf |access-date=2022-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003002448/http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/pdf/DI%20Profile_IND027027011_Ambejogai.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Regarded as the cultural capital of [[Marathwada]], the town features attractions like the [[Shivleni Caves]] and monuments honoring Marathi poet [[Mukundraj]], the author of "[[:mr:विवेकसिंधु|Viveksindu]]," the first Marathi literary work, as well as [[Dasopant]].<ref name="ambejogai.maharashtraonline.in">{{Cite web |title=About Ambajogai, Geography of Ambajogai, Tourist Places in Ambajogai |url=https://ambejogai.maharashtraonline.in/city-guide/about-ambajogai |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Maharashtra Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कानडे |first=संतोष |date=2024-10-04 |title=Marathi Classical Language: मराठीला अभिजात भाषेचा दर्जा मिळण्यामागे बीडचा सिंहाचा वाटा; मराठीतल्या सर्वात पहिल्या ग्रंथाचा घेतला आधार |url=https://www.esakal.com/marathwada/marathi-language-was-given-status-of-classical-language-with-reference-to-treatise-of-mukundaraj-ambajogai-in-beed-district-snk89 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref>

Ambajogai, often referred as the "City Of The Temple"<ref>{{Cite book |last=रापतवार |first=सुदर्शन |title=मंदिराचे गाव |publisher=माध्यम पब्लिकेशन |year=2024 |isbn=9788190278775 |edition=1st |location=Ambajogai |publication-date=15 October 2024 |pages=80 |language=Marathi |trans-title=Mandirache Goan}}</ref> holds a significant place in history, second only to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi]] in terms of its cultural and spiritual heritage. The city boasts over a hundred [[temple]]s, many of which have withstood the challenges of time, including dismantlement by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]] and damage from the [[1993 Latur earthquake|Killari earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lakshmi |first1=B. V. |last2=Deenadayalan |first2=K. |last3=Gawali |first3=Praveen B. |last4=Misra |first4=Saumitra |date=2020-11-25 |title=Effects of Killari earthquake on the paleo-channel of Tirna River Basin from Central India using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=20587 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-77542-9 |pmid=33239660 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=7689459 }}</ref> Despite these setbacks, Ambajogai remains a testament to its rich historical legacy. Visitors can marvel at ancient "baravs" (step wells) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathe |first=Manas |date=2021-02-24 |title=Baravas - Unique water harvesting structures of Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/groundwater/rainwater-harvesting/baravas-unique-water-harvesting-structures-maharashtra |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=India Water Portal |language=en}}</ref> and serene [[lake]]s, while the revered temple of Shri Yogeshwari Mata features an exceptional [[Vinayaki]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govindarajan |first=Vinita |date=2017-09-01 |title=Vinayaki: The lesser-known story of the elephant-headed goddess, the female avatar of Ganesha |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/848991/vinayaki-the-lesser-known-story-of-the-elephant-headed-goddess-the-female-avatar-of-ganesha |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> idol in its [[shikhara]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikhara {{!}} North Indian Temple Design & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/shikhara |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> showcasing the city's enduring artistry and devotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapatwar |first=Sudarshan |title=मंदिरांचे गाव |date=15 August 2024 |publisher=Madhyam Publication Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-902787-7-5 |edition=1st |location=Ambajogai |publication-date=15 August 2024 |pages=80 |language=Marathi |trans-title=Mandiranche Goan}}</ref>

The town was renamed [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizami]] name Mominabad to Ambajogai after goddess Yogeshwari (also known as Jogai) whose heritage temple is located here and are visited by people all over from Maharashtra, largely from the [[Konkan]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogeshwari Devasthan, Ambajogai {{!}} Official Website of Yogeshwari Devi, Ambajogai |url=http://yogeshwaridevasthan.org/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Yogeshwari Devasthan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambejogaidevi.com/ |title=श्री अंबेजोगाई भक्त निवास न्यास, पुणे |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908141517/http://ambejogaidevi.com/ |archive-date=8 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The town has many heritage places and this township is known as the cultural capital of the Marathwada region.<ref name="ambejogai.maharashtraonline.in" /><ref name="Ambajogai history as per Govt.">{{cite web|title=Beed {{ndash}} District|website=Beed District Collectorate|url=http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/hisotry.htm|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528095654/http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/hisotry.htm|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town has other heritage [[Hindu temple]]s such as Sakleshwar, 12 Khambhi Mandir ({{Lit|12 pillar temple}}), Kholeshwar Mandir, [[Mukundraj]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapatwar |first=Sudarshan |title=मंदिराचे गाव |publisher=Madhyam Publications |year=2024 |isbn=9788190278775 |edition=1st |location=Ambajogai |publication-date=15 October 2024 |pages=80 |language=Marathi |trans-title=Mandirache Goan}}</ref> Smadhi and [[Dasopant]] Swami Samadhi, Kashivishwanath, Amruteshwar.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |title=Ambajogai - DOT-Maharashtra Tourism - Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/-/ambajogai-popular-cities |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=DOT-Maharashtra Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> There is an ancient cave called [[Shivleni Caves]] ''(Hattikhana)'' also known as Jogai Mandap declared as the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra|Protected Monuments in Maharashtra]] (Archaeological sites in Maharashtra), where Lord [[Shiva|Shankar]], Nandi and Elephants are carved in stone, [[Brahma|Bramha]] and [[Vishnu]] are also carved.<ref name=heritage/>

According to popular belief, Ambajogai is celebrated as the birthplace of the [[Marathi language]] but no empirical evidence supports this claim. This belief is prominent because the first literary work in Marathi, [[:mr:विवेकसिंधु|Vivekasindhu]] by [[Mukundraj]], was written here. The revered [[Yogeshvari]] Devi temple, a site of deep spiritual significance, is the ancestral deity of many families across Maharashtra, drawing numerous pilgrims to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=श्री अंबेजोगाई भक्त निवास न्यास, पुणे |url=http://ambejogaidevi.com/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908141517/http://ambejogaidevi.com/ |archive-date=8 September 2019 }}</ref>

A lesser known landmark here is the [[Shah Buruj]], a historical watchtower standing in front of Kholeshwar Temple. Built in the 13th century by Raja Singhan of [[Devgiri Fort|Devgiri]], this circular tower, approximately 35 feet tall, was used for surveillance. A staircase inside leads up, though time has worn down the base, making it unsafe to climb today.

The Shah Buruj seen its share of historical intrigue. During the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] rule, it housed a [[radio]] transmitter. When the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] discovered it was [[Broadcasting House|broadcasting]] news for the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], they attempted to seize it. Although they weren't successful, the transmitter was permanently shut down, marking yet another chapter in the Buruj's storied past.

== History ==
[[Image:Yogeshwari Temple entrance.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance of Yogeshwari(Amba) Temple at Ambajogai]]
The town has been a cultural center in the region from the [[Ancient India|ancient times]]. The Yogeshwari temple, Kholeshwar temple and Barakhambi temple hints the cultural prosperity of the town dating back to 10th century CE. It was formerly known as Amrapur, Jayantipur, Jogaiambe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=Two temple bases found during excavation in Ambajogai, says Maharashtra Archaeology Dept official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-temple-bases-found-during-excavation-in-ambajogai-says-maharashtra-archaeology-dept-official/article67990246.ece |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra: Two temple foundations unearthed during excavation in Ambajogai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/maharashtra-two-temple-foundations-unearthed-during-excavation-in-ambajogai/articleshow/108789400.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ambajogai named by The Amba – (Goddess Parvati / Durga) by his birthplace (jogai), who appeared at this place to finish Dantasura (a devil). It was also known as Jaywantinagar by name of King (Raja) Jaywant and river's name Jayawanti, turned to Mominabad under the regime of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] before the annexation of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]] to the dominion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Shah Buruj: A fiery testimony to the freedom movement |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10063 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]] |language=English}}</ref> Many heritage sites and temples were harmed during this period. It was a military base of the [[Hyderabad State army|Hyderabad state army]]. The stable of the horses of the cavalry of the Hyderabad army was later turned into a hospital and medical college which later was named as [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department - Bhir |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_ambejogai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328014127/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_ambejogai.html |archive-date=2016-03-28 |website=cultural.maharashtra.gov}}</ref>

== Temples and sacred sites of Ambajogai ==

# '''Shri [[Yogeshvari|Yogeshwari]] Devi Temple'''
# '''Adyakavi [[Mukundraj|Mukundaraj]] Swami Temple'''
# '''Shri Bada [[Hanuman]] Temple'''
# '''Sarvagna [[Dasopant]] Temple'''
# '''Shri Renukai Devi Temple (Lahan Jogai)'''
# '''Shri Khoparnath Temple'''
# '''Thorale and Dhakate Devghar (Temple)'''
# '''Shri. [[Rama|Ram]] Temple'''
# '''Butteenath (The God of Herbal Remedies)'''
# '''Shri Kshirsagareshwar Temple'''
# '''Shri [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] Temple'''
# '''Shri Kedareshwar Temple (Lord Mahadev Temple)'''
# '''Shri Bhucharnath Temple'''<ref name="रापतवार">{{Cite book |last=रापतवार |first=सुदर्शन |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=hZAuEQAAQBAJ |title=मंदिराचे गाव |date=2024-08-15 |publisher=Madhyam Publication |isbn=978-81-902787-7-5 |language=mr}}</ref> ([[Shivleni Caves]] Hattikhana Caves, [[Elephanta Caves]], Bhu-char-nath,)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elephant Caves – Marathwada Tourism Development Chamber (MTDC) |url=https://www.marathwadatourism.com/en/elephant-caves/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>'''[[File:Bhucharnath cave temple Ambajogai Maharashtra 004.jpg|alt=Bhucharnath Cave|thumb|Bhucharnath Cave]][[File:Bhucharinath cave temple Ambajogai Maharashtra 001.jpg|alt=Bhucharinath Cave|thumb|Bhucharinath Cave]] '''Historical and [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] Significance''' Ambajogai, a city of ancient origins, Among the noteworthy [[Archaeology|archaeological]] remains are two elephant caves, located approximately 1 to 1.5 kilometers northwest of the [[Yogeshwari Temple]] along the banks of the [[Jayawanti River]]. These caves are carved into the riverbanks on both sides: a larger cave on the right bank and a smaller one on the left. The larger cave is associated with a local legend connecting it to the marriage of Goddess Yogeshwari and [[Shri Vaijnath Temple|Lord Vaidyanath]]. It is currently under the care and maintenance of the Archaeological Department and remains in relatively good condition. The smaller cave contains Jain rock-cut sculptures, including depictions of Nagas, [[Mahavira|Mahavir]] Parshvanath, [[Rishabhanatha]], their [[Yakshi (sculpture)|Yakshis]], attendants, and a panel featuring the 24 [[Tirthankara]]s. Additionally, remnants of [[Shaivism]] sculptures in a dilapidated state have been found in the vicinity. The cave also includes narrow chambers and small monk cells, indicative of its use by Jain ascetics. now one small area is a major sewage drain from various parts of the city now empties near the entrance of the larger elephant cave. The smaller elephant cave, once a significant site of historical and cultural value, is on the verge of extinction due to years of neglect and encroachment.
# '''Shri Shambhuling Shivacharya Math'''
# '''Shri Kholewar Temple'''<ref name="रापतवार"/> [[File:Kholeshwar-ambajogai-maharashtra-002.jpg|alt=Kholeshwar Temple|thumb|'''Kholeshwar Temple''']] Kholeshwar Temple, one of the prominent historical and religious landmarks in Ambajogai, is a 13th-century [[Hemadpanti architecture|Hemadpanthi]] [[Hindu temple]]. According to an inscription within the temple, it was constructed in 1162 Shaka (1240 CE) by Lakshmi, the daughter of Kholeshwar, in memory of her younger brother Ram, who was killed in a battle. Situated south of Ambajogai near the fort of King [[Jaitrapala]] AKA [[Jaitugi]], the temple is east-facing and stands as a fine example of [[Yadava]]-era architecture. The temple features a grand stone platform and an intricately carved stone mandapa supported by four stone pillars. An inscription on the left side of the entrance provides historical details, affirming the temple's origins. The name "Kholeshwar" is believed to have originated from local lore about the influence of the deity Kholeshwar on the region, which eventually overshadowed its original identity as a Shiva temple. During the Nizam era, the temple's hall was repurposed as a courtroom, later relocated. Built on a solid stone foundation, the temple also features a large bastion to its right, known as Jaitrapal's Fort, later renamed [[Shah Buruj]] during the Nizam period. This bastion holds historical significance, with several events from the [[Hyderabad]] Liberation Struggle associated with it. The Kholeshwar Temple and its surroundings remain a testament to the region's rich history and architectural heritage.
# '''Shri Siddheshwar [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Temple and Papnashi Tirth'''
# '''Shri Sakleshwar [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Temple''' (Barakhambi Temple)<ref name="रापतवार"/>[[File:Barakhambi temple 1 Ambajogai Maharashtra.jpg|alt=Barakhambi Temple|thumb|'''Barakhambi Temple''']] '''Chalukya-Era Sankleshwar Temple''' The Sankleshwar Temple is near Ambajogai, a fine example of 11th-century [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] architecture, recently garnered attention during a cleanliness drive in the area. While clearing the vicinity, a group of local volunteers uncovered approximately 60 to 70 idols buried underground, including partially damaged and intact sculptures, alongside remnants of temple structures and a [[stepwell]]. These discoveries, reported with visuals in [[newspaper]]s and [[television]], prompted a visit from an Archaeological Department team led by Assistant Director Ajit Khandare on [[Republic Day]]. The team expressed strong disapproval of the excavation activities conducted without proper permissions, as they caused significant damage to the artifacts and the temple. According to the department, excavations of such sites require authorization under the [[Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878]] and the Bombay Treasure Trove Rules of 1958. During their inspection, the Archaeological Department observed extensive unauthorized digging up to 12 feet deep, carried out using heavy machinery like JCBs. This resulted in the exposure of the temple's foundational elements, particularly on the left side of the sanctum, making the structure unstable and hazardous. The team speculated that the site could originally have been part of an area of three interconnected temples. Plans were announced to conduct systematic archaeological excavations and conservation efforts to restore the temple to its original form. Citizens were urged to protect this invaluable heritage and refrain from any further unauthorized activities in the area to prevent additional damage.
# '''Shri Amaleshwar [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Temple'''
# '''Nagzhari Kund and [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Temple'''
# '''Shri Kashivishwanath Temple'''
# '''Shri [[Digambar Jain Mahasabha|Digambar Jain]] Temple'''
# '''Shri Chaubhara [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] Temple'''
# '''Dharoba Temple'''
Ambajogai's people believed to have once been home to 24 [[108 Shiva Temples|Shiva temples]] and nearly 50 other temples, though many of these are now lost to [[History of India|history]], remembered only through stories from the town's elders. This list highlights the remaining [[temple]]s and sacred sites in Ambajogai, showcasing its rich [[Spirituality|spiritual]] heritage and cultural significance.<ref name="रापतवार"/>

== Jaywanti River ==
The city is the cultural capital of [[Marathwada]]. Known in ancient times as Ambanagari and later as Jayavantinagar during King Jayavanta's rule, it was renamed Mominabad under the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]’s reign. This city, nestled along the banks of the Jayanti [[River]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स. |first=कॉम |date=21 June 2019 |title=जयवंती, वाण नदी प्लास्टिकमुक्त |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/jayavanti-varieties-river-free-from-river/articleshow/69880110.cms |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=marathi.indiatimes.com |pages=1 |language=mr}}</ref> in [[Beed]] district, is wellconnected to many other districts in [[Maharashtra]], making it easily accessible.

* [[Latitude]]: 18.75147° or 18° 45' 5" north
* [[Longitude]]: 76.36763° or 76° 22' 4" east
* [[Elevation]]: 541 metres (1,775 feet)
* [[Open Location Code]]: 7JCRQ929+H3
* [[GeoNames]] ID: 10436029

== Villages in Ambajogai Taluka ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Villages in Ambajogai Taluka
! Letter !! Villages
|-
| A || Akola; Ambajogai; Ambaltek; Ambalwadi; Anjanpur; Apegaon
|-
| B || Babhalgaon; Bagzari; Bardapur; Bharaj; Bhatanwadi; Bhawthana
|-
| C || Chanai; Chandanwadi; Chichkhandi; Chopanwadi; Chothewadi
|-
| D || Dagadwadi; Daithana Radi; Daradwadi; Dattapur; Devla; Dhanora; Dighol Amba; Dongar Pimpla
|-
| G || Ghatnandur; Gholapwadi; Girwli; Gitta
|-
| H || Hanumanwadi; Hatola; Hiwara
|-
| J || Jawalgaon; Jodwadi; Jogaiwadi
|-
| K || Katkarwadi; Kendrewadi; Khapartone; Kodari; Kolkanadi; Kopra; Krushnanagar; Kumbephal; Kuranwadi; Kusalwadi
|-
| L || Laman Tanda; Limbgaon; Lokhandi Sawargaon
|-
| M || Magarwadi; Makegaon; Malewadi; Mamdapur; Mandva; Morewadi; Mudegaon; Multan Tanda; Murambi; Murkutwadi; Murti
|-
| N || Nandadi; Nandgaon; Nawabwadi; Nirpana
|-
| P || Patoda; Pattiwadgaon; Pimpala Dhaiguda; Pimpri; Pokhari; Pus
|-
| R || Radi; Radi Tanda; Rajewadi; Rakshaswadi
|-
| S || Sakud; Salunkwadi; Sangaon; Satephal; Saundana; Saygaon; Selu Amba; Shepwadi; Shripatraiwadi; Somanwadi; Somnath Borgaon; Sonwala; Sugaon
|-
| T || Tadola; Talegaon Ghat; Talni; Tatborgaon; Telghana
|-
| U || Ujani; Umrai
|-
| W || Waghala; Waghalwadi; Wakdi; Walewadi; Warapgaon; Warwati
|-
| Y || Yelda
|}

== Literature ==
[[Ambajogai]] is regarded as one of the significant centres of early [[Marathi literature]], owing largely to its association with medieval saint-poets such as '''[[Mukundraj]]''' and '''[[Dasopant]]'''. These figures shaped the philosophical and literary landscape of the Deccan, and their works are considered foundational texts in Marathi spiritual literature.

'''[[Mukundraj]]''', often described as the earliest known Marathi poet, is traditionally believed to have composed the ''[[Viveksindhu]]'' and ''Paramamrit'', two seminal works rooted in Advaita Vedanta philosophy. Local traditions associate him with the caves near [[Ambajogai]], from where he is said to have written and taught, contributing to the development of early Marathi prose and didactic verse.

'''[[Dasopant]]''' (or Dasopant of Narayanpur), another influential saint-poet linked to the region, is known for his extensive literary output, which includes commentaries, bhakti compositions, and philosophical treatises. His writings reflect a synthesis of Varkari devotion, Nath influences, and scholastic interpretation, making him one of the most prolific writers of his time. Several manuscripts and oral traditions in [[Ambajogai]] and neighbouring villages preserve memories of his work and travels.

Beyond its saint-poet heritage, Ambajogai nurtured a vibrant literary culture through institutions such as the '''Saraswati Dhanwantri Granthalaya''' (est. 1854), one of Maharashtra’s oldest public libraries. It became an important hub for reading, [[manuscript]] preservation, and literary discussion, influencing generations of writers, scholars, and socially engaged thinkers in Marathwada.

The region’s strong connection with '''Varkari''', '''Bhakti''', and '''folk traditions,''' including ''kirtan'', ''powada'', and ''bhajan,'' continues to inform local literary activity. Regular ''kavi sammelans'', cultural festivals, and scholarly gatherings sustain Ambajogai’s position as a historical and contemporary centre of Marathi literary expression.

== [https://mr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8 Ambajogai Sahitya Sammelan] ==
Ambajogai hosts the literary meeting Ambajogai Sahitya Sammelan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=दासू वैद्य यांची १० व्या अंबाजोगाई साहित्य संमेलनाच्या अध्यक्षपदी निवड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/beed/dasu-vaidya-elected-as-president-of-10th-ambajogai-sahitya-sammelan-a320/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Lokmat News Network |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madyam |first=Team |date=2022-07-12 |title=अंबाजोगाई साहित्य संमेलनानिमित्त निबंध स्पर्धा - Madhyam News |url=https://madhyamnews.com/essay-competition-on-the-occasion-of-ambajogai-sahitya-sammelan/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-30 |title=Marathi varsity to come up in Ambajogai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/marathi-varsity-to-come-up-in-ambajogai/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=९ व्या आंबाजोगाई साहित्य संमेलनाच्या अध्यक्षपदी कमलाकर कांबळे |url=https://www.lokmat.com/beed/kamlakar-kamble-president-9th-ambajogai-sahitya-sammelan-a705/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Lokmat News Network |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Sahitya Sammelan अंबाजोगाईत शुक्रवार पासून साहित्य संमेलन, भरगच्च कार्यक्रमांची मेजवानी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/state/beed/sahitya-sammelan-in-ambajogai-from-friday/mh20220818172850704704457 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref> which was initiated by figures like [[:mr:सुदर्शन_रापतवार|Sudarshan Rapatwar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapatwar |first=Sudarshan |date=2022-07-28 |title=श्री संत नामदेव महाराज संजीवन समाधी सोहळा अंबाजोगाईत साजरा - Madhyam News |url=https://madhyamnews.com/shri-sant-namdev-maharaj-sanjeevan-samadhi-ceremony-celebrated-in-ambajogai/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="रापतवार" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokmat ePaper: Marathi News Paper {{!}} Online English, Hindi & Marathi Paper {{!}} Daily News ePaper{{!}} Today's News Papers {{!}} लोकमत वृत्तपत्रे |url=https://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_HBED_20241214_3_8 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=epaper.lokmat.com}}</ref> and Amar Habib.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Amar-habib: Current News: Latest News, Photos, Videos, Live updates and Top Headlines on Amar-habib {{!}} ABP Majha |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/authors/amar-habib |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Ambajogai had a population of 74,844. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Ambajogai has an average literacy rate of 85.89%, higher than the national average of 74.04%; with 91.58% of the males and 79.88% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Saraswati public school is residential school since last 22 years.<ref name=":0" />

==Education==

Ambajogai has been referred as the "Shikshanache Maherghar" (meaning: Motherland of Education). Since pre independence era, the council has been home to educational institutions motivated by particular objectives. The educational organisations such as Shree Yogeshwari Shikshan Sanstha and [[Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Ambajogai|Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha]] was established before the formation [[Maharashtra]]. Ambajogai's [[Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya]] was founded in 1935. There are 14 higher secondary colleges in Ambajogai town and division,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-21 |title=मराठवाड्याच्या शिक्षण पंढरीला उतरती कळा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/declaration-marathwada-education-pandheri/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> including medical college [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Ramanand Tirth Rural Govt. Medical College |url=https://www.srtrmca.org/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.srtrmca.org}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shah Buruj]]
* [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]] and Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Ramanand Tirth Rural Govt. Medical College |url=https://www.srtrmca.org/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.srtrmca.org}}</ref>

== Notable People ==

* [[Swami Ramanand Tirtha]]
* [[Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar]]
* [[Pramod Mahajan]]
* Dwarkadas Lohiya
* Shaila Lohiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category:Books by Shaila Lohiya - Wikimedia Commons |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Shaila_Lohiya |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lohiya |first=Shaila |title=कविता गजाआडच्या |date=2002 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE.pdf |access-date=2025-12-03 |last2=Lohiya |first2=Shaila}}</ref>
* Rangnath Tiwari
* [[Vimal Mundada]]
* [[Namita Mundada]]
*Amar Habib <ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Beed district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Beed district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Sathyan (singer)

2026-02-27T21:20:07Z

Riya parik: minor cleanup formatting as per guidelines further and fixed typos

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sathyan
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Sathyan Needhi Mohan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|05|31|df=y}}
| origin = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Playback singer, composer
| alias = M. Satyan, Needhi Mohan
| genre =
| spouse = {{marriage|Nithya|2009}}
| label =
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Sathyan Mahalingam''', popularly known as '''Sathyan''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[playback singer]] and composer.<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/cities/chennai/‘music-was-a-miracle’/246339.html "Music Was a Miracle"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507173316/http://expressbuzz.com/cities/chennai/ |date=7 May 2012 }}</ref> He is best known for performing the hit numbers "Kalakkapovathu Yaaru" (''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''), "Sil Sil" (''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'') and the title track from ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aneetaa.com/music.html#S |title=Aneetaa Arumugam – Personal Webpage – Music – Tamil Cinema Playback Singers |publisher=Aneetaa.com |date= |accessdate=8 March 2012 |archive-date=19 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319231458/http://www.aneetaa.com/music.html#S |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Thee Mugam Dhaan (''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'')

==Biography==

===Early life===
Satyan Mahalingam was born on 31 May 1980 to Mr. Mahalingam and Mrs. Mariammal in Chennai, [[India]]. During his high school and college years, he was called "Needhi Mohan", but changed his name into "M. Satyan" later on.
He developed interest in music at an early age and started singing in light music orchestras at the age of 15. Though he completed MBA, his passion towards music made him pursue musical career. He married Ms.Nithya Rengarajan in 2009 and the couple has 2 daughters viz Sudhantra and Niranthra

===Career===
Satyan had been singing in numerous light music orchestras since 1996. He had also performed for many of the leading orchestras in Tamil Nadu. In fact, he had performed in more than 2500 stage shows during his singing career as a light music singer.

In 2004, Satyan entered the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film Industry]], was introduced by Music Director Baradwaj. He started his career as a play back singer in the film ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' by singing the popular song ''Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru'' with Padmasree Kamalhaasan. Subsequently, Satyan had sung over 150 songs in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films.
He had performed several star musical shows in India and all over the world in countries like Canada, United States, Australia, Japan, Hongkong, Malaysia, Singapore, Dubai, Sri Lanka, London, Paris and Russia.
Besides being a playback singer, Satyan had also been working as music composer since 2008. He had composed and programmed over 100 jingles and music albums for Shakthi FM, Sri Lanka and for various ad agencies in India. Notably, he composed a devotional song for the [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple|Nallur Murugan Temple]] (Sri Lanka), which was sung by legendary singers, late[[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[P. Susheela]]. He has also composed devotional songs sung by great singers like Late S.P Balasubramaniam, Vani Jeyaram, T.L Maharajan, L.R Eswari and Mano.

Satyan gave his debut as Music Composer in Tamil Film Industry in the movie ''Vizhithiru''. He is currently working as composer in 3 movies in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

He also has a his own Music Live Band called ASTHRAAS, which has performed all over the world.

He became a sensation in 2025 after a song he sang at a 1999 event, ''Roja Roja'', went viral on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/who-is-singer-sathyan-mahalingam-his-26-year-old-video-singing-roja-roja-song-from-kadhalar-dhinam-went-viral-609448 |title=26 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் ட்ரெண்டிங்கில் 'ரோஜா ரோஜா' பாடல்! காரணம் 'இந்த' பாடகர்தான்.. |publisher=zeenews.india.com |date= 9 September 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Who is Sathyan Mahalingam, the Singer Behind the Viral "Roja Roja" Video That's Making Waves Online? | Ulagam |date=12 September 2025 |url=https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/who-sathyan-mahalingam-singer-behind-viral-roja-roja-video-s-making-waves-online-304419}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Playback performances===
The following is an incomplete list of popular songs sung by Satyan Mahalingam.<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/Singers/Sathyan/Most-Popular/ "Sathyan performances"]. ''Raaga.com''.</ref><ref>[http://www.thiraipaadal.com/singer.php?SGRID=Sathyan&lang=en "Sathyan performances"]. ''Thiraipaadal.com''.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Year || Song || Film || Music director(s)
|-
| 2004 || "Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru" || ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
| 2005 || "Sil Sil Sil Mazhaiye" || ''[[Arindhum Ariyamalum|Arindhum Ariyaamalum]]'' || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| 2006 || "Star Hotel" || ''[[Vattaram]]'' || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|"Sollamale"
|''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]''
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| "Gulla Gulla Dracula" || ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || "Yahoo Yahoo" || ''[[Aegan]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| "Dosthu Bada Dosthu" || ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
|-
| "Kanavile" || ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || "Ada Boss Boss" || ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' || rowspan="5" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| "Kuppathu Rajakkal" || ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || "Avanapathi" || ''[[Avan Ivan]]''
|-
| "Paparayudu" || ''[[Panjaa]]''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012 || "Aambalaikkum Pombalaikkum" || ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]''
|-
| "Theeye Theeye" || ''[[Maattrraan]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| "Adikkadi Mudi" || ''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]'' || [[C. Sathya]]
|-
| "Podi Vechi Pudippan" || ''[[Attakathi]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|-
| "Dhoorathil Unnaipaartha" || ''[[Veyilodu Vilayadu]]'' || [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
| "Kutti puli"
|''[[Thuppakki]]''|| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| "Kannaale Kaditham" || ''Theni Maavattam''|| Wesly
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013 || "Ulladha naan solla" || ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''|| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| "Rathathin Nuraiya" || ''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''|| Ganesh Raghavendra
|-
| "Aagaayam Boomikkellam" || rowspan="2" | ''[[6 (film)|6]]'' || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| "Boy Friend" || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| "Eppadi Ennul" || ''[[Nugam]]''|| D. J. Gopinath
|-
| "Oo La La" || ''Naadi Thudikkudhadi''|| [[Ilayaraja|Ilayaraaja]]
|-
| 2014 || "Uyrin Maeloru Uyirvanthu" || ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || rowspan="1" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| 2019 || "The Theme - Thee Mugam Dhaan" || ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' || rowspan="1" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| N/A || "Laka Laka Rajini Sir" || ''Aachariyangal Unlimited'' || Ganesh Raghavendra
|-
| NA || "Minu Minukkum" || ''[[Thulli Ezhunthathu Kadhal]]'' || Bobo Sashi
|-
| NA || "Unnai Vittu" || ''Padam Paarthu Kathai Sol''|| Ganesh Raghavendra
|-
| NA || "Dhodaa Machi" || ''Koattai''|| D. Vijay
|-
|2025
|“Thennaadu”
|[[Bison Kaalamaadan (soundtrack)|''Bison Kaalamaadan'']]
|[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|}

;Others
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Nenje Nenje – Sevarkodi
*Kodi Kottikoduthaalum – Ponnar Shankar
*Ulle Oru Mirugam – Karungali
*Maasi Maasam – Paandi
*Maarudhu – Indiralogathil Naa Azhagappa
*Oviyam varaigaiyile – Kodambakkam
*Yaar Yaaro – Aachaarya
*Mudhal Mudhalaai – Amma Appa Chellam
*Yaaro Yaaro – Ullakkadathal
*Pattaam Pattaampoochi – Ullakadathal
*Kaadhal Muniva – Thagappanchaami
*Vellakkaara Baby – Nayagan
*Idhudhaanaa Kaaadhal – Pirappu
*Adha thottu – Kaadhal Valarthean
*Usharpannu – Agra
*Sollamale – Naalaiya Pozhudhu Unnodu
*Malarudhu – Manjal Veyil
*Aathamin Apple – Thodakkam
*Adhi Kaalai Vaanam – En Kaadhale
*September – Theeyavan
*Super Star – Kalaiyaadha Ninaivugal
*Wrongu Chithapo – Rasigar Mandram
*Purappadu Nanba – Vetri Thirumagan
*Puyalukkum Neruppukkum – Vetri Thirumagan
*Maathi yosi – Maathi yosi
*Ekkuthappa – Patta Patti 50-50
*Kirukku Paiyya – Melaga
}}

===Compositions===
Produced by SHAKTHI FM (Sri Lanka):
*A devotional song for the [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple|Nallur Murugan Temple]] (Sri Lanka), sung by [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[P. Susheela]]
*An Islamic devotional song, performed by Mano
*A song for the [[Ketheeswaram temple|Thiruketheeswaram Temple]] in Mannar (Sri Lanka), sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*A Murugan song for Kathirgamam Murugan Temple, sung by [[T. L. Maharajan]] & Seergazhi Siva Chidambaram
*A Devine song for Mayuraapathi BADRAKALI, sung by [[Vani Jairam]]
*A devotional song for the Nayina Theevu Naagabooshini Amman Temple, sung by L.R.Eashwari

;Others
*Music for a 30-minute short film ''En Uyir Thozan'', directed by Surya (son of the famous writer Balakumaran)
*A one-hour television film ''Fair & Lovely'', directed by Surya
*A re-recording for a television film, directed by Sharavana Subbiah
*Music for feature film ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' (2017).
*music for serial in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
''[[Kanmani (TV series)|Kanmani]] (2019)''

*music album for flood with actor vishal and producer council thenappan (2017)
''[[chennaiye meendum vaa]]''
*music for future Kannada film
''[[LOVE 2020]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}satyan singer Facebook page

==External links==
* {{Twitter}}
*Satyanmahalingam on Instagram
*Satyanmahalingam on Facebook
*
*
*Asthraas on [[YouTube]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyan}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]

Sunda slow loris

2026-01-23T15:47:23Z

Riya parik: formatting fix

{{Short description|Species of primate found in South East Asia}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Sunda slow loris{{sfn|Groves|2005|p=122}}
| image = Nycticebus coucang 004.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author= Nekaris, K.A.I., Poindexter, S. & Streicher, U.|title= ''Nycticebus coucang'' |year= 2020|article-number= e.T163017685A17970966|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163017685A17970966.en|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{r|CITES}}
| genus = Nycticebus
| species = coucang
| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)
| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|Groves|2005|p=122}}<ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|work=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=loris-conservation.org|access-date=30 April 2013|page=3|date=4 February 2003}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chasen|1940|pp=88–89}}
| synonyms =
* ''Bradylemur tardigradus var. B.'' (Lesson, 1840)
* ''Kra Buku'' (Raffles 1821)
* ''Lemur tardigradus'' [[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]], 1821: (Not [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
* ''N. coucang brachycephalus'' [[Henri Jacob Victor Sody|Sody]], 1949
* ''N. c. buku'' [[Herbert Christopher Robinson|Robinson]], 1917{{#tag:ref|In 1917, Robinson used the name ''buku'', attributed to Ruffles 1821;{{r|Robinson1917}} however, the name ''buku'' as originally applied did not refer to a loris.{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=50}}|group=Note}}
* ''N. c. hilleri'' [[Witmer Stone|Stone]] and [[J.A.G. Rehn|Rehn]], 1902
* ''N. c. insularis'' Robinson, 1917
* ''N. c. natunae'' Stone and Rehn, 1902
* ''N. Sumatrensis'' [[E. W. A. Ludeking|Ludeking]], 1867: ([[nomen nudum]])
* ''N. tardigradus'' var ''malaiana'' Anderson, 1881
* ''N. t. malayanus'' ([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1904)
* ''Tardigradus coucang'' Boddaert, 1785: (no [[Type locality (biology)|locality]])
| range_map = Sunda Loris area.png
| range_map_caption = Sunda slow loris range
}}

The '''Sunda slow loris''' ('''''Nycticebus coucang'''''), or '''greater slow loris''', is a [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]] and a [[species]] of [[slow loris]] native to [[Indonesia]], [[West Malaysia]], [[southern Thailand]] and [[Singapore]]. It measures {{convert|27|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} from head to tail and weighs between {{convert|599|and|685|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Like other slow lorises, it has a wet nose ([[rhinarium]]), a round head, small ears hidden in thick fur, a flat face, large eyes and a [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] tail.

The Sunda slow loris is [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] and [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]], typically occurring in [[evergreen forest]]s. It prefers [[rainforest]]s with continuous dense [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] and has an extremely low metabolic rate compared to other mammals of its size. Its diet consists of [[Plant sap|sap]], floral nectar, fruit and [[arthropod]]s, and will feed on exudates such as [[Gum (botany)|gum]] and sap by licking wounds in trees. Individuals are generally solitary, with one study showing only 8% of its active time was spent near other individuals. It has a [[Monogamy|monogamous]] mating system with the offspring living with the parents. It sleeps during the day, rolled up in a ball in hidden parts of trees above the ground, often on branches, twigs, palm fronds, or [[liana]]s. The species is [[Estrous cycle|polyoestrous]], usually giving birth to a single offspring after a [[gestation period]] of 192 days. The young disperses between 16 and 27 months, generally when it is [[Sexual maturity|sexually mature]].

The species is listed as endangered on the [[IUCN Red List]]. It is threatened with extinction due to a growing demand in the [[exotic pet]] trade, and has become one of the most abundant primate species on sale at Indonesian pet markets. Its teeth are often pulled out before being sold as pets which can result in infection and/or death. Lack of teeth makes reintroduction to the wild impossible. It also suffers from [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]], which has been severe in the areas in which it is found.

== Etymology ==

The [[common name]], Sunda slow loris, refers to the [[Sunda Islands]], a group of islands in the western part of the [[Malay Archipelago]] where it is found.{{r|CITES2006}} Another common name for the species is the greater slow loris.<ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn | author = Nekaris, A. | author2 = Streicher, U. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Nycticebus coucang'' | volume = 2008 | article-number = e.T39759A10263403 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39759A10263403.en }}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''coucang'', derives from ''kukang'', its common name in [[Indonesia]].{{r|CITES2006}} It is commonly known as ''malu-malu'', meaning "shy" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and also as ''bukang'' or ''Kalamasan''.{{r|CITES2006}}{{r|Schulze2004}} It is sometimes called ''kuskus'', because local people do not distinguish between the slow loris and [[cuscus]], a group of Australasian [[Phalangeriformes|possums]].{{r|Schulze2004}} In Malaysia they are sometimes known as ''kongkang'' or ''kera duku''; ''kera'' is Malay for monkey while ''duku'' is the fruit-bearing tree, ''[[Lansium parasiticum]]''.{{r|Schulze2004}} In Thailand, it is called ''ling lom'' (ลิงลม), which translates as "wind monkey".{{r|Schulze2004}}

== Taxonomy and phylogeny ==
The Sunda slow loris was first [[species description|described]] (in part) in 1785 by the Dutch physician and naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] under the name ''Tardigradus coucang''.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=46}} However, its discovery dates to 1770, when the Dutchman Arnout Vosmaer (1720–1799) described a specimen of it as a type of [[sloth]]. Vosmaer gave it the French name "le paresseux pentadactyle du Bengale" ("the five-fingered sloth of Bengal"), but Boddaert later argued that it was more closely aligned with the lorises of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) and Bengal.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=45}}

Between 1800 and 1907, several other slow loris species were described, but in 1953 the primatologist [[William Charles Osman Hill]], in his influential book, ''Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy'', consolidated all the slow lorises into a single species, ''N. coucang''.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953a|pp=156–163}} In 1971 [[Colin Groves]] recognized the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''N. pygmaeus'') as a separate species,{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=45}} and divided ''N. coucang'' into four [[subspecies]].{{Sfn|Groves|1971|pp=48–49}} In 2001 Groves opined that there were three species (''N. coucang'', ''N. pygmaeus'', and ''N. bengalensis''), and that ''N. coucang'' itself had three subspecies (''Nycticebus coucang coucang'', ''N. c. menagensis'', and ''N. c. javanicus'').{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}} These three subspecies were promoted in 2010 to species status—the Sunda slow loris, the [[Javan slow loris]] (''N. javanicus'') and [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N. menagensis'').{{r|NekarisMunds2010}} Species differentiation was based largely on differences in morphology, such as size, fur color, and head markings.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|pp=1187–1200}} (At the end of 2012, the Bornean slow loris was itself divided into four distinct species.){{r|MundsNekarisFord2013|page=46}}

When [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] defined the genus ''Nycticebus'' in 1812, he made the Sunda slow loris the [[type species]].{{Sfn|Saint-Hilaire|1812|p=163}} This was questioned in 1921 by British [[Zoology|zoologist]] [[Oldfield Thomas]], who noted that there was some confusion over which specimen was used as the type specimen. Instead, he suggested that the type specimen was actually the [[Bengal slow loris]], ''Lori bengalensis'' [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Thomas|1922|p=433}}{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|pp=45–46}} There was further confusion during the 1800s when Boddaert's ''Tardigradus coucang'' was routinely mistaken for [[Carl Linnaeus]]' ''Lemur tardigradus'' – a species he had described in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturæ'']] (1758) The fact that ''Lemur tardigradus'' was actually a [[slender loris]] remained obscured until 1902, when [[Mammalogy|mammalogist]]s [[Witmer Stone]] and [[James A. G. Rehn]] finally cleared the air.{{Sfn|Stone|Rehn|1902|pp=136–139}}

The species has 50 [[chromosomes]] (2n=50), and it [[genome size]] is 3.58 [[Kilogram#SI multiples|pg]].{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=591}} Of its chromosomes, 22 are [[Centromere|metacentric]], 26 are [[Centromere|submetacentric]], and none are [[Centromere|acrocentric]]. Its [[X chromosome]] is submetacentric, and its [[Y chromosome]] is metacentric.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=543}}

To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the [[phylogenetic]] relationships within the genus ''Nycticebus'' have been investigated using [[Nucleic acid sequence|DNA sequences]] derived from the [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] markers [[D-loop]] and [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']]. Although most of the recognized lineages of ''Nycticebus'' (including the pygmy slow loris (''N. pygmaeus''), Bornean slow loris (''N. menagensis'') and the Javan slow loris (''N. javanicus'')) were shown to be genetically distinct, the analysis suggested that DNA sequences from selected individuals of Sunda slow loris (''N. coucang'') and Bengal slow loris (''N. bengalensis'') shared a closer evolutionary relationship with ''each other'' than with other members of their own respective species. The authors suggest that this result may be explained by [[Introgression|introgressive hybridization]], as the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of [[sympatry]] in southern Thailand; the precise origin of one of the ''N. coucang'' individuals was not known.{{r|Chen_etal2006}} This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between ''N. bengalensis'' and ''N. coucang'', and suggested that there has indeed been [[gene flow]] between the two species.{{r|Pan2007}}
{{clear left}}

== Anatomy and physiology ==
[[File:Nycticebus coucang coucang - skeleton.jpg|thumb|left|Skeleton]]
The Sunda slow loris has dark rings around its large eyes,{{r|Choudhury1992}} a white nose with a whitish strip that extends to the forehead and a dark stripe that stretches from the back of the head along the spine.{{r|Gron2009}}{{sfn|Groves|2001}} Its soft, thick, woolly fur ranges from light brown to deep reddish brown, with a lighter underside.{{r|CITES2006}}{{sfn|Groves|2001}} The species is distinct from the [[Bengal slow loris]] due to the dark inverse teardrop markings around the eyes which meet the dark [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsal]] stripe on the back of the head.{{sfn|Schulze|Groves|2004|pp=33–36}} It tends to have a much more distinct white stripe between the eyes, more distinct dark coloring around the eyes, and a browner coat than the Bengal slow loris which is larger, grayer, and shows less contrast.{{sfn|Schulze|Groves|2004|pp=33–36}} The Sunda slow loris has less white facial coloring than the much smaller [[pygmy slow loris]].{{sfn|Schulze|Groves|2004|pp=33–36}} Local color variations are known to occur.{{r|CITES2006}}

[[File:Nycticebus coucang 001.jpg|thumb|alt=A Sunda slow loris climbs, upside down, along a tree branch|The Sunda slow loris generally holds branches with at least three limbs at one time.]]
It measures between {{Convert|27|and|38|cm|in}} and weighs {{Convert|599|and|685|g|oz}}.{{r|Rigel2004|Streicher2007|Nekaris2008}}{{sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007}} Unlike the Bengal slow loris, the Sunda slow loris does not show [[sexual dimorphism]] by weight.{{r|Nekaris2008}} The [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] tail,{{sfn|Nowak|1991}} hidden beneath the fur, is reduced to a stump.{{sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007}} It has a [[toothcomb]], six forward-facing teeth on the bottom jaw, which includes the [[mandible|lower]] [[incisor]]s and the [[canine tooth|canine teeth]]. The structure is generally used for grooming in other [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirhine]] primates, but lorises also use it to scrape off gum when foraging.{{sfn|Martin|1979|pp=45–47}} It has a shortened second digit, and the hands have a strong grip.{{sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007}} Like other lorises, it excretes a strong-smelling liquid from [[gland]]s beneath its arms which is used in communication.{{sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|pp=253–272}}

One major distinguishing feature between all loris species is locomotion: the Sunda slow loris moves slowly through trees on all four limbs, typically with three limbs attached to a support at a time.{{r|Rigel2004|Wiens2002}} Its movement has been described as unique; similar to crawling, or as if it was climbing in every direction, the Sunda slow loris changes direction or moves between branches with little noise or change in speed.{{sfn|Ishida|Jouffroy|Nakano|1986|pp=209–220}} In captivity, about a quarter of its time is spent moving [[Quadrupedalism|quadrupedally]], a quarter suspended or hanging, a quarter climbing, and a quarter clasping multiple branches (bridging).{{r|Gebo1987}} It may hang below a branch by one or both feet for long periods of time.{{r|Ehrlich1977}}

== Behavior and ecology ==

Like other slow lorises, the Sunda slow loris is an [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] and [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] primate, resting by day in the forks of trees, or in thick vegetation and feeding on fruit and insects by night. Unlike other loris species, it remains in trees most of its life: while the [[Bengal slow loris]] will often sleep on the ground, the Sunda slow loris sleeps in a ball in branches or foliage.{{r|Gron2009}} It usually sleeps alone but has been observed to sleep with several conspecifics (individuals of the same species), including other adults.{{r|Wiens2002}} Adults live in overlapping ranges of {{Convert|0.004|to|0.25|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{r|Wiens2002|WiensZitzmann2003}}

Despite its slow [[metabolism]] rate, the Sunda slow loris has a high-energy diet. Its slow lifestyle may be due to the energy costs of detoxifying certain secondary plant compounds in many [[Genus|genera]] of food plants their diets. The largest amount of time is spent eating [[phloem]] sap (34.9%), floral nectar and nectar-producing plant parts (31.7%), and fruits (22.5%). It also consumes gums and arthropods such as spiders and insects.{{r|Wiens2002}} Gum is taken by licking wounds on trees.{{r|Streicher2004}} They are also known to feed on [[Mollusca|molluscs]], including the giant land snail ''[[Achatina fulica]]'',{{r|ElliotElliot1967}} and birds' eggs.{{sfn|Rowe|1996}}

All slow loris species produce a [[toxin]] in glands on the insides of their elbows. This is spread across their bodies and those of their offspring using the [[toothcomb]] while grooming.{{sfn|Alterman|1995}} When threatened with predators, the Sunda slow loris can bite, roll into a ball exposing its toxic saliva-covered fur, or roll up and drop from the trees.{{r|TenazaFitch1984}} However, the primary method of predator avoidance is [[crypsis]], whereby it hides.{{r|WiensZitzmann2003|WiensZitzmann1999}} The [[Python reticulatus|Asiatic reticulated python]], the [[Changeable Hawk-eagle|changeable hawk-eagle]] and the [[Sumatran orangutan]] have been recorded as predators of the Sunda slow loris.{{sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|pp=253–272}}{{r|WiensZitzmann1999|UtamivanHooff1997}}

=== Social systems ===

The Sunda slow loris may fit into the [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] single male/single female social system,{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}}{{sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} though are mainly known to be solitary.{{r|Wiens2002}} One study showed only 8% of the species' active time was spent near other individuals.{{r|Gron2009}} Where home ranges overlap, [[spatial group]]s are formed. These groups consist of one male, one female and up to three younger individuals.{{r|Wiens2002}} The interactions between these individuals are largely friendly; they include [[Social grooming|allogrooming]], following, pant-growling, and click-calling, although social behaviors only make up around 3% of the activity budget.{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}} When it comes into contact with conspecifics from other home ranges there is usually no reaction as [[home range]]s are not defended.{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}} In captivity however, it can be aggressive with other individuals. Males have shown antagonistic behaviors such as attacks, pursuits, threats, assertion, fighting, and subordination.{{r|Ehrlich1977}} The fighting often results in serious injury.{{r|Ehrlich1977}} Despite this, they are known to be generally sociable in captivity,{{r|Ehrlich1977}} with allogrooming being the most common social behavior.{{r|Newell1971}}

=== Communication ===

There are eight distinct call types made by Sunda slow loris adults, which can be divided into two categories:{{r|Zimmermann1985}} contact and contact-seeking calls such as whistles and short keckers (a social play and attention-seeking call), and aggressive and defensive calls such as long keckers, screams, snarls and grunts.{{r|Zimmermann1985}} Because they rely on [[crypsis]] to [[Antipredator adaptation|avoid predators]], they do not make [[Alarm signal|alarm calls]].{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}} Infants emit clicks and squeaks when disturbed.{{r|Daschbach1981}} During [[Estrous cycle#Estrus|estrus]], females make whistle calls when in visual contact with a male.{{r|Zimmermann1985|Daschbach1981}} When exploring new environments and during handling, it makes [[Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] vocalisations out of the human hearing range.{{r|Zimmermann1985}}

[[Olfaction|Olfactory]] communication is very important in this species. It has roles in alerting others of the identity, physical state and position of the individual.{{sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|pp=253–272}}{{r|TenazaFitch1984|Rasmussen1986}} It is also important in reproduction.{{r|Gron2009}} Like other slow lorises, the Sunda slow loris has glands on its elbows that exude oils. The gland is licked to spread scent and is thought to have evolved for communication, but it is toxic to humans. If the person is allergic to the animal they can go into shock and could even die.{{sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|pp=253–272}}{{r|Wilde1972}} It also has glands on its [[anus]] and can signal conspecifics by [[Perineum|perineal]] rubbing which deposits urine.{{sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|pp=253–272}}{{r|TenazaFitch1984|Rasmussen1986}} When it locates the scent of another slow loris it may rub its face on the [[Substrate (biology)|substrate]] where the scent was found.{{r|Rasmussen1986}}
The Sunda slow loris may grin or bare its teeth. When stressed, infants may grin, while adults bear their teeth to show aggression or fear, but also during play.{{r|Rasmussen1986}}

=== Reproduction ===
[[File:Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A Sunda slow loris hangs from a branch with two legs|Females hang from branches during copulation.]]

Reproduction is one of the few times the Sunda slow loris aggregates with conspecifics, as it is largely solitary. One study recorded that the most slow lorises ever seen together was six; this appeared to be a female in estrus and five males following her.{{r|ElliotElliot1967}} This may suggest a more promiscuous mating system, where females mate with more than one male.{{r|Wiens2002}} Despite this, its [[Testicle|testis]] size is small compared with similar sized promsimians, which is indicative of [[Monogamy in animals|monogamy]].{{r|Wiens2002}} In the wild the mating system of the Sunda slow loris is thought to vary between populations.{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}}

Sexual maturity is reached between the ages of 18 and 24 months in females, and can be reached by 17 months in males.{{r|Izard1988}} It is [[Estrous cycle|polyestrous]], having many periods of sexual receptivity during a year.{{r|Fitch-SnyderJurke2003}} In captivity however, there is a clear birth peak between March and May.{{r|Izard1988}} It has been observed that reproductive patterns of captive [[prosimian]]s in the northern hemisphere are altered.{{r|Fitch-SnyderJurke2003}} The estrus cycle lasts 29–45 days, with most copulations occurring on the same day.{{r|Izard1988}}

Females in estrus are followed by males, with copulation initiated by the female.{{r|Fitch-SnyderJurke2003}} The female will hang from a branch and may vocalise. The male will hold the female and the branch and copulate with her.{{r|Fitch-SnyderJurke2003|Zimmermann1989}} [[spraying (animal behavior)|Urine-marking]] and vocalising are also used by the female to solicit mating.{{r|Zimmermann1989}} The male may create a [[mating plug]] following copulation.{{r|Izard1988}}

The [[gestation period]] averages 192.2 days, after which one young is born, although [[twin]]ning has been observed.{{r|Izard1988}} Both males and females will disperse in the wild, this occurs between 16 and 27 months.{{r|WiensZitzmann2003}}

== Distribution and habitat ==

The Sunda slow loris is found in continuous canopy tropical rainforests.{{sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{sfn|Roonwal|Mohnot|1977|pp=57–61}} It is adaptable and will also live in other types of habitat.{{r|Gron2009}} It is found in [[Indonesia]], on the islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Batam]] and [[Galang Island|Galang]] in the [[Riau Archipelago]], and [[Tebing Tinggi Island]] and [[Natuna Besar|Great Natuna]] (Bunguran) in the [[Natuna Islands]]; in [[Malaysia]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Pulau Tioman]]; in the [[Kra Isthmus|southern peninsular of Thailand]]; and [[Singapore]].{{r|CITES2006|Gron2009}}{{sfn|Groves|2001}}{{r|Nekaris2008}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=K.K.P. |last2=Chua |first2=M.A.H. |last3=Lim |first3=T-L.N. |title=Freshwater fishes, terrestrial herpetofauna and mammals of Pulau Tekong, Singapore |journal=Nature in Singapore |date=2016 |volume=9 |pages=165–198 |url=https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/2016nis165-198.pdf}}</ref>

Despite being presumed extinct in Pulau Tioman, records indicate that slow lorises may still inhabit the island. The facial markings and morphology of the Tioman slow loris are substantially different from mainland individuals, which hints at the potential distinctiveness of the population.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Welch|first=A.R.|year=2019|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/499655|title=Potential Rediscovery of a Distinct Slow Loris Nycticebus (Mammalia: Strepsirrhini: Lorisidae) from Pulau Tioman|journal=Folia Primatol|volume=90|issue=4|pages=258–266|doi=10.1159/000499655|pmid=31129672|s2cid=167210911|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Sunda slow loris is [[sympatric]] (shares its range) with the [[Bengal slow loris]] in Thailand and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] has occurred.{{r|Pan2007}}

== Conservation ==
{{See also|Conservation of slow lorises}}
According to the 2020 [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) Red List assessment, the Sunda slow loris was evaluated as endangered.{{r|IUCN}} In June 2007 it was transferred from [[CITES#Appendix II|CITES Appendix II]] to [[CITES#Appendix I|Appendix I]], indicating a true concern about the state of international trade in this species, an act now forbidden by international law.{{r|Sanchez2008}} It is also protected by Indonesian law, though the law does not seem to be strictly enforced.{{r|NekarisJaffe2007}} Its population size is unknown and further studies need to be carried out to confirm their conservation status.{{r|IUCN}}

[[File:Nycticebus tooth removal 01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A young Sunda slow loris having its teeth clipped|Removing or clipping slow loris teeth can lead to infection and death.]]
The Sunda slow loris is greatly threatened by the [[Wildlife trade|pet trade]], and is sold as an [[exotic pet]] throughout southeast Asia.{{sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{r|NekarisNijman2007}} The slow lorises are the most commonly traded protected primates in southeast Asia.{{sfn|Schulze|Groves|2004|pp=33–36}}{{r|NekarisNijman2007}} When sold as a pet it often will have its teeth pulled out to prevent injury to the owner.{{r|CITES2006}} This may cause dental infections which have up to a 90% death rate.{{r|Sanchez2008}} Once it has lost its teeth, reintroduction to the wild is impossible.{{r|IUCN}} Due to a very high mortality rate in captivity due to stress, improper nutrition and infection, the pet trade is inflated by replacements.{{r|CITES2006|Sanchez2008}} With a greater purchasing power, the increasing human populations in the species' range could have an even more serious impact.{{r|CITES2006}}

The Sunda slow loris is further threatened by gathering for illegal [[traditional medicine]]. The fur is reported to heal wounds, the flesh to cure epilepsy, eyes are used in love potions, and the meat is reported to cure asthma and stomach problems.{{r|CITES2006}} It is also killed as a [[Pest (organism)|crop pest]].{{r|IUCN}} Severe [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and degradation over large areas of its range have caused large population declines,{{r|CITES2006}} even though the species is more adaptable to [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] habitats than other primates in the region. The resulting [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] has restricted [[Biological dispersal|species dispersal]] as it depends on continuous canopy cover to move from tree to tree.{{r|IUCN}}
{{Clear}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=Chen_etal2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | s2cid = 24319996}}</ref>

<ref name=Choudhury1992>{{cite journal | last = Choudhury | first = A.U. | year = 1992 | title = The slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') in north-east India | journal = Prim. Rep. | volume = 34 | pages = 77–83}}</ref>

<ref name=CITES>{{cite web | title = CITES species database: ''Nycticebus coucang'' | author = UNEP-WCMC | publisher = UNEP-WCMC Species Database | url = http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Nycticebus&Species=coucang&source=animals&displaylanguage=eng | access-date = 3 February 2011 | author-link = World Conservation Monitoring Centre }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=CITES2006>{{cite conference | author = Management Authority of Cambodia | title = Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II | date = 3–15 June 2007 | publisher = CITES | page = 31 | location = Netherlands | url = http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf | access-date = 9 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000912/http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf | archive-date = 28 February 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=Daschbach1981>{{Cite journal | last1 = Daschbach | first1 = N. | doi = 10.1016/0304-3762(83)90011-1 | title = Cage-size effects on locomotor, grooming and agonistic behaviours of the slow loris, ''Nycticebus coucang'' (Primates, Lorisidae) | journal = Applied Animal Ethology | volume = 9 | pages = 317–330 | year = 1983 | issue = 3–4 }}</ref>

<ref name=Ehrlich1977>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ehrlich | first1 = A. | last2 = Musicant | first2 = A. | doi = 10.1163/156853977X00207 | title = Social and individual behaviors in captive slow lorises | journal = Behaviour | volume = 60| issue = 3–4| pages = 195–219| year = 1977 }}</ref>

<ref name=ElliotElliot1967>{{Cite journal | last1 = Elliot | first1 = O. | last2 = Elliot | first2 = M. | title = Field Notes on the Slow Loris in Malaya | doi = 10.2307/1377803 | jstor = 1377803 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 497–498 | year = 1967 }}</ref>

<ref name=Fitch-SnyderJurke2003>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = H. | last2 = Jurke | first2 = M. | doi = 10.1002/zoo.10072 | title = Reproductive patterns in pygmy lorises (''Nycticebus pygmaeus''): Behavioral and physiological correlates of gonadal activity | journal = Zoo Biology | volume = 22| issue = 1| pages = 15–32| year = 2003 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gebo1987>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gebo | first1 = D. L. | doi = 10.1002/ajp.1350130305 | title = Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 13 | pages = 271–281 | year = 1987 | issue = 3 | pmid = 31973467| bibcode = 1987AmJPr..13..271G | s2cid = 84453728 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gron2009>{{cite web | author = Gron, K.J. | year = 2009 | url = http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris |title = Primate Factsheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'') Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology | publisher = Primate Info Net | access-date = 13 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=Izard1988>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/ajp.1350160405 | last1 = Izard | first1 = M.K. | last2 = Weisenseel | first2 = K.A. | last3 = Ange | first3 = R.L | year = 1988 | title = Reproduction in the slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 331–339| pmid = 32079376 | s2cid = 84130650 }}</ref>

<ref name=MundsNekarisFord2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Munds | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Ford | first3 = S. M. | title = Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species ''Nycticebus kayan'' (Primates, Lorisidae)| doi = 10.1002/ajp.22071 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–56 | year = 2013| orig-date=2012 online| url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | pmid = 23255350| s2cid = 17077282 }}</ref>

<ref name=NekarisMunds2010>{{Cite book| editor1-last = Gursky-Doyen | editor1-first = S.| editor2-last = Supriatna | editor2-first = J| last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Munds | first2 = R.| chapter = Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus SPP.) of Indonesia| title = Indonesian Primates | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22 | pages = 383–396| year = 2010 | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-1559-7}}</ref>

<ref name=Nekaris2008>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Blackham | first2 = G. V. | last3 = Nijman | first3 = V. | title = Conservation implications of low encounter rates of five nocturnal primate species (''Nycticebus'' spp.) in Asia | doi = 10.1007/s10531-007-9308-x | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 733–747 | year = 2008 | bibcode = 2008BiCon..17..733N | s2cid = 5710770 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226794174}}</ref>

<ref name=NekarisJaffe2007>{{cite journal | title = Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus'' spp.) within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy | journal = Contributions to Zoology | year = 2007 | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Jaffe | first2 = S. | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 187–196 | doi = 10.1163/18759866-07603004 | s2cid = 45718454 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name=NekarisNijman2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | doi = 10.1159/000102316 | title = CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'') | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 78 | pages = 211–214 | year = 2007 | issue = 4 | url = http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728161622/http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | archive-date = 28 July 2011 | url-status = usurped | pmid = 17495478| s2cid = 1407149 | access-date = 29 August 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=Newell1971>{{cite journal | author = Newell, T.G. | year = 1971 | title = Social encounters in two prosimian species: ''Galago crassicaudatus'' and ''Nycticebus coucang'' | journal = Psychonomic Science | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 128–130 | doi=10.3758/bf03331785| doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name=Pan2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | s2cid = 35725257 | display-authors = 8}}</ref>

<ref name=Rasmussen1986>{{cite thesis | author = Rasmussen, D.T. | year = 1986 | title = Life history and behavior of slow lorises and slender lorises: implications for the lorisine-galagine divergence | degree = PhD | publisher = Duke University | oclc = 15673814}}</ref>

<ref name=Rigel2004>{{cite thesis | last = Rigel | first = E.P. | year = 2004 | title = Analysis of Lorisidae taxonomy using postcranial skeletal material | degree = M.A. | publisher = Georgia State University}}</ref>

<ref name=Robinson1917>{{cite journal | last = Robinson | first = H.C. |year = 1917 | title = On three new races of Malayan mammals | journal = Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums | volume = 7 | pages = 101–105 |url = http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/fmsjournal07.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=Sanchez2008>{{cite journal | last = Sanchez | first = K.L. | title = Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | number = 2 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | page = 10 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | format = PDF | access-date = 13 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=Schulze2004>{{cite web | url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/03-Names.pdf | author = Schulze, H. | year = 2004 | title = Vernacular names: English, French, German, others (countries of origin) | work = Lorises and pottos: species, subspecies, local populations | publisher = Conservation database for lorises | access-date = 30 January 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=Streicher2004>{{cite thesis | author = Streicher, U. | year = 2004 | title = Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris (''Nycticebus pygmaeus'') in Vietnam | degree = PhD | publisher = Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/Coauthors/Uli/Streicher_2004.pdf | access-date = 1 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=Streicher2007>{{cite journal | last = Streicher | first = U. | year = 2007 | title = Morphological data of pygmy lorises (''Nycticebus pygmaeus'') | journal = Vietnamese Journal of Primatology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–74}}</ref>

<ref name=TenazaFitch1984>{{cite journal | last1 = Tenaza | first1 = R. | last2 = Fitch | first2 = H. | year = 1984 | title = The slow loris | journal = Zoonooz | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 10–12}}</ref>

<ref name=UtamivanHooff1997>{{Cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Van Hooff | first2 = J. A. R. A. M. | year = 1997| title = Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo pygmæus abelii'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<159::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-W| pmid = 9327098| s2cid = 12808186 }}</ref>

<ref name=Wiens2002>{{cite thesis | author = Wiens, F. | year = 2002 | title = Behavior and ecology of wild slow lorises (''Nycticebus coucang''): social organization, infant care system, and diet | degree = PhD | publisher = University of Bayreuth | url = http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/volltexte/2002/3/pdf/Diss.pdf | access-date = 1 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718165545/http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/volltexte/2002/3/pdf/Diss.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=WiensZitzmann1999>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = F. | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = A. | doi = 10.1159/000021719 | title = Predation on a Wild Slow Loris ''(Nycticebus coucang)'' by a Reticulated Python ''(Python reticulatus)'' | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 70 | pages = 362–364 | year = 1999 | issue = 6 | pmid = 10640884| s2cid = 44713328 }}</ref>

<ref name=WiensZitzmann2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = F. | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = A. | year = 2003 | title = Social dependence of infant slow lorises to learn diet | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 1007–1021 | doi = 10.1023/A:1026272127727| s2cid = 22572040 }}</ref>

<ref name=Wilde1972>{{cite journal | author = Wilde, H. | year = 1972 | title = Anaphylactic shock following bite by a "slow loris," ''Nycticebus coucang'' | journal = American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 592–594| doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.592 | pmid = 5075669 }}</ref>

<ref name=Zimmermann1985>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zimmermann | first1 = E. | doi = 10.1159/000156197 | title = Vocalizations and Associated Behaviours in Adult Slow Loris ''(Nycticebus coucang'') | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 44 | pages = 52–64 | year = 1985 }}</ref>

<ref name=Zimmermann1989>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zimmermann | first1 = E. | doi = 10.1007/BF02435445 | title = Reproduction, physical growth and behavioral development in slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'', Lorisidae) | journal = Human Evolution | volume = 4 | pages = 171–179 | year = 1989 | issue = 2–3 | s2cid = 84011469 }}</ref>

}}

=== Literature cited ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Alterman | first = L. | year = 1995 | chapter = Toxins and toothcombs: Potential allospecific chemical defenses in ''Nycticebus'' and ''Perodicticus'' | title = Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians | editor = Alterman, L. |editor2=Doyle, G.A. |editor3=Izard. M.K | publisher = Plenum Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-306-45183-6 | oclc = 33441731 }}
* {{cite book | last = Ankel-Simons | first = F. | year = 2007 | title = Primate anatomy, an introduction | edition = Third | location = San Diego | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-12-058670-7 | oclc = 42622248 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwl3M6c5KzoC&q=%22%28Sunda+OR+greater%29+slow+loris%22+OR+%22Nycticebus+coucang%22 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Chasen | first = F.N. | year = 1940 | title = A handlist of Malaysian mammals | url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/15/15brmiii-209.pdf | journal = Bulletin of the Raffles Museum | volume = 15 | pages = 1–209 | access-date = 2011-03-02 | archive-date = 2011-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606043303/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/15/15brmiii-209.pdf }}
* {{cite book | last = Elliot | first = Daniel Giraud | author-link1 = Daniel Giraud Elliot | title = A Review of the Primates | year = 1913 | location = New York, New York | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | series = Monograph series, no. 1 | volume = 1 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up | oclc = 1282520 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Fooden | first = Jack | year = 1971 | title = Report on primates collected in western Thailand January–April, 1967 | journal = Fieldiana Zoology | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–62 | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | location = Chicago | issn = 0015-0754 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2949 }}
* {{cite book | last = Groves | first = C.P. | year = 1971 | chapter = Systematics of the genus ''Nycticebus'' | title = Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Primatology, Zurich 1970 | volume = 1 | pages = 44–53 | publisher = Karger | location = Basel }}
* {{cite book | last = Groves | first = C.P. | title = Primate Taxonomy | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4 | oclc = 44868886 }}
* {{MSW3 Primates|id=12100114|heading=''Nycticebus coucang''}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hagey | first1 = L.R. | last2 = Fry | first2 = B.G. | last3 = Fitch-Snyder | first3 = H. | title = Primate Anti-Predator Strategies | series = Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects | editor1-last = Gursky | editor1-first = S.L. | editor2-last = Nekaris | editor2-first = K.A.I. | year = 2007 | contribution = Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudate of slow and pygmy lorises | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-387-34807-0 | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Ishida | first1 = H. | last2 = Jouffroy | first2 = F.K. | last3 = Nakano | first3 = Y. | year = 1986 | chapter = Comparative dynamics of pronograde and upside down horizontal quadrupedalism in the slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') | editor = Jouffroy, F.K. |editor2=Stack, M.H. |editor3=Niemitz, C. |editor3-link=Carsten Niemitz | title = Gravity, posture and locomotion in primates | location = Florence, Italy | publisher = Il Sedicesimo | isbn = 978-88-85342-01-9 | oclc = 27036881 }}
* {{cite book | last = Martin | first = R.D. | year =1979 | chapter = Phylogenetic aspects of prosimian behavior | editor = Doyle, G.A. |editor2=Martin, R.D. | title = The Study of Prosimian Behavior | publisher = Academic Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-12-222150-7 | oclc = 3912930 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = A. | last2 = Bearder | first2 = S.K. | year = 2007 | chapter = The Lorisiform primates of Asia and mainland Africa | editor = Campbell, C.J. | editor2 = Fuentes, A. | editor3 = MacKinnon, K.C. | editor4 = Panger, M. | editor5 = Bearder, S.K. | title = Primates in perspective | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-517133-4 | oclc = 60664435 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248056311 }}
* {{cite book | last = Nowak | first = R. | year = 1991 | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | volume = 1 | edition = 5th | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Maryland, Baltimore | isbn = 978-0-8018-3970-2 | oclc = 24141759 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof01nowa }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | year = 1953a | title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3 | oclc = 500576914 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00153.x | title = Early records of the slender loris and its allies | journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 123 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47| year = 1953b
}}
* {{cite book | author-link1 = Mithan Lal Roonwal | last1 = Roonwal | first1 = M. | last2 = Mohnot | first2 = S. | year = 1977 | chapter = Slow loris | title = Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology, and behavior | url = https://archive.org/details/primatesofsoutha0000roon | url-access = registration | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-70485-5 | oclc = 2388247 }}
* {{cite book | last = Rowe | first = N. | year = 1996 | title = A pictorial guide to the living primates | url = https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe | url-access = registration | publisher = Pogonias Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-9648825-1-5 | oclc = 35692646 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Saint-Hilaire | first1 = Étienne Geoffroy | journal = Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle | year = 1812 | title = Suite au Tableau des Quadrummanes. Seconde Famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini | volume = 19 | pages = 156–170 | url = https://archive.org/stream/annalesdumusum19mus#page/164/mode/2up | language = fr }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Schulze | first1 = H. | last2 = Groves | first2 = C. | year = 2004 | chapter = Asian Lorises: taxonomic problems caused by illegal trade | editor = Nadler, T. |editor2=Streicher, U. |editor3=Hà, T.L. | title = Conservation of Primates in Vietnam | publisher = [[Frankfurt Zoological Society]] | location = Hanoi, Vietnam | oclc = 60527537 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stone | first1 = Witmer | last2 = Rehn | first2 = James A.G. | year = 1902 | title = A collection of mammals from Sumatra, with a review of genera ''Nycticebus'' and ''Tragulus'' | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 54 | pages = 127–142 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GPkbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Oldfield | author-link1 = Oldfield Thomas | year = 1922 | title = Note on the nomenclature of the Northern Slow-loris | journal = The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 28 | page = 433 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113007#page/565/mode/1up }}
{{Refend}}

{{Lorisidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q688601}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Slow lorises]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Singapore]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1785]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert]]
[[Category:Primates of Borneo]]

Cheran, Nalanda

2026-01-21T09:31:27Z

Riya parik: created a entry initial version

{{short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cheran
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|21|40|N|85|32|32|E|display=inline,title|source:GNS}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6500
| population_as_of = 6500
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Maghi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803110<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pincode of Cheran, Nalanda, Bihar, India |url=https://www.pincodeno.com/bihar/nalanda/cheran-pincode |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=www.pincodeno.com}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = BiharSharif
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 970 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 57%%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nalanda
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Harnaut
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cheran''' village is located in the [[Harnaut]] subdivision of the [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Event Details |url=https://kvk.icar.gov.in/past_image_video.aspx?eventid=66dKIMgkgD95P24TtDu3Ca8WZkRTktDK1FYl4vFdfwOvSjFHbqowvA60ukEI0ItyRDdKLABBL1U/B8RkDBjk1Vm0W/cYXqgJM82BqFq/SBw= |website=kvk.icar.gov.in |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> The locality is located 20 kilometers away from the sub-district headquarter [[Harnaut]] and 20 kilometers away from the district headquarter [[Bihar Sharif|Biharsharif]]. According to 2009 statistics, Cheran village is also a gram panchayat.

The village covers a total area of 310 hectares. Cheran has a total population of 6100 people, of whom 3100 are males and 3000 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheran {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Cheran/Village |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> Cheran village has a literacy rate of 57.03%, of which 64.23% are males and 49.14% are females. Cheran village has approximately 1,376 houses.

Cheran is approximately 20 kilometers away from Biharsharif, which is the nearest town for all major economic activities.

The village is under the [[Harnaut Assembly constituency]]. The [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is Hari Narayan Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar 2020 |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10946 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Lok Sabha constituency is Nalanda and MP is [[Kaushalendra Kumar|Kaushlendra Kumar]].

==People from the Village==

[[Chandra Mohan Kumar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalanda district]]

{{Nalanda-geo-stub}}

INS Charag

2026-01-18T07:29:52Z

Riya parik: adding a article!

{{Short description|Chamak-class missile boat of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag= {{Navy|India}}
|name= INS ''Charag''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 17 October 1977
|decommissioned= 17 May 1996
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= [[Chamak class missile boat]]
|type=
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= 38.6 meters
|beam= 7.6 meters
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= 37+ knots
|range=
|complement= 30
|sensors=
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx AShM
*1 × [[SA-N-5]] SAM
*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Charag'' (K97)''' (literally: ''Lamp'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/chirag | title=Chirag: 1 definition | date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> was a [[Chamak class missile boat]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-chamak/><ref name=br-osa-II>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com :: NAVY - Osa II Class |accessdate=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Chamak-class missile boat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charag (K97)}}
[[Category:Chamak-class missile boats]]
[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Navy]]

Brahma Singh

2026-01-13T15:42:18Z

Riya parik: created the biography added tags

{{short description|Indian Horticultural scientist (born 1941)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brahma Singh
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Brahma Singh, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 26, 2014.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1941|12|15}}
| birth_place = Paladi, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = July 9, 2023
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Horticultural scientist
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Saroj Singh
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Horticulture Society of India Fellow National Academy of Biological Sciences Fellow [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] Fellow Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India) Fellow Indian Society of Vegetable Sciences Fellow [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology|G. B. Pant University]] Merit [[Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi|Indira Priyadarshini]] Vrikshmitra Award International Plant Scientist Award AAA Life Time Achievement Award Shivshakti Life Time Achievement Award
}}
'''Brahma Singh''' is an Indian horticultural scientist,<ref name="NABS India">{{cite web | url=http://www.nabsindia.org/profiles/brahmasingh.html | title=NABS India | publisher=NABS India | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> known for his expertise on protected cultivation<ref name="WRNF">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldnoni.net/Profile/BrahmaSingh.html | title=WRNF | publisher=WRNF | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129173439/http://www.worldnoni.net/Profile/BrahmaSingh.html | archive-date=29 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and his efforts in developing agro-technologies for the high altitude areas of the [[Himalayan Mountains|Himalayan]] region of [[Leh]]<ref name="AARDO">{{cite web | url=http://www.aardo.org/aardohomepage/pdf/brhamasingh.pdf | title=AARDO | publisher=AARDO | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> and for identifying and popularizing the fruit crops of [[seabuckthorn]] and [[Morinda citrifolia|Indian mulberry (Noni)]].<ref name="APIV">{{cite web | url=http://www.apiv.in/2-uncategorised/13-brahma-singh | title=APIV | publisher=APIV | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101222933/http://www.apiv.in/2-uncategorised/13-brahma-singh | archive-date=1 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, by awarding him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of science and technology.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Grow More Food (2560125708).jpg|240px|thumb|A view of agriculture around [[Leh]].]]
[[File:Hippóphae rhamnoídes.JPG|240px|thumb|Common Sea-buckthorn]]
[[File:Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia).jpg|240px|thumb|Indian mulberry - Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia)]]
Brahma Singh was born at a small hamlet of Paladi<ref name="APIV" /> in [[Muzaffarnagar district]]<ref name="NABS India" /> in the India state of Uttar Pradesh, on 15 December 1941 into a [[Rajput]] family.<ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="ISOL">{{cite web | url=http://isolindia.org/blog/author/brahmasingh/ | title=ISOL | publisher=ISOL | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101205826/http://isolindia.org/blog/author/brahmasingh/ | archive-date=1 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He did his schooling at the Rashtriya High School from where he passed his matriculation in 1959<ref name="Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan" /> and completed his junior college in 1961 from the Jat Inter College, Muzaffarnagar in 1961. Singh graduated (BSc Hons) in agriculture and agri-horticulture<ref name="APIV" /> from the [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] in 1964 and passed MSc from the same university in 1966.<ref name="NABS India" /> Subsequently, he did his doctoral studies at the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], [[Pantnagar]] and secured PhD in 1970.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /><ref name="Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan" />

After obtaining the doctoral degree, Singh started his career as an assistant professor at the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in 1970<ref name="NABS India" /> and worked there till 1974, when he joined the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO) at their Uttaranchal facility of Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory as the Grade I Senior Scientific Officer.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="AARDO" /> In 1979, he was transferred to the [[Defence Food Research Laboratory|Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore]] with a promotion to the post of the Deputy Director. The next assignment as the Director at the Defence Research Laboratory in [[Tezpur]], Assam,<ref name="NABS India" /> a stint of five years till 1990.<ref name="AARDO" /> This was followed by his transfer to the Field Research Laboratory, [[Leh]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], as the Director,<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="APIV" /> starting a significant chapter in his career. In 1995, Singh shifted to the DRDO headquarters in Delhi as the Director of the Life Sciences<ref name="NABS India" /> with the additional responsibility of the Secretary of the Life Sciences Research Board<ref name="AARDO" /><ref name="APIV" /> till his official retirement from DRDO service in 2001.<ref name="Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan" />

In 2002, Singh was elevated to the status of ''Emeritus Scientist''<ref name="ISOL" /> and was placed at the [[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences]] of DRDO for one year and was appointed the General Manager of the Uttaranchal Seeds and Tarai Development Corporation at for another one-year term.<ref name="NABS India" /> In 2004, Singh moved to the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], home to the famous [[Mughal Gardens]], as the Officer on Special Duty (Horticulture) at the President's Secretariat where he worked till 2007.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="AARDO" /> His tenure there also resulted in Dr. Singh publishing two [[coffee table books]], ''Trees of Rashtrapati Bhavan'' and ''Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan''.<ref name="Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a2bi67UloQ | title=Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan | publisher=YouTube video | date=1 May 2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

Brahma Singh is the advisor of the World Noni Research Foundation based in Chennai.<ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="ISOL" /> He also holds the Presidency of the Indian Society For Protected Cultivation, New Delhi.<ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan" /> He is also the Joint Secretary of ISNS.<ref name="WRNF" />

Brahma Singh lives in [[Mayur Vihar]] in New Delhi.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="AARDO" />

==Legacy==
[[File:BhutJolokia09 Asit.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum assamensis)]]
Brahma Singh is known as an expert in protected cultivation<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="APIV" /> and is credited for his efforts in introducing crop cultivation in the high altitude regions of [[Leh]] and [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]. During his tenure as the Director of the Field Research Laboratory at Leh,<ref name="AARDO" /> Dr. Singh is reported to developed have developed vegetable and crop cultivation in the region,<ref name="NABS India" /> thereby earning the accolade as the ''person who greened Leh''<ref name="APIV" /> which he accomplished by identifying and promoting crops suitable and adaptable to the rarified atmosphere of Leh.<ref name="NABS India" /> [[Seabuckthorn]] and [[Morindia citrifolia|Indian mulberry]] are two such crops identified and popularized by him,<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /> the latter known to have many uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutriceutical industries.<ref name="APIV" /><ref name="Society for New Age Herbals">{{cite web | url=http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | title=Society for New Age Herbals | publisher=Society for New Age Herbals | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205151829/http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | archive-date=5 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Insight Travels">{{cite web | url=http://www.insighttravels.com/2012/10/the-so-called-leh-berry-insight-into-sea-buckthorn/ | title=Insight Travels | publisher=Insight Travels | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> He has also contributed towards the development of ''Leh Berry'', a [[nutraceutical]] beverage made out of ripe seabuckthorn fruits,<ref name="Society for New Age Herbals" /><ref name="Insight Travels" /> and patent of the preparation is held by him.<ref name="APIV" /> He has since transferred the technology to the local farmers and the industry in reported to be a flourishing one.<ref name="APIV" /><ref name="Leh Berry TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Defence-lab-squeezes-crores-out-of-Leh-berry/articleshow/846965.cms | title=Leh Berry TOI | publisher=TOI | date=10 September 2004 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Afaqs">{{cite web | url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=8328_-Leh-Berry-mango-seabuckthorn-nectar-launched | title=Afaqs | publisher=Afaqs | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

Singh introduced many scientific agro techniques by utilizing solar and soil heat to foster cultivation of six vegetables such as potatoes and capsicum in Leh.<ref name="APIV" /> He is known to have popularized a chilly variety, [[Bhut Jolokia]], (Capsicum assamensis), one of the hottest chilly varieties in the world<ref name="Crazy Hot Seeds">{{cite web | url=https://www.crazyhotseeds.com/top-10-worlds-hottest-peppers/ | title=Crazy Hot Seeds | publisher=Crazy Hot Seeds | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> and his efforts have contributed to develop potato seed production in the Leh valley.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /> He has also been given credit for the establishment of herbal gardens in Leh,<ref name="NOPR">{{cite web | url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/12238/1/NPR%202(1)%2014-15.pdf | title=NOPR | publisher=NOPR | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> the first one in the region,<ref name="FRL">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080603412000.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141101132707/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080603412000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 November 2014 | title=FRL | date=6 August 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> and, later, at the Rashtrapati Bhavan,<ref name="APIV" /> and also for finding breeding techniques of a variety of tomatoes, resistant to [[root-knot nematodes]].<ref name="APIV" />

A major contribution of Singh was his advocacy for the [[Zaniskari pony|Zaniskari ponies]],<ref name="Zanskar">{{cite web | url=http://horseindian.com/Zanskari.htm | title=Zanskar | publisher=Horse Indian | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> a local breed of ponies believed to be having more resistance and capabilities on high altitude terrain than the imported ones.<ref name="APIV" /> The efforts led to the induction of Zanskar ponies into the [[Indian Army]],<ref name="TOI pony">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-to-use-Zanskar-ponies-to-carry-supplies-in-higher-reaches/articleshow/5323847.cms | title=TOI pony | publisher=TOI | date=11 December 2009 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> which are believed to have served the country during the [[Kargil war]].<ref name="APIV" /> He was also involved in the development of ''space food'' for the first Indo-Russian space mission.<ref name="APIV" />

Brahma Singh is reported to be the driving force behind the establishment of agricultural research stations in [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] and [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]].<ref name="APIV" /> It was through his efforts, Nang village of [[Ladakh]],<ref name="Nang">{{cite web | url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Leh-Ladakh/Chuchot/Nang | title=Nang | publisher=Nang | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> situated at 13500 ft above the sea level, developed into a self-sustained place. This was achieved by utilizing animal production and cultivation technologies specifically developed for the cold desert climates.<ref name="APIV" /> Dr. Singh's advice is also reported to have played a part in the establishment of a permafrost facility at [[Changtang]].<ref name="APIV" /> He has also put in efforts in documenting the flora and fauna of Ladakh region.<ref name="APIV" />

Singh, holder of four patents,<ref name="APIV" /> is credited with 6 books, 81 articles of which 11 are popular articles, 18 abstracts and one scientific paper, his articles published in national and international peer reviewed journals.<ref name="WRNF" /> He has also presented papers at 44 seminars and conferences, edited 6 technical bulletins and has written 7 text book chapters,<ref name="AARDO" /><ref name="APIV" /> besides producing two coffee table books on ''Trees of Rashtrapati Bhavan'' and the ''Roses of Rashtrapati Bhavan''.<ref name="WRNF" />
* Seabuckthorn - A Wonder Plant<ref name="Article">{{cite web | url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/12352/1/NPR%201(4)%208-14.pdf | title=Seabuckthorn, A Wonder Plant | publisher=NISCAIR | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
* Advances in Protected Cultivation<ref name="Advances in Protected Cultivation">{{cite book | url=http://www.bookfactoryindia.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=9789383305179 | title=Advances in Protected Cultivation | publisher=New India Publishing Agency | author=Singh, Brahma, Balraj Singh | year=2014 | pages=248 | isbn=9789383305179 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221030/http://www.bookfactoryindia.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=9789383305179 | archive-date=1 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | title=Society for New Age Herbals | author=Brahma Singh | publisher=Society for New Age Herbals | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205151829/http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | archive-date=5 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}

==Positions==
Brahma Singh, an Emeritus Scientist of DRDO,<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /> holds many positions of importance. He is the President of the Indian Society for Protected Cultivation<ref name="WRNF" /> and Society for New Age Herbals,<ref name="APIV" /> both New Delhi based organizations and World Wellness Forum.<ref name="ISOL" /> He is also an advisor to the World Noni Research Foundation, Chennai,<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF Advisor">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldnoni.net/rab.html | title=WRNF Advisor | publisher=WRNF | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002205745/http://www.worldnoni.net/rab.html | archive-date=2 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a member of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Allahabad and [[Indian Science Congress]].<ref name="WRNF" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Professor Brahma Singh has been honoured by way of fellowships by many academic and scientific organizations such as Horticulture Society of India, National Academy of Biological Sciences, [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]],<ref name="WRNF" /> Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India)<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /> Bio-ved Society<ref name="WRNF" /> and Indian Society of Vegetable Sciences.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /> He is a recipient of [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] Merit in 1964 during his college days,<ref name="APIV" /> and the ''Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshmitra Award'' from the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] in 1995,<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /> In 2002, he received the International Plant Scientist Award from the Academy of Plant Sciences.<ref name="NABS India" /><ref name="WRNF" /><ref name="APIV" /> The Agriculture Alumni Association, Patna Nagar honoured Dr. Singh with the Life Time Achievement Award in 2012 which was followed by the Shivshakti Life Time Achievement Award, in 2013, from the Horticulture Society of India.<ref name="APIV" /> The [[Government of India]] honored Brahma Singh with the [[Padma Shri]] by including him in the 2014 [[Republic Day of India|Republic Day]] Honours.<ref name="Padma 2014" />

==Publications==
* {{cite web | url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/12352/1/NPR%201(4)%208-14.pdf | title=Seabuckthorn, A Wonder Plant |author1=A. S. Bawa |author2=Farhath Khanum |author3=Brahma Sngh | publisher=NISCAIR | date=2014 | access-date=31 October 2014}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Protected Cultivation | publisher=New India Publishing Agency | author=Singh, Brahma, Balraj Singh | year=2014 | pages=248 | isbn=9789383305179}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | title=Society for New Age Herbals | author=Brahma Singh | publisher=Society for New Age Herbals | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205151829/http://www.societyfornewageherbals.com/ScientificLiterature.html | archive-date=5 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Leh]]
* [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organization]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a2bi67UloQ | title=Felicitation to Padma Shree Dr.Brahma Singh by Noni Bio Tech | publisher=Noni Biotech | work=YouTube video | date=1 May 2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Brahma}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Indian horticulturists]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]

Sahib Singh (Sikh martyr)

2026-01-05T10:23:07Z

Riya parik: updated details per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Sikh martyr}}
{{confuse|text=[[Sahib Singh]], the Sikh academic}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Sahib Singh
| honorific prefix = Bhai / Pyare
| honorific suffix = Ji
| image = [[File:Sahib Singh (Panj Pyare).png|75px]]
| caption = Sahib Singh, one of the inaugural/original Panj Pyare, depicted in an old Sikh fresco from inside an abandoned Sikh samadhi located in Kot Fateh Khan, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan
| known_for = Member of the original, inaugural Panj Pyare; was the fifth and final one to answer the call by the Guru for a head
| birth_date = 17 June 1663
| birth_place = [[Bidar]] (present-day Karnataka, India)
| birthname = Sahib Chand Nai
| father = Bhai Guru Narayana
| mother = Ankamma Bai
| death_date = 7 December 1704 or 1705
| death_place = Chamkaur, Punjab, India
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
| native_name = ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿੰਘ
| native_name_lang = pa
| institute = [[Khalsa]]
| office1 = Panj Pyare
| term_start1 = 1699
| term_end1 = 1704 or 1705
| occupation = Barber
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Panj Pyare}}
'''Sahib Singh''' ({{Langx|pa|ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿੰਘ}} {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}; 17 June 1663 – 7 December 1704 or 1705) was one of the [[Panj Pyare]] (or the Five beloved ones). He was formerly known as '''Sahib Chand''' and was born into the [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] caste (also transliterated as Naee) before being baptized into the [[Khalsa]] tradition.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
There are different versions of different scholars regarding the birth place and family members of Sahib Singh, although all accept the fact that he was born into a family of barbers.

Early Sikh literature claims Sahib Singh was the reincarnation of [[Bhagat Sain]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780197532843 |pages=53–54}}</ref>

==== Birth ====
Regarding birthplace:
* The most popular and acceptable belief is that he was born in [[Bidar]]<ref>Page 209, Evolution of Faith and Religion: An Exploration, Phd Ajit Randhawa, AuthorHouse, 1 August 2009</ref><ref>Page 259, The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Roshen Dalal, Penguin Books India, 2010</ref><ref>The Sikhs, Patwant Singh, Rupa Publications, 28 October 2012</ref> in present-day [[Karnataka]].<ref>Page 69, Guru Gobind Singh: A Multi-faceted Personality, Surinder Singh Johar, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1 January 1999</ref>
* As per [[Mahankosh]], Bhai Sahib Singh was born at Nangal Shaheedan in 4, [[Harh]] [[Samvat]] 1722, District [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref>ਨੰਗਲਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ (ਜਿਲਾ ਹੁਸ਼ਿਆਰਪੁਰ) ਵਿੱਚ ਤੁਲਸੀ (ਜਾਂ ਚਮਨਰਾਮ) ਨਾਈ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਮਾਤਾ ਬਿਸਨਦੇਈ ਦੀ ਕੁੱਖ ਤੋਂ ੪. ਹਾੜ੍ਹ ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੨੨ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ ਹੋਇਆ. ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੩੮ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਨੰਦਪੁਰ ਆਕੇ ਸਤਿਗੁਰੂ ਦੀ ਸ਼ਰਣ ਰਹੇ. ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੫੬ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੀਸ ਭੇਟ ਕਰਕੇ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਜੇ. ੮. ਪੋਹ ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੬੧ ਨੂੰ ਚਮਕੌਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਹੋਏ. ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੰਤਾਨ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਨੰਗਲਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਸਦੇ ਹਨ: ਪੰਜ ਪਿਆਰੇ, Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha</ref> Using the European calendar, this means he was born in 1665; he died in 1705.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fenech|editor1-first=Louis E.|editor2-last=McLeod|editor2-first=W. H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|date=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=269|isbn=9781442236011|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&q=%22sahib+singh%22+panj&pg=PA270|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref>

==== Family background ====
Regarding father and mother name:
* As per [[Mahankosh]], He was born to Bishan Devi and Tulsi Ram (or Charan Ram), a Barber.
* Another tradition believes that he was son of Bhai Guru Narayana (a barber of Bidar in Karnataka) and his wife

=== Later life ===
Bhai Sahib died in the battle of [[Chamkaur]] on 7 December 1705 with [[Bhai Himmat Singh]] and [[Bhai Mohkam Singh]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
*Encyclopedia of Sikhism, by Harbans Singh.Published by Punjabi University, Patiala
{{refend}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhai Sahib}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Bidar]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

{{sikh-bio-stub}}

Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands

2025-12-08T12:41:49Z

Riya parik: redirect created

{{Short description|Lowland ecoregion at the base of the Himalayas}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
| image = Rhinoceros_unicornis_chitwan_national_park_nepal_2005_2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian rhinoceros]] in [[Chitwan National Park]], Nepal
| map = Ecoregion IM0701.svg
| biome = [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
| biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
| border = [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
| border1 = [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
| border2 = [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
| border3 = [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]
| border4 = [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]
| area = 34600
| country = [[India]]
| country1 = [[Nepal]]
| country2 = [[Bhutan]]
| coordinates = {{coords|27.50|84.33|display=inline,title}}

| bird_species = 366<ref name = "Atlas"/>
| mammal_species = 115<ref name = "Atlas"/>
| habitat_loss = 90.62
| habitat_loss_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/>
| protected = 8.91
| protected_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/>
|image_alt=Two rhinoceros in a grassland. There are trees of various sizes in the background. The sky is grey.|map_alt=Map of Indian subcontinent with focus (with a purple rectangle box) on Nepal, Dooars in West Bengal, Bhutan and East Assam.}}

The '''Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands''' is a narrow lowland [[ecoregion]] at the base of the [[Himalayas]], about {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide, and a continuation of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. It is colloquially called ''[[Terai]]'' in the [[Ganges Basin]] east to Nepal, then ''[[Dooars]]'' in [[West Bengal]], Bhutan and [[Assam]] east to the [[Brahmaputra River]]. It harbours the world's tallest [[grassland]]s, which are the most threatened and rare worldwide.<ref name=im0701>Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001). {{WWF ecoregion|name=Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands|id=im0701}}</ref>

==Location and description==
This [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] [[biome]] stretches from western [[Bhutan]] to southern [[Nepal]]'s [[Terai]], westward to [[Banke National Park|Banke]], covering the [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal#Dang and Deukhuri Valleys|Dang and Deukhuri Valleys]] along the [[West Rapti River|Rapti River]] to [[India]]'s [[Bhabar]] and [[Doon Valley]]. Each end crosses the border into India's states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name=im0701/> The eastern and central areas are wetter than the western end.

In Nepal, the wetlands of [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]], [[Beeshazar Tal]] in the bufferzone of [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Jagdishpur Reservoir]] and [[Ghodaghodi Tal]] are designated [[Ramsar site]]s.<ref>Bhandari, B.B. (2009) ''Wise use of Wetlands in Nepal'' Banko Janakari, Special Issue February 2009: [http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BANKO/article/view/2206 10–17 (PDF)]</ref> [[Shuklaphanta National Park]] is Nepal's largest patch of continuous grassland.<ref>Baral, H.S., Inskipp, C. (2009) ''The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal.'' Our Nature (2009) 7: 56-81</ref>

==Flora==
The Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands are a mosaic of tall riverside grasslands, savannas and [[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] and deciduous forests, depending on [[soil quality]] and the amount of rain each area receives. The grasslands of the [[Terai]] in Nepal are among the tallest in the world, and are maintained by silt deposited by the yearly [[monsoon]] floods. Important grasses include [[Tripidium bengalense|baruwa]] (''Tripidium bengalense'') and [[Saccharum spontaneum|kans grass]] (''Saccharum spontaneum''), which quickly establishes itself after the retreat of the monsoon waters. In the hillier areas the dominant tree is [[Shorea robusta|sal]] (''Shorea robusta''), which can grow to a height of {{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The belt also contains riverside tropical [[deciduous forest]] comprising ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', [[jamun]], [[Bombax ceiba|cotton tree]], ''[[Mallotus nudiflorus]]'', and ''[[Garuga pinnata]]''.<ref name=im0701 />

==Fauna==
The ecoregion is habitat for a huge number of [[Mammalian Species|mammalian]] and [[bird]] species.<ref name = "Atlas">{{cite book |author1= Hoekstra J. M. |author2=Molnar, J. L. |author3=Jennings, M. |author4=Revenga, C. |author5=Spalding, M. D. |author6=Boucher, T. M. |author7=Robertson, J. C. |author8=Heibel, T. J. |author9=Ellison, K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |editor = Molnar, J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 |url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse |url-access = registration }}</ref> Notable are the large numbers of the endangered [[greater one-horned rhinoceros]] and [[Bengal tiger]]s as well as [[Asian elephant]]s, [[sloth bear]]s, [[Indian leopard]]s.

In Nepal's [[Chitwan National Park]], more than 400 rhinos were sighted in 2008, and 125 adult tigers were recorded during a survey conducted from December 2009 to March 2010, which covered an area of {{convert|1261|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>Basu P. (2008). ''Rare One-Horned Rhino Bouncing Back in Nepal.'' National Geographic News [https://web.archive.org/web/20080331233527/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080327-nepal-rhinoceros.html article online]</ref><ref>WWF Nepal (2010) ''More tigers found in Nepal as Nepal-India trans-boundary efforts for tiger conservation intensify'' [http://wwfnepal.org/media_information/news/?194386/More-tigers-found-in-Nepal-as-Nepal-India-trans-boundary-efforts-for-tiger-conservation-intensify article online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902181835/http://wwfnepal.org/media_information/news/?194386%2FMore-tigers-found-in-Nepal-as-Nepal-India-trans-boundary-efforts-for-tiger-conservation-intensify |date=2011-09-02 }}</ref> Nepal's [[Bardia National Park]] and [[Shuklaphanta National Park]], and India's [[Valmiki National Park|Valmiki]] and [[Dudhwa National Park]]s are home to nearly 100 tigers. Chitwan along with the adjoining [[Parsa National Park]] is of major importance, especially for tigers and [[clouded leopard]]. Grazing animals of the grasslands include five species of deer, [[barasingha]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[hog deer]] and [[muntjac]] along with four large grazing animals, Asian elephant, rhinoceros, [[gaur]] and [[nilgai]]. Endangered mammals found here include the [[wild water buffalo]] and the near-endemic [[hispid hare]] (''Caprolagus hispidus'').

The grasslands are also home to a number of reptiles including the [[gharial]], [[mugger crocodile]] and [[Trionychidae|soft-shelled turtles]].

The grasslands partly cover two [[BirdLife International]] [[Endemic Bird Area]]s, the [[Central Himalayas EBA]] in western Nepal and the western end of the [[Assam Plains EBA]] south of Bhutan. There are three near-endemic bird species. The 44 threatened and declining bird species of the grasslands include the [[Bengal florican]] (''Houbaropsis bengalensis''), [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indica''), [[sarus crane]] (''Grus antigone'') and the elusive Indian grassbird.

==Threats and conservation==
Areas with tall grasslands are of special conservation importance. [[Woody plant encroachment]] is a threat to the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhowal |first=S. |last2=Banerjee |first2=S. |last3=Das |first3=D. |last4=John |first4=R. |date=2025 |title=Fire, anthropogenic influence, and habitat factors affect grassland persistence in the face of woody encroachment in a Terai-Duars savanna and grasslands habitat |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=197 |issue=8 |page=971 |doi=10.1007/s10661-025-14425-4}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of ecoregions in India]]
*[[List of ecoregions in Nepal]]
*[[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
*[[Margalla Hills]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://assets.panda.org/img/original/ecoregion.jpg WWF: ''Map of ecoregions in Nepal'', showing the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]
*[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-annolist-annotated-ramsar-16499/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16499_4000_0__ The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: ''The Annotated Ramsar List of Nepal'']

{{Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands}}
[[Category:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands| ]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Grasslands of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Grasslands of India]]
[[Category:Grasslands of Nepal]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Nepal]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)|.]]
[[Category:Geography of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Asia]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

Kolkata Christmas Festival

2025-11-25T06:29:31Z

Riya parik: adding a entry

{{Short description|Christmas carnival in India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2016}}

'''Kolkata Christmas Festival''', held every December in on [[Park Street, Kolkata]], is one of the largest dedicated [[Christmas]] carnivals in [[India]]. The [[Christmas lights|themed lighting]] starts from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's College]] and ends at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Road]]. This has been extended in recent years at both ends: up to the Mullick Bazar crossing on Park Street, and up to [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St Paul's Cathedral]] on Cathedral Road, an offshoot of Jawaharlal Nehru Road. Another offshoot of celebrations and lighting has been extended to Vardaan Market on Camac Street. This themed lighting is designed by artisans from the nearby town of Chandannagar.

Bands and various choir groups perform on the stage at Allen Park on Park Street. A two-hour Christmas Parade is also organised on one of the days in which about 500 school children participate.

==Inception==
[[File:KCF 2016 02 Ed.jpg|alt=Students from South City International School at the Christmas Parade on Park Street during Kolkata Christmas Festival 2016|thumb|The group of students from South City International School at the Christmas Parade on Park Street during the Kolkata Christmas Festival (KCF) in 2016]]

The Kolkata Christmas Festival (KCF) was started in 2011 by the Tourism Department of the Government of West Bengal, in association with the Christian community.

It was conceptualised by [[Mamata Banerjee]], the Chief Minister of West Bengal. This festival is a result of the combined efforts of the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]], [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]], and a few private organisations.

==The festival==
[[File:Christmas Parade at 2016 Kolkata Christmas Festival.jpg|alt=Christmas Parade by students at the 2016 Kolkata Christmas Festival|thumb|Christmas Parade by students at the 2016 Kolkata Christmas Festival]]

Kolkata Christmas Festival is held in December (from December 22 to December 30 in 2017). It initially spanned just the period around Christmas Day but has since been extended.

The festival is hosted at Allen Park on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] (renamed Mother Teresa Sarani). Park Street is turned into a walk-only zone during Christmas and New Year's eves. Allen Park is the nucleus of the carnival where the live music performances take place.

The choir of [[Dr. Graham's Homes|Dr Graham's Homes School]] from Kalimpong, [[Calcutta Symphony Orchestra]] from the [[Calcutta School of Music]] and choirs have performed at the KCF. [[Usha Uthup]], Barefoot, Krosswindz, Orient Express have performed live at KCF over the years.

A large [[Christmas tree]] is placed near Mother Teresa's statue at the Park Street-[[Camac Street]] crossing. Park Street becomes a [[pedestrian street]] on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, New Year's Eve and New Year's Day.

==See also==
*[[List of Christmas and holiday season parades]]
[[File:KCF 2016 05.jpg|alt=Food stall at the 2016 Kolkata Christmas Festival|thumb|Food stall at the 2016 Kolkata Christmas Festival]]

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|author=Angikaar Choudhury |url=http://scroll.in/article/777409/in-photos-glimpses-of-a-bengali-christmas-on-kolkatas-park-street |title=In photos: Glimpses of a Bengali Christmas on Kolkata's Park Street |website=Scroll.in |date=2015-12-23 |accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlooktraveller.com/travel-updates/celebrate-the-spirit-of-christmas-in-kolkata-1008439 |title=Kolkata Christmas Festival | Christmas in Kolkata | Festivals in Kolkata |publisher=Outlook Traveller |date= |accessdate=2016-12-05 |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121125646/http://www.outlooktraveller.com/travel-updates/celebrate-the-spirit-of-christmas-in-kolkata-1008439 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kolkata-christmas-festival-to-begin-from-december-18-517182-2015-11-22 |title=Kolkata Christmas Festival to begin from December 18 : PTI feed, News - India Today |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2015-11-22 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-Christmas-Festival-to-start-today/articleshow/50202106.cms |title=Kolkata Christmas Festival to start today |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-12-16 |accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eservices.wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/news-corner/-/asset_publisher/DRJNTTCAyFo0/content/5th-kolkata-christmas-festiv-1 |title=5th Kolkata Christmas Festival - News Corner - Egiye Bangla |website=Eservices.wb.gov.in |date=2015-12-16 |accessdate=2016-12-05 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author=Natasha Anchees |url=http://www.india.com/travel/articles/how-christmas-is-celebrated-in-kolkata/ |title=How Christmas is celebrated in Kolkata |website=India.com |date=2015-12-08 |accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=1095 |title=Maa Mati Manush :: M3 Leads - Kolkata Christmas Festival 2015 |website=Maamatimanush.tv |date=2015-12-14 |accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web|author=Scroll.in Article on Chandannagar lights |url=http://thereel.scroll.in/816266/from-dinosaurs-to-dipa-karmakar-everything-is-illuminated-in-chandannagar |title=From dinosaurs to Dipa Karmakar, everything is illuminated in Chandannagar |date=12 September 2016 |accessdate=2016-12-09}}</ref>

[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Christmas and holiday season parades]]

Nana Fadnavis

2025-11-03T23:28:02Z

Riya parik: added references

{{Short description|Historical Indian statesman (1742–1800)}}
{{distinguish|Nana Sahib}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nana Fadnavis
| image = John Thomas Seton - Portrait of Nana Fadnavis.Jpeg
| birth_date = 12 February 1742
| birth_name = Balaji Janardan Bhanu
| image_size =
| caption = 1778 portrait of Nana Fadnavis by [[John Thomas Seton]]
| birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maratha Empire]] (Modern-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1800|3|13|1742|2|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maratha Empire]] (Modern day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| occupation = Prominent minister and statesman of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the [[Peshwa]] administration
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Nana Fadnavis''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[naːna pʰəɖɳəʋiːs, fəɖ-]]]; also '''Phadnavis''' and '''Furnuwees''' and abbreviated as '''Phadnis''') (12 February 1742{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} – 13 March 1800), born '''Balaji Janardan Bhanu''', was a [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] minister and statesman during the [[Peshwa]] administration in [[Pune]], India. [[James Grant Duff]] states that he was called "the [[Maratha]] [[Machiavelli]]" by the Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ&q=Maratha+machiavelli&pg=PT13|title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=10 September 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2025}}

Balaji Janardan Bhanu was born into a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite web|title=Nana Phadnavis death anniversary: All you need to know about the 'Maratha Machiavelli' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/nana-phadnavis-death-anniversary-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-maratha-machiavelli |website=freepressjournal.in |date=12 March 2023 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> in [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in 1742 and was nicknamed "Nana". His grandfather Balaji Mahadaji Bhanu had migrated from a village called Velas near [[Shrivardhan]] during the days of the First [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]]. The Bhats and the Bhanus had family relations and a very good friendship existed between them. The two families had respectively inherited the 'Mahajan' or village-head positions of the towns of Velas and Shrivardhan. Balaji Mahadji had once saved the Peshwa from a murderous plot by the Mughals. The Peshwa therefore recommended [[Chattrapati Shahu]] to award the title of Phadnavis (one of the [[Ashtapradhan]]) on Bhanu. Later, when the Peshwa became the de facto head of state, Phadnavis became the main minister who held key portfolios of Administration and Finance for the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa regime.

Nana was the grandson of Balaji Mahadji Bhanu and had inherited his grandfather's name, keeping up with the tradition. The Peshwa treated him like family and extended to him the same facilities of education and diplomatic training as his sons, [[Vishwasrao]], [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]], and [[Narayanrao]]. He continued to be the ''Phadnavis'', or the finance minister, for the [[Peshwa]].

==Peshwa administration==
[[File:Nana Fadnavis.jpg|thumb|250px|Nana Fadnavis]]

In 1761, Nana escaped to Pune from the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and rose to great heights, becoming a leading personage directing the affairs of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], although he was never a soldier himself. This was a period of political instability as one Peshwa was rapidly succeeded by another, and there were many controversial transfers of power. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of the British [[East India Company]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Nana Farnavis|volume=19|page=160}}</ref>

[[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants.jpg|left|250px|Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana Fadnavis]]

Nana's administrative, diplomatic, and financial skills brought prosperity to the Maratha Empire and his management of external affairs kept the Maratha Empire away from the thrust of the British [[East India Company]]. He displayed his best warfare skills in various battles won by Maratha forces against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]], and the English Army.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} However, Nana's policy of fighting the Mysoreans, forming a confederation against Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War with Hyderabad and the British, weakened Tipu Sultan, whose advanced armies had at that point been the bulwark against British control. Furthermore, his policy of remaining neutral in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, between the British and Tipu Sultan, weakened support for the latter, paving the way for British dominance in the Indian subcontinent. On hearing of the death of Tipu, Nana remarked that the Marathas had only now realized that they were next, and there was "no escape from [this] destiny".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=322 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

After the assassination of Peshwa [[Narayanrao]] in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve-member [[regency council]] known as the Barabhai council. The council was Nana's mastermind plan to protect [[Madhavarao Narayan|Madhavrao II]], son of Narayanrao, born posthumously to Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, from the Peshwa family's internal conflicts. The Barabhai Council was an alliance of influential Sardars (generals) led by Nana. Other members of the council were Haripant Phadke, Moroba Phadnis, [[Sakaram Bapu Bokil]], Trimbakraomama Pethe, [[Mahadji Shinde]], [[Tukojirao Holkar]], Phaltankar, Bhagwanrao Pratinidhi, Maloji Ghorpade, Sardar Raste, and Babuji Naik. During this time, the Maratha Empire was significant in size with a number of vassal states under a treaty of protection who recognized the Peshwa as the supreme power.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Arrest of Nana Phadnavis.jpg|thumb|250px|Capture of Nana Fadnavis]]

While visiting [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]]'s camp one day in 1798, Nana was suddenly imprisoned, leading to unprecedented looting and anarchy in Pune. He was released a few months later. After a short illness, Nana died at Pune on 13 March 1800. Following his death, Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] placed himself in the hands of the British, provoking the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Menavali palace==
[[Image:Nana phadanvis wada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (''Nana phadanvis wada''), which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: [[Menawali]] near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in Satara district of Maharashtra]]

Bhavan Rao Trymbak [[Pant Pratinidhi]] of [[Aundh State|Aundh]] and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (of Satara) bestowed the village of [[Menavali]] upon Nana Phadnavis in December 1768. Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built a [[Wada (house)|Wada]] (A mansion with inner courtyards), a [[Ghat]] (steps) leading from the mansion to the Krishna river, and two temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu and another to Meneshwar (मेणेश्वर) Lord Shiva. The architectural combination of a wada-type residence, a ghat on a waterbody, and a temple was typical of the Peshwa era. However, most of these palatial structures fell into disuse and disrepair after the lands and estates of the owners were taken away by the government after India became a republic in 1947. The Nana Phadnavis Wada on the bank of the river Krishna at Menavali is one of the very rare places where such a combination is preserved intact. The Nana Phadnavis wada is a large structure with six quadrangles, or courtyards, and a perimeter-protection wall. This construction of the complex was completed around 1780. Other notable wadas nearby are the Raste Wada and Ranade wada in Wai.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Baji J. Ram Rao, ''Menavali''
| url = http://ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada
}}</ref>

After Nana Phadnavis died in 1800, the Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] confiscated the wada. [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Wellesley]] (brother of the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]) returned the property to Nana's wife Jeeubai on 25 March 1804. After her death, [[Sir Bartle Frere]] ([[Governor of Bombay]]) handed over the property to Nana's descendants. The Nana Phadnavis wada today remains with his descendants. Having split the major part of his properties between themselves, the wada is still owned jointly by them all.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Ghats, which were originally nothing more than simple stone steps descending into a river, evolved during the Peshwa era into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities such as bathing, washing, filling water, and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Nana, being the Peshwas' "Phadnavis", transcribed and maintained their documents of accounts and administrative letters in the ancient "Modi" script. These documents, known as the famous "Menavli Daptar", were preserved in the wada at Menavali.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

There is a dark, musty, narrow, steep staircase concealed in the metre-thick wall, leading to the floor above. The staircase was once secret and easily secured, admitting only one person at a time into Nana Phadnavis's darbar hall. Nana Phadnavis's reception "darbar" hall has an attached bedroom with a teakwood bedstead. The bedstead is an intricately carved four-poster. The floor is paved with clay and cow dung.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Wadas are systems of open courtyards with increased security. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teakwood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps and turning right, one sees a peaceful and rather drab view of Pandavgarh in the distance.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six-hundred-and-fifty-kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Bajirao I's brother [[Chimaji Appa]] from a cathedral in the [[Vasai Fort|Portuguese fort at Bassein]]. Dating from 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it. An ancient tree with a massive coniform trunk has a platform constructed around it as old as the wada itself. This tree featured in the Bollywood movie Swades. In the movie, the village elders hold a Panchayat on the stone platform around this tree.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Several Bollywood movies have been shot there, using the wada as an exotic location, notably [[Yudh (film)|Yudh]] ([[Jackie Shroff]]/Tina Munim), [[Mrityudand]] (Madhuri Dixit), [[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]], [[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]] (Govinda), [[Gangaajal]] (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), and [[Swades]] (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi).<ref>{{cite news|title=Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052217/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2017|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The film crew of the movie Swades once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples.

[[File:Menavali pan.jpg|thumb|400px|center|Nana Fadnavis Wada]]

==In popular culture==
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Nana's character was portrayed by Hariom Parashar.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qgo-AAAAMAAJ Nana Phadnis and the External Affairs of the Maratha Empire by YN Deodhar, Popular Book Depot, 1962]

{{Authority control}}
{{Maratha Empire}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nana Fadnavis}}
[[Category:1742 births]]
[[Category:1800 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]

Bodh people

2025-11-03T13:54:43Z

Riya parik: further adjusted structure for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Ethnic group of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Gandhala- mother & child 28-6-04.jpg|thumb|right|180 px|Bodh mother and child near [[Gandhola Monastery]]]]
The '''Bodh people''', also known as '''Khas Bhodi''',{{sfn|Bhasin|Singh|Walter|Bhardwaj|1983|p=16}} are an ethnic group of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. They are found in [[Lahaul tehsil]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district]],{{sfn|Singh|Bhasin|Singh|2008|p=193}} predominantly in the [[Bhaga valley|Bhaga]] and [[Chandra valley]]s, but also to a lesser extent in [[Pattani valley]],{{sfn|Bhasin|Singh|Walter|Bhardwaj|1983|p=16}} Miyar Valley, in the upper reaches of [[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Paddar]] valley, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Their religion is predominantly [[Buddhism]] with [[Animism|animistic]] and [[Shaivism|shaivite]] practices. [[Caste system in India|Caste]] wise, they are identified as [[Rajput]], [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] or [[Kshatriya|Kshetri]] although caste rules are not as rigid as in the plains. Historically, 3-4 prominent families of the area were accorded the titles of [[Rana (title)|Rana]], [[Vizier|Wazir]] or [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] by the kings of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Kullu]] or [[Ladakh]] for the purpose of general administration and revenue collection.
They have a mix of martial traditions alongside shamanistic and lamaistic beliefs. Certain families/clans used to be significant [[zamindar]]s/[[jagirdar]]s. There is a significant cultural and ethnic mixing due to the region passing under the hegemony of rulers of Ladakh, Kullu and Chamba over the last many centuries. The language spoken differs from valley to valley with some dialects being very close to [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], while others are mixed with Chambyali and Dari.
They are progressive, enterprising, honest and were involved in the centuries old India-Tibet-Nepal trading routes.
Organized into family groups/clans with clan names ending in the suffix "-pa" (eg - Barpa, Karpa, Tholakpa, Cherjipa, Gerumshingpa, Khingopa) similar to the "-ta" suffix (eg- Khimta, Zinta, Brakta, Bragta, etc.)found in the family/clan names of the Simla area. {{sfn|Bhasin|Singh|Walter|Bhardwaj|1983|p=16}}


They use a native tree, ''[[Corylus jacquemontii]]'' as fuel source (house fires), [[fodder]] (for livestock) and [[timber]] but the trees also yield edible nuts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Dinesh |last2=Tiwari |first2=Chandrakant |last3=Rajput |first3=B.S. |last4=Kumar |first4=Sanjeev |last5=Sharma |first5=Dushyant |title=Natural regeneration status of Indian Hazelnut (''Corylus jacquemontii'' - Decne.) in Western Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |date=2019 |volume=Special Issue - 1 |pages=327–331}}</ref> They can be used with parched rice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samant |first1=S.S. |last2=Dhar |first2=U. |last3=Rawal |first3=R.S. |title=Natural resources use by some natives of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in West Himalaya |journal=Proceeding of IV International Congress of Ethnobiology |date=1996 |volume=8 |pages=40–50}}</ref>

==Art and craft in Himachal==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
The art and craft of any region is a reflection of its environment, people and traditions. This statement is apt for Negi and Bodh tribes of Himachal Pradesh, which borrows elements from its scenic surroundings to create “pahari” jewellery, breathing a sense of rigour and sturdiness.

While some communities have unique traditions, some ornaments are common to all. These include neck ornaments like hansli or small pendants called toke and the most cherished necklaces called coin necklaces.

==See also==
* [[Bhoti Kinnauri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite journal |issn=0044-314X |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=13–38 |last1=Bhasin |first1=M. K. |last2=Singh |first2=Indera P. |author-link2=Indera Paul Singh |last3=Walter |first3=H. |last4= Bhardwaj |first4=Veena |title=Genetic study of five population groups of Lahaul-Spiti and Kulu districts, Himachal Pradesh |journal=Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie |date=1983 |doi=10.1127/zma/74/1983/13 |jstor=25756637 |pmid=6858303 }}
*{{Cite journal |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=193–202 |last1=Singh |first1=Kanwaljit |last2=Bhasin |first2=MK |last3=Singh |first3=IP |title=Age changes in biological variables among high altitude Bodh males of Lahaul Tehsil, Lahaul-spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India |journal=Anthropologist |date=2008 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2008.11891046 |s2cid=79747107 }}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]

{{india-ethno-stub}}

Kameswaram

2025-10-06T06:32:49Z

Riya parik: adding entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kameswaram
| other_name = Thirupoondi East
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| coordinates = {{coord|10.61|N|79.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nagapattinam
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = Kilvelur
| subdivision_type4 = Ooratchi Ondriyam
| subdivision_name4 = Keezhaiyur
| subdivision_type5 = Pincode
| subdivision_name5 = 611110
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Grama Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 56,00

| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Indian
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 611110
| registration_plate = TN-51
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nagapattinam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =Kilvelur
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kameswaram''' is a coastal village in the [[Nagapattinam District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]]. It is referred to as Thirupoondi East in government records. In 2018, it was one of the villages heavily affected by [[Cyclone Gaja]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=S. |date=2018-11-27 |title=Gaja worse than tsunami, say fisherfolk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/gaja-worse-than-tsunami-say-fisherfolk/article25601392.ece |access-date=2020-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Earlier, the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] had also destroyed much of the village, taken lives and negatively impacted its residents, mostly fishermen, farmers, shop keepers and labourers.

== Geography and demographics ==

Kameswaram contains nine administrative wards: Vairavankadu – I, Vairavankadu – II, Vettar Kadu, Meenavar Theru, Anaiyan Thoppu, Kallar Nagar, Sivan Koil Theru, Melakkadu, and Thandava Moorthi Kadu. There are 39 temples and a church spread over the nine wards. There are 61 traditional village ponds which are used to harvest rain water. The population of the village is heterogeneous including predominantly low-income and traditionally marginalized communities. According to the [[2011 census of India]] , Kameswaram comprises about 1535 households.

== Facilities ==

=== Anganwadis and Schools ===

There are four functioning [[Anganwadi]]s to take care of toddlers (from the age of 2) while their parents go to work. There are three government primary schools run by the village Panchayat. In addition, there is a government aided St. Sebastian Primary School. Finally, there are two private schools: the St. Valanar Primary School and the St Sebastian High school.

'''Nursing School and Dialysis Center'''

The Fundación Esperanza y Alegría of Spain set up the COHAJ hospital in Kameswaram in [https://fundacionesperanzayalegria.org/ongoing-projects/cohaj-hospital/ 2008]. It now serves as a Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife training centre and offers dialysis services to local patients.

=== Sanitation, Eco-Innovation and a Rural Living Lab ===

In the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]] Kameswaram was helped by many NGOs and international agencies, who left once their projects were completed. However, the NGO, Friend In Need India Trust or FIN <ref>{{Cite web |title=Friend In Need India Trust (FIN) – Sanitation, Waste Management and Hygiene Behaviour for Health and Climate resilience |url=https://www.friend-in-need.org/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> created by the academic Shyama V. Ramani, decided to remain in the village,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzHV4SIli_M |title=Toilet revolution: Shyama V. Ramani at TEDxMaastricht |date=2014-05-11 |last=TEDx Talks |access-date=2025-05-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and open a Living Rural Lab for the development and introduction of pro-poor innovations to improve access to sanitation and clean water, community waste management as well as gender equality. FIN’s stewardship in Kameswaram mainly involved facilitating the construction, diffusion and improvement of existing [[Ecological sanitation]] models. The impact of the activities of Friend In Need Trust has been a notable reduction in open defecation and related diseases,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramani |first=Shyama V. |date=2020 |title=On consortium driven sanitation interventions to end open defecation: insights from an Indian village study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/2157930X.2019.1580934 |journal=Innovation and Development |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1080/2157930X.2019.1580934 |via=Google Scholar|url-access=subscription }}</ref> improvement in adolescent health and school attendance,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramani |first1=Shyama V. |last2=Frühauf |first2=Timothée |last3=Dutta |first3=Arijita |date=2017 |title=On Diarrhoea in Adolescents and School Toilets:Insights from an Indian Village School Study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220388.2016.1277017 |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1899–1914 |doi=10.1080/00220388.2016.1277017 |via=Google scholar|url-access=subscription }}</ref> increased awareness and adoption of ecological and circular economy principles<ref>{{Cite web |title=PechaKucha 20x20 |url=https://stagingwww.pechakucha.com/presentations/simple-as-abc-art-for-behavioural-change |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=stagingwww.pechakucha.com}}</ref> and replication of the sanitation model in other rural contexts. In 2007, Kameswaram village received the [[Nirmal Gram Puraskar]] or Clean Village award,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesh |first=Sangeeta |date=August 18, 2014 |title=Kameshwaram's Unique Toilet Technology |url=https://cleanindiajournal.com/kameshwarams-unique-toilet-technology/ |work=Clean India Journal}}</ref> heralding that its residents were ready to make the behavioural switch from open defecation to toilet usage. Since then, Kameswaram has been the site of multiple academic research studies contributing to reflections on inclusive innovation, development interventions and sanitation policy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramani |first1=Shyama V. |last2=SadreGhazi |first2=Shuan |last3=Duysters |first3=Geert |date=2012 |title=On the diffusion of toilets as bottom of the pyramid innovation: Lessons from sanitation entrepreneurs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162511001314 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=676–687 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2011.06.007 |via=Google Scholar|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramani |first1=Shyama V. |last2=Bruder |first2=Maximilian |date=August 11, 2023 |title=How ChatGPT might be able to help the world's poorest and the organisations that work with them |url=https://theconversation.com/how-chatgpt-might-be-able-to-help-the-worlds-poorest-and-the-organisations-that-work-with-them-203287 |access-date= |work=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramani |first1=Shyama V. |last2=SadreGhazi |first2=Shuan |last3=Gupta |first3=Suraksha |date=2017 |title=Catalysing innovation for social impact: The role of social enterprises in the Indian sanitation sector |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162516304735 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=121 |pages=216–227 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.015 |via=Google Scholar|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagapattinam-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Nagapattinam district]]

Dainik Bhaskar

2025-10-03T13:13:38Z

Riya parik: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Dainik Bhaskar
| logo = Dainik Bhaskar Logo.svg
| logo_size = 225px
| image = Dainik Bhaskar.jpg
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1948}} (as Subah Savere in [[Bhopal]] and Good Morning India in [[Gwalior]]) {{Start date and age|df=yes|1957}} (as Bhaskar Samachar) {{Start date and age|df=yes|1958}} (as Dainik Bhaskar)
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = [[D B Corp Ltd.]]
| political_position = [[Centre-left]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| circulation = 3,566,617 Daily <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf | title= Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) | publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
| circulation_date = April 2023
| headquarters = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Divya Bhaskar]] Dainik Divya Marathi''
| website = {{URL|bhaskar.com}}
}}

'''''Dainik Bhaskar ''''' ({{lit|The Daily Sun|translit=Dainika Bhāskara}}) is a [[Hindi]]-language daily [[newspaper]] in India which is owned by the [[D B Corp Ltd.|Dainik Bhaskar Group]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parsad|first1=Chandan|last2=Prashar|first2=Sanjeev|last3=Sahay|first3=Vinita|date=1 January 2017|title=Dainik Bhaskar: live no negative|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EEMCS-06-2016-0106/full/html|journal=Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=1–22|doi=10.1108/EEMCS-06-2016-0106|issn=2045-0621|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to the [[World Association of Newspapers]], it ranked [[List of newspapers by circulation|fourth in the world by circulation]] in 2016 and per the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Indian Audit Bureau of Circulations]] was the [[List of newspapers in India by circulation|largest newspaper in India by circulation]] {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anp.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/WAN-IFRA_WPT_2016_3.pdf|title=World Press Trends 2016|last=Milosevic|first=Mira|date=2016|publisher=WAN-IFRA|page=58|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184445/http://anp.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/WAN-IFRA_WPT_2016_3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wptdatabase.org/world-press-trends-2016-facts-and-figures|title=World Press Trends 2016: Facts and Figures|website=wptdatabase.org|publisher=WAN-IFRA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706110804/http://www.wptdatabase.org/world-press-trends-2016-facts-and-figures|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="ABCIND">{{cite web |title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf |access-date=5 January 2023 |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)]]}}</ref> Started in [[Bhopal]] in 1958, it expanded in 1983 with the launch of ''Dainik Bhaskar''{{'s}} Indore edition. The Dainik Bhaskar Group is present in 13 Indian states with 65 editions in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== History ==
{{recentism|section|date=September 2023}}
''Subah Savere'' was launched in 1948 to fulfill the need for a Hindi-language daily newspaper. It launched under the name ''Subah Savere'' ("Early Morning") in [[Bhopal]] and ''Good Morning India'' in [[Gwalior]]. In 1957, the newspaper was renamed ''Bhaskar Samachar''.

In 1958, the newspaper was renamed ''Dainik Bhaskar''. The word ''Bhaskar'' means "the Rising Sun" in English. Its rising sun graphic was meant to represent a bright future.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418070343/http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===2021 income tax raids===
On 22 July 2021, [[Income Tax Department]] conducted tax raids at 30 locations of Dainik Bhaskar Group in Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra on charges of alleged tax evasion The homes of some of the employees were also raided.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Alok |last2=Gunasekar |first2=Arvind |title=Tax Raids At Media Group Dainik Bhaskar, Also At UP Channel |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dainik-bhaskar-group-offices-raided-by-tax-officials-sources-2491955 |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=22 July 2021}}</ref> In a statement, Dainik Bhaskar claimed that the raids had been conducted after the newspaper exposed mismanagement of COVID by the government and published the real COVID-19 death statistics. They also alleged that mobile phones of the employees were seized and employees were barred from leaving.<ref>{{cite web |title=हमने अपना काम किया: गंगा में लाशों से लेकर कोरोना से मौतों के सही आंकड़े देश के सामने रखने वाले भास्कर ग्रुप पर इनकम टैक्स रेड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/income-tax-raid-on-dainik-bhaskar-group-at-multiple-locations-latest-news-update-128727711.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=22 July 2021}}</ref>

Congress leader [[Jairam Ramesh]] said the media house was "paying the price" for its coverage during the pandemic. "Through its reporting Dainik Bhaskar has exposed the Modi regime's monumental mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is now paying the price. An Undeclared Emergency as Arun Shourie has said — this is a Modified Emergency," he tweeted.<ref name="Indian express _itd">{{cite news |agency=ENS Economic Bureau |title=I-T searches premises of Dainik Bhaskar Group, daily points to its Covid reporting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dainik-bhaskar-tax-raids-7416460/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Several other leaders including [[Rajasthan]] chief minister [[Ashok Gehlot]], [[Delhi]] chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] also condemned the incident and expressed the common viewpoint of the raids being a "mode of intimidation".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taskin |first1=Bismee |date=22 July 2021 |title=Income Tax dept raids Dainik Bhaskar media group, 'Modified Emergency', says Opposition |url=https://theprint.in/india/income-tax-dept-raids-dainik-bhaskar-media-group-modified-emergency-says-opposition/700585/ |work=The Print |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> The Editors Guild of India also expressed concern about the income tax raids on Dainik Bhaskar.<ref>{{Cite web| date=24 July 2021|title=Govt agencies being used to muzzle media: Editors Guild {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-agencies-being-used-to-muzzle-media-editors-guild/articleshow/84696657.cms|access-date=24 July 2021|website=The Times of India| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=24 July 2021|title=Concerned that govt agencies being to suppress journalism: Editors Guild|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/editors-guild-expresses-concern-over-govt-agencies-being-used-to-suppress-free-journalism-7418820/|access-date=24 July 2021|website=The Indian Express| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=22 July 2021|title=Editors Guild of India condemns alleged snooping, seeks SC-monitored probe|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/editors-guild-of-india-condemns-alleged-snooping-seeks-sc-monitored-probe-101626926563564.html|access-date=24 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Editors Guild Expresses Concern Over Income Tax Raids on Dainik Bhaskar, Bharat Samachar |url=https://thewire.in/media/editors-guild-expresses-concern-over-income-tax-raids-on-dainik-bhaskar-bharat-samachar |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Wire |date=23 July 2021}}</ref> Union Minister and BJP MP [[Anurag Thakur]] has denied any government interference and claimed agencies are doing their job.<ref>{{cite news |title=I-T raids on Dainik Bhaskar: Anurag Thakur denies govt interference, says 'agencies are doing their job' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dainik-bhaskar-income-tax-raids-anurag-thakur-7417088/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> At last, it was claimed that tax evasion of 7,000,000,000 INR has taken place over the period of six years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunasekar |first1=Arvind |last2=Dutta Roy |first2=Divyanshu |title=Tax Evasion On Rs 700 Crore Found In Dainik Bhaskar Raids: Tax Department |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dainik-bhaskar-group-did-not-pay-taxes-on-rs-700-crore-income-for-6-years-alleges-tax-department-days-after-raid-2493850 |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=24 July 2021}}</ref>

===High Court order directing corrigendum===
In March 2023, Dainik Bhaskar posted a video on its Twitter handle stating [[Biharis|Bihari]] migrant workers were attacked by people in [[Tamil Nadu]] for speaking Hindi. Four months later, Madras High Court called the reporting "fake news" and directed Dainik Bhaskar to issue apology to the court and to the "people of Tamil Nadu" by issuing a corrigendum on front page of its print editions. During the investigation, Tamil Nadu police also released CCTV footage to prove the incident was a suicide, not a murder.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=NL |title=HC tells Dainik Bhaskar to apologise for fake news on Bihar migrants 'targeted' in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/05/hc-tells-dainik-bhaskar-to-apologise-for-fake-news-on-bihar-migrants-targeted-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705185600/https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/05/hc-tells-dainik-bhaskar-to-apologise-for-fake-news-on-bihar-migrants-targeted-in-tamil-nadu |archive-date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arvind |first1=Ayesha |title=Tender unconditional apology to people of Tamil Nadu: Madras High Court to Dainik Bhaskar for fake news on migrant worker attacks |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/madras-high-court-directs-dainik-bhaskar-offer-unconditional-apology-to-people-of-tn-fake-news-on-attacks-on-migrant-workers-in-state |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=Bar and Bench |date=5 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Fake and misleading news ===
In May 2022, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' published a report claiming that slogans of "Pakistan Zindabad" were raised in Bhilwara, Rajasthan. However, a fact-check by ''[[Alt News]]'' later revealed that the claim was false. The actual slogan raised was "SDPI Zindabad," not "Pakistan Zindabad."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archit |date=19 May 2022 |title=Dainik Bhaskar falsely reports pro-Pak chant raised in Bhilwara based on old video |url=https://www.altnews.in/dainik-bhakar-falsely-reports-pro-pak-chant-raised-in-bhilwara-based-on-old-video/ |website=Alt News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

On 23 August 2018, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' published an article featuring a photo of a baby elephant with the caption: "The army is helping not just people but also animals trapped in the Kerala floods. A soldier rescued this baby elephant." The caption suggested that the image was from the Kerala floods and showed the army rescuing the elephant. However, a fact-check by ''Alt News'' revealed that the photo was actually eight months old and had nothing to do with Kerala, it was taken in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दैनिक भास्कर ने ऊटी, तमिलनाडु में हाथी के बच्चे को बचाने की पुरानी तस्वीर केरल की बताकर छापी |url=https://www.altnews.in/hindi/dainik-bhaskar-publishes-old-photo-of-baby-elephant-rescue-from-ooty-tamil-nadu-as-kerala/ |website=Alt News |date=27 August 2018 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

== Expansion ==
By 1995, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' had emerged as the number 1 newspaper in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (MP)<ref name="Porus_Munshi_2009">{{cite book |title=Making Breakthrough Innovations Happen |author=Porus Munshi |year=2009 |publisher=Collins Business |isbn=978-81-7223-774-5 |chapter=Dainik Bhaskar: No. 1 From Day One |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingbreakthrou0000muns/page/16 16–33] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/makingbreakthrou0000muns/page/16}}</ref> and was declared the fastest-growing daily in India by a readership survey. The newspaper decided to expand outside [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]] and identified [[Jaipur]], the capital city of [[Rajasthan]], as the market with the highest potential.

In 1996, ''Dainik Bhaskar''{{'s}} goal was to enter Jaipur as the No. 2 newspaper (in terms of circulation) on its first day, with 50,000 copies. To achieve this target, an in-house team of 700 surveyors surveyed 200,000 potential newspaper households in Jaipur. Based on survey feedback, they went back to each of the households surveyed to show them a prototype of the newspaper and gave them the option of an advance subscription. The customers were offered a subscription price of ₹1.50 (a discount compared to the newsstand price of ₹2), and a refund in case of dissatisfaction. When ''Dainik Bhaskar'' launched in Jaipur on 19 December 1996, it was the No. 1 newspaper by selling 172,347 copies. ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', is a Hindi-dialect day by day daily paper distributed in India. It has 19 versions in seven states and one union domain covering 167 regions. It has a course of around two million copies. ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', the former leader had a circulation of around 100,000 copies at that time.<ref name="Porus_Munshi_2009" /> ''Dainik Bhaskar'' successfully adopted a similar model in other cities of Rajasthan, including Jodhpur, Bikaner, Kota, Udaipur, and Ajmer Sikar, becoming the No.1 urban newspaper of the entire state by 1999.

The next target was [[Chandigarh]]. It launched a customer survey in January 2000, covering 220,000 households. At that time, the [[English language]] newspapers in Chandigarh outsold the Hindi newspapers sixfold, with [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] as the leader with a circulation of approximately 50,000 copies. ''Dainik Bhaskar''{{'s}} survey suggested that residents of Chandigarh preferred English newspapers due to quality perceptions. As a result, the newspaper incorporated the local Chandigarh dialect in the design, mixing Hindi and English. ''Dainik Bhaskar'' launched in Chandigarh in May 2000 with 69,000 copies sold making it No.1 in the city.<ref name="Porus_Munshi_2009"/>

In June 2000, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' entered [[Haryana]], with 271,000 copies.<ref name="Porus_Munshi_2009"/>

In 2006, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' launched in [[Punjab]] with the Amritsar and Jalandhar editions and became the No.1 newspaper on the first day, displacing established legacy players.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} Later, it increased its presence in Punjab in Ludhiana and Bhatinda.

In 2010, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' entered the [[Jharkhand]] market with the launch of a [[Ranchi]] edition, followed by Jamshedpur and Dhanbad editions.

In January 2014, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' entered [[Bihar]] with a successful launch in [[Patna]] It followed with launch of [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] editions in 2015.

In April 2014, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' launched an online Hindi edition in Uttar Pradesh.

In June 2017, ''Dainik Bhaskar'' launched its Hindi News<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Play Store App|url=https://play.google.com/store/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Google Play}}</ref> on three different platforms: [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].

== Editions ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
''Dainik Bhaskar'' has five editions in [[Madhya Pradesh]], one edition in [[Uttar Pradesh]], four editions in [[Chhattisgarh]], 12 editions in [[Rajasthan]], three editions in [[Haryana]], four editions in [[Punjab]], four editions in [[Bihar]], three editions [[Jharkhand]] and one edition each in [[Chandigarh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{official website|https://www.bhaskar.com/}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Hindi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Mass media in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Mass media in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1958]]
[[Category:Mass media in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Mass media in Indore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Aurangabad, Bihar]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Charles Grant (British East India Company)

2025-09-28T10:00:06Z

Riya parik:

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
[[Image:Charles Grant.jpg|right|thumb|Charles Grant]]'''Charles Grant''' (''Teàrlach Grannd'' in [[Scottish Gaelic]]; 16 April<ref>[[Old Style and New Style dates|Gregorian Calendar]] 4 April</ref> 1746 – 31 October 1823) was a British politician influential in Indian and domestic affairs who, motivated by his [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] Christianity, championed the causes of "social reform" and [[mission (Christian)|Christian mission]], particularly in India. He served as Chairman of the [[British East India Company]], and as a member of parliament (MP), and was an energetic member of the [[Clapham Sect]].<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Grant, Charles (1746-1823)}}</ref> The "Clapham Sect" were a group of social activists who spoke out about the moral imperative to end slavery.<ref>Tomkins, Stephen, ''The Clapham Sect: How Wilberforce’s circle changed Britain'' (Oxford: Lion, 2010)</ref>

[[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]], the founder of the Clapham sect, regarded Grant as his closest friend, after Wilberforce, and Grant planned and paid for a house called 'Glenelg' on Henry's estate in [[Battersea]]. It was a twin to, and lay near to the house built on the same estate for Wilberforce after his marriage, the location of which is marked by a plaque at No.111 Broomwood Road,<ref>Blue Plaques Guide - [http://blueplaquesguy.byethost24.com/content/Wilberforce_William_SW11.html?i=1 111 Broomwood Road]</ref><ref>Wikimedia Commons: William Wilberforce - [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WILLIAM_WILBERFORCE_-_111_Broomwood_Road_Battersea_London_SW11_6JT.jpg 111 Broomwood Road Battersea] London SW11 6JT</ref> west of that section of Battersea Rise now called Clapham Common West Side. Grant later moved to live in Russell Square.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>Survey of London: Battersea (Volumes 50 - chapter 17: 'Between the Commons 1'). Editor: Andrew Saint. Historian: Colin Thom. Published by Yale University Press for English Heritage (2013).</ref><ref>Roger Logan, 'Between the Commons: South Battersea’s Formative Years'. Wandsworth Historical Society, Wandsworth Paper 15, 2007</ref>

==Life==
Grant was born at the farmhouse of [[Aldourie]], Inverness-shire, [[Scotland]] in March 1746, when his father, Alexander Grant, known as 'Alister-an-claigh' ('Alexander the Sword(sman)')– a reflection of his martial talents, was fighting for the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], against the British Crown, and the following month fought at the [[Battle of Culloden]]. His father was severely wounded but survived, joined a Highland regiment which the government raised for service in America and died at Havana in 1762, of fever he contracted during the [[siege of Havana]]. Charles Grant's mother was Margaret MacBean, daughter of Donald Macbean Esq., Tacksman (tenant) of Aldourie in the parish of Dores, descended from the [[Clan MacBean|Macbeans]] of Kinchyle.<ref>The Life of Charles Grant, Sometime Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire and Director of the East India Company. By Henry Morris, Madras Civil Service (retired). London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. 1904. ([https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesgra00morruoft/page/n7/mode/2up pages 1-3])</ref><ref>Francis James Grant: 'The Grants of Corrimony', 1895</ref><ref>'A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire' by John Burke and J. Bernard Burke. 10th Edition (1848) [https://books.google.com/books?id=99lDAQAAMAAJ&dq=charles+grant+glenelg+burke+peerage&pg=PA432 Page 432 'Glenelg']</ref> However, Charles Grant himself was one of the growing number of Scots who prospered in the service of the [[British Empire]]. In 1767, Grant travelled to India to take up a military position. Over subsequent years, he rose in the ranks of the British [[East India Company]]. Initially, he became superintendent over its trade in [[Bengal]]. Then, in 1787, having first acquired a personal fortune through silk manufacturing in [[English Bazar|Malda]], [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] the Governor-General appointed Grant as a member of the East India Company's board of trade. Grant lived a profligate lifestyle as he climbed through the ranks, but after losing two children to [[smallpox]] he underwent a [[religious conversion]]. Viewing his life, including his efforts in India, from his new evangelical Christian perspective, moulded his career for the rest of his life.<ref>Hindmarsh, Bruce ''A Long Reach: The Clapham Sect's impact in India—and the world.'' in '[[Christianity Today]]' Issue 53 1997 [http://ctlibrary.com/4195] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729002109/http://www.ctlibrary.com/4195|date=29 July 2012}}</ref>

Grant returned to Britain in 1790 and was elected to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in 1802 for [[Inverness-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness-shire]]. He served as an MP until failing health forced him to retire in 1818. However, his relationship with the East India Company did not end. In 1804, he joined the company's Court of Directors, and in 1805, he became its chairman. He died on 31 October 1823, at his home, No.40 [[Russell Square]], London, at the age of 77.<ref>'The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1790-1820, ed. R. Thorne, 1986</ref><ref>'The Annual Biography and Obituary for the Year 1825, Volume IX' (London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, rees, Orme, Brown and Green, Paternoster Row, 1825). [https://books.google.com/books?id=30dOAAAAcAAJ&dq=charles+grant+russell+square+died+october+1823&pg=PA25 Page 25].</ref>

His eldest son, [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Charles]], was born in India and later followed his father into politics, eventually becoming a [[peerage|British peer]] as Baron [[Glenelg, Highland|Glenelg]]. His other son, [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert]], followed his father into the Indian service and became [[Governor of Bombay]], as well as being a Christian [[hymn]] writer.

==Indian affairs==

Grant turned to [[evangelicalism]] around 1776, eight years after first visiting India. As the Commercial Resident at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], he came into contact with local people who were suffered from [[Great Bengal famine of 1770|famine]] and flood, and showed compassion to them. However, he believed that the locals lacked "integrity, truth, and faithfulness", and that converting them to Christianity would solve this problem.<ref name="DOC_2012">{{cite book |author=Daniel O'Connor|title=The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858 |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781441175342 |pages=109–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZXBeF0wpV8C }}</ref>

In 1786, he and Calcutta's new chaplain [[David Brown (East India Company chaplain)|David Brown]] wrote the ''Proposal for Establishing a Protestant Mission in Bengal''. The Company administration did not take the proposal seriously, but with Brown's encouragement, Grant sent a copy to the Cambridge cleric [[Charles Simeon]], who recruited Evangelical chaplains for India. British politician [[William Wilberforce]] also supported the proposal.<ref name="DOC_2012"/>

In preparation for the renewal of the company's charter in 1793, Grant wrote a larger and a much more controversial paper titled ''Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain particular with respect to Morals; and on the means of improving it'' (1792). In this paper, he contended that India could be advanced socially and morally by compelling the company to permit Christian missionaries into India, a view diametrically opposed to the long-held position of the East India Company that Christian missionary work in India conflicted with its commercial interests and should be prohibited. He presented the [[Indian caste system]] as a form of systemic [[despotism]], and stated that the Indian people were "universally and wholly corrupt", "exceedingly depraved", and "lamentably degenerate". He argued that the company needed to support the Christian missionaries in improving this situation. The paper also proposed other methods for the welfare of Indians, including the introduction of the English language for communication of knowledge, and application of machinery to agriculture and other fields.<ref name="DOC_2012"/><ref>Extracts may be found on the [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/grant/grant.htm William Carey University Feb Website] (accessed 18 February 2007)</ref>

Grant and Wilberforce pressed for the inclusion of a "Pious Clause" in the 1793 charter of the company: this would empower the company's Court of Directors to appoint schoolmasters, missionaries, and other people to propagate Christian teachings among Indians.<ref name="DOC_2012"/> In 1797, Grant presented his essay to the company's directors. The directors opposed the proposal, describing the idea of sending missionaries to India as "the wildest, maddest, most expensive, and most unwarranted plan that was ever proposed by a lunatic enthusiast", in an 1801 memorandum to the British Parliament. However, Wilberforce and his allies successfully lobbied for their ideas to be included at the next renewal of the charter in 1813. The "Pious Clause" included in the 1813 charter did not specifically mention the missionaries, but the company committed to supporting the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Anglican Bishop of Calcutta]] and three [[archdeacon]]ries.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Pritchard |title=Methodists and Their Missionary Societies 1760-1900 |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317097068 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m80FDAAAQBAJ |page=24 }}</ref>

As chairman of the company, Grant used his position to sponsor many chaplains to India, among them [[Claudius Buchanan]] and [[Henry Martyn]].

Grant was largely responsible for the foundation of [[East India Company College]] (1806-1858), which was later erected at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury]].

==Christian humanitarianism==
Grant was part of an evangelical [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] movement of close friends whose notable members included the abolitionist Wilberforce, [[Zachary Macaulay]], [[John Venn]], [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]], and [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], who lived in close proximity around Clapham Common southwest of London. For some years from 1796, Grant himself lived in a large villa called Glenelg in proximity to Wilberforce and Thornton. This 'Clapham sect' welded evangelical theology with the cause of social reform. Both in India and in Britain's Parliament, Grant campaigned for the furtherance of causes of education, social reform, and Christian mission. In 1791, he helped establishing the [[Sierra Leone Company]], which gave refuge to freed slaves. Also in 1791, as an influential supporter of the abolition of slavery in all its forms, he was elected to the London Abolition Committee.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jennings|first=Judi|title=The Business of Abolishing the British Slave Trade, 1783–1807|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0714646970|pages=67, 82}}</ref> He served as a vice-president of the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] from its establishment in 1804, and also supported the [[Church Missionary Society]] and the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/grant/grant.htm |title=Charles Grant Biography |publisher=William Carey University website |accessdate=16 February 2007}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Grant, Charles |volume=12 |page=353}}
*{{cite book|first=Ainslie |last=Embree | authorlink=Ainslie Embree |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1962 |title=Charles Grant and British Rule in India|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr |url-access=registration }}
*{{cite book|first=Henry |last= Morris|title=The Life of Charles Grant|publisher=John Murray, London|year=1904}}

==See also==
*{{ship||Charles Grant|1810 EIC ship|2}}– A ship that sailed for the East India Company between 1810 and 1833.

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-charles-grant-1 | Charles Grant }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[John Simon Frederick Fraser]] }}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Inverness-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness-shire]]
| years = [[1802 United Kingdom general election|1802]] – [[1818 United Kingdom general election|1818]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Charles Grant]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Charles}}
[[Category:1746 births]]
[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Anglicans]]
[[Category:18th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglicans]]
[[Category:19th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:Clapham Sect]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Scottish abolitionists]]
[[Category:Scottish Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Scottish evangelicals]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicans]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:People from Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Scottish colonial officials]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1802–1806]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1806–1807]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1807–1812]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1812–1818]]

Farakka Setu

2025-09-11T17:50:17Z

Riya parik: created new entry w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Farakka Setu
|image =
|caption =
|image_size = 300px
|official_name =
|also_known_as = Farakka Bridge
|carries = [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]]
|crosses = [[Ganges River]]
| locale = [[Farakka]], [[West Bengal]], {{flag|India}}
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]]
| design = [[Girder bridge]]
| length = {{convert|5468|m|ft|0}}
|width = {{convert|25|m|ft|0}}
|lanes = 4
| spans = 43
| builder =
* RKEC Projects
* Quingdao Construction Company
| begin = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|1|1}}
| complete =
| cost = {{INRConvert|622.04|c|year=2025}}
| clearance =
| below =
| traffic = '''13000 vehicles''' daily ''(estimated after completion)''
| opening = 31 july 2025 (planned)
| closed =
| toll =
| map_image =
| map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|24.800201|N|87.936061|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''Farakka Setu''' or '''New Farakka Bridge''' is an under construction road bridge spanning the [[Ganges|Ganga river]], 500 meters downstream of the [[Farakka Barrage]]. Once completed, the bridge aims to alleviate traffic congestion on the [[Farakka Barrage]] and enhance connectivity between [[North Bengal]] and [[South Bengal]]. Upon completion, the bridge, including its approach roads, will span an impressive {{cvt|5.468|km}}, making it the longest bridge in [[West Bengal]] over water & the 7th longest in India . Initially estimated at '''{{INRConvert|521|c|year=2025}}''', the total construction cost has since been revised to '''{{INRConvert|622.04|c|year=2025}}'''. Construction began in January 2019, '''RKEC Projects''' is working on the construction of the bridge in conjunction with '''Qingdao Construction Engineering''' to bring the bridge to life. <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/the-second-bridge-of-farakka-to-start-services-from-july-2025/cid/1580815 | title=ফরাক্কার দ্বিতীয় সেতু জুলাইয়ে চালুর ঘোষণা|publisher= Anandabazar Patrika, 8 feb 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

===Project Approval===
In October 2016, India's Union Council of Ministers passed a bill for the construction of the bridge. At the beginning of 2018, construction work was given to a foreign company.

===Construction ===
On January 1 2019, RKEC Projects began construction. Work began on the north bank of the Ganges from Lakshmipur in the [[Malda district]] and [[Farakka]] in the [[Murshidabad district]] on the south bank.<ref name=ei>{{cite news |title=ভেঙে পড়ল ফারাক্কা ব্যারেজের নির্মীয়মাণ সেতু, মৃত অন্তত ২ |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/west-bengal-a-under-construction-bridge-collapse-in-farakka-at-least-4-people-spot-dead/articleshow/74163985.cms |accessdate=16 February 2020 |publisher=এই সময় |date=16 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Two separate roads cross the 4 lane bridge, each 12.5 meters wide.<ref name="an">{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/new-bridge-over-in-farakka-barrage-1.917226|title=উজান গাঙে মিলল নয়া ফরাক্কার ছাড়পত্র|date=19 December 2018|accessdate=16 February 2020|publisher=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা}}</ref>

==Accident==
On February 16, 2020, while construction of a girder was underway between Pillars 1 and 2, the girder broke, causing 2 fatalities and 7 injuries.<ref>{{citation |title=West Bengal: 1 dead after portion of under-construction bridge collapses in Malda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-portion-of-under-construction-bridge-collapses-in-malda-1647103-2020-02-16 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=কাজ শুরুর দেড় বছরের মধ্যেই ফরাক্কায় ভাঙল নির্মীয়মাণ সেতু, মৃত ২ শ্রমিক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/videos/north-bengal/farakka-under-construction-bridge-collapsed-two-labors-died-sr-408829.html |accessdate=17 February 2020 |publisher=bengali.news18.com |date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=2 killed, 7 injured after girder of under-construction bridge collapses in West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2-killed-7-injured-after-girder-of-under-construction-bridge-collapses-in-west-bengal/articleshow/74164799.cms |accessdate=17 February 2020 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=West Bengal: 2 Dead, Over 5 Injured After Part of Under-construction Bridge Collapses in Malda |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/west-bengal-2-dead-over-5-injured-after-part-of-under-construction-bridge-collapses-in-malda-3945488/ |accessdate=17 February 2020 |publisher=www.india.com |date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Two killed, seven injured after girder of under-construction bridge collapses in Bengal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2020/feb/17/two-killed-seven-injured-after-girder-of-under-construction-bridge-collapses-in-bengal-2104336.html |accessdate=17 February 2020 |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com |date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Ganges]]

Skillhub Online Games Federation

2025-09-01T13:42:11Z

Riya parik: Creating Initial Pg Added Tags

{{multiple|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{cite check|date=August 2025}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Skillhub Online Games Federation
| formation = 2023
| abbreviation = SOGF / SOG Federation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Sports federation]]
| registration_id =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| language = English
| leader_title = Founder & Advisor
| leader_name = [[Nandan Jha]]
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Shankar Aggarwal (Retd. IAS)
| leader_title3 = Advisor in Chief
| leader_name3 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan|Justice K G Balakrishnan]]
| leader_title4 = Secretary General
| leader_name4 = Gursharan Singh
| website = {{URL|https://sogfederation.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Skillhub Online Games Federation (SOGF)''' is a non-governmental organization that convenes the India's esports community. It was established in 2023, and is headquartered in Delhi. It promotes the [[esports]] and [[Mind Sports]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=SOG Federation launches India's first online skill games and esports olympiad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sog-federation-launches-indias-first-online-skill-games-and-esports-olympiad/articleshow/111120737.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 June 2024}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=Where does the linked source stating anything about the "SOGF" engaging in promotion activities? This news article simply states that the SOGF "launched the inaugural online skill games and ESports Olympiad". And talks a little about that. Before closing with a quote from a rep from the organisation. The term "mind sports" appears nowhere in the source. How does it support this text? About promotion? And mind sports? |date=December 2024}}

SOGF is deemed{{by whom?|date=August 2025}} to be first federation in India to comply with the National Sports Development Code 2011 and the guidelines of [[International Olympic Committee]] and [[Paralympic Committee of India|International Paralympic Committee of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SOG Federation unveils Online Skill Games and E-sports Olympiad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/sog-federation-unveils-online-skill-games-and-e-sports-olympiad/article68301127.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillhub Online Games Federation: Revolutionizing Competitive Gaming |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/sports/skillhub-online-games-federation-revolutionizing-competitive-gaming |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref> and The vision of Digital India and Youth Development given by Prime Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SOG Federation Bets Big on Online Skill Games With E-sports Olympiad Launch Amid Renewed Focus on Skill India Mission in Modi 3.0 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/sog-federation-bets-big-on-online-skill-games-with-e-sports-olympiad-launch-amid-renewed-focus-on-skill-india-mission-in-modi-3-0-article-111058828 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Anuradha |title=Online gaming industry come together to set up skill gaming institute |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/online-gaming-industry-come-together-to-set-up-skill-online-gaming-institute/articleshow/104753455.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=27 October 2023}}{{failed verification|reason=Where is the subject org mentioned anywhere on this webpage? Or the "vision of Digital India and Youth Development"? Or Narendra Modi? How does this URL support the text it is placed alongside? |date=December 2024}}</ref>

The federation was launched by the then [[Union Minister]] [[Anurag Thakur]] and group coordinator and senior director [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] Dr. Sandip Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Minister Anurag Thakur Initiates Talks With SOG Federation To Address Skill Gaming Concerns - Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/union-minister-anurag-thakur-initiates-talks-with-sog-federation-to-address-skill-gaming-concerns-details-article-108114298 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=स्किल गेमिंग इंडस्ट्री के मुद्दों का हो सकता है समाधान, अनुराग ठाकुर ने SOG फेडरेशन को दिया न्योता |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/anurag-thakur-invites-sog-federation-issues-of-skill-gaming-industry-can-be-solved/articleshow/108116076.cms |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

SOGF is recognised by international bodies such as the [[International Mind Sports Association]] (IMSA),{{fact|date=August 2025}} the [[Global Esports Federation]] (GEF),{{fact|date=August 2025}} and the [[International Esports Federation]] (IESF).{{fact|date=August 2025}}

SOGF, as an industry body for [[esports]] and [[Mind sport|mind sports]] in India, has constituted its executive framework as was mentioned in the [[Government of India]]'s IT Laws 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skillhub Online Games Federation: Creating Awareness Towards Online Gaming |url=https://powercorridors.in/skillhub-online-games-federation-creating-awareness-towards-online-gaming/ |website=Powercorridors |date=1 March 2024}}{{fv|reason=Where are the "Government of India's IT Laws 2023" mentioned in this webpage? Or the subject org's "executive framework"? Or how one overlaps/complies with the other? What does this "reference" have to do with any of the text it is placed alongside? |date=August 2025}}</ref>

SOGF is known{{to whom?|date=August 2025}} for its initiatives in the esports and mind sports sector, including the launch of SOG Grandmasters Series and SOGF Esports National Championship having [[chess]], Chess for the Blind and Esports games like [[EA Sports FC 25]] and [[Tekken 8]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SOG Federation Launches Ground breaking Online Skill Games and Esports Olympiad |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/sog-federation-launches-ground-breaking-online-skill-games-and-esports-olympiad/3527728/ |website=Financialexpress |language=en |date=18 June 2024}}{{fv|reason=Where are the listed games, other than chess, mentioned in this source? Where is Tekken 8? Or EA Sports FC 25? Which source mentions the "SOG Grandmasters Series"?|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rishi |first1=Gautam |title=SOGF ईस्पोर्ट्स नेशनल चैंपियनशिप 2025 का हुआ आयोजन |url=https://panchayatitimes.com/sogf-esports-national-championship-2025-organized |date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

==Board members==
===Advisor in Chief===
*[[K. G. Balakrishnan|Justice K G Balakrishnan]] ([[Chief Justice of India|37th Chief Justice of India]] and former chairman [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC India]]){{fact|date=August 2025}}

===Chairperson of Ethics Committee===
*[[Gyan Sudha Misra|Justice Gyan Sudha Misra]] (former judge, [[Supreme Court of India]]){{fact|date=August 2025}}

===President===
*Shri Shankar Aggarwal (Retd. IAS, former union secretary for [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], additional secretary for [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Govt. of India]]){{fact|date=August 2025}}

===Vice President===
*[[Satpal Singh|Shri Satpal Singh]] (wrestling coach and former wrestler of India){{fact|date=August 2025}}
*[[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Shri Ashok Dhyanchand]] (Olympic medalist, Arjuna Awardee and former international hockey player)
*[[Sudha Singh|Smt. Sudha Singh]] (Indian Olympic athlete)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rautela |first1=Kiran |title=SOGF की वाइस प्रेसिडेंट सुधा सिंह को 'पेरिस ओलंपिक डाक टिकट' लॉन्च में मिला य सम्मान |url=https://panchayatitimes.com/sogf-vice-president-sudha-singh-honored-to-be-the-guest-at-the-commemorative-postage-stamp-launch-on-paris-olympics |date=6 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Esports Federation of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Esports governing bodies]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2023]]
[[Category:International organisations based in India]]

2022 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-08-16T21:16:32Z

Riya parik: added first article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Kolkata Knight Riders
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Brendon McCullum]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Shreyas Iyer]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = 7th
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (401)
| most wickets = [[Andre Russell]] (17)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2021|2021]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2023|2023]]
}}

The 2022 season was the 15th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR). They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]]. The franchise qualified for the IPL playoffs for the first time in [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] and won the tournament in [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] and [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref name="IPl-Schedule. net">{{cite web|url = http://www.ipl-schedule.net/ipl-2012-final-kolkata-knight-riders-win-ipl-5-beat-chennai-super-kings/|title = Kolkata Knight Riders win IPL 5, beat Chennai Super Kings|date = 29 March 2012|access-date = 13 October 2012|archive-date = 2 June 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120602070808/http://www.ipl-schedule.net/ipl-2012-final-kolkata-knight-riders-win-ipl-5-beat-chennai-super-kings/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Records / Twenty20 matches / Team records / Most consecutive wins|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> The franchise also qualified for the playoffs in the three consecutive years of [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]], [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] and [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref> as well as in [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] when they were runners up.

==Background==
The team retained four players from the 2021 season ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
;Retained: [[Andre Russell]], [[Varun Chakaravarthy]], [[Venkatesh Iyer]], [[Sunil Narine]]
;Acquired during the auction: [[Nitish Rana]], [[Pat Cummins]], [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Shivam Mavi]], [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]], [[Anukul Roy]], [[Rasikh Dar]], [[Baba Indrajith]], [[Chamika Karunaratne]], [[Abhijeet Tomar]], [[Pratham Singh]], Ashok Sharma, [[Sam Billings]], [[Alex Hales]], [[Tim Southee]], [[Ramesh Kumar (cricketer)|Ramesh Kumar]], [[Mohammad Nabi]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Aman Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Knight Riders full list of players after IPL auction 2022 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/kolkata-knight-riders-kkr-full-team-players-list-after-ipl-auction-2022/article38422416.ece |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*'''Squad strength:''' 25 (17 - Indian, 8 - overseas)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"|Batters
|-
|3|| '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|6|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c}} ||
|-
|5||'''[[Aaron Finch]]'''||{{cr|Australia}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1986|11|17|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:center;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas Replacement for [[Alex Hales]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121421/kkr-rope-in-aaron-finch-as-replacement-for-alex-hales-cricbuzzcom|title=KKR rope in Aaron Finch as replacement for Alex Hales|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/alex-hales-opts-out-of-ipl-2022-kolkata-knight-riders-name-aaron-finch-as-replacement-1304974|title=Alex Hales opts out of IPL 2022, KKR name Aaron Finch as replacement|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|24|| [[Abhijeet Tomar]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|03|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l}} ||
|-
|35|| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l}} ||
|-
|41|| '''[[Shreyas Iyer]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.25|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121081/shreyas-iyer-named-captain-of-kolkata-knight-riders|title=Shreyas Iyer named captain of Kolkata Knight Riders|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
||| '''[[Alex Hales]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Pratham Singh]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|08|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
||| [[Baba Indrajith]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|07|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
||| [[Paras Sharma]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|06|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|6|| [[Anukul Roy]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|11|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|7|| '''[[Mohammad Nabi]]''' || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1985|1|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c}} || Overseas
|-
|12|| '''[[Andre Russell]]''' || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} || Overseas
|-
|23|| [[Aman Hakim Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Venkatesh Iyer]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
|27|| '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
||| '''[[Chamika Karunaratne]]''' || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|5|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Wicket-Keepers
|-
|21|| [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1986|09|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|60|l}} ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Sam Billings]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|6|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Spin bowlers
|-
|29|| '''[[Varun Chakravarthy]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
|74|| '''[[Sunil Narine]]''' || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|5|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2012 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|6|c}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Ramesh Kumar (cricketer)|Ramesh Kumar]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|01|01|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Pace bowlers
|-
|4|| [[Rasikh Salam]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|04|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|19|| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
|22|| [[Harshit Rana]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|12|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|26|| [[Shivam Mavi]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.25|c}} ||
|-
|30|| '''[[Pat Cummins]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|5|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.25|c}} || Overseas
|-
|38|| '''[[Tim Southee]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|12|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.kkr.in/players KKR Players]
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
|CEO and Managing Director|| [[Venky Mysore]]
|-
|Team manager|| Wayne Bentley
|-
|Head coach|| [[Brendon McCullum]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| [[Abhishek Nayar]]
|-
|Mentor|| [[David Hussey]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Bharat Arun]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| [[James Foster (cricketer, born 1980)|James Foster]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.kkr.in/players KKR Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:55%;"
|-
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor (chest)
! Shirt sponsor (back)
! Chest branding
|-
|Wrogn Active
|WinZo
|Unacademy
|[[Lux Cozi]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _goldborder
| pattern_b = _kkr22
| pattern_ra = _goldborder
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 46155B
| body = 46155B
| rightarm = 46155B
| pants = 46155B
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

== Teams and standings ==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table||legendpos=b|header=Round|label1=Teams|res1=[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[PBKS]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]]/[[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]|label2=Result|res2=W/L/W/W/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/W/W/L|color_W=green2|text_W=Win|color_NR=yellow2|text_NR=No Result|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss|color_1-2=green1|color_3-4=#ffc|source=Fixtures}}

=== Point table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=KKR}}

== Fixtures ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 131/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 50[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304047.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]],
[[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 128 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 25 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 132/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 28 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304052.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 137 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 31 (9)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141/4 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 70[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304054.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 161/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 52 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 2/49 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 56[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/25 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304060.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored the joint-fastest half-century in the IPL (14 balls).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-mumbai-indians-14th-match-1304060/match-report|title=Cummins' 14-ball fifty stuns Mumbai, takes Knight Riders top of the table|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 215/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 61 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 54 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304065.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 175/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 54 (36)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/3 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 71 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304071.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tripathi]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match25}}'''Match 25'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 217/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 103 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 210 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 85 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 5/40 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304076.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals) took a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] and a [[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls|five-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-30th-match-1304076/match-report |title=Jos Buttler ton, Yuzvendra Chahal hat-trick give Rajasthan Royals narrow win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 April 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match30}}'''Match 30'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 156/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 67 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 4/5 (1 over)
| score2 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 48 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304081.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match35}}'''Match 35'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 146/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/14 (3 overs)
| score2 = 150/6 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 42 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304087.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Harshit Rana (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match41}}'''Match 41'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 152/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 54 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/46 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 48[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304093.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match47}}'''Match 47'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 176/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 50 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 101 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 45 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 75 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304099.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Avesh Khan]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match53}}'''Match 53'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 43 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 51 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 52 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304102.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match56}}'''Match 56'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 49[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 123/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 43 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Russell]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304107.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Andre Russell]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match61}}'''Match 61'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 210/0 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 140[[not out|*]] (70)
| wickets1 =
| score2 = 208/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 50 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304112.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Lucknow Super Giants qualified for the playoffs and Kolkata Knight Riders were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122284/de-kock-stars-as-lsg-secure-passage-to-playoffs-with-nervy-win |title=De Kock stars as LSG secure passage to playoffs with nervy win |work=Cricbuzz |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match66}}'''Match 66'''
}}

== Statistics ==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Shreyas Iyer]]|| 14 || 14 || 1
! 401
|| 85 ||30.85 || 401

|| 134.56 || 0 || 3 || 41 || 11
|-
| 2 ||[[Nitish Rana]] || 14 || 14 || 1
! 361
|| 57 || 27.77 || 251 || 143.82 || 0 || 2 || 29 || 22
|-
| 3 ||[[Andre Russell]]|| 14 || 12 || 3
! 335
|| 70[[Not out|*]] || 37.22 || 192 || 174.47 || 0 || 1 || 18 || 32
|-
| 4 ||[[Venkatesh Iyer]] || 12 || 12 || 1
! 182
|| 50[[Not out|*]] || 16.55 || 169 || 107.69 || 0 || 1 || 17 || 7
|-
| 5 ||[[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || 7 || 7 || 2
! 174
|| 42[[Not out|*]] || 34.80 || 117 || 148.71 || 0 || 0|| 17 || 7
|-
| 6 ||[[Sam Billings]] || 8 || 8 || 1
! 169
|| 36 || 24.14 || 138 || 122.46 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 10
|-
| 7 ||[[Ajinkya Rahane]] || 7 || 7 || 0
! 133
|| 44 || 19.00 || 128 || 103.90 || 0 || 0|| 14 || 4
|-
| 8 ||[[Aaron Finch]] || 5 || 5 || 0
! 86
|| 58 || 17.20 || 61 || 140.98 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 3
|-
| 9 ||[[Sunil Narine]] || 14 || 10 || 2
! 71
|| 22 || 8.88 || 40 || 177.50 || 0 || 0|| 6 || 6
|-
| 10 ||[[Pat Cummins]] || 5 || 5 || 1
! 63
|| 56[[Not out|*]] || 15.75 || 24 || 262.50 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 6
|}
* '''Source:''' https://www.iplt20.com/stats/

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Avg.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Andre Russell]] || 14 || 13 || 28.1 || 0 || 278
! 17
|| 4/5 || 16.35 || 9.86 || 9.94 || 1 || 0
|-
| 2 || [[Umesh Yadav]] || 12 || 12 || 48.0 || 2 || 339
! 16
|| 4/23 || 21.18 || 7.06 || 18.00 || 1 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Tim Southee]] || 9 || 9 || 35.0 || 0 || 275
! 14
|| 3/20 || 19.64 || 7.85 || 15.00 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Sunil Narine]] || 14 || 14 || 56.0 || 0 || 312
! 9
|| 2/21 || 34.66 || 5.57 || 37.33 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Pat Cummins]]|| 5 || 5 || 19.5 || 0 || 212
! 7
|| 3/22 || 30.28 || 10.68 || 17.00 || 0 || 0
|-
| 6 || [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || 11 || 11 || 39.0 || 0 || 332
! 6
|| 1/22 || 55.33 || 8.51 || 39.00 || 0 || 0
|-
| 6 || [[Shivam Mavi]] || 6 || 6 || 22.0 || 0 || 227
! 5
|| 1/33 || 45.40 || 10.31 || 26.40 || 0 || 0
|-
| 8 || [[Anukul Roy]] || 2 || 2 || 7.0 || 0 || 55
! 1
|| 1/28 || 55.00 || 7.85 || 42.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 9 || [[Harshit Rana]]|| 2 || 2 || 5 || 0 || 51
! 1
|| 1/24 || 51.00 || 10.20 || 30.00 || 0 || 0
|}
* '''Source:''' https://www.iplt20.com/stats/

==References==
{{reflist}}{{2022 Indian Premier League}}{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Knight Riders in 2022}}
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons|2022]]
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]

Manjula Chellur

2025-07-28T02:34:53Z

Riya parik:

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Bombay High Court}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image = Justice Manjula Chellur.jpg
| name = Manjula Chellur
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office =[[Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
|
| termstart = 22 August 2016
| termend = 4 December 2017
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor = [[Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela|Justice Dhirendra H. Waghela]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| termstart2 = 6 August 2014
| termend2 = 21 August 2016
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor2 = [[Arun Kumar Mishra|Justice Arun Kumar Mishra]]
| successor2 = Justice [[Girish Chandra Gupta]]
| office3 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| termstart3 = 26 September 2012
| termend3 = 5 August 2014 {{small|acting: 9 November 2011 – 26 September 2012}}
| nominator3 =
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]] ''(acting)'' [[Pranab Mukherjee]] ''(permanent)''
| predecessor3 = [[Jasti Chelameswar|Justice Jasti Chelameswar]]
| successor3 = [[Ashok Bhushan|Justice Ashok Bhushan]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[High Court of Karnataka]]
| term_start4 = 21 February 2000
| term_end4 = 25 September 2012
| nominator4 =
| appointer4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|12|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bellary]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]] (now in [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| alma_mater = Allum Sunmangalamma Women's College, [[Bellary]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| nationality = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]n
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
}}

'''Manjula Chellur''' (born 5 December 1955) is a retired Indian judge and a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]. She was the first woman [[Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]], was the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]] and the first female judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]]. She demitted her office upon attaining the age of superannuation on 4 December 2017.<ref name=WomanCJ-Cal>{{cite news|title=Manjula Chellur to become first woman Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court; Assumes office on August 5|url=http://barandbench.com/content/212/manjula-chellur-become-first-woman-chief-justice-calcutta#.U9Cws0AjCUU|access-date=24 July 2014|work=Bar and Bench|agency=B&B News Network|date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724071226/http://barandbench.com/content/212/manjula-chellur-become-first-woman-chief-justice-calcutta#.U9Cx90AjDpA|archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=Kerala>{{cite web|last = Kerala High Court|year = 2013|url = http://www.highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mc.html|title = Website Kerala High Court|publisher = [[Kerala High Court]]|access-date = 26 March 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130629090305/http://www.highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mc.html|archive-date = 29 June 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Express News Service|date=27 September 2012|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1274670.ece|title=Manjula Chellur sworn in as Kerala HC CJ|format=|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812173016/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1274670.ece|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Venkatesan>{{cite web|last=Venkatesan|first=J.|date=31 August 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/manjula-chellur-to-be-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court/article3842536.ece|title=Manjula Chellur to be Chief Justice of Kerala High Court|format=|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101053530/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/manjula-chellur-to-be-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court/article3842536.ece|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Qualifications==
Chellur was born in [[Karnataka]]. She received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from Allum Sunmangalamma Women's College, [[Bellary]], and went on to earn her [[law degree]] from Renukacharya Law College, [[Bangalore]]. In 1977 the [[Supreme Court of India]] sponsored her on a Gender & Law fellowship to England's [[University of Warwick]].<ref name=Kerala/> In 2013 Chellur received an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from [[Karnataka State Women's University]].<ref name=Honorary>{{cite web|last=Express News Service|date=4 March 2013|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1487361.ece|title=Honorary Doctorates for 5 Women|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307064426/http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1487361.ece|archive-date=7 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Chellur became the first female advocate to practice law in Bellary. She worked as a legal advisor, practising both civil and criminal law before the local Bellary courts.<ref name=Kerala/>

In 1988 she was appointed District and Sessions Judge; she served as the Principal and Sessions Judge for [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Mysore]]. In addition to these positions she was also the Chief Judge of Court of Small Causes, and Principal Judge of the Family Court at Bangalore. On 21 February 2000 she was named judge of Karnataka High Court.<ref name=Kerala/><ref name=Venkatesan/>

Chellur served as the President of the Karnataka Judicial Academy from 21 June 2008 to 25 March 2010. She was also the executive chairperson of Karnataka State Legal Service Authority. On 9 November 2011 she was appointed Acting Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court<ref>{{cite web|date=8 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/manjula-chellur-acting-chief-justice/article2607639.ece|title=Manjula Chellur Acting Chief Justice|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628043120/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/manjula-chellur-acting-chief-justice/article2607639.ece|archive-date=28 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and since 26 September 2012 she has been the Chief Justice of Kerala.<ref name=Kerala/><ref name=Venkatesan/>

===High-profile cases===
In 2013 the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court, consisting of Chief Justice Chellur and Justice Vinod Chandran, ordered the state government to submit a statement regarding the high-profile rape case against the Deputy Chairman of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[P. J. Kurien]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2013|url =http://www.firstpost.com/india/suriyanelli-rape-case-kerala-hc-asks-govt-to-file-statement-against-kurien-655230.html|title = Suriyanelli rape case: Kerala HC asks govt to file statement against Kurien|work= [[First Post (India)|First Post]]| access-date = 7 April 2013 }}</ref> Also in March 2013, the justices refused the plea of prominent [[Marxism|Marxist]] politician and Leader of the Opposition [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] for an early hearing in another investigation into the "[[Ice cream parlour sex scandal|Ice Cream Parlour sabotage case]]", involving an ice cream parlour that was allegedly being used as a front to lure girls and women into prostitution in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|date = 26 March 2013|url = http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20130326/2178517.html|title = Kerala HC turns down Achuthanandan plea|publisher = WebIndia123|access-date = 7 April 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114758/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20130326/2178517.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

In a case in 2017 she told doctors protesting against physical assault that if they are so scared of being beaten then they should resign and stay at home. The resident doctors had gone on strike as they demanded safer working environments and wanted to be saved from these assaults. The petitioners were aghast and countered what if judges and lawyers were treated like this if the client's expectations were not met. If the court case went against the accused and the accused or his relatives decided to do the same to the judges and lawyers.<ref>{{cite web|date = 26 March 2017|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/resign-and-stay-at-home-if-you-are-so-scared-hc-to-docs/articleshow/57761819.cms|title = Resign and stay at home if you are so scared: High court to Doctors|work = The Times of India|access-date = 4 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Manjula Chellur}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212094229/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/bio/cj_calhc.htm The Hon'ble Dr. Manjula Chellur, Chief Justice]. ''calcuttahighcourt.nic.in''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chellur, Manjula}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:Women chief justices]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]

Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground

2025-06-04T15:06:44Z

Riya parik: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2023–24 R-League A Division

2025-05-24T11:47:01Z

Riya parik:

{{short description|4th season of R-League A Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Rajasthan State Men's League]]
| season = 2023–24
| dates = 8 March, 2024 – 28 May, 2024
| winners = Jaipur Elite
| relegated =
| matches = 72
| total goals = 262
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win = Jaipur Elite 6-0 ASL FC (15 Mar 2024) [[Zinc Football]] 6-0 Royal FC Jaipur (15 May 2024) Zinc Football 6-0 ASL FC (20 May 2024)
| biggest away win = Champion Maker Club 0-13 Zinc Football (24 Apr 2024)
| highest scoring = Champion Maker Club 0-13 Zinc Football (24 Apr 2024)
| longest wins = 8 matches Brothers United
| longest unbeaten = 13 matches Jaipur Elite Zinc Football
| longest winless = 12 matches ASL FC
| longest losses = 8 matches ASL FC Champion Maker Club
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2022 R-League A Division|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 R-League A Division|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 R-League A Division''' was the 4th season of the [[Rajasthan State Men's League]], the first professional league in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is organised by the [[Rajasthan Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan State Men's League |url=https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928134109/https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/ |archive-date=28 September 2024 }}</ref>

== Teams ==
A total of 9 teams participated in the league.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Club
!City/Town
!Stadium
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |ASL FC
|[[Jaipur]]
|Royal FC Stadium
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Aviva Sports Foundation
|[[Udaipur]]
|Thorasi Sikar
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[FC Brothers United]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|Jiem
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Champion Maker Club
|[[Ajmer]]
|[[Mayo College]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|Royal FC Stadium
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Jaipur Futsal
|[[Jaipur]]
|Jiem
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Royal FC Jaipur
|[[Jaipur]]
|Royal FC Stadium
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Sunrise FC
|[[Sirohi]]
|Royal FC Stadium
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Zinc Football]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|Zawar Stadium
|}

== Standings ==
=== League table ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan State Men's League |url=https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530041154/https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/]
|update= 28 May 2024


|team_order= JEL, BRO, ZFA, AVI, RFC, JFU, SFC, ASL, CMC


|win_ASL=2 |draw_ASL=2 |loss_ASL=12 |gf_ASL=13 |ga_ASL=55 
|win_AVI=10 |draw_AVI=4 |loss_AVI=2 |gf_AVI=41 |ga_AVI=15 
|win_BRO=12 |draw_BRO=2 |loss_BRO=2 |gf_BRO=45 |ga_BRO=7 
|win_CMC=2 |draw_CMC=1 |loss_CMC=13 |gf_CMC=8 |ga_CMC=55 
|win_JEL=13 |draw_JEL=2 |loss_JEL=1 |gf_JEL=53 |ga_JEL=6 |status_JEL = C 
|win_JFU=3 |draw_JFU=3 |loss_JFU=10 |gf_JFU=9 |ga_JFU=31 
|win_RFC=5 |draw_RFC=3 |loss_RFC=8 |gf_RFC=19 |ga_RFC=33 
|win_SFC=2 |draw_SFC=4 |loss_SFC=10 |gf_SFC=13 |ga_SFC=45 
|win_ZFA=11 |draw_ZFA=3 |loss_ZFA=2 |gf_ZFA=61 |ga_ZFA=15 


|name_ASL = ASL FC
|name_AVI = Aviva Sports Foundation
|name_BRO = Brothers United
|name_CMC = Champion Maker Club
|name_JEL = Jaipur Elite
|name_JFU = Jaipur Futsal
|name_RFC = Royal FC Jaipur
|name_SFC = Sunrise FC
|name_ZFA = [[Zinc Football]]


|result1=Q |result2=
|result3= |result4=
|result5= |result6=
|result7= |result8=
|result9=


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1|text_Q= Eligible for [[I-League 3|2024–25 I-League 3]]
}} </onlyinclude>

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b
|team1=ASL FC
|team2=Aviva Sports Foundation United
|team3=Brothers United
|team4=Champion Maker Club
|team5=Jaipur Elite
|team6=Jaipur Futsal
|team7=Royal FC Jaipur
|team8=Sunrise FC
|team9=[[Zinc Football]]

| pos1= L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/D/L/D/L/W/L/L/W 
| pos2= D/W/W/D/W/W/W/W/W/L/L/W/W/W/D/D 
| pos3= D/L/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/D 
| pos4= L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/D/L/W/L/L/L 
| pos5= W/W/W/W/W/D/W/W/W/D/W/W/W/L/W/W 
| pos6= D/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/D/D/L/L 
| pos7= L/L/L/W/W/L/L/W/D/D/L/W/D/L/W/L 
| pos8= D/L/L/L/W/L/L/D/L/D/W/D/L/L/L/L 
| pos9= L/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/W/D/W/W/W/W/D/D 

|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|source = [https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/]
|update= 28 May 2024
}}

== References ==
<references />

{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Football in Rajasthan]]

R. Umanath

2025-04-10T04:25:23Z

Riya parik: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician (1921-2014)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Umanath
| image = R. Umanath (cropped).JPG
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 21 December 1921
| birth_place = [[Kasaragod]], [[South Canara]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|5|21|1921|12|21}}
| death_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| spouse = [[Pappa Umanath]]
| children = [[U. Vasuki]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''R. Umanath''' (21 December 1921 – 21 May 2014) was a communist politician from Tamil Nadu, India, and a Politburo member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpim.org/xix%20cong/0207200pb%20members.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007091126/http://www.cpim.org/xix%20cong/0207200pb%20members.htm|url-status=dead|title=List of Politburo members|archive-date=7 October 2008|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> He was born in 1921 in [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]] and moved to [[Madras]] during his student days.

==Early days==
Born in a poor Brahmin family in [[Kasaragod]], Umanath learnt to play [[harmonium]] to accompany his mother who eked out a livelihood as a [[Bhajan]] singer. While his family had hoped that Umanath, a student of [[Annamalai University]], would land in a good job, he disappointed them by quitting his studies to become a full-time member of the Communist party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cpim-leader-umanath-passes-away/article6032060.ece|title=CPI(M) leader Umanath passes away|first1=B.|last1=Kolappan|first2=Syed Muthahar|last2=Saqaf|date=21 May 2014|access-date=26 November 2021|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

He joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1939 while studying at the [[Annamalai University]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He left his studies to become a whole-timer of the Party.

Umanath was arrested along with [[P. Ramamurthi]] in 1940 in connection with the Madras Conspiracy Case, and jailed for three years. He spent nine and a half years in jail, and another seven years underground.<ref name=UA01 />

==Role in Parliamentary politics==
He was elected to the 3rd and 4th [[Lok Sabha]]s from the [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]] in 1962 and 1967. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate from [[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]] in [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]] and [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf|title=1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf |title=1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

==Stalwart in Communist Party==
A trade union leader for many years, Umanath is a former vice-president of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]. He was one of the founders of the CITU and the first general secretary of the organisation in the State. He remained the President of the state CITU for years. He served as one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] till 2010.

Umanath was also a Tamil Nadu State Committee secretary of CPI(M). He was firmly opposed to [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] and Tamil separatism in Sri Lanka. In 1991, he was elected to the Polit Bureau and served in that capacity till 2008. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Party from 1978 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpim.org/tags/r-umanath|title=R Umanath|website=Cpim.org|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

He died on 21 May 2014 in [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref name=UA01>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B|title=CPI(M) leader Umanath passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cpim-leader-umanath-passes-away/article6032060.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=21 May 2014|date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

His wife was the reputed communist leader [[Pappa Umanath]]. [[U. Vasuki]], who is also the CPI(M) state secretariat member is his daughter.

==External links==
<references/>

{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umanath, R.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Karusha kingdom

2025-02-03T11:44:12Z

Riya parik: adding pg!

{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2013}}

The '''Karusha kingdom''' is one of the [[Yadu|Yadava]] kingdoms of the [[Mahabharata]] epic. It is placed to the south of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]. Karusha king [[Dantavakra]] supported Chedi king [[Shishupala]] and was killed by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]]. Karusha Kingdom is identified as modern [[Datia]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== References in Mahabharata ==

Karusha was mentioned as a kingdom of ancient India (Bharata Varsha) along with the Kuntalas, the Kasi-kosalas, the Chedis, the Bhojas. (6,9)

=== Alliance with Yadavas, Chedis and Magadhas ===

====Alliance with the Yadavas====

*Karusha king is mentioned as attending the self-choice of [[Draupadi]] along with [[Bala Rama]] and [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], the great [[Yadu|Yadava]] heroes.(1,188)

====Alliance with the Chedis====

*Karusha king came to [[Yudhishthira]]'s new palace at [[Indraprastha]] along with his friend [[Shishupala]], the king of [[Chedi kingdom]] and with the Vrishi [[yadu|Yadava]] heroes(2,4)

====Alliance with the Magadhas====

*The mighty '''Vaka''', the king of the Karushas, capable of fighting by putting forth his powers of illusion, waiteth, upon Jarasandha, as his disciple. The Karusha king Dantavakra also wait upon [[Jarasandha]] the king of [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]]. (2,14)

====Dispute with Chedi king Shishupala====

*Chedi king Shishupala, disguising himself in the attire of the king of Karusha, ravished the innocent Bhadra, the princess of Visala, the intended bride of king Karusha (this Karusha is certainly not Dantavakra, Shishupala's friend). (2,44)

=== Karusha region on the sea coast ===

''Karusha was also a type of tree (3,111). Karusha region was probably the regions where these trees grew in abundance''

Kiratas (hunter-gatherers) armed with cruel weapons and ever engaged in cruel deeds, eating of fruits and roots and attired in skins and living on the northern slopes of the Himavat and on the eastern mountains and in the region of '''Karusha on the sea-coast''' (possibly in the sea coast of [[Bangladesh]]) and on both sides of the Lohitya mountains ([[Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. They brought tribute to [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]].(2,51)

=== Karushas in Kurukshetra War ===

The assembled kings of the [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] and the '''Karusha''' tribes joined the [[Pandavas]] with all their resources. (5,22). Karusha army was placed under the general [[Dhristaketu]] who was the king of [[Chedi Kingdom]] (5,199). The Chedis, Karushas and [[Kasi kingdom|Kasis]] were placed under him.

Other armies allied with the [[Pandavas]] who fought along with the Karushas were the [[Matsya kingdom|Matsyas]], [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchalas]], Srinjayas, Somakas, Prabhadrakas, some [[Surasena kingdom|Surasenas]], Suras, some [[Kekeya kingdom|Kekayas]], [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]], [[Kanchi kingdom|Kanchis]], Keralas, [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]], [[Dravida kingdom|Dravidas]], [[Andhra kingdom|Andharas]], some [[Kosala kingdom|Kosalas]], some [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]] and the [[Yadu|Yadavas]] under [[Satyaki]] and Chekitana. (6-47,54,98,107) (7-9,11,21,153), (8-12,30,47,49,54,56,73,78

=== Other References ===

*A virtuous and truthful king of [[Kasi kingdom|Kasi]] and '''Karusha''' was called a mad dog for having renounced his territories and riches! (3,25)
*At (1,67) Karushaka tribe was linkied with the [[Asura]] clan called ''Krodhaveshas''
*One of the sons of Manu was named Karusha. (1.75)
*There was a sage named Karusha who dwelled in the western kingdoms. (12,207)

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896.

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Yadava kingdoms]]

Sundararaja Perumal Temple (disambiguation)

2024-09-25T16:02:11Z

Riya parik: Creating Initial Place Needs Work

'''Sundararaja Perumal Temple''' may refer to several places:
== India ==
* [[Somangalam Sundararaja Perumal Temple]], located at [[Somangalam]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].
* [[Peravallur Sundararaja Perumal Temple]], situated at [[Peravallur]], [[Chennai district]], Tamil Nadu.
* [[Sundararaja Perumal temple, Tiruchirapalli]], located at [[Anbil, Tamil Nadu|Anbil]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]], Tamil Nadu.
* [[Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem]] situated at [[Salem district]], Tamil Nadu.

== Malaysia ==
* [[Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple]], located at [[Klang (city)|Klang]] in [[Selangor]], in [[Malaysia]].

{{geodis}}

Kunku Tikali Ani Tatoo

2024-09-06T03:01:17Z

Riya parik: adding bio

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kunku Tikali Ani Tatoo.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 166
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Uphoria Productions
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|04|02}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|10|08}}
| related =
}}

'''''Kunku Tikali Ani Tatoo''''' ({{translation|Kumkum Bindi and Tatoo}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunku Tikli Tattoo's Rajvardhan and Rama all set to tie the knot - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kunku-tikli-tattoos-rajvardhan-and-rama-all-set-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/63881287.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="कुंकू, टिकली आणि टॅटू" मालिकेमध्ये रंगणार कुंकू विरुद्ध टॅटूचा सामना! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/kumku-tikili-and-tattoo-series-against-tattoos-against-tattoos/amp/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> The show starred Adish Vaidya, Shweta Pendse and Sarika Nilatkar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunku Tikli aani Tattoo to begin soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kunku-titkli-aani-tattoo-to-begin-soon/articleshow/63445995.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="कुंकू, टिकली आणि टॅटू" मालिकेमध्ये रंगणार रमा – राजचा विवाहसोहळा! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/rama-raj-weddings-be-played-kunku-tikili-and-tattoo-series/amp/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> The series premiered from 2 April 2018 and ended on 8 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title='कुंकू, टिकली आणि टॅटू' मध्ये विवाह सोहळा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/kunku-tikali-ani-tattoo-1667167/lite/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सुनिधी चौहानने गायले कलर्स मराठीवरील 'कुंकू टिकली आणि टॅटू' मालिकेचे शीर्षक गीत! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/colors-marathi-new-serial-kunku-tikli-aani-tattoo-title-track-sung-by-sunidhi-chauhan-1655504/lite/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vibhatai Kulkarni believes the happiness of her home, her husband and her children is the primary responsibility of a woman. But her traditional home is about to get shaken up by the outspoken Rama Prabhudesai. When a young basketball player, who doesn't even believe in the concept of marriage, becomes a part of the Kulkarni clan.

== Cast ==
* Adish Vaidya as Rajwardhan (Raj) Vishnupant Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adish Vaidya to be seen in a saree - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kunku-tikli-ani-tattoo-adish-vaidya-to-be-seen-in-a-saree/articleshow/65558445.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Shubhangi Joshi]] as Jiji<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunidhi Chauhan sings the title track of a Marathi show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sunidhi-chauhan-sings-the-title-track-of-marathi-tv-show-kunku-tikli-tattoo/articleshow/63530412.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Sarika Nilatkar-Nawathe as Vibha Vishnupant Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्त्री शक्तीची तीन रूपं घेऊन आली 'कुंकू टिकली आणि टॅटू', वाचा कोणकोण आहे मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-kunku-tikli-ani-tattoo-new-marathi-serial-5839525-NOR.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gururaj Avadhani as Vishnupant Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's a list of Marathi daily soaps that raise voice against women exploitation - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/heres-a-list-of-marathi-daily-soaps-that-raise-voice-against-women-exploitation/articleshow/63914333.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Bhagyashree Nhalve as Rama Rajwardhan Kulkarni
* [[Jai Malhar|Prashant Choudappa]] as Mahadev Kulkarni
* Rajashri Nikam as Subhadra Mahadev Kulkarni
* Shweta Pendse as Kamini Kulkarni
* [[Rajesh Deshpande]] as Kedar Kulkarni
* Amol Bawdekar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10230484}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/kunku-tikali-ani-tattoo/3498205 ''Kunku Tikali Ani Tatoo''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]