Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

J. Munirathinam

2026-05-07T09:40:16Z

Rithik Rahman: put up info...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''J. Munirathinam''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kanchipuram district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=TVK bags most seats in Chennai’s neighbouring districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tvk-bags-most-seats-in-chennais-neighbouring-districts/article70940164.ece |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Munirathinam is from [[Sriperumbudur|Sriprerumbudur]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of A.Janakiraman. He is the only MLA with disability elected to the house. He is a member of the [[Vijay Makkal Iyakkam]] since 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=TN election results 2026: Munirathinam becomes TN's first differently abled MLA |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/politics/tn-election-results-2026-munirathinam-becomes-tns-first-differently-abled-mla |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref> He used callipers and campaigned in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=Subashini |last2=Jaiswal |first2=Binita |date=2026-05-05 |title=Tamil Nadu polls: Vijay wave powers newcomers as big names face defeat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/May/05/tamil-nadu-polls-vijay-wave-powers-newcomers-as-big-names-face-defeat |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his B.B.A. in May 2007 at University of Madras and later did L.L.B. at [[Sri Venkateswara College of Law]], [[Tirupati]] in 2014. He is a builder and developer. He declared assets worth Rs.38 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munirathinam.J(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- UTHIRAMERUR(KANCHEEPURAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=298 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Munirathinam became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Uthiramerur Assembly constituency representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 84,917 and defeated his nearest rival and five time MLA, [[K. Sundar]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 14,223 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Uthiramerur election results 2026: TVK’s Munirathinam J wins Uthiramerur by 14,223 votes, defeats DMK and PMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uthiramerur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130670458.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Uthiramerur Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's Munirathinam J. wins Uthiramerur with 84917 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/uthiramerur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905928-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munirathinam, J.}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]

Biswajit Phukan

2026-05-07T03:02:27Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating the info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Biswajit Phukan
|image =
|caption =
|office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
|term_start = 2021
|term_end =
|majority =
|predecessor =
|successor = incumbent
|constituency = [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Assam]]
|occupation = Politician
|spouse =
|children =
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|other_party =
|alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
|profession =
|sibling =
|website =
}}
'''Biswajit Phukan''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from the Indian state of [[Assam]]. He has been elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in the 2021 elections from [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Sarupathar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Biswajit Phukan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sarupathar-election-result-2021-live-updates-sarupathar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695039.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He is the son of Rajen Phukan and resides in Changpul Gaon village in [[Golaghat district]]. He earned his MA degree from [[Gauhati University]] in 1997. His wife is Prapti Thakur, a principal at Sarupathar College and they have a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-12 |title=Biswajit Phukan from Sarupathar: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/biswajit-phukan-from-sarupathar-early-life-controversy-political-career-529905 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is a former vice-chairman of Assam State Cooperative Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=Several co-operators win elections in Assam |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/several-co-operators-win-elections-in-assam/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Indian Cooperative {{!}} News exclusicely from the cooperative sector |language=en-US}}</ref> He contested the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election from Sarupathar constituency and won the seat with 1,07,090 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Sarupathar Assembly Election Results 2021 - Sarupathar Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/sarupathar-assam-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukan, Biswajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Chaubara (watchtower)

2026-05-05T11:52:31Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating basic pg initial version

{{infobox building
| image = Choubara-Bidar-Karnataka-PhotoOne.jpg
| location = [[Bidar]]
| height = {{convert|71|ft|m}}
}}

'''Chaubara''', also spelt '''Choubara''', is a historic [[watchtower]] located in [[Bidar]], in the Indian state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-07-15 |title=Photo Essay: The majestic ruins of Bidar under a beautiful blue sky |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/photo-essay-majestic-ruins-bidar-under-beautiful-blue-sky-30166 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It is listed as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka|state protected monument]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka |url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-karnataka/ |website=[[Archeological Survey of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Chaubara, Bidar.png|thumb|Chaubara, c. 1933]]
The tower dates back to the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] period. It was probably built by [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah]], along with other fortifications of the city. It seems to have been used as a watchtower, as it offers a view of the entire plateau and lowlands around it for several miles. It might also have been used as a central tribunal for punishments of criminals, and promulgation of royal decrees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/15322.pdf |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |year=1933 |location=Calcutta |pages=3–4 |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani}}</ref>

During the [[British Raj|British]] period, a police station was built adjoining the tower on its northern side. However, it was removed upon the recommendations of the archaeological department.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1947 |pp=90–92}}</ref>

==Description==
It is situated at the intersection of the two main streets of Bidar, which run from north to south, and east to west. It is a cylindrical tower, tapering upwards, and built entirely out of black trap masonry laid in [[Limestone|lime]]. It is about {{convert|71|ft|m}} tall, thus commanding a view of the entire plateau and the lowlands surrounding it, far beyond the town.<ref name=":0" />

The tower has a circular base, measuring about {{convert|180|ft|m}} in perimeter, and having a height of about {{convert|16.75|ft|m}}. Arched niches are built into the base along its entire circumference, which may have been occupied by guards or may have been intended for pedestrians to take shelter in.<ref name=":0" />

An entrance to the base is provided on the eastern side. From there, a staircase leads to the top of the base. On this level, in the northern side, is a door which leads to a winding staircase that ascends to the top of the tower. This staircase comprises eighty steps. The tower has four rectangular openings to let in light and air. A [[parapet]] about {{convert|3.5|ft|m}} tall rises above the summit.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.91165|77.53020|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bidar district]]
[[Category:Watchtowers]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]

1950 East Pakistan riots

2026-05-04T18:00:40Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Riots in East Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1950 East Bengal riots
| image = Syama Prasad Mookerjee visiting Dhubulia refugee camp.jpg
| caption = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] talking to [[Bengali Hindu]] refugees at a refugee camp in [[Dhubulia]], West Bengal
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Marma people|Marma]],
| location =
| date = February–March 1950
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Massacre]], [[forced conversion]], [[plunder]], [[arson]], [[kidnapping|abduction]], [[rape]]
| perpetrators = [[East Pakistan Ansar|Ansars]], [[East Bengal Regiment]], [[Bengali Muslims]]
| fatalities = ~5.6 Million <ref>https://www.britannica.com/event/Direct-Action-Day-India-1946</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347721345_1950_riots_and_fractured_social_spaces</ref>
}}
The '''1950 East Pakistan riots''' ({{langx|bn|পঞ্চাশের পূর্ব পাকিস্তান দাঙ্গা}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|پچاس کی دہائی کے مشرقی پاکستان کے فسادات}}}}) was a series of state-sponsored persecutions that took place against [[Hindus]] in East Pakistan by Muslim Bengalis, resulting in between thousands to millions being killed in pogroms. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347721345_1950_riots_and_fractured_social_spaces</ref>

== Background ==
In August 1947, [[British India]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into the [[Dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] on the basis of religion. Pakistan was to become the homeland for the Muslims of former British India with a majority Muslim population. The province of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], with a marginal Muslim majority, was also partitioned, with the Muslim-majority [[East Bengal]] going to Pakistan and Hindu-majority [[West Bengal]] going to India. The [[Sylhet District]] of Assam was added to East Bengal after the [[1947 Sylhet referendum|Sylhet referendum]], where the majority voted for Pakistan. According to the 1941 census, East Bengal had a 28% non-Muslim population, the majority of them being [[Bengali Hindus]].<ref name="trivedi">{{cite journal |last1=Trivedi |first1=Rabindranath |date=20 July 2007 |title=The Legacy of the plight of Hindus in Bangladesh Part IV |journal=Asian Tribune |volume=11 |issue=460 |publisher=World Institute for Asian Studies |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/6606 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610222518/http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node%2F6606 |url-status=dead}}</ref> West Bengal had a 30.2% Muslim population; the rest were Hindus.

The area comprising East Bengal, especially the Dhaka and Chittagong Divisions, had witnessed numerous instances of ethnic violence in the decades preceding the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]]. In the 1940s, the frequency and intensity of the riots increased as the movement for Pakistan gained momentum. In the last quarter of 1946, the Bengali Hindus of Noakhali and Tippera districts were subjected to a series of massacres, looting, arson, rape, and abduction. Forced conversions to Islam occurred, and the events came to be known as the [[Noakhali riots]].

Within a month of the Partition, the [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] procession was attacked in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="trivedi"/> In 1948, the [[Dhamrai Jagannath Roth|Dhamrai Rathyatra]] and the Janmashtami procession were not allowed to be held.<ref name="trivedi"/> In 1949, there were posters all over Dhaka against the [[Durga Puja]].<ref name="trivedi"/> The number of community pujas was drastically reduced. On the day of [[Vijayadashami]], hundreds of Hindu households were set on fire, leaving around 750 Hindu families homeless.<ref name="trivedi"/> Santosh Chatterjee, a [[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) correspondent, was imprisoned on 25 November 1949 without charges and released after a month.<ref name="kamra80-81">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=80–81}}</ref>

== Atrocities (August 1949 – January 1950) ==
In August 1949, atrocities against non-Muslims began all over East Pakistan and continued for three months.<ref name="kpm28">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=28}}</ref> In August, Muslim mobs, along with the police and the Ansars, attacked some Hindu villages in the Beanibazar and Barlekha police station areas of [[Sylhet District]]. Houses were looted, destroyed, and set on fire. Hindu villagers were assaulted and murdered. Hindu women were raped by police.<ref name="kpm40">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=40}}</ref> Soon after, Hindus were attacked in the village of [[Bhandaria, Bengal|Bhandaria]] in [[Barisal District]].<ref name="kpm40"/> In [[Rajshahi District]], Father Thomas Cattaneo reported that [[Santal people|Santal]] villages were attacked, Santal villagers were arrested, and Santal women were raped.<ref name="kpm28"/> On 10 December, a Muslim mob attacked the [[Puthia Rajbari|Puthia Rajbari Palace]] in [[Rajshahi Division]] and forcibly took possession of the house and its treasures.<ref name="kpm40"/>

=== Kalshira massacre ===
On 20 December 1949, four police constables raided the house of one Joydev Brahma in the village of Kalshira, under the [[Mollahat Upazila|Mollahat]] police station in the [[Bagerhat]] subdivision of [[Khulna District]], late at night, in search of suspected communists.<ref name="icj360">{{cite book |editor=Indian Commission of Jurists |title=Recurrent exodus of minorities from East Pakistan and disturbances in India: A report to the Indian Commission of Jurists by its Committee of Enquiry |year=1965 |publisher=Indian Commission of Jurists |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eag5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Having failed to find any suspects, the constables tried to rape Brahma's wife.<ref name="eob108">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7hVmN0O-TcC}}</ref> Her cry alerted him and his companions, who, in a desperate bid to save her, attacked two constables, one of whom died on the spot. The remaining two raised an alarm and neighbors came to their rescue.<ref name="mpu362">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |chapter=Appendix: Letter of Resignation of Jogendra Nath Mandal, dated 8 October 1950, Minister of Law and Labour, Government of Pakistan |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=362}}</ref>

The next day, the District Superintendent of Police arrived in Kalshira accompanied by an armed police contingent and [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansars]] and attacked Kalshira and other neighbouring Hindu villages mercilessly.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |title=Democracy and Nationalism on Trial: A Study of East Pakistan |year=1968 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] |place=Simla |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12643/page/n49 33] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12643}}</ref><ref name="jln33">{{cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (Part 1: 15 November 1949 – 8 April 1950) |volume=14 |year=1992 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |page=38 |isbn=9780195630961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr61AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> They encouraged Muslims from neighbouring villages to loot Hindu properties. A number of Hindus were killed, and men and women were [[forcibly converted]]. Images were broken and shrines were desecrated.<ref name="mpu362"/> All 350 homesteads in the village, except three, were demolished. Cattle and boats were forcibly taken away.<ref name="mpu363">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |chapter=Appendix: Letter of Resignation of Jogendra Nath Mandal, dated 8 October 1950, Minister of Law and Labour, Government of Pakistan |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=363}}</ref> Within a month of the massacre, 30,000 Hindus fled from Khulna to India.<ref name="jln33"/>

=== Nachole massacre ===
Nachole was a police station in the Nawabganj subdivision of Rajshahi district. During the Partition of India, the entire Nawabganj subdivision was transferred from Malda district, which went to India, to Rajshahi district, which fell in Pakistan. The area under the Nachole police station had a non-Muslim majority. It was inhabited by Santals and Bengali Hindu castes like the Kshatriyas, Bhuindas, and Kaibartas. After partition, the Tebhaga Movement was brutally suppressed in the newly formed state of Pakistan. However, in Nachole, the movement was still alive through the covert activities of leaders operating from underground. From the autumn of 1949, the leaders began to succeed in implementing Tebhaga principles through persuasion, coercion, and, in some cases, force.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

On 5 January 1950, five policemen from the Nachole police station were killed by Santals in Chandipur village after they opened fire to disperse villagers who had gathered to protest the arrest of one of the villagers. The Government of Pakistan responded to this incident by sending a 2,000-strong army contingent and police and Ansars on 7 January. They set fire to twelve villages, ransacked huts, and killed many villagers on their way to Chandipur. In Chandipur, they tortured men, raped women, and set fire to dwellings. Hundreds of Santals and Hindus were killed. At Rohanpur, Ila Mitra, one of the movement leaders, was arrested with hundreds of peasants. After being taken to the Nachole police station, they were tortured by police to extract the names of the leaders. Around 70 to 100 peasants died of police excesses.<ref name="panjabi">{{cite journal |last=Panjabi |first=Kavita |date=14 August 2010 |title=Otiter Jed or Times of Revolution: Ila Mitra, the Santals and Tebhaga Movement |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |location=Mumbai |volume=XLV |issue=33 |issn=2349-8846 |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2010/33/special-articles/otiter-jed-or-times-revolution-ila-mitra-santals-and-tebhaga |access-date=16 May 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Ila Mitra]] was tortured and raped for four days before being transferred to the Nawabganj police station.<ref name="panjabi"/>

== Prelude ==
In the [[Feni District|Feni subdivision]] of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], Hindus were attacked on 2 February, even before the attacks had actually broken out in Dhaka.<ref name="kamra71-72">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=71–72}}</ref> One Hindu was killed and seven were injured. Nine Hindu shops were looted.<ref name="eob112">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7hVmN0O-TcC}}</ref>

== Killings ==
{{1950 East Bengal railway massacres}}

=== Dhaka District ===
In February 1950, [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]], the Chief Secretary of West Bengal, had travelled to Dhaka to hold a Chief Secretary-level dialogue with his East Bengal counterpart [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]. On 10 February, at around 10:00 am, when the talks were in progress, a Muslim woman in bloodstained clothes was paraded in the Secretariat building. It was alleged that she had been raped in Kolkata. The Secretariat employees immediately struck work and started a procession shouting anti-Hindu slogans. As they progressed towards Nawabpur, many others joined the procession, which ended at Victoria Park. At 12:00 noon, a rally was held at the park where the speakers, some of the employees of the Secretariat, made fierce anti-Hindu speeches. At around 1:00 pm, as soon as the rally broke, the crowd began to loot Hindu shops and houses and set them on fire. Hindus were killed wherever they were found.<ref name="mpu363"/> By the evening, 90% of Hindu shops in Dhaka were looted, and many burnt. Hindu jewellery shops were looted in the presence of police officers. An estimated 50,000 Hindus were displaced in seven hours of murder, looting, and arson.<ref name="kpm30">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=30}}</ref> According to PTI reports, the worst affected areas were Banagram and Makims Lane. Most of the houses in the two predominantly Hindu localities were completely looted, many completely burnt down, and places of worship desecrated.<ref name="kamra60-61">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=60–61}}</ref> [[Tajuddin Ahmed]], who travelled in different parts of Dhaka between 1:00 pm and 6:00 pm, acknowledged the destruction and loss inflicted on Hindus by Muslims in the localities of Nawabpur, [[Sadarghat]], Patuatuli, Islampur, Digbazar, English Road, Bangshal, and [[Chowk Bazaar]].<ref name="kamra74-75">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=74–75}}</ref> On the afternoon of 12 February, 60 India-bound Hindu passengers were attacked at [[Shahjalal International Airport|Kurmitola airport]].<ref name="kpm30"/> All non-Muslim passengers arriving at [[Tejgaon Airport]] were stabbed.<ref name="pcl222">{{cite book |script-title=bn:পাক-ভারতের রূপরেখা (Pak-Bharater Rooprekha) |last=Lahiri |first=Prabhas Chandra |location=Kolkata |page=222}}</ref> Three days after the massacre started in Dhaka, the villages of [[Bikrampur|Vikrampur]] and [[Lohajang Upazila|Lohajang]] were attacked.<ref name="kamra60-61"/> On 15 February, the Simulia market was set on fire, and Hindu shops were looted. Between 15 February and 1 March, there were 15 stabbings of Hindus reported from Dighali and Lohajang. On 28 February, the Dighali market was burnt down; Hindu shops were gutted.<ref name="kamra60-61"/> In Parulla village under the [[Kaliganj Upazila, Gazipur|Kaliganj police station]], all Hindu houses were looted.<ref name="kamra64-65"/> All Hindu houses in the villages of Khsawala, [[Gazaria Upazila|Gazaria]], Karar Char, Char Sindur, Palas, and Sadhar Char were looted.<ref name="kamra64-65"/> According to Indian government sources, the bodies of 200 Hindu victims were cremated in the first two days of violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Frontier Riots - Hundreds Reported Killed |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42658080 |newspaper=Cairns Post |date=23 February 1950 |access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref> They also claimed that 50,000 out of Dhaka's 80,000 Hindus had to flee their homes during the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds Die on Frontier |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18143934 |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 February 1950 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> On 24 February 1950, the US ambassador to India wrote to the US Secretary of State that between 600 and 1,000 Hindus were killed and thousands injured in the Dhaka area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d776 |title=The Ambassador in India ( Henderson ) to the Secretary of State |work=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, the Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Barisal District ===
{{See also|Muladi massacre}}
In [[Barisal]], riots started on 13 February. Hindus were killed, raped, and abducted indiscriminately.<ref name="eob113"/> According to the press note of the Government of East Bengal, two unidentified youths began to spread provocative rumours on the afternoon of 13 February in the town of Barisal. As a result, many of the shops in the market closed down. Another rumour was spread that Fazlul Haque had been murdered in [[Kolkata]]. At nightfall, eight places were set on fire. Thirty houses and shops were reduced to ashes, and ten persons were severely burnt. The situation further deteriorated after 16 February when indiscriminate looting and arson of Hindu properties started in Gournadi, Jhalakati, and Nalchiti under the Sadar subdivision of [[Barisal District]].<ref name="eob113"/> Hindu passengers on the water route between Barisal and Dhaka were killed within the steamer and thrown in the river.<ref name="eob114"/>

In the river port of Muladi in Barisal District, several hundred Hindus took shelter in the police station after their homes were torched. They were later attacked within the police station compound, and most of them were killed within the precincts of the police station. A Hindu school teacher was roasted alive by his Muslim students, who danced around the fire.<ref name="mpu178">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=178}}</ref> In the village of Madhabpasha, under Babugunge police station (presently [[Babuganj Upazila]]), two to three hundred Hindus were rounded up by a Muslim mob. They were made to squat in a row, and their heads were chopped off one by one with a ''ramda''.<ref name="mpu178"/> In the Madhabpasha [[zamindar]] house, 200 Hindus were killed and 40 injured.<ref name="icj364">{{cite book |editor=Indian Commission of Jurists |title=Recurrent exodus of minorities from East Pakistan and disturbances in India: A report to the Indian Commission of Jurists by its Committee of Enquiry |year=1965 |publisher=Indian Commission of Jurists |page=364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eag5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

Ilsaghat is a steamer station on the [[Meghna]], on the island of [[Bhola Island|Bhola]], 7 miles from Bhola town. It falls on the steamer route between Barisal and [[Chittagong]]. On 16 February 1950, the SS ''Sitakunda'' of the Royal Steam Navigation Company anchored at Ilsaghat on her way to Chittagong.<ref name="Sinha">{{cite book |editor-last=Sinha |editor-first=Dinesh Chandra |script-title=bn:১৯৫০: রক্তরঞ্জিত ঢাকা বরিশাল এবং |language=bn |trans-title=1950: Bloodstained Dhaka Barisal and more |year=2012 |publisher=Codex |place=Kolkata |page=85}}</ref> At Ilsaghat, several Hindu passengers from SS ''We've Gone'' boarded SS ''Sitakunda'' due to atrocities perpetrated on them by the crew. Around 8:00 pm that night, hundreds of Muslims attacked SS ''Sitakunda'' while still anchored at the steamer station. They massacred the unarmed Hindu passengers and threw them into the river. Thirty Hindus were killed in the massacre, while three survived.<ref name="Sinha"/>

According to contemporary Muslim eyewitnesses, a few thousand Hindus were killed and about two thousand Hindus went missing from Barisal District alone.<ref name="eob113"/> Researcher Subhasri Ghosh has put the number of Bengali Hindus killed in Barisal District at around 2,500.<ref name="ghosh">{{cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Subhasri |date=12 March 2013 |title=Representation of forced migrants: a case study of the east Bengali migrants to West Bengal |journal=Conserveries mémorielles |publisher=Revues.org |location=Paris |issue=13 |issn=1718-5556 |url=http://cm.revues.org/1490 |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Documentary filmmaker Supriyo Sen estimated that as many as 650,000 Hindus attempted to flee from Barisal to India and on their way were looted, killed, and abducted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Nandi |editor1-last=Gera Roy |editor1-first=Anjali |editor2-last=Bhatia |editor2-first=Nandi |title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement and Resettlement |year=2008 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] India |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1416-4 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC}}</ref>

=== Chittagong District ===
On 12 February, anti-Hindu riots started in [[Chittagong]]. The riots were instigated and organized by [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry|Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]].<ref name="chowdhury">{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/chowdhury311015.htm |title=The Dagger: Dominating Interests' Class War In East Bengal, 1946 And After - Part IV: Denial & Silence |last=Chowdhury |first=Farooque |date=31 October 2015 |work=Countercurrents.org |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> At night the city went up in flames. Hindus were killed in Chittagong proper and adjoining areas such as Noapara, Chowdhury Hat, [[Patiya Upazila|Patiya]], [[Boalkhali Upazila|Boalkhali]], and [[Sitakunda Upazila|Sitakunda]].<ref name="chowdhury"/> In one incident, almost all the Hindu passengers of a train were killed in [[Pahartali Thana|Pahartali]].<ref name="chowdhury"/> The Hindu pilgrims who had assembled in [[Sitakunda]] on the occasion of [[Maha Shivaratri]] were attacked by Muslim mobs.<ref name="eob112"/> [[Nellie Sengupta]], member of East Bengal assembly from Chittagong, wrote to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], about the anti-Hindu riots in Chittagong.<ref name="eob112"/>

In Chittagong District, four persons from the [[Buddhist]] community, including a police inspector, were stabbed, and monasteries were demolished.<ref name="eob112"/> The residences of some Buddhist families in the [[Fatickchari]] police station area and that of a Buddhist zamindar in Lamburhat under the Rowjan police station were burnt to ashes.<ref name="eob112"/> As a consequence, large numbers of Buddhist people migrated to the [[Mizoram|Lushai Hills]] in India.<ref name="eob112"/>

After the pogroms, [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], the erstwhile Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]], went to visit Chittagong.<ref name="da15032012">{{cite news |url=http://dainikazadi.org/printed_news.php?news_id=468&table=march2012&date=2012-03-15 |script-title=bn:বিপ্লবী সঞ্জীব প্রসাদ সেন |last=Ahmed |first=Nechhar |date=15 March 2012 |work=Dainik Azadi |language=bn |access-date=16 July 2017 |location=Dhaka}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Sanjib Prasad Sen]], a former anti-British revolutionary, took him on a tour of the affected areas. With help from former revolutionaries [[Binod Bihari Chowdhury]] and [[Birendra Lal Chowdhury]], Sen prepared a list of persons killed in the riots.<ref name="da15032012"/>

=== Noakhali District ===
On 10 February, Hindus were attacked in Noakhali town. On the afternoon of 13 February, Hindus were attacked in broad daylight in [[Feni Sadar Upazila|Feni]], within 200 yards of the SDO, the police station, and the courts.<ref name="eob112"/> Hindu quarters of the town like Masterpara, Ukilpara, Daktarpara, Sahadebpur, Barahaipur, and Sultanpur were attacked, looted, and then set on fire. Gurudas Kar, an influential member of the Hindu community, was killed. After the destruction of the Hindu areas of Feni town, the violence spread to nearby villages under the Feni and [[Chhagalnaiya Upazila|Chhagalnaiya]] police stations, mainly inhabited by the Nath community. The villages of Banspara, Rampur, Madhupur, Srichandrapur, Basikpur, Chakbasta, Shibpur, and Baligaon were burnt to ashes.<ref name="kamra71-72"/> In the attacks, 45 Hindus were killed, 205 Hindu houses were burnt to ashes, and huge amounts of assets were looted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patowari |first=RK Shamim |year=2012 |chapter=Chhagalnaiya Upazila |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chhagalnaiya_Upazila |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

Hindu women were abducted and forcibly married to Muslims. Harendra Kar's teenage daughter, Mila Kar, was forcibly married to Sultan Mian, a civil supply contractor, after her father, grandfather, and son were slaughtered. A married Hindu woman named Ranubala was forcibly married to Rahmat Ali, the son of Honorary Magistrate Barik Mian.<ref name="kamra71-72"/>

The attacks continued till 23 February, and by then, 4,500 Hindus had taken shelter at the refugee camp at Feni College. Another 2,500 were scattered in various refugee camps across the Noakhali district.<ref name="kamra71-72"/> Hindus who were trying to flee to the Indian state of Tripura were looted and assaulted on the way. Hindu women and children were held at the Chandpur and Akhaura railway stations. The Ansars, police, and Muslim mobs refused to allow them to flee to [[Agartala]] or Kolkata. According to an ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' report, 5,000 Hindus fled to [[Belonia, India|Belonia]], in the Indian state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="kamra71-72"/>

=== Sylhet District ===
In Sylhet, arson, looting, and massacre were perpetrated in an extensive manner. 203 villages were devastated and more than 800 Hindu religious places were desecrated.<ref name="eob112"/> In the villages of Dhamai, Baradhami, Pubghat, and Baraitali about 500 Manipuri families were affected by the riots.<ref name="eob113">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7hVmN0O-TcC}}</ref>

Ever since the Sylhet referendum, it was propagated that Hindus had voted against Pakistan and, therefore, they were enemies of Pakistan. On 6 February 1950, the verdict of the [[Bagge Tribunal]] was declared. The Muslims of Sylhet had anticipated that [[Karimganj]] would fall within Pakistan, but it was awarded to India. Some Muslim lawyers of the Sylhet Bar Association and Muslim mukhtars of Karimganj threatened that there would be terrible violence.<ref name="sinha72-77">{{cite book |editor-last=Sinha |editor-first=Dinesh Chandra |script-title=bn:১৯৫০: রক্তরঞ্জিত ঢাকা বরিশাল এবং |language=bn |trans-title=1950: Bloodstained Dhaka Barisal and more |year=2012 |publisher=Codex |place=Kolkata |pages=72–77}}</ref> On 10 February, a huge poster was hung at Bandar Bazar, the city centre of Sylhet. The poster, titled ''Atrocities on Mussulmans by Hindus in Hindusthan'', depicted Muslims being dragged using ropes tied around their necks by Hindus armed with sticks and other weapons. Rivers of blood were flowing in [[Lumding]] and Kolkata because of Muslim killings. Local Muslims were poring over the poster and inciting fellow Muslims to take revenge on Hindus. On 11 February, at a rally at Gobinda Park, there was a cry for Hindu blood. It was rumoured that Fazlul Haque had been murdered in Kolkata. The situation deteriorated rapidly in Sylhet. On 13 February, Section 144 was imposed in Sylhet by the decision taken by the Chief Secretaries of East Bengal and West Bengal at Dhaka. A Hindu youth named Prithwish Das was stabbed at Zinda Bazar. On 14 February, a rumour spread that Muslims were being massacred at Karimganj. The Deputy Commissioner of Sylhet, addressing a meeting of lawyers, made an irresponsible statement that 5,000 Muslims were killed in Karimganj and that Muslims arrived in large numbers from Karimganj into Sylhet. In the evening, Moti Das, a [[Bengali Hindu]] youth, was killed near Jallapar. Three Manipuris were stabbed, two of whom died later.<ref name="sinha72-77"/>

On the afternoon of 14 February, the Namabazar market was looted by a Muslim mob. From the morning of 15 February, looting and murder began to spread in the villages. At 9:00 am, the village of Murti was attacked. Hundreds of outsider Muslims attacked the Dutta Senapati family, raising anti-Hindu slogans. They looted cash, jewelry, utensils, and furniture. The images in the family shrine and the temple were destroyed or thrown in water bodies. After that, the mob went to the villages of Azmatpur, Daspara, Nasianji, and Maheshpur. At 8:00 pm, the house of Gurucharan Dhar, in the village of Noagram, only six miles from Sylhet, was attacked. The next day at 7:00 am, a heavily armed Muslim mob surrounded the village. About 1,500 Hindus who inhabited the village fled to the nearby jungle. The mob looted the entire village, desecrated the ''tulsi manchas'' and the family shrines. Some houses were set on fire. In the nearby village of Mamrathpur, the houses of many Hindus, including those of Mahendra Chandra De, Kamakanta Dhar, and Ashwini Kumar De, were looted. The mob abducted one of the daughters of Ashwini Kumar De. The next day she was ravished, and the senseless body was returned home. In Dhakadakshin, the mobs abducted two unmarried daughters of Bharat Dutta on the night of 15 February. On the morning of 18 February, they returned home in a state of shock. When the family went to complain to the police, the police suggested an out-of-court settlement for a sum of 1,000 rupees. Numerous Hindu girls from the villages under the [[Sylhet Sadar Upazila|Sylhet Sadar police station]] were raped.<ref name="sinha72-77"/>

On 15 February, the house of Dinendra Chandra Deb Purakayastha in the village of Gangajal was looted and forcibly occupied by Muslim miscreants. At 9:00 am, the village of Silani under the [[Bahubal Upazila|Bahubal police station]] of the erstwhile Karimganj subdivision was attacked. The mob raised provocative slogans and set fire to Hindu houses. Many Hindus fled to the nearby jungles to save their lives while the others were forcibly converted to Islam. Those who refused to convert were killed. In Dhakadakshin and Kachuadi, girls were abducted from eminent Brahmin families. In the [[Chunarughat Upazila|Chunarughat police station]] area of [[Habiganj District|Habiganj subdivision]], many Hindu families, including those of Ketan Das, Ashwini Nath, and Birendra Nath, were forcibly converted to Islam. In [[Fenchuganj Upazila|Fenchuganj]], the factory of the steamer company was looted and set on fire. Pulin De, a Hindu, was murdered near Ilaspur. In Majigaon, under the Fenchuganj police station, the houses of Ambika Kabiraj and Makhan Sen were looted and set on fire. In the [[Balaganj Upazila|Balaganj police station]] area, in Rukanpur village, the houses of Digendra Sen, Gopesh Sen, and Shib Charan Das were looted, and the members were beaten up. In Madhurai and Kathalkhoi, Hindus were beaten up and forcibly converted to Islam. In the [[Golapganj Upazila|Golapganj police station]] area, the houses of Baikuntha Roy and Rashbehari Roy, in the village of Phulsain, were looted. In the [[Bishwanath Upazila|Bishwanath police station]] area, all Hindu houses were looted in the village of Dandapanipur. A cow was slaughtered, and Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. In Tukerkandi village, the Ghosh house was looted, Jogendra Ghosh was killed, and many Hindus were stabbed. In Sijerkachh, the Pal Chowdhury and Brahmin houses were looted, and everybody was forced to convert to Islam. Bimala Smrititirtha, a Hindu scholar, refused to convert. His sacred thread was torn and stamped upon, and he was stabbed repeatedly. The ''shikha'' of the Brahmins was torn by force. Idols were broken and thrown into nearby ponds.<ref name="sinha72-77"/>

On 16 February, a 300-strong Muslim mob attacked the village of Akhra. They destroyed the images and went after the priest, who fled. The mob then looted the entire village, including the houses of Haripada Chowdhury and Bimala Bhattacharya. On 17 February, the ''goondas'' went from house to house and attacked the Brahmins. Their sacred threads were torn and stamped upon, and they were forcibly converted to Islam. In the villages of Sunaita and Kurma, Hindu women were attacked. Their ''sindur'' and conch shell bangles were broken. In the village of Rajaganj Akhra, the houses of Nir Bhatta and Ram Chandra Bhatta were looted. On 17 February, a 500- to 600-strong armed mob attacked the village of Lakeshwar under the [[Chhatak Upazila|Chhatak police station]]. Brahmin houses were looted. Two of them were severely beaten up. The sacred threads of the Brahmins were torn, and their ''shikhas'' were cut off. They were forcibly converted to Islam. In Markul, the entire village was looted and forcibly converted to Islam. On 19 February, the village of Sadarpur, under the [[Zakiganj Upazila|Zakiganj police station]], was attacked. The house of Shuklal Namashudra was looted. When his brother went to lodge a complaint with the police, the police stabbed him, then wounded him with a bayonet and finally kicked him out of the police station. During the night, the villagers swam across the river to safety. At Pargram, the houses of Akrur Namashudra and Ramesh Namashudra were looted and forcibly occupied by Muslims.<ref name="sinha72-77"/>

=== Rajshahi District ===
On 28 February, the Kolkata-bound [[Assam Mail]] was attacked.<ref name="eob114">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7hVmN0O-TcC}}</ref> On 28 February, disturbances erupted again in Rajshahi District. There were widespread incidents of murder, looting, and arson in the villages under the [[Tanore Upazila|Tanore]], [[Nachole Upazila|Nachole]], and [[Gomastapur Upazila|Gomastapur]] police stations.<ref name="kamra78-79">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=78–79}}</ref> Forcible occupation of Hindu houses and rape and molestation of Hindu women led to the exodus of Hindus to Maldah district in the Indian Union. In some cases, Bihari Muslims forcibly ejected Bengali Hindus from their houses and occupied them.<ref name="kamra78-79"/> During their journey to India, Hindus were subjected to all kinds of harassment. The Ansars seized almost every belonging that the refugees had in their possession. They made Hindu women suffer great indignities on the pretext of searches.<ref name="kamra78-79"/>

On 17 March, Pakistan police and the Ansars opened fire on Santal refugees who were crossing over to India near [[Balurghat]]. Seventeen were killed, and 14 were injured in the firing.<ref name="kamra78-79"/> The Pakistan armed forces and the Ansars drove away 20 Hindu families from Hariharpur village, very near to the border and adjacent to Balurghat in the Indian Union. They broke open the roofs of the houses and took away the corrugated iron sheets, along with large quantities of rice, paddy, mustard, jute, and utensils. In Jahanpur village, they forcibly took possession of the ornaments of Hindu refugee women.<ref name="kamra78-79"/> At the meeting between the District Magistrates and the Superintendents of Police of [[West Dinajpur district]] and Rajshahi district held at Farshipara, within Pakistan, the Pakistani authorities demonstrated their determination to pursue strong action against Bengali Hindus, Santals, and other tribals. Large numbers of Baloch soldiers were posted along the border near Balurghat.<ref name="kamra78-79"/>

=== Mymensingh District ===
{{See also|Anderson Bridge massacre}}
In the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Kishoreganj]] subdivisions of [[Mymensingh District]], rioting started on 11 February and continued till 15 February.<ref name="eob113"/> The neighbouring Hindu villages around Sherpur, namely Lakshmanpur, Mucherer Char, Char Sherpur Jhankata, Bhatsana, and Sapmari, were attacked. Hindu houses were looted and burnt.<ref name="kamra64-65">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=64–65}}</ref> Hindu houses in the villages of Atkapara, Firozpur, and Budda were burnt.<ref name="kamra64-65"/> In Jumpur village, three members of the family of Tarak Saha were killed and their residence burnt.<ref name="kamra64-65"/>

On 12 February, Hindu passengers on the Akhaura–Bhairab Bazar rail route between [[Comilla]] and Mymensingh were massacred.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Baixas |first=Lionel |year=2008 |title=Thematic Chronology of Mass Violence in Pakistan, 1947-2007 |encyclopedia=Online Encyclopaedia of Mass Violence |url=http://www.massviolence.org/Thematic-Chronology-of-Mass-Violence-in-Pakistan-1947-2007 |access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> [[Taya Zinkin]], the reporter of ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'', reported that Mymensingh-bound trains from Ashuganj were stopped on the Bhairab Bridge on the Meghna. Muslim mobs attacked Hindu passengers from both sides of the bridge. Those who dived into the river and tried to swim ashore were hit by brickbats and forcibly drowned. According to eyewitness Pierre Dillani, about 2,000 Hindus were massacred on the Bhairab Bridge.<ref name="eob114"/> On the same day, Hindu passengers on board were attacked near Sararchar, a railway station between Bhairab Bazar and Kishoreganj.<ref name="kamra64-65"/>

=== Jessore District ===
On 10 March, Muslim refugees who had arrived from West Bengal, led by Ansars, began to terrorize Hindus. In the [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah subdivision]], Hindus were forcefully evicted from their houses, which were then occupied. The entire Hindu population of Teghari village emigrated to Kolkata. On their way, all their belongings were forcefully taken away by the Ansars and Muslim refugees from West Bengal.<ref name="kamra73">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |page=73}}</ref> On 19 March, a batch of about 400 Hindu refugees from Jinjira village under the [[Maheshpur Upazila|Maheshpur police station]] reached Hazarkhal village under the Hanskhali police station of Nadia district in West Bengal. While the group was crossing the Ichhamati, three armed Pakistani policemen fired at them, killing one person.<ref name="kamra142">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |page=142}}</ref>

== Imprisonment of Hindu leaders ==
While the massacres were going on, the District Magistrate of Barisal asked [[Satindranath Sen]], an anti-British revolutionary and Member of the Legislative Assembly of East Bengal from Barisal, to sign a declaration stating that peace and normalcy existed in the district. Sen refused to sign the document.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:সতীন্দ্রনাথ সেন |trans-title=Satindranath Sen |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/544/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |pages=544–545}}</ref> On 15 February, Satindranath Sen was arrested under Section 307 CCP and BSPO 1946 and imprisoned as an ordinary prisoner. On 18 February, Sen wrote to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], apprising him of the situation in Barisal, to no avail.<ref name="eob114"/> On 11 March, [[Suresh Chandra Biswas]], a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of East Bengal from Sylhet, was arrested for addressing a public gathering where he protested against the arson of Hindu houses. Biswas was handcuffed, paraded through the streets, and locked up. A charge of arson was framed against him. He was imprisoned.<ref name="kamra94-95">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |pages=94–95}}</ref> On 16 March, the five Hindu members of the seven-member non-official inquiry committee investigating the Kalshira massacre were arrested. The committee had submitted a report, mostly corroborating the origin and extent of the violence as reported in the Indian press.<ref name="kamra94-95"/> On 23 March, 30 leading Hindus, including 72-year-old [[Mohini Mohan Kar]], the zamindar of Kulaura, and prominent Congress leaders like [[Kripesh Chandra Bhattacharjee]], were arrested from [[Maulvibazar Sadar Upazila|Maulvibazar]] in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]].<ref name="kamra94-95"/>

== Press censorship ==
In February, several attempts were made on Indian newspaper correspondents in the Feni subdivision of Noakhali. Dr. Dhirendra Kumar Dutta, the younger brother of PTI correspondent Jadugopal Dutta, was stabbed to death.<ref name="kamra71-72"/> On 2 March 1950, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], in a session in Parliament, acknowledged that all correspondents attached to Indian newspapers and the PTI working in East Pakistan were discredited and prevented from sending any news.<ref name="kamra80-81"/>

== Exodus of Bengali Hindus ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"
|- style="background:#ddd;"
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| '''Number of Hindu students in schools of Dhaka'''
|- style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"
! School
! Type
! January 1950
! December 1950
|-
| Priyanath High School
| Boys
| 187
| 9
|-
| [[Pogose School]]
| Boys
| 580
| 50
|-
| [[K. L. Jubilee School]]
| Boys
| 719
| 52
|-
| Gandaria High School
| Boys
| 245
| 10
|-
| East Bengal High School
| Boys
| 204
| 16
|-
| [[Nabakumar Institution]]
| Boys
| 51
| 5
|-
| Nari Shiksha Mandir
| Girls
| 275
| 8
|-
| Banglabazar Girls High School
| Girls
| 606
| 2
|-
| Anandamayee Girls High School
| Girls
| 75
| 5
|-
| Gandaria Girls High School
| Girls
| 227
| 10
|}
There was a huge exodus of Hindus from East Bengal to different parts of India, including West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. There was a major influx of Bengali Hindu refugees in West Bengal after the Kalshira massacre.<ref>{{citation |last=Basu Raychaudhury |first=Anasua |contribution=Life After Partition: A Study on the Reconstruction of Lives in West Bengal |year=2004 |title=18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies |publisher=European Association for South Asian Studies, Swedish South Asian Studies Network, Lund University |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/33AnasuaBasuray.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201005750/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/33AnasuaBasuray.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Thousands of Hindu refugees were stranded at railway stations, steamer stations, and Dhaka airport. Dr. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] took responsibility for bringing the refugees to India. He arranged 16 chartered planes to airlift the stranded evacuees from Dhaka airport. He further arranged 15 big passenger steamers to rescue the stranded refugees from [[Faridpur Sadar Upazila|Faridpur]] and Barisal.<ref name="pc27">{{cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Prafulla Kumar |title=The Marginal Men: The Refugees and the Left Political Syndrome in West Bengal |year=1990 |location=Kalyani |publisher=Lumière Books |oclc=24269063 |page=27}}</ref> In March 1950, an estimated 75,000 Bengali Hindu refugees from East Bengal were admitted to refugee camps in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present (Entries A to I, Volume 1) |last=Gibney |first=Matthew J. |year=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=1-57607-796-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/305 305] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/305}}</ref> Around 200,000 refugees arrived in Tripura in March 1950.<ref name="kamra136">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |page=136}}</ref> An estimated 110,000 refugees arrived in [[Karimganj district]] in Assam from Sylhet District up to 2 April 1950.<ref name="kamra136"/> On 11 April 1950, 2,500 Hindu refugees arrived at Shalimar in [[Howrah]] from Barisal in four chartered steamers. 20,000 refugees were still awaiting evacuation in Barisal.<ref name="kamra137">{{cite book |last=Kamra |first=A.J. |title=The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64 |year=2000 |publisher=Voice of India |place=New Delhi |isbn=81-85990-63-8 |page=137}}</ref> By 12 April 1950, 120,000 refugees had arrived in West Dinajpur district of West Bengal.<ref name="kamra137"/> Thus, more than 500,000 refugees had arrived in West Bengal since the exodus began in January 1950.<ref name="kamra137"/>

The total figure of refugees ran into millions. On 4 April 1950, Bidhan Chandra Roy stated that 2 million refugees from East Bengal had already taken shelter in India.<ref name="kamra137"/> According to [[Rabindranath Trivedi]], a total of 3.5 million Hindu refugees arrived in India in 1950.<ref name="trivedi"/> According to researcher A. Roy, 500,000 Hindus were killed in the pogroms, which resulted in the exodus of 4.5 million Hindus into India.<ref name="aroy94">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=A. |title=Genocide of Hindus and Buddhists in East Pakistan and (Bangladesh) |year=1980 |publisher=Kranti Prakashan |place=Delhi |oclc=13641966 |page=94}}</ref> About a million Hindu refugees from [[Sindh]] arrived in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ray |first=Mohit |date=October 2009 |title=Illegal Migration and Undeclared Refugees - Idea of West Bengal at Stake |journal=Dialogue |volume=11 |issue=2 |location=Delhi |publisher=Astha Bharati |url=http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_Oct%2009/Moh.htm |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref>

== Protests in India ==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] lodged a strong protest with the Pakistan government.

Jawaharlal Nehru, then Prime Minister of India, visited Kolkata on 6 March and later on 16 March. After seeing the plight of Bengali Hindu refugees, he appealed to Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to stop the atrocities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=173}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Noakhali riots]]
* [[1964 East Pakistan riots]]
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resignation_letter_of_Jogendra_Nath_Mandal Resignation letter of Jogendra Nath Mandal]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{IslamismSA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East Pakistan genocide}}
[[Category:Massacres in 1950]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1950 in East Bengal]]
[[Category:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan]]
[[Category:February 1950 in Asia]]
[[Category:March 1950 in Asia]]
[[Category:1950 riots]]
[[Category:1950 murders in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]

Faria Abdullah

2026-05-04T09:17:30Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faria Abdullah
| image = Faria Abdullah.png
| caption = Faria Abdullah in June 2022
| birth_name = Faria Sulthana Begum
| birth_date = 21 June 1998 (27 years)<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12260942/?ref_=ext_shr|title=Faria Abdullah|website=IMDb}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| alma_mater = [[Loyola Academy, Secunderabad]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2021–present
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Faria Abdullah''' (born 21 June 1998) is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. She was a theatre artiste, and debuted in films with ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' (2021), which was her breakthrough. Faria is a recipient of a [[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards|Gaddar Telangana Film Award]].

Abdullah went on to portray lead roles in the films ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' and ''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]'', and portrays the main character in the [[Streaming television|streaming]] series ''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''.

== Early and personal life ==
Faria Abdullah was born in [[Hyderabad]], India to Sanjay Abdhullah and Kausar Sultana.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-28 |title=హైదరాబాదీ 'చిట్టి'గుమ్మ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/movie-gossips/%e0%b0%b9%e0%b1%88%e0%b0%a6%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%ac%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%a6%e0%b1%80-%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%9f%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%9f%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%97%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%ae%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%ae-26812 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=ntnews.com |language=te-IN |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114135845/https://www.ntnews.com/movie-gossips/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE-26812 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=These lesser-known facts about Faria Abdullah will blow your mind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/these-lesser-known-facts-about-faria-abdullah-will-blow-your-mind/photostory/81590161.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428165233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/these-lesser-known-facts-about-faria-abdullah-will-blow-your-mind/photostory/81590161.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She hails from an [[Urdu language|Urdu]]-speaking Muslim family. For her film career, she learnt [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for a couple of years prior to ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''.<ref name="H" />

==Career==
Abdullah originally worked as a theatre actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S V |first=Harshini |date=2 August 2023 |title=I Want to Be As Cool As Nassar Sir when I Grow Up: Faria Abdullah |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/i-want-to-be-as-cool-as-nassar-sir-when-i-grow-up-faria-abdullah-the-jengaburu-curse-ravi-teja-sony-liv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812030815/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/i-want-to-be-as-cool-as-nassar-sir-when-i-grow-up-faria-abdullah-the-jengaburu-curse-ravi-teja-sony-liv |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2021 |title='Jathi Ratnalu's Faria Abdullah is a dancer, painter, poet, theatre and movement practitioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/faria-abdullah-is-a-multi-hyphenate-adept-at-many-art-forms/article34083610.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316120804/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/faria-abdullah-is-a-multi-hyphenate-adept-at-many-art-forms/article34083610.ece |archive-date=16 March 2021 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2021, she switched to film, with the Telugu release ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''. While pursuing Mass Communication at Loyola College, Hyderabad, she met producer [[Nag Ashwin]] who visited the campus as chief guest for an event and he asked her if she was interested in acting in one of his productions and she auditioned for the role. She learnt [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for a couple of years and dubbed for the film. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=2 March 2021 |title=Theatre made everything easy, says Faria Abdullah |url=https://telanganatoday.com/theatre-made-everything-easy-says-faria-abdullah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025120908/https://telanganatoday.com/theatre-made-everything-easy-says-faria-abdullah |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Faria Abdullah to play second lead in Guntur Kaaram? |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/faria-abdullah-to-play-second-lead-in-guntur-kaaram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161931/https://telugucinema.com/news/faria-abdullah-to-play-second-lead-in-guntur-kaaram |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Rishi's next in Telugu is period drama along with Faria Abdullah & Thiruveer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rishis-next-in-telugu-is-period-drama-along-with-faria-abdullah-thiruveer/f56b99bcf3507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161826/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rishis-next-in-telugu-is-period-drama-along-with-faria-abdullah-thiruveer/f56b99bcf3507 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Regarding her role, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Faria has a good screen presence and holds her own among the three madcaps".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 March 2021 |title='Jathi Ratnalu' movie review: Nonsensical laugh riot |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jathi-ratnalu-review/article34043846.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311125221/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jathi-ratnalu-review/article34043846.ece |archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> In an interview in 2023 she declared that her public image had remained closely associated with that role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Faria Abdullah: We are not a part of nature, we are nature |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/aug/15/faria-abdullah-for-the-jengaburu-curse-we-are-not-a-part-of-nature-we-are-nature-46623.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822063930/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/aug/15/faria-abdullah-for-the-jengaburu-curse-we-are-not-a-part-of-nature-we-are-nature-46623.html |url-status=live }}</ref> for which she was nominated at the [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]'','' held in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022 Voting, Nominations, Date and More Details |url=https://totalreporter.com/siima-awards-2022-voting-nominations-date-and-more-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927164232/https://totalreporter.com/siima-awards-2022-voting-nominations-date-and-more-details/ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=totalreporter.com}}</ref> She then played lead roles in the films ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Faria Abdullah: Like Share & Subscribe left me with many pleasant memories |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/faria-abdullah-like-share-subscribe-left-me-with-many-pleasant-memories-its-a-story-with-multiple-layers/ba2668cbd5547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624064709/https://www.ottplay.com/news/faria-abdullah-like-share-subscribe-left-me-with-many-pleasant-memories-its-a-story-with-multiple-layers/ba2668cbd5547 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> and ''[[Ravanasura]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Ravanasura Review: Ravi Teja is the only saviour of the film |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ravanasura-review-ravi-teja-is-the-only-saviour-of-the-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511162242/https://telanganatoday.com/ravanasura-review-ravi-teja-is-the-only-saviour-of-the-film |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> The same year Abdullah made her first appearance on the Hindi [[Streaming television|streaming series]], ''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]'', in which she plays the main character: the series, her debut in [[Hindi]], was released on 9 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Nila Madhab Panda's cli-fi series 'The Jengaburu Curse' to stream on SonyLIV |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nila-madhab-pandas-cli-fi-series-the-jengaburu-curse-to-stream-on-sonyliv/article67075332.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715103353/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nila-madhab-pandas-cli-fi-series-the-jengaburu-curse-to-stream-on-sonyliv/article67075332.ece |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=Faria Abdullah went 500 feet deep inside real mine to shoot 'The Jengaburu Curse' scenes |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1108104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161924/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1108104 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref>

In 2023, a first look of [[Allari Naresh]]'s film, tentatively titled ''Naresh61'', was released, and it was revealed that Abdullah also starred in the film.<ref name="N61">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Allari Naresh and Faria Abdullah's next launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/22/allari-naresh-andfaria-abdullahs-next-launched-41384.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322120701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/22/allari-naresh-andfaria-abdullahs-next-launched-41384.html |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In 2024, a first look of Abdullah was released from ''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]'', a sequel to a 2019 film ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'', starring [[Sri Simha Koduri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/27/makers-of-mathu-vadalara-2-unveil-the-first-look-of-faria-abdullah|title=Makers of Mathu Vadalara 2 unveil the first look of Faria Abdullah|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=27 August 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
* ''All films are in Telugu unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021
|''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''|| Advocate Shamili "Chitti"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-14 |title=Reasons for Jathi Ratnalu turning out an Instant Blockbuster |url=https://www.telugu360.com/reasons-for-jathi-ratnalu-turning-out-an-instant-blockbuster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125192738/https://www.telugu360.com/reasons-for-jathi-ratnalu-turning-out-an-instant-blockbuster/ |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Telugu360.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Meenakshi || Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Shweta |date=8 June 2022 |title=Dance gives me a spiritual high: Faria Abdullah |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dance-gives-me-a-spiritual-high-faria-abdullah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624064908/https://telanganatoday.com/dance-gives-me-a-spiritual-high-faria-abdullah |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Bangarraju]]'' || Bujji || [[Cameo appearance]] in the "Vaasivaadi Tassadiyya" song
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2021 |title=Faria Abdulla jives with the Akkinenis for 'Bangarraju' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/faria-abdulla-jives-with-the-akkinenis-for-bangarraju |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605234407/https://telanganatoday.com/faria-abdulla-jives-with-the-akkinenis-for-bangarraju |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' || Vasudha || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislikes-and-unsubscribes-78968|title=Like, Share & Subscribe Review: Dislikes and unsubscribes|date=6 November 2022|work=The Hans India|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624063242/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislikes-and-unsubscribes-78968|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Ravanasura]]'' || Advocate Kanaka Mahalakshmi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravanasura-telugu-movie-review-ravi-teja-sudheer-varma-film-is-a-half-hearted-thriller/article66709778.ece|title=‘Ravanasura’ movie review: This Ravi Teja film directed by Sudheer Varma is a half-hearted thriller|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=7 April 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 || ''[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' || Siddhi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=Aa Okkati Adakku movie review: Allari Naresh film is a massive letdown |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aa-okkati-adakku-movie-review-allari-naresh-film-is-a-massive-letdown-9305937/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503233204/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aa-okkati-adakku-movie-review-allari-naresh-film-is-a-massive-letdown-9305937/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' || Dancer in the Complex || Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/prime-video-acquires-kalki-2898-ad/|title=Prime Video Acquires Kalki 2898 AD|date=27 June 2024|website=M9.news|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628081202/https://www.m9.news/movienews/prime-video-acquires-kalki-2898-ad/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]'' || Inspector Nidhi ||Also lyricist and singer of "Drama Nakko Mama"||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Mathu Vadalara 2’s teaser promises another wild ride of snarky humour, eccentric crime and new-age energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/30/mathu-vadalara-2s-teaser-promises-another-wild-ride-of-snarky-humour-eccentric-crime-and-new-age-energy |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Gurram Paapi Reddy]]''
|Soudamini
|Also lyricist and singer of "Paapi Paapi"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|Peetambari
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''Gaayapadda Simham''
|TBA
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2017
|''Nakshatra''
|Nakshatra
|[[YouTube]]
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''
| Priyamvada Das
| [[SonyLIV]]|| Hindi TV series
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faria Abdullah Debut Web Series: ఇండియాలోనే ఫ‌స్ట్ క్లి - ఫై వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌లో ఫ‌రియా అబ్దుల్లా - స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఇదే |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/faria-abdullah-debut-web-series-the-jengaburu-curse-streaming-date-locked-121689294762887.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715105919/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/faria-abdullah-debut-web-series-the-jengaburu-curse-streaming-date-locked-121689294762887.html |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Dance Ikon]]'' || Judge || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] || Season 2
| <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Mar/12/faria-abdullah-dance-is-life</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
* ''The Best Worst Date'' - Hyderabad Diaries (YouTube)
* ''When Two Friends Like Same Girl'' - Hyderabad Diaries (YouTube)

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | [[10th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards | South Indian International Movie Awards ]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|style="text-align:center;" |''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
|{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Pushpa, Master, Karnan, and more: FULL nomination list of SIIMA |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/pushpa-master-karnan-and-more-full-nomination-list-of-siima-article-93613066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715113915/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/pushpa-master-karnan-and-more-full-nomination-list-of-siima-article-93613066 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothi |first=Y. Krishna |date=20 August 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Full list of nominees announced, voting begins |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715114208/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins/ |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=The South First}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2025
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards]]
|Special Mention
|[[Mathu Vadalara 2|''Mathu Vadalara 2'']]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12260942}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, Faria}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi Muslims]]

R. M. Pitchappan

2026-05-04T00:14:56Z

Rithik Rahman: Created new entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian biologist}}
'''R. M. Pitchappan''' or '''Ramasamy Pitchappan''', [[Ph.D.]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|F.A.Sc.]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|F.A.M.S.]] (born 1946), is an [[India]]n [[biology|biologist]] known for his studies on [[immunogenetics]] and [[infectious diseases]]. He was a [[professor]] in the School of Biological Sciences (SBS) of the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (MKU). In addition, Pitchappan held the positions of [[Director (business)|director]], Educational Medical Research Centre, director-research, Chettinad University, [[Chennai]], and [[adjunct professor]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] [[Andaman Nicobar Islands]]. He also held the position of the vice-president of the Nilgiri Adivasi Welfare Association in [[Kotagiri]], [[Nilgiris]], and as an advisor to the [[ancient DNA]] programme of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Contribution in science==
Pitchappan has used an integrative approach and new [[DNA]] technologies to explore infectious illnesses and [[human population]] [[genetics]]. His discoveries include the genomic predisposition for [[leprosy]], [[tuberculosis]] susceptibility, and the first out of [[Africa]] [[emigration]] of [[Anatomically modern humans|modern man]] through [[India]]. His publications explained the pre-Aryan origins of the Brokpa, a Dardic-speaking tribe from Dah-Hanu, Leh, and Ladak as well as the beginnings of the caste system in [[India]]. As several male-mediated migrations from various places came together in one location, they merged into caste-like clans. To his credit, he has delivered keynote addresses and symposium speeches at [[UNESCO]], numerous international congresses on [[human leukocyte antigen|HLA]] and [[immunology]], as well as World Tamil Conferences. He has also published more than 100 research articles in peer-reviewed journals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664592|title=Castes, Migration, Immunogenetics and Infectious Diseases in South India |journal= Community Genetics|date=March 1996 |jstor=26664592 |access-date=2013-05-03|last1=Pitchappan |first1=R. M. |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1159/000066329 |pmid=14960884 |s2cid=23542461 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://doc-14-1g-apps-viewer.googleusercontent.com/viewer/secure/pdf/a1fubf4j3a6sjma1311mp57jgfp88j18/di5ka14ivg1ov59rgkod1c987hchvor5/1676011650000/gmail/04124392322115845800/ACFrOgCSXPMX1RQyLhM0mC79AHGI8WoFHvCJ-qQXAZeqvPk5jxqhiEIAEnIfwcmX5cfc_C7NDRrKo25oziwitZyX-KUe37aj0TMs7JlxOaMK4M80x4DKWO6Q1qr4Llw=?print=true&nonce=igbspp5djt3lq&user=04124392322115845800&hash=p3tijpdmc3oc6qk4bp5hhb8i8osjbem5 |title= Prof. RM. Pitchappan| publisher= Infectious diseases congress |date=March 1996 |access-date=2013-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/geneticists-identify-first-indians/story-INqikMSk5JRjGsICqHFzMN.html |title=Geneticists identify first Indians | newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 2008 |access-date=2008-04-02}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Pitchappan's awards and recognition include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/docs/sbs.pdf |title=School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai |publisher=School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai |date= |access-date=2013-05-03}}</ref>
* 1980: Visiting Scientist to the laboratory of Director Prof. [[Jean Dausset]], [[Nobel Laureate]]
* 1985: Outstanding Young person award
* 1995: Jaycees of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[The Lancet|Lancet]]'s Investigator Award
* 2002: IIH-ICMR, [[Mumbai]], Elected Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
* 2002: Elected Fellow of [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
* 2003: Member, International Advisory Committee, 7th Asia-Oceania Histocompatibility workshop, [[Karuizawa]], [[Japan]]
* 2003: International Collaborative Research Grants: Commission of European Communities, The [[Wellcome Trust| Wellcome Trust Centre]], [[London]], [[UK]]; [[Inserm|INSERM (France)]]-[[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Grant on [[Tuberculosis|TB]], H.M.Bhatia Memoraial Oration Award - ICMR-IIH, Mumbai, Life Time Achievement Award - Association of Microbiologists of India - Tamil Nadu.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitchappan, RM}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Kanhersar

2026-05-02T09:42:27Z

Rithik Rahman: put up new info...

{{refimprove|date=November 2024}}
{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanhersar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Graph Panchayat building, Pabal
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|49|51|N|074|03|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khed taluka|Khed]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3558
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = MH-12, MH-14
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kanhersar''' is a [[panchayat village]] in [[Khed Taluka]] in [[Pune district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]], India. The village is known for its historical significance,<ref>{{cite web|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yH5SR16sBUkC&dq=%22Kanhersar%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA73|title = Transactions of the Bombay Geographical|author = D. J. Kennelly| date=1874 }}</ref> cultural heritage, and connection to prominent figures in Indian judiciary.

==Geography==
Kanhersar is situated near the [[Welu River]] and is accessible via [[List of state highways in Maharashtra|Maharashtra State Highway 54]]. The village falls under the postal code 410505, with [[Rajgurunagar]] as its nearest sub-post office.

==Historical Significance==
Kanhersar is home to the Chandrachud Wada, a historic structure built by Gangadhar Chandrachud, the Fadnis of Subhedar Malhar Rao Holkar during the [[Peshwa]] era. Originally a grand structure covering 3.5 acres, the wada included courtyards, temples, and residential quarters. Though parts of the wada have collapsed or undergone modern renovations, the eastern fortification wall and portions of its traditional architecture still stand. The wada is also home to the Samadhi Temple of Late Hari Lakshman Chandrachud, which features intricate woodwork.

==Religious and Cultural Heritage==
The village houses the Yamai Mata Temple,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://yamaidevi.com/en/kanhersar-info/|title = Official website of Yamai Devi Temple}}</ref> a revered site of worship. According to local folklore, the [[Yamai]] Goddess incarnated at Kanhersar due to the blessings of Shri Saint Kanhuraj Maharaj in the 12th century.

==Infrastructure==
Kanhersar is served by basic amenities, with the Thitewadi Bandhara dam located nearby. Efforts by locals are underway to preserve the cultural and architectural heritage of the village.

==Economy==
The majority of the population has farming as their primary occupation due to good soil and environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342252420|title=Physical and chemical properties of soil at Rajgurunagar (Khed) Tehsil, Pune (MS) India|author = Hrishikesh Khodade}}</ref>

==Climate ==

The general climate here is hot and dry. According to the climate change, there are mainly three seasons in each year. Summer from March to May, monsoon from June to October and winter from November to February. The climate is cold in winter. The average annual rainfall in the village is up to 470 mm.

==Prominent personalities==
Kanhersar has gained recognition as the native village of Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]],<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/father-and-son-pune-village-remembers-giving-india-two-top-judges-101668021596963.html|title = Father and son; Pune village remembers giving India two top judges|publisher = Hindustan Times| access-date = 17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/chief-justice-dr-dhananjay-chandrachud-and-namdev-dhasals-special-connection-kanhersar-village-in-khed/articleshow/95401177.cms|publisher=Maharashtra Times|title= Chief Justice Dr. Dhananjay Chandrachud has special connection withe Kanhersar village in Khed|access-date = 17 November 2024}}</ref> the 50th Chief Justice of India, and his father, Justice [[Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud]], the 16th Chief Justice of India. The Chandrachud family maintains their ancestral connection to the village, preserving their 250-year-old wada and visiting annually to pay homage to their family deity, Devi Nimgaon Khandoba.
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Vigyan Ashram]]
* [[Khed Taluka]]

{{Clear}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Prashant Jagtap

2026-04-30T02:22:48Z

Rithik Rahman: Created first page first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = {{Big|Prashant Jagtap}}
| office = [[Mayor of Pune]]
| native_name = {{small|प्रशांत जगताप}}
| image = Prashant Jagtap.png
| term_start = 25 February 2016
| term_end = 14 March 2017
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| citizenship =
}}

'''Prashant Sudamrao Jagtap''' is an Indian politician. He was elected [[Mayor of Pune]] in February 2016 from the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-26 |title=Jagtap takes over as mayor, Algude deputy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/jagtap-takes-over-as-mayor-algude-deputy/articleshow/51147271.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=PMC: Prashant Jagtap of NCP is new mayor; Algude of Congress dy mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-municipal-corporation-pune-municipal-corporation-elections-pune-mayor-pune-news-maharashtra-news-pmc-prashant-jagtap-of-ncp-is-new-mayor-algude-of-congress-dy-mayor/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुण्याच्या महापौरपदी राष्ट्रवादीचे प्रशांत जगताप |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/prashant-jagtap-elected-pune-mayor/articleshow/51136772.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> In December 2025, Jagtap left the Nationalist Congress party and entered [[Indian National Congress]] in the presence of [[Harshwardhan Vasantrao Sapkal]], President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-26 |title=Prashant Jagtap joins Congress after quitting Sharad Pawar-led NCP faction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/prashant-jagtap-joins-congress-after-quitting-sharad-pawar-led-ncp-faction/article70440671.ece |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashant Jagtap Quits NCP (SP), Joins Congress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/prashant-jagtap-quits-ncp-sp-joins-congress-3843497 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-27 |title=Former Pune mayor Prashant Jagtap joins Congress two days after quitting NCP (SP) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/former-pune-mayor-prashant-jagtap-joins-congress-two-days-after-quitting-ncp-sp/articleshow/126195242.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Former Pune mayor and city president of NCP-SP Prashant Jagtap joins Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/my-fight-against-bjp-rss-former-pune-mayor-prashant-jagtap-joins-congress-ahead-of-civic-polls-10439904/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-27 |title=Former Pune mayor Prashant Jagtap joins Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/former-pune-mayor-prashant-jagtap-joins-congress-101766776970328.html |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagtap, Prashant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering

2026-04-29T07:23:20Z

Rithik Rahman: new redirect

{{Short description|Railway engineering department in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=March 2026}}
{{Overly detailed|date=March 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
}}

{{Infobox
| title = Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| image =
| header1 = Service overview
| label2 = Abbreviation
| data2 = IRSME
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888}}
| label5 = Country
| data5 = India
| label6 = Training Institute
| data6 = [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering|Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur]]
| label7 = Cadre controlling authority
| data7 = Member (Traction & Rolling Stock), [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways, Government of India]]
| label8 = Minister responsible
| data8 = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways, Communication and IT]]
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]; [[Engineering]]
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]]
| data12 = about 1700{{nbsp}}members
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = [[Engineering Services Examination and Special Class Railway Apprentice Examination (UPSC)]]
| label17 = Notable Alumni
| data17 = [[Ashwani Lohani]] (former CRB), [[Rajendra K. Pachauri]] (on behalf of IPCC) (Nobel Peace Prize)
| header18 = Head of Department
| label19 = Member Traction and Rolling Stock
| data19 = R. Rajagopal,IRSME
}}

The '''Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering''' ('''IRSME''') is one of the group 'A' [[Government of India|central engineering services]] of the Indian railways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-01 |title=Arun Arora is new GM of Eastern railways |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/arun-arora-is-new-gm-of-eastern-railways-7432521/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=K.S. Jain takes charge as Additional General Manager of South Western Railway |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ks-jain-takes-charge-as-additional-general-manager-of-south-western-railway/article67867925.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The officers of this service are responsible for managing the [[Mechanical Engineering]] Division of the [[Indian Railways]]. Till 2019, IRSME officers were drawn from the [[Engineering Services Examination]] (ESE) and [[Special Class Railway Apprentice]](SCRA)examination conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]]. All appointments to the Group 'A' services are made by the president of India.

==Recruitment==
There are two modes of recruitment to IRSME Group 'A':
* 25% through direct recruitment through the annual [[Engineering Services Examination]] conducted by UPSC.
* 25% through direct recruitment through the annual [[Special Class Railway Apprentice Examination]] conducted by UPSC.
* 50% through promotion from Group 'B' officers of Mechanical departments of the Zonal Railways.

Current cadre strength of IRSME officers is around 1700, serving in 68 divisions and 3 Production units across 17 Zonal Railways in India and the Railway Board.

Previous modes of recruitment included [[Engineering Services Examination]] conducted by the Union Public Services Commission. In 2020, Railways separated itself from Engineering Services Exam (ESE) and made it Indian Railway Management Services (IRMS).

The other exam was [[Special Class Railway Apprentice]] examination, also conducted by UPSC.

In 2022, the Indian Railway Management Services is merged into Civil Services examination.

== Training ==
After selection, the IRSME probationers report to their '''Centralized Training Institute (CTI)''': Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur, (IRIMEE) for joining formalities and induction into the cadre as '''Officer Trainees or Probationary Officers'''. This is followed by visit to a host of academies and institutions, '''over a period of next 78 weeks''', to give wide-ranging exposure to officer trainees which would be useful in their career as railway officers. Some of these institutions include:

* '''Alma mater''' at [http://www.irimee.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur (IRIMEE)]
* '''Railway Foundation and Induction Course''' at [[Railway Staff College|National Academy of Indian Railway (NAIR), Vadodara]]
* '''Marketing Management and Transport Economics''' at [[Indian Institutes of Management|Indian Institute of Management (IIM)]]
* '''Ethical Governance Training''' at [http://in.iofc.org/ Initiatives of Change (IofC), Panchgani]
* '''Metro Rail Training''' at [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), New Delhi]
* '''Signals and Tele-communications Training''' at [[Indian Railways Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications|Indian Railways Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications (IRISET), Secundarabad]]
*'''P-Way, Works and Contract Management Training''' at [http://www.iricen.gov.in/iricen/Home Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering (IRICEN), Pune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003060216/http://www.iricen.gov.in/iricen/Home |date=2019-10-03 }}
* '''Locomotive, Rolling Stock and Workshop Management Training''' at [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering|Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE), Jamalpur]]
* '''Electric Traction and Railway Electrification Management Training''' at [[Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering|Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering (IRIEEN), Nashik]]
* '''Railway Information Infrastructure Management Training''' at [[Centre for Railway Information Systems|Centre for Railway information systems (CRIS), New Delhi]]
* '''Parliamentary Procedures Training''' at [http://bpst.nic.in/ Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training (BPST), New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301063020/http://bpst.nic.in/ |date=2014-03-01 }}
* '''Divisional attachments''' at 68 divisions spread across the length and breadth of the country
*'''Industrial Field visits''' – [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli|MCF]], [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala|RCF]] and [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
* '''Appreciation Visits to various Railway establishments''' situated in difficult terrains – [[Konkan Railway]]s, [[Kothavalasa–Kirandul line|K-K Line]], Shimla-Kalka Toy Train, Nilgiri Railway, [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar]]
* '''Foreign attachment''' with [[Deutsche Bahn]] and [[Siemens Mobility]] in [[Germany]]

==Role and function==
The main areas of responsibility

* Motive Power availability (Locomotive sheds)
* Crew Management (Locomotive operations)
* Rolling Stock Management (Coaching depots, freight yards)
* Traffic restoration in case of accidents
* Production Units - Locomotives, Coaches, Wheel sets, etc.
* Repair and Manufacturing workshops

==Organisation==

The IRSME is headed by a member rolling stock in the [[Railway Board]] ([[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]). Member rolling stock is better known by the acronym ''MRS''.

In each of the zones the organisation is headed by a Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer. The PCME reports to the General Manager of the railway. The office of the Member Rolling Stock of the Railway Board guides the PCME on technical matters and policy.

The general managers of the Production Units report to the Railway Board. The production units are:
* [[Marathwada Rail coach factory]], [[Latur]]
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Chittaranjan]]
* [[Patiala Locomotive Works]], [[Patiala]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Rail Coach Factory]], [[Kapurthala]]
* [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
* [[Wheel & Axle Plant]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Rail Spring Karkhana]], [[Gwalior]]
* Rail Wheel Plant, Bela, [[Chhapra]].

== Hierarchy ==
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Grade
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in the field
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in Headquarters
! style="text-align:center;" | Basic pay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Apex Scale (Pay level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | {{center|Nil}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|Chairman & CEO, Railway Board]] [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (+) (Pay level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | General Manager [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Member (Mechanical), Railway Board
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (Pay level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Member, Railway Board [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Administrative Grade (Pay level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Divisional Railway Manager / Additional Divisional Railway Manager
| style="text-align:center;" | Executive Director [[Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Administrative Grade (Functional) (Pay level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer / Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Non Functional) (Pay level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer
| style="text-align:center;" | Joint Director Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Pay level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Divisional Mechanical Engineer
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Time Scale (Pay level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Divisional Mechanical Engineer
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Director Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|}

==Distinguished officers==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Batch
!Honors
!Remarks
|-
|K.L.Bery
|1941
|[[Padmashri]]
|
|-
|A.C.Chatterjee
|1944
|[[Padmashri]]
|
|-
|P.C.Luther
|1947
|[[Padmashri]]
|
|-
|Z.I.Puri
|1947
|M. M., [[Pakistan Railway Board]]
|
|-
|M.M.Suri
|1948
|[[Padmashri]]
|In action in 1971
|-
|M.C.Khanna
|1950
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|
|-
|P.S.Chaudhuri
|1950
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|
|-
|H.N.Gupta
|1959
|1997 Man of the Year [[American Biographical Institute]]
|
|-
|N.C.Sinha
|1960
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|In action in 1971
|-
|[[Rajendra K. Pachauri]]
|1961
|[[Padma Vibhushan]], [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (on behalf of IPCC)
|
|-
|[[Ashwani Lohani]]
|1978
|Chairman and Managing Director, [[Air India]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Jamalpur Gymkhana]]
* [[Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways]]
* [[Indian Railways organisational structure]]
* [[Indian Engineering Service]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://irsme.nic.in Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114150815/http://www.irsme.nic.in/ |date=2007-01-14 }}

{{Public Services of India}}

[[Category:Indian Engineering Services|Mechanical Engineering]]
[[Category:Indian Railways Services|Mechanical Engineering]]

Bandita Phukan

2026-04-27T23:37:29Z

Rithik Rahman: started the article v1

{{Short description|Indian writer}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Bandita Phukan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 16 February 1948
| birth_place = [[Dhekiajuli]], [[Sonitpur district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, engineer
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education = B.E. in Mechanical Engineering
| alma_mater = [[Assam Engineering College]]
| genre = Science literature, Science fiction, Children's literature, Translation
| notableworks = ''Seujiya Dharani'' ''Jumi, Rima aru Sihot'' ''Mahan Bigyanir Shoishab Kal''
| spouse = Shyamanta Phukan
| awards = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
| website = {{URL|http://banditaphukan.com/}}
}}

'''Bandita Phukan''' (born 16 February 1948) is an [[India|Indian]] novelist, short story writer, translator, children's author, and [[science fiction]] writer from [[Assam]]. She is the first woman from Assam and Northeast India to obtain a degree in mechanical engineering.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Bandita Phukan – Bio Data |url=http://banditaphukan.com/bio-data.html |website=Bandita Phukan Official Website |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516075350/http://banditaphukan.com/bio-data.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She began her literary career as a translator and later emerged as a prominent writer of science-based and children's literature. In 2011, she received the ''Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature'' for her novel ''Seujiya Dharani''.<ref name="b1">{{cite book |last=Das |first=Ujjwal Jyoti |title=Borenya |publisher=Tara Prakashan |year=2020 |page=114}}</ref> She has published more than 120 books. Her work ''Mahan Bigyanir Shoishab Kal'' has been translated into the Bodo language.<ref name="bio" />

She made her literary debut with the science fiction story ''Priyatama'', published in the Assamese monthly magazine ''Bismoy''.

== Early life and education ==

Bandita Phukan was born on 16 February 1948 in [[Dhekiajuli]], in present-day Sonitpur district of Assam, India. She spent part of her childhood in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), now known as [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. When the medium of instruction in schools there changed from [[Assamese language|Assamese]] to [[Hindi]], she moved to Assam and continued her education at Nagaon Girls' High School.

She later qualified in the entrance examination for [[Assam Engineering College]], Jalukbari, and graduated in 1971 with a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree in mechanical engineering. She is widely regarded as the first woman from Assam and the [[Northeast India|Northeast]] region of India to graduate in mechanical engineering.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam’s first woman mechanical engineer: Bandita Phukan’s journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assams-first-woman-mechanical-engineer-bandita-phukans-journey/articleXXXXX.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trailblazer: Bandita Phukan breaks barriers in engineering |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/trailblazer-bandita-phukan-breaks-barriers-in-engineering/cid/XXXXXXX |work=The Telegraph |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

== Professional career ==

After completing her engineering degree, Phukan began her professional career with Assam Gas Company. She subsequently worked with [[Oil India|Oil India Limited]], Assam Conductors & Tubes Limited, and the Assam Industrial Development Corporation. In 2001, she opted for voluntary retirement from service. Phukan completed her engineering degree and worked in multiple engineering organizations.

Following her retirement, she briefly worked with an industrial organization in the [[United States]] before returning to Assam. She later devoted herself full-time to literary activities.<ref name="bio" />

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2011) for ''Seujiya Dharani''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="b1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukan, Bandita}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]

Chithha

2026-04-27T22:55:11Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chithha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. U. Arun Kumar]]
| writer = S. U. Arun Kumar
| producer = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Siddharth
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]]
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
}}
| cinematography = Balaji Subramanyam
| editing = Suresh A. Prasad
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| '''Score''':
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
}}
| studio = [[Etaki Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|9|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Chithha |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chithha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2mdk3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OGIqO |archive-date=25 April 2026 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Chithha''''' ({{Translation|Father's younger brother}}){{efn|The title is short for ''Chithappa''.<ref name="IT" />}} is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] written and directed by [[S. U. Arun Kumar]]. Produced by [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], who stars in the lead role alongside [[Nimisha Sajayan]] (in her Tamil debut), and [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] in addition to Baby Sahasra Shree and Baby S. Aafiyah Tasneem in prominent roles, the film revolves around the relationship between a paternal uncle and his niece which goes through several circumstances after the latter goes missing.

Kumar developed the story idea after he came across articles revolving around child sexual abuse and met with survivors of child abuse, government officials and NGOs to provide their feedback based on his ideas before finalising the script. The film was shot in and around [[Palani]] for 69 days. The cinematography was handled by Balaji Subramanyam and edited by Suresh A. Prasad. [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] and [[Santhosh Narayanan]] composed the soundtrack, while [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] composed the film score.

''Chithha'' was released theatrically on 29 September 2023 to critical acclaim with praise for the performances, storytelling, direction and themes, and became a commercial success. At the [[69th Filmfare Awards South]], the film won seven awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]].

== Plot ==
Eeswaran is a government employee from [[Palani]] who bonds with his eight-year old niece Sundari and is quite protective of her. Eeswaran also has a couple of close friends, one of whom is a police officer named Vadivel, whose niece Ponni is good friends with Sundari. Unable to comprehend her elder sister's romantic conversation with her boyfriend, Ponni assumes that a bevy of deer is present in a forest area close to the school and asks Sundari if she would be interested in going to see the animals after school.

The two girls plan to leave Eeswaran and head to the area on their own. Ponni and Sundari board an auto rickshaw to the area as per the plan, but Sundari gets scared and leaves Ponni, who goes alone to see the area and is sexually assaulted. The next day, Ponni's father accuses Eeswaran of assaulting Ponni, but once Ponni recovers from her state of unconsciousness, it is discovered that Eeswaran is innocent.

Sundari leaves school unaccompanied but gets kidnapped by a paedophile. Eeswaran and the police set out to find Sundari, who has been kept captive for several days. Eeswaran finds out that the police have captured a suspect, but it turns out that the accused is actually Ponni's abuser, who was the auto rickshaw driver; Sundari's abuser was a different criminal. Eeswaran stabs the suspect in revenge for Ponni's abuse. Eeswaran's girlfriend, Shakthi, shares her past of being assaulted and asks him to forget about his vengeance. Eeswaran agrees and takes care of Sundari.

A year later, the police find a burnt corpse of the paedophile.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Eeswaran "Eesu", Sundari's uncle
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] as Shakthi, Eeswaran's love interest
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Sundari's mother and Eeswaran's sister-in-law
* Baby Sahasra Shree as Sundari "Settai", Eeswaran's niece
* Baby S. Aafiyah Tasneem as Ponni, Sundari's friend and Vadivel's niece
* Baalaji S. U. as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Vadivel, Eeswaran and Sakthi's friend; Ponni's uncle
* R. Dharshan as the [[paedophile]]
* R. Suresh as Suresh, Eeswaran, Vadivel, and Sakthi's friend
* Natturaja Durai as [[Inspector#India|CI]] N. Dhivakar
* Sindhuja Viji as Ponni's mother
* Jhansi Rangaraj as Police Officer
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote="I produced and acted in ''Chithha'' because when I read the script and saw what we were making, it made me feel something. I thought that if I could make the whole audience feel that, it would be a very important film. It works in any language because when you see it, you will see it as a human being and not as someone from a particular place or having a certain mother tongue. If the makers do it properly, then the writing takes over."
| source = — Siddharth<ref name=":1" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}

Director [[S. U. Arun Kumar]] and actor [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] initially planned to collaborate on a film after the former's debut ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014), which did not materialise. In late 2019, post the release of ''[[Sindhubaadh]]'' (2019), Kumar developed a story idea for six months and eventually met Siddharth for a potential project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Siddharth's 'Chithha' with director Arun Kumar explores the chithappa relationship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-with-director-arun-kumar-explores-the-chithappa-relationship/articleshow/99558183.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-with-director-arun-kumar-explores-the-chithappa-relationship/articleshow/99558183.cms |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, it was put on hold due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], during which he thought on how he should execute his ideas perfectly. Kumar then did a course on editing and screenwriting so that he could build a thesis on writing a cohesive screenplay.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=26 September 2023 |title='Chithha' director SU Arun Kumar: I want to create silence in theatre with this film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chithha-director-su-arun-kumar-i-want-to-create-silence-in-theatre-with-this-film-2440840-2023-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chithha-director-su-arun-kumar-i-want-to-create-silence-in-theatre-with-this-film-2440840-2023-09-26 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The idea of the film derived from his experiences as he learnt across several incidents of [[child sexual abuse]] through newspapers and articles. Based on that, he wrote a novel titled ''Kolkata Days'' which was about [[Suryanelli rape case]] that happened in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Here's why director Arun Kumar made 'Chithha' with Siddharth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-arun-kumar-made-chithha-with-siddharth/articleshow/104189124.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011131343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-arun-kumar-made-chithha-with-siddharth/articleshow/104189124.cms |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Those experiences eventually led him to develop the themes and ideas for this film. He researched across several incidents regarding child sexual abuses happened in real life and met police offers, [[Non-governmental organization|NGO members]] and survivors of child sexual abuse.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=10 December 2023 |title=Siddharth & SU Arun Kumar On Making Chithha, One Of 2023's Best Films |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/siddharth-su-arun-kumar-on-making-chithha-one-of-2023s-best-films/733badf308515 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241208061050/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/siddharth-su-arun-kumar-on-making-chithha-one-of-2023s-best-films/733badf308515 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Based on the extensive research, he drafted 440 pages of the story idea and condensed it to 220 pages after rewrites; the script was then read by his team and their family members.

Besides acting in the lead role, Siddharth also produced the film under his Etaki Entertainment banner.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=S V |first=Harshini |date=4 October 2023 |title=Chithha Is About Child Safety, Not Child Abuse: Arun Kumar |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/chithha-is-about-child-safety-not-child-abuse-arun-kumar-siddharth-nimisha-sajayan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082302/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/chithha-is-about-child-safety-not-child-abuse-arun-kumar-siddharth-nimisha-sajayan |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> On 17 April 2022, the film's project was announced under the tentative title ''Production No. 4'' referring to the company's fourth production venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2022 |title=Actor Siddharth's production house to produce director Arun Kumar's next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/04/17/actor-siddharths-production-house-to-produce-director-arun-kumars-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520234523/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/04/17/actor-siddharths-production-house-to-produce-director-arun-kumars-next |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> The film's title ''Chithha'' was announced in April 2023.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan launches Indian 2 co-star Siddharth's Chiththa poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamal-haasan-launches-indian-2-co-star-siddharths-chiththa-poster/7dfdbe934b231 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011807/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamal-haasan-launches-indian-2-co-star-siddharths-chiththa-poster/7dfdbe934b231 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

According to Kumar, "if the casting is right 80 per cent of the work is done".<ref name=":1" /> [[Nimisha Sajayan]] was cast in the film as the first choice for Kumar; she went to Chennai for the story narration and impressed by it, she immediately agreed to be part of the film, as "Be it the character or the film, I felt it is something that has to come out in today's times."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=27 September 2023 |title=I'm happiest between action and cut: Nimisha Sajayan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Sep/27/im-happiest-between-action-and-cut-nimisha-sajayan-48069.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122130320/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Sep/27/im-happiest-between-action-and-cut-nimisha-sajayan-48069.html |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

For the role of Sundari and Ponni, Kumar auditioned numerous child artists back-to-back before finalising Baby Sahasra Shree and S. Aafiyah Tasneem for their roles. Both actors were being a part of theatre training and performance workshops.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=Sonu |date=5 October 2023 |title=I've Seen Chithha 300 Times And It Still Makes Me Cry: Siddharth |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/i-have-seen-chithha-300-times-and-it-still-makes-me-cry-siddharth-arun-kumar-nimisha-sajayan-chikku |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913145453/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/i-have-seen-chithha-300-times-and-it-still-makes-me-cry-siddharth-arun-kumar-nimisha-sajayan-chikku |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Most of the artists featured in the film were newcomers, few of them were not in the industry background which led Kumar and his team conducting workshops to prepare for their roles. Rajesh Balachandran served as the acting coach.<ref name=":2" />

The principal crew consisted of music composers [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] and [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]; cinematographer Balaji Subramanyam, an assistant of [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]]; editor Suresh A. Prasad; and art director C. S. Balachander, who worked with Kumar in ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014) and ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016).<ref name=":0" /> ''Chithha'' was shot predominantly in and around [[Palani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Siddharth's 'Chiththa' team lands in Palani to promote the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chiththa-team-lands-in-palani-to-promote-the-film/articleshow/103829248.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927070545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chiththa-team-lands-in-palani-to-promote-the-film/articleshow/103829248.cms |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's production was held for nearly 69 days before concluding in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Siddharth's next titled 'Chittha' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/18/siddharths-next-titled-chittha-2566838.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/18/siddharths-next-titled-chittha-2566838.amp |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Chithha'' revolves around the relationship between the paternal uncle and his niece, which is rare in Tamil cinema, as most films explored the maternal uncle's relationship. However, unlike being done in a melodramatic way, Kumar wanted to unfold the relationship drama into a thriller which was the main plot.<ref name=":0" /> Kumar revealed that the film revolves around child safety, which he thought that "before I began writing the script, the first line I wrote was that if I had a girl child, ''Chithha'' should be a film that the two of us could watch together. That was the rule."<ref name=":3" />

Kumar did not want to portray the abuse from the perpetrator's point of view as it would become uncomfortable for the actor after looking back at the film years later. Instead he wanted to treat the subject in the most sensitive manner. He wanted the kids to watch the film and learn about it, knowing the fact that the film would be [[U/A certificate|U/A certified]].<ref name=":3" /> The finished film was showcased to psychiatrists, survivors of sexual abuse, NGO members, and others in the legal jurisdiction system, who approved the film as Kumar did not want to release a film that was problematic in any way in the excuse of cinematic liberty.<ref name=":2" />

Kumar did not mention the usage of words like rape and abuse throughout the film, except for two instances: one scene in which the two characters inquire to the police officer about the incident, and the other which happens in the court. He did not want the term to be used when it was about kids.<ref name=":3" /> Sajayan's character Shakthi is a sanitation worker, which Kumar had chosen as he was also making a film that featured the sanitation department in the background and "metaphorically the young Sundari has only grown to become Sakthi. Her identity is not that of a rape survivor but a sanitation worker. And no job is inferior. I wanted to put that out there."<ref name=":3" />

Kumar did not want Siddharth's character to take revenge against the paedophile as an heroic act, as according to him, "anybody who helps others or sacrifices is a hero." He said that the film ends with Eeswaran and Sundari on the hospital bed. But he added a couple of scenes, one of which is Sundari after the incident as "her identity did not lie in the hospital bed, but with a smile".<ref name=":3" /> Another sequence revolved around the two policemen finding the burnt body of a kidnapper. Regarding this scene, Kumar added:<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>"I had this scene because when the audience walks out of the theatre, they shouldn't think that a kidnapper could roam freely, and all that they can do is keep their kids always within their view [...] The murder is not done by Siddharth because then the whole film would be wrong. That is why the police officer says that it could be anyone and that all that matters is the kidnapper being dead. It could’ve even been an accident."<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>

== Music ==
{{Main|Chithha (soundtrack)}}
The songs for the film were composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] and [[Santhosh Narayanan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Siddharth's Chithha Jukebox is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/27/siddharths-chithha-jukebox-is-out-48061.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928054226/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/27/siddharths-chithha-jukebox-is-out-48061.amp |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Chithha – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chithha/EdtYoFBCnZo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913110515/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chithha/EdtYoFBCnZo_ |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> while the background score was composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]].

== Release ==
The film's first look was released by actor [[Kamal Haasan]] in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan unveils the first poster of Siddharth-starrer 'Chiththa'; Watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-poster-of-siddharth-starrer-chiththa-watch/articleshow/99695407.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153425/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-poster-of-siddharth-starrer-chiththa-watch/articleshow/99695407.cms |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In August 2023, it was announced that the film would be released theatrically on 28 September 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=20 August 2023 |title=Chithha: Siddharth's thriller flick gets a release date, makers reveal a new poster. Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chithha-siddharths-thriller-flick-gets-a-release-date-makers-reveal-a-new-poster-details-inside/abf0e9114f781 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824114436/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/chithha-siddharths-thriller-flick-gets-a-release-date-makers-reveal-a-new-poster-details-inside/abf0e9114f781 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> with [[Red Giant Movies]] distributing the film across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2023 |title=Siddharth's 'Chithha' to hit screens on September 28 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-chithha-to-hit-screens-on-september-28/article67216299.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820130830/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-chithha-to-hit-screens-on-september-28/article67216299.ece |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Chithha'' was released alongside ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' and ''[[Iraivan]]'' on the same date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2023 |title=Six Tamil films battle over one release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/six-tamil-films-battle-over-one-release-date/articleshow/103566936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/six-tamil-films-battle-over-one-release-date/articleshow/103566936.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released in Telugu as ''Chinna'', Malayalam as ''Chitta'' and in Kannada as ''Chikku''.

''Chithha'' was showcased to school students across various parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2023 |title=Siddharth breaks silence on 'Chithha' promotions disrupted in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-breaks-silence-on-chithha-promotions-disrupted-in-bengaluru/articleshow/104058579.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031194815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-breaks-silence-on-chithha-promotions-disrupted-in-bengaluru/articleshow/104058579.cms |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's promotions for the Kannada version in [[Bangalore]] were interrupted due to threats from [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]] protesters over the [[Kaveri River water dispute]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=Siddharth on being forced to leave Chithha event in Bengaluru: 'We lost the opportunity to speak about a good film' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-on-being-forced-to-leave-chithha-event-in-bengaluru-we-lost-the-opportunity-to-speak-about-a-beautiful-film-8962043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105063457/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-on-being-forced-to-leave-chithha-event-in-bengaluru-we-lost-the-opportunity-to-speak-about-a-beautiful-film-8962043/ |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Siddharth exits the Bangalore 'Chithha' promotions midway after the Cauvery protesters threat! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-exits-the-bangalore-chithha-promotions-midway-after-the-cauvery-protesters-threat/articleshow/104035728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930012818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-exits-the-bangalore-chithha-promotions-midway-after-the-cauvery-protesters-threat/articleshow/104035728.cms |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Shiva Rajkumar]] apologised to Siddharth on behalf of the protestors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Prakash Raj apologises to Siddharth after the 'Chithha' actor was made to leave his film's press meet by pro-Kannada protesters. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-apologises-to-siddharth-after-the-chithha-actor-was-made-to-leave-his-films-press-meet-by-pro-kannada-protesters-/articleshow/104040044.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031194819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-apologises-to-siddharth-after-the-chithha-actor-was-made-to-leave-his-films-press-meet-by-pro-kannada-protesters-/articleshow/104040044.cms |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Shiva Rajkumar apologizes to Siddharth on behalf of Karnataka protesters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shiva-rajkumar-apologizes-to-siddharth-on-behalf-of-karnataka-protesters/articleshow/104041607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003122739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-grosses-rs-11-5-crore-at-box-office-in-5-days/articleshow/104124577.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was not simultaneously released in Telugu along with its Tamil and Kannada versions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=3 October 2023 |title=Siddharth cries at 'Chithha' Telugu event: People asked who'll watch my films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siddharth-cries-at-chithha-telugu-event-people-asked-wholl-watch-my-films-2443821-2023-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siddharth-cries-at-chithha-telugu-event-people-asked-wholl-watch-my-films-2443821-2023-10-03 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> After [[Daggubati Suresh Babu]]'s [[Asian Cinemas]] acquired the distribution rights for its Telugu version, it was released in theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on 6 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Siddharth gets emotional at Chithha pre-release event in Hyderabad: 'People asked me who will watch Siddharth's film...' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siddharth-gets-emotional-at-chithha-pre-release-event-in-hyderabad-8967000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109082834/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siddharth-gets-emotional-at-chithha-pre-release-event-in-hyderabad-8967000/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Chithha'' opened in limited theatres across Tamil Nadu, but following the word of mouth, the film's shows and screens were increased.{{cn|date=September 2024}} Within the end of the five-day weekend, the film collected {{INRConvert|11.5|c}} at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Siddharth's 'Chithha' grosses Rs 11.5 crore at box office in 5 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-grosses-rs-11-5-crore-at-box-office-in-5-days/articleshow/104124577.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003122739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-grosses-rs-11-5-crore-at-box-office-in-5-days/articleshow/104124577.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Chithha collects Rs 11.5 crore at box office |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/03/chithha-collects-rs-115-crore-at-box-office-48233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208055151/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/03/chithha-collects-rs-115-crore-at-box-office-48233.html |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the film's theatrical run, the film earned {{INRConvert|50|c}} in its lifetime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=Siddharth and Sahasra Shree starrer 'Chithha' set for its OTT premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siddharth-and-sahasra-shree-starrer-chithha-set-for-its-ott-premiere/articleshow/105181873.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siddharth-and-sahasra-shree-starrer-chithha-set-for-its-ott-premiere/articleshow/105181873.cms |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's streaming rights were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] which premiered it on 28 November 2023, two months after its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Chithha OTT release date: When and where to watch Siddharth's 'film of the year'...:- |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chithha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-siddharths-film-of-the-year/9cbc79cc16578 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121182506/https://www.ottplay.com/news/chithha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-siddharths-film-of-the-year/9cbc79cc16578 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> ''Chithha'' was showcased at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] held from 15 to 25 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2024 |title=Siddharth's 'Chithha' amongst Tamil titles selected to be screened at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-chithha-amongst-tamil-titles-selected-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024/article68436554.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208055458/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-chithha-amongst-tamil-titles-selected-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024/article68436554.ece |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''Chithha'' received critical acclaim from critics with praise directed on the performances, screenwriting, direction and themes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Here's the first review of Siddharth's 'Chiththa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-the-first-review-of-siddharths-chiththa/articleshow/103865011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924152809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-the-first-review-of-siddharths-chiththa/articleshow/103865011.cms |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Several publications ranked the film as one of the best Tamil films of 2023.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=26 December 2023 |title=The best Tamil movies of 2023: From 'Koozhangal' and 'Chithha' to 'Good Night' and 'Viduthalai: Part 1' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-movies-of-2023-from-koozhangal-and-chithha-to-good-night-and-viduthalai-part-1/article67674035.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-movies-of-2023-from-koozhangal-and-chithha-to-good-night-and-viduthalai-part-1/article67674035.ece |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=18 December 2023 |title=2023 Wrap: The 10 Best Tamil Movies of The Year |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-wrap-2023/2023-wrap-the-10-best-tamil-movies-of-the-year-jailer-chithha-trisha-sivakarthikeyan-hotstar-prime-video-sj-suryah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082306/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-wrap-2023/2023-wrap-the-10-best-tamil-movies-of-the-year-jailer-chithha-trisha-sivakarthikeyan-hotstar-prime-video-sj-suryah |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Por Thozhil to Jigarthanda DoubleX: The best Tamil films of 2023, in the year of Leo and Jailer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/por-thozhil-to-jigarthanda-2-here-are-best-tamil-films-of-2023-in-the-year-of-leo-and-jailer-9063309/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102225930/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/por-thozhil-to-jigarthanda-2-here-are-best-tamil-films-of-2023-in-the-year-of-leo-and-jailer-9063309/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Por Thozhil to Chittha: TNM's pick of best Tamil movies from 2023 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/por-thozhil-to-chittha-tnms-pick-of-best-tamil-movies-from-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228134635/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/por-thozhil-to-chittha-tnms-pick-of-best-tamil-movies-from-2023 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=29 December 2023 |title=Tamil cinema in 2023: Monster blockbusters, surprise hits and misses |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/tamil-cinema-in-2023-monster-blockbusters-surprise-hits-and-misses-104700 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082306/https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/tamil-cinema-in-2023-monster-blockbusters-surprise-hits-and-misses-104700 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref>}}

In a four-star rating, Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' called it as "a sensitive, powerful film that breaks conventional rules of heroism."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=September 2023 |title=Chithha Movie Review |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/sep/29/chithha-movie-reviewa-sensitive-powerful-film-that-breaks-conventional-rules-of-heroism-48122.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165345/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/sep/29/chithha-movie-reviewa-sensitive-powerful-film-that-breaks-conventional-rules-of-heroism-48122.amp |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave four stars with and wrote "There are also a couple of tender moments amidst all the grimness. A survivor rushing towards a character and giving a hug, and a scene between two friends who have undergone a shared experience forging a stronger bond. It is such profound moments that elevate ''Chithha'' into something vital in these times."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=26 September 2023 |title=Chithha Movie Review: Siddharth's Chithha is a hard-hitting and deeply unsettling tale of abuse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/chithha/amp_movie_review/103951856.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928052517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/chithha/amp_movie_review/103951856.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also assigned the same rating, summarising it as "''Chithha'' is one of those rare amalgamations of everything perfect." He also praised Siddharth's performance calling it as "[his] best performance by far" and also the supporting actors for their "stand out" performances.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=29 September 2023 |title=Chithha movie review: Siddharth-starrer is a hard but affecting film on child abuse |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-starrer-is-a-hard-but-affecting-film-on-child-abuse-8960730/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103327/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-starrer-is-a-hard-but-affecting-film-on-child-abuse-8960730/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave three-and-a-half stars and wrote "'''Chithha''<nowiki/>' is a much-needed film with a solid message. This is truly a hard-watch but will leave with a good afterthought."<ref name="IT">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=26 September 2023 |title='Chithha' Review: Siddharth, Arun Kumar's take on sensitive issue is a lesson to many |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chithha-review-siddharth-arun-kumars-take-on-sensitive-issue-is-a-lesson-to-many-2440713-2023-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926204520/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/chithha-review-siddharth-arun-kumars-take-on-sensitive-issue-is-a-lesson-to-many-2440713-2023-09-26 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' also gave three-and-a-half stars and wrote "''Chithha'' is one of the must-watch films of the year, thanks to the terrific performances from lead actors, intriguing screenplay and the originality with which a sensitive subject is handled."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=27 September 2023 |title=Chithha review: Siddharth's suspense-laden emotional drama is complemented by amazing performances |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chithha-review-siddharths-suspense-laden-emotional-drama-is-complemented-by-amazing-performances/b7cc23f578294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928052520/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/chithha-review-siddharths-suspense-laden-emotional-drama-is-complemented-by-amazing-performances/b7cc23f578294 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Rajasekar S. of ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai|The Federal]]'' called it as a "must-watch for its message, exemplary writing and performances."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=25 September 2023 |title=Chithha review: Emotional roller-coaster that lands a strong punch |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/chithha-review-emotional-roller-coaster-that-lands-a-strong-punch-96897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925195946/https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/chithha-review-emotional-roller-coaster-that-lands-a-strong-punch-96897 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref> Krishna Selvaseelan of the ''[[Tamil Guardian]]'' gave three-and-a-half stars and said the film "tears out the viewer's heart and holds it ransom – an impressive feat".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaseelam |first=Krishna |date=7 October 2023 |title='Chithha – a devastating, nauseating watch |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/chithha-devastating-nauseating-watch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019155203/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/chithha-devastating-nauseating-watch |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Handling the sensitive issue of child sexual abuse with care, ''Chithha'' marks a befitting resurgence for both its director S. U. Arun Kumar and lead actor Siddharth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=28 September 2023 |title='Chithha' movie review: Siddharth stars in a painfully-relevant and poignantly-brilliant drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-stars-in-a-painfully-relevant-and-poignantly-brilliant-drama/article67356109.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929095155/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-stars-in-a-painfully-relevant-and-poignantly-brilliant-drama/article67356109.ece |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Harshini S V of ''[[Film Companion]]'' called Siddharth's role as his "most affecting performance till date [...] The actor makes it possible for us to go beyond his expressive eyes and get into his head."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S V |first=Harshini |date=29 September 2023 |title=Chithha Review: Siddharth Anchors This Heart-Rending Story About Child Abuse With Sensitivity |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/chithha-review-siddharth-anchors-this-heart-rending-story-about-child-abuse-with-sensitivity-nimisha-sajayan-tamil-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204140955/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/chithha-review-siddharth-anchors-this-heart-rending-story-about-child-abuse-with-sensitivity-nimisha-sajayan-tamil-movie |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Akchayaa Rajkumar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' assigned four out of five and wrote "''Chithha'' is a necessary watch and a masterclass on how movies on child sexual assault can be sensitive and engaging without constantly triggering the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Akchayaa |date=29 September 2023 |title=Chithha review: Siddharth's film on child sexual abuse is sensitive and compelling |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/chithha-review-siddharths-film-on-child-sexual-abuse-is-sensitive-and-compelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082304/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/chithha-review-siddharths-film-on-child-sexual-abuse-is-sensitive-and-compelling |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Silambarasan]] praised the film for its performances and storytelling.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan lauds Siddharth after the special screening of 'Chithha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-lauds-siddharth-after-the-special-screening-of-chithha/articleshow/103683533.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920043232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-lauds-siddharth-after-the-special-screening-of-chithha/articleshow/103683533.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2023 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh praises Siddharth's upcoming film 'Chithha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-praises-siddharths-upcoming-film-chithha/articleshow/103955102.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230927163532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-praises-siddharths-upcoming-film-chithha/articleshow/103955102.cms |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Nayanthara calls Siddharth's Chithha one of the best films of 2023 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/31/nayanthara-calls-siddharths-chithha-one-of-the-best-films-of-2023-50819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007171549/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/31/nayanthara-calls-siddharths-chithha-one-of-the-best-films-of-2023-50819.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Silambarasan TR is all praise for Chithha, says proud of Siddharth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/04/silambarasan-tr-is-all-praise-for-chithha-says-proud-of-siddharth-48279.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208063508/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/04/silambarasan-tr-is-all-praise-for-chithha-says-proud-of-siddharth-48279.html |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>}} Director [[Halitha Shameem]] described it as "the film of the year".<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Director Halitha Shameem on 'Chithha': It is the film of the year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-halitha-shameem-on-chithha-it-is-the-film-of-the-year/articleshow/104189026.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009223704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-halitha-shameem-on-chithha-it-is-the-film-of-the-year/articleshow/104189026.cms |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:25%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:25%;"| Nominees
! style="width:5%;" | Result
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024 – Tamil |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805130526/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/winners |archive-date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|[[S. U. Arun Kumar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Singer (Male)]]
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Singer (Female)]]
|Karthika Vaidyanathan
|{{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. U. Arun Kumar}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:2023 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about child abuse]]
[[Category:Films about child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. U. Arun Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Cryptology Research Society of India

2026-04-26T01:10:51Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating new data first draft

{{Short description|Indian organisation supporting cryptography research}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}{{Infobox organization
| formation = {{start date and age|2001}}
| full_name = Cryptology Research Society of India
| logo = Crsi logo.jpg
| abbreviation = CRSI
| purpose = Supporting research in cryptography in India
| region_served = India
| website = https://crsind.in
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
'''Cryptology Research Society of India (CRSI)''' is a scientific organisation that supports research in [[India]] on [[cryptography]], [[data security]], and related fields.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2007|title=Cryptology Research Society of India|url=http://www.crsind.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809143150/http://www.crsind.com/|archive-date=9 August 2007|access-date=20 June 2021|website=www.crsind.com}}</ref> The organisation was founded in 2001.<ref name=":1" /> CRSI organises workshops and conferences about cryptology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=In an unsafe cyber world, here's why you should study cryptology|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/in-an-unsafe-cyber-world-here-s-why-you-should-study-cryptology/story-ugWx43ZVSzXVMn4nKbxgnI.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Activities ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2022}}[[Image:Asiacrypt06.jpg|thumb|250px|Asiacrypt 2005 organised by CRSI associating with IITM in Taj hotel, Chennai.|left]]

CRSI organises several annual workshops and conferences about cryptology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=In an unsafe cyber world, here's why you should study cryptology|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/in-an-unsafe-cyber-world-here-s-why-you-should-study-cryptology/story-ugWx43ZVSzXVMn4nKbxgnI.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> More specifically, CRSI organises the annual events [[INDOCRYPT]], an international conference on cryptography,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cryptology Research Society of India|url=https://crsind.in/index.php/events/indocrypt-conference/|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Cryptography is wealth generator: Kalam|date= 2004-12-21|url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122108260400.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050124203641/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122108260400.htm|url-status= dead|work= [[The Hindu]]|archive-date= 2005-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=International Conference on Cryptology-Indocrypt 2018, conducted at India Habitat Centre|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/international-conference-on-cryptology-indocrypt-2018-conducted-at-india-habitat-centre-1502716103.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-12-17|title=Conference on cryptology held at HICC Convention|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/conference-on-cryptology-held-at-hicc-convention-590402|access-date=2022-01-29|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
and the Indian national workshop on cryptology.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=National workshop on Cryptology begins|date= 2004-09-11|url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/11/stories/2004091106330300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041114170947/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/11/stories/2004091106330300.htm|url-status= dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date= 2004-11-14}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Presidency University Bengaluru Inaugurated National Workshop On Cryptology 2019|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Presidency-University-Bengaluru-Inaugurated-National-Workshop-On-Cryptology-2019/26-09-2019-176747|access-date=2022-01-29|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref> It also arranged the [[International Association for Cryptologic Research]]'s (IACR) workshop on [[Fast Software Encryption]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Call|url=https://www.iacr.org/workshops/fse2004/callforapp.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005050/https://www.iacr.org/workshops/fse2004/callforapp.html|archive-date=25 September 2006|access-date=29 January 2022|website=www.iacr.org}}</ref> in 2003 at [[New Delhi]] {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}and IACR's conference [[Asiacrypt]] in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preface to IACR ASIACRYPT: Advances in Cryptology (ASIACRYPT) 2013|url=https://www.iacr.org/archive/asiacrypt2013/preface.html|access-date=29 January 2022|website=www.iacr.org}}</ref> and in 2005 at [[Chennai]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 2024, CRSI hosted ASIACRYPT 2024 in Kolkata from December 9 to 13, followed by the ASK 2024 workshop at TCG CREST, Kolkata, from December 14 to 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asiacrypt 2024 |url=https://asiacrypt.iacr.org/2024/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=asiacrypt.iacr.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, CRSI held the International Conference on Cryptology in India (INDOCRYPT 2025) at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar]] on December 15.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INDOCRYPT 2025 Kicks Off at IIIT-Bhubaneswar: A Hub for Cryptography Minds|url=https://pragativadi.com/indocrypt-2025-kicks-off-at-iiit-bhubaneswar-a-hub-for-cryptography-minds/|website=Pragativadi I Latest Odisha News in English I Breaking News|date=2025-12-15|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en-US|first=Yajati|last=Rout}}</ref>

== Organizational structure ==
The main office of CRSI is located in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cryptology Research Society of India|url=https://crsind.in/index.php/about-crsi/activities-of-crsi/|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref> CRSI was founded by the current general secretary Prof. Bimal Roy, former Director of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-23|title=Bimal Kumar Roy|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/combinatorics-and-optimization/graduate-studies-combinatorics-and-optimization-c-and-o/alumni-profiles/bimal-kumar-roy|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Combinatorics and Optimization|language=en}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2022}} Padmashree R. Balasubramaniam, {{Citation needed span|text=Director of IMSc|date=January 2022}}, is the organization's president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cryptology Research Society of India|url=https://crsind.in/index.php/about-crsi/executive-committee/|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Presidency University Bengaluru Inaugurated National Workshop On Cryptology 2019|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Presidency-University-Bengaluru-Inaugurated-National-Workshop-On-Cryptology-2019/26-09-2019-176747|access-date=2022-01-29|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://crsind.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070809143150/http://www.crsind.com/ www.crsind.com] - former official website (now dead)

{{Cryptography navbox}}

[[Category:Cryptography organizations]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in India]]

Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:02:37Z

Rithik Rahman: Made new info

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Thoothukkudi
|constituency_no = 214
|type = SLA
|map_image = Constitution-Thoothukkudi.svg
|map_caption = Area of Thoothukkudi Assembly Constituency
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|established = 1952
|electors = 250,587
|reservation = None
|mla = [[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
|party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|preceded_by = [[S. T. Chellapandian]]
}}
'''Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, being in existence since independence. This constituency has had [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facilities with [[Electronic voting machine|EVMs]] since the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vvpat-used-on-pilot-basis/article8609252.ece?ref=tpnews | title= VVPAT used on pilot basis | date=17 May 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN16_04032016.pdf|title=VVPAT usage in 64 seats in 5 states Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Puducherry.}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name
!colspan=2|Term of office
!rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
|-
!1
|[[J. L. P. Roche Victoria]]
|3 May 1952
|31 March 1957
|[[1st Madras Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!2
|P. P. M. T. Ponnuswami
|29 April 1957
|24 April 1958
|rowspan=3|[[2nd Madras Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|-
!3
|A. Samuel
|3 September 1958
|29 July 1959
|-
!4
|R. J. Sundar Singh
|10 March 1960
|1 March 1962
|-
!5
|[[Ponnusami Nadar|S. Ponnusamy]]
|29 March 1962
|28 February 1967
|[[3rd Madras Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|-
!6
|[[M. S. Sivasami]]
|15 March 1967
|5 January 1971
|[[4th Madras Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!7
|[[R. Ramalingam]]
|22 March 1971
|31 January 1976
|5th {{small|([[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|-
!8
|[[N. Dhanasekaran]]
|4 July 1977
|17 February 1980
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!rowspan=2|9
|rowspan=2|[[S. N. Rajendran]]
|19 June 1980
|15 November 1984
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|-
|25 February 1985
|30 January 1988
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|-
!10
|[[N. Periasamy|N. Periyasamy]]
|6 February 1989
|30 January 1991
|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!11
|[[V. P. R. Ramesh]]
|1 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!(10)
|[[N. Periasamy|N. Periyasamy]]
|22 May 1996
|14 May 2001
|11th {{small|([[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!12
|[[S. Rajammal]]
|22 May 2001
|12 May 2006
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!13
|[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
|17 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!14
|[[S. T. Chellapandian]]
|23 May 2011
|21 May 2016
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!rowspan=2|(13)
|rowspan=2|[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
|25 May 2016
|3 May 2021
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|11 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float = right
|title = Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar = #ddd
|width = 260px
|barwidth = 250px
|bars = {{bar percent|2021|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.00}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.78}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.70}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.40}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.16}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.09}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.90}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.54}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.61}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|29.29}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.98}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.61}}
{{bar percent|1962|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.88}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.79}}
{{bar percent|1952|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.16}}
}}

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. T. Chellapandian]]|party=AIADMK|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jacob Devadas Abhishek|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Srinath (Tamil actor)|A. Srinath]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=NOTA|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=248,300}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|title=Thoothukkudi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a214|access-date= 18 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=92,314|percentage=49.00|change=+2.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. D. R. Vijayaseelan|party=AIADMK|votes=42,004|percentage=22.29|change=-12.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velraj|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=30,937|percentage=16.42|change=+14.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sundar|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=10,534|percentage=5.59|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Chandran|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=4,040|percentage=2.14|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Sivaneswaran|party=Independent politician|votes=2,866|percentage=1.52|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1,569|percentage=0.83|change=-0.84}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=50,310|percentage=26.93|change=+15.89}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=188,407|percentage=65.99|change=-3.92}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=285,497}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=+2.94}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date=30 Apr 2022|archive-date=30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=88,045|percentage=46.46|change=+6.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. T. Chellapandian]]|party=AIADMK|votes=67,137|percentage=35.43|change=-21.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Fatima|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=17,798|percentage=9.39|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Kanagaraj|party=BJP|votes=6,250|percentage=3.30|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Maria Judy Hema|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=3,733|percentage=1.97|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=3,177|percentage=1.68|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=20,908|percentage=11.03|change=-5.67}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=189,488|percentage=69.36|change=-4.37}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=273,187}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK|swing=-10.31}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. T. Chellapandian]]|party=AIADMK|votes=89,010|percentage=56.78|change=+15.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=62,817|percentage=40.07|change=-10.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkatesh|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=1,025|percentage=0.65|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=26,193|percentage=16.71|change=6.98}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=156,774|percentage=73.73|change=8.72}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=212,628}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=AIADMK|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=6.08}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=2006 Election Statistical Report|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|access-date=12 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|archive-date=7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=79,821|percentage=50.70|change=+10.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Daniel Raj|party=AIADMK|votes=64,498|percentage=40.97|change=-10.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Peter Raj|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=7,572|percentage=4.81|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivamurugan|party=BJP|votes=1,788|percentage=1.14|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kasipandian|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,266|percentage=0.80|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saravana Muthu|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=1,007|percentage=0.64|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=15,323|percentage=9.73|change=-1.62}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=157,446|percentage=65.01|change=15.02}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=242,170|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK|swing=-0.70}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date=12 May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Rajammal]]|party=AIADMK|votes=73,286|percentage=51.40|change=+28.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periasamy]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=57,100|percentage=40.05|change=+1.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Parthiban|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=7,695|percentage=5.40|change=+1.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Panneer Selvam|party=Independent politician|votes=1,496|percentage=1.05|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Govindasamy|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,004|percentage=0.70|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=16,186|percentage=11.35|change=-3.08}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=142,582|percentage=49.99|change=-16.42}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=285,292|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=AIADMK|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=13.24}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=1996 Election Statistical Report|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periasamy]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=56,511|percentage=38.16|change=+6.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. L. P. Bono Venture Roche|party=Independent politician|votes=35,140|percentage=23.73|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Henry|party=AIADMK|votes=33,578 |percentage=22.67|change=-43.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Pasupathy Pandian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=12,459|percentage=8.41|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. M. Sampath Kumar|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,623|percentage=3.80|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugasundaram|party=BJP|votes=3,161|percentage=2.13|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=21,371|percentage=14.43|change=-19.96}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=148,087|percentage=66.41|change=7.84}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=229,353|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK|swing=-27.93}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1991|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. R. Ramesh]]|party=AIADMK|votes=79,552|percentage=66.09|change=+48.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periasamy]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=38,157|percentage=31.70|change=-0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Uttarapandi|party=Janata Party|votes=958|percentage=0.80|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=41,395|percentage=34.39|change=33.95}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=120,361|percentage=58.57|change=-11.10}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=208,186|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=AIADMK|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=34.20}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1989|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periasamy]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=39,688|percentage=31.90|change=-3.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Shunmugam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,141|percentage=31.46|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jabaraj|party=AIADMK|votes=22,181|percentage=17.83|change=-38.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan|party=AIADMK|votes=21,351|percentage=17.16|change=-39.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=W. Megton|party=Independent politician|votes=791|percentage=0.64|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=547|percentage=0.44|change=-20.49}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,423|percentage=69.67|change=-1.30}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=180,816|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK|swing=-24.65}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1984|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. N. Rajendran]]|party=AIADMK|votes=59,622|percentage=56.54|change=-1.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ayyasamy|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=37,549|percentage=35.61|change=-6.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Anthony Fernando|party=Independent politician|votes=6,564|percentage=6.23|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arunachalam|party=Independent politician|votes=936|percentage=0.89|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=22,073|percentage=20.93|change=5.19}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=105,442|percentage=70.98|change=4.64}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=152,824|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=AIADMK|swing=-1.06}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1980|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf|archive-date=6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. N. Rajendran]]|party=AIADMK|votes=54,171|percentage=57.61|change=+28.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=39,365|percentage=41.86|change=+20.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arunachalam|party=Independent politician|votes=496|percentage=0.53|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=14,806|percentage=15.75|change=14.23}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,032|percentage=66.34|change=1.20}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=142,776|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=AIADMK|swing=28.32}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1977|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf|archive-date=7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Dhanasekaran]]|party=AIADMK|votes=23,598|percentage=29.29|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Naoroji|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,379|percentage=27.78|change=-15.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=17,606|percentage=21.85|change=-35.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chockalingam|party=Janata Party|votes=16,656|percentage=20.67|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=1,219|percentage=1.51|change=-12.44}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,565|percentage=65.14|change=-5.18}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=124,642|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=AIADMK|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=-27.68}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1971|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf|archive-date=6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ramalingam]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=39,030|percentage=56.98|change=-3.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Naoroji Ammal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=29,473|percentage=43.02|change=+3.64}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=9,557|percentage=13.95|change=-7.28}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=68,503|percentage=70.32|change=-6.02}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=101,713|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=-3.64}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. Sivasami]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=41,851|percentage=60.61|change=+32.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Nadar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,193|percentage=39.39|change=-4.5}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=14,658|percentage=21.23|change=5.30}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=69,044|percentage=76.34|change=-0.27}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=92,648|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=16.73}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ponnusami Nadar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,280|percentage=43.88|change=+7.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ramalingam]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=19,924|percentage=27.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Isaac|party=Communist Party of India|votes=10,534|percentage=14.78|change=-16.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkata Krishna|party=Swatantra Party|votes=9,545|percentage=13.39|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=11,356|percentage=15.93|change=11.42}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=71,283|percentage=76.61|change=21.30}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=95,771|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=7.09}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. P. M. T. Ponnuswami|party=Indian National Congress|votes=17,438|percentage=36.79|change=-11.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. Sivasami]]|party=Independent politician|votes=15,298|percentage=32.28|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Muruganandam|party=Communist Party of India|votes=14,661|percentage=30.93|change=+15.55}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=2,140|percentage=4.52|change=-14.45}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,397|percentage=55.31|change=-5.06}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=85,697|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=-11.37}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thoothukkudi<ref>{{cite web|last=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf|access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. L. P. Roche Victoria]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,728|percentage=48.16|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. K. Swamy|party=Independent politician|votes=11,957|percentage=29.19|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Isaac|party=Communist Party of India|votes=6,303|percentage=15.39|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariadoss|party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=1,757|percentage=4.29|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Gnanmuthu|party=Independent politician|votes=697|percentage=1.70|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu|party=Independent politician|votes=523|percentage=1.28|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=7,771|percentage=18.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=40,965|percentage=60.37|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=67,856}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress}}
{{Election box end}}

==List of ministers from the constituency==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2|Designation
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!rowspan=4|1
|rowspan=4|'''[[S. N. Rajendran]]'''
|[[Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi|Minister for Handlooms and Khadi]]
|9 June 1980
|10 January 1982
|1 year, 215 days
|rowspan=4|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|rowspan=4|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=4|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi|Minister for Khadi]] and [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works]]
|11 January 1982
|30 June 1983
|1 year, 170 days
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]]
|1 July 1983
|23 February 1984
|237 days
|-
|[[Department of Environment and Forests|Minister for Environmental Pollution Control]]
|24 February 1984
|15 November 1984
|265 days
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|'''[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]'''
|[[Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Animal Husbandry]]
|13 May 2006
|19 August 2008
|2 years, 98 days
|rowspan=2|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=2|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Social Welfare]]
|20 August 2008
|14 May 2011
|2 years, 267 days
|-
!3
|'''[[S. T. Chellapandian]]'''
|[[Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Labour]]
|16 May 2011
|17 June 2013
|2 years, 32 days
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!(2)
|'''[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]'''
|[[Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Social Welfare and Women Empowerment]]
|7 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|05|07}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title=Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date=8 July 2010|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date=5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.78|78.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Mahad Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T01:44:01Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahad
| constituency_no = 194
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| map_image = 194-Mahad.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =296,832
}}
'''Mahad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency is located in the [[Raigad district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies namely, [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]] and [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]] (Ratnagiri district) and [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]], [[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]], [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]] (Raigad district).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahad Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/mahad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"| Shankar Sawant
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Nanasaheb Purohit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1978]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1980]]
|Chandrakant Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1985]]
|Shantaram Philse
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar More]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2004]]
|Manik Jagtap
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharatshet Gogawale]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 117,442 |percentage = 55.28% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Snehal Manik Jagtap |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 91,232 |percentage = 42.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandraj Ravindra Ghadge |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 0.71% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 889 |percentage = 0.42% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,210 |percentage = 12.34% |change= {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 213,325 |percentage = 71.87% |change= {{increase}}5.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,436}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,832|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharatshet Gogawale]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 102,273 |percentage = 54.16% |change={{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manik Motiram Jagtap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 80,698 |percentage = 42.74% |change={{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devendra Pandurang Gaikwad |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 1.19% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,082 |percentage = 1.10% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghag Sanjay Arjun |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Sharad Dhondge |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,575 |percentage = 11.43% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,000 |percentage = 67.05% |change= {{decrease}}0.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,818}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,842|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharatshet Gogawale]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 94,408 |percentage = 52.50% |change={{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manik Motiram Jagtap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 73,152 |percentage = 40.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambonkar Uday Anant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,258 |percentage = 1.81% |change={{decrease}}41.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Parshuram Mahadik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,066 |percentage = 1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surendra Kashiram Chavan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,538 |percentage = 1.41% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pranay Baliram Sawant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,307 |percentage = 0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,256 |percentage = 11.82% |change= {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,133 |percentage = 67.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,820}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,226|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharatshet Gogawale]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 85,650 |percentage = 51.61% |change={{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Manik Motiram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,600 |percentage = 43.14% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Kishor Narayan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,540 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sondkar Rajendra Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,314 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangesh Sudam Tambe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,334 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Gangaram Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,050 |percentage = 8.47% |change= {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,984 |percentage = 68.97% |change= {{decrease}}7.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,959}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,674|ref = |change= {{increase}}54.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Manik Motiram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,972 |percentage = 47.92% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,193 |percentage = 44.74% |change={{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kundan Keru Hate |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,517 |percentage = 2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chalke Sopan Namdeo |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,478 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Prakash Krushnarao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,644 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kasare Santosh Balaram |party=Peoples Republican Party |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,779 |percentage = 3.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,980 |percentage = 76.49% |change= {{increase}}10.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,897}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,545|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,212 |percentage = 49.23% |change={{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manik Jagtap |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,965 |percentage = 45.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Suresh Dhondiram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,142 |percentage = 4.41% |change={{decrease}}16.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,247 |percentage = 3.46% |change= {{decrease}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,182 |percentage = 68.46% |change= {{decrease}}11.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,862}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,950|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,705 |percentage = 41.23% |change={{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,123 |percentage = 20.88% |change={{decrease}}12.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sudhakar Alias Anna Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,094 |percentage = 18.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babaji Pawar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,483 |percentage = 8.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Baburao Laxumanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,090 |percentage = 4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lale Subhash Parshuram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,751 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Belose Rajaram Govind |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 1.28% |change={{decrease}}27.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,582 |percentage = 20.35% |change= {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,316 |percentage = 80.30% |change= {{increase}}10.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,904|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,220 |percentage = 36.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Shankar Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,110 |percentage = 33.28% |change={{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Philse Shantaram Shivaram |party=Janata Dal |votes = 24,937 |percentage = 28.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Ratanrao Kahsinathrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 799 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,110 |percentage = 3.56% |change= {{increase}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,099 |percentage = 69.29% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,469}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,027|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Philse |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,040 |percentage = 44.48% |change={{increase}}20.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Shankar Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,391 |percentage = 43.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,788 |percentage = 5.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Gangaram Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,645 |percentage = 3.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheth Shyamsundar Tikam |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,247 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Sirjan Namkuber |party=Independent politician |votes = 921 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 649 |percentage = 0.90% |change= {{decrease}}14.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,469 |percentage = 69.12% |change= {{increase}}9.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,032}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,736|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Khanderao Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,879 |percentage = 39.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Pawar |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,035 |percentage = 24.44% |change={{decrease}}35.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Shivaram Philse |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,658 |percentage = 20.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Yeshwant Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 5,742 |percentage = 10.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Gangaram Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,116 |percentage = 5.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,844 |percentage = 15.40% |change= {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,616 |percentage = 59.77% |change= {{decrease}}9.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,430}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,745|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Vinayak |party=Janata Party |votes = 37,413 |percentage = 60.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Babaji Alias Dadasaheb Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,046 |percentage = 35.37% |change={{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghatge Pandurang Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,867 |percentage = 4.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,367 |percentage = 24.66% |change= {{increase}}14.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,256 |percentage = 69.81% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,471|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Samyukta Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Vinayak |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 27,737 |percentage = 55.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamal Vichare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,401 |percentage = 44.68% |change={{decrease}}1.7 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,336 |percentage = 10.64% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,949 |percentage = 61.25% |change= {{decrease}}5.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,138}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,448|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samyukta Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Babaji Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,221 |percentage = 46.38% |change={{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. R. Pawar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 21,672 |percentage = 43.28% |change={{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. B. More |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,079 |percentage = 4.15% |change={{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. B. Parte |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 3.45% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. S. Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 2.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,549 |percentage = 3.09% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,214 |percentage = 68.98% |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,070}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,590|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam Vithoba Salunke |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,664 |percentage = 37.23% |change={{decrease}}33.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Babaji Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,664 |percentage = 37.23% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaram Govind More |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,608 |percentage = 16.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Babaji More |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,050 |percentage = 6.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Babu Malusare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,027 |percentage = 3.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}40.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,311 |percentage = 62.43% |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,162|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}33.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purohit Digambar Vinayak |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,091 |percentage = 70.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karmarkar Ganesh Anant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,026 |percentage = 29.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,065 |percentage = 40.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,117 |percentage = 50.51% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,117}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,684|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18|04|38.66|N|73|25|23.61|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Leo Velho Mauricio

2026-04-16T03:19:49Z

Rithik Rahman: adding new stub from scratch

{{short description| Indian politician and lawyer (1934–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leo Velho Mauricio
| image = Leo Velho Mauricio.jpg
| image_size = 120px
| caption = Official portrait in 1977
| birth_place = [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|5|7|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|7|18|1934|5|7|df=y}}
| death_place = Goa, India
| term_start = 1967
| constituency = [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]
| term_end = 1980
| predecessor = [[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]]
| successor = [[Luizinho Faleiro]]
| majority = {{plainlist|
* 6546 (59.50%){{efn|for the year 1967–1972; followed by the next term.}}
* 7618 (69.77%)
* 4434 (49.35%)}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1977–1980)
| other_party = [[United Goans (Sequiera Group)]] (1967–1977)
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Rica Fernandes
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[St. Stanislaus High School]] ([[S.S.C]])
* [[Karnataka University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession = {{hlist|Lawyer|[[barrister]]}}
}}

'''Leo Velho Mauricio''' (7 May 1934 – 18 July 2010) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Navelim Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1980. He was also a member of the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navelim (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/navelim.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2010 |title=Condolences extended to former MLA of Navelim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/condolences-extended-to-former-mla-of-navelim/articleshow/6194213.cms |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Leo Velho Mauricio was born in [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]]. He was a practising [[Roman Catholic]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Rajan |date=2017-01-07 |title=CATHOLIC POWER WANES |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2017/01/07/catholic-power-wanes/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> and was married to Rica Fernandes. Mauricio completed his [[S.S.C]] at [[St. Stanislaus High School]] at [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]). He later completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Arts]] from R.P.D. College at [[Belgaum]] ([[Karnataka University]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=156 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

Mauricio went on to get a [[Masters of Arts]] degree from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier’s College, Bombay]]. He was employed as a [[Bar-at-law]] at the [[Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn]], [[London]]. He resided at Chinchinim, Goa.<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://goemkarponn.com/triangular-fight-between-avertano-pratima-valanka-in-navelim/ Triangular fight between Avertano, Pratima & Valanka in Navelim]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mauricio, Velho Leo}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]

Rajahmundry Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:44Z

Rithik Rahman: Created basic entry basic info

{{short description|Defunct assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajahmundry
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
| constituency_no = 40
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:116929}}
}}

'''Rajahmundry Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]] until 2009. It was one of six assembly segments in [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)'' and abolished in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/</ref>

==Overview==
It was a part of [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] segments, namely, Burugupudi, Kadiam, [[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthi]], [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]], Alamuru and [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha & Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2004|url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2004/Statistical_Report_2004.pdf|website=www.ceotelangana.nic.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Chitturi Prabhakara Chowdary
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Ambadipudi Balanageswararao
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Pothula Veertabhadra Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Chitturi Prabhakara Chowdary
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bathula Mallikarjunarao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Tadavarthi Satyavathi
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| A. C. Y. Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajahmundry Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajahmundry-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of constituencies (District Wise) : Andhra Pradesh 2004 Election Candidate Information |url=https://myneta.info/andhraPradesh2004/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| Routhu Surya Prakasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajahmundry<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitturi Prabhakara Chowdary |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,477 |percentage=40.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. L. Narasimha Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,228 |percentage=26.76% |change=26.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kovvidi Linga Raju |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=11,116 |percentage=24.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maduri Annapurniah |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,882 |percentage=6.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dokiburra Kantiah |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=996 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,249 |percentage=13.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,699 |percentage=64.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,560 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|17.01|81.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Battle of Alaboi

2026-04-10T14:28:35Z

Rithik Rahman: started the data initial version - done

{{Short description|17th century battle in Assam, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Events|date=December 2022}}
{{Disputed|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Alaboi
| date = 5 August 1669
| place = Alaboi plains
| commander1 = [[Lachit Borphukan]] [[Atan Buragohain]] Charingia Pelan [[Phukan]] Dikhowmukhia Rajkhowa Nam-Dayangia Rajkhowa Opar-Dayangia Rajkhowa
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Ram Singh I]] Mir Nawab ([[POW]])
| casualties1 = 10,000 dead<ref name=alaboi>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=219–221}}</ref><ref name="Comprehensive history of Assam, SL">{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=275}}</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
| result = Mughal-Amber victory
| strength1 = 40,000<ref name=alaboi>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=219–221}}</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000<ref name=alaboi/>
| partof = [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Ahom kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Amber]]
}}

{{Assam History}}

The '''Battle of Alaboi''' was fought between the [[Ahom Kingdom]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] around 5 August 1669.{{sfnp|Sarkar|1992|p=221}} The result was a Mughal victory, but [[Ram Singh I]]'s next move was to open negotiations for peace. The Assamese also were tired of war, and hostilities were suspended for a time. Soon after the battle of Alaboi, [[Chakradhwaj Singha]] died in 1669. He was succeeded by his brother [[Udayaditya Singha]]. This was part of the seizure of [[Guwahati]] that led up to the final [[Battle of Saraighat]] which the Ahoms won.

==Challenge==
{{main|Ahom-Mughal conflicts}}
[[Ram Singh I]] is said to have challenged [[Chakradhwaj Singha]] to a single combat and undertook in case of his defeat to return with his army to Bengal. The Assamese king, in his turn, grew impatient and ordered his commanders to attack the Mughals immediately and threatened them that, in the event of their failure, their hearts would be ripped open with axes.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=274}}</ref>

== Battle ==
The Mughals concentrated their army near Alaboi hills in the vicinity of Dalbari. There was a vast plain in front of the Mughal camp, extending from the [[Brahmaputra]] to the [[Sessa River]] on the other.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Lachit Borphukan]] wanted to avoid an open encounter with the superior [[Cavalry|Rajput cavalry]], but the king ordered him to proceed. [[Ram Singh I]] despatched a force under Mir Nawab, and the [[Borphukan]] sent an army of forty thousand men.<ref>{{cite book |title=Atan Buragohain and his time |pages=63}}</ref> The Buranjis narrate that a female warrior named Madanvati at the vanguard of the Mughal army, rushed into the enemy lines with the speed of lightning, killing many soldiers with her sword, until she was shot dead by the Assamese soldiers. Persian sources do not mention it, possibly because Madanvati may have been a man disguised as a woman to demoralise the Assamese army. When the fight continued undecided, [[Ram Singh I]] ordered his lieutenants to engage the Assamese while retiring to the forts with spoils and captives. The Rajput soldiers were equipped with [[Yantra]]s, [[Mantlet|machines with long shields]], so that they could fight uninjured. The [[Ahom Army|Assamese army]] was not prepared for the Mughal weapons and [[cavalry]]. As a result, the Assamese army lost ten thousand of their brave men.<ref name="Comprehensive history of Assam, SL">{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=275}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] was pleased with the successe at Alaboi and increased Ram Singh's [[Mansabdar|mansab]] from 4000 to 5000. Ram Singh was also instructed to invest [[Guwahati]] soon, and if it was not possible, to devastate the land and plunder the Ahom kingdom and its people.<ref name=alaboi/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Baruah, S L (1986), A Comprehensive History of Assam, Munshiram Manoharlal,
* Bhuyan, S.K. (1947). Lachit Barphukan and his times
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=148–256 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur:1503–1938|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1994|pages=146–147|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=ahoms}}

{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Ahom Dynasty]]
* [[Ahom kingdom]]
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
* [[Battle of Saraighat]]

[[Category:History of Guwahati]]
[[Category:17th-century battles]]
[[Category:17th century in the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1660s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:1669 in India]]

Bikash Debbarma

2026-04-07T02:08:41Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating some article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Second Saha ministry|Minister of Tribal Welfare and Handloom, Handicrafts and Sericulture and Statistics]]
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Atul Debbarma]]
| parents = Suresh Debbarma
}}

'''Bikash Debbarma''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister1 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikash Debbarma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KRISHNAPUR (ST)(KHOWAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7045 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is currently serving as Minister of [[Department of Tribal Welfare (Tripura)|Tribal Welfare]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-03-11 |title=Tripura CM Saha allocates portfolios, keeps 30 depts with himself |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/tripura-cm-saha-allocates-portfolios-keeps-30-depts-with-himself-1466423 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> Handloom, Handicrafts and Sericulture and Statistics in [[Government of Tripura]] under [[Second Saha ministry|Second Saha Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Tripura CM allots portfolios to council of ministers, keeps key departments to self |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-cm-allots-portfolios-to-council-of-ministers-keeps-key-departments-to-self-101678456647745.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Krishnapur Assembly constituency]] by defeating Mahendra Debbarma of [[Tipra Motha Party]] by a margin of 2,638 votes in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikash Debbarma Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Tripura Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/bikash-debbarma-23029-1 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikash Debbarma: Tripura Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/bikash-debbarma-krishnapur-candidate-s23a029c003/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was also a BJP's Janajati Morcha President in Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Tripura: BJP inducts Bikash Debbarma as a cabinet minister, know who is Bikash Debbarma |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/tripura-assembly-elections-2023/story/tripura-bjp-inducts-bikash-debbarma-as-a-cabinet-minister-know-who-is-bikash-debbarma-523897-2023-03-08 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Bikash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lushai Expedition (1869)

2026-03-29T15:05:51Z

Rithik Rahman: adding a post from scratch

{{Short description|Abortive punitive expedition against Sukpilal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Lushai Expedition|Chin-Lushai Expedition}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Lushai Expedition of 1869
| width =
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = February 1869
| place = [[Lushai Hills]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Aborted Expedition
| status =
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = {{flag icon|British Raj}}[[British Raj]] {{flag icon|United Kingdom}}[[United Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flag icon|British Raj}}[[John Ware Edgar]] {{flag icon|British Raj}}[[William Frost Nuthall]] {{flag icon|British Raj}}[[Chandrakirti Singh]]
| commander2 = [[Sukpilal]] [[Kanai Singh]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Lushai Expedition of 1869''' was an abortive punitive expedition against [[Sukpilal]] and Kanai Singh. It was arranged by the deputy commissioner of [[Cachar district|Cachar]], John Edgar and led by Colonel Nuthall. Factors such as weather, unpreparedness and diplomatic overtures led to the retreat and failure of the expedition.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=639}}

==Background==
Kanai Singh, a prince of Manipur had taken refuge among the tribes of the Cachar border and made an attempt to seize the throne of Manipur. Local authorities had suspected that Sukpilal had been aiding Kanai Singh in this endeavour. In 1869 a series of raids were committed by Lushai tribes on Cachar and Sylhet. Sukpilal was assumed by the British to be complicit in the raids. This was suspected due to Sukpilal wishing to divert forces from Manipur to aid Kanai Singh.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=52}}{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}}

An increase in raids had also alerted British authorities. In November 1868, reports of Lushai attacks on Naga villages were made. In December, the magistrate of Sylhet reported that Lushais raided a village near Adampore. Sukpilal also raided a settlement under a chief named Rungbhoom in [[Hill Tipperah]]. As a result, Rungbhoom fled to Sylhet.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}}{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=24}}

British suspicions were confirmed when Kanai Singh and Sukpilal jointly raided the tea estates of Monierkhal at Cachar in January 1869. Kanai Singh looted the money while Sukpilal's war party took several captives.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=52}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=210}} The raid was followed by a raid on the tea estate of Nowarbund on 10 January 1869 by Lalroom, brother-in-law of [[Vonpilal]]. Closely afterwards, Deuti, the son of [[Vonolel]], would raid Moniekhal on 14 January. A police guard and stockade were destroyed before the tea estate was looted.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=24}} The British authorities reconsidered their stance on the policy of conciliation with Lushai chiefs and decided on an alternative policy.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=52-53}} The British also implicated [[Vonpilal]] in responsibility for the events.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}}
==Forward Policy==
Authorities at Fort William took the stance of punishing Kanai Singh and the Lushai raiders. Dr Brown, the political officer of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]], was directed to advance with a contingent to check on Kanai Singh but not to use unnecessary violence. The commissioner of Dacca supported Browne to capture Kanai Singh.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=56}} The government ordered that all possible punishment should be made upon chiefs who refuse to submit and or surrender the captives of the raids.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}}

Edgar advocated for a punitive expedition. He informed the authorities in the Government of Bengal of his plan to start from Silchar to Sonai to arrest Kanai Singh. Edgar also outlined Brown's hesitation and unwillingness to participate in the expedition. However, the Raja of Manipur, [[Chandrakirti Singh]], aided Edgar with a 1000-man regiment on 2 February 1869.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=56}}{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=25}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=211}}

Edgar continued to fight for a stronger response from the government. The cold season was about to end and authorities in Fort William did not consider large-scale military operations at such a time to be convenient.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=212}} Browne withdrew his participation by citing the possibility that removing himself from the capital would create panic among the Manipuris.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=56-57}} Colonel Nuthall was supplied with a force consisting of the Sylhet Light Infantry, the 7th Native Infantry, a Eurasian battery and strong detachments of the Cachar Frontier Police.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=59}}

Three columns were established for the expedition of 1869. The West Dhaleswari Column was headed by [[William Frost Nuthall]], the East Cachar Column was headed by Edgar and Major Stevenson, and the Sylhet Column was headed by Mr Kimberly and Mr Baker.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=57}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=212}}
The forces set out in late February. Edgar's column surmounted many difficulties before reaching Bazarghat on 12 March 1869.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=57}} The ''upas'' of Vonpilal reported to Edgar of Vonpilal's death and that his mother Impanee would make amends with the British. The ''upas'' also voiced concerns about Edgar's posturing when they were not responsible for raiding. The truth was that Sukpilal was responsible for the attack on the Sylhet border, while the raids at Nowarbund and Monierkhal were attributed to the true perpetrators, Lalroom and Deuti, respectively.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} The raid in Manipur was attributed to Poiboi instead of Vonpilal.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=31}} Since Vonpilal's tribe was not responsible or hostile, Edgar realized the season was coming to an end, which would not allow the column to travel to distant tribes anymore, encouraging a retreat. Before doing so, Edgar decided to make a show of force at Impanee's village. An agreement was reached with the ''upas'' of Impanee, and a promise was made to restore captives and refugees.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} Chatter argues that Edgar also retreated on account of realizing the mistake of using unnecessary force on innocent chiefs. He returned to Silchar with his column.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=57}}

Nuthall commanded his column to advance along the Dhaleswari River.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} From 26 January to 3 February, heavy rains followed, affecting the feasibility of traversing the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=57}} The route became impractical after the week long rain. {{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}}Nuthall's column was heavily affected by terrain changes from the heavy rain. The inconvenience greatly halted progress and failed to reach the Sylhet Column under Kimble. Kimble's Column rapidly advanced through the Lushai Hills and located Sukpilal's settlement.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=59}} Along the way, the party encountered Rangboon's old settlement. The settlement had been burned down, with eleven skeletons piled in one spot.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=26}} They navigated along the border of [[Hill Tipperah]] to Koilashur. The party visited Rangboom's village before travelling further.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=59}} Kemble arrived at camp within sight of Sukpilal and [[Banaitangi]]'s settlement on 16 March.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} The party decided to wait one day on Nuthall to arrive. They tasked the force with procuring food as supplies had dwindled.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=27}} On 17 March 1869, the column defeated some Lushai warriors from Sukpilal's settlement. Baker and Kimble retreated their force as no sign of Nuthall's force was arriving to reinforce their position.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=59}}{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} A telegram on 21 March confirmed Nuthall's retreat.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=28}}

The Manipur contingent was prevented from accomplishing anything due to the stress of the weather.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=31}}

==Conclusion of the expedition==

The expedition's failure led to a few key realizations of the British authorities. The Lushai Hills was not properly mapped, and the unknown nature of its terrain was responsible for the failure. The columns lacked any form of communication between each other to coordinate their operations. The last point was that the expedition was undertaken in the wrong season.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=59}} Furthermore, sickness among troops was common and factored in as a contribution to the failure.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=59}} These lessons would contribute to the success of the [[Lushai Expedition]] of 1871. However, both Sukpilal and Kanai Singh were left unpunished.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=59}} Baker's experience in his column did record several new discoveries of the geography of the Lushai Hills. Baker would also form an advisory document on any future expeditions to be undertaken on the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=28-30}}

Sir W Grey argued that unless the Lushai Hills were occupied with a garrison and permanent force, the Lushai chiefs would not cease raiding British estates and subjects. He cited the historical example of the Naga and Garo Hills political officers. However, the government of India objected to a renewal of active military operations against the Lushai chiefs. Lord Mayo, in a meeting with W Gre,y declared that no military expeditions against the Lushais would be undertaken and that British subjects on the frontier would be strengthened and fortified with outposts and arming the settlements with weapons for self-defence.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=303}}
==See also==
*[[Lushai Expedition]]
*[[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]
*[[Lushai Rising]]
*[[Sukpilal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History of the Relations of the government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press}}

*{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

*{{Citation |last=Woodthorpe |first=Robert Gosset |year=1873 |title=The Lushai expedition, 1871-1872 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaiexpedition00woodrich}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:1860s in British India]]
[[Category:1869 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1869]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]

Nakula Sahadeva Ratha

2026-03-28T23:53:57Z

Rithik Rahman: adding initial data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Mamallapuram 104.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Nakula and Sahadeva Ratha
| location = [[Mamallapuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| part_of = Main complex of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)
| ID = 249-001
| coordinates = {{coord|12|37|03|N|80|11|56|E|type:landmark|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year = 1984
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption =
}}
'''Nakula Sahadeva Ratha''' is a monument in the [[Pancha Rathas]] complex at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is an example of [[monolithic architecture|monolith]] [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]. Dating from the late 7th century, it is attributed to the reign of King [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–680 AD; also called Mamalla, or "great warrior") of the [[Pallava Kingdom]]. The entire complex is under the auspices of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and is one of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] that were designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-03-03|archive-date=4 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Resembling a chariot (''ratha''), it is carved out of a single, long stone of pink granite.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=Plaque>{{cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Rathas,_Mahabalipuram.jpg|title=File:Five Rathas, Mahabalipuram.jpg|accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=Archarological Survey of India, Chennai Circle|archive-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225222951/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Rathas,_Mahabalipuram.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ASI>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram|accessdate=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-date=12 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612023345/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as a [[temple]], the structure was not consecrated because it was not completed<ref>{{cite book|title=Art history |author=Marilyn Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref> following the death of Narasimhavarman I.<ref name=Plaque/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=architect>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410000331/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2013|title= Mahabalipuram|accessdate=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}}</ref> The structure is named after the last two brothers of the [[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]], of epic [[Mahabharata]] fame,<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=Rathas>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]|accessdate=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of the British Library|archive-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225114320/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|url-status=live}}</ref> though the nomenclature is not supported by history.<ref name=PlaqueB>[[:File:Infoboard board of Pancha Rathas.jpg]]</ref> The small unfinished structure is dedicated to the god [[Indra]].

==Geography==
The structure is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram) on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal of the [[Indian Ocean]] in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of [[Chennai]] (previously known as Madras), the capital city,<ref name=Gunther>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram|accessdate=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|first=Michael D.|last=Gunther|archive-date=12 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612023345/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Chengalpattu]] is about {{convert|20|miles}} distant.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

The ratha complex is situated close to the shore line. Though the Nakula Sahadeva ratha is part of the Pancha Rathas, it is situated separate from the other four rathas. The Nakula-Sahadeva faces south, while the [[Dharmaraja Ratha|Dharmaraja]], [[Bhima Ratha|Bhima]], [[Arjuna Ratha|Arjuna]] and [[Draupadi Ratha]]s face west.<ref name="architect" /><ref name="Williams1981">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Joanna Gottfried|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57|accessdate=3 January 2013|year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06498-0|pages=57–}}</ref><ref name=Front>{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm|title=A monumental effort|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=8 November 2003|publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of [[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm|archivedate=10 April 2013}}</ref>
The view from outside the ratha has similarity with the [[Chaitya|Chaitya Hall]] of a [[Buddhist temple]], though on a small scale.<ref name="Subramanian1996">{{cite book|first=K. R.|last= Subramanian|title=Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA35|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0444-5|pages=35–}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Though it is considered to be a monolith temple, "temple" is misnomer given that the five rathas were never completed,<ref name="StokstadMarilyn">{{cite book|title=Art history |first=Marilyn |last=Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref> as evidenced by uncarved bed rock at the pinnacle. Hence, the rathas were neither consecrated nor worship offered. The structure is named after the twins, [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the last two born of the five [[Pandava]] brothers of the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' fame.<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|first1=Karen |last1=Schreitmüller|first2=Mohan |last2=Dhamotharan|first3=Beate |last3=Szerelmy|title=India Baedeker Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA589|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Baedeker|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|pages=589–}}</ref> Nakula Sahadeva is also referred to as "Gajaprishtakara",<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|first=Sarina |last=Singh|title=India 13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA1060|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8|pages=1060–}}</ref> a [[Sanskrit]] technical name for the backside of an elephant.<ref name="AbramEdwards2004">{{cite book|first1=David |last1=Abram|first2=Nick |last2=Edwards|title=Rough Guide to South India 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA447|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-103-6|pages=447–}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Pancha Rathas}}
[[File:Plan Sahadeva's Ratha.png|thumb|Plan of Sahadeva's Ratha]]
The feature of this ratha and the other four cannot be definitively dated to any similar constructions in ancient Indian architecture. However, the five rathas have served as forerunners or templates for the development of Indian temple architecture. Like the other four Pancha Rathas, this stone edifice is a replica of a wooden version which preceded it.<ref name="MoffettFazio2003">{{cite book|last1=Moffett|first1=Marian|last2=Fazio|first2=Michael W.|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence|title=World History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT75|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-371-4|page=75}}</ref> Though it is considered to be a monolith temple, "temple" is a misnomer given that the five rathas were never completed,<ref name="StokstadMarilyn" /> as evidenced by uncarved bedrock at the pinnacle. Hence, the rathas were neither consecrated nor worship offered. The incomplete status of all the five rathas is attributed to the death of the king Narasimhavarman I in 668 AD.<ref name=Rathas/><ref name=Tatva/> Even the epic name associated with the [[Pandavas]] is not supported by history. Along with several other monuments, this ratha gained UNESCO World Heritage Site distinction in 1984 as "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram".<ref name=UNESCO />

==Architecture==
[[File:Elephant ratha.JPG|right|thumb|Sculpture of an Elephant situated next to the Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]]
All the Pancha Rathas are aligned in a north–south direction and share a common plinth. They have no precedent in Indian architecture and have proved to be "templates" for building larger temples in the South Indian tradition of Dravidian temple architecture.<ref name="Rathas" /> Though cut out of monolithic rocks, they are carved in the form of structural temples in regular building form and hence termed as "quasimonolithic temple form".

===Layout===
Viewed from the entrance gate, which is facing north, it is in curved shape, and appears like the backside of an elephant and hence the style is termed ''gajapristha'' (back of an elephant). To add to this epithet, a large sized elephant sculpture, a monolithic sculpture, is carved next to the ratha.<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012"/><ref name=Tatva>{{cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|title=Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part III|work=6. Ganesha Ratha|accessdate=20 February 2013|publisher=Indian History and Architecture, Puratattva.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225063607/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Sites/> The ratha is classified under the ''vasara'' style.<ref name="Rajan1978">{{cite book|first=K. V. Soundara |last=Rajan|title=The art of south India: Tamil Nadu & Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hXqAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2013|year=1978|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan}}</ref> This monolithic structure, along with the other Pancha Rathas, opposite to the Arjuna Ratha, was built out of a single rock outcrop of granite. It is an [[apsidal]] (horseshoe-shaped) [[dvitala]] (two tiered) free standing structure, entirely of [[Dravidian architecture]]. It is built on the same base, at the end of the three rathas of Dharmaraja, Bhima and Arjuna, but facing south. There are no idols to worship inside the ratha. The walls of this ratha also have features arranged in a sequence to delineate the "projections and recesses created by pairs of shallow pilasters." The niches on the interior walls of the ratha have carved images of gods and demi-gods. The roof (in the form of the back of an elephant) terminates as a pyramid or finial or ''shikara'', which is carved with motifs. The unusual architecture of this ratha is said to be an innovation of the architect.<ref name=Sites>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram: Group of Monuments Mahabalipuram (1984), Tamil Nadu|accessdate=30 December 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India by National Informatics Centre|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517230724/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Features===
[[File:6 . simha vahana in front of the sanctum ; sahadeva ratha also seen behind.JPG|thumb|Simha Vahana on the back side of the Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]]
The ratha with its simple layout has least embellishments. The [[apses]] on the front facade, which is also the ''mukha-mandapa'' (entrance porch) of the ratha has no decorations and the façade is supported on two pillars mounted on lion-base. The chamber inside is flanked by two pilasters with elephant carvings depicted as the guardians. The cornice, all along the shrine, is supported on pillars with corbels and embellished with ''[[gavaksha|kudus]]'' (horseshoe-shaped dormer windows) with images of human head inside.<ref name=Tatva/>

The carvings were sculpted from the top to the bottom of rathas.<ref name="Gupta2003">{{cite book|first=Shobhna |last=Gupta|title=Monuments Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA35|accessdate=3 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|pages=32–}}</ref> The sculpture in the form of reliefs on the walls inside the ratha is of Ardhanariswara.<ref name=Wonder>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/TamilNadu/PanchaRathas.htm|title=Pancha Rathas, Mahabalipuram|accessdate=23 October 2012|publisher=Wonder Mondo.com|archive-date=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909214000/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/TamilNadu/PanchaRathas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also mentioned that this ratha is dedicated to [[Candesa]], and the elephant sculpture placed outside the ratha is considered an unusual location, as a [[Vahana]] or a mount of god, while it is normally placed in front of the ratha).<ref name="Williams1981b">{{cite book|first=Joanna Gottfried |last=Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65|accessdate=3 January 2013|year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06498-0|pages=65–}}</ref> In the two storeys above the ground floors (above the cornices) oblong gabled shrines and square corner shrines are seen which are interlinked by a cloister all around the edge. On the west side, which is gabled, carvings seen are of three gates. In the central door the shrine sculpted with a square tower has a finial on top. The uppermost floor is [[apsidal]] and has a large ''[[gavaksha|kudu]]'' with a shrine inside.<ref name=Tatva/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Rathas]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Abhimanyu Lamba

2026-03-24T17:30:45Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Abhimanyu Lamba
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hanumangarh]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 5 February 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/642533.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Abhimanyu Lamba''' (born 31 October 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/642533.html |title=Abhimanyu Lamba |access-date=5 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 5 February 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118713.html |title=Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Chennai, Feb 5 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He was drafted in the domestic drafts for Major League Cricket 2026 by [[Texas Super Kings]].
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=642533}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamba, Abhimanyu}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

Jagran Film Festival

2026-03-24T11:36:08Z

Rithik Rahman: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Film festival in India}}
{{Infobox film festival
| name = Jagran Film Festival
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = File:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Information & Broadcasting, Shri Manish Tewari lighting the lamp to inaugurate the Jagran Film Festival, in New Delhi on July 05, 2013.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = The JFF was inaugurated in 2013 by [[Manish Tewari]], the Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting
| opening =
| closing =
| location = Various cities in India
| predecessor =
| established = 2010
| founded =
| first =
| founders = [[Jagran Prakashan]]
| disestablished =
| last =
| successor =
| awardsreceived =
| awards =
| films =
| directors =
| producers =
| writers =
| starring =
| host =
| artistic_director =
| selector =
| editor_in_chief =
| play_type =
| number =
| date =
| language = Hindi, English
| website =
| preceded_by =
| previous =
| followed_by =
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}}
'''Jagran Film Festival''' (JFF) is a travelling [[film festival]] that was founded in India in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Delhi/Naseeruddin-Shah-inaugurates-7th-Jagran-Film-Festival/articleshow/53013723.cms|title=Naseeruddin Shah inaugurates 7th Jagran Film Festival - Times of India|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ashutosh-gowariker-we-consulted-with-archaeologists/17558165|title=Ashutosh Gowariker: We consulted with archaeologists|work=mid-day.com|date=25 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-neetu-chandra-tisca-chopra-at-jagran-film-festival/20161001.htm|title=PIX: Neetu Chandra, Tisca Chopra at Jagran Film Festival|work=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/jagran-film-festival-announces-indian-competition-section/|title=Jagran Film Festival Announces Indian Competition Section - Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine|date=23 June 2016|work=boxofficeindia.co.in|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162556/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/jagran-film-festival-announces-indian-competition-section/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival is an initiative of the [[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran Prakashan Group]], with the aim of promoting the appreciation of cinematic art in smaller towns beyond the major metropolitan cities of India. It serves as a platform to showcase diverse films and engage audiences across different regions.

The seventh edition of the festival commenced in [[Delhi]] and traveled through various cities including [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Agra]], [[Meerut]], [[Dehradun]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Raipur]], [[Indore]] and [[Bhopal]], culminating in [[Mumbai]]. The eighth edition of the festival includes competitive film sections, such as Jagran Shorts (for international short films), World Panorama (for international feature films), the Indian Showcase (for Indian feature films), and Cinema of the Sellers (for advertising and public service advertising films), offering prize money to participants.

==JFF-2019==
The 10th Jagran Film Festival was inaugurated at an event held in New Delhi's [[Siri Fort Auditorium]]. The inauguration was led by [[Prakash Javadekar]], the Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/10th-jagran-film-festival-inaugurated-delhi-07201970998.html|title=10th Jagran Film Festival was inaugurated|work=currentaffairs.gktoday.in|access-date=2019-09-11|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720151001/https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/10th-jagran-film-festival-inaugurated-delhi-07201970998.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=10th-Jagran-Film-festival-inaugurated-in-New-Delhi&id=368736|title=10th Jagran Film festival inaugurated in New Delhi|work=newsonair.com}}</ref>

==JFF-2018==
9th edition of the Jagran Film Festival commenced in June in Delhi and culminated in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2018/10/9th-jagran-film-festival-names-varun-dhawan-as-the-best-actor/|title=9th Jagran Film Festival names Varun Dhawan as the Best Actor|work=bestmediainfo.com}}</ref>

==JFF-2017==
[[File:Otwin at Jagran Film Festival.jpeg|thumb|Austrian filmmaker and actor Otwin Biernat at Jagran Film Festival, 2017]]

* Partners: According to news reports Barry John Acting Studio (BJAS) is going to partner in the 8th season of Jagran Film Festival (JFF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollywoodwallah.com/2017/05/22/barry-john-acting-studio-to-partner-with-with-8th-jagran-film-festival/|title=Barry John Acting Studio to partner with 8th Jagran Film Festival|work=bollywoodwallah.com|date=22 May 2017 }}</ref>
* Video Partners: According to news reports Veblr.com is the official video partner in the 8th season of Jagran Film Festival (JFF) 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veblr.com/user/JagranFilmFestival/|title=Official video channel of 8th Jagran Film Festival|work=veblr.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagranfilmfestival.co.in/|title=8th JFF Official partners List|work=jagranfilmfestival.co.in}}</ref>

==JFF-2016==
* Consultants: [[Mayank Shekhar]] and Manoj Srivastava.
* Feature Film Competition Jury: [[Sarika]], [[Jahnu Barua]], Ballu Saluja, [[Sandesh Shandilya]], [[Shekhar Das]] and [[Avinash Arun]].
* International Competition for Short Films Jury: [[Jahnu Barua]] (chairman), [[Rajit Kapur]] (Member), Elena Fernandes (Member)
Partners: Whistling Woods International, Mumbai, Asia Pacific Screen Awards

==JFF 2015==
*Feature Film Competition Jury :[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]], [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Sreekar Prasad]], [[Mahesh Aney]], [[Udit Narayan]]
*International Competition for Short Films: [[Shaji N. Karun]] (chairman), Mozhgan Taraneh, [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]

==JFF 2014==
*Feature Film Competition Jury: [[Amol Palekar]] (chairman), [[Madhu Ambat]], [[Kavita Lankesh]], Umesh Gupta
*International Competition for Short Films: [[Goutam Ghose]] (chairman), Philip Cheah, Iokim Milonas

==JFF 2013==
*Feature Film Competition Jury: [[Basu Chatterjee]] (chairman), Ramakrishna Halkere, Aditi Deshpandey, Suresh Pai
*International Competition for Short Films : [[N. Chandra]], Dorothy Briere

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://jff.co.in/ Official website]
*[https://jplcorp.in/new/Default.aspx Jagran Group]
*[https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/5th-jagran-film-festival-finale-comes-to-mumbai-15573197 5th Jagran Film Festival finale comes to Mumbai]
*[http://www.onlyloudest.com/9-jagran-film-festival/ 9th Jagran Film Festival 2018]

[[Category:Film festivals in India]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2010]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]

{{Asia-film-festival-stub}}

Muhammad Muhiuddin

2026-03-24T04:40:18Z

Rithik Rahman: general enhanced references per standard format additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Qazi Muhammad Muhiuddin
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1974
| term_end1 = 1985
| constituency1 = [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| constituency2 = [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]]
| term_start3 = 1989
| term_end3 = 1991
| constituency3 = [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 2000
| constituency4 = [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| office7 = Member of [[Interim Uttarakhand Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 2000
| term_end7 = 2002
| constituency7 = [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| party =
| children = [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]
| spouse =
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
'''Qazi Muhammad Muhiuddin'''<ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/6th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 59/467]</ref><ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/7th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 77/469]</ref><ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/8th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 65/479]</ref><ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/9th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 80/489]</ref><ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/10th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 90/523]</ref><ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/13th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf Page No 109-110/600]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1996/lhaksar/mohd-mohiduddin/|title=Mohd Mohiduddin, Lhaksar Assembly Elections 1996 LIVE Results|website=Latestly}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]] and Six term Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] and [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]] assembly constituency. He was a member of the various political parties from time to time. He served as Minister in [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], [[Banarasi Das]], [[Kalyan Singh]] and [[Mayawati]] Cabinet.

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 1974–1977
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|6th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] (1st term)
* Member, Committee on Petition
|-
| 1977–1980
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|7th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] (2nd term)
* Minister of State for Jail (1978–79)
* Minister of State for Forest (1979–80)
|-
| 1980–1985
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|8th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] (3rd term)
* Member, Committee on Government Assurance
* Member, Urdu Academy (1981–85)
|-
| 1985–1989
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|9th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]] (4th term)
|-
| 1989–1991
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|10th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] (5th term)
|-
| 1996–2000
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|13th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] (6th term)
* Cabinet Minister For Jail, Political Pension and Forest (Mar 1997 to Oct 1997)
|-
| 2000–2002
| Member of [[Interim Uttarakhand Assembly]] from [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
* Pro tem Speaker, [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhiuddin, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2000–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{Uttarakhand-politician-stub}}
{{JP-politician-stub}}
{{JDS-politician-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services

2026-03-21T20:01:40Z

Rithik Rahman: put up a entry

{{short description|Infrastructure development and finance company headquartered in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS)
| logo = Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services.svg
| image = IL&FS - Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai.jpg
| image_caption = IL&FS headquarters at the Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai
| type = [[public sector|Public Sector]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/government-moves-nclt-against-ilandfs#gs.LeI09ME|title = NCLT Allows Government to Take over IL&FS}}</ref>
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date|1987}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=3688660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301022248/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=3688660 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2009 |title=Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited: Private Company Information – BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=28 September 2010}}</ref>
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = <nowiki>Nand Kishore</nowiki> {{small|(Chairman)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/about-us/management/|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230045023/https://www.ilfsindia.com/about-us/management/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{!}}C.S. Rajan {{small|(Managing Director)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cs-rajan-appointed-md-of-ilfs-vineet-nayyar-named-executive-vice-chairman-3756901.html/amp|title=CS Rajan appointed MD of IL&FS, Vineet Nayyar named Executive Vice-Chairman|work=moneycontrol|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
| industry = Infrastructure Development and Finance
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited''' ('''IL&FS''') is an Indian state-funded infrastructure development and finance company.<ref name="offwebsite">{{cite web |title=Our work |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/ |website=Official website |publisher=IL & FS |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929120251/https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was created by [[Public sector banks in India|public sector banks]] and insurance companies.

It operates through more than 250 subsidiaries including IL&FS Investment managers, IL&FS financial services and IL&FS Transportation networks India Limited (ITNL).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bahl |first1=Raghav |title=IL&FS Lessons For PM Modi From Two Singhs, Manmohan And Jaswant |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/ilfs-lessons-for-pm-modi-from-two-singhs-manmohan-and-jaswant#gs.BabFA1A |access-date=29 September 2018 |agency=Opinion |publisher=Bloomberg Quint}}</ref> Its projects include some of the largest infrastructure projects in [[India]] including India's [[List of longest tunnels|longest tunnel]], [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel]], which opened for traffic in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.itnlindia.com/projects_details.aspx?page_id=17&sec_id=4&ProjectID=26
| title=IL&FS Transportation Networks Ltd - Chenani-Nashri Tunnel Project Page
| access-date=2017-04-02
| archive-date=8 April 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408055532/http://www.itnlindia.com/projects_details.aspx?page_id=17&sec_id=4&ProjectID=26
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> After the company defaulted on its loans in 2018, the [[Government of India]] took control of the company and appointed a new board.<ref name="Government of India">{{cite web |title=Government of India To Take Over IL&FS
|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/government-moves-nclt-against-ilandfs |website=BloombergQuint |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
IL&FS was formed in 1987 as an "RBI registered Core Investment Company" by three financial institutions, namely the [[Central Bank of India]], [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]] (HDFC) and [[Unit Trust of India]] (UTI), to provide finance and loans for major infrastructure projects.<ref name="quint">{{cite news |last1=Duggal |first1=Ira |title=The Rise And Stumble of IL&FS |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2018/08/08/the-rise-and-stumble-of-ilfs#gs.VGYnWYk |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg Quint |date=8 August 2018}}</ref> Gradually, as the organisation needed better financing, it additionally opened itself to two large international players, namely [[Mitsubishi]] (through Orix corporation Japan) and the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority|Abu Dhabi Investment authority]]. Subsequently, [[Life Insurance Corporation|Life Insurance Corporation India]], Orix and ADIA became its largest shareholders, a pattern that continues to this day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Group profile - genesis and foundation |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/about-us/group-profile/ |website=ilfsindia.com |publisher=IL and FS official website |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924052713/http://www.ilfsindia.com/about-us/group-profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Currently, its institutional shareholders include [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Orix]] and [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]], with small shareholdings by a few Indian banks. [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) was a share holder till 2017, after which it sold its stake in the company. A few foreign investors including [[Greenspring Associates|Greenspring associates]] remain investors in its subsidiary companies, especially IL&FS transportation and IL&FS infrastructure services.<ref>{{cite web |title=I & FS transportation - official website |url=http://www.itnlindia.com/ |website=Official website |publisher=IL & FS transportation networks ltd. |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our portfolio |url=https://www.greenspringassociates.com/portfolio/ |website=greenspringassociates.com |publisher=Greenspring associates |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://greenspringassociates.com/direct-investments
| date=2013-11-07
| title=Direct Investments
| work=Greenspring Associates
| access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref>

In 2012, A2Z Group acquired the property management subsidiary of IL&FS (IL&FS Property Management & Services Ltd) in a cash and stock deal. The deal was done through its subsidiary A2Z Infraservices Ltd for ₹ 25 [[crore]]. While ₹7 crore cash payment was made to IL&FS Infrastructure Equity Fund and IL&FS Employees Welfare Trust, the infrastructure major also took a 20% stake in A2Z Infraservices by way of a [[stock swap]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A2Z acquires IL&FS|date=8 December 2010|url=http://in.mobile.reuters.com/article/article/idINIndia-53438320101208|work=Reuters|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

In April 2019, its newly constituted board informed investors that the company had 302 entities through which it currently operates.<ref name="2019april9">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/media/2324/update-on-ilfs-3-apr-2019.pdf|title=Briefing on IL & FS 3 April 2019|website=IL and FS Official website|publisher=IL&FS - Board of Directors|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

== Group companies ==
IL&FS has 256 group companies as of 2018, including subsidiaries, joint venture companies and associate entities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funds worth Rs 160 bn getting stuck led to this mess: IL&FS tells staff |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/il-fs-tells-staff-financial-mess-due-to-rs16-000cr-stuck-funds-118091201070_1.html |access-date=26 September 2018 |agency=PTI |work=Business Standard|date=13 September 2018}}</ref> Though on the surface, the company appears to have 23 direct subsidiaries, 141 indirect subsidiaries (including special purpose vehicles for different projects), 6 joint ventures and 4 associate companies, each of them is further subdivided into additional legal entities, with much cross ownership as well as ownership by investment vehicles of various governments.<ref name="quint" />

While some of its subsidiaries (such as IL&FS Transport) ran into high losses in 2018 and found it difficult to repay their loans, others (such as IL&FS investment managers) posted profits of ₹72.5 crore in 2018, a 33% profit after tax.<ref name="ar2018">{{cite book |title=Annual report 2018 |date=1 August 2018 |publisher=IL&FS Investment Managers |location=Mumbai |page=7 |url=http://www.ilfsinvestmentmanagers.com/annual_reports.aspx |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Schoolnet India|Schoolnetindia.com}}
Schoolnet India (founded in 1997) previously known as IL&FS Education and Technology Services Limited, is an Indian educational technology and skills development company. It offers digital and technology-assisted services in K–12 education, vocational training, and workforce development.<ref name="bestcolleges.indiatoday.in">{{cite web |title=Schoolnet India collaborate to empower 10 Million students with transformative initiatives |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/schoolnet-india-collaborate-to-empower-10-million-students-with-transformative-initiatives |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-31 |title=Delhi government launches India's first virtual school, invites admission applications |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-government-launches-virtual-schools-invites-admission-applications/articleshow/93897622.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Schoolnet Is Ensuring India's Poorest Children Don't Fall Further Behind |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-schoolnet-is-ensuring-indias-poorest-children-dont-fall-further-behind/85293/1 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schoolnet's RoleIn Making Schools NEP Ready: Partnerships With 100,000 Schools & 2 Mn Teacher Training Hours |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/schoolnet-s-role-in-making-schools-nep-ready-partnerships-with-100-000-schools-2-mn-teacher-training-hours-575727 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

Some of them are listed below-

;'''Infrastructure Services'''
* IL&FS Energy Development Company Limited: energy sector arm involved in development of power generation and transmission projects
* IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited: advisory and project development
* IL&FS Transportation Networks Limited: involved in the development and implementation of projects related to surface transport (highways, flyovers, bridges and roads)
* IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Limited
* IL&FS Education and Technology Services Limited (Headed by RCM Reddy)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=209884790&privcapId=51871994|website=bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-02-22|title=Stocks }}</ref>
* New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited (an [[special purpose entity|SPV]] to implement the [[Tirupur]] Area Development Programme)
* Noida Toll Bridge Company Limited (an [[special purpose entity|SPV]] to operate and maintain the [[DND Flyway]] connecting [[Delhi]] with [[Noida]])
;''' Financial Services'''
* IL&FS Financial Services Limited (Investment Banking Arm of IL&FS)
* IL&FS Investment Managers Limited (domestic private equity fund management)
* ORIX Auto Infrastructure Services Limited (services related to transport finance and transport infrastructure)
* IL&FS Trust Company Limited - ITCL (services: debenture and bond trusteeship, trusteeship and investor representative for securitised paper, services as security trustee and facility agent, secure document management, scanning, processing and records management, and paralegal services)

==Projects==
IL&FS has several projects in different sectors including Transportation, Area Development, e-Governance, Health Initiatives, Cluster Development, Finance, Power, Ports, Water and Waste Water, Urban Infrastructure, Environment, Education, and Tourism.

In 2009, it became the new promoter of the [[Maytas Infra]] Ltd. and in January 2011, Maytas Infra was taken over by IL&FS and renamed to IL&FS Engineering and Construction Company Limited<ref>{{cite book
| title = IL&FS may partner foreign firms to improve Maytas Infra position
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/01231812/ILampFS-may-partner-foreign.html?h=B
| author = C R Sukumar
| publisher = livemint.com
| date = 1 September 2009
| access-date = 2 September 2009
}}</ref> In September 2009, it picked up a "significant minority stake" in the [[Reliance Industries]]' [[special economic zone]] project in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite book
| title = RIL takes IL&FS on board for Haryana SEZ
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/RIL-takes-ILFS-on-board-for-Haryana-SEZ-/articleshow/4961745.cms
| author = Arun Kumar
| work = [[The Economic Times]]
| date = 2 September 2009
| access-date = 2 September 2009
}}</ref>

IL&FS was the principal lender behind the construction of the 9.28 km long [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel]], located on the route of [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Its work was started in July 2011 and the tunnel was opened for traffic after its inauguration by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of India [[Narendra Modi]] on 2 April 2017. Built on an estimated budget of [[Indian rupee|₹]]3,720 crore (US$550 million), the main tunnel is 13 metres in diameter, while the parallel escape tunnel is 6 metres in diameter. The main and escape tunnels are connected by 29 cross passages located at intervals of every 300 metres. It is the first tunnel in India with a fully integrated tunnel system and is expected to reduce the distance between [[Jammu]] and [[Srinagar]] by 30.11 km (18.7 mi), reducing the travel time by two hours.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

IL&FS also has large investments in its own subsidiaries, as well as in the equity market. In September 2018, these amounted to nearly ₹10,000 crores.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valuations of the investments of IL & FS |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/heres-what-ilfs-values-itself-at#gs.yhNxxec |access-date=29 September 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg Quint / SBI Cap report |date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

==Ownership==
As of March 2018, the largest shareholders of IL&FS Investment services were as follows<ref>{{cite web |title=Ownership pattern - March 2018 |url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1989/shareholding-pattern-march-31-2018.pdf |website=ilfsindia.com |publisher=IL & FS - Investors corner |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170057/http://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1989/shareholding-pattern-march-31-2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{blist|[[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] : 25% |[[Orix]], Japan (a part of [[Mitsubishi]] Keiritsu): 23% |IL&FS Employees welfare trust : 12%|[[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority|Abu Dhabi investment authority]] : 12% |[[State Bank of India]] : 12%|[[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC Ltd]] : 9%|[[Central Bank of India|Central bank of India]] : 7% }}

==Defaults on bonds by IL&FS financial services==
From July to September 2018, two out of IL&FS's 256 subsidiaries reported having trouble paying back loans and inter corporate deposits to other banks and lenders, resulting in the [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] requesting its major share holders to rescue it.<ref name="quint26sep">{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Ridhima |title=RBI Asks Shareholders To Rescue IL&FS |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/rbi-asks-shareholders-to-save-ilfs#gs.R7uc_8s |access-date=29 September 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg Quint |date=28 September 2018}}</ref> In July 2018, [[The Hindu|Hindu Businessline]] reported that the road arm of IL&FS was having difficulty making payments due on its bonds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debt downgraded, ILFS road arm says facing defaults |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/debt-downgraded-ilfs-road-arm-says-facing-defaults/article24488739.ece#! |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Hindu businessline |date=22 July 2018}}</ref> In the same month, Business Standard reported that its founder Ravi Parthasarathy would be leaving the firm for medical reasons, after having headed the firm for 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lele |first1=Abhijit Madhav |last2=Mukul |first2=Jyoti |title=Three decades of Ravi Parthasarathy led to IL&FS's lateral growth |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/three-decades-of-ravi-parthasarathy-led-to-il-fs-s-lateral-growth-118072401393_1.html |access-date=26 September 2018 |work=Business Standard|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In early September 2018, [[Sucheta Dalal|Moneylife India]] reported that one of IL&FS's subsidiaries had been unable to repay a ₹1,000 crore short-term loan taken from [[SIDBI]], resulting in SIDBI asking one of its officers to resign.<ref>{{cite news |title=IL&FS defaults on Rs 1,000 Crore Short-term Loan from SIDBI? |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/ilfs-defaults-on-rs1000-crore-short-term-loan-from-sidbi/55209.html |access-date=29 September 2018 |publisher=Moneylufe India |date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Subsequently, Bloomberg Quint, Business standard and [[The Economic Times|Economic times]] reported that one of the IL&FS group of companies called IL&FS Financial Services Limited had defaulted on its commercial paper payments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Andy |title=The IL&FS fiasco represents India's domestic belt and road quicksand |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/the-il-fs-fiasco-represents-india-s-domestic-belt-and-road-quicksand-118091700153_1.html |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Business Standard (originally reported by Bloomberg) |date=17 September 2018}}</ref> This led to news of a possible audit by the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve bank of India]]. IL&FS Financial Services Ltd., one of the group's many financial subsidiaries had defaulted on repaying about ₹450 [[crore]] worth of inter-corporate deposits to [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] (SIDBI). On 27 September 2018, IL&FS Financial Services informed the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] that it had defaulted on a ₹52.4 crore repayment of short-term deposits and ₹104 crore term deposit.<ref name="quint26sep" />

However, in its replies to investors and the BSE, IL&FS investment services (IVC) clarified that the news items did not relate to it, as these were two completely different legal entities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter from company secretary, IL & FS Financial services to Bombay stock exchange |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/reports/ilandfs-investment-managers-clarifiesnews-item-12776081.html |website=moneycontrol.com/ |publisher=Money control |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> A similar letter was published by IL&FS Transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter from IL & FS Transportation (24 September 2018) |url=http://www.itnlindia.com/application/web_directory/Latest%20Updates/Clarification_on_news_article_in_BS_ILFS_240918.pdf |publisher=IL & FS Transportation ltd. |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>

On 1 Oct 2018, the [[Government of India]] took steps to take control of the company and arrest the spread of the contagion to the financial markets. A new board was constituted as the earlier board was deemed to have failed to discharge its duties. The new board consisted of [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] managing director [[Uday Kotak]], former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer & [[Tech Mahindra]] boss [[Vineet Nayyar]], former [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] chief [[G N Bajpai]], former [[ICICI Bank]] chairman [[G C Chaturvedi]], former IAS officers [[Malini Shankar]] and Nand Kishore. Currently the CMD of new IL&FS Board is Mr Nand Kishore who was appointed the Chairman and Managing Director after the term of Mr C S Rajan ended on September 30, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | title=IL&FS appoints Nand Kishore as chairman - Banking & Finance News {{!}} The Financial Express | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-ilampfs-appoints-nand-kishore-as-chairman-3626866/#:~:text=IL%26FS%20on%20Monday%20appointed%20Nand%20Kishore%2C%20who%20is,end%20on%20September%2030%2C%20a%20press%20release%20said. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930200647/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-ilampfs-appoints-nand-kishore-as-chairman-3626866/ | access-date=2026-01-10 | archive-date=2024-09-30}}</ref>

The [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] (SFIO) started an investigation as there were huge procedural lapses and top management was not reachable. Newspapers reported the lavish salaries earlier management had given itself at the expense of public money. In the absence of adequate supervision by the RBI or shareholders or any [[claw back]] provisions on [[remuneration]], the erstwhile management treated the company as its fiefdom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Palak |title=Can the Centre's white knights rescue IL&FS? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/can-the-centres-white-knights-rescue-ilfs/article25105611.ece |access-date=3 October 2018 |date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

On 2 April 2019, the SFIO arrested the former vice-chairman of IL&FS, [[Hari Sankaran]], in [[Mumbai]] for fraud and causing wrongful loss to the troubled infrastructure lender. He was accused of granting loans to entities that were not credit-worthy or declared as non-performing accounts causing loss to the company and its creditors. The SFIO was granted custody of Sankaran till 4 April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/first-arrest-in-il-fs-case-former-vice-chairman-sankaran-in-sfio-custody-119040101323_1.html|title=First arrest in IL&FS case, former vice chairman Sankaran in SFIO custody|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-04-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>

The initial SFIO probe revealed that there were major lapses in [[Deloitte]]'s audit of the IL&FS.<ref>[https://www.cnbctv18.com/finance/sfio-probe-finds-several-lapses-in-deloitte-audit-of-ilfs-financial-services-says-report-3090391.htm SFIO probe finds several lapses in Deloitte audit of IL&FS Financial Services, says report]</ref><ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/government-may-ban-deloitte-over-allgations-fraud-ilfs-audit/story/341303.html Govt may ban Deloitte over allegations of fraud in IL&FS audit]</ref> The Government had moved to ban Deloitte for its role in the default. However, the [[Bombay High Court]] passed an interim order to prevent "coercive action" by the Government against the firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/no-coercive-action-against-deloitte-in-ilfs-case-bombay-hc/1739039/|title=No coercive action against Deloitte in IL&FS case: Bombay HC|date=2019-10-18|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>

== Debt Resolution ==

As of March 21, 2025, the Group has discharged a debt of Rs 45,000 crore and has maintained its overall group resolution target at Rs 61,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web | title=IL&FS group discharges ₹45,281 cr debt to its lenders as of March 2025, ETInfra | url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-infrastructure/ilfs-group-discharges-45281-cr-debt-to-its-lenders-as-of-march-2025/120058874#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI%3A%20The%20debt-ridden%20IL%26FS%20group%20has%20discharged,affidavit%20filed%20before%20the%20insolvency%20appellate%20tribunal%20NCLAT. | access-date=2026-01-10 | website=infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

As of September 30, 2024, the group has resolved Rs 55,000 crore, as against the Estimated Debt Resolution target of Rs 61,000 crores, representing nearly 90 per cent of resolution value. This includes debt that been discharged by way of monetization, transfer to InvIT, debt servicing and interim distribution, while all along preserving the value of national assets by maintaining their going concern status. Further, out of total 302 entities to be resolved, 188 entities have been resolved by way of monetization, transfer to InvIT and Liquidation. Additionally, 38 entities are with the Courts at different stages of approval and a few entities are regularly servicing the debt of around Rs.3,000 crore. Besides resolving balance debt and entities, the task of distributing the available cash and units, closure of pending transactions approved by Courts as well as those pending in Courts, remains yet be accomplished.
<ref>{{Cite web| title=IL&FS appoints mr Nand Kishore as cmd after mr cs Rajan's term as IL&FS chairman ends | date=2018-02-19 | language=es | url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/Transition%20-%20CSR%20-%20Sept%2030%202024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930081842/https://www.ilfsindia.com/Transition%20-%20CSR%20-%20Sept%2030%202024.pdf | archive-date=2024-09-30}}</ref>

In April 2020 the Indian Government's Corporate Affairs Secretary, Injeti Srinivas, said he expected to recover a substantial part of the company's ₹94,000 crore debt. He said it was strange that nobody foresaw the problem, whether it was statutory auditors, independent directors and credit rating agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Substantial recovery likely against IL&FS Rs 94k cr debt: Injeti Srinivas |newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/substantial-recovery-likely-against-il-fs-rs-94k-cr-debt-injeti-srinivas-120040500759_1.html |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

On 8 June 2020, IL&FS has concluded sale of its stake in [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]] for 32 crore equity value. The sale would reduce its consolidated debt by more than 1,200 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-08 |title=IL&FS sells 50% stake in GIFT City to Gujarat govt, reduces consolidated debt by over Rs 1,200 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ilfs-sells-50-pc-stake-in-gift-city-to-gujarat-govt-reduces-consolidated-debt-by-over-rs-1200-crore/articleshow/76260582.cms |access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>

In March 2022, IL&FS sold its headquarters at Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai to [[Brookfield Asset Management|Brookfields Asset Management]] for 1,080 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=IL&FS headquarters at BKC sold to Brookfield for ₹1,080 crore |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ilfs-headquarters-at-bkc-sold-to-brookfield-for-1080-crore/article65271436.ece |access-date=2023-01-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ilfsindia.com/|IL&FS official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services}}
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Maharashtra]]

African Americans

2026-03-20T05:15:45Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Ethnic and cultural group in the United States}}
{{Redirect|Afro-American|the newspaper|Baltimore Afro-American{{!}}''Baltimore Afro-American''}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = African Americans
| native_name =
| image = Black Americans 2020 County.png
| image_caption = <div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Black Americans in [[County (United States)|U.S. counties]], as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]]</div>
| pop = '''Alone (one race):''' {{increase}} '''41,104,200'''<ref name="Black Population 2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States|date=August 12, 2021|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> {{decrease}} 12.40% of the total U.S. population<div style="margin-top:0.65em"></div>'''In combination ([[Multiracial Americans|mixed race]]):''' {{increase}} '''5,832,533'''<ref name="Black Population 2020"/> {{increase}} 1.76% of the total U.S. population<div style="margin-top:0.65em"></div>'''Alone or in combination:''' {{increase}} '''46,936,733'''<ref name="Black Population 2020"/> {{increase}} 14.16% of the total U.S. population
| popplace = Predominantly the [[Southern United States]] and [[List of United States urban areas|American urban centers]], including:
| region1 = {{flag|Texas}}
| pop1 = 3,552,997
| ref1 = <ref name="Black Population 2020"/>
| region2 = {{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}
| pop2 = 3,320,513
| ref2 = <ref name="Black Population 2020"/>
| region3 = {{flag|Florida}}
| pop3 = 3,246,381
| ref3 = <ref name="Black Population 2020"/>
| region4 = {{flag|New York}}
| pop4 = 2,986,172
| ref4 = <ref name="Black Population 2020"/>
| region5 = {{flag|California}}
| pop5 = 2,237,044
| ref5 = <ref name="Black Population 2020"/>
| languages = [[American English]] (incl. [[African-American English]] and [[African-American Vernacular English]]), [[Gullah language|Gullah]], [[Louisiana Creole]]
| religions = '''Majority:''' [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]] (73%){{NoteTag|Predominantly [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] (65%), including the [[Black church|African-American Church]], [[Evangelicalism in the United States|Evangelicalism]] and [[Mainline Protestantism]]. Other [[Christian denominations]] include [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]] (4%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (combined 4%).}} '''Other:'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/12/02/key-facts-about-black-americans-and-religion/|title=Key facts about Black Americans and religion
|publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]]|date=2 December 2025|archive-date=7 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307151426/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/12/02/key-facts-about-black-americans-and-religion/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Irreligion in the United States|Irreligion]] (22%) [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] (4%) ''See: [[Religion of Black Americans]]''
}}

{{African American topics sidebar}}

'''African Americans''', also known as '''Black Americans''' and formerly called '''Afro-Americans''', are an [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|American racial and ethnic group]] who, as defined by the [[United States census]], consists of [[Americans]] who have ancestry from "any of the [[Black people|Black]] racial groups of [[Africa]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220301190109/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF)], Census Bureau, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am., or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican."</ref> African Americans constitute the second-largest racial and ethnic group in the U.S. after [[White Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/measuring-racial-ethnic-diversity-2020-census.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The United States Census Bureau |language=EN-US |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430114126/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/measuring-racial-ethnic-diversity-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of [[Slavery in the United States|Africans enslaved in the United States]].<ref name="Locke">{{cite book|last1=Locke |first1=Don C.|last2=Bailey|first2=Deryl F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nJFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|title=Increasing Multicultural Understanding|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4833-1421-1|page=106|quote=African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g., Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.|access-date=March 7, 2018|archive-date=August 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818040343/https://books.google.com/books?id=7nJFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wilkersonnyt" /> According to annual estimates from the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], as of July 1, 2024, the overall Black population was estimated at 42,951,595, representing approximately 12.63% of the total [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. population]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-kits/2025/2024-population-estimates-characteristics.html |title=Vintage 2024 Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref>

[[African-American history]] began in the 16th century, when mainly West African and Central African slave traders sold African artisans, farmers, and warriors to [[Atlantic slave trade|European slave traders]], who [[Middle Passage|transported them across the Atlantic]] to [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|the Western Hemisphere]]. They were [[slavery in the colonial history of the United States|sold as slaves]] to European colonists and put to work on [[plantation]]s, particularly [[plantation complexes in the Southern United States|in the southern colonies]]. A few were able to achieve freedom through [[manumission]] or escape, and founded independent communities before and during the [[American Revolution]]. After the United States was founded in 1783, most American [[slavery in the United States|Black people continued to be enslaved]], primarily in the [[Southern United States|American South]], with four million enslaved people only [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|liberated]] after the Northern victory over the South in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] of 1861 to 1865.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Paul |date=October 8, 2015 |title=How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116000423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war |archive-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref>

During [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]], African Americans gained [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|citizenship]] and adult-males the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|right to vote]]; however, due to widespread belief in [[White supremacy in the United States|White supremacy]], they were treated as [[second-class citizen]]s and soon [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era|effectively disenfranchised in the South]]. These circumstances changed due to participation in the [[Military history of African Americans|military conflicts of the United States]], substantial [[Great Migration (African American)|migration out of the South]], the elimination of legal [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], and the [[civil rights movement]] which sought political and social freedom. However, [[racism against African Americans]] and [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial socioeconomic disparity]] remain a problem into the 21st century.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in the African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of the U.S. Black population were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |title=One-in-Ten Black People Living in the U.S. Are Immigrants {{!}} Immigration Research Library |url=https://www.immigrationresearch.org/node/3361#:~:text=In%20addition,%20a%20significant%20share,immigrant%20or%20children%20of%20immigrants. |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=www.immigrationresearch.org}}</ref> While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Forson |first=Tracy Scott |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516231442/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |work=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=United States Census Bureau |title=What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/04/updates-race-ethnicity-standards.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Most African Americans are of [[West Africa]]n and coastal [[Central Africa]]n ancestry, with varying amounts of [[Western Europe]]an and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |author=Gates, Henry Louis Jr |author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |title=In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past |date=2009 |publisher=New York: Crown Publishing |pages=20–21}}</ref>

[[African-American culture]] has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to the [[African-American Vernacular English|English language]], [[African-American literature|literature]], [[#Politics|politics]], [[Soul food|cuisine]], [[African Americans in sports|sports]], and [[African-American music|music]]. The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most [[Music of the United States|American popular music]], including [[Gospel music|gospel]], [[blues]], [[jazz]], [[rock and roll]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[funk]], [[disco]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], and [[house music|house]] has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaglin |first=Maya |date=February 21, 2021 |title=The soundtrack of history: How Black music has shaped American culture through time |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/soundtrack-history-how-black-music-has-shaped-american-culture-through-n1258474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419033050/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/soundtrack-history-how-black-music-has-shaped-american-culture-through-n1258474 |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Osei |first=Sarah |date=November 4, 2020 |title=How Black People Created All Your Favorite Music |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/black-music-genres/ |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=Highsnobiety |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|African American history}}

{{See also|African immigration to the United States}}

===Colonial era===
{{Main|Slavery in the colonial history of the United States}}

{{See also|Atlantic slave trade}}
[[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries]]
The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] were people from several [[Middle Africa|Central]] and [[West Africa]]n ethnic groups. They had been captured directly by European slave traders in coastal raids,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3|title=The transatlantic slave trade|publisher=BBC|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3|url-status=live}}</ref> or captured and sold by West African slave traders or by half-European "merchant princes"<ref>{{cite web|title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7|publisher=BBC|access-date=June 12, 2020|location=[[London]]|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609025050/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7|url-status=live}}</ref> to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|title=The capture and sale of slaves|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx|publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]]|access-date=October 14, 2015|location=[[Liverpool]]|archive-date=December 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229214612/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first African slaves in what is now the United States arrived in the early 16th century. Africans were among [[Juan Ponce de León]]'s 1513 voyage that landed in what would become [[Spanish Florida]], and enslaved Africans arrived around the same time to [[Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico|Spanish Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=African Americans in St. Augustine 1565-1821 – Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/african-americans-in-st-augustine-1565-1821.htm |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Stephanie |date=2019-08-28 |title=Beyond 1619: Slavery and the Cultures of America {{!}} Folklife Today |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2019/08/beyond-1619/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

Africans also came via [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]] in the [[Caribbean]] to the [[San Miguel de Gualdape]] colony (most likely located in the [[Winyah Bay]] area of present-day [[South Carolina]]), founded by Spanish explorer [[Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón]] in 1526.<ref name="wright">{{cite journal|last=Robert Wright|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Robert Wright|year=1941|title=Negro Companions of the Spanish Explorers|journal=Phylon|volume=2|issue=4}}</ref> The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward, due to an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of [[Hispaniola]], whence they had come.<ref name="wright" />

The enslaved explorer [[Estevanico|Esteban]] arrived in Florida with the [[Narváez expedition]] in 1528, a journey that first landed in Santo Domingo and later traveled into [[Spanish Texas]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] before ending in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Estevanico |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/estevanico |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref>

The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from [[Seville]], and Miguel Rodríguez, a White [[Segovia]]n conquistador in 1565 in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States.<ref>{{citation|url=https://laflorida.org/florida-stories/|title=Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition|publisher=University of South Florida|author1-link=J. Michael Francis|author=J. Michael Francis|work=La Florida |access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721163646/https://laflorida.org/florida-stories/}}</ref>

[[File:Slaves working in the tobacco sheds on a plantation (1670 painting).jpg|thumb|left|Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670]]
The first recorded Africans in [[British America|English America]] (including most of the future United States) were [[First Africans in Virginia|"20 and odd negroes"]] who arrived in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] via [[Old Point Comfort|Cape Comfort]] in August 1619 as [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Frank E. Jr.|last1=Grizzard|author-link1=Frank E. Grizzard Jr.|first2=D. Boyd|last2=Smith |title=Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-85109-637-4|page=198}}</ref> As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.<ref>{{cite book|first=Betty|last=Wood|title=The Origins of American Slavery: Freedom and Bondage in the English Colonies|year=1997|publisher=Hill and Wang|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8090-1608-2|chapter=Tobacco Slaves: The Chesapeake Colonies|pages=68–93}}</ref>

An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased, and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or attempting to running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or if their freedom was purchased. Their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and a small cash payment called "freedom dues".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Tim |last=Hashaw |title=The First Black Americans |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm |magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=January 21, 2007 |access-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202205901/https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2011 }}</ref> Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-147667728.html?Q=Jamestown|title=The shaping of Black America: forthcoming 400th celebration|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|date=June 26, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305014338/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-147667728.html?Q=Jamestown|archive-date=March 5, 2008}}</ref> They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes [[Interracial marriage|intermarried]] with Native Americans or European [[settler]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm |title=The First Black Americans |publisher=Usnews.com – U.S. News & World Report |date=January 29, 2007 |access-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202205901/https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:First Slave Auction 1655 Howard Pyle.jpg|thumb|upright|The first slave auction at [[New Amsterdam]] in 1655; illustration from 1895 by [[Howard Pyle]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New Netherland Institute :: Slave Trade |url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/slavery-exhibit/slave-trade/ |website=newnetherlandinstitute.org |publisher=[[New Netherland Institute]] |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708145212/https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/slavery-exhibit/slave-trade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master [[Hugh Gwyn]], for running away.<ref>{{Cite book|title=White Over Black: American attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812|first=Winthrop|last=Jordan|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1968|isbn=978-0-8078-7141-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period|first=A. Leon|last=Higginbotham|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErPg7VegkcMC&pg=PR7|isbn=978-0-19-502745-7}}</ref>

In [[Spanish Florida]], some [[Spaniards|Spanish]] married or had [[Placage|unions with]] [[Pensacola people|Pensacola]], [[Muscogee|Creek]] or [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] women, both enslaved and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of [[mestizo]]s and [[mulatto]]s. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the [[Province of Georgia|colony of Georgia]] to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. [[Charles II of Spain|King Charles II]] issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black [[militia]] unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/sanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm|title=Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida|author=Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110103703/https://www.nps.gov/articles/sanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769]]
One of the Dutch African arrivals, [[Anthony Johnson (American Colonial)|Anthony Johnson]], would later own one of the first Black "slaves", [[John Casor]], resulting from the court ruling of a civil case.<ref name="russell">[https://archive.org/stream/freenegro00russrich#page/28/mode/2up/search/page+29 John Henderson Russell, ''The Free Negro In Virginia, 1619–1865''], Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1913, pp. 29–30, scanned text online.</ref><ref name="Sweet2005">{{Cite book|first=Frank W.|last=Sweet|title=Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kezflCVnongC&pg=PA117|date=July 2005|publisher=Backintyme|isbn=978-0-939479-23-8|page=117|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112641/https://books.google.com/books?id=kezflCVnongC&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The [[Dutch West India Company]] introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into [[New Amsterdam]] (present-day New York City). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English.<ref name="branchandroot">{{Citation|last=Hodges|first=Russel Graham|title=Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863|place=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1999}}</ref>

[[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts]] was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women would take the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as was the case under [[common law]]. This legal principle was called ''[[partus sequitur ventrum]]''.<ref name="Banks">[https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/ Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024221530/https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/ |date=October 24, 2019 }}, 41 ''Akron Law Review'' 799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009</ref><ref>PBS. ''Africans in America: the Terrible Transformation.'' "[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr3.html From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604113622/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr3.html |date=June 4, 2007 }}." Accessed September 13, 2011.</ref>

By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered the deportation of all free Blacks, effectively defining all people of African descent who remained in the colony as slaves.<ref name="Wood">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEd85InqqAIC&pg=PA48 William J. Wood, "The Illegal Beginning of American Slavery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112637/https://books.google.com/books?id=BEd85InqqAIC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=January 7, 2024 }}, ''ABA Journal'', 1970, American Bar Association</ref> In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia|first=John H.|last=Russell|journal=Journal of Negro History|date=June 1916|volume=1|issue=3|pages=233–242|doi=10.2307/3035621|jstor=3035621|doi-access=free | issn = 0022-2992}}</ref>

[[File:Runaway slave advertisement 9-15-1774-NY.gif|thumb|right|1774 image of a [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|fugitive slave]] in a New York newspaper, offering a $10 reward ({{Inflation|US|10|1774|fmt=eq}}). Slave owners, including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], placed around 200,000 runaway slave adverts in newspapers across the US before slavery ended in 1865.<ref name="Runaway">{{cite news |title=Runaway! How George Washington, Other Slave Owners Used Newspapers to Hunt Escaped Slaves |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2019/10/runaway-how-george-washington-and-other-slave-owners-used-newspapers-to-hunt-escaped-slaves/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |work=Library of Congress |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181110/https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2019/10/runaway-how-george-washington-and-other-slave-owners-used-newspapers-to-hunt-escaped-slaves/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Fugitives"/>]]
In [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]], although there was no movement toward abolition of the African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called [[Coartación (slavery)|''coartación'']], which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berquist |first1=Emily |title=Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the Spanish Atlantic World, 1765–1817 |journal=Slavery & Abolition |date=June 2010 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=181–205 |doi=10.1080/01440391003711073|s2cid=145434799 }}</ref> Although some did not have the money to do so, government measures on slavery enabled the existence of many free Blacks. This caused problems to the Spaniards with the [[French creoles]] (French who had settled in [[New France]]) who had also populated Spanish Louisiana. The French creoles cited that measure as one of the system's worst elements.<ref name="louisiana">{{citation|url=https://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/slavery-in-spanish-colonial-louisiana|publisher=knowlouisiana.org|title=Slavery in Spanish Colonial Louisiana|work=Know Louisiana |access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134124/https://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/slavery-in-spanish-colonial-louisiana|archive-date=July 21, 2018}}</ref>

First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men—[[slave patrol]]s—were formed to monitor enslaved Black people.<ref name="Patrols"/> Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or [[slave rebellion]]s, so state militias were formed to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols. These patrols were used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or [[rebellion]]s.<ref name="Patrols">{{cite web|date=July 10, 2019|title=Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing|url=https://lawenforcementmuseum.org/2019/07/10/slave-patrols-an-early-form-of-american-policing/|access-date=June 16, 2020|website=National Law Enforcement Museum|language=en-US|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609091807/https://lawenforcementmuseum.org/2019/07/10/slave-patrols-an-early-form-of-american-policing/}}</ref>

The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the [[First Great Awakening|Great Awakening]]. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]], which made them the second-largest ethnic group after [[English Americans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|title=Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775|publisher=Dalhousielodge.org|date=n.d.|access-date=April 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|archive-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

===From the American Revolution to the Civil War===
{{Main|Slavery in the United States}}

[[File:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Crispus Attucks]], the first "[[Martyr (politics)|martyr]]" of the [[American Revolution]]. He was of [[Black Indians in the United States|Native American and African American]] descent.]]
During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/DIASPORA/REV.HTM |title=African Americans in the American Revolution |publisher=Wsu.edu:8080 |date=June 6, 1999 |access-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514085114/https://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/DIASPORA/REV.HTM |archive-date=May 14, 2011 }}</ref> Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in the Patriot cause included [[James Armistead]], [[Prince Whipple]], and [[Oliver Cromwell (American soldier)|Oliver Cromwell]].<ref>Benjamin Quarles, ''The Negro in the American revolution'' (1961).</ref><ref>Gary B. Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution" in ''The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution'' ed. by Jane Kamensky and Edward G. Gray (2012) online at {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199746705.013.0015}}</ref> Around 15,000 [[Black Loyalist]]s left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England<ref>{{cite book|last=Braidwood|first=Stephen|
year=1994|title=Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-377-0}}</ref> or its colonies, such as the [[Black Nova Scotians]] and the [[Sierra Leone Creole people]].<ref name="Duke Law">{{cite book |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |date=2012 |chapter=Slavery in the United States: Persons or Property? |editor-last=Allain |editor-first=Jean |title=The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=105–134 [116] |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660469.003.0007 |chapter-url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2709/ |isbn=978-0-19-174550-8 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418120304/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2709/ }}</ref><ref name=Walker>{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W. |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7}} Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).</ref>

In the [[Spanish Louisiana]], Governor [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend [[New Orleans]] during the American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured [[Baton Rouge]] from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]], and [[Pensacola]], Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for ''coartación'' (buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During the 1790s, Governor [[Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet|Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet]] reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of [[pardo]] (mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example, the right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites.<ref name="louisiana"/>

Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the [[US Constitution]] through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the [[3/5 compromise]]. Due to the restrictions of [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 1: Slave trade|Section 9, Clause 1]], Congress was unable to pass an [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves]] until 1807.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/ | title=The Abolition of The Slave Trade | publisher=New York Public Library | date=2007 | access-date=August 30, 2021 | author=Finkelman, Paul | archive-date=October 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202811/http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/ }}</ref> [[Fugitive slave laws in the United States|Fugitive slave laws]] (derived from the [[Fugitive Slave Clause]] of the Constitution—[[Article Four of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Fugitive Slave Clause|Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3]]) were passed by Congress in both [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1793|1793]] and [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|1850]], guaranteeing the right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave anywhere within the US.<ref name="Fugitives">{{cite news |title=Fugitive Slave Laws |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/fugitive-slave-laws/ |access-date=February 18, 2022 |work=Encyclopedia Virginia |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218075405/https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/fugitive-slave-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Slave owners, who viewed enslaved people as property, ensured that it became a federal crime to aid or assist those who had fled slavery or to interfere with their capture.<ref name="Runaway"/> By that time, slavery, which almost exclusively targeted Black people, had become the most critical and contentious political issue in the [[Antebellum United States]], repeatedly sparking crises and conflicts. Among these were the [[Missouri Compromise]], the [[Compromise of 1850]], the infamous [[Dred Scott decision]], and [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry]].

[[File:Frederick Douglass by Samuel J Miller, 1847-52.png|thumb|upright|left|[[Frederick Douglass]], {{circa|1850}}]]

Prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], eight serving presidents had owned slaves, a practice that was legally protected under the US Constitution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Calore|first1=Paul|title=The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South|date=2008|publisher=McFarland|page=10}}</ref> By 1860, the number of enslaved Black people in the US had grown to between 3.5 and 4.4 million, largely as a result of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. In addition, 488,000–500,000 Black people lived free (with legislated limits)<ref name="ACS">[https://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 "Background on conflict in Liberia"], Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75|date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> across the country.<ref name="GomezPremdas">{{cite book|last1=Gomez|first1=Edmund Terence|last2=Premdas|first2=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU_XDHfO3jsC&pg=PA48|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-64506-5|page=48|access-date=September 26, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112637/https://books.google.com/books?id=XU_XDHfO3jsC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to [[Henry Clay]].<ref>Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). ''The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity'', Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. {{ISBN|0-8223-1992-6}}</ref> In response to these conditions, some free Black people chose to leave the US and emigrate to [[Liberia]] in West Africa.<ref name="ACS"/> Liberia had been established in 1821 as a settlement by the [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS), with many abolitionist members of the ACS believing Black Americans would have greater opportunities for freedom and equality in Africa than they would in the US.<ref name="ACS"/>

Slaves not only represented a significant financial investment for their owners, but they also played a crucial role in producing the country's most valuable product and export: [[King Cotton|cotton]]. Enslaved people were instrumental in the construction of several prominent structures such as, the [[United States Capitol]], the [[White House]] and other [[Slavery in the District of Columbia|Washington, D.C.–based]] buildings.<ref>"[https://emancipation.dc.gov/page/ending-slavery-district-columbia Ending slavery in the District of Columbia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119044541/https://emancipation.dc.gov/page/ending-slavery-district-columbia |date=November 19, 2018 }}", consulted June 20, 2015.</ref> Similar building projects existed in the [[slave states and free states|slave states]].

[[File:Crowe-Slaves Waiting for Sale - Richmond, Virginia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|''Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia'', 1853. Note the new clothes. The [[domestic slave trade]] broke up many families, and individuals lost their connection to families and clans.]]

By 1815, the [[Slavery in the United States#Domestic slave trade and forced migration|domestic slave trade]] had become a significant and major economic activity in the United States, continuing to flourish until the 1860s.<ref name="CUP">Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mhJcsiydNe8C&pg=PA20 ''Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112637/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhJcsiydNe8C&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=January 7, 2024 }}, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.</ref> Historians estimate that nearly one million individuals were subjected to this forced migration, which was often referred to as a new "Middle Passage". The historian [[Ira Berlin]] described this internal forced migration of enslaved people as the "central event" in the life of a slave during the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War. Berlin emphasized that whether enslaved individuals were directly uprooted or lived in constant fear that they or their families would be involuntarily relocated, "the massive deportation traumatized Black people" throughout the US.<ref>Berlin, ''Generations of Captivity'', pp. 161–162.</ref> As a result of this large-scale forced movement, countless individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa.<ref name="CUP" />

The 1863 photograph of [[Wilson Chinn]], a branded slave from Louisiana, along with the famous image of [[Gordon (slave)|Gordon]] and his scarred back, served as two of the earliest and most powerful examples of how the newborn medium of photography could be used to visually document and encapsulate the brutality and cruelty of slavery.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paulson Gage|first=Joan|title=Icons of Cruelty|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/icons-of-cruelty/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 5, 2013|access-date=February 16, 2022|archive-date=August 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823025616/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/icons-of-cruelty/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Auction and negro sales 1864.jpg|thumb|left|Slave trader's business on Whitehall Street [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], 1864 during the American Civil War with a [[Union Army|Union]] corporal of the [[United States Colored Troops]] sitting by the door]]

Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After [[Haiti]] became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was a group formed to promote relations between the countries.<ref name="Nikki">Taylor, Nikki M. ''Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868.'' Ohio University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-8214-1579-4}}, pp. 50–79.</ref> After riots against Blacks in [[Cincinnati]], its Black community sponsored founding of the [[Wilberforce Colony]], an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States.<ref name="Nikki"/>

In 1863, during the [[American Civil War]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Emancipation Proclamation|website=Featured Documents|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|access-date=June 7, 2007|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607051115/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|archive-date=June 7, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm|title=History of Juneteenth|publisher=Juneteenth.com|year=2005|access-date=June 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527081441/https://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm|archive-date=May 27, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Harriet Tubman c1868-69 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Harriet Tubman]], {{circa|1869}}]]
Slavery in a few border states continued until the ratification of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] in December 1865.<ref>[https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 Seward certificate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102957/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 |date=July 21, 2018 }} proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.</ref> While the [[Naturalization Act of 1790]] limited US citizenship to Whites only,<ref name="Schultz">{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Jeffrey D.|title=Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&pg=PA284|page=284|year=2002|publisher=Oryx Press|access-date=October 8, 2015|isbn=978-1-57356-148-8|archive-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204144206/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&pg=PA284|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sato">Leland T. Saito (1998). "Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb". p. 154. University of Illinois Press</ref> the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] (1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]] (1870) gave Black men the right to vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/03/black-voting-rights-15th-amendment-still-challenged-after-150-years/4587160002/ |access-date=November 19, 2020 |work=USA Today |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425165501/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/03/black-voting-rights-15th-amendment-still-challenged-after-150-years/4587160002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reconstruction era and Jim Crow===
{{Main|Reconstruction era|Jim Crow laws}}

African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce [[racial segregation]] and [[disfranchisement after the American Civil War|disenfranchisement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating Jim Crow: In-Depth Essay |last=Davis |first=Ronald L.F.|website=The History of Jim Crow |publisher=[[New York Life Insurance Company]] |access-date=June 7, 2007 |url=https://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/creating2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020614223755/https://jimcrowhistory.org/history/creating2.htm |archive-date=June 14, 2002 }}</ref> Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat.<ref name="Leon Litwack 2004">Leon Litwack, ''Jim Crow Blues'', Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004)</ref> For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with.<ref name="Leon Litwack 2004"/> Most African Americans obeyed the Jim Crow laws, to avoid [[ethnic violence|racially motivated violence]]. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as [[Anthony Overton]] and [[Mary McLeod Bethune]] continued to build their own [[Historically Black colleges and universities|schools]], [[Black church|churches]], banks, social clubs, and other businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/surviving.htm|title=Surviving Jim Crow|last=Davis|first=Ronald|website=The History of Jim Crow|publisher=[[New York Life Insurance Company]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526204619/http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/surviving.htm|archive-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref>

In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States, a period often referred to as the "[[nadir of American race relations]]". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, [[voter suppression in the United States|voter suppression]] or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.<ref>''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' {{Ussc|163|537|1896}}</ref>

===Great migration and civil rights movement===
{{Main|Great Migration (African American)|l1 = Great Migration|civil rights movement}}

[[File:Omaha courthouse lynching.jpg|thumb|right|A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim, Will Brown, who had been [[lynched]] and had his body mutilated and burned during the [[Omaha race riot of 1919]] in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the US.<ref>Moyers, Bill. [https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/11232007/profile2.html "Legacy of Lynching"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829121124/https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/11232007/profile2.html |date=August 29, 2017 }}. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</ref>]]
The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South sparked the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in [[Northern United States|Northern]] and Western United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/great_migration.html|title=The Great Migration|access-date=October 22, 2007|website=African American World|publisher=[[PBS]]|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012201420/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/great_migration.html|archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions.<ref>Michael O. Emerson, Christian Smith (2001). "Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America". p. 42. Oxford University Press</ref> The [[Red Summer]] of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the US as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the [[Chicago race riot of 1919]] and the [[Omaha race riot of 1919]]. Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced [[Racism against Black Americans|systemic discrimination]] in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At the 1900 [[Hampton Negro Conference]], Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South."<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference|chapter=The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem|first=Anderson|last=Matthew|series=Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16|editor1-last=Browne|editor1-first=Hugh|editor2-last=Kruse|editor2-first=Edwina|editor4-last=Moton|editor3-last=Walker|editor3-first=Thomas C.|editor4-first=Robert Russa|editor4-link=Robert Russa Moton|editor5-last=Wheelock|editor5-first=Frederick D.|publisher=Hampton Institute Press|location=[[Hampton, Virginia]]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA39|hdl=2027/chi.14025588?urlappend=%3Bseq=43|volume=4|year=1900|page=39|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112637/https://books.google.com/books?id=gkQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, [[Exclusionary covenants|restrictive covenants]], [[redlining]] and [[racial steering]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolnay|first=Stewart|title=The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|year=2003|volume=29|issue=1 |pages=218–221|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009|jstor=30036966}}</ref> While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as [[White flight]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Seligman|first=Amanda|title=Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-74663-0|pages=213–14}}</ref>

[[File:Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger on a segregated municipal bus in Montgomery, Alabama.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rosa Parks]] being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus for a white passenger to sit in the otherwise-empty row]]
Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g., [[Urban League]], [[NAACP]]), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g., [[Harlem Renaissance]], [[Chicago Black Renaissance]]). The [[Cotton Club]] in Harlem was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as [[Duke Ellington]]) allowed to perform, but to a White audience.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ella Fitzgerald |date=1989 |publisher=Holloway House Publishing |page=27}}</ref> Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of [[Jim Crow]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolnay|first=Stewart|title=The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|year=2003|volume=29|issue=1 |page=217 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009|jstor=30036966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wilkerson |first=Isabel |date=September 2016 |title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=November 19, 2019 |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000512/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 1950s, the [[civil rights movement]] was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of [[Emmett Till]], a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in [[Money, Mississippi]], Till was killed for allegedly having [[wolf-whistle]]d at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the US.<ref name="Atlantic">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/|title=How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today|last=Newkirk II|first=Vann R.|work=The Atlantic|access-date=July 29, 2017|archive-date=July 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213446/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vann Newkirk]] wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of [[White supremacy]]".<ref name="Atlantic"/> The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an [[all-White jury]].<ref>Whitfield, Stephen (1991). A Death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till. pp 41–42. JHU Press.</ref> One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother [[Mamie Till]] that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Assassination of Fred Hampton|last=Haas|first=Jeffrey|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-56976-709-2|location=Chicago|page=17}}</ref>

[[File:March on washington Aug 28 1963.jpg|thumb|[[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders.]]
The [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] and [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Johnson put his support behind passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and [[Trade union|labor unions]], and the [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=August 12, 2017|date=August 6, 2015|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1966, the emergence of the [[Black Power]] movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority.<ref name="abbeville">{{cite web|url=https://www.abbeville.com/civilrights/washington.asp |title=The March On Washington, 1963 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |publisher=Abbeville Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012121716/https://abbeville.com/civilrights/washington.asp |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref>

During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites was $5,600 ({{Inflation|US|5600|1959|fmt=eq}}), compared with $2,900 ({{Inflation|US|2900|1959|fmt=eq}}) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $3,000 ({{Inflation|US|3000|1965|fmt=eq}}) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II'' by William H. Chafe {{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=November 2024}}</ref>

From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $3,000 ({{Inflation|US|3000|1968|fmt=eq}}) a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Post–civil rights era===
{{Main|Post–civil rights era in African-American history}}

Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era. In 1967, [[Thurgood Marshall]] became the [[List of African-American federal judges|first African American]] Supreme Court Justice. In 1968, [[Shirley Chisholm]] became the first Black woman elected to the [[United States Congress|US Congress]]. In 1989, [[Douglas Wilder]] became the first African American elected governor in US history. [[Clarence Thomas]] succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992, [[Carol Moseley-Braun]] of [[Illinois]] became the first African American woman elected to the [[United States Senate|US Senate]]. There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors.<ref>{{citation|last=Jordan|first=John H.|title=Black Americans 17th Century to 21st Century: Black Struggles and Successes|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|page=3|year=2013}}</ref>

[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]]'s official photograph in the [[Oval Office]] in 2012]]
In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=February 21, 2005|title=More Africans Enter U.S. Than in Days of Slavery|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/21/nyregion/21africa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912203241/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/21/nyregion/21africa.html |archive-date=September 12, 2005 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 26, 2014}}</ref> On November 4, 2008, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Barack Obama]]—the son of a White American mother and a Kenyan father—[[2008 United States presidential election|defeated]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Senator [[John McCain]] to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama.<ref name=CNN-Obama>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/exit.polls/|title=Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters|date=November 4, 2008|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 22, 2010|archive-date=August 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810011229/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/exit.polls/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Politico-Obama>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/11/exit-polls-how-obama-won-015297|title=Exit polls: How Obama won|last=Kuhn|first=David Paul|date=November 5, 2008|website=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]|access-date=June 22, 2010|archive-date=March 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326033743/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1108/15297.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of [[Asian Americans|Asians]],<ref name=exitpoll>{{cite news|url=https://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/exit-polls.html|title=Exit polls|year=2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2012|archive-date=August 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816170447/http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/exit-polls.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]],<ref name=exitpoll/> picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column.<ref name=CNN-Obama/><ref name=Politico-Obama/> Obama lost the overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noah|first=Timothy|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2204251/|title=What We Didn't Overcome|work=Slate|date=November 10, 2008|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124183415/https://www.slate.com/id/2204251/|archive-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Obama was [[2012 United States presidential election|reelected]] for a second and [[term limit|final term]], by a similar margin on November 6, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Robert |title=Obama wins a second term as U.S. president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417162701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, [[Kamala Harris]], the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first [[Asian American]] to serve as [[Vice President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blood|first1=Michael R.|last2=Riccardi|first2=Nicholas|date=December 5, 2020|title=Biden officially secures enough electors to become president|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa|access-date=March 2, 2021|work=Associated Press|archive-date=December 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=source doesn't mention Harris|date=April 2025}} In June 2021, [[Juneteenth]], a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday.<ref name="Juneteenth">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2021 |title=President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUjBhwFcQ4U&t=3811s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/lUjBhwFcQ4U |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Further|Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States#Black population as a percentage of the total population by U.S. region and state (1790–2010)|List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations|List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations|List of U.S. states by African-American population}}
[[File:Black Americans population pyramid in 2020.svg|thumb|Black Americans (alone) population pyramid in 2020]]
[[File:African Americans by state.svg|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">Proportion of African Americans in each US state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census</div>]]
[[File:Black Americans by county.png|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">Proportion of [[Black Americans]] (alone or in combination) in each county of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Puerto Rico]] as of the [[2020 United States census]]</div>]]
[[File:2020_Census - Majority-Black Counties in the United States.png|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">[[List of majority-Black counties in the United States|Majority Black American counties]] in the United States according to the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]</div>]]
[[File:Absenceblacks.png|thumb|US census map indicating US counties with fewer than 25 Black or African American inhabitants]]
[[File:Percentage of African American population living in the American South.png|thumb|Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. Note [[Great Migration (African American)|the major declines between 1910 and 1940]] and [[Second Great Migration (African American)|1940–1970]], and [[New Great Migration|the reverse trend post-1970]]. Nonetheless, the absolute majority of the African American population has always lived in the American South.]]

In 1790, when the [[1790 United States census|first US census]] was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as "[[Freedman|freemen]]". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/wepeople/we-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/wepeople/we-1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title= We the Americans: Blacks|website= US Bureau of Census|access-date= May 3, 2019}}</ref>

In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape [[Jim Crow laws]] and racial violence. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than six million [[Black people]] moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s, [[New Great Migration|that trend reversed]], with more African Americans moving south to the [[Sun Belt]] than leaving it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Time: Almanac 2005|publisher=Time Incorporated Home Entertainment|page=[https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2006w00brun/page/377 377]|url=https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2006w00brun|url-access=registration|date=December 7, 2004|isbn=978-1-932994-41-4}}</ref>

The African American population in the United States declined over time as a percentage of the total population until 1930, and has been rising since then:
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ African Americans in the United States<ref>This table gives the African American population in the United States over time, based on US census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on US census figures as given by the ''Time Almanac'' of 2005, p. 377.)</ref>
! Year||Number||% of total population||% Change (10 yr)||Slaves||% in slavery
|-
|1790||757,208||19.3% (highest)|| –||697,681||92%
|-
|1800||1,002,037||18.9%||32.3%||893,602||89%
|-
|1810||1,377,808||19.0%||37.5%||1,191,362||86%
|-
|1820||1,771,656||18.4%||28.6%||1,538,022||87%
|-
|1830||2,328,642||18.1%||31.4%||2,009,043||86%
|-
|1840||2,873,648||16.8%||23.4%||2,487,355||87%
|-
|1850||3,638,808||15.7%||26.6%||3,204,287||88%
|-
|1860||4,441,830||14.1%||22.1%||3,953,731||89%
|-
|1870||4,880,009||12.7%||9.9%|| –|| –
|-
|1880||6,580,793||13.1%||34.9%|| –|| –
|-
|1890||7,488,788||11.9%||13.8%|| –|| –
|-
|1900||8,833,994||11.6%||18.0%|| –|| –
|-
|1910||9,827,763||10.7%||11.2%|| –|| –
|-
|1920||data-sort-value="10,500,000"|10.5 million||9.9%||6.8%|| –|| –
|-
|1930||data-sort-value="11,900,000"|11.9 million||9.7% (lowest)||13%|| –|| –
|-
|1940||data-sort-value="12,900,000"|12.9 million||9.8%||8.4%|| –|| –
|-
|1950||data-sort-value="15,000,000"|15.0 million||10.0%||16%|| –|| –
|-
|1960||data-sort-value="18,900,000"|18.9 million||10.5%||26%|| –|| –
|-
|1970||data-sort-value="22,600,000"|22.6 million||11.1%||20%|| –|| –
|-
|1980||data-sort-value="26,500,000"|26.5 million||11.7%||17%|| –|| –
|-
|1990||data-sort-value="30,000,000"|30.0 million||12.1%||13%|| –|| –
|-
|2000||data-sort-value="34,600,000"|34.6 million||12.3%||15%|| –|| –
|-
|2010||data-sort-value="38,900,000"|38.9 million||12.6%||12%|| –|| –
|-
|2020||data-sort-value="41,100,000"|41.1 million||12.4%||5.6%|| –|| –
|}

By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the US population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html|title=Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900|publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov|date=n.d.|access-date=April 20, 2012|archive-date=May 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110018/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: right; font-size: 95%;"
|+ African American groups in the USA
! rowspan="2" |Years
!colspan=2|Non-Hispanic Blacks
!colspan=2|[[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black Hispanics]]
! rowspan="2" |Total
|-
! #
! %
! #
! %
|-
| 2020
| 39,940,338
| 12.1%
| 1,163,862
| 0.3%
| 41,104,200
|-
|}

At the time of the [[2000 United States census|2000 US census]], 54.8% of African Americans lived in the [[Southern United States|South]]. In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and 18.7% in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], while only 8.9% lived in the [[Western United States|Western]] states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth-largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 census, approximately 2.05% of [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin]],<ref name="tthqvu">{{cite web |author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |title=United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000 |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606042749/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=January 20, 2011 |publisher=}}</ref> many of whom may be of [[Afro-Brazilians|Brazilian]], [[Afro–Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]], [[Afro-Cubans|Cuban]], [[Haitian Americans|Haitian]], or other [[Afro–Latin Americans|Latin American]] descent. The only self-reported ''ancestral'' groups larger than African Americans are the [[Irish Americans|Irish]] and [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|title=c2kbr01-2.qxd|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=September 20, 2004}}</ref>
[[File:Harlem Street rehearsal (125th street).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Marching band|Band rehearsal]] on [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] in [[Harlem]], the historic epicenter of African American culture. New York City is home by a significant margin to the world's largest [[Black people|Black]] population of any city outside [[Africa]], at over 2.2 million. [[African immigration to the United States|African immigration to New York City]] is now driving the growth of the city's Black population.<ref name=AfricanMigrationNYC>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|title=African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis|author=Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 13, 2023|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220924/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

According to the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported [[West Indian Americans|non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean]], mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the US population, at 2.6 million.<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov">[https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table "Total Ancestry Reported"], American FactFinder.</ref> Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million.<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov"/> Additionally, self-identified [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black Hispanics]] represented 0.4% of the United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf "The Hispanic Population: 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127044304/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |date=January 27, 2018 }}, 2010 Census Briefs. U.S. Census Bureau, May 2011.</ref> Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries, represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of the population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the US as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including [[Multiracial Americans|people of mixed-race origin]], about 13.5% of the US population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055927/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov}}</ref> However, according to the US Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans.<ref name="Tcpms">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Planning Memoranda Series|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/pdf/2010_Census_Race_HO_AQE.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/2010census/pdf/2010_Census_Race_HO_AQE.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 3, 2014}}</ref> [[Nigerian Americans]] and [[Ethiopian Americans]] were the most reported sub-Saharan African groups in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over Half of Those Who Reported Their Race as Black or African American Identified as African American, Jamaican or Haitian |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-black-population.html |access-date=March 3, 2025 |website=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref>

In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/10/2020-census-undercount-black-people-hispanics-native-americans-00016138 | first=Samuel | last=Benson | title=Census undercounted Black people, Hispanics and Native Americans in 2020 | website=[[Politico]] | date=March 10, 2022 | access-date=July 30, 2022 | archive-date=July 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730024457/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/10/2020-census-undercount-black-people-hispanics-native-americans-00016138 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Proportion in each county===
<gallery mode="packed" caption="African American (Alone) population distribution over time">
File:Black Americans 1790 County.png|1790
File:Black Americans 1800 County.png|1800
File:Black American 1810 County.png|1810
File:Black Americans 1820 County.png|1820
File:Black Americans 1830 County.png|1830
File:Black Americans 1840 County.png|1840
File:Black Americans 1850 County.png|1850
File:Black Americans 1860 County.png|1860
File:Black Americans 1870 County.png|1870
File:Black Americans 1880 County.png|1880
File:Black Americans 1890 County.png|1890
File:Black Americans 1900 County.png|1900
File:Black Americans 1910 County.png|1910
File:Black Americans 1920 County.png|1920
File:Black Americans 1930 County.png|1930
File:Black Americans 1940 County.png|1940
File:Black Americans 1970 County.png|1970
File:Black Americans 1980 County.png|1980
File:Black Americans 1990 County.png|1990
File:Black Americans 2000 County.png|2000
File:Black Americans 2010 County.png|2010
File:Black Americans 2020 County.png|2020
</gallery>

[[Texas]] has the largest African American population by state with approximately four million.<ref name="WPR">{{Cite web |title=Black Population by State 2026 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/black-population-by-state |publisher=World Population Review |location=[[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> Followed by Texas is [[Florida]], with 3.8 million, and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], with 3.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/10/key-facts-about-black-americans/ |title=Key facts about the nation's 47.2 million Black Americans |first1=Mark Hugo |last1=Lopez |first2=Mohamad |last2=Moslimani |date=February 10, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727125139/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/10/key-facts-about-black-americans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mississippi]] is the state with the highest African American share of the population at 39%. Followed by Mississippi is [[Louisiana]] at 34%, and Georgia at 32%.<ref name="WPR"/>

===US cities===
{{Further|List of U.S. cities with large Black populations|List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations}}

After 100 years of African Americans leaving the south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], there is now a reverse trend, called the [[New Great Migration]]. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[Fort Worth]], [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], [[Tampa]], [[San Antonio]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Nashville]], [[Jacksonville]], and so forth.<ref name="auto1">Greg Toppo and Paul Overberg, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/02/census-great-migration-reversal/21818127/ "After nearly 100 years, Great Migration begins reversal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216191513/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/02/census-great-migration-reversal/21818127/ |date=February 16, 2021 }}, ''USA Today'', Feb 2, 2015.</ref> A growing percentage of African Americans from the west and north are migrating to the southern region of the US for economic and cultural reasons. In 2020, [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], and [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] metropolitan areas had the highest decline in African Americans, while [[Metro Atlanta|Atlanta]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas]], and [[Greater Houston|Houston]] had the highest increase respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Felton |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Harden |first2=John D. |last3=Schaul |first3=Kevin |title=Still looking for a 'Black mecca,' the new Great Migration |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/14/black-migration-south/ |publisher=Washtington Post |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>Felton Emmanuel (January 2022).</ref> Despite recent declines, as of 2020, the [[New York City metropolitan area]] still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over three million African Americans.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Closson |first1=Troy |last2=Hong |first2=Nicole |date=2023-01-31 |title=Why Black Families Are Leaving New York, and What It Means for the City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/31/nyregion/black-residents-nyc.html |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028123130/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/31/nyregion/black-residents-nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Metropolitan Areas In The USA, By African American Population |url=https://www.nationalmediaspots.com/top-metropolitan-areas-in-the-usa,-by-african-american-population.php |website=National Media Spots |date=2020 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021172251/https://www.nationalmediaspots.com/top-metropolitan-areas-in-the-usa,-by-african-american-population.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among [[List of U.S. cities with large Black populations|cities of 100,000 or more]], [[South Fulton, Georgia]] had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large US city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include [[Jackson, Mississippi]] (80%), [[Detroit, Michigan]] (80%), [[Birmingham, Alabama]] (70%), [[Miami Gardens, Florida]] (67%), [[Memphis, Tennessee]] (63%), [[Montgomery, Alabama]] (62%), [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] (60%), [[Augusta, Georgia]] (59%), [[Shreveport, Louisiana]] (58%), [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] (57%), [[Macon, Georgia]] (56%), [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] (55%), [[Hampton, Virginia]] (53%), [[Newark, New Jersey]] (53%), [[Mobile, Alabama]] (53%), [[Cleveland, Ohio]] (52%), and [[Brockton, Massachusetts]] (51%).

[[Claiborne County, Mississippi]] is the Blackest [[county]] in the U.S. at 87% Black in 2020. [[Cook County, Illinois]] has the largest Black population in the U.S. with 1,185,601 Black residents in 2020.

The nation's most affluent community with an African American majority resides in [[View Park–Windsor Hills, California]], with an annual median household income of $159,618 and median home price of about $1.5 million in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Park-Windsor Hills, CA 2025 Housing Market {{!}} realtor.com® |url=https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-search/View-Park-Windsor-Hills_CA/overview |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251115042031/https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-search/View-Park-Windsor-Hills_CA/overview |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.realtor.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/01/03/10-richest-black-communities-america/5/ "10 of the Richest Black Communities in America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801103620/http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/01/03/10-richest-black-communities-america/5/ |date=August 1, 2018 }}, ''Atlanta Black Star'', January 3, 2014.</ref> Other largely affluent and African American communities include [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] (namely [[Mitchellville, Maryland|Mitchellville]], [[Woodmore, Maryland|Woodmore]], [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland|Upper Marlboro]]) and [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]] in Maryland,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/prince-georges-county/charles-county-surpasses-prince-georges-as-wealthiest-black-county-in-us-post/3095774/ | title=Charles County Surpasses Prince George's as Wealthiest Black County in US: Post | date=July 8, 2022 | access-date=January 7, 2023 | archive-date=January 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107130730/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/prince-georges-county/charles-county-surpasses-prince-georges-as-wealthiest-black-county-in-us-post/3095774/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb County]] (namely [[Stonecrest, Georgia|Stonecrest]], [[Lithonia, Georgia|Lithonia]], [[Smoke Rise, Georgia|Smoke Rise]]) and South Fulton in Georgia, [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]] in Virginia, [[Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles|Baldwin Hills]] in California, [[Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York|Hillcrest]] and [[Uniondale, New York|Uniondale]] in New York, and [[Cedar Hill, Texas|Cedar Hill]], [[DeSoto, Texas|DeSoto]], and [[Missouri City, Texas|Missouri City]] in Texas. Additionally, there is a significant affluent Black presence in the southern Chicago suburbs of [[Cook County, Illinois]]. A report from the National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB) indicated that five of the top ten municipalities nationwide (with at least 500 Black households) registering the highest Black homeownership rates were in this area{{snd}}including [[Olympia Fields, Illinois|Olympia Fields]], [[South Holland, Illinois|South Holland]], [[Flossmoor, Illinois|Flossmoor]], [[Matteson, Illinois|Matteson]], and [[Lynwood, Illinois|Lynwood]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Where Black Homeownership Is The Norm: Several Chicago suburbs are exceptions to the national trend. |url=https://www.nareb.com/where-black-homeownership-is-the-norm-several-chicago-suburbs-are-exceptions-to-the-national-trend/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=National Association of Real Estate Brokers |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2006, [[Queens|Queens County, New York]] was the only county with a population of 65,000 or more where African Americans had a higher median household income than White Americans.<ref name=Queens/>

[[Seatack, Virginia]] is currently the oldest African American community in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rigell.house.gov/videos/?VideoID=Nkfj0D-Qw78|title=Video Gallery – U.S. Representative Scott Rigell|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821175636/https://rigell.house.gov/videos/?VideoID=Nkfj0D-Qw78|archive-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref> It survives today with a vibrant and active civic community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.thenewjournalandguide.com/community/item/3764-seatack-community-celebrates-200%20-years-with-banquet|title=Seatack Community Celebrates 200+ Years With Banquet}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|History of African-American education}}

[[File:Former Slave Reading.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Former slave learning to read, 1870]]

During slavery, [[Anti-literacy laws in the United States|anti-literacy laws]] were enacted in the US that prohibited education for Black people. Slave owners saw literacy as a threat to the institution of slavery. As a North Carolina statute stated, "Teaching slaves to read and write, tends to excite dissatisfaction in their minds, and to produce insurrection and [[slave rebellion|rebellion]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=An Inquiry Into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, and American Anti-slavery Societies|author-link=William Jay (jurist)|first=William|last=Jay|year=1835|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=[[Dudley Leavitt (publisher)|Leavitt, Lord & Co.]]|url=https://archive.org/details/aninquiryintoch05jaygoog/page/n6/mode/2up}}</ref>

When slavery was finally abolished in 1865, public educational systems were expanding across the country. By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students. By 1900, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for Black professionals, including teachers. Many of the students at Fisk University, including the young [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], taught school during the summers to support their studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fultz |first1=Michael |title=Determination and Persistence: Building the African American Teacher Corps through Summer and Intermittent Teaching, 1860s–1890s |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=February 2021 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=4–34 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.65|doi-access=free }}</ref>

African Americans were very concerned to provide quality education for their children, but White supremacy limited their ability to participate in educational policymaking on the political level. State governments soon moved to undermine their citizenship by restricting their right to vote. By the late 1870s, Blacks were disenfranchised and segregated across the American South.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=James D. |title=The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 |date=1988 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=0-8078-1793-7}}</ref> White politicians in Mississippi and other states withheld financial resources and supplies from Black schools. Nevertheless, the presence of Black teachers, and their engagement with their communities both inside and outside the classroom, ensured that Black students had access to education despite these external constraints.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Span |first1=Christopher M. |title=From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse: African American Education in Mississippi, 1862–1875 |date=2009 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ladson-Billings |first1=Gloria |last2=Anderson |first2=James D. |title=Policy Dialogue: Black Teachers of the Past, Present, and Future |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=February 3, 2021 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=94–102 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.68|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Charles County, Maryland. Upper-grade pupils in the Waldorf Negro elementary school are ready to ans . . . - NARA - 521562.jpg|thumb|left|Students in the one-room Waldorf Negro elementary school in [[Waldorf, Maryland]], 1941]]
During [[World War II]], demands for unity and racial tolerance on the home front provided an opening for the first Black history curriculum in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Sherry |title=Intercultural Education and Negro History during the Second World War |journal=Journal of Midwest History of Education Society |date=1995 |volume=22 |pages=75–85}}</ref> For example, during the early 1940s, Madeline Morgan, a Black teacher in the Chicago public schools, created a curriculum for students in grades one through eight highlighting the contributions of Black people to the history of the United States. At the close of the war, Chicago's Board of Education downgraded the curriculum's status from mandatory to optional.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Ashley D. |title="The Intellectual Emancipation of the Negro": Madeline Morgan and the Mandatory Black History Curriculum in Chicago during World War II |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=May 2022 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=136–160 |doi=10.1017/heq.2022.2|s2cid=248406635 }}</ref>

Predominantly Black schools for kindergarten through twelfth grade students were common throughout the US before the 1970s. By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant that only 25% of Black students were in schools with more than 90% non-White students. However, since then, a trend towards re-segregation affected communities across the country: by 2011, 2.9 million African American students were in such overwhelmingly minority schools, including 53% of Black students in school districts that were formerly under desegregation orders.<ref>Kozol, J. [https://www.thenation.com/doc/20051219/kozol "Overcoming Apartheid", ''The Nation''. December 19, 2005. p. 26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325161054/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051219/kozol |date=March 25, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.propublica.org/article/segregation-now-full-text|title = Segregation Now|last = Hannah-Jones|first = Nikole|date = April 16, 2014|work = ProPublica|access-date = December 14, 2015|archive-date = December 13, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151213193910/https://www.propublica.org/article/segregation-now-full-text|url-status = live}}</ref>

As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names. By 1969, [[illiteracy]] as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans.<ref>Public Information Office, United States Census Bureau. [https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2000/cb00-151.html High School Completions at All-Time High, Census Bureau Reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327134138/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2000/cb00-151.html |date=March 27, 2010 }}. September 15, 2000.</ref>

[[File:Neil deGrasse Tyson - NAC Nov 2005.jpg|thumb|upright|Astrophysicist [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] is director of New York City's [[Hayden Planetarium]].]]
Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites.<ref>Michael A. Fletcher, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/minorities-and-whites-follow-unequal-college-paths-report-says/2013/07/31/61c18f08-f9f3-11e2-8752-b41d7ed1f685_story.html "Minorities and whites follow unequal college paths, report says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223225704/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/minorities-and-whites-follow-unequal-college-paths-report-says/2013/07/31/61c18f08-f9f3-11e2-8752-b41d7ed1f685_story.html |date=December 23, 2015 }}, ''The Washington Post'', July 31, 2013.</ref> Black women are enrolled in college more than any other race and gender group, leading all with 9.7% enrolled according to the 2011 US census.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/black-women-become-most-educated-group-in-us-a7063361.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604003454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/black-women-become-most-educated-group-in-us-a7063361.html |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Black women become most educated group in US|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/2011/tables.html |title=CPS October 2011 – Detailed Tables |access-date=December 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118080151/http://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/2011/tables.html |archive-date=January 18, 2017 }}</ref>
The average high school graduation rate of Blacks in the United States has steadily increased to 71% in 2013.<ref>Allie Bidwell, [https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2015/03/16/federal-data-show-racial-gap-in-high-school-graduation-rates-is-closing "Racial Gaps in High School Graduation Rates Are Closing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706054212/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2015/03/16/federal-data-show-racial-gap-in-high-school-graduation-rates-is-closing |date=July 6, 2017 }}, ''U.S. News'', March 16, 2015.</ref> Separating this statistic into component parts shows it varies greatly depending upon the state and the school district examined. 38% of Black males graduated in the state of New York but in Maine 97% graduated and exceeded the White male graduation rate by 11 percentage points.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alonso|first1=Andres A.|title=Black Male Graduation Rates|url=https://blackboysreport.org/national-summary/black-male-graduation-rates|website=blackboysreport.org|publisher=The Schott Foundation for Public Education|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016154552/http://blackboysreport.org/national-summary/black-male-graduation-rates|archive-date=October 16, 2014}}</ref> In much of the southeastern United States and some parts of the southwestern United States the graduation rate of White males was in fact below 70% such as in Florida where 62% of White males graduated from high school. Examining specific school districts paints an even more complex picture. In the Detroit school district, the graduation rate of Black males was 20% but 7% for White males. In the New York City school district 28% of Black males graduate from high school compared to 57% of White males. In Newark County{{Where|date=September 2014}} 76% of Black males graduated compared to 67% for White males. Further academic improvement has occurred in 2015. Roughly 23% of all Blacks have bachelor's degrees. In 1988, 21% of Whites had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 11% of Blacks. In 2015, 23% of Blacks had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 36% of Whites.<ref name="Census Report">{{cite web|last1=Ryan|first1=Camille L.|title=Educational Attainment in the United States|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=census.gov|publisher=The United States Bureau Of Statistics|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref> Foreign born Blacks, 9% of the Black population, made even greater strides. They exceed native born Blacks by 10 percentage points.<ref name="Census Report"/>

[[College Board]], which runs the official college-level [[Advanced Placement|advanced placement]] (AP) programs in American high schools, have has received criticism in recent years that its curricula have focused too much on [[Euro-centric]] history.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web |title=African Diaspora Advanced Placement Course, Co-developed by Teachers College, Highlighted by Time |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2020/february/african-diaspora-advanced-placement-course-highlighted-by-time-magazine/ |website=columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707024842/https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2020/february/african-diaspora-advanced-placement-course-highlighted-by-time-magazine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, College Board reshaped some curricula among history-based courses to further reflect the [[African diaspora]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gleibermann |first1=Erik |title=New College Board curriculum puts the African diaspora in the spotlight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/new-college-board-curriculum-puts-the-african-diaspora-in-the-spotlight/2020/09/07/579631c2-ee1b-11ea-b4bc-3a2098fc73d4_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128113036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/new-college-board-curriculum-puts-the-african-diaspora-in-the-spotlight/2020/09/07/579631c2-ee1b-11ea-b4bc-3a2098fc73d4_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, College Board announced it would be piloting an [[AP African American Studies]] course between 2022 and 2024. The course officially launched in August 2024.<ref name="TIG">{{cite conference |title= Teacher Information Guide AP African American Studies Pilot|last= Waters |first= Brandi|date= February 2022 |publisher= College Board|location= Washington, DC|conference= |id=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adopt AP African American Studies |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-african-american-studies/adopt |website=[[Advanced Placement|AP Central]] |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref>

In June 2023, the [[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard|Supreme Court ended race-based affirmative action at American colleges and universities]]. This landmark Supreme Court decision is widely believed to contribute to a decline in African American enrollment at the nation's most selective and prominent colleges and universities, where African American applicants often have, on average, lower standardized test scores and GPAs compared to the overall applicant pool. In response, many of the nation's most prominent [[historically black colleges and universities]] (HBCUs) have reported a significant surge in applications and enrollment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/black-enrollment-drops-at-top-schools-as-affirmative-action-axed |title=Black Enrollment Drops at Top Schools as Affirmative Action Axed |work=Bloomberg Law |first1=Francesca |last1=Maglione |first2=Paulina |last2=Cachero |first3=Ann |last3=Choi |first4=Raeedah |last4=Wahid |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2024/09/05/diverse-college-enrollment-down-post-affirmative-action-ruling/ |title=Black enrollment drops at UNC after ruling; other schools vary |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Svluga |first=Susan |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.highereddive.com/news/hbcus-enrollment-surge-why/710494/ |title=Some HBCUs are seeing enrollment surge. Here's why. |work=Higher Ed Drive |last=McLean |first=Danielle |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the74million.org/article/court-documents-racial-preferences-massively-boost-black-hispanic-applicants/ |title=Court Documents: Racial Preferences Massively Boost Black, Hispanic Applicants |work=The74 |last=Mahnken |first=Kevin |date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>

According to a 2025 study, African Americans have the highest average [[Student loans in the United States|student debt]]. African Americans with [[bachelor's degrees]] owe an average of $52,726 in student loans. Nearly 70% of African Americans took out a loan to fund their undergraduate education.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://educationdata.org/student-loan-debt-by-race |title=Student Loan Debt by Race |last=Hanson |first=Melanie |publisher=Education Data Initiative |date=February 18, 2025 |access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref>

====Historically Black colleges and universities====
{{Main|Historically black colleges and universities|List of historically black colleges and universities|African American student access to medical schools}}

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which were founded when [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated institutions]] of higher learning did not admit African Americans, continue to thrive and educate students of all races today. There are 107 HBCUs representing three percent of the nation's colleges and universities with the majority established in the [[southeastern United States|Southeast]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Full list of HBCUs | url=https://www.thehundred-seven.org/hbculist.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbcu-levers.blogspot.com/p/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-about.html#BestHBCU|title=TECH-Levers: FAQs About HBCUs|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=August 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827030310/http://hbcu-levers.blogspot.com/p/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-about.html#BestHBCU|url-status=live}}</ref> HBCUs have been largely responsible for establishing and expanding the African American middle-class by providing more career opportunities for African Americans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47234239 |title=The story of historically black colleges in the US |work=BBC News |date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102193058/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47234239 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/despite-obstacles-black-colleges-are-pipelines-to-the-middle-class-study-finds-heres-its-list-of-the-best/ |title=Despite Obstacles, Black Colleges Are Pipelines to the Middle Class, Study Finds. Here's Its List of the Best. |first=Marc |last=Parry |date=September 30, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |access-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102191119/https://www.chronicle.com/article/despite-obstacles-black-colleges-are-pipelines-to-the-middle-class-study-finds-heres-its-list-of-the-best/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Economic status===
{{Further|Black-owned business}}

The economic disparity between the races in the US has marginally improved since the end of slavery. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/19/why-racial-wealth-gap-persists-more-than-years-after-emancipation/ |access-date=January 25, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Racial inequality in the United States|Racial disparity in poverty rates]] has narrowed since the civil rights era, with the [[African-American poverty|poverty rate among African Americans]] decreasing from 24.7% in 2004 to 18.8% in 2020, compared to 10.5% for all Americans.<ref name="DeNavas-Walt"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Creamer|first=John|date=September 15, 2020|title=Inequalities Persist Despite Decline in Poverty For All Major Race and Hispanic Origin Groups|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/09/poverty-rates-for-blacks-and-hispanics-reached-historic-lows-in-2019.html|url-status=live|website=Census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917070757/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/09/poverty-rates-for-blacks-and-hispanics-reached-historic-lows-in-2019.html|archive-date=September 17, 2020|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref> Poverty is associated with higher rates of marital stress and dissolution, [[physical disorder|physical]] and [[mental disorder|mental health]] problems, [[disability and poverty|disability]], [[cognitive deficit]]s, [[Achievement gap in the United States|low educational attainment]], and crime.<ref name="CharacOfFam">{{cite web|url=https://ssw.unc.edu/RTI/presentation/PDFs/aa_families.pdf|title=Characteristics of African American Families|first=Oscar|last=Barbarin|publisher=University of North Carolina|access-date=September 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225226/https://ssw.unc.edu/RTI/presentation/PDFs/aa_families.pdf|archive-date=September 20, 2006}}</ref>

African Americans have a long and diverse history of business ownership. Although the first African American business is unknown, slaves captured from West Africa are believed to have established commercial enterprises as peddlers and skilled craftspeople as far back as the 17th century. Around 1900, Booker T. Washington became the most famous proponent of African American businesses. His critic and rival W. E. B. DuBois also commended business as a vehicle for African American advancement.<ref>Juliet E.K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1998)</ref>

[[File:US real median household income 1967 - 2011.PNG|thumb|This graph shows the real median [[Household income in the United States|US household income]] by race: 1967 to 2011, in 2011 dollars.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Carmen|last1=DeNavas-Walt|first2=Bernadette D.|last2=Proctor|first3=Jessica C.|last3=Smith|date=September 2012|chapter=Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010|page=8|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011|chapter-url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>]]

African Americans had a combined buying power of over $1.6 trillion as of 2021, a 171% increase of their buying power in 2000 but lagging significantly in growth behind American [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latinos]] and [[Asian Americans|Asians]] in the same timer period (with 288% and 383%, respectively; for reference, US growth overall was 144% in the same period); however, African American net worth had shrunk 14% in the previous year despite strong growth in property prices and the [[S&P 500]]. In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030110726/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/business_ownership/005477.html Minority Groups Increasing Business Ownership at Higher Rate than National Average, Census Bureau Reports] U.S. Census Press Release</ref> {{as of|2011}}, African American-owned businesses account for approximately two million [[US businesses]].<ref name=Tozzi>{{cite web|last=Tozzi|first=John|url=https://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2010/sb20100715_469797.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719013730/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2010/sb20100715_469797.htm|archive-date=July 19, 2010|title=Minority Businesses Multiply But Still Lag Whites|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=April 20, 2012}}</ref> Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011.<ref name=Tozzi/>

Twenty-five percent of Blacks had [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-25.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-25.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Occupations: 2000|first1=Peter |last1=Fronczek |first2=Patricia |last2=Johnson |publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=August 2003|access-date=October 24, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Black Pop-March 2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-541.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-541.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=The Black Population in the United States: March 2002|first=Jesse|last=McKinnon|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=April 2003|access-date=October 24, 2006}}</ref> In 2001, over half of African American households of married couples earned $50,000 or more.<ref name="Black Pop-March 2002"/> Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity.<ref name="Black Pop-March 2002"/>

In 2006, the median earnings of African American men was more than Black and non-Black American women overall, and in all educational levels.<ref name="census.gov-PINC03">{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_131.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 131|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515100925/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_131.htm|archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="census.gov-254">{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_254.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 254|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509101748/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_254.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref name="census.gov-259">{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_259.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 259|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511022845/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_259.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="census.gov-135">{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_135.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 135|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509101502/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_135.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_253.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 253|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509101729/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_253.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> At the same time, among American men, income disparities were significant; the median income of African American men was approximately 76 cents for every dollar of their European American counterparts, although the gap narrowed somewhat with a rise in educational level.<ref name="census.gov-PINC03"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_128.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 128|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509102045/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_128.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref>

Overall, the median earnings of African American men were 72 cents for every dollar earned of their Asian American counterparts, and $1.17 for every dollar earned by Hispanic men.<ref name="census.gov-PINC03"/><ref name="census.gov-135"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_133.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 133|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511022120/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_133.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> On the other hand, by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African American women have made significant advances; the median income of African American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education.<ref name="census.gov-254"/><ref name="census.gov-259"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_005.htm|title=PINC-03-Part 5|publisher=Pubdb3.census.gov|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509102039/https://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_005.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref>

The US [[public sector]] is the single most important source of employment for African Americans.<ref name="laborcenter.berkeley.edu">{{cite web|url=https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/blackworkers/blacks_public_sector11.pdf|title="Black Workers and the Public Sector", Dr Steven Pitts, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Labor Research and Education, April 4, 2011|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713001456/http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/blackworkers/blacks_public_sector11.pdf|archive-date=July 13, 2014}}</ref> During 2008–2010, 21.2% of all Black workers were public employees, compared with 16.3% of non-Black workers.<ref name="laborcenter.berkeley.edu"/> Both before and after the onset of the [[Great Recession]], African Americans were 30% more likely than other workers to be employed in the public sector.<ref name="laborcenter.berkeley.edu"/> The public sector is also a critical source of decent-paying jobs for Black Americans. For both men and women, the median wage earned by Black employees is significantly higher in the public sector than in other industries.<ref name="laborcenter.berkeley.edu"/>

In 1999, the median income of African American families was $33,255 compared to $53,356 of European Americans. In times of economic hardship for the nation, African Americans suffer disproportionately from job loss and [[underemployment]], with the Black underclass being hardest hit. The phrase "last hired and first fired" is reflected in the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] unemployment figures. Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm|title=BLS.gov|publisher=BLS.gov|date=January 7, 2011|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213004820/https://bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm|archive-date=December 13, 2010}}</ref> while the nationwide rate was 6.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LNS14000000|title=BLS.gov|publisher=Data.bls.gov|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120154929/https://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LNS14000000|archive-date=January 20, 2011}}</ref> In 2007, the average income for African Americans was approximately $34,000, compared to $55,000 for Whites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=51|title=OMHRC.gov|publisher=OMHRC.gov|date=October 21, 2009|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813055043/https://omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=51|archive-date=August 13, 2009}}</ref> African Americans experience a higher rate of unemployment than the general population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/black-white-unemployment-gap/421497/|title=Education Gaps Don't Fully Explain Why Black Unemployment Is So High|first=Gillian B.|last=White|date=December 21, 2015|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=July 3, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522182744/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/black-white-unemployment-gap/421497/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The income gap between Black and White families is also significant. In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.<ref name="DeNavas-Walt">{{cite web|first1=Carmen |last1=DeNavas-Walt |first2=Bernadette D. |last2=Proctor |author3=Cheryl Hill Lee |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004|date=August 2005|publisher=United States Census Bureau|pages=60–229}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported in 2006 that in [[Queens]], New York, the median income among African American families exceeded that of White families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent Black families. It noted that Queens was the only county with more than 65,000 residents where that was true.<ref name=Queens>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025143541/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html |archive-date=October 25, 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens|date=October 1, 2006|website=The New York Times|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, it was reported that [[African-American family structure|72% of Black babies were born to unwed mothers]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riley |first1=Jason. L. |title=For blacks, the Pyrrhic Victory of the Obama Era |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204712904578090483678801780 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=November 4, 2012 |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214123842/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204712904578090483678801780 |url-status=live }}</ref> The poverty rate among single-parent Black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to [[Walter E. Williams]], while it was 9.9% among married-couple Black families. Among White families, the respective rates were 26.4% and 6% in poverty.<ref>[https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams102705.asp Ammunition for poverty pimps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114424/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams102705.asp |date=May 25, 2017 }} Walter E. Williams, October 27, 2005.</ref>

Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004.<ref name="vote-nov2007">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p20-556.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p20-556.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2007|date=March 2006|access-date=May 30, 2007}}</ref> African Americans also have the highest level of [[United States Congress|Congressional representation]] of any minority group in the US.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan D.|last=Mott|url=https://www.thisnation.com/congress-facts.html|title=The United States Congress Quick Facts|publisher=ThisNation.com|date=February 4, 2010|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305031403/https://www.thisnation.com/congress-facts.html|archive-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref>

====African American homeownership====
[[File:US Homeownership by Race 2009.png|thumb|The [[Homeownership in the United States|US homeownership rate]] according to race<ref name="US Census Bureau, homeownership by race">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual09/ann09t22.xls|title=US Census Bureau, homeownership by race|access-date=October 6, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327060251/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual09/ann09t22.xls|archive-date=March 27, 2010}}</ref>]]

[[Home-ownership in the United States|Homeownership in the US]] is the strongest indicator of financial stability and the primary asset most Americans use to generate wealth. African Americans continue to lag behind other racial groups in homeownership.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/10/13/black-families-fall-further-behind-on-homeownership#:~:text=In%202022%2C%2074.6%25%20of%20White,%2C%20a%2027%2Dpoint%20gap. | title=Black Families Fall Further Behind on Homeownership | date=October 13, 2022 | access-date=March 8, 2023 | archive-date=March 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308145123/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/10/13/black-families-fall-further-behind-on-homeownership#:~:text=In%202022%2C%2074.6%25%20of%20White,%2C%20a%2027%2Dpoint%20gap. | url-status=live }}</ref> In the first quarter of 2021, 45.1% of African Americans owned their homes, compared to 65.3% of all Americans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Residential Vacancies and Homeownership |url=https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/currenthvspress.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/currenthvspress.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=Census.gov |access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref> The African American homeownership rate has remained relatively flat since the 1970s despite an increase in [[Housing discrimination in the United States|anti-discrimination housing laws and protections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnwake/2019/05/16/the-shocking-truth-about-the-u-s-black-homeownership-rate-50-years-after-the-1968-fair-housing-act/|title=The Shocking Truth 50 Years After The 1968 Fair Housing Act: The Black Homeownership Paradox|first=John|last=Wake|website=Forbes|access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308143207/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnwake/2019/05/16/the-shocking-truth-about-the-u-s-black-homeownership-rate-50-years-after-the-1968-fair-housing-act/|url-status=live}}</ref> The African American homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at 49.7%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prosperitybenefitservices.com/black-homeownership-rate-rises-but-hasnt-returned-to-2004-level/#:~:text=Today%2C%20nearly%2046%25%20of%20Black,74%25%20rate%20for%20white%20households | title=Black homeownership rate rises, but hasn't returned to 2004 level | date=June 11, 2024 | access-date=June 17, 2024 | archive-date=June 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617011402/https://prosperitybenefitservices.com/black-homeownership-rate-rises-but-hasnt-returned-to-2004-level/#:~:text=Today%2C%20nearly%2046%25%20of%20Black,74%25%20rate%20for%20white%20households }}</ref>

The average White high school drop-out still has a slightly better chance of owning a home than the average African American college graduate usually due to unfavorable [[debt-to-income ratio]]s or [[Credit score in the United States|credit scores]] among most African American college graduates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalmortgageprofessional.com/news/student-loan-debt-barrier-black-homeownership|title=Student Loan Debt A Barrier To Black Homeownership – NMP|date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308143205/https://nationalmortgageprofessional.com/news/student-loan-debt-barrier-black-homeownership|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/why-do-black-college-graduates-have-lower-homeownership-rate-white-people-who-dropped-out-high-school | title=Why do Black College Graduates Have a Lower Homeownership Rate Than White People Who Dropped Out of High School? | journal=Urban Institute | date=February 27, 2020 | access-date=May 28, 2023 | archive-date=May 28, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528124534/https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/why-do-black-college-graduates-have-lower-homeownership-rate-white-people-who-dropped-out-high-school | url-status=live | last1=Choi | first1=Jung Hyun | last2=Goodman | first2=Laurie }}</ref> Since 2000, fast-growing housing costs in most cities have made it even more difficult for the US African American homeownership rate to significantly grow and reach over 50% for the first time in history. From 2000 to 2022, the median home price in the US grew 160%, outpacing average annual household income growth in that same period, which only grew about 30%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/realestate/black-homeowners-gentrification.html|title=What Gentrification Means for Black Homeowners|first=Jacquelynn|last=Kerubo|work=The New York Times|date=August 17, 2021|via=NY Times.com|access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308150657/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/realestate/black-homeowners-gentrification.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/business/3478213-rising-home-prices-a-timeline/|title=Rising home prices: a timeline|first=Monique|last=Beals|newspaper=The Hill |date=May 5, 2022|access-date=March 16, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308171030/https://thehill.com/business/3478213-rising-home-prices-a-timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/612519/average-annual-real-wages-united-states/|title=Average annual real wages U.S. 2021|website=Statista|access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308172443/https://www.statista.com/statistics/612519/average-annual-real-wages-united-states/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Carolina]] is the state with the most African American homeownership, with about 55% of African Americans owning their own homes.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=South Carolina leads the U.S. in Black homeownership, but there are still a few gaps to close |url=https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2023-02-22/south-carolina-leads-the-u-s-in-black-homeownership-but-there-are-still-a-few-gaps-to-close |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=South Carolina Public Radio |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018185059/https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2023-02-22/south-carolina-leads-the-u-s-in-black-homeownership-but-there-are-still-a-few-gaps-to-close |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bahney |first=Anna |date=2023-03-02 |title=The gulf between Black homeowners and White is actually getting bigger, not smaller {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/02/homes/race-and-home-buying-nar/index.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018185057/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/02/homes/race-and-home-buying-nar/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Black people, who make up 12% of the total U.S. population, make up 32% of all people experiencing homelessness, according to the data.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |title=US homelessness rose by record 18% in latest annual data |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-homelessness-rose-by-record-18-latest-annual-data-2024-12-27/ |work=Reuters |date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

===Politics===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"

|-
!Year
!Candidate of the plurality
!Political party
!% of Black vote
!Result
|-
|1980 || [[Jimmy Carter]] || [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] ||83%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1984 || [[Walter Mondale]] || Democratic || 91%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1988 || [[Michael Dukakis]] || Democratic || 89%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1992 || [[Bill Clinton]] || Democratic || 83%
| {{won}}
|-
|1996 || [[Bill Clinton]] || Democratic ||84%
| {{won}}
|-
|2000 || [[Al Gore]] || Democratic || 90%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2004 || [[John Kerry]] || Democratic || 88%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2008 || [[Barack Obama]] || Democratic || 95%
| {{won}}
|-
|2012 || [[Barack Obama]] || Democratic || 93%
| {{won}}
|-
|2016 || [[Hillary Clinton]] || Democratic || 88%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|2020 || [[Joe Biden]] || Democratic || 87%
| {{won}}
|-
|2024 || [[Kamala Harris]] || Democratic || 85%
| {{no|Lost}}
|}
Since the mid 20th century, a large majority of African Americans support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2024 Presidential election]], 86% of African American voters supported Democrat [[Kamala Harris]], while 13% supported Republican [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election 2024: Exit polls |url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0 |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref> Although there is an African American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=American Society and the African American Foreign Policy Lobby: Constraints and Opportunities|first=David A.|last=Dickson|journal=Journal of Black Studies|year=1996|pages=139–151|volume=27|doi=10.1177/002193479602700201|issue=2|s2cid=143314945}}</ref>

Many African Americans were excluded from electoral politics in the decades following the end of Reconstruction. For those that could participate, until the [[New Deal]], African Americans were supporters of the Republican Party because it was Republican President Abraham Lincoln who helped in granting freedom to American slaves; at the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the [[Sectionalism|sectional]] interests of the [[Northern United States|North]] and [[Southern United States|South]], respectively, rather than any specific ideology, and both [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] were represented equally in both parties.

The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced back to the 1930s during the [[Great Depression]], when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] program provided economic relief to African Americans. Roosevelt's [[New Deal coalition]] turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region. The African American vote became even more solidly Democratic when Democratic presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s. In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Clifford|last1=Green|first2=Daniel J.|last2=Coffey|title=The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIPRBXgzSYEC&pg=PA29|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5322-4|page=29|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112637/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIPRBXgzSYEC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Conservatism]] has been growing among African Americans, particularly since the 2020 Presidential election. In the 2024 election, Trump secured a slightly larger share of the African American vote compared to his 2020 performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suggs |first1=Bria |title=Young Black voters are becoming more conservative than their parents. Here's why |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/g-s1-16261/young-black-voters-generation-democrats-conservative-trump-harris-gen-z-millennials |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=27 February 2025 |date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-support-white-black-voters-immigration-2020299|title=Donald Trump's approval rating higher with Black people than white people|date=January 24, 2025|website=Newsweek|access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/10/nx-s1-5133172/polls-suggest-republicans-are-making-gains-among-black-voters-especially-black-men |title=Polls suggest Republicans are making gains among Black voters — especially Black men |work=NPR |last1=Martin |first1=Michel |last2=Fadel |first2=Leila |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=March 20, 2025}}</ref>

====Black national anthem====

[[File:The Obamas sing with Smokey Robinson, Joan Baez and others, 2014.jpg|thumb|right| "[[Lift Every Voice and Sing]]" being sung by the [[family of Barack Obama]], [[Smokey Robinson]] and others in the [[White House]] in 2014]]
"[[Lift Every Voice and Sing]]" is often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jackson|first1=Jabar|last2=Martin|first2=Jill|date=July 3, 2020|title=NFL plans to play Black national anthem before Week 1 games|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/02/sport/nfl-black-national-anthem-week-1-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=CNN|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527135554/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/02/sport/nfl-black-national-anthem-week-1-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had dubbed it the "Negro national anthem" for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Till Victory Is Won: The Staying Power Of 'Lift Every Voice And Sing'|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/08/16/638324920/american-anthem-lift-every-voice-and-sing-black-national-anthem|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531060339/https://www.npr.org/2018/08/16/638324920/american-anthem-lift-every-voice-and-sing-black-national-anthem|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religious affiliation of African Americans in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/|title=A Religious Portrait of African-Americans|date=January 30, 2009|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132557/https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Black Protestant]]
| value1 = 59
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Evangelical Protestant]]
| value2 = 15
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Mainline Protestant]]
| value3 = 4
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Roman Catholic]]
| value4 = 5
| color4 = Indigo
| label5 = [[Jehovah's Witness]]
| value5 = 1
| color5 = DarkBlue
| label6 = Other Christian
| value6 = 1
| color6 = LightBlue
| label7 = Muslim
| value7 = 1
| color7 = Green
| label8 = Other religion
| value8 = 1
| color8 = Black
| label9 = Unaffiliated
| value9 = 11
| color9 = Honeydew
| label10 = Atheist or agnostic
| value10 = 2
| color10 = gray
}}
{{Main|Religion of Black Americans}}

{{Further|Black church|Hoodoo (folk magic)|Louisiana Voodoo}}
[[File:Mount Zion United Methodist Church - facade.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Zion United Methodist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Mount Zion United Methodist Church]] is the oldest African American congregation in Washington, D.C.]]
[[File:Malcolm Shabazz Mosque.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid Malcolm Shabazz]] in Harlem, New York City]]

The majority of African Americans are [[Protestant]], many of whom follow the historically Black churches.<ref name="PewForum">[https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf US Religious Landscape Survey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423044142/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|date=April 23, 2015}} The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (February 2008). Retrieved July 20, 2009.</ref> The term [[Black church]] refers to churches which minister to predominantly African American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions.<ref>Charyn D. Sutton, [https://www.energizeinc.com/art/apas.html "The Black Church"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010002126/http://www.energizeinc.com/art/apas.html|date=October 10, 2014}}. Energize Inc. Retrieved November 18, 2009.</ref> One of these early African American Christian cultural traditions in the Black Church is the [[Watchnight service]], also called Freedom's Eve, where African American congregations all over the nation come together on New Year's Eve through New Year's morning in remembrance of the eve and New Year of their emancipation, sharing testimonies, being baptized and partaking in praise and worship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Historical Legacy of Watch Night |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-watch-night |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203550/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-watch-night |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African American population are part of the historically Black churches.<ref name="religions">{{cite web |date=January 30, 2009 |title=A Religious Portrait of African-Americans |url=https://pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425171741/http://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=April 20, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans is the [[Baptists]],<ref>[[Bill J. Leonard]] (2007), ''[[iarchive:baptistsinameric0000leon/page/34/mode/2up|Baptists in America]]'', Columbia University Press, p. 34. {{ISBN|0-231-12703-0}}.</ref> distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention, USA]] and the [[National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.|National Baptist Convention of America]].<ref name="church">[https://www.ncccusa.org/news/080215yearbook1.html The NCC's 2008 Yearbook of Churches reports a wide range of health care ministries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519163031/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/080215yearbook1.html|date=May 19, 2019}} National Council of Churches USA. February 14, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.</ref> The second-largest is the [[Methodist]]s,<ref name="doindrugs">William Henry James, Stephen Lloyd Johnson (1997). ''Doin' drugs: patterns of African American addiction''. University of Texas Press. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-292-74041-7}}.</ref> the largest organizations of which are the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] and the [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church]].<ref name="church" /><ref>Roger Finke, Rodney Stark (2005). ''The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy''. Rutgers University Press, p. 235.</ref>

[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] are distributed among several different religious bodies, with the [[Church of God in Christ]] as the largest among them by far.<ref name="church" /> About 16% of African American Christians are members of White Protestant communions;<ref name="doindrugs" /> these denominations (which include the [[United Church of Christ]]) mostly have a 2–3% African American membership.<ref>Alfred Abioseh Jarrett (2000). ''The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 235. {{ISBN|0-275-93880-8}}.</ref> There are also large numbers of [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], constituting 5% of the African American population.<ref name="religions" /> Of the total number of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], 22% are Black.<ref name="PewForum" />

Some African Americans follow [[Islam]]. Historically, between 15 and 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were [[Muslim]]s, but most of these Africans were converted to Christianity during the era of American slavery.<ref>Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson. ''Encyclopedia of religion in the South''. Mercer University Press (2005), p. 394. {{ISBN|978-0-86554-758-2}}.</ref> During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices; including the [[Moorish Science Temple of America]], and the largest organization, the [[Nation of Islam]], founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lomax |title=When the Word Is Given |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-313-21002-0 |pages=15–16 |quote=Estimates of Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clegg |first=Claude Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nva1ULVYh3QC |title=An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-312-18153-6 |page=115 |quote=The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership. |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113203/https://books.google.com/books?id=nva1ULVYh3QC |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |url-status=live |author-link=Claude Clegg}}</ref> Prominent members included activist [[Malcolm X]] and boxer [[Muhammad Ali]].<ref>Jacob Neusner, ''World Religions in America: An Introduction'', Westminster John Knox Press (2003), pp. 180–181. {{ISBN|978-0-664-22475-2}}.</ref>

[[File:Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Muhammad Ali]] converted to Islam in 1964.]]
Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]].<ref>William W. Sales (1994). ''From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity''. South End Press, p. 37. {{ISBN|978-0-89608-480-3}}.</ref> In 1975, [[Warith Deen Mohammed]], the son of [[Elijah Muhammad]] took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members to [[Sunni Islam|orthodox Islam]].<ref>Uzra Zeya (1990–01) [https://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0190/9001042.htm Islam in America: The Growing Presence of American Converts to Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724183609/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0190/9001042.htm|date=July 24, 2008}} Washington Report on Middle East Reports. Retrieved November 16, 2009.</ref>

[[African-American Muslims|African American Muslims]] constitute 20% of the total [[Islam in the United States|US Muslim population]],<ref name="PewMuslim">{{cite tech report |url=https://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans |title=Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream |date=May 22, 2007 |access-date=November 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125081805/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 25, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> the majority are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] or orthodox Muslims, some of these identify under the community of [[W. Deen Mohammed]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sacirbey |first=Omar |date=September 11, 2001 |title=When Unity is Long Overdue |url=https://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2006/05/When-Unity-Is-Long-Overdue.aspx |access-date=April 20, 2012 |publisher=Beliefnet.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Terry |first=Don |date=May 3, 1993 |title=Black Muslims Enter Islamic Mainstream |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/03/us/black-muslims-enter-islamic-mainstream.html |access-date=April 20, 2012 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Nation of Islam led by [[Louis Farrakhan]] has a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Farrakhan Set to Give Final Address at Nation of Islam's Birthplace |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/farrakhan-set-to-give-final-address-at-nation-of-islams-birthplace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411224021/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,254507,00.html |archive-date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=April 20, 2012 |publisher=Fox News Channel}}</ref>

There is also a small but growing group of [[African-American Jews|African American Jews]], making up less than 0.5% of African Americans or about 2% of the [[American Jews|Jewish population in the United States]]. The majority of African-American Jews are [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]], while smaller numbers identify as [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi]], [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]], or other.<ref name=":0a">{{cite web |date=May 11, 2021 |title=JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020: 9. Race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/race-ethnicity-heritage-and-immigration-among-u-s-jews/ |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Racial and ethnic composition among Jews |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/jewish/ |access-date=August 22, 2021 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gelbwasser |first=Michael |date=April 10, 1998 |title=Organization for black Jews claims 200,000 in U.S |url=https://www.jweekly.com/article/full/8029/organization-for-black-jews-claims-200-000-in-u-s/ |access-date=August 2, 2010 |website=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]]}}</ref> Many African-American Jews are affiliated with denominations such as the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]], [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]], or [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] branches of Judaism, but the majority identify as "Jews of no religion", commonly known as secular Jews. A significant number of people who identify themselves as "Black Jews" are affiliated with [[religious syncretism|syncretic]] religious groups, largely the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], whose beliefs include the claim that African Americans are descended from the Biblical [[Israelites]].<ref name="northstar">{{cite journal |last=Angell |first=Stephen W. |date=May 2001 |title=Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism |url=https://northstar.vassar.edu/volume4/chireau_deutsch.html |journal=The North Star |volume=4 |issue=2 |issn=1094-902X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020040655/https://northstar.vassar.edu/volume4/chireau_deutsch.html |archive-date=October 20, 2007 |access-date=October 19, 2007}}</ref> Jews of all races typically do not accept Black Hebrew Israelites as Jews, in part because they are usually not Jewish [[who is a Jew|according to Jewish law]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=Robin |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Who Black Hebrew Israelites Are—And Who They Are Not |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/2019/12/18/who-black-hebrew-israelites-are-and-who-they-are-not/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=My Jewish Learning |publisher=70 Faces media}}</ref> and in part because these groups are sometimes associated with antisemitism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hwang |first1=Janice |date=December 12, 2019 |title=Explainer: Who Are The Black Hebrew Israelites? |url=https://www.jta.org/2019/12/12/ny/explainer-who-are-the-black-hebrew-israelites |access-date=16 August 2022 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |agency=New York Jewish Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Musodza |first1=Masimba |date=September 21, 2019 |title=The Hebrew Israelites Are A Real Threat |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-hebrew-israelites-are-a-real-threat/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> African-American Jews have criticized the Black Hebrew Israelites, regarding the movement as primarily composed of Black non-Jews who have appropriated Black-Jewish identity.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 16, 2020 |title=A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites |url=https://tribeherald.com/a-case-of-mistaken-identity-black-jews-hebrew-israelites/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |newspaper=Tribe Herald}}</ref>

In the 2010s, confirmed [[Atheism|atheists]] were less than one half of one percent, similar to numbers for [[Hispanic]]s.<ref>[https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/ ''A Religious Portrait of African Americans''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132557/https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/|date=July 21, 2018}} Pew Research 2009</ref><ref>Sikivu Hutchinson, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/06/16/blacks-are-even-discriminated-against-by-atheists/ "Atheism has a race problem"], ''The Washington Post'', June 16, 2014.</ref><ref>Emily Brennan, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/fashion/african-american-atheists.html "The Unbelievers"], ''The New York Times'', November 27, 2011.</ref>

In 2025, a [[Pew Research Center]] study found that, among Black Americans, Christian affiliation has declined in recent years. The share of Black adults identifying as Christian fell from 85% in 2007 to 79% in 2014 and 73% in 2021, mirroring a broader decline in Christianity in the United States. However, Black adults remain more likely than U.S. adults overall to identify as Christian (73% vs. 62%). About 4% of Black adults identify with non-Christian religions, mostly Islam, while 22% are religiously unaffiliated ("nones"), including 3% atheist or agnostic and 19% identifying as "nothing in particular." 58% say religion is very important in their lives, 64% pray daily, and 57% attend religious services at least monthly, whether in person or online. By comparison, about half or fewer adults in other racial or ethnic groups report that religion is very important or that they pray daily, and even smaller shares attend services monthly. Religiosity among Black Americans also varies by age. 39% of Black adults aged 65 and older describe themselves as very religious, compared with 21% of those under 30. This age pattern is similar to that observed among White and Hispanic Americans, although Black adults of all ages are more likely than other groups to describe themselves as very religious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/12/02/key-facts-about-black-americans-and-religion/|title=Key facts about Black Americans and religion
|publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]]|date=2 December 2025|archive-date=7 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307151426/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/12/02/key-facts-about-black-americans-and-religion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sexuality===
{{See also|African-American LGBT community}}
According to a [[Gallup survey]], 4.6% of Black or African Americans self-identified as [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT]] in 2016,<ref name="More Adults" /> while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016.<ref name="More Adults">{{cite news|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/201731/lgbt-identification-rises.aspx|title=In US, More Adults Identifying as LGBT|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|date=January 11, 2017|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501142714/https://news.gallup.com/poll/201731/lgbt-identification-rises.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninformer.com/blacks-are-more-likely-to-identify-as-gay-than-any-other-group/|title=Blacks Are More Likely to Identify as Gay Than Any Other Group|website=The Washington Informer|date=October 23, 2012 }}</ref>

===Health===
{{Further|Race and health in the United States#African Americans}}
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people#United States}}

====General health====
{{See also|Alzheimer's disease in African Americans}}

The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-life-expectancy-gap-20120606-story.html |title="Life expectancy gap narrows between blacks, whites", Rosie Mestel, ''The Los Angeles Times'', June 5, 2012. |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826131902/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/05/science/la-sci-life-expectancy-gap-20120606 |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |url-status=live |date=June 5, 2012 }}</ref> Life expectancy for Black women was 77.5 years in 2008.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/> In 1900, when information on Black life expectancy started being collated, a Black man could expect to live to 32.5 years and a Black woman 33.5 years.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/> In 1900, White men lived an average of 46.3 years and White women lived an average of 48.3 years.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/> African American life expectancy at birth is persistently five to seven years lower than [[European Americans]].<ref name="lavest">{{Cite journal|author=LaVeist TA|title=Racial segregation and longevity among African Americans: an individual-level analysis|journal=Health Services Research|volume=38|issue=6 Pt 2|pages=1719–33|date=December 2003|pmid=14727794|pmc=1360970|doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00199.x}}</ref> Black men have shorter lifespans than any other group in the US besides Native American men.<ref name="Gilbert">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021556|doi-access=free|title=Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health|year=2016|last1=Gilbert|first1=Keon L.|last2=Ray|first2=Rashawn|last3=Siddiqi|first3=Arjumand|last4=Shetty|first4=Shivan|last5=Baker|first5=Elizabeth A.|last6=Elder|first6=Keith|last7=Griffith|first7=Derek M.|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=37|pages=295–311|pmid=26989830|pmc=6531286}}</ref>

Black people have higher rates of [[obesity]], [[diabetes]], and [[hypertension]] than the US average.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/> For adult Black men, the rate of obesity was 31.6% in 2010.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_252.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_252.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=CDC 2012. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: 2010, p. 107}}</ref> For adult Black women, the rate of obesity was 41.2% in 2010.<ref name="cdc.gov"/> African Americans have higher rates of mortality than any other racial or ethnic group for eight of the top ten causes of death.<ref name=hummer2004>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hummer RA, Ellison CG, Rogers RG, Moulton BE, Romero RR |s2cid=6053725|title=Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: review and perspective|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=97|issue=12|pages=1223–30|date=December 2004|pmid=15646761|doi=10.1097/01.SMJ.0000146547.03382.94}}</ref> In 2013, among men, Black men had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men. Among women, White women had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/race.htm|title=Cancer Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex|website=Cancer Prevention and Control|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051734/https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/race.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans also have higher prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease compared to the overall average.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-03-10 |title=2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=391–460 |doi=10.1002/alz.12068 |pmid=32157811 |s2cid=212666886 |issn=1552-5260|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mayeda |first1=Elizabeth Rose |last2=Glymour |first2=M Maria |last3=Quesenberry |first3=Charles P |last4=Whitmer |first4=Rachel A |date=2016-02-11 |title=Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=216–224 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007 |issn=1552-5260 |pmc=4969071 |pmid=26874595}}</ref>

Black women lead the nation in [[abortions]]. According to a 2022 report, Black women made up 40% of abortions despite making up 13% of the U.S. woman population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lenzen |first1=Cecilia |title=Facing higher teen pregnancy and maternal mortality rates, Black women will largely bear the brunt of abortion limits |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/06/30/texas-abortion-black-women/ |website=texastribune.org |date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=The Texas Tribune |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cineas |first1=Fabiola |title=Black women will suffer the most without Roe |url=https://www.vox.com/2022/6/29/23187002/black-women-abortion-access-roe |website=vox.com |date=June 29, 2022 |publisher=Vox |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
African-Americans are more likely than White Americans to die due to health-related problems developed by [[alcoholism]]. Alcohol abuse is the main contributor to the top three causes of death among African Americans.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/resources/african-americans-alcohol/ | title=African-Americans and Alcohol | access-date=November 23, 2023 | archive-date=November 23, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123144917/https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/resources/african-americans-alcohol/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2020, African Americans were less likely to be [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinated]] against [[COVID-19]] due to mistrust in the US medical system. From 2021 to 2022, there was an increase in African Americans who became vaccinated.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Study: Black Americans Beat Back Vaccine Hesitancy Faster Than Whites |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2022-01-24/black-americans-beat-vaccine-hesitancy-faster-than-whites |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302090102/https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2022-01-24/black-americans-beat-vaccine-hesitancy-faster-than-whites |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/04/black-americans-face-higher-covid-19-risks-are-more-hesitant-to-trust-medical-scientists-get-vaccinated/|title=Black Americans face higher COVID-19 risks, are more hesitant to trust medical scientists, get vaccinated|first1=John|last1=Gramlich|first2=Cary|last2=Funk|date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=January 28, 2022|archive-date=January 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128122957/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/04/black-americans-face-higher-covid-19-risks-are-more-hesitant-to-trust-medical-scientists-get-vaccinated/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sweta |last=Haldar |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Latest Data on COVID-19 Vaccinations by Race/Ethnicity |url=https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/latest-data-on-covid-19-vaccinations-by-race-ethnicity/ |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=KFF |language=en-US |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302054432/https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/latest-data-on-covid-19-vaccinations-by-race-ethnicity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Still, in 2022, COVID-19 complications became the third leading cause of death for African Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nul.org/news/new-report-states-covid-19-third-leading-cause-death-black-americans |title=New Report States COVID-19 Is Third-Leading Cause of Death for Black Americans |access-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128122738/https://nul.org/news/new-report-states-covid-19-third-leading-cause-death-black-americans |url-status=live }}</ref>

Violence is a major problem within the African American community.<ref name="lacasa.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.lacasa.org/blog/2023/2/22/black-history-month-shining-a-light-on-domestic-violence-in-the-african-american-community | title=Shining a Light on Domestic Violence in the African American Community | date=February 22, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Disproportionate Impact of Gun Violence on Black Americans |url=https://www.bradyunited.org/resources/research/disproportionate-impact-gun-violence-black-americans#:~:text=Despite%20accounting%20for%20only%2014,the%20disparities%20are%20even%20higher |website=www.bradyunited.org}}</ref> A report from the [[US Department of Justice]] states "In 2005, homicide victimization rates for Blacks were more than six times as high as the rates for Whites".<ref name="Homicide trends in the US">[https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/race.htm Homicide trends in the US] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212100248/https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/race.htm|date=December 12, 2006}}, US Department of Justice</ref> The report also found that "94% of Black victims were killed by Blacks."<ref name="Homicide trends in the US"/> Of the nearly 20,000 recorded US homicides in 2022, African Americans made up the majority of offenders and victims despite making up less than 15% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/251877/murder-victims-in-the-us-by-race-ethnicity-and-gender/|title=Number of murder victims in the United States in 2022, by race|date=February 13, 2024|work=Statista}}</ref> In 2024, all of the five most dangerous US cities have a significant Black population and highly concerning Black-on-Black violent crime rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Dangerous Places in the U.S. in 2024-2025 |url=https://realestate.usnews.com/places/rankings/most-dangerous-places |website=realestate.usnews.com}}</ref> Black males age 15–44 are the only race/sex category for which homicide is a top-five cause of death.<ref name="Gilbert"/> Black women are three times more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than White women.<ref name="lacasa.org"/> Black children are more than three times as likely to die due to parental abuse and neglect than White children.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/255032/number-of-child-fatalities-due-to-abuse-or-maltreatment-in-the-us-by-race-ethnicity/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20around%20457%20African,1%2C000%20children%20for%20white%20children | title=Number of fatalities from child abuse by race U.S. 2022 }}</ref>

====Sexual health====
According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], African Americans have higher rates of [[sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs) compared to Whites, with five times the rates of [[syphilis]] and [[Chlamydia infection|chlamydia]], and 7.5 times the rate of [[gonorrhea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats17/minorities.htm |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 22, 2019 |date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616010330/https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats17/minorities.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The disproportionately high incidence of [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|HIV/AIDS among African Americans]] has been attributed to [[Homophobia in the African American community|homophobic]] influences, lack of [[condom]] usage, and lack of proper healthcare.<ref>{{cite news|title=Homophobia in Black Communities Means More Young Men Get AIDS|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 22, 2013|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/events/archive/2013/11/homophobia-in-black-communities-means-more-young-men-get-aids/281741/|access-date=January 21, 2014|archive-date=January 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127194146/http://www.theatlantic.com/events/archive/2013/11/homophobia-in-black-communities-means-more-young-men-get-aids/281741/|url-status=live}}</ref> The prevalence of [[HIV/AIDS]] among Black men is seven times higher than the prevalence for White men, and Black men are more than nine times as likely to die from HIV/AIDS-related illness than White men.<ref name="Gilbert"/> The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Black women is 20 times higher than White women, and Black women are more than 15 times as likely to die from HIV/AIDS-related illness than White women.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2684462 | date=2008 | last1=Tillerson | first1=K. | title=Explaining racial disparities in HIV/AIDS incidence among women in the U.S.: A systematic review | journal=Statistics in Medicine | volume=27 | issue=20 | pages=4132–4143 | doi=10.1002/sim.3224 | pmid=18551508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/hivaids-and-blackafrican-americans | title=HIV/AIDS and African Americans }}</ref>

==== Mental health ====
African Americans have several [[Obstacles to receiving mental health services among African American youth|barriers for accessing mental health]] services. [[Mental health counselor|Counseling]] has been frowned upon and distant in utility and proximity to many people in the African American community. In 2004, a qualitative research study explored the disconnect with African Americans and mental health. The study was conducted as a semi-structured discussion which allowed the focus group to express their opinions and life experiences. The results revealed a couple key variables that create barriers for many African American communities to seek mental health services such as the stigma, lack of four important necessities; trust, affordability, cultural understanding and impersonal services.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Vetta L. Sanders|last2=Bazile|first2=Anita|last3=Akbar|first3=Maysa|year=2004|title=African Americans' Perceptions of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists.|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|volume=35|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19|issn=1939-1323|citeseerx=10.1.1.515.2135}}</ref>

Historically, many African American communities did not seek counseling because religion was a part of the family values.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Natalie|title=Mental Health Care Treatment Seeking Among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: What is The Role of Religiosity/Spirituality?|journal=Aging and Mental Health|volume=23|issue=7|pages=905–911|doi=10.1080/13607863.2018.1453484|pmid=29608328|year=2018|pmc=6168439|url=https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=honorscollege_sw|access-date=July 12, 2019|archive-date=April 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429074817/https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=honorscollege_sw|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans who have a faith background are more likely to seek prayer as a coping mechanism for mental issues rather than seeking professional mental health services.<ref name=":0" /> In 2015 a study concluded, African Americans with high value in religion are less likely to utilize mental health services compared to those who have low value in religion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lukachko|first1=Alicia|last2=Myer|first2=Ilan|last3=Hankerson|first3=Sidney|date=August 1, 2015|title=Religiosity and Mental Health Service Use Among African-americans|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=203|issue=8|pages=578–582|doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000000334|issn=0022-3018|pmc=4535188|pmid=26172387}}</ref>

In the United States, counseling approaches are based on the experience of [[White Americans]] and do not fit within the African American culture. African American families tend to resolve concerns within the family, and it is viewed by the family as a strength. On the other hand, when African Americans seek counseling, they face a social backlash and are criticized. They may be labeled "crazy", viewed as weak, and their pride is diminished.<ref name=":0" /> Because of this, many African Americans instead seek mentorship within communities they trust.

Terminology is another barrier in relation to African Americans and mental health. There is more stigma on the term ''[[psychotherapy]]'' versus counseling. In one study, psychotherapy is associated with mental illness whereas counseling approaches problem-solving, guidance and help.<ref name=":0" /> More African Americans seek assistance when it is called counseling and not psychotherapy because it is more welcoming within the culture and community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A19573641/AONE|title='Don't Show Weakness:' Black Americans Still Shy Away from Psychotherapy|last=Leland|first=John|date=December 8, 2018|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112648/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&id=GALE%7CA19573641&v=2.1&it=r&userGroupName=anon%7E4c6b23c&aty=open-web-entry|url-status=live}}</ref> Counselors are encouraged to be aware of such barriers for the well-being of African American clients. Without [[Cultural competence in healthcare|cultural competency]] training in health care, many African Americans go unheard and misunderstood.<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, African Americans had the third highest [[suicide]] rate trailing American Indians/Alaska Natives and White Americans. However, African Americans had the second highest increase of its suicide rate from 2011 to 2021, growing 58%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://andscape.com/features/suicide-rates-among-black-americans-are-increasing-by-double-digits/ | title=Suicide rates among Black Americans are increasing by double digits | date=September 11, 2023 | access-date=November 24, 2023 | archive-date=November 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124205820/https://andscape.com/features/suicide-rates-among-black-americans-are-increasing-by-double-digits/ | url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2024, suicide is the second leading cause of death among African-Americans between the ages of 15 and 24, with Black men being four times more likely to kill themselves than Black women.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hataway |first1=Leigh |title=Young Black men are dying by suicide at alarming rates |url=https://news.uga.edu/young-black-men-dying-by-suicide-at-alarming-rates/ |work=UGA Today |date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

==Genetics==
{{see also|Genetic history of the African diaspora}}

=== Genome-wide studies ===
[[File:PCA and individual ancestry estimates for African Americans.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Genetic clustering of 128 African Americans, by Zakharia et al. (2009). Each vertical bar represents an individual. The color scheme of the bar plot matches that in the PCA plot.<ref name="Zakharia2009" />]]

Recent studies of African Americans using genetic testing have found ancestry to vary by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% Sub-Saharan African, 16.7–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<ref name="Bryc2009" /><ref name="Bryc 2015">{{cite journal |first1 = Katarzyna |last1 = Bryc |first2 = Eric Y. |last2 = Durand |first3 = J. Michael |last3=Macpherson |first4 = David |last4 = Reich |first5 = Joanna L. |last5 = Mountain |title = The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=January 8, 2015|volume=96|issue=1|pages=37–53|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010|pmc=4289685 |pmid=25529636}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Soheil |last1=Baharian |first2=Maxime |last2=Barakatt |first3=Christopher R. |last3=Gignoux |first4=Suyash |last4=Shringarpure |first5=Jacob |last5=Errington |first6=William J. |last6=Blot |first7=Carlos D. |last7=Bustamante |first8=Eimear E. |last8=Kenny |first9=Scott M. |last9=Williams |first10=Melinda C. |last10=Aldrich |first11=Simon |last11=Gravel |title = The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity |journal = PLOS Genetics |date = May 27, 2015 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e1006059 |pmid=27232753 |pmc=4883799 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Commercial testing services have reported similar variation, with ranges from 0.6 to 2 percent Native American, 19 to 29 percent European, and 65 to 80 percent Sub-Saharan African ancestry.<ref>[[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]], "[https://www.theroot.com/exactly-how-black-is-black-america-1790895185 Exactly How 'Black' Is Black America?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814202953/https://www.theroot.com/exactly-how-black-is-black-america-1790895185 |date=August 14, 2021 }}", ''The Root'', February 11, 2013.</ref>

According to a genome-wide study by Bryc et al. (2009), the mixed ancestry of African Americans in varying ratios came about as the result of sexual contact between West/Central Africans (more frequently females) and Europeans (more frequently males). This can be understood as being the result of enslaved African American females being [[History of sexual slavery in the United States#Under chattel slavery|raped]] by White males.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Micheletti |first1=Steven J. |display-authors=etal |title=Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=August 6, 2020 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=265–277 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.012 |pmid=32707084 |pmc=7413858 |s2cid=222230119 }}</ref> Consequently, the 365 African Americans in their sample have a genome-wide average of 78.1% West African ancestry and 18.5% European ancestry, with large variation among individuals (ranging from 99% to 1% West African ancestry). The West African ancestral component in African Americans is most similar to that in present-day speakers from the non-[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] branches of the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] family.<ref name="Bryc2009">{{cite journal |first1=Katarzyna |last1=Bryc |first2=Adam |last2=Auton |first3=Matthew R. |last3=Nelson |first4=Jorge R. |last4=Oksenberg |first5=Stephen L. |last5=Hauser |first6=Scott |last6=Williams |first7=Alain |last7=Froment |first8=Jean-Marie |last8=Bodo |first9=Charles |last9=Wambebe |first10=Sarah A. |last10=Tishkoff |first11=Carlos D. |last11=Bustamante |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African-Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 12, 2010|volume=107|issue=2|pages=786–791|doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107|pmid=20080753|pmc=2818934|bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{NoteTag|DNA studies of African-Americans have determined that they primarily descend from various [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]-speaking West/Central African ethnic groups: [[Akan people|Akan]] (including the [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] and [[Fante people|Fante]] subgroups), [[Balanta people|Balanta]], [[Bamileke]], [[Bamum people|Bamun]], [[Bariba people|Bariba]], [[Biafada people|Biafara]], [[Abron tribe|Bran]], [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]], [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]], [[Edo people|Edo]], [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Fon people|Fon]], [[Fula people|Fula]], [[Ga people|Ga]], [[Gurma]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]], [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] (including the [[Efik people|Efik]] subgroup), [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Igala people|Igala]], [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] (including the [[Kalabari tribe|Kalabari]] subgroup), [[Itsekiri]], [[Jola people|Jola]], [[Luchazes|Luchaze]], [[Lunda people|Lunda]], [[Kpelle people|Kpele]], [[Kru people|Kru]], [[Mahi people|Mahi]], [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] (including the [[Mende people|Mende]] subgroup), [[Nalu people|Naulu]], [[Serer people|Serer]], [[Susu people|Susu]], [[Temne people|Temne]], [[Tikar]], [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Yaka people|Yaka]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], and [[Bantu peoples]]; specifically the [[Duala people|Duala]], [[Kongo people|Kongo]], [[Luba people|Luba]], [[Ambundu|Mbundu]] (including the [[Ovimbundu]] subgroup) and [[Teke people|Teke]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2011/10/african_ethnicities_and_their_origins/ |title = African Ethnicities and Their Origins |first1 = John |last1 = Thornton |author1-link = John Thornton (historian) |first2 = Linda |last2 = Heywood |date = October 1, 2011 |website = [[The Root (magazine)|The Root]] |access-date = January 2, 2017 |archive-date = January 3, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004156/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2011/10/african_ethnicities_and_their_origins/ |url-status = live }}</ref>}}

Correspondingly, Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces comes from a population similar to the Niger-Congo-speaking [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] of southern [[Nigeria]] and southern [[Benin]], reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade. The next most frequent ancestral component found among African Americans was derived from Great Britain, in keeping with historical records. It constitutes a little over 10% of their overall ancestry and is most similar to the Northwest European ancestral component also carried by [[Barbadians]].<ref name="Montinaro2014">{{cite journal|first1=Francesco |last1=Montinaro |first2=George B.J. |last2=Busby |first3=Vincenzo L. |last3=Pascali |first4=Simon |last4=Myers |first5=Garrett |last5=Hellenthal |first6=Cristian |last6=Capelli |title = Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations |journal = Nature Communications |date=March 24, 2015 |doi=10.1038/ncomms7596 |volume=6 |article-number=6596 |pmid=25803618 |pmc=4374169 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.6596M }}</ref> Zakharia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba-like ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from [[Mandinka people|Mandenka]] and [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] populations. Additionally, the researchers observed an average European ancestry of 21.9%, again with significant variation between individuals.<ref name="Zakharia2009">{{cite journal |first1=Fouad |last1=Zakharia |first2=Analabha |last2=Basu |first3=Devin |last3=Absher |first4=Themistocles L. |last4=Assimes |first5=Alan S. |last5=Go |first6=Mark A. |last6=Hlatky |first7=Carlos |last7=Iribarren |first8=Joshua W. |last8=Knowles |first9=Jun |last9=Li |first10=Balasubramanian |last10=Narasimhan |first11=Steven |last11=Sidney |first12=Audrey |last12=Southwick |first13=Richard M. |last13=Myers |first14=Thomas |last14=Quertermous |first15=Neil |last15=Risch |first16=Hua |last16=Tang |title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans |journal=Genome Biology |year=2009 |volume=10 |issue=R141 |pages=R141 |doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 |pmid=20025784 |pmc=2812948 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bryc et al. (2009) note that populations from other parts of the continent may also constitute adequate proxies for the ancestors of some African American individuals; namely, ancestral populations from [[Guinea Bissau]], [[Senegal]] and [[Sierra Leone]] in West Africa and [[Angola]] in Southern Africa.<ref name="Bryc2009" /> An individual African American person can have over fifteen African ethnic groups in their genetic makeup alone due to the slave trade covering such vast areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2023 |title=African American Ethnic Heritage |url=https://blackdemographics.com/african-american-ethnic-heritage/amp/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=Black Demographics |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109193521/https://blackdemographics.com/african-american-ethnic-heritage/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Altogether, genetic studies suggest that African Americans are a genetically diverse people. According to DNA analysis led in 2006 by [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] geneticist [[Mark D. Shriver]], around 58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent to one European great-grandparent and their forebears), 19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent to one European grandparent and their forebears), and one percent of African Americans have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent to one European parent and their forebears).<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Gates, Henry Louis Jr|title=In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past|date=2009|publisher=New York: Crown Publishing|pages=20–21|author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Henry Louis Gates Jr.: Michelle's Great-Great-Great-Granddaddy—and Yours |url = https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/118292 |author = Henry Louis Gates Jr. |date = November 8, 2009 |access-date = April 11, 2015 |archive-date = April 11, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411083013/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/118292 |url-status = live }}</ref> According to Shriver, around five percent of African Americans also have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry (equivalent to one Native American great-grandparent and their forebears).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Reader|author=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |publisher=Basci Civitas Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 5 Things to Know About Blacks and Native Americans |url = https://www.ebony.com/life/5-things-to-know-about-blacks-and-native-americans-119 |date = November 20, 2012 |access-date = April 11, 2015 |archive-date = April 19, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023648/http://www.ebony.com/life/5-things-to-know-about-blacks-and-native-americans-119 |url-status = live }}</ref> Research suggests that Native American ancestry among people who identify as African American is a result of relationships that occurred soon after slave ships arrived in the American colonies, and European ancestry is of more recent origin, often from the decades before the Civil War.<ref name="dnana1">{{cite news |last = Zimmer |first = Carl |title = Tales of African-American History Found in DNA |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/science/african-american-dna.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/science/african-american-dna.html |archive-date = January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date=May 10, 2019 |date = May 27, 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Y-DNA===
Africans bearing the [[Haplogroup E-V38|E-V38]] (E1b1a) likely traversed across the [[Sahara]], from [[East Africa|east]] to [[West Africa|west]], approximately 19,000 years ago.<ref name="Shrine">{{cite journal |last1=Shrine |first1=Daniel |last2=Rotimi |first2=Charles |title=Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=547–556 |publisher=Am J Hum Genet|pmc=5985360 |year=2018 |pmid=29526279 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003 }}</ref> [[Haplogroup E-M2|E-M2]] (E1b1a1) likely originated in West Africa or Central Africa.<ref name="Trombetta">{{cite journal |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |title=Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1940–1950 |publisher=Genome Biol Evol|pmc=4524485 |year=2015 |pmid=26108492 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118 }}</ref> According to a [[Y chromosome|Y-DNA]] study by Sims et al. (2007), the majority (≈60%) of African Americans belong to various subclades of the [[Haplogroup E-M2|E-M2]] (E1b1a1, formerly E3a) paternal haplogroup. This is the most common genetic paternal lineage found today among West/Central African males and is also a signature of the historical [[Bantu migration]]s. The next most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup observed among African Americans is the [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] clade, which around 15% of African Americans carry. This lineage is most common today among Northwestern European males. The remaining African Americans mainly belong to the paternal [[Haplogroup I-M170|haplogroup I]] (≈7%), which is also frequent in Northwestern Europe.<ref name="Sims2007">{{cite journal|first1=Lynn M. |last1=Sims |first2=Dennis |last2=Garvey |first3=Jack |last3=Ballantyne |title=Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs|journal=Human Mutation|date=January 2007|volume=28|issue=1|page=97|doi=10.1002/humu.9469|pmid=17154278|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===mtDNA===
According to an [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] study by Salas et al. (2005), the maternal lineages of African Americans are most similar to haplogroups that are today especially common in West Africa (>55%), followed closely by West-Central Africa and Southwestern Africa (<41%). The characteristic West African haplogroups [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1b]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2b,c,d]], and [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3b,d]] and West-Central African haplogroups [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1c]] and [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3e]] in particular occur at high frequencies among African Americans. As with the paternal DNA of African Americans, contributions from other parts of the continent to their maternal gene pool are insignificant.<ref name="Salas2005">{{cite journal|first1=Antonio |last1=Salas |first2=Ángel |last2=Carracedo |first3=Martin |last3=Richards |first4=Vincent |last4=Macaulay |title=Charting the Ancestry of African Americans|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=October 2005|volume=77|issue=4|pages=676–680|doi=10.1086/491675|pmc=1275617|pmid=16175514}}</ref>

==Racism and social status==
{{See also|Income inequality in the United States}}
Formal political, economic and social discrimination against minorities has been present throughout American history. Leland T. Saito, Associate Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the [[University of Southern California]], writes, "Political rights have been circumscribed by race, class and gender since the founding of the United States, when the right to vote was restricted to White men of property. Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by Whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion."<ref name="Sato"/>

Those who economically gained the most from slavery were the [[planter class]], owners of large-scale plantations where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a White elite.<ref name="plantation">{{cite book |last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|author-link=Allen C. Guelzo|title=Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-984328-2|pages=33–36}}</ref> Having a prominent role in politics with [[List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves|eight presidents owning slaves while in office]], upon the end of the Civil War the planter class kept control of their land and remained politically influential, with the [[London School of Economics]] stating, "this persistence in "de facto power" in turn allowed them to block economic reforms, disenfranchise Black voters, and restrict the mobility of workers."<ref>{{cite news |title=Enslavers dominated Southern politics long after the Civil War ended |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2020/10/23/enslavers-dominated-southern-politics-long-after-the-civil-war-ended/ |access-date=May 26, 2025 |publisher=London School of Economics}}</ref>

Although they have gained a greater degree of social equality since the civil rights movement, African Americans have remained stagnant economically, which has hindered their ability to break into the middle class and beyond. As of 2020, the [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial wealth gap]] between Whites and Blacks remains as large as it was in 1968, with the typical net worth of a White household equivalent to that of 11.5 Black households.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/06/04/economic-divide-black-households/| title = The black-white economic gap remains as wide as in 1968 – The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| access-date = December 18, 2021| archive-date = December 5, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205101109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/06/04/economic-divide-black-households/| url-status = live}}</ref> Despite this, African Americans have increased employment rates and gained representation in the highest levels of American government in the post–civil rights era.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite news|last1=Thernstrom|first1=Abigail|author1-link=Abigail Thernstrom|last2=Thernstrom|first2=Stephan|author2-link=Stephan Thernstrom|title=Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/black-progress-how-far-weve-come-and-how-far-we-have-to-go/|access-date=March 17, 2018|date=March 1, 1998|publisher=Brookings Institution|archive-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409032025/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/black-progress-how-far-weve-come-and-how-far-we-have-to-go/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, widespread [[racism against African Americans|racism]] remains an issue that continues to undermine the development of social status.<ref name="Brookings"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/3-discrimination-and-racial-inequality/ |work=On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart |date=June 27, 2016 |title=3. Discrimination and racial inequality |access-date=November 4, 2020 |agency=Pew Research Center |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101151213/https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/3-discrimination-and-racial-inequality/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Economically, of all the racially Black ethnic groups on the globe, African Americans are the wealthiest and most successful, with one in every fifty African American families being millionaires.<ref>{{cite web |title=America's Black Upper Class |date=2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/americas-black-upper-class-rich-successful-empowered/a-60787979 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=DW |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018185101/https://www.dw.com/en/americas-black-upper-class-rich-successful-empowered/a-60787979 |url-status=live }}</ref> This equates in 2023 to approximately 1.79 million African American millionaires in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |title=New poll finds economic optimism among Black Americans |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2023/09/08/poll-finds-economic-optimism-among-adult-black-americans- |first1= Noorulain |last1=Khawaja |date=Sep 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Spectrum News |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018185102/https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2023/09/08/poll-finds-economic-optimism-among-adult-black-americans- |archive-date= Oct 18, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hale |first=Kori |title=Millionaire Status Is On The Rise With 5.2 Million People Joining The Club |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/korihale/2022/10/25/millionaire-status-is-on-the-rise-with-52-million-people-joining-the-club/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Forbes |language=en |date=Oct 25, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018185058/https://www.forbes.com/sites/korihale/2022/10/25/millionaire-status-is-on-the-rise-with-52-million-people-joining-the-club/ |archive-date= Oct 18, 2023 }}</ref> which is more than the number of millionaires in any racially Black country, and many other countries, around the world.

===Policing and criminal justice===
{{See also|Race and crime in the United States|Racial profiling in the United States}}

In the US, which has the largest per-capita prison population in the world, African Americans are overrepresented as the second-largest population of prison inmates (38%) in 2023, coming second to Whites, who made up 57% of the prison population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOP Statistics: Inmate Race |url=https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_race.jsp |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Bureau of Prisons |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706084618/https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_race.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[National Registry of Exonerations]], Blacks are roughly 7.5 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder in the US than Whites.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glynn Simmons: Freedom 'exhilarating' for man exonerated after 48 years |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67878504 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=January 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106025054/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67878504 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the New York City Police Department detained people more than 500,000 times under the city's [[stop-and-frisk]] law. Of the total detained, 55% were African-Americans, while Black people made up 20% of the city's population.<ref name="Stanford">{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/prison-black-laws-080614.html|title=Stanford research suggests support for incarceration mirrors whites' perception of Black prison population|first=Shara|last=Tonn|date=August 6, 2014|website=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=July 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713173404/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/prison-black-laws-080614.html |archive-date= Jul 13, 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:DSC 0008 (50283939071).jpg|thumb|left|[[Al Sharpton]] led the [[Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks]] protest on August 28, 2020.]]
African American males are more likely to be [[police use of deadly force in the United States|killed by police]] when compared to other races.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/31/the-counted-police-killings-2015-young-black-men|title=Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths|first1=Jon|last1=Swaine|first2=Oliver|last2=Laughland|first3=Jamiles|last3=Lartey|first4=Ciara|last4=McCarthy|date=December 31, 2015|access-date=July 18, 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522183822/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/31/the-counted-police-killings-2015-young-black-men|url-status=live}}</ref> This is one of the factors that led to the creation of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/index.html|title=The rise of Black Lives Matter|first1=Sara|last1=Sidner|first2=Mallory|last2=Simon|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=July 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723004528/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A historical issue in the US where women have weaponized their White privilege in the country by reporting on Black people, often instigating racial violence,<ref>{{cite news |last=M. Blow|first=Charlea|date=May 27, 2020 |title=How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/opinion/racism-white-women.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528023029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/opinion/racism-white-women.html |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lang|first=Cady|date=July 6, 2020|title=How the Karen Meme Confronts History of White Womanhood|url=https://time.com/5857023/karen-meme-history-meaning/|access-date=February 1, 2021|magazine=Time|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111213845/https://time.com/5857023/karen-meme-history-meaning/|url-status=live}}</ref> difficult White women—who have been given a [[Karen (slang)#Origin|different name over the centuries]] by African Americans—calling the police on Black people became widely publicized in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hutchinson|title=From 'BBQ Becky' to 'Golfcart Gail,' list of unnecessary 911 calls made on blacks continues to grow|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/bbq-becky-golfcart-gail-list-unnecessary-911-calls/story?id=58584961|access-date=November 8, 2020|agency=ABC|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042738/https://abcnews.go.com/US/bbq-becky-golfcart-gail-list-unnecessary-911-calls/story?id=58584961|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California woman threatens to call police on eight-year-old black girl for selling water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/25/permit-patty-eight-year-old-selling-water-san-francisco-video |access-date=November 8, 2020 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022100/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/25/permit-patty-eight-year-old-selling-water-san-francisco-video |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''The Guardian'', "The specter of [[Karen (slang)|Karen]] persisted as Black Lives Matter protests and civil unrest spread around the country following [[Murder of George Floyd|Floyd's murder]] and reckonings with racism began to roil institutions, toppling careers as well as statues".<ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Julia Carrie|author-link=Julia Carrie Wong|date=December 27, 2020|title=The year of Karen: how a meme changed the way Americans talked about racism|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/27/karen-race-white-women-black-americans-racism|access-date=December 21, 2021|archive-date=October 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003051502/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/27/karen-race-white-women-black-americans-racism|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the peak Black Lives Matter protests and widespread police reform efforts in the early 2020s, crime rates surged across the nation, especially in predominantly Black neighborhoods. Many cities experienced near-record or record levels of violence and other criminal activity. As a result, numerous municipalities scaled back police reform initiatives and increased funding for law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-09 |title=Crime Trends in 2021–22: What We Know So Far {{!}} Brennan Center for Justice |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/crime-trends-2021-22-what-we-know-so-far |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.brennancenter.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Peter Nickeas,Julia Jones,Josh Campbell,Priya |date=2021-05-25 |title=Defund the police encounters resistance as violent crime spikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/25/us/defund-police-crime-spike/index.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Despite 'defunding' claims, police funding has increased in many US cities |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/defunding-claims-police-funding-increased-us-cities/story?id=91511971 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

===Social issues===
After over 50 years, marriage rates for all Americans began to decline while divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have climbed.<ref name="media.hoover.org">{{cite web|url=https://media.hoover.org/documents/0817998721_95.pdf|first1=Douglas J.|last1=Besharov|first2=Andrew|last2=West|title=African American Marriage Patterns|publisher=Hoover Press|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516005550/http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817998721_95.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2008}}</ref> These changes have been greatest among African Americans. After more than 70 years of racial parity Black marriage rates began to fall behind Whites.<ref name="media.hoover.org"/> [[Single parents in the United States|Single-parent]] households have become common, and according to US census figures released in January 2010, only 38 percent of Black children live with both their parents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/families_households/cb10-08.html|title=Census Bureau Reports Families With Children Increasingly Face Unemployment, US Census Bureau, January 15, 2010|publisher=Census.gov|date=n.d.|access-date=April 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005733/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/families_households/cb10-08.html|archive-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref> In 2021, statistics show that over 80 percent marriages in the African American ethnic group marry within their ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BLACK MARRIAGE |url=https://blackdemographics.com/households/marriage-in-black-america/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=BlackDemographics.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004155357/https://blackdemographics.com/households/marriage-in-black-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Sammy Davis Jr. 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|Although the [[Anti-miscegenation laws|ban on interracial marriage]] ended in California in 1948, entertainer [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957. ]]

The first ever [[anti-miscegenation law]] was passed by the [[Maryland General Assembly]] in 1691, criminalizing [[interracial marriage]].<ref name="Anti-miscegenation"/> In a speech in [[Charleston, Illinois]] in 1858, [[Abraham Lincoln]] stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people".<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen A. |last=Douglas|title=The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=235}}</ref> By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation"/> By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation"/> While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] faced a backlash for his involvement with White actress [[Kim Novak]].<ref name="Smithsonian" /> [[Harry Cohn]], the president of Columbia Pictures, with whom Novak was under contract, gave in to his concerns that a racist backlash against the relationship could hurt the studio.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> Davis briefly married Black dancer Loray White in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> Inebriated at the wedding ceremony, Davis despairingly said to his best friend, Arthur Silber Jr., "Why won't they let me live my life?" The couple never lived together, and commenced divorce proceedings in September 1958.<ref name="Smithsonian">Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017) [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hollywood-loved-sammy-davis-jr-until-he-dated-white-movie-star-180964395/ "Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126093738/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hollywood-loved-sammy-davis-jr-until-he-dated-white-movie-star-180964395/ |date=January 26, 2021 }}, ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' Retrieved February 23, 2021.</ref> In 1958, officers in [[Virginia]] entered the home of [[Loving v. Virginia#Plaintiffs|Mildred and Richard Loving]] and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"—or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation">{{cite news |title=Eugenics, Race, and Marriage |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/eugenics-race-and-marriage |access-date=February 23, 2021 |website=Facing History.org |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119214057/https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/eugenics-race-and-marriage |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1967 the law was ruled unconstitutional (via the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] adopted in 1868) by the US Supreme Court in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation"/>

In 2008, Democrats overwhelmingly voted 70% against [[California Proposition 8]], African Americans voted 58% in favor of it while 42% voted against Proposition 8.<ref>Patrick J. Egan, Kenneth Sherrill. [https://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/issues/egan_sherrill_prop8_1_6_09.pdf "California's Proposition 8: What Happened, and What Does the Future Hold?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611085654/http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/issues/egan_sherrill_prop8_1_6_09.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/issues/egan_sherrill_prop8_1_6_09.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=June 11, 2014 }}. Taskforce.org. Retrieved October 8, 2015</ref> On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama, the first Black president, became the first US president to support same-sex marriage. Since Obama's endorsement there has been a rapid growth in support for same-sex marriage among African Americans. As of 2012, 59% of African Americans support same-sex marriage, which is higher than support among the national average (53%) and White Americans (50%).<ref>{{cite news|first1=Scott|last1=Clement|first2=Sandhya|last2=Somashekhar|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-president-obamas-announcement-opposition-to-gay-marriage-hits-record-low/2012/05/22/gIQAlAYRjU_story.html|title=After President Obama's announcement, opposition to gay marriage hits record low|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 23, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=September 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922012256/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-president-obamas-announcement-opposition-to-gay-marriage-hits-record-low/2012/05/22/gIQAlAYRjU_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Polls in [[North Carolina]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2012/05/movement-among-black-north-carolinians-on-gay-marriage.html|title=Movement among black North Carolinians on gay marriage|publisher=Public Policy Polling|date=May 17, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908153828/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2012/05/movement-among-black-north-carolinians-on-gay-marriage.html|archive-date=September 8, 2012}}</ref> [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2012/05/pa-blacks-shift-quickly-in-favor-of-gay-marriage.html|title=PA blacks shift quickly in favor of gay marriage|publisher=Public Policy Polling|date=May 23, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012033801/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2012/05/pa-blacks-shift-quickly-in-favor-of-gay-marriage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Missouri]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Missouri will be a swing state this year, voters say|url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MO_060112.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MO_060112.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=Public Policy Polling|access-date=January 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Maryland]],<ref>[https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/MarylandPollingMemo.pdf Public Policy Polling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120133/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/MarylandPollingMemo.pdf |date=May 25, 2017 }} Memo.</ref> [[Ohio]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Sabrina|last=Siddiqui|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/03/ohio-black-voters-same-sex-marriage-obama_n_1646189.html|title=Ohio's Black Voters Support Same-Sex Marriage After Obama's Endorsement, Poll Finds|work=HuffPost|date=July 3, 2012|access-date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712130638/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/03/ohio-black-voters-same-sex-marriage-obama_n_1646189.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida,<ref>{{cite web|title=LeBron more popular than Gov. Scott in Florida|url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MiscellaneousFL_060812.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MiscellaneousFL_060812.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=Public Policy Polling|access-date=January 3, 2015}}</ref> and [[Nevada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ontopmag.com/article.aspx?id=12824&MediaType=1&Category=26|title=Black Nevadans Support For Gay Marriage Surges After Obama Nod|publisher=Ontopmag.com|date=August 29, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070051/http://www.ontopmag.com/article.aspx?id=12824&MediaType=1&Category=26|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> have also shown an increase in support for same sex marriage among African Americans. On November 6, 2012, [[Maryland Question 6|Maryland]], [[Maine Question 1, 2012|Maine]], and [[Washington Referendum 74|Washington]] all voted for approve of same-sex marriage, along with Minnesota rejecting a [[Minnesota Amendment 1|constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage]]. Exit polls in Maryland show about 50% of African Americans voted for same-sex marriage, showing a vast evolution among African Americans on the issue and was crucial in helping pass same-sex marriage in Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204755404578102953841743658|title=Gay Marriage Gets First Ballot Wins|publisher=Ontopmag.com|date=November 7, 2012|access-date=November 11, 2012|first=Geoffrey A.|last=Fowler|archive-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103210323/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204755404578102953841743658|url-status=live}}</ref>

Black Americans hold far more conservative opinions on abortion, [[Affair|extramarital sex]], and raising children out of wedlock than Democrats as a whole.<ref name=social>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/112807/Blacks-Conservative-Republicans-Some-Moral-Issues.aspx|title=Blacks as Conservative as Republicans on Some Moral Issues|date=December 3, 2008 |publisher=Gallup.com|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121132114/https://www.gallup.com/poll/112807/Blacks-Conservative-Republicans-Some-Moral-Issues.aspx|archive-date=January 21, 2011}}</ref> On financial issues, however, African Americans are in line with Democrats, generally supporting a more [[progressive tax]] structure to provide more government spending on social services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-press.org/commentary/?analysisid=121|title=PeoplePress.org|publisher=People-Press.org|date=October 31, 2005|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110201635/https://people-press.org/commentary/?analysisid=121|archive-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref>

===Political legacy===
[[File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg|upright|thumb|Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] remains the most prominent political leader in the American civil rights movement and perhaps the most influential African American political figure in general.]]
[[Military history of African Americans|African Americans have fought in every war]] in the [[Military history of the United States|history of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48936|title=Defenselink.mil|publisher=Defenselink.mil|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130124013/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48936|archive-date=November 30, 2009}}</ref>

The gains made by African Americans in the [[civil rights movement]] and in the [[Black Power movement]] not only obtained certain rights for African Americans but changed American society in far-reaching and fundamentally important ways. Prior to the 1950s, Black Americans in the South were subject to de jure discrimination, or [[Jim Crow laws]]. They were often the victims of extreme cruelty and violence, sometimes resulting in deaths: by the post World War II era, African Americans became increasingly discontented with their long-standing inequality. In the words of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], African Americans and their supporters challenged the nation to "rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal{{nbsp}}..."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/38.htm|title=Martin Luther King, Jr|access-date=May 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613010952/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/38.htm|archive-date=June 13, 2007}}</ref>

The civil rights movement marked an enormous change in American social, political, economic and civic life. It brought with it [[boycott]]s, [[sit-in]]s, [[nonviolent]] demonstrations and marches, court battles, bombings and other violence; prompted worldwide media coverage and intense public debate; forged enduring civic, economic and religious alliances; and disrupted and realigned the nation's two major political parties.

Over time, it has changed in fundamental ways the manner in which Blacks and Whites interact with and relate to one another. The movement resulted in the removal of codified, ''de jure'' racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the [[Free Speech Movement]], the [[Disability|disabled]], the [[Feminist movement|women's movement]], and [[migrant workers]]. It also inspired the [[Native American rights movement]], and in King's 1964 book ''[[Why We Can't Wait]]'' he wrote the US "was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bender |first1=Albert |title=Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans |url=http://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/ |work=People's World |access-date=March 5, 2021 |date=February 13, 2014 |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625114956/https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rickert |first1=Levi |title=Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/ |website=Native News Online |access-date=March 5, 2021 |date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092832/https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/ }}</ref>

==Media and coverage==
{{See also|Representation of African Americans in media|African-American newspapers}}
[[File:President George W. Bush is welcomed by Bob Johnson, founder and chairman of the RLJ Companies.jpg|thumb|upright|BET founder [[Robert L. Johnson]] with former US President [[George W. Bush]]]]

Some activists and academics contend that American news media coverage of African American news, concerns, or dilemmas is inadequate,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blackandbrownnews.com/|title=BBN|publisher=blackandbrownnews.com|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=November 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122124035/http://blackandbrownnews.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4608039|title=Examining the Future of Black News Media|date=April 20, 2005|publisher=NPR|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234608/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4608039|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4608042|title=How Will African Americans Get the News?|date=April 20, 2005|publisher=NPR|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721103026/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4608042|url-status=live}}</ref> or that the news media present distorted images of African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mikal|last=Muharrar|title=Media Blackface|publisher=FAIR|date=September–October 1998|url=https://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1431|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=September 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908145032/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1431|url-status=live}}</ref>

To combat this, [[Robert L. Johnson]] founded Black Entertainment Television ([[BET]]), a network that targets young African Americans and urban audiences in the United States. Over the years, the network has aired such programming as [[Hip hop music|rap]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] music videos, urban-oriented movies and television series, and some public affairs programs. On Sunday mornings, BET would broadcast Christian programming; the network would also broadcast non-affiliated Christian programs during the early morning hours daily. According to [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]], BET is now a global network that reaches households in the United States, Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Networks|url=https://www.viacom.com/ourbrands/medianetworks/betnetworks/pages/default.aspx|access-date=September 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828171159/https://www.viacom.com/ourbrands/medianetworks/betnetworks/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=August 28, 2012}}</ref> The network has gone on to spawn several spin-off channels, including [[BET Her]] (originally launched as ''BET on Jazz'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bet.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829101056/https://bet.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=18|archive-date=August 29, 2007 |title=BET J}}</ref>

Another network targeting African Americans is [[TV One (Radio One)|TV One]]. TV One is owned by [[Urban One]], founded and controlled by [[Cathy Hughes|Catherine Hughes]]. Urban One is one of the nation's largest radio broadcasting companies and the largest African American-owned radio broadcasting company in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blackamericastudy.com/|title=BlackAmericaStudy.com|publisher=BlackAmericaStudy.com|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207200823/https://blackamericastudy.com/|archive-date=February 7, 2011}}</ref>

In June 2009, [[NBC News]] launched a new website named [[TheGrio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegrio.com/|title=TheGrio.com|date=January 16, 2011|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120223126/https://www.thegrio.com/|archive-date=January 20, 2011}}</ref> It is the first African American video [[news site]] that focuses on underrepresented stories in existing national news.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegrio.com/about/|title=NBC News & TheGrio|date=June 2, 2009|publisher=Thegrio.com|access-date=January 20, 2011|archive-date=January 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107105701/http://www.thegrio.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Black-owned and oriented media outlets===
* [[The Africa Channel]] – Dedicated to programming about African culture.
* [[Aspire (TV network)|aspireTV]] – a digital cable and satellite channel owned by businessman and former basketball player [[Magic Johnson]].
* ATTV – an independent public affairs and educational channel.
* [[BET Media Group]] – The most prominent multimedia outlet targeting Afro-Americans.
** [[BET]]
** [[BET Her]]
** [[VH1]] – Originally a [[MTV]] spin-off focused on light genres of music, the network's programming became slanted towards African American culture during the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why VH1 Gets to Be Black Without the Burden|url=https://www.theroot.com/why-vh1-gets-to-be-black-without-the-burden-1790877558|work=[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]]|date=October 29, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2019|archive-date=August 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815195120/https://www.theroot.com/why-vh1-gets-to-be-black-without-the-burden-1790877558|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bounce TV]] – a digital multicast network owned by the [[E. W. Scripps Company]].
* [[Fox Soul]] – a digital television and streaming network primarily airing original talk shows and syndicated programming
* [[Oprah Winfrey Network]] – a cable and satellite network founded by [[Oprah Winfrey]] and jointly owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] and [[Harpo Studios]]. While not exclusively targeting African Americans, much of its original programming is geared towards a similar demographic.
* [[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]] – a music channel and media company founded by [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs]].
* [[Soul of the South Network]] – a regional broadcast network.
* [[TheGrio]] – a digital multicast network focused on news and opinion-based programming.
* [[TV One (U.S. TV network)|TV One]] – a general entertainment network targeting adults.
** [[TV One (American TV channel)#Cleo TV|Cleo TV]] – a sister network targeting [[millennial]] and [[Generation X]] women
* [[We TV]] – Owned by [[AMC Networks]], became slanted towards Black women during the 2010s

==Culture==
{{Further|African-American culture}}
{{See also|African-American art}}
[[File:Soul Food at Powell's Place.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[soul food]] dinner consisting of [[fried chicken]] with [[macaroni and cheese]], [[collard greens]], breaded [[fried okra]], and [[cornbread]]]]

From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have significantly contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, cuisine, clothing styles, music, language, and social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as [[Sweet potato|yams]], peanuts, rice, [[okra]], [[sorghum]], [[grits]], [[watermelon]], [[indigo dye]]s, and cotton, can be traced to West African and African American influences. Notable examples include [[George Washington Carver]], who created nearly 500 products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/black.shtml|title=African-American Inventors|access-date=May 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613230925/https://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/black.shtml|archive-date=June 13, 2007}}</ref> [[Soul food]] is a variety of cuisine popular among African Americans. It is closely related to the [[cuisine of the Southern United States]]. The descriptive terminology may have originated in the mid-1960s, when ''[[wikt:soul|soul]]'' was a common definer used to describe African American culture (for example, [[soul music]]). African Americans were the first peoples in the United States to make fried chicken, along with [[Scottish people|Scottish]] immigrants to the South. Although the Scottish had been frying chicken before they emigrated, they lacked the spices and flavor that African Americans had used when preparing the meal. The Scottish American settlers therefore adopted the African American method of seasoning chicken.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Deep Fat Frying of Foods|first1=Servet Gulum |last1=Sumnu |first2=Serpil |last2=Sahin |pages=1–2}}</ref> However, fried chicken was generally a rare meal in the African American community and was usually reserved for special events or celebrations.<ref>{{cite book|title=World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States|first1=Martha B. |last1=Katz-Hyman |first2=Kym S. |last2=Rice |page=110}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Main|African-American English}}

{{See also|Black American Sign Language|Gullah language|Afro-Seminole Creole|Louisiana Creole}}
[[African-American English]] is a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] ([[dialect]], [[ethnolect]], and [[sociolect]]) of [[American English]], commonly spoken by urban [[working class|working-class]] and largely [[wikt:bidialectal|bi-dialectal]] [[middle class|middle-class]] African Americans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Walter|chapter=African American Vernacular English: phonology|editor-last=Kortmann|editor-first=Bernd|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2004|volume=2|page=383|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dptsvykgk3IC|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM|isbn=978-3-11-017532-5|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107112638/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dptsvykgk3IC|url-status=live}}</ref> It shares parts of its [[grammar]] and [[phonology]] with the [[Southern American English]] dialect. African American English differs from Standard American English (SAE) in certain pronunciation characteristics, tense usage, and grammatical structures, which were derived from West African languages (particularly those belonging to the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family).<ref name="Aave">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-71798-2|page=405|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC|access-date=October 21, 2014|date=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120210/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Virtually all habitual speakers of African American English can understand and communicate in Standard American English. As with all linguistic forms, AAVE's usage is influenced by various factors, including geographical, educational and socioeconomic background, as well as formality of setting.<ref name="Aave"/> Additionally, there are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in [[African-American literature|African American literature]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Lisa J.|title=African American English: a linguistic introduction|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-89138-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521891387/page/164 164]–199|edition=1. publ., 4. print.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521891387|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Other languages are spoken by specific sub-communities. The [[Gullah language]] is an English-based [[Creole language|creole]] language spoken mostly in the coastal regions of [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] by the [[Gullah]];<ref name="cross">{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Wilbur |title=Gullah culture in America |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT}}</ref> an off-shoot of this is [[Afro-Seminole Creole]] spoken by [[Black Seminoles]] mostly now in [[Mexico]] and [[Brackettville, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Afro-Seminole Creole |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/afs/ |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> [[Louisiana Creole]] is a [[French-based creole languages|French-based creole]] and spoken mostly in [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Creole |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lou/ |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

====Traditional names====
{{Main|African-American names}}

[[African-American names]] are part of the cultural traditions of African Americans, most of these cultural names having no connection to Africa but strictly an African American cultural practice that developed in the United States during enslavement.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Trevon |date=2020-01-23 |title=A brief history of black names, from Perlie to Latasha |url=http://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113148/http://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102 |url-status=live }}</ref> This new evidence became apparent by census records which show African Americans and White Americans, though they spoke the same language, chose to use different names even during times of enslavement, which is where and when the development of African American cultural names began.<ref name="Logan"/>

Prior to this newer information, it was only thought that before the 1950s, and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture.<ref name="Norman">{{cite book|last1=Norman|first1=Teresa|title=The African-American Baby Name Book|date=1998|publisher=Berkley Books|isbn=978-0-425-15939-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkLGtzsKv0C|access-date=May 1, 2016|archive-date=March 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331121650/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkLGtzsKv0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Babies of that era were generally given a few common names, with children using nicknames to distinguish the various people with the same name. With the rise of 1960s civil rights movement, there was a dramatic increase in names of various origins.<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite news|last=Moskowitz|first=Clara|author-link=Clara Moskowitz|title=Baby Names Reveal More About Parents Than Ever Before|url=https://www.livescience.com/9027-baby-names-reveal-parents.html|newspaper=Live Science|date=November 30, 2010|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721103020/https://www.livescience.com/9027-baby-names-reveal-parents.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the 1970s, and 1980s, it had become common among African Americans to invent new names for themselves, although many of these invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re and Ja/Je, and suffixes like -ique/iqua, -isha and -aun/-awn are common, as are inventive spellings for common names. The book ''Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names'' places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in [[New Orleans]].<ref name="Rosenkrantz">{{cite book|last=Rosenkrantz|first=Linda|title=Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names|date=August 16, 2001|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-26757-5|url=https://archive.org/details/babynamesnow00rose|author2=Satran, Paula Redmond}}</ref>

Even with the rise of inventive names, it is still common for African Americans to use biblical, historical, or traditional European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were thus among the most frequent names for African-American boys in 2013.<ref name="Norman"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Lack|first=Evonne|title=Popular African American Names|url=https://www.babycenter.com/0_popular-african-american-names_10329236.bc|website=babycenter.com|access-date=February 12, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002808/http://www.babycenter.com/0_popular-african-american-names_10329236.bc|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Conley">{{cite journal|last=Conley|first=Dalton|title=Raising E and Yo...|journal=Psychology Today|date=March 10, 2010|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201003/raising-e-and-yo|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113146/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/201003/raising-e-and-yo|url-status=live}}</ref>

The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements that were drawn from both French and West/Central African roots. Names such as LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, and Shaniqua were created in the same way. Punctuation marks are seen more often within African American names than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.<ref name="Norman"/>

===Music===
{{multiple image
|total_width=350
|width1=780|height1=529|image1=Jazzing orchestra 1921.png|caption1=The King & Carter [[Jazz]]ing Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921
|width2=542|height2=600|image2=Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg|thumb|left|upright|caption2=[[Chuck Berry]] is considered a pioneer of [[rock and roll]].
}}
[[African-American music|African American music]] is one of the most pervasive African American cultural influences in the United States today and is among the most dominant in mainstream popular music. [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[funk]], [[rock and roll]], [[soul music|soul]], [[blues]], and other contemporary American musical forms originated in Black communities and evolved from other Black forms of music, including [[blues]], [[doo-wop]], [[Barbershop music|barbershop]], [[ragtime]], [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]], [[jazz]], and [[gospel music]].

African American-derived musical forms have also influenced and been incorporated into virtually every other [[popular music]] genre in the world, including [[Country music|country]] and [[techno]]. African American genres are the most important ethnic vernacular tradition in America, as they have developed independent of African traditions from which they arise more so than any other immigrant groups, including Europeans; make up the broadest and longest lasting range of styles in America; and have, historically, been more influential, interculturally, geographically, and economically, than other American vernacular traditions.<ref name="stewart">{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Earl L.|year=1998|title=African American Music: An Introduction|isbn=978-0-02-860294-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028602943/page/3 3]|publisher=Schirmer Books|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028602943/page/3}}</ref>

===Dance===
African Americans have also had an important role in American dance. [[Bill T. Jones]], a prominent modern choreographer and dancer, has included historical African American themes in his work, particularly in the piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land". Likewise, [[Alvin Ailey]]'s artistic work, including his "Revelations" based on his experience growing up as an African American in the South during the 1930s, has had a significant influence on modern dance. Another form of dance, [[Stepping (African-American)|stepping]], is an African American tradition whose performance and competition has been formalized through the traditionally Black fraternities and sororities at universities.<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite news|last=Harris|first=Samantha|title=Stepping into controversy: Some fraternity members fear film 'Stomp the Yard' portrays them as glamorized dance group, trivializes traditions|newspaper=[[The Anderson Independent-Mail]]|location=Anderson, South Carolina|date=January 25, 2007|url=https://www.independentmail.com/news/2007/jan/25/stepping-controversy-some-fraternity-members-fear-/|access-date=January 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142134/http://www.independentmail.com/news/2007/jan/25/stepping-controversy-some-fraternity-members-fear-/|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Excerpt|African Americans in sports|paragraphs=1-2|templates=0|references=0}}

===Literature and academics===
[[File:Toni Morrison (The Bluest Eye author portrait).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Toni Morrison]], recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature]]
Many African American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans. [[African-American literature|African American literature]] is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include [[Langston Hughes]], [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[Zora Neale Hurston]], [[Ralph Ellison]], Nobel Prize winner [[Toni Morrison]], and [[Maya Angelou]].

[[African-American inventor|African American inventor]]s have created many widely used devices in the world and have contributed to international [[innovation]]. [[Norbert Rillieux]] created the technique for converting sugar cane juice into white sugar crystals. Moreover, Rillieux left [[Louisiana]] in 1854 and went to France, where he spent ten years working with the Champollions deciphering [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyphics]] from the [[Rosetta Stone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inventions.org/culture/african/rillieux.html|title=Norbert Rillieux|publisher=Inventors Assistance League|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204165759/https://inventions.org/culture/african/rillieux.html|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref> Most slave inventors were nameless, such as the slave owned by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] President [[Jefferson Davis]] who designed the ship propeller used by the Confederate navy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sluby|first=Patricia Carter|title=The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity|year=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-275-96674-4|pages=30–33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz-DTSXeLRYC&pg=PA30}}</ref>

By 1913, over 1,000 inventions were patented by Black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were [[Jan Matzeliger]], who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/matzeliger.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030302053043/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/matzeliger.html|archive-date=March 2, 2003|title=Jan Matzeliger|date=August 2002|publisher=[[Lemelson-MIT Program]]|access-date=January 29, 2011}}</ref> and [[Elijah McCoy]], who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccoy.html|title=Elijah McCoy (1844–1929)|date=May 1996|publisher=[[Lemelson-MIT Program]]|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227194310/https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccoy.html|archive-date=December 27, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Granville Woods]] had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/woods.html|title=Granville T. Woods|date=August 1996|publisher=[[Lemelson-MIT Program]]|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227190714/https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/woods.html|archive-date=December 27, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Garrett A. Morgan]] developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/morgan.html|title=Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963)|date=February 1997|publisher=[[Lemelson-MIT Program]]|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227190804/https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/morgan.html|archive-date=December 27, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lewis Howard Latimer]] invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todaysengineer.org/2004/Feb/history.asp|title=African American Heritage in Engineering|first=Michael N.|last=Geselowitz|date=February 2004|publisher=todaysengineer.org|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=July 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023608/http://www.todaysengineer.org/2004/Feb/history.asp}}</ref> More recent inventors include [[Frederick McKinley Jones]], who invented the movable refrigeration unit for food transport in trucks and trains.<ref name=FMJones>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/jones.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217213948/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/jones.html|archive-date=February 17, 2003|title=Frederick M. Jones (1893–1961)|publisher=[[Lemelson-MIT Program]]|access-date=January 29, 2011}}</ref> [[Lloyd Quarterman]] worked with six other Black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the [[Manhattan Project]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/quart.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924200300/https://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/quart.html|archive-date=September 24, 2006|title=Lloyd Albert Quarterman|last=McConnell|first=Wendy|publisher=Project Nova, [[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona]]|access-date=January 29, 2011}}</ref> and helped develop the first nuclear reactor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blackhistorypages.net/pages/lquarterman.php|title=Dr. Lloyd Quarterman|publisher=Black History Pages|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025705/http://blackhistorypages.net/pages/lquarterman.php|archive-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref>

As part of the preservation of their culture, African Americans have continuously launched their own publications and publishing houses, such as [[Robert Sengstacke Abbott]], founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and [[Carter G. Woodson]], the founder of [[Black History Month]] who spent over thirty years documenting and publishing African American history in journals and books. The [[Johnson Publishing Company]], founded by [[John H. Johnson]] in 1942, is a National Historic Landmark.<ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Black Entrepreneur |date=2020-11-23 |title=John Warren Moutoussamy – One of Chicago's Finest High Rising Architects |url=https://blackentrepreneurhistory.com/black-history/john-warren-moutoussamy-one-of-chicagos-finest-high-rising-architects |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Black Entrepreneur History |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Terminology==
===General===
[[File:"Afro-Americans" float in Golden Potlatch parade, Seattle, July 1911 (MOHAI 5590).jpg|thumb|left|This parade float displayed the word "Afro-Americans" in 1911.]]
The term ''African American'' was popularized by [[Jesse Jackson]] in the 1980s,<ref name="wilkersonnyt">{{Cite news|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Isabel|date=January 31, 1989|title='African-American' Favored By Many of America's Blacks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/31/us/african-american-favored-by-many-of-america-s-blacks.html|access-date=December 28, 2020|issn=0362-4331|quote=A movement led by the Rev. Jesse Jackson to call blacks African-Americans has met with both rousing approval and deep-seated skepticism in a debate that is coming to symbolize the role and history of blacks in this country. ... The question of a name has caused pain and controversy since the first Africans were captured and shipped to the Americas in the 17th century. The slaves called themselves Africans at first, but slave masters gave them English names and called them Negroes, the Portuguese word for black, historians say. That term was resented by some blacks who said it was degrading when whites mispronounced it, accidentally or intentionally.}}</ref> although there are recorded uses from the 18th and 19th centuries,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=2015-04-20 |title=Use of 'African-American' Dates to Nation's Early Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/arts/use-of-african-american-dates-to-nations-early-days.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> for example, in post-emancipation holidays and conferences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times-Picayune 29 Nov 1885, page Page 3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-picayune-african-american-day/65889728/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Newspapers.com |date=1885 |page=3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evening Herald 09 May 1884, page 1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-herald-african-american-conferen/171531828/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Newspapers.com |date=1884 |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier terms also used to describe Americans of African ancestry referred more to skin color than to ancestry. Other terms (such as ''[[colored]]'', ''[[person of color]]'', or ''[[negro]]'') were included in the wording of various laws and legal decisions which some thought were being used as tools of [[White supremacy]] and [[oppression]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/outofmouthsofsla00john|url-access=registration|title=Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice|author=Baugh, John|page=[https://archive.org/details/outofmouthsofsla00john/page/86 86]|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-70873-0|year=1999}}</ref>

[[File:Michelle Obama official portrait crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Michelle Obama]] was the [[First Lady of the United States]]; she and her husband, President Barack Obama, are the first African Americans to hold these positions.]]

A 16-page pamphlet entitled "A Sermon on the Capture of Lord Cornwallis" is notable for the attribution of its authorship to "An ''African American''". Published in 1782, the book's use of this phrase predates any other yet identified by more than 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/2015/04/23/exploring-the-origins-of-african-american/|title=Exploring the origins of 'African American' Houghton Library Blog|website=blogs.harvard.edu|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153324/https://blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/2015/04/23/exploring-the-origins-of-african-american/|archive-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the term ''African American'' was advanced to give descendants of [[Slavery in the United States|American slaves]], and other American Blacks who lived through the slavery era, a [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and a cultural base.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The term was popularized in Black communities around the country via [[word of mouth]] and ultimately received mainstream use after [[Jesse Jackson]]'s use in 1988. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted it.<ref name="books.google.com"/>

Surveys in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century showed that the majority of Black Americans had no preference for ''African American'' versus ''Black American'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/black-african-american.aspx|title=Black or African American?|first=Frank|last=Newport|publisher=Gallup|date=September 28, 2007|access-date=September 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906124630/https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/Black-African-American.aspx|archive-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> although they had a slight preference for the latter in personal settings and the former in more formal settings.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Pepper|last2=Kemp|first2=Herb|title=What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OzZr_U2x_wC&pg=PA8|publisher=Paramount Market Publishing, Inc|year=2006|isbn=978-0-9725290-9-9|oclc=61694280}}</ref> By 2021, according to polling from [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]], 58% of Black Americans expressed no preference for what their group should be called, with 17% each preferring ''Black'' and ''African-American''. Among those with no preference, Gallup found a slight majority favored ''Black'' "if [they] had to choose."<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin and Whitney Dupree |date=2021-08-04 |title=No Preferred Racial Term Among Most Black, Hispanic Adults |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/353000/no-preferred-racial-term-among-black-hispanic-adults.aspx |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Associated Press]] updated its [[AP Stylebook]] to direct its writers to capitalize the first letter of ''Black'' when it is used "in a racial, ethnic or cultural sense, conveying an essential and shared sense of history, identity and community among people who identify as Black, including those in the African diaspora and within Africa."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=Explaining AP style on Black and white |url=https://apnews.com/article/archive-race-and-ethnicity-9105661462 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other outlets made similar changes at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coleman |first=Nancy |date=2020-07-05 |title=Why We're Capitalizing Black |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/insider/capitalized-black.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In 2023, the government released a new more detailed breakdown due to the rise in racially Black immigration into the US, listing African American as a compound termed ethnicity, distinguished from other racially Black ethnicities such as Nigerian, Jamaican etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/improvements-to-2020-census-race-hispanic-origin-question-designs.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Census.gov}}</ref>

The term ''African American'' embraces [[pan-Africanism]] as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers such as [[Marcus Garvey]], [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], and [[George Padmore]]. The term ''Afro-[[Usonia]]n'', and variations of such, are more rarely used.<ref>Brennan, Timothy. 2008. ''Secular Devotion: Afro-Latin Music and Imperial Jazz'', p. 249.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2010/12/what_call_americans "Yankees, gringos and USAnians"], ''[[The Economist]]'', December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2014.</ref>

===Official identity===
[[File:US Census Bureau keypunch operators, Negro section.jpg|thumb|[[Racially segregated]] Negro section of keypunch operators at the [[US Census Bureau]]]]
Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] has officially classified Black people (revised to ''Black'' or ''African American'' in 1997) as "having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa."<ref name="censusblack">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-5.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-5.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|first=Jesse|last=McKinnon|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 22, 2007|title=The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Other federal offices, such as the US Census Bureau, adhere to the [[Office of Management and Budget]] standards on race in their data collection and tabulation efforts.<ref name="OMB">{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity |year=1997 |publisher=Office of Management and Budget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191301/https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |archive-date=March 15, 2009 }}</ref> In preparation for the [[2010 United States census|2010 US census]], a marketing and outreach plan called ''2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan'' (ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as Black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of Black people in the United States: African Americans, Black Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans.<ref name="US2010ICCBlkAud">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/partners/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan_Final_Edited.pdf|website=2010 Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|page=225|date=August 2008|access-date=September 6, 2012|quote=The Black audience includes all individuals of Black African descent. There are three major groups that represent the Black Audience in the United States. These groups are African Americans (Blacks born in the United States), Black Africans (Black Immigrants from Africa) and Afro-Caribbeans, which includes Haitians.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310013605/http://www.census.gov/2010census/partners/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan_Final_Edited.pdf|archive-date=March 10, 2013}}</ref>

The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity.<ref name="US2010ICCBstRch">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/partners/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan_Final_Edited.pdf|website=2010 Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|page=230|date=August 2008|access-date=September 6, 2012|quote=Community, both geographic and ethnic, creates a sense of belonging and pride that is unique to the Black audience (African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Black Africans).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310013605/http://www.census.gov/2010census/partners/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan_Final_Edited.pdf|archive-date=March 10, 2013}}</ref> The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat the entire Black population of the US as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] categorizes Black or African American people as "[a] person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, [[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], derived from the 1977 [[Office of Management and Budget]] classification.<ref name="FBIpop">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook.pdf/view|title=Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|page=97|year=2004|format=PDF|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=July 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707134708/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook.pdf/view}}</ref>

===Admixture===
{{See also||Interracial marriage in the United States|Miscegenation#United States|Multiracial American|One-drop rule|hypodescent}}
Historically, "[[Miscegenation|race mixing]]" between Black and White people was [[taboo]] in the United States. So-called [[anti-miscegenation laws]], barring Blacks and Whites from [[Interracial marriage in the United States|marrying]] or having sex, were established in [[colonial America]] as early as 1691,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.backintyme.com/essay050101.htm|title=The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule |author=Frank W Sweet |publisher=Backentyme Essays|date=January 1, 2005|access-date=January 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409160923/https://backintyme.com/essay050101.htm|archive-date=April 9, 2007}}</ref> and endured in many [[Southern United States|Southern states]] until the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled them unconstitutional in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967). The taboo among American Whites surrounding White-Black relations is a historical consequence of the oppression and [[racial segregation]] of African Americans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yancey|first=George|date=March 22, 2007|title=Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities|journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies|volume=38|issue=2|pages=197–213|doi=10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197}}</ref> Historian [[David Brion Davis]] notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the [[Plantations in the American South|planter class]] to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took Black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families."<ref>[[David Brion Davis|Davis, David Brion]]. ''[[Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World]].''(2006) {{ISBN|978-0-19-514073-6}} p. 201</ref> A famous example was [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s mistress, [[Sally Hemings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Memoirs of Madison Hemings|publisher=PBS Frontline|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/1873march.html}}</ref> Although publicly opposed to race mixing, Jefferson, in his ''[[Notes on the State of Virginia]]'' published in 1785, wrote: "The improvement of the Blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Higginbotham |first1=A. Leon |title=In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process. The Colonial Period |publisher=Oxford University Press US |date=1980 |page=10}}</ref>

[[Harvard University]] historian [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] wrote in 2009 that "African Americans...are a racially mixed or [[mulatto]] people—deeply and overwhelmingly so". After the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], [[Chinese Americans|Chinese American]] men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States.<ref name="The United States">{{cite web|url=https://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=ChineseBlacks|title=The United States|website=Chinese blacks in the Americas|publisher=Color Q World|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615185501/http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=ChineseBlacks|archive-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and [[Miscegenation|intermarriage]] with Native Americans,<ref name="gen2">{{cite web|url=https://www.african-nativeAmerican.com/1IntroPage.htm|title=Researching Black Native American Genealogy of the Five Civilized Tribes|first=Angela Y.|last=Walton-Raji|access-date=March 20, 2018|year=2008|publisher=Oklahoma's Black Native Americans}}</ref> although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples.<ref name="sad">{{cite book|author=G. Reginald Daniel|title=More Than Black?: Multiracial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tP7_3j3WrkC&pg=PA129YEAR|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0483-1|date=June 25, 2010}}</ref> There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between [[Puerto Ricans]] and African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=Census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 9, 2012}}</ref>

Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the civil rights movement.<ref name="Swanbrow">{{cite news|url=https://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3396-intimate-relationships-between-races-more-common-than-thought|title=Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought|last=Swanbrow|first=Diane|date=March 23, 2000|publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> Approval in national opinion polls has risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007.<ref>[[Paul Krugman|Krugman, Paul]], ''[[The Conscience of a Liberal]]'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2007, p. 210.</ref> A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 found that 84% of Whites and 96% of Blacks approved of interracial marriage, and 87% overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/163697/approve-marriage-blacks-whites.aspx|title=In U.S., 87% Approve of Black-White Marriage, vs. 4% in 1958|author=Newport, Frank|publisher=Gallup|date=July 25, 2013|access-date=December 21, 2015}}</ref> Black men are more than twice as likely to [[Interracial marriage in the United States|date and marry interracially than Black women]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4850739 | date=2015 | last1=Raley | first1=R. K. | last2=Sweeney | first2=M. M. | last3=Wondra | first3=D. | title=The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in U.S. Marriage Patterns | journal=The Future of Children | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=89–109 | doi=10.1353/foc.2015.0014 | pmid=27134512 }}</ref>

At the end of World War II, some African American military men stationed in [[Japan]] and [[Europe]] impregnated local non-Black women, resulting in the birth of thousands of mixed-race children called "[[Brown Babies]]." Some of these families later immigrated to the United States. However, some mixed-race children, especially in Japan, were placed in orphanages due to social stigmas associated with half-Black fatherless children in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/events/site/192/579045/|title=Rising Sun, "Rising Soul": Mixed Race Japanese of African Descent > Event Details > USC Center for Japanese Religions and Culture|website=dornsifelive.usc.edu|access-date=January 1, 2020|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101093208/http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/events/site/192/579045/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-54737460 |title=Growing up as a black child in post-war Germany |publisher=British Broadcasting Company |website=BBC |date=30 October 2020 |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref><ref>https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20240621-meeting-japan-s-world-war-ii-orphans-born-to-us-soldiers-and-japanese-mothers</ref>

===Terminology dispute===
Author [[Debra Dickerson]] has argued that the term ''[[Black people|Black]]'' should refer strictly to the descendants of Africans who were brought to America as slaves, and not to the sons and daughters of Black immigrants who lack that ancestry. Thus, under her definition, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan, is not Black.<ref name="colorblind-salon"/><ref name="colbertnation.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.cc.com/video/12d71h/the-colbert-report-debra-dickerson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813102913/https://www.cc.com/video/12d71h/the-colbert-report-debra-dickerson|archive-date=August 13, 2021|title=The Colbert Report – Debra Dickerson|date=February 8, 2007|publisher=Comedy Central|access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> She makes the argument that grouping all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendants, in addition to denying Black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress."<ref name="colorblind-salon">{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2007/01/22/obama/|title=Colorblind – Barack Obama would be the great black hope in the next presidential race – if he were actually black|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|first=Debra J.|last=Dickerson|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924194645/https://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2007/01/22/obama/|archive-date=September 24, 2010}}</ref> Similar comments have been made concerning Kamala Harris, the daughter of a Caribbean immigrant, who was elected vice president in 2020.<ref name="Libactivists" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Similar viewpoints to Dickerson's have been expressed by author [[Stanley Crouch]] in a ''[[New York Daily News]]'' piece, [[Charles Steele Jr.]] of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics-blog/sclc-head-michelle-obama-treated-more-roughly-than-her-husband-because-of-her-slave-heritage/XG74EGDUSZG23LDBKZOBX7WRI4/|title=SCLC head: Michelle Obama treated more roughly than her husband, because of her slave heritage|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=June 21, 2008|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> and African American columnist [[David Ehrenstein]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', who accused White liberals of flocking to Blacks who were ''[[Magic Negro]]s'', a term that refers to a Black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream White (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda.<ref name="Obama the 'Magic Negro'">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center |work=Los Angeles Times|title=Obama the 'Magic Negro'|date=March 19, 2007|first=David|last=Ehrenstein}}</ref> Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."<ref name="Obama the 'Magic Negro'"/>

The [[American Descendants of Slavery]] (ADOS) movement coalesces around this view, arguing that Black descendants of American slavery deserve a separate ethnic category that distinguishes them from other Black groups in the United States.<ref name="NY Times overview">{{cite news|last=Stockman|first=Farah|date=November 8, 2019|title='We're Self-Interested': The Growing Identity Debate in Black America|page=A1|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/us/slavery-black-immigrants-ados.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/us/slavery-black-immigrants-ados.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|author-link=Farah Stockman}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Their terminology has gained popularity in some circles, but others have criticized the movement for a perceived bias against (especially poor and Black) immigrants, and for its often inflammatory rhetoric.<ref name="Libactivists">{{cite news|last1=Scherer|first1=Michael|last2=Wang|first2=Amy|date=July 8, 2019|title=A few liberal activists challenged Kamala Harris's black authenticity. The president's son amplified their message.|language=en|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-few-liberal-activists-challenged-kamala-harriss-black-authenticity-the-presidents-son-amplified-their-message/2019/07/07/f46c4b8a-9ccd-11e9-85d6-5211733f92c7_story.html|access-date=March 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chávez|first=Aída|date=February 13, 2019|title=Black Critics of Kamala Harris and Cory Booker Push Back Against Claims That They're Russian "Bots"|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/02/13/ados-kamala-harris-cory-booker-russian-bots/|access-date=December 1, 2021|website=The Intercept|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Controversial group ADOS divides black Americans in fight for economic equality|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/controversial-group-ados-divides-black-americans-fight-economic/story?id=66832680|url-status=live|access-date=December 1, 2021|website=ABC News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119104455/https://abcnews.go.com/US/controversial-group-ados-divides-black-americans-fight-economic/story?id=66832680|archive-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref> Politicians such as Obama and Harris have received especially pointed criticism from the movement, as neither are ADOS and have spoken out at times against policies specific to them.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Hampton|first=Rachelle|date=July 9, 2019|title=A Movement or A Troll?: Why Claims That Kamala Harris Is "Not an American Black" Are Suddenly Everywhere|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/07/kamala-harris-not-black-ados-reparations-movement.html|access-date=December 1, 2021|website=Slate Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Russ|first=Valerie|title=It's not whether Kamala Harris is 'black enough,' critics say, but whether her policies will support native black Americans|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/kamala-harris-ados-african-americans-black-immigrants-president-20190211.html|access-date=December 1, 2021|website=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=February 11, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Many [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African]] movements and organizations that are ideologically [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]], [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]], [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]], and [[Scientific socialism|Scientific socialist]] like The [[All-African People's Revolutionary Party|All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP)]], have argued that [[African diaspora|African]] (relating to the diaspora) or [[Republic of New Afrika|New Afrikan]] should be used instead of African American.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2016 |title=The Resurgence of New Afrikan Identity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-resurgence-of-new-afr_b_9448640 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Most notably, [[Malcolm X]] and [[Stokely Carmichael|Kwame Ture]] expressed similar views that African Americans are Africans who "happen to be in America", and should not claim or identify as being American if they are fighting for Black (New Afrikan) liberation. Historically, this is due to the enslavement of Africans during the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]], ongoing anti-Black violence, and structural racism in countries like the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Witt |first=Karen de |date=April 14, 1996 |title=Conversations/Kwame Ture;Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/weekinreview/conversations-kwame-ture-formerly-stokely-carmichael-still-ready-for-revolution.html |access-date=March 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malcolm X – Ballot or the Bullet (Washington Heights, NY, March 29, 1964) |url=https://genius.com/Malcolm-x-ballot-or-the-bullet-washington-heights-ny-march-29-1964-annotated |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=Genius}}</ref>

===Terms no longer in common use===
Before the independence of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African American slave was commonly known as a ''[[negro]]''. ''[[Free negro]]'' was the legal status in the territory of an African American person who was not enslaved.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frazier|first=Edward Franklin|title=The Free Negro Family|year=1968|page=1}}</ref> In response to the project of the [[American Colonization Society]] to transport free Blacks to the future Liberia, a project most Blacks strongly rejected, the Blacks at the time said they were no more African than White Americans were European, and referred to themselves with what they considered a more acceptable term, "[[colored]] Americans". The term was used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when it was considered outmoded – although it was retained in the name of the [[NAACP|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) – and generally gave way again to the exclusive use of ''negro'',. By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized (''Negro''); but by the mid-1960s, it was considered disparaging. By the end of the 20th century, ''negro'' had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a [[pejorative]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tottie|first=Gunnel|title=An Introduction to American English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWDUtK-f1tQC&pg=PA200|year=2002|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-19792-8|page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Talmadge|first2=James|last2=Stewart|title=Introduction to African American Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49tXR1Ok6poC&pg=PA3|year=2007|publisher=Black Classics Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-1-58073-039-6|page=3}}</ref> The term is rarely used by younger Black people, but remained in use by many older African Americans who had grown up with the term, particularly in the Southern US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/03/they-put-negro-on-there/38094/|title=They Put 'Negro' on There?|first=Chris|last=Good|date=March 26, 2010|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=October 7, 2010}}</ref> The term remains in use in some contexts, such as the [[United Negro College Fund]], an American philanthropic organization.

There are many other deliberately insulting terms, many of which were in common use (e.g., ''[[nigger]]''), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the Black community, of the slur ''nigger'' rendered as ''[[nigga]]'', representing the pronunciation of the word in [[African-American English|African American English]]. This usage has been popularized by American [[rap]] and [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] [[Music of the United States|music cultures]] and is used as part of an [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] [[lexicon]] and speech. It is not necessarily [[Pejorative|derogatory]] and, when used among Black people, the word is often used to mean "[[wikt:homie|homie]]" or "friend".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Jacquelyn|date=June 2012|title=The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community|journal=Journal of English Linguistics|volume=40|issue=2|pages=137–171|doi=10.1177/0075424211414807|s2cid=144164210|issn=0075-4242}}</ref> Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word ''nigga'' is still debated, although it has established a foothold among younger generations. The [[NAACP]] denounces the use of both ''nigga'' and ''nigger''.<ref name="BaltSun">{{Cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-07-10-0707100124-story.html|title=NAACP aims to bury the 'N-word'|last=Brewington|first=Kelly|date=July 10, 2007|work=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-date=October 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024221608/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-07-10-0707100124-story.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States}}
{{Div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[African-American art]]
* [[African American cinema]]
* [[African-American middle class]]
* [[African-American neighborhood]]
* African-American politics:
:*[[African-American leftism]]
:*[[African-American socialism]]
:* [[Black anarchism]]
:*[[Black conservatism in the United States]]
:* [[Black liberalism]]
:* [[Black populism]]
:*[[Black women in American politics]]
* [[African-American upper class]]
* [[African diaspora in the Americas]]
* [[Afrophobia]]
* [[AP African American Studies]]
* [[Black Belt in the American South]]
* [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
* [[Black mecca]]
* [[Black Ozarkers]]
* [[Black Southerners]]
*[[Brown Babies]]
* [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)]]
* [[Civil rights movement (1896–1954)]]
* [[Juneteenth]]
* [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]
* [[North Africans in the United States]]
* [[Criollo people#Spanish colonial caste system|Society and Black people in the Spanish Colonial Americas]]
* [[South African Americans]]
* [[Stereotypes of African Americans]]
* [[Timeline of the civil rights movement]]
* [[African immigration to the United States]]
* [[West Indian Americans]]
* [[African American–Jewish relations]]
* [[African American–Korean American relations]]
{{Div col end}}

===Diaspora===
{{Div col}}
* [[African Americans in Africa]]
** [[African Americans in Ghana]]
** [[Americo-Liberian people]]
** [[Sierra Leone Creole people]]
** [[Nigerian Americans]]
** [[Ethiopian Americans]]
* [[Afro-Caribbean people]]
** [[Bahamian Americans]]
** [[Barbadian Americans]]
** [[Grenadian Americans]]
** [[Haitian Americans]]
** [[Jamaican Americans]]
** [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans]]
* [[African Americans in Canada]]
* [[African Americans in France]]
* [[African Americans in Israel]]
* [[Black Nova Scotians]]
* [[Samaná Americans]]
* [[Haitian emigration]]
* [[Merikins]]
{{Div col end}}

===Lists===
{{Div col}}
* [[Index of articles related to African Americans]]
* [[List of African-American neighborhoods]]
* [[List of majority-Black counties in the United States]]
* [[List of African-American newspapers and media outlets]]
* [[List of historically black colleges and universities]]
* [[List of African-American astronauts]]
* [[List of African-American inventors and scientists]]
* [[List of African-American LGBT people]]
* [[List of African American poets]]
* [[List of African-American visual artists]]
* [[List of monuments to African Americans]]
* [[List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations]]
* [[List of topics related to the African diaspora]]
* [[List of African-American holidays]]
* [[Lists of African Americans]]

{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Altman|first=Susan|title=The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage|isbn=978-0-8160-4125-1|year=2000|publisher=Facts on File }}
* Finkelman, Paul, ed. ''Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass'' (3 vol Oxford University Press, 2006).
** Finkelman, Paul, ed. ''Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century'' (5 vol. Oxford University Press, US, 2009).
* [[John Hope Franklin]], Alfred Moss, ''From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans'', McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947.
* Gates, Henry L. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), ''African American Lives'', Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies.
* [[Darlene Clark Hine|Hine, Darlene Clark]], [[Rosalyn Terborg-Penn]], Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), ''Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia'', (Indiana University Press 2005).
* {{cite book |title=An African American and Latinx History of the United States |year=2018 |author=Ortiz, Paul |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-0593-4}}
* Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. ''Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America, African Roots Through the Civil War. Vol. 1'' (Rutgers University Press, 2002); ''Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America: Volume 2: From the Civil War to the Millennium'' (2002). [https://archive.org/details/hardroadtofreedo0000hort online]
* Kranz, Rachel. ''African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs'' (Infobase Publishing, 2004).
* Salzman, Jack, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history'', New York City: Macmillan Library Reference US, 1996.
* {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Earl L.|year=1998|title=African American Music: An Introduction|publisher=Schirmer Books |isbn=978-0-02-860294-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028602943}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Music of Black Americans: A History|author-link=Eileen Southern|first=Eileen|last=Southern|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|edition=3rd|year=1997|isbn=978-0-393-97141-5}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q49085|wikt=African American|c=Category:African Americans|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=no}}
* Richard Thompson Ford [https://www.slate.com/id/2106753/ Name Games], ''Slate'', September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining ''African American''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015191820/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=000C97BA-94E0-146C-944583414B7FFE9F ''Scientific American'' Magazine (June 2006) Trace Elements] Reconnecting African Americans to an ancestral past
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110815220254/http://go.footnote.com/blackhistory/ Black History related original documents and photos]
* Frank Newport, [https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/black-african-american.aspx "Black or African American?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906124630/https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/Black-African-American.aspx |date=September 6, 2010 }}, Gallup, September 28, 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901161306/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/45800,news-comment,news-politics,in-pictures-the-long-journey-of-black-americans "The Long Journey of Black Americans"] – slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]''

{{African American topics|state=collapsed}}
{{African diaspora}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}
{{Gullah topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:African-American society| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:History of civil rights in the United States]]
[[Category:African-American culture| ]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms of African Americans]]

Saurabh Prajapati

2026-03-16T00:29:26Z

Rithik Rahman: Made stub

{{Short description|Indian choreographer}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saurabh Prajapati
| image = Saurabh Prajapati.jpg
| birth_name = Saurabh Prajapati
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|3|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| education = Graduation in dance and Diploma in Dance Foundation
| occupation = {{hlist|Artistic director|[[choreographer]]}}
| television = [[The Kapil Sharma Show]], [[India's Best Dancer]]
}}
'''Saurabh Prajapati''' (born 24 March 1999) is an Indian [[Choreography|choreographer]], dancer and artistic director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurabh Prajapati {{!}} Additional Crew, Director |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12727280/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> He is widely known for his performance and direction of the "Fidaai" music video starring [[Elli AvrRam]] and [[Salman Yusuff Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showbiz needs course of correction, says Saurabh Prajapati |url=https://zeenews.india.com/economy/showbiz-needs-course-of-correction-says-saurabh-prajapati-2430689.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saurabh Prajapati was raised in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. His journey began when he discovered his talent at 8 years old, leading him to attend dance classes in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=T. F. C. |date=2022-04-30 |title=Choreographer-director Saurabh Prajapati on International dance day: Dance is like a blessing to me. |url=https://filmycharcha.com/entertainment/choreographer-director-saurabh-prajapati-on-international-dance-day-dance-is-like-a-blessing-to-me/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=THE FILMY CHARCHA |language=en-US}}</ref> He pursued his education in dance and a Diploma in Dance Foundation, being trained nationally and international at institutions like [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]' Professional Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated |first=CineBuster Online {{!}} |date=2022-03-16 |title=Choreographer-Director Saurabh Prajapati, 'When I started winning all the competitions, that's when my parents realised that I have potential'! {{!}} Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/choreographer-director-saurabh-prajapati-when-i-started-winning-all-th-e-competitions-thats-when-my-parents-realised-that-i-have-potential/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saurabh is a [[Choreography|choreographer]] in several [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] films and music videos.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-24 |title=I want to choreograph the Khans of Bollywood, says Saurabh Prajapati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-want-to-choreograph-the-khans-of-bollywood-says-saurabh-prajapati/articleshow/81674892.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has also choreographed alongside multiple well-known artists for stage shows, feature films and music videos. Saurabh is currently holding the title of the "Youngest Dance Choreographer and Director" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Anish |date=2020-09-18 |title=India's youngest choreographer and dance director Saurabh Prajapati's Kandhe Ka Wo Til crosses 16m views on YouTube in a week |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/news/indias-youngest-choreographer-and-dance-director-saurabh-prajapatis-kandhe-ka-wo-til-crosses-16m-views-on-youtube-in-a-week/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Planet Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> in India with performances and appearance on various successful films and music videos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=B. O. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Dancer-choreographer Saurabh Prajapati Directs His Mentor Terence Lewis |url=https://boldoutline.in/dancer-choreographer-saurabh-prajapati-directs-his-mentor-terence-lewis.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Bold Outline: India's leading Online Lifestyle, Fashion & Travel Magazine. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-24 |title=I want to choreograph the Khans of Bollywood, says Saurabh Prajapati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-want-to-choreograph-the-khans-of-bollywood-says-saurabh-prajapati/articleshow/81674892.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2019, he appeared as a judge on Electric Heels, a group dance competition by [[IIT Guwahati]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Presenting to you all, Saurabh Prajapati, the judge of Electric Heels, who graduated from Terence Lewis professional training institute, has been a... {{!}} By Alcheringa, IIT Guwahati {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/alcheringaiitg/videos/presenting-to-you-all-saurabh-prajapati-the-judge-of-electric-heels-who-graduate/2103005176444156/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref> He has later appeared on several dance live shows as a guest.

In 2021, he directed and choreographed the music video "Fidaai" starring [[Elli AvrRam]] and [[Salman Yusuff Khan]], which was later supported by [[Aamir Khan]] for his work.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suri |first1=Ridhi |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2021-03-06 |title=Elli AvrRam shot '24 hours non-stop' for music video Fidaai, says 'It was a very tough shoot' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/elli-avrram-shot-24-hours-non-stop-for-music-video-fidaai-says-it-was-a-very-tough-shoot-689189 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elli AvrRam shares the first look of her new song Fidaai. Can't wait, say fans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/elli-avrram-shares-the-first-look-of-her-new-song-fidaai-can-t-wait-say-fans-1770883-2021-02-19 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He also starred as a choreographer alongside [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and Lulia Vantur for the music video and promotional videos of "Yai Re".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=Saurabh Prajapati's fun reel with Honey Singh on their song Yai Re has gone viral - The Glitz Media |url=https://theglitz.media/saurabh-prajapatis-fun-reel-with-honey-singh-on-their-song-yai-re-has-gone-viral/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, he worked with the rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] on curating and choreographing the Paagal Tour across India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=After Sellout Mumbai Concert, Badshah Hits The Road For Rest Of 'Paagal' Tour |url=https://glamsham.com/music/music-news/after-sellout-mumbai-concert-badshah-hits-the-road-for-rest-of-paagal-tour |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He has also directed promotional videos for Jio [[IPL T20]] and [[Domino's Pizza India|Domino's Pizza]].

In 2022, he directed the video of the song "Aao Naa", sung by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], featuring with Terence Lewis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dancer-Choreographer Saurabh Prajapati Directs His Mentor Terence Lewis |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/saurabh-prajapati-talks-about-his-song-with-terence-lewis-aao-naa-472945 }}</ref>

During [[The Kapil Sharma Show]] S1 (E168), on the "choreographers special show" featuring [[Geeta Kapur (choreographer)|Geeta Kapoor]], [[Ganesh Acharya]] and [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] as guests, Saurabh appeared in the episode directing Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave, during its promotion, including many other television live shows.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave (Video 2020) {{!}} Short, Sport |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14975186/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He also appeared in the finale of ''[[India's Best Dancer]]'' for the live performance of ''Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave'', which was also directed by him.<ref>{{Citation |title=India's Best Dancer Finale {{!}} Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave Dance Performance {{!}} Terence Lewis {{!}} Rahul Jain |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckcEtYJWWuk |access-date=2024-01-22 |language=en}}</ref>

== Projects ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2024}}

=== Projects Directed by Saurabh Prajapati ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Title of Work
|-
|1
|2020
|Tu Hai Toh
|-
|2
|2020
|Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave
|-
|3
|2020
|Palaash Muchhal Feat. Amit Mishra: Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri
|-
|4
|2020
|Tenu Meri Umar Lag Jaave
|-
|5
|2021
|Fidaai (ft. [[Elli AvrRam]], [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]) <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-24 |title=I want to choreograph the Khans of Bollywood, says Saurabh Prajapati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-want-to-choreograph-the-khans-of-bollywood-says-saurabh-prajapati/articleshow/81674892.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|6
|2022
|Shaidayee
|-
|7
|2022
|Bharosa (ft. [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Nishawn Bhullar, Kaushal Kishore, [[Saurabh Pandey|Saurabh P]]) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=Choreographer-director Saurabh Prajapati is enjoying all the love his latest track Bharosa is getting - Stardust |url=https://stardustmagz.com/choreographer-director-saurabh-prajapati-is-enjoying-all-the-love-his-latest-track-bharosa-is-getting/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|8
|2022
|Khuda Badal Diya (ft. [[Surbhi Jyoti]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Rohit Khandelwal]], Sumit B, Bhanu P, [[Saurabh Pandey|Saurabh P]]) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |first=Team |title=Youngest choreographer-director Saurabh Prajapati elated with the success of Khuda Badal Diya |url=https://bollyy.com/youngest-choreographer-director-saurabh-prajapati-elated-with-the-success-of-khuda-badal-diya/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|9
|2022
|Directed & Choreographed [[Dhvani Bhanushali|Dhavni Bhanushali]] Live Tour Shows
|-
|10
|2022
|Aao Naa (ft. [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Kaushal Kishore) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurabh Prajapati Talks about Aao Naa |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/saurabh-prajapati-talks-about-his-song-with-terence-lewis-aao-naa-472945 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|11
|2022
|Chandni (ft. [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra)]] (VYRL Originals) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Neolin |date=2023-02-01 |title=Youngest director-choreographer Saurabh Prajapati's groovy love song, Chandni is making everyone fall in love all over again |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2023/02/youngest-director-choreographer-saurabh-prajapatis-groovy-love-song-chandni-is-making-everyone-fall-in-love-all-over-again/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|12
|2022
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshaah]] Paagal Tour <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-01 |title=After sellout Mumbai concert, Badshah hits the road for rest of 'Paagal' tour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-sellout-mumbai-concert-badshah-hits-the-road-for-rest-of-paagal-tour/articleshow/96662944.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Projects choreographed by Saurabh Prajapati ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title of Work
|-
|2019
|Arjun Kanungo (ft. Hona Chaida)
|-
|2020
|Kandhe Ka Who Til (ft. [[Sachet–Parampara|Sachet Tandon]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurabh Prajapati hits a hat-trick! |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/09/19/saurabh-prajapati-hits-a-hat-trick.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Palaash Muchhal (Ft. [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]: Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri) <ref>{{Cite web |title='Life has come by in a full circle': Saurabh Prajapati on directing mentor Terence Lewis for 'Tu Hai Toh' music video |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-life-has-come-by-in-a-full-circle-saurabh-prajapati-on-directing-mentor-terence-lewis-for-tu-hai-toh-music-video-2845943 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Soulmate (ft. Akull, [[Aastha Gill]], [[Shivaleeka Oberoi]], Mellow D, Dhruv Y <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Akull & Aastha Gill's New Song 'Soulmate' Crosses a Million Views! - Social Nation |url=https://www.socialnationnow.com/akull-aastha-gills-new-song-soulmate-crosses-a-million-views |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Shonk Se
|-
|2022
|Dhokebaaz (ft. [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] l [[Afsana Khan]] l Vivek Anand Oberoi, [[Tridha Choudhury|Trindha Choudhury]]) (VYRL Originals) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurabh Prajapati thrilled with response for 'Dhokebaaz' track |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/saurabh-prajapati-thrilled-with-response-for-dhokebaaz-track/81832329.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Runjhun Barsaatien Aayi Hai (ft. [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Hina Khan]] & [[Shaheer Sheikh|Shaheer S]] l [[Rashmi Virag]] l Raj Jaiswal)
|-
|2022
|Laal Mehendiyaan (ft. Akull)
|-
|2022
|Aao Naa (ft. [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]])
|-
|2022
|Nazneen (ft. Uchana Amit, [[Sonarika Bhadoria]])
|-
|2022
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshaah]] Paagal Tour
|-
|2022
|Yai Re (ft. [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Lulia Vantur) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=Saurabh Prajapati's fun reel with Honey Singh on their song Yai Re has gone viral - The Glitz Media |url=https://theglitz.media/saurabh-prajapatis-fun-reel-with-honey-singh-on-their-song-yai-re-has-gone-viral/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Film Banda Singh with [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Meher Vij]]
|-
|2023
|Been (ft. Kaka WRLD, Pranjal Dahiya, Renuka Panwar, [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Avvy Sra, B2gether Pros)
|-
|2023
|Kyun (ft. [[Aastha Gill]])
|-
|2023
|Kut Kut Bajra (ft. [[Neha Bhasin]])
|-
|2023
|Ashk (ft. [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Tahmina Arsalan)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati, Saurabh}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary dancers]]

Political families of Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-11T13:57:28Z

Rithik Rahman: fixes

{{Short description|List of Indian political families based in UP}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

The partial list of political families of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]] and their notable members:

== The [[Ansari (nesba)|Ansari]] Family ==
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], former President of [[Indian National Congress]] (1927–1928) and former President of [[All India Muslim League]] (1920–1921).
** [[Zohra Ansari]], (1915–1988) was an Indian activist and freedom fighter. (Daughter of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]])
* '''Subhanullah Ansari''', Leader of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
*** [[Afzal Ansari]], Lok Sabha MP of [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]] (son of Subhanullah)
*** [[Sibgatullah Ansari]], MLA of [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] (2007–2017) (son of Subhanullah)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=422 |title=Sibgatullah Ansari (SP), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022|access-date=2024-11-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523222118/https://www.myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=422|archive-date=2024-05-23}}</ref>
**** [[Suhaib Ansari]], MLA of [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] (2022–Present) (son of [[Sibgatullah Ansari|Sibgatullah]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4542 |title=Mannu Ansari (SP), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182312/https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4542|archive-date=2023-10-01|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>
*** [[Mukhtar Ansari]], MLA of [[Mau Assembly constituency|Mau]] (1996–2022) (son of Subhanullah)
**** [[Abbas Ansari]], MLA of [[Mau Assembly constituency|Mau]] (2022–Present) (son of Mukhtar Ansari)
** Abdul Aziz Ansari (nephew of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]])
*** [[Hamid Ansari]], former [[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President]] of India (2007–2017) (grand-nephew of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]) and (2nd cousin of [[Afzal Ansari|Afzal]], [[Sibgatullah Ansari|Sibgatullah]] and [[Mukhtar Ansari]])
**[[Faridul Haq Ansari]], a lawyer and politician who actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]

== The [[Bhadri (estate)|Bhadri]] Family ==
* Rai [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh]], former [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Lieutenant Governor]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] (1955–1963); (He had no child)
** Uday Pratap Singh (adopted son of Bajrang Bahadur Singh)
*** [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]] (Raja Bhaiya), Founder of [[Jansatta Dal Loktantrik]], former [[Cabinet minister|Cabinet Minister]] In [[Government of UP]], MLA From [[Kunda (Assembly constituency)|Kunda]] (son of Uday Pratap Singh)

Note: The Bhadri Family belongs To [[Oudh State|Oudh]] Royal Family.

==The [[Chaudhary]] Family==
* [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]], former [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister]] of India (1979–1980) and former [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of UP (1967-1968 and Feb to Oct 1970)
** [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]], founder of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), former Lok Sabha MP of [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]] and former Union Minister of India for [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Agriculture]] and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] (son of Charan Singh)
*** [[Jayant Chaudhary]], present Chairman of RLD and Rajya Sabha MP (2022–Present); Lok Sabha MP of [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]] (2009–2014) (grandson of Charan Singh)

==The [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] (Narain) Family==
* [[Chaudhary Narain Singh|Narain Singh]], 1st [[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
** [[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]], former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]. (son of Narain Singh)

==The [[Hassan (given name)|Hasan]] Family==
* Akhtar Hasan, former Lok Sabha MP of [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] (1984–1989) (father of Munawwar)
** [[Chaudhary Munawwar Hasan]], former Lok Sabha MP of [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] and [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]; former [[Rajya Sabha]] MP (1998–2003).
** [[Begum Tabassum Hasan]], former MP of [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] (2009–2014, 2018–2019), (wife of Munawwar)
*** [[Nahid Hasan]], MLA of [[Kairana Assembly constituency|Kairana]] (2014–Present) (son of Munawwar)
*** [[Iqra Choudhary]], Lok Sabha MP of [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] (daughter of Munawwar)

Note: Hasan Family is a Muslim Gurjar family from Kairana, Uttar Pradesh in India.

== The [[Khan (surname)|Khan]] family ==
* [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]], former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UP Legislative Assembly]]; former [[Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of UP]]; former [[Lok Sabha]] MP (2019–2022) and [[Rajya Sabha]] MP; 10 term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
* [[Tazeen Fatma]], former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] (2014–2019); former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]] (wife of Azam Khan)
** [[Abdullah Azam Khan]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]] (2017–Present) (son of Azam Khan)

== The [[Khan (surname)|Khan-Hussain]] family ==
*[[Zakir Husain|Dr. Zakir Husain Khan]], (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 2nd [[Vice President of India]] from 1962 to 1967 and 3rd president of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969.
*[[Mahmud Husain|Mahmud Husain Khan]], (5 July 1907 – 12 April 1975) was a Pakistani historian, educationist, and politician, known for his role in the [[Pakistan Movement]], and for pioneering the study of social sciences.
*[[Rahimuddin Khan|General Rahimuddin Khan]], was a general of the [[Pakistan Army]] who served as the 4th Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1984 to 1987
* [[Khurshed Alam Khan]], former External Affairs Minister of India and former Governor of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]]. (son-in-law of [[Dr. Zakir Hussain]]).
** [[Salman Khurshid]], former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]] Minister of India and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]] (son of Khurshed Alam Khan).

== The [[Masoud|Masood]] Family ==

* [[Rasheed Masood]], 5 time Lok Sabha MP from [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]], former Minister of Health
** Shahjan Masood, Lok Sabha candidate from [[Samajwadi Party]] for [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]] (2014) and [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] (2009)
** [[Imran Masood]], Lok Sabha MP from [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]], former MLA of [[Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency|Muzaffarabad]] (2007–2012), (nephew of Rasheed Masood)

==The [[Singh]] (Kalyan) Family==
* [[Kalyan Singh]], former [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of Uttar Pradesh and former [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor]] of [[Rajasthan]]
** [[Rajveer Singh]], Lok Sabha [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]] since 2014 (son of Kalyan Singh)
*** [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Kumar Singh Lodhi]], MLA of [[Atrauli Assembly constituency|Atrauli]] (2017–Present) and Minister of Basic Education (2022–Present) in [[Government of UP]]. (grandson of Kalyan Singh)

==The [[Singh]] (Rajnath) Family==
* [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] of India (2019–Present) and former [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (2000–2002).
** [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Noida Assembly constituency|Noida]] (2017–Present) (son of Rajnath Singh).
** Neeraj Singh (son of Rajnath Singh)

==The [[Singh]] (Anand) Family (Royal Family of Mankapur)==
* [[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raja Anand Singh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry|Agriculture Minister of Uttar Pradesh (2012–2017)]], and former 4 time [[Lok Sabha|Member of Lok Sabha]] from [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]. Also served 3 terms as MLA from [[Gaura Assembly constituency|Gaura]] (Married to Veena Singh)
** [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State For External Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (2024–present) and 5 time Member of the [[Lok Sabha]] (son of Anand Singh)
** [[Bindumati Devi]], Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (1967–1972), and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (1957–1962) (mother in law of Anand Singh)
** [[Raja Raghuraj Singh]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Raja|Raja Saheb of Mankapur]]
** Niharika Singh (Daughter of Anand Singh)
** Shivani Singh (Daughter of Anand Singh)
** Radhka Singh (Daughter of Anand Singh)
Note: The Singh Family belongs To Mankapur Royal Family

==The [[Yadav]] Family==
The Yadav family is extended family of [[Samajwadi Party|Samajwadi party]] leader Mulayam Singh Yadav, family lines of his 4 brothers and 1 cousin brother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/samajwadi-party-leadership-mulayam-singh-yadav-akhilesh-yadav-shivpal-yadav-uttar-pradesh-politics-family-feud-3048539/|title=Yadav family members profiles.|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=19 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media2.intoday.in/aajtak/images/stories/092016/mulayam_091416064005.jpg|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav - Family tree (India Today)|access-date=19 Feb 2017}}</ref>

* Sughar Singh Yadav (father of Mulayam)
** [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Founder of [[Samajwadi Party]], former [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of UP (2003–2007) and former [[Defence Minister of India]].
*** [[Akhilesh Yadav]], [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]], former Chief Minister of UP (2012–2017) (son of Mulayam)
*** [[Dimple Yadav]], [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]], former MP of [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]] (2012–2019) (wife of Akhilesh)
*** [[Prateek Yadav]], businessman (step-son of Mulayam) and (step-brother of Akhilesh)
*** [[Aparna Yadav]] (wife of Prateek)
** Abhay Ram Yadav (brother of Mulayam)
*** [[Dharmendra Yadav]], [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]] (2024–present), former MP of [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]] (2004–2019) (son of Abhay Ram) (nephew of Mulayam)
**** Vandana Yadav,former chairperson of Hamirpur zila Panchayat (Sister-in-law of Dharmendra Yadav)
*** Anurag Yadav, (nephew of Mulayam)
*** Sandhya Yadav, former Chairperson of [[Mainpuri]] [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]], (daughter of Abhay Ram) and (niece of Mulayam)
*** Sheela Yadav, Zila Panchayat member, (niece of Mulayam) her son Rahul Yadav is married to Isha Yadav (daughter of [[Sadhu Yadav]])
**** Rahul Yadav, (son of Jitendra Yadav former [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]] from the [[Samajwadi Party]]). Jitendra is the nephew of former MP [[D. P. Yadav]]
** Rajpal Singh Yadav, (brother of Mulayam)
** Premlata Yadav, former Chairperson of [[Etawah]] [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]] (2006–2016); (wife of Rajpal) and (sister-in-law of Mulayam)
*** Abhishek Yadav (Anshul), present Chairman of [[Etawah]] [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]] (2016–Present) (son of Rajpal), (nephew of Mulayam) and (cousin of Akhilesh).
*** Aryan Yadav (son of Rajpal Yadav) (nephew of Mulayam) and (cousin of Akhilesh)
** [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] (youngest brother of Mulayam), MLA of [[Jaswantnagar Assembly constituency|Jaswantnagar]]; former PWD Minister in [[Government of UP]]
** Sarla Yadav, former chairperson of Etawah Cooperative Bank (Wife of Shivpal Singh Yadav)
*** Dr.Anubha Yadav, wife of Ajay Yadav (IAS), (daughter of Shivpal)
*** [[Aditya Yadav]](Ankur Yadav) [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]] (son of Shivpal) and (nephew of Mulayam)
** Ajant Singh Yadav (brother-in-law of Mulayam), Block Vikas Parishad, [[Etawah]]
** Ratan Singh Yadav (elder brother of Mulayam)
*** Ranvir Singh Yadav, former Block Pramukh of [[Saifai]] block (son of Ratan Singh) (nephew of Mulayam)
*** Mridula Yadav, Block Pramukh of [[Saifai]] block (2016–Present) (wife of Ranvir) and (mother of Tej Pratap)
**** [[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]], former [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]] (2014–2019), (grand-nephew of Mulayam), (nephew of [[Akhilesh Yadav|Akhilesh]]) and (son-in-law of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu]])
**** Raj Lakshmi Yadav, (wife of [[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]) and (daughter of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]])
* Bachchi Lal Yadav, (brother of Sughar Yadav) and (uncle of Mulayam)
** [[Ram Gopal Yadav]], [[Rajya Sabha]] MP (1992–2004, 2008–Present) (cousin of Mulayam) and (son of Bachchi Lal)
*** [[Akshay Yadav]], [[Lok Sabha]] MP of [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]] (son of Ram Gopal)
** Geeta Devi, (cousin of Mulayam)
*** [[Arvind Pratap]], former [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]] (2016–2022)
{{Family tree of Mulayam Singh Yadav}}

==See also==
*[[Political families of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Political families of India by state or union territory|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh]]

Prem Nagar (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:41:51Z

Rithik Rahman: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{about|the film||Prem Nagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Nagar
| image = Prem Nagar 1974 Film Poster.JPG
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| producer = [[D. Rama Naidu]]
| writer = [[Inder Raj Anand]] Raj Baldev Raj
| narrator =
| based_on = ''[[Prema Nagar]]'' (1971)
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Kamini Kaushal]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] [[Asrani]] [[Nazir Hussain]] [[Sulochana Latkar]] [[Ramesh Deo]]
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = K. A. Marthand J. Narasimha Rao
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]] [[Vauhini Studios]] [[Vijaya Studios]]
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions|Vijaya and Suresh Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|1974|05|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Prem Nagar''''' ({{Translation|City of Love}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film, produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]], directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]], and starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] and [[Asrani]] in lead roles, with [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Aruna Irani]] in guest appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-column-prem-nagar/article6861419.ece|title=Prem Nagar (1974)|first=A. p s|last=Malhotra|date=5 February 2015|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> It is a remake of director's own [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Prema Nagar]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reddy|first=Suhasini|date=2019-09-20|title=ANR- Remembering the Titan of Tollywood on his 95th birthday|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anr-remembering-the-titan-of-tollywood-on-his-95th-birthday-565706|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Karan Singh lives a wealthy lifestyle in a palace along with his widowed mother and his elder brother's family. His mother Rani Maa had left his upbringing to a nanny, to the extent that Karan believed she was his real mother. Karan has grown up to be a womanizer and an alcoholic. When Karan rescues former air hostess Lata, who is being molested by her boss, he hires her as his secretary and invites her family to move into one of his cottages. Lata attempts to change his bad habits. While she initially meets with opposition, she eventually succeeds and they fall in love. Karan builds a mansion to celebrate their love and names it Prem Nagar. However, their romance is shattered when Lata is accused of interfering in the palace affairs and then of stealing a valuable necklace. A much humiliated Lata and her family move away.

Karan later learns the truth about Lata's innocence but Lata would never return to him due to his initial distrust. Consequently, Karan's health worsens as he struggles with his addiction and eventually meets a tragic end.

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] - Karan Singh / Chhotey Kunwar
* [[Hema Malini]] - Lata
* [[Kamini Kaushal]] - Rani Maa
* [[Prem Chopra]] - Shamsher Singh / Badey Kunwar
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] - Shamsher's wife
* [[Asrani]] - Takatram
* [[Nazir Hussain]] - Lata's Father
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] - Lata's Mother
* [[Ramesh Deo]] - Lata's Brother
* [[David (actor)|David]] - Diwanji
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] - Lata's Boss
* [[Nana Palshikar]] - Puran
* [[Ashok Kumar]] - Raja Upendra Singh
* [[Aruna Irani]] - Dancer in the song "Pyase Do Badan"

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prem Nagar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]
| released = {{Start date|1974|05|24}}<ref name="Spotify">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Prem Nagar |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/52AUKblxFYW0DfESpnjtCh|publisher=Spotify}}</ref>
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=39|s=37}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]
| prev_title = [[Us Paar]]
| prev_year = 1974
| next_title = [[Sagina (film)|Sagina]]
| next_year = 1974
| chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]
}}
The music was composed by [[S. D. Burman]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref name=TheHindu2>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com:80/thehindu/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072801380100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2008|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|title='Wahan Kaun Hai Tera' - S. D. Burman' music|author=Ashish Dutta|date=28 July 2006|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622171622/http://www.hinduonnet.com:80/thehindu/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072801380100.htm}}</ref> [[R. D. Burman]] had worked on and completed some songs for the film for his father, as his father was still rehabilitating from his stroke during the pre-production of the film.

* "Yeh Lal Rang Kab Mujhe Chhodega" was listed at #9 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1974]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1974.php?page=1|title=Binaca Geetmala (1974)}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Thandi Hawaon ne, Pt. 1
| length1 = 5:57
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title2 = Thandi Hawaon ne, Pt. 2
| length2 = 5:58
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle
| title3 = Kiska Mahal Hai Kiska Yeh Ghar Hai
| length3 = 3:55
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title4 = Yeh Lal Rang Kab Mujhe Chhodega
| length4 = 4:10
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar
| title5 = Yeh Kaisa Sur Mandir
| length5 = 4:44
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| title6 = Jaa Jaa Jaa
| length6 = 4:59
| extra6 = Kishore Kumar
| title7 = Bye Bye Miss Good Night
| length7 = 4:46
| extra7 = Kishore Kumar
| title8 = Pyase Do Badan Pyasi Raat Mein
| length8 = 5:26
| extra8 = Asha Bhosle
| title9 = Ik Muamma Hai
| length9 =
| extra9 = Kishore Kumar
| total_length = 39:37
}}

==Accolades==
;[[22nd Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare Award Nominees and Winner 1953–2005}}</ref>
;Nominated
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography]] — [[A. Vincent]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] — [[Rajesh Khanna]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] — [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] — [[Sachin Dev Burman]]

== Reception ==

Released on 24 May 1974, ''Prem Nagar'' emerged a blockbuster as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 1974|fourth highest grossing film of 1974]], behind ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'', ''[[Chor Machaye Shor]]'' and ''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]''.<ref name=bo25y>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/|title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973–1997)|date=13 October 2023}}</ref> It ran for 25 weeks in [[Kolkata]]'s famous [[Paradise Cinema (Kolkata)|Paradise Cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215180207/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]] newspaper in its review of the film in 2015 quoted "Khanna is a perfect choice for the role, the drunkard scion of a royal family, blessed with a heart of gold. Technically the film scores highly on all spheres. Editing by K. A. Marthand and J. Narasimha Rao is slick and keeps the story moving at a steady pace, with no room for slackness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-column-prem-nagar/article6861419.ece|title=Prem Nagar (1974)|first=A. p s|last=Malhotra|date=5 February 2015|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

After the premiere of ''Prem Nagar'', [[Raj Kapoor]] kissed Khanna's hands and complimented him for the way he used them like swords in the climax. The film was considered special by Khanna himself, as it featured his favourite song, “Yeh Lal Rang” sung by [[Kishore Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-02-22/The-remake-that-stood-out/133050|title=The remake that stood out|first=The Hans|last=India|date=22 February 2015|website=Thehansindia.com|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0072026|Prem Nagar}}

[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Dongala Bandi

2026-03-03T21:55:27Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating a stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dongala Bandi
| image = Dongala Bandi.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Satish Vegesna]]
| producer =
| writer = Satish Vegesna
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] Tanya Vakil
| runtime =
| music = Valluri Raja Sekhar
| cinematography = S. Arun Kumar
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = GSK Network
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|12|12}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dongala Bandi''''' ({{translation|Vehicle of thieves}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language comedy film directed by [[Satish Vegesna]] and starring [[Allari Naresh]] and newcomer Tanya. The plot is treasure hunt of Nizam's looted treasury by the heirs of the robbers.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Allari Naresh]] as Krish
* Tanya Vakil as Aishwarya
*Malishka
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Tantia Tope / Tribal leader
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Pinakapani / Don Amrutapani
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[Master Bharath]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Okka Magaadu
*[[Geetha Singh]]
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Aishwarya's sister
*[[Rao Ramesh]]
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]]
*[[Kondavalasa]]
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
*[[Rajitha]]
*[[Fish Venkat]]
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
*[[Suman Setty]]
*[[Shakeela]]
*Puja Bharati
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Allari Naresh plays a thief after ''[[Gamyam]]'' and ''[[Blade Babji]]''.<ref name="audio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-dongalabandi.html|title=Dongala Bandi audio function - Telugu cinema - Allari Naresh|website=Idlebrain|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082232/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-dongalabandi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the debut film of director [[Satish Vegesna]].<ref name="audio"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-dongalabandi.html|title=Dongala Bandi press meet - Telugu cinema - allari naresh, tanya & malishka|website=Idlebrain|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082212/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-dongalabandi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music is composed by Rajasekhar Valluri. The lyrics are written by Suddala Ashok Teja, Abhinaya Srinvas, and Surisetty Rama Rao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-dongalabandi.html|title=Dongala Bandi muhurat - Telugu cinema function - Allari Naresh, Tanya & Malishka|website=Idlebrain|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082211/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-dongalabandi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
#"Amma Cheppindhi" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
#"Nelaku Jarene" - Rajasekhar
#"Chetha Venna" - [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Shweta Pandit]]
#"Oorori Mavayy" - Rajasekhar, Priya
#"Sannajaji Pakka" - [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Bhargavi Pillai
#"Paka Paka Navvu" - Srinath, Sai Saritha, Madhu Priya, [[Sahithi]], Shravya

== Reception ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and called the film "a misadventure".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dongala-bandi/movie-review/4022153.cms|title=Dongala Bandi Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Dongala Bandi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 May 2016|accessdate=7 September 2022}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' opined that "''Dongala Bandi'' succeeds in keeping Allari Naresh's fans and comedy genre lovers faithfully entertained and involved".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/For-Allari-Naresh-fans-and-lovers-of-comedy/article15360039.ece|title=For Allari Naresh fans and lovers of comedy|date=13 December 2008|work=The Hindu|first=Y. Sunitha|last=Chowdhury|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082210/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/For-Allari-Naresh-fans-and-lovers-of-comedy/article15360039.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' wrote that "On a whole, Allari Naresh's ''Dongala Bandi'' disappoints big time".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dongalabandi.html|title=Dongala Bandi review - Telugu cinema Review - Allari Naresh & Tanya|website=Idlebrain|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082231/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dongalabandi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1582491}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Vichitra Bandham

2026-03-03T20:26:53Z

Rithik Rahman: Made a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vichitra Bandham
| image = Vichitra Bandham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
| screenplay = Adurthi Subba Rao
| producer = [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| director = [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = M. S. Mani
| based_on = ''Vijetha'' {{small|(novel)}}
| studio = [[Annapurna Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264148/ |title=Vichitra Bandham (Overview) |work=IMDb |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208221300/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264148/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1972|10|12}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vichitra Bandham''''' ({{translation|''Strange Relation''}}) is a 1972 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]] under the [[Annapurna Pictures]] banner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/telugu/info/vichitra-bandham.htm |title=Vichitra Bandham (Banner) |work=Bharat Movies.com |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061136/http://www.bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/telugu/info/vichitra-bandham.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and directed by [[Adurthi Subba Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vichitra-bandham-telugu-movie/ |title=Vichitra Bandham (Direction) |work=Spicy Onion |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061359/http://spicyonion.com/title/vichitra-bandham-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Vanisri]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Vichitra-Bandham/10535 |title=Vichitra Bandham (Cast & Crew) |work=Know Your Films |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111012110/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Vichitra-Bandham/10535 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was based on the [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]] novel ''Vijetha''.

==Plot==
The film begins with two collegians, Madhav & Sandhya. Sandhya is a vain woman and the daughter of tycoon Narayana Rao. After her mother's death, her maternal aunt Shantamma rears Sandhya, and she dotes on her younger brother Vasu. Madhav is the grandson of filthy rich Gopal Rao and lives with his maternal uncle Ahobila Rao. Ahobila Rao is a vicious, hypocritical social worker & associate of Narayana Rao who ploys to usurp Madhav's wealth. Once, Sandhya slaps Madhav's cousin Babji for writing a love letter when Madhav forcibly makes her apologize. Therein, Sandhya begrudges and mocks him in the act of love. Thus, raged Madhav abducts & molests her, and she conceives. Devastated Madhav about his sin and moves abroad. Besides, Ahobila Rao backstabs & bankrupts Narayana Rao with his acolyte Chalapati. Plus, he collapses, conscious of Sandhya's condition. Exploiting it, the black guards slaughter him, counterfeiting as suicide. In that turmoil, Vasu falls from stirs and becomes a handicapper. Perplexed, Sandhya proceeds to their village, also native to Madhav. Whereat, Sandhya delivers a baby boy whom Shantamma withdraws to an orphanage and declares his death.

After a few years, Madhav returned and forwarded to the village, where he constructed a memorial hospital for his grandfather. Hereupon, Madhav encounters Sandhya and learns about all the calamities. He attempts to approach Sandhya but receives her detest. Despite this, Madhav aids Sandhya, shelters her family, and revives Vasu. Moreover, he retrieves his son from the orphanage and makes him near Sandhya without divulging the actuality. However, she initially despises him, but she slowly conveys endearment. Following this, Madhav decides to splice Sandhya, which she denies. Hence, he leaves abroad forever, entrusting his totality to Sandhya. Parallelly, she is aware of the boy's birth secret. Tragically, the flight Madhav was traveling on crashed and considered for a flat. Now, Ahobila Rao & Chalapati wile and seize Sandhya when she comprehends the factuality and Madhav's virtue. At last, Madhav escapes from death, secures them, and ceases the baddies. Finally, the movie ends happily with the union of Madhav & Sandhya.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Madhav
*[[Vanisri]] as Sandhya
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Aadi Narayana Rao
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Father Dayanidhi
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Ahobila Rao
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Akbar
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Chalapathi
*[[Padmanabham]] as Chitti Babu
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Babji
*Bhanu Prakash as Gopal Rao
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Shanthamma
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Kantham
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Bhagyam
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Kantham
*Leelarani as Jyoti
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Lilly

==Crew==
*'''Art''': G. V. Subba Rao
*'''Choreography''': Heeralal, Sundaram, Taara
*'''Fights''': Raghavulu
*'''Dialogues''': [[Acharya Aatreya]]
*'''Lyrics''': Acharya Aatreya, [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]], [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
*'''Playback''': [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[V. Ramakrishna]], [[P. Susheela]]
*'''Music''': [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
*'''Story''': [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
*'''Editing''': M. S. Mani
*'''Cinematography''': P. S. Selvaraj
*'''Producer''': [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]
*'''Screenplay - Director''': [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
*'''Banner''': [[Annapurna Pictures]]
*'''Release Date''': 1972

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vichitra Bandham
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1972
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 30:21
| label =
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = Illu Illalu
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = [[Koduku Kodalu]]
| next_year = 1972
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Music released on Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3473/Vichithra%20Bandham(1982)/ |title=Vichitra Bandham (Songs) |work=Cineradham |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111060841/http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3473/Vichithra%20Bandham(1982)/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Andamaina Jeevithamu"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:35
|-
|2
|"Cheekati Velugula"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:36
|-
|3
|"Challani Babu"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:41
|-
|4
|"Bhali Bhali Vinara"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|6:25
|-
|5
|"Vayase Oka Poolathota"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela
|4:00
|-
|6
|"Chikkavu Chetilo"
|Kosaraju
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|3:57
|-
|7
|"Amma Amma Ani"
|Acharya Aatreya
|P. Susheela
|4:07
|}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - VOLGA Videos, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Films based on novels by Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
[[Category:1972 drama films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Telugu-language films]]

Dhonima

2026-03-03T02:28:09Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating first data added tags

{{Short description|2024 Indian-Tamil language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dhonima poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jagadeesan Subu
| writer = Jagadeesan Subu
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sai Devanand S
* Sasikala S
* Sai Venkateswaran S
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kaali Venkat]]
* [[Roshni Prakash]]
* [[Vivek Prasanna]]
}}
| cinematography = Packiaraj Sajith Kumar
| editing = Tamil Arasan
| music = EJ Johnson
| studio = SSBV Learn and Teach Production Private Limited
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dhonima''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Jagadeesan Subu. The film stars [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Roshni Prakash]], and Vishav Raj in the lead roles. [[Vivek Prasanna]], Kannan Ponniah, Rajesh Sharma, [[P. L. Thenappan]], Kalki Rajan and others appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title='தோனிமா' திரைப்படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/kaali-venkats-dhonima-trailer-released-1122493 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916135343/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/kaali-venkats-dhonima-trailer-released-1122493 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=[[Dina Thanthi|Daily Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film has music composed by EJ Johnson, cinematography handled by Packiaraj and Sajith Kumar and editing by Tamil Arasan.<ref name="announcement1" />

''Dhonima'' released theatrically on 20 September 2024.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=November 2024}}
The story revolves around 'Dhonima', a female [[Golden Retriever]] puppy rescued by Dhanam from a dustbin and she takes it to her home. Her husband, Kotti is an alcoholic who does not care about his son Dravid who has a hearing issue, while Dhanam's only goal is to save enough money for her son's surgery.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Kotti
* [[Roshni Prakash]] as Dhanam
* Vishav Raj as Dravid
* [[Vivek Prasanna]]
* Kannan Ponniah
* Rajesh Sharma
* [[P. L. Thenappan]]
* Kalki Rajan
* Aadukalam Stella
* Rajamani
* Maya Munieshwaran
* Vichithiran
* Sasi
* Mogli K Mohan
* Karthik Munees
}}

==Production==
Jagadeesan Subu, who earlier directed ''[[Sigai]]'' (2017) and ''[[Bakrid (film)|Bakrid]]'' (2019) announced through a title reveal video, the title of his next film ''Dhonima'' starring [[Kaali Venkat]] who was last seen in ''[[Kurangu Pedal]]'' (2024), along with [[Roshni Prakash]], and Vishav Raj in the lead roles.<ref name="distributor">{{Cite news |last=Spark |first=RK |date=12 June 2024 |title=காளி வெங்கட் ஹீரோவாக நடித்து இருக்கும் தோனிமா! இயக்குனர் யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kaali-venkat-and-roshni-prakash-starring-dhonima-movie-directed-jagadeesan-subbu-509833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917023421/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kaali-venkat-and-roshni-prakash-starring-dhonima-movie-directed-jagadeesan-subbu-509833 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="announcement1">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title='Bakrid' director Jagadeesan Subu's next with Kaali Venkat titled 'Dhonima' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bakrid-director-jagadeesan-subus-next-with-kaali-venkat-titled-dhonima/article68276900.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615202901/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bakrid-director-jagadeesan-subus-next-with-kaali-venkat-titled-dhonima/article68276900.ece |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Director Jagadeesan Subu's next titled 'Dhonima' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-jagadeesan-subus-next-titled-dhonima/articleshow/110892860.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613054936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-jagadeesan-subus-next-titled-dhonima/articleshow/110892860.cms |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place around Chennai, mainly in areas like [[Anna Nagar]] and [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]] and wrapped up after 36 days in early June.<ref name="shoot">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Bakrid director Jagadeesan's next is titled Dhonima |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/bakrid-director-jagadeesans-next-is-titled-dhonima-789543 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613031327/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/bakrid-director-jagadeesans-next-is-titled-dhonima-789543 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Kaali Venkat, Roshni Prakash team up for 'Dhonima' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jun/11/kaali-venkat-roshni-prakash-team-up-for-dhonima-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622141517/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jun/11/kaali-venkat-roshni-prakash-team-up-for-dhonima-3 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The music and background score is composed by EJ Johnson. All the songs were penned by S Gnanakaravel. The first single, "Moradaa Un Thaali", released on 26 June 2024, which had vocals performed by [[Shankar Mahadevan]], and [[Vandana Srinivasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=First single from Dhonima Moradaa Un Thaali out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/26/first-single-from-dhonima-moradaa-un-thaali-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828145421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/26/first-single-from-dhonima-moradaa-un-thaali-out |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single,"Kaalam Oda", released on 10 September 2024, which had vocals performed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title='Kaalam Oda' song from Dhonima out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/10/kaalam-oda-song-from-dhonima-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910080005/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/10/kaalam-oda-song-from-dhonima-out |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Moradaa Un Thali
| length1 = 5:04
| writer1 = S Gnanakaravel
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| title2 = Kaalam Oda
| length2 = 3:07
| writer2 = S Gnanakaravel
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| title3 =
| length3 =
| writer3 =
| extra3 =
| total_length = 
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''Dhonima'' was released theatrically on 20 September 2024.<ref name="release">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Kaali Venkat's Dhonima gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/28/kaali-venkats-dhonima-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828135705/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/28/kaali-venkats-dhonima-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated two out of five and stated that "''Dhonima'' has its heart in the right place and holds great potential to become a heart-winning drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=21 September 2024 |title=Dhonima Movie Review: Even Kaali Venkat's acting can't save this meandering drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/21/dhonima-movie-review-even-kaali-venkats-acting-cant-save-this-meandering-drama-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922142032/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/21/dhonima-movie-review-even-kaali-venkats-acting-cant-save-this-meandering-drama-2 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and opined that "even though ''Dhonima'' gets many moments right, it falls short of becoming a solid drama."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=20 September 2024 |title=Dhonima Movie Review : Falls short of becoming a solid drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dhonima/movie-review/113528593.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920160514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dhonima/movie-review/113528593.cms |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Arunachal Pradesh

2026-02-24T19:08:51Z

Rithik Rahman: started a data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Arunachal Pradesh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}} {{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| party_name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Arunachal Pradesh
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Kaling Moyong]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-state-bjp-released-list-of-its-office-bearers/ | title=Arunachal: State BJP released list of {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} new office bearers {{pipe}} Arunachal24 | date=22 February 2020 | access-date=28 December 2022 | archive-date=9 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109193308/https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-state-bjp-released-list-of-its-office-bearers/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ({{small|[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Pasighat East Assembly constituency]]}})
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = State BJP Office, opposite Arunodaya School Vivek Vihar, [[Itanagar]]-791113, India
<ref>[https://www.bjp.org/arunachal-pradesh-state-office Arunachal Pradesh State Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060727/https://www.bjp.org/arunachal-pradesh-state-office |date=2022-12-28 }} bjp.org</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|2|hex=#FF9900}} (as of [[2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|2024]])
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh|2022]])
| state_seats_name = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|46|60|hex=#FF9933}}(as of [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]])
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/arunachal-pradesh}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Pema Khandu]] ({{small|[[List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]]}})
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = '''National level''' [[National Democratic Alliance]] '''NorthEast Region''' [[North East Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology =
{{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Hindutva]] ([[Hindu nationalism]])<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[National conservatism]]<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

|[[Neoliberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>

}}

| youth =[[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women =[[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| founder= {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131425/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|peasants=[[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title=Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e|access-date=2022-12-28|archive-date=2023-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061257/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|url-status=live}}</ref>
| international =
}}
The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Arunachal Pradesh''' ('''BJP Arunachal Pradesh'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}),
is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of the [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Its head office is situated at the State BJP Office, opposite Arunodaya School Vivek Vihar, [[Itanagar]]-791113, India. The current president of BJP Arunachal Pradesh is [[Kaling Moyong]].

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{dash}}
|rowspan="2"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}2
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|rowspan="3"|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{dash}}
|}

===Legislative Assembly Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/- || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Composition bar|1|60|hex=#FF9933}} || New || 7.69% || New || Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||colspan=6; color:white"|Not contested
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || - || 3.37% || - || rowspan="2"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} 0 || 10.83% || {{increase}} 7.46%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Composition bar|9|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 9 || 2.63% || {{decrease}} 8.2% || rowspan="2"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Composition bar|3|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 6 || 5.21% || {{increase}} 2.58%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Composition bar|11|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 8 || 30.97% || {{increase}} 25.76% || Opposition, later Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Composition bar|41|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 30 || 50.9% || {{increase}} 20% || rowspan="2"|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Composition bar|46|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 5 || 54.37% || {{increase}} 3.47%
|}

==Leadership==
=== State Presidents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Remarks
!Term
!Term
|-
|'''1.'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[File:Himalayan University - Prize Distribution by Chief Guest, Shri Tapir Gao Ji.jpg|thumb|[[Tapir Gao]]]]
|2 times[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]].
|
|
|-
|'''3.'''
|[[Biyuram Wahge]]
|Cabinet Minister in [[Fifth Pema Khandu ministry]].3 times Member of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]
|17 January 2020 – 18 January 2025
|
|-
|'''4.'''
|[[Kaling Moyong]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=author |date=2025-01-19 |title=Kaling Moyong elected state BJP president {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/01/19/kaling-moyong-elected-state-bjp-president/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2 time Member of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pasighat East Assembly constituency|Pasighat East]]
|18 January-Incumbent
|
|}

=== [[List of Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief ministers]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Gegong Apang.jpg|98x98px]]
| [[Gegong Apang]]
| [[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting–Yingkiong]]
| 2003
| 2004
|
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Pema Khandu in July 2016.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pema Khandu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mukto Assembly constituency|Mukto]]
|31 December 2016
|29 May 2019
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|31 December 2016|}}
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|29 May 2019
|''Incumbent''
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
|}
===[[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha members]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term start !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term end !! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Term
|-
|style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| '''1.'''
|'''[[Nabam Rebia]]'''
|'''24-Jun-2020'''
|'''23-Jun-2026'''
|'''3'''
|}
===[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha members]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Constituency
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Chief Minister
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|State President
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Pema Khandu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Biyuram Wahge]]
|-
| [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| [[Tapir Gao]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tapir Gao]]
|-
|[[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|[[Tapir Gao]]
|-
![[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
|[[Nabam Tuki]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gegong Apang]]
|
|-
|[[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|[[Tapir Gao]]
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Surya Srinivas

2026-02-19T21:30:44Z

Rithik Rahman: Made new pg

{{Short description|Indian Film Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surya Srinivas
| image = Surya Srinivas26.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Surya Srinivas''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films and television shows.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=కమిట్మెంట్ చిత్రం నాకు మంచి పేరు తెచ్చిపెట్టింది అంటూ ఇండస్ట్రీ లోని ఛాలెంజెస్ గురించి మాట్లాడిన సూర్య శ్రీనివాస్ {{!}} Bollywood Life తెలుగు |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/telugu/news-gossip/acting-is-my-passion-that-has-been-challenging-too-says-commitment-actor-surya-srinivas-2206602/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Bollywood Life |language=te}}</ref> His notable works include ''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]'', ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'', ''[[Om Bheem Bush]],'' ''[[HIT: The Third Case]] and [[3 Roses (TV series)]] Seasion2.''

== Career ==
He started his career as an assistant director. He worked in an advert with [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] before becoming an actor with ''Karam Dosa'' (2016).<ref name="B"/> He played a crucial role in ''Commitment'' (2022) starring [[Tejaswi Madivada]].<ref name="B"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''Karam Dosa''|| Ravi ||
|-
| ''Nenosta''|| Chetan || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Nenostha telugu movie review {{!}} Nenostha Movie Review & Rating {{!}} Nenostha telugu cinema review {{!}} Nenostha Film Review {{!}} Nenostha Telugu Review {{!}} Nenostha Twitter Updates {{!}} Nenostha movie First Day TalK {{!}} Nenostha Review {{!}} Nenostha USA Talk |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nenostha-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''O Pilla Neevalla'' || KC || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Mahanati]]''|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Played NTR using facial superimposition
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]''|| Chairman's third son ||
|-
| ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]''|| Karthik's brother ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''|| rowspan="2"|Nandamuri Jayakrishna ||
|-
| ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''|| Rishi's friend || rowspan="2"| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]''|| Sai's friend
|-
| 2020 || ''Nevalle Nenunna''|| Surya ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]''|| Sidharth's friend ||
|-
| ''[[:te:పరిగెత్తు పరిగెత్తు|Parigettu Parigettu]] ''|| Ajay ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]''|| Vijay ||
|-
| ''Commitment'' || Nagu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''Taxi'' || Ujjwal||
|-
| ''B&W'' || Vardhan || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-31 |title=Legendary Writer, Rajya Sabha Member V Vijayendra Prasad launched the riveting teaser of Hebah Patel's 'B&W' (Black & White) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/legendary-writer-rajya-sabha-member-v-vijayendra-prasad-launched-the-riveting-teaser-of-hebah-patels-bw-black-white/articleshow/95199282.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Hebah Patel-Vijayendra prasad : బ్లాక్ అండ్ వైట్ మూవీ టీజర్.. హెబ్బా పటేల్ కోసం వచ్చిన విజయేంద్ర ప్రసాద్ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/v-vijayendra-prasad-unveils-hebah-patel-black-and-white-movie-teaser-81027 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Madhana Manoharudu
|
|-
|[[Usha Parinayam (2024 film)|''Usha Parinayam'']]
|Anand
|
|-
|[[EVOL (film)|''EVOL'']]
|Rishi
|
|-
|''[[Brahmmavaram P.S. Paridhilo]]''
|Surya
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | date=2024-08-16 |title=Brahmmavaram P.S. Paridhilo Releasing on August 23 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/brahmmavaram-ps-paridhilo-releasing-on-august-23-1816878 |access-date=2024-08-16 | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|Sandeep
|
|-
|2025
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|[[Assistant superintendent|ASP]] Ravi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=“This is my place for life”: Surya Srinivas on HIT 3, Nani & the journey so far |url=https://telanganatoday.com/this-is-my-place-for-life-surya-srinivas-on-hit-3-nani-the-journey-so-far |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|[[Zamana (2026 film)|''Zamana'']]
|Vijay
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Venky Kudumula Unveils Title Promo Of Upcoming Film Zamana Starring Surya Srinivas |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-venky-kudumula-unveils-title-promo-of-upcoming-film-zamana-starring-surya-srinivas-8661659.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Zamana’ gears up for theatrical release on Jan 30|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/zamana-gears-up-for-theatrical-release-on-jan-30-1031804|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2025-12-17|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Suhas|last=Sistu}}</ref>
|-
|''[[:ha:China_Piece|China Piece]]''
|Pridhvi
|
|-
|TBA
|''Enthavaarugaani''
|Prakash
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=చావు బతుకులతో సైంటిఫిక్ ఆట - 'ఎంతవారు గాని' టీజర్ విడుదల చేసిన అడివి శేష్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/enthavaarugaani-teaser-launched-by-hit-2-hero-adivi-sesh-watch-sriniwaas-n-directorial-debut-mind-bending-thriller-enthavaarugaani-movie-teaser-66454 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes and {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]]''|| Pasha || [[ZEE5]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anaganaga]]''|| Anand || [[ZEE5]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]''|| Thilak || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/kudi-yedamaithe-series-review-a-time-loop-thriller-that-delivers/|title=Kudi Yedamaithe Series Review – A Time Loop Thriller That Delivers|work=binged|date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|''Entha Ghatu Prema''
|Vinay
|[[YouTube]]
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Gaalivaana]]''|| Dev || [[ZEE5]]||
|-
|2024
|''Chantabbai''
|Chanti
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref> https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/chantabbai-stands-out-on-youtube-cinema-909068 </ref>
|-
|2025
|[[3 Roses (TV series)|''3 Roses'']]
|Mano Vikaas
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|season 2
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdb name|id=nm9952266}}

{{India-film-actor-stub}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Mughal conquest of Gujarat

2026-02-03T15:22:43Z

Rithik Rahman: adding some info initial version

{{Short description|1572–1573 Mughal military campaign}}
{{Multiple issues|{{citations needed|date=May 2024}} {{Sources exist|date=May 2024}}}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal conquest of Gujarat
| width =
| partof =
| image = File:1572-Akbars triumphal entry into Surat.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Akbar's triumphal entry into Surat, 1572, ''[[Akbarnama]]''.
| date = Early July 1572–1573
| place = [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = '''[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory'''
| territory = Annexation of Gujarat Sultanate and Establishment of [[Gujarat Subah]]
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
**[[Kingdom of Amber]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Akbar]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Man Singh]]
| commander2 = [[Muzaffar Shah III]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Akbar}}
}}

The last two [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultans]], [[Ahmad Shah III]] and [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]], were raised to throne when they were young so the nobles were ruling the Sultanate. The nobles divided territories between themselves but soon started fighting between themselves for supremacy. One noble invited the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] to intervene in 1572 which resulted in the conquest of Gujarat by 1573 and Gujarat becoming the province of the Mughal Empire.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=May 2024}}

==Background==
[[File:1572-The Battle of Sarnal Gujarat-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|320px|The Battle of Sarnal, 1572, ''[[Akbarnama]]'']]
{{main|Ahmad Shah III|Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat}}
After establishing his supremacy in northern India, [[Akbar]] turned his attention toward extending his realm to the coastal regions. With [[Malwa]] secured and [[Rajasthan]] subdued, the path to [[Gujarat]] was now open. At that time, [[Gujarat]] was in a state of disorder under the weak rule of [[Muzaffar Shah III]], a mere figurehead whose ambitious nobles had carved the kingdom into feuding parts. The region’s rich soil, busy ports, and lucrative foreign trade made it highly attractive, while its location along the pilgrimage route to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] added significant strategic value. Additionally, Gujarat’s proximity to Portuguese territories made its security vital to prevent potential foreign interference.<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The New Cambridge History of India |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=31 |chapter=The Mughal Empire}}</ref><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire">{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=R. C. |author-link1=R. C. Majumdar |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=J. N. |last3=Chaudhuri |first3=S. |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553379/page/n142/mode/1up |year=1974 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |pages=125–127}}</ref><ref name="Chandra Medieval India">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |year=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110669 |pages=231-234}}</ref>

==Conquest of Gujarat==
[[File:Fatehput Sikiri Buland Darwaza gate 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Buland Darwaza]] at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] was built by Akbar in 1575 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat]]

On 2 July 1572, [[Akbar]] departed from [[Fatehpur Sikri]] for [[Ajmer]], sending ahead an advance guard of 10,000 cavalry under Khan Kalan. His march took him through [[Nagaur]] and Merta until he reached [[Sirohi]], where he launched a counterattack on the Rajputs after they had ambushed his advance guard, resulting in the death of 150 enemy warriors. Following this engagement, he continued toward Patan, dispatching [[Raja Man Singh]] to pursue the sons of Sher Khan Fuladi near [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]].<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/>

In December, [[Akbar]] left [[Ahmedabad]] for the prosperous port of Cambay, where he first saw the sea and interacted with merchants from Portugal, Turkey, Syria, Persia, and Transoxiana.<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/>

Not long after, local noblemen, including Itimad Khan, came to pay their respects to [[Akbar]]. In November, he arrived in the capital of [[Gujarat]] and began reorganizing the territory. He divided the region, assigning the area northwest of the Mahi River to Khan Azam and handing over the southern part—where rebellious Mlrzas had taken hold—to Itimad Khan.<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/>

Turning his focus to regional powers, [[Akbar]] addressed challenges from the Mirzas, who controlled significant parts of [[Gujarat]]—namely, Ibrahim Husain in [[Baroda]], Muhammad Husain in Surat, and Shah Mirza in [[Champaner]]. After arriving at [[Baroda]], he dispatched an army under Shiahbaz Khan toward Champaner and sent a larger force led by Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha to Surat. Akbar himself moved to intercept Ibrahim Husain, who was advancing from the north. With only 200 men at his disposal, he risked a daring nighttime crossing of the Mahi River and engaged in fierce, close-quarters combat that resembled a tournament. Despite nearly losing his life when two enemy troopers attacked him, Akbar managed to defeat Ibrahim Husain, who later escaped under cover of darkness.<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/>

Next, [[Akbar]] set his sights on [[Surat]]. After approximately six weeks of resistance, the fort’s commandant surrendered on 26 February 1573. During the siege, Ibrahim Husain’s wife and his young son fled to the Deccan. Although the Portuguese—invited by the Mirzas—arrived in response, they found themselves too weak to engage Akbar and instead paid him a respectful visit. At the same time, Muhammad Husain Mirza and Shah Mirza, in alliance with Sher Khan Fuladi, laid siege to Patan. Khan A‘zam, along with local lords from Malwa and [[Chanderl]], moved to relieve the Mughal commander Sayyid Ahmad Barha, inflicting a heavy defeat on the besiegers on 22 January 1573. Consequently, Sher Khan Fuladi retreated to Junagarh, while the Mirzas withdrew to the Deccan.<ref name="Richards Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/><ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/>

== Aftermath ==
In April, [[Akbar]] returned to [[Ahmedabad]], transferring the administration of [[Gujarat]] to Khan Azam and that of [[Malwa]] to Muzaffar Khan Turbati before heading for his capital. Along the way, he received news from Sirohi that the notorious rebel Ibrahim Husain, who had been causing disturbances in [[Punjab]] after leaving [[Gujarat]], had been defeated by the Mughal governor Husain Qull Khan. This governor had also negotiated peace with the local ruler Bidai Chand, contingent on recognizing Akbar’s authority.<ref name="Chandra Medieval India"/><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/> In June, [[Akbar]] reached [[Fatehpur Sikri]], where he was presented with the head of Ibrahim Husain. His brother Masud, whose eyes had been sewn shut as punishment, was captured but later pardoned by the emperor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fatehpur Sikri : Akbar's magnificent city on a hill|last1=Sen Gupta|first1=Subhadra|last2=Israni|first2=Prakash|publisher=Niyogi Books|year=2013|isbn=9789381523728|location=New Delhi|pages=186–187|oclc=845530599}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James Macnabb |editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]] |title=History of Gujarát |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |chapter=Chapter I. Early Musalmán Governors.(A.D. 1297–1403.) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.) |pages=266–}} {{PD-notice}}
{{refend}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1573 in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat under the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Biblia Impex India

2026-02-02T17:45:29Z

Rithik Rahman: basic enhanced formatting for consistency and corrected details for consistency

'''Biblia Impex India''' is a [[New Delhi]]–based book distribution company that specializes in books on [[Indology]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] founded by the influential Indian historian [[Sita Ram Goel]] in 1963.<ref>[http://www.bibliaimpex.com/index.php?p=aboutus About us], Biblia Impex</ref> It is currently managed by Goel's son Pradeep Kumar Goel.<ref name=Bergunder>{{cite journal |author=Michael Bergunder |title=Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of Indian prehistory |journal=Historiographia Linguistica |volume=31 |number=1 |year=2004 |pages=59–104 |doi=10.1075/hl.31.1.05ber |url=http://rmserv.wt.uni-heidelberg.de/webrm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf}}</ref>

In addition to its own publications, Biblia Impex acts as a distributor for [[Aditya Prakashan]], [[Adyar Library and Research Centre]], the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], the [[Central University of Tibetan Studies]], [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]] and the [[Samvad India Foundation]].

Aditya Prakashan publishes many works on [[Indian culture]] and [[Indian art|art]], [[Hindu literature|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist literature|Buddhist]] literature and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]] and is notable, in particular, for works related to [[Hindu reform movements]], including works by [[K. D. Sethna]], [[Hindu nationalism]], including works by [[Dharampal]] and [[K.R. Malkani]], and literature on the controversial [[Indigenous Aryans|"Out of India" theory]]. Historian [[Irfan Habib]] characterises it as the publishing house of the [[Sangh Parivar]], the RSS family of Hindu nationalist organisations.<ref>{{citation |first=Irfan |last=Habib |authorlink=Irfan Habib |chapter=The Rewriting of History by Sangh Parivar |editor=Delhi Historian's Group |title=Communalisation of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy |date=2001 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |chapter-url=http://www.sacw.net/India_History/DelHistorians.pdf |accessdate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

Sita Ram Goel also owned the [[Voice of India]] publishing house which specializes in more extreme Hindu nationalist topics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Meera |authorlink=Meera Nanda |title=Hindu Triumphalism and the Clash of Civilisations |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=44 |number=28 |date=11 July 2009 |pages=101–114 |jstor=40279263}}</ref> Following Goel's death, Voice of India came under the management of Aditya Prakashan.

==See also==
*[[Ram Swarup]]
*[[K.S. Lal]]
*[[Koenraad Elst]]
*[[David Frawley]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bibliaimpex.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]

Small Indian mongoose

2026-01-23T15:04:00Z

Rithik Rahman: Made post

{{Short description|Species of carnivoran in South Asia}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Small Indian mongoose
| image = Astonished.jpg
| image_caption = Small Indian mongoose in [[Panna National Park]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Herpestes auropunctatus'' |author=Jennings, A. |author2=Veron, G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |article-number=e.T70204120A70204139 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T70204120A70204139.en |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Urva
| species = auropunctata
| authority = ([[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1836)
| range_map = Distribution of the Small Indian Mongoose ("Herpestes auropunctatus ").png
| range_map_caption = Native distribution of the small Indian mongoose in 2016<ref name=iucn/>
| synonyms = ''Mangusta auropunctata'' 
''Mangusta pallipes'' 
''Herpestes palustris'' 
''Herpestes auropunctatus''
}}
The '''small Indian mongoose''' ('''''Urva auropunctata''''') is a [[mongoose]] [[species]] native to [[Iraq]] and northern India; it has also been introduced to several [[Caribbean]] and [[Pacific]] islands.<ref name=iucn/>

== Taxonomy ==
''Mangusta auropunctata'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] in 1836 for a mongoose specimen collected in central Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1836 |title=Synoptical description of sundry new animals, enumerated in the Catalogue of Nipalese Mammals |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=5 |issue=52 |pages=231–238 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic05asia/page/231}}</ref>
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several [[zoological specimen]]s were described:
*''Mangusta pallipes'' proposed by [[Edward Blyth]] in 1845 was based on mongooses observed in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Blyth, E. |year=1845 |title=Additions and corrections to ''Rough notes on the Zoology of Candahar and the neighbouring districts'' by Thomas Hutton |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=15 |issue=170 |pages=169–170 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic15asia/page/169}}</ref>
*''Herpestes palustris'' proposed by R. K. Ghose in 1965 was an adult male mongoose collected in a swamp on the eastern fringe of [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ghose, R. K. |year=1965 |title=A new species of mongoose (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) from West Bengal, India |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Calcutta |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=173–178}}</ref>
The small Indian mongoose was later classified in the genus ''[[Herpestes]]''; all Asian mongooses are now classified the genus ''[[Urva (genus)|Urva]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''Urva auropunctata'' (Hodgson, 1836) |url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Urva&species=auropunctata&id=1006050 |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=ASM Mammal Diversity |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028140029/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Urva&species=auropunctata&id=1006050 }}</ref>

The small Indian mongoose was once considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[Javan mongoose]] (''H. javanicus'').<ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000608 |page=567–570 |heading=Species ''Herpestes javanicus''}}</ref>
Genetic analysis of hair and tissue samples from 18 small Indian and Javan mongooses revealed that they form two [[clade]]s and are distinct species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Veron, G. |author2=Patou, M.L. |author3=Pothet, G. |author4=Simberloff, D. |author5=Jennings, A.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Systematic status and biogeography of the Javan and small Indian mongooses (Herpestidae, Carnivora) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages= 1–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00261.x |s2cid=84419834 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230280673}}</ref>

==Description==
The small Indian mongoose's body is slender, and the head is elongated with a pointed snout. The length of the head and body is {{cvt|509|-|671|mm}}. The ears are short. The feet have five toes and long claws. Sexes differ in size, with males having a wider head and bigger bodies.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nellis, D. W. |year=1989 |title=''Herpestes auropunctatus'' |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=342 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.2307/3504091 |jstor=3504091 |bibcode=1989MamSp.342....1N }}</ref>

It can be distinguished from the often [[sympatric]] [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''U. edwardsii'') by its somewhat smaller size. Populations on islands throughout the world have increased in size and [[sexual dimorphism]], resembling populations in the east of their range, where they have no ecological competitors.<ref name=Simberloff2000>{{cite journal |author1=Simberloff, D. |author2=Dayan, T. |author3=Jones, C. |author4=Ogura, G. |name-list-style=amp |title=Character displacement and release in the small Indian mongoose, ''Herpestes javanicus'' |year=2000 |journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]] |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=2086–2099 |doi=10.2307/177098 |jstor=177098 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/dayan_files/articles/javanicus.pdf}}</ref>
Introduced populations show genetic diversification due to [[genetic drift]] and isolation.<ref>{{cite journal |volume=15 |pages=3947–3956 |title=Genetic divergence in the small Indian mongoose (''Herpestes auropunctatus''), a widely distributed invasive species |year=2006 |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |author=Thulin, C.G. |author2=Simberloff, D. |author3=Barun, A. |author4=McCracken, G. |author5=Pascal, M. |author6=Anwarul Islam, M. |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03084.x |pmid=17054495 |issue=13 |bibcode=2006MolEc..15.3947T |s2cid=27623208}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The small Indian mongoose is distributed in [[Iraq]] through southeastern [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. It has been introduced to several European countries, islands in the [[Caribbean Sea]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]s, and on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] in southern [[Japan]]. It lives at elevations of up to {{cvt|2100|m}}.<ref name=iucn />

In Iraq, the small Indian mongoose lives in the [[alluvial plain]]s of the [[Tigris–Euphrates river system]], where it inhabits riverine thickets, crop fields and orchards.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hatt, R.T. |year=1959 |title=The Mammals of Iraq |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=Museum of Zoology |series=106 |chapter=Biotic Provinces of Iraq |pages=13–16}}</ref> It was also observed in the [[Hammar Marshes]].<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Abass, A.F. |year=2013 |title=The relative abundance and biological indicators of mammals' community in east Hammar |location=Basra, Iraq |publisher=University of Basra, Iraq |type=M.Sc. Thesis}}</ref>

In Iran, it was recorded only in a few localities in the south and east, in particular in [[Kerman Province]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Karami, M. |author2=Hutterer, R. |author3=Benda, P. |author4=Siahsarvie, R. |author5=Kryštufek, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=Annotated check-list of the mammals of Iran |journal=Lynx |series=Nova |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=63–102}}</ref>

In Pakistan, it occurs on the [[Pothohar Plateau]], in [[Sialkot District]], southeastern [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and in [[Margalla Hills National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mahmood, T. |author2=Nadeem, M.S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Population estimates, habitat preference and the diet of small Indian mongoose (''Herpestes javanicus'') in Potohar Plateau, Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=103–111}}</ref><ref name=Mahmood2017>{{cite journal |author1=Mahmood, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Adil, A. |year=2017 |title=Diet composition of small Indian mongoose (''Herpestes javanicus'') varies seasonally in its native range |journal=Animal Biology |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.1163/15707563-00002516}}</ref><ref name=Akrim_al2019>{{cite journal |author1=Akrim, F. |author2=Mahmood, T. |author3=Nadeem, M.S. |author4=Qasim, S. |author5=Andleeb, S. |author6=Fatima, H. |year=2019 |title=Distribution, dietary breadth and niche overlap between two sympatric mongoose species inhabiting Pir Lasura National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1497–1507 |doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.4.1497.1507|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hira, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mahmood, T.J. |author3=Sakhawat, A. |author4=Faraz, A. |author5=Muhammad, F. |author6=Shaista, A. |year=2020 |title=Sympatric mongoose species may opt for spatial adjustments to avoid feeding competition at Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad, Pakistan |journal=Wildlife Biology |volume=2020 |issue=2 |article-number=wlb.00654 |doi=10.2981/wlb.00654 |bibcode=2020WildB202000654H |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In India, it was observed in forested areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]], in [[Panna Tiger Reserve]], [[Guna district]], and in [[Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shekar, K.S. |title=The status of mongooses in central India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=29 |year=2003 |pages=22–23}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[European Commission]] added the small Indian mongoose to the annual list of invasive and alien species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/IAS_list_regulation.pdf |title=Adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council}}</ref>

===Introduction to Caribbean===
In 1872, nine small Indian mongooses were introduced to [[Jamaica]] from India to control [[black rat|black]] (''Rattus rattus'') and [[brown rat]]s (''R. norvegicus'') on [[sugarcane]] plantations. They reproduced within a few months.<ref name=Espeut1882>{{cite journal |author1=Espeut, W. B. |year=1882 |title=On the acclimatization of the Indian mongoose in Jamaica |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |issue=November |pages=712–714 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen82busi/page/712/mode/2up}}</ref>
In the 1800s, sugarcane plantations were established on many Pacific islands such as [[Hawaii]] and [[Fiji]]. Sugarcane attracted [[rat]]s, which caused widespread crop failure and loss. Attempts to introduce the small Indian mongoose on [[Trinidad]] in 1870 for the purpose of rat control were not successful.<ref>{{cite book |author2=Hoagland, D. B. |author1=Horst, G. R. |name-list-style=amp |author3=Kilpatrick, C. W. |year=1989 |chapter=The Mongoose in the West Indies: The biogeography and population biology of an introduced species |pages=409–424 |title=Biogeography of the West Indies |editor1=Woods, C. A. |editor2=Sergile, F. E. |publisher=Sand Hill Crane Press |location=Gainesville, Florida |isbn=978-1-4200-3948-1}}</ref>
From 1870 onwards, it was introduced to all of the [[Greater Antilles]] islands including [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], Jamaica, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] to reduce crop damage.<ref name=Seaman1962>{{cite journal |author1=Seaman, G. A. |author2=Randall, J. E. |title=The Mongoose as a Predator in the Virgin Islands |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=43 |number=4 |pages=544–546 |year=1962 |jstor=1376922 |doi=10.2307/1376922 |bibcode=1962JMamm..43..544S }}</ref><ref name=CABI>{{cite web |url=https://platform.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93810 |title=''Herpestes auropunctatus'' (small Indian mongoose) |last=Roy |first=S. |date=2020 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=[[CAB International]] |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204220758/https://platform.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93810 }}</ref> This introduction had a negative impact on the native fauna, as populations of [[Endemism|endemic]] reptiles greatly decreased in number like the [[green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana''); the ground lizard (''[[Ameiva polops]]'') had been eliminated from the island of St. Croix by 1962. Ground-nesting birds, terrestrial [[Cyclura|rock iguanas]] and small mammals like [[hutia]]s and [[solenodon]]s were likely also affected.<ref name=Seaman1962/> Native snakes have been largely extirpated on many of the Caribbean islands where mongooses were introduced, and now only exist on remote offshore islands; at least one snake species in St. Croix may now be extinct.<ref name=Henderson1989>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=R. W. |last2=Crother |first2=B. I. |date=1989 |chapter=Biogeographic patterns of predation in West Indian snakes |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305278871 |editor1-last=Woods |editor1-first=C. A. |title=Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, present, and future |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/0169-5347%2890%2990113-R |location=Gainesville |publisher=Sandhill Crane Press |pages=479–518 |doi=10.1016/0169-5347(90)90113-R |isbn=1-877743-03-8}}</ref>

===Introduction to Hawaii===
[[File:Herpestidae - Herpestes javanicus (Javan Mongoose).webm|thumb|Small Indian mongoose in Hawaii]]
Offspring from Jamaican small Indian mongooses were shipped to plantations on other islands.<ref name=Espeut1882/>
Early 1900s accounts claimed that introduced mongooses were effective at reducing the number of rats, mice and insects.<ref name="SuccessBaby">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-feature-articles/mongooses |title=Mongooses in Hawaii Newspapers |last1=Kim|first1=A. |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> However, the mongooses also preyed on native birds that had evolved in the absence of any mammalian predators. The mongooses also raided the nests of [[green sea turtle]]s to consume eggs and turtle hatchlings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/mongoose/|title=Mongoose|date=2013 |website=Hawaii Invasive Species Council |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

===Introduction to Okinawa===
The small Indian mongoose was introduced to [[Okinawa Island]] in 1910 and also to [[Amami Ōshima]] Island in 1979 in an attempt to control the venomous pit viper ''[[Protobothrops flavoviridis]]'' and other perceived 'pests'; the mongoose has since become a pest itself.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2021 |title=Eradication of the mongoose is crucial for the conservation of three endemic bird species in Yambaru, Okinawa Island, Japan |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=23 |pages=2249–2260 |author1=Yagihashi, T. |author2=Seki, SI. |author3=Nakaya, T. |author4=Nakata, K. |author5=Kotaka, N. |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02503-w |bibcode=2021BiInv..23.2249Y |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On September 3, 2024, the [[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of the Environment]] announced that the small Indian mongoose had been eradicated from Amami Ōshima.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/press_03205.html |title=Declaration of the Eradication of the Small Indian Mongoose (Designated Invasive Alien Species) in Amami Oshima Island |date=September 3, 2024 |website=Ministry of the Environment |publisher= |access-date=September 14, 2024 }}</ref>

===Introduction to Dalmatian islands===
The small Indian mongoose was introduced to the [[Mljet]] island in 1910 by order of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Ministry of Agriculture in an attempt to control the horned viper (''[[Vipera ammodytes]]'') population. After quarantine, seven males and four females, were released near [[Goveđari]] and introduced to [[Korčula]], [[Pelješac]], [[Brač]] and [[Šolta]] between 1921 and 1927, the population of the horned viper decreased significantly in 20 years and the mongooses started preying more on [[resident bird|resident]] and [[Migratory bird|migratory birds]], and also on domestic [[poultry]].<ref name="tvrt">{{cite journal |author1=Tvrtkovic, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kryštufek, B. |year=1990 |title=Small Indian mongoose ''Herpestes auropunctatus'' on the Adriatic islands of Yugoslavia |journal=Bonner Zoologische Beiträge |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bonner-Zoologische-Beitraege_41_0003-0008.pdf}}</ref> Around 1970, the mongoose inhabited [[Hvar]] and spread rapidly. It did not survive on Brač and Šolta, but it did appear on [[Čiovo]].<ref name="spol">{{cite thesis |author=Karamarko, A. |year=2008 |title=Spolno ponašanje malog indijskog mungosa u zatočeništvu |type=Diplom |publisher=Sveučilište u Zagrebu |place=Zagreb |lang=hr |url=http://zaf.biol.pmf.unizg.hr/Tadic/PDF/Kvalifikacijski/AKaramarko_BSc.pdf}}</ref>
The mongoose is considered [[vermin]], but neither the [[Bounty (reward)|bounties]] offered nor the introduction of [[wild boar]]s to the island helped to reduce the population.<ref name="frk">{{cite journal |author=Frković, A. |year=2000 |title=Mungos na otoku Mljetu (uz 90. godišnjicu introdukcije) |journal=Šumarski List |volume=11 |issue=124 |lang=hr |pages=693–698 |url=http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/pdf/200006930.pdf}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
The small Indian mongoose uses about 12 different vocalizations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mulligan, B. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nellis, D. W. |year=1973 |title=Sounds of the Mongoose ''Herpestes auropunctatus'' |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=54 |issue=1 |page=320|doi=10.1121/1.1978275 |bibcode=1973ASAJ...54S.320M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Diet ===
In Pakistan, the small Indian mongoose feeds primarily on [[insects]] including [[dragonflies]], [[grasshopper]]s, [[mole cricket]]s, [[ground beetle]]s, [[earwig]]s and [[ant]]s. It also preys on [[lesser bandicoot rat]] (''Bandicota bengalensis''), [[short-tailed bandicoot rat]] (''Nesokia indica''), [[Asian house shrew]] (''Suncus murinus''), [[Indian gerbil]] (''Tatera indica'') and [[house mouse]] (''Mus musculus'').<ref name=Mahmood2017/> Scat collected in Pir Lasura National Park contained remains of [[black rat]] (''Rattus rattus''), small [[amphibian]]s, [[reptile]]s, small birds, seeds of grasses and fruits.<ref name=Akrim_al2019/>
Faecal pellets found near burrows in Gujarat contained [[fish scale]]s, feathers and remains of insects in December and plant matter also in spring.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dabholkar, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Devkar, R. |year=2020 |title=Diurnal activity and diet of Small Indian Mongoose ''Urva auropunctata'' on the outskirts of Vadodara, Gujarat, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=58 |pages=e58008 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/bbf1df6e614549256fb75040df625a00?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref>

=== Diseases ===
Small Indian mongooses in northern Okinawa Island were infected with ''[[Leptospira]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ishibashi, O. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ahagon, A. |author3=Nakamura, M. |author4=Morine, N. |author5=Taira, K. |author6=Ogura, G. |author7=Nakachi, M. |author8=Kawashima, Y. |author9=Nakada, T. |year=2006 |title=Distribution of ''Leptospira'' spp. on the Small Asian Mongoose and the Roof Rat inhabiting the northern part of Okinawa Island |journal=Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.5686/jjzwm.11.35 |lang=ja |doi-access=free}}</ref> and antibiotic-resistant strains of ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name=Nakamura2011>{{cite journal| last1=Nakamura |first1=I. |last2=O. |first2=T. |last3=Sakemi|first3=Y. |title=The Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant ''Escherichia coli'' in two species of invasive alien mammals in Japan|journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science |date=2011 |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=1067–1070 |pmid=21467758 |doi=10.1292/jvms.10-0525 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The small Indian mongoose is a major [[rabies]] vector in Puerto Rico, but transmission to humans is low.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/publications/2015-surveillance/2015-us-map.html|title=Distribution of major rabies virus variants among mesocarnivores in the United States and Puerto Rico, 2008 to 2015 |date=2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Carnivora|F.}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q123900653|from2=Q30892873}}

[[Category:Mammals of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Urva (genus)]]
[[Category:Fauna of Croatia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1836]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson]]

1944–45 Santosh Trophy

2026-01-22T03:24:57Z

Rithik Rahman: started a data initial version - done

{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1944–45
| other_titles = National Football Championship
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams =
| winners = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| count = 1
| second = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader =
| award =
| prev_season = [[1941–42 Santosh Trophy|1941–42]]
| next_season = [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945–46]]
| extra_information = 60 minute matches
}}

The '''1944–45 Santosh Trophy''' was the second edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. It was resumed in 1944 after a break of two years. Delhi defeated the defending champions Bengal in the final.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html#45 RSSSF]</ref>

Like the previous tournament, the regional matches were played across India.

==Preliminary Matches==
{{football box
|team1= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|United Provinces]]
|team2= [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|score1 = 5
|score2 = 3
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Kanpur
|referee=
|date = 21 August 1944 <ref name=exp22aug>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=94s-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4099%2C2655659 U.P. beat Bihar], Indian Express, 22 August 1944</ref>
}}
{{football box
|team2= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|United Provinces]]
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score1 = 3
|score2 = 2
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= New Delhi
|referee=
|scorenote=replay
|date = 24 August 1944 <ref name=exp25aug>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Ys-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4058%2C2748150 Inter-Provincial Football Tournament], Indian Express, 25 August 1944</ref>
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|score1 = 4
|score2 = 2
|goals1=
* [[Syed Moinuddin|Moin]] {{goal}} {{goal}}
* Sussay {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
* John Joseph {{goal}}
* Jayaraman {{goal}}
|stadium= Sullivan Sports Ground, [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]
|referee=
|date = 28 August 1944 <ref name=exp1>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Ys-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2976%2C2974515 Hyderabad beat Madras], Indian Express, 29 August 1944</ref>
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|team2= [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 1
|goals1=
* [[Sarangapani Raman|Raman]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Sullivan Sports Ground, [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]
|referee=
|aet=yes
|date = 30 August 1944 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_4s-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5861%2C3105264 Mysore enters semifinal], Indian Express, 31 August 1944</ref>
}}

Raman scored the winning goal in the extra time. This was the South Zone final and Mysore qualified to meet Bengal in the national semifinal. The match was attended by a crowd of twenty thousand.
{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Dacca football team|Dacca]]
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 0
|goals1=
* Bimal Kar {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Dacca Sports Association Ground, [[Dhaka|Dacca]]
|referee= A Das Gupta
|date = 27 August 1944 <ref name=expaug28>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Is-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5011%2C2922698 Bengal beat Dacca], Indian Express, 28 August 1944</ref><ref name="Dacca">{{Cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-8-241#?open=true&cv=3&xywh=-5156%2C-1%2C15979%2C9620|title=Jugantar. Vol:07 ; Issue: 342; Page: 04 (29 August 1944)|language=bn|access-date=2 January 2026|website=eap.bl.uk|archive-date=2 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102082718/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-8-241#?open=true&cv=3&xywh=771%2C1000%2C2149%2C1659|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Semi-final==
According to the original schedule, the Mysore-Bengal semifinal was scheduled to be held in Calcutta on November 16 and final at Delhi on September 21.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CYw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6956%2C3637072 Venues for Semi-final And Final], Indian Express, 11 September 1945</ref> Mysore failed to turn up and the semifinal was postponed to September 28 and final to October 1.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E4w-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4936%2C4216457 Santosh Memorial Trophy], Indian Express, 23 September 1944</ref> Mysore again failed to appear on the new date and asked for a postponement for 10 days. Bengal was given a walk-over.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GIw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5793%2C4564118 Mysore team scratched], Indian Express, 29 September 1944</ref>

== Final ==
{{football box
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 0
|goals1=
|stadium= [[Delhi]]
|referee=
|date =
}}

==Squads==

* [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]] : Ferayya; [[Norbert Fruvall|Fruvall]] (captain)<ref name=bis>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-football-history|first=Sudipto|last=Biswas|title=Hyderabad Football: Retracing the city's rich legacy in the sport|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=1 November 2019|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501003445/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-football-history|url-status=live}}</ref> and Sher Khan; [[Muhammad Noor]], Sheikjamal and Hadi; Mohammadali, Syed Hafizali, Shamsheed Khan, Sussay and [[Syed Moinuddin|Khaja Moin]]<ref name=exp1/>
* [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]] : Hussain; Rammohan Rao and Ranga Rao; Murugesan, Kothandan and Paul; Appalmurthi, Jayaraman, John Joseph, Narayana and Ayyadurai <ref name=exp1/>
* [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]] : Basha, Rodgers, Jayaram, Henderson, Mohiuddin, [[T. Shanmugham|Shanmugam]], Karim, Tomkins, Somanna, Duncan, [[Sarangapani Raman|Raman]], Nanjunda, Antony, Basheer, Chinnaswamy<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-os-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5031%2C2805375 Inter-Provincial football tourney], Indian Express, 25 August 1944</ref>
* [[Dacca football team|Dacca]]: Marshall; A Mukherjee; [[Sheikh Shaheb Ali|Shaheb Ali]]; Shubal Pal; Reynolds; Onahoy; Horn; Alom; Dutch; A Das; Abbas<ref name="Dacca"/>
The name of the Hyderabad goal keeper appears as ''Eeriah'' in the reports of [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945-46]]. The spellings ''Sussay'', ''Susay'' and ''Susai'' are used for the Hyderabad forward.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1944-45 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:1944–45 in Indian football]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Naiyo Lagda

2026-01-19T18:11:10Z

Rithik Rahman: adding initial details initial version

{{Short description|2023 song by Himesh Reshammiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Naiyo Lagda
| type = single
| cover = Naiyo Lagda cover.jpg
| caption = Official song cover featuring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]
| artist = Kamaal Khan and [[Palak Muchhal]]
| album = [[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (soundtrack)|Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 12 February 2023
| recorded = 2022
| studio = HR Musik Studio, [[Mumbai]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Acoustic music]]|[[Romantic ballad]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Filmi]]}}
| length = 5:20
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| lyricist = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| producer = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| tracks = # "[[Yentamma]]"
# "[[Billi Billi]]"
# "'''Naiyo Lagda'''"
# "Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)"
# Lets Dance Chotu Motu"
# "Tere Bina"
# "Bathukamma"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=lzEop75AeOk|title="Naiyo Lagda"}}
}}
}}

"'''Naiyo Lagda'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], with lyrics written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and sung by Kamaal Khan and [[Palak Muchhal]] for the [[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''. It was released on 12 February 2023, coinciding [[Valentine's Day]] as the first single from the album, through [[Zee Music Company]].

Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/naiyo-lagda-lyricist-shabbir-ahmed-says-star-power-can-be-icing-on-the-cake-but-exclusive-7484263.html|title=Naiyo Lagda Lyricist Shabbir Ahmed Says Star Power In a Song Can Be 'Icing On The Cake' But... | Exclusive|date=9 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235755/https://www.news18.com/movies/naiyo-lagda-lyricist-shabbir-ahmed-says-star-power-can-be-icing-on-the-cake-but-exclusive-7484263.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Naiyo Lagda" created the record for reaching 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-takes-over-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan-craze-is-the-trendiest-chartbuster-of-the-week/75d2a74b64357|title=Salman Khan's Naiyo Lagda takes over SRK's Jhoome Jo Pathaan craze, is the trendiest chartbuster of the week|website=OTTPlay|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515013138/https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-takes-over-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan-craze-is-the-trendiest-chartbuster-of-the-week/75d2a74b64357|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==
"Naiyo Lagda" served as the first single to be released from the soundtrack album of ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/salman-himesh-reunite-for-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2524313/|title=Salman, Himesh reunite for 'Naiyo Lagda' from 'Kisi ka Bhai Kisi ki Jaan'|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=11 February 2023|website=The Siasat Daily|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212064634/https://www.siasat.com/salman-himesh-reunite-for-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2524313/|url-status=live}}</ref> The track was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], who was Salman Khan's norm collaborator.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-himesh-reshammiya-reunite-for-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda/articleshow/97821602.cms|title=Salman Khan, Himesh Reshammiya reunite for romantic track 'Naiyo Lagda'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 February 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=11 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411095439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-himesh-reshammiya-reunite-for-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda/articleshow/97821602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Reshammiya collaborated with Kamaal Khan and [[Palak Muchhal]] to record the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-first-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda-out-56914.html|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's first romantic track Naiyo Lagda out|website=filmfare.com|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213145541/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-first-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda-out-56914.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=I think this song has a very strong nostalgic vibe. It just makes you connect with some phase of your life. It makes you feel very nostalgic when you hear it. I am getting responses from every set of generations, from young to old people. People born in the 90s are especially liking this song. Yeah, for me, it’s special for personal reasons.|author=|title=|source=[[Palak Muchhal]], about the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/singing-hit-songs-and-saving-lives/|title=Singing hit songs and saving lives|website=[[Eastern Eye]]|date=31 March 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128155150/https://www.easterneye.biz/singing-hit-songs-and-saving-lives/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Lyricist [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] worked on lyrics of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-592984.html|title=Salman Khan Releases Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song 'Naiyo Lagda' During Bigg Boss 16 Finale|date=13 February 2023|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403064133/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-592984.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The phrase "Naiyo lagda dil tere bina" translates to "My heart doesn't like it without you". The lyrical video was released on 10 October 2023 on YouTube. The track was mixed and mastered by Salman Shaikh at Reshammiya's HR Musik Studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/naiyo-lagda-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde/|title=Naiyo Lagda - Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan | Salman Khan, Pooja Hegde - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213211502/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/naiyo-lagda-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 12 February 2023 on [[YouTube]]. The music video features [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/naiyo-lagda-dil-song-out-salman-khan-takes-back-to-the-early-2000-s-with-this-romantic-number-1581781|title=Naiyo Lagda Dil Song Out: Salman Khan Takes Back To The Early 2000's With This Romantic Number|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=13 February 2023|website=[[ABP Live]]|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=11 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411095611/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/naiyo-lagda-dil-song-out-salman-khan-takes-back-to-the-early-2000-s-with-this-romantic-number-1581781|url-status=live}}</ref> The song is shot at beautiful locations around [[Leh]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-out-salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-2333864-2023-02-12|title=Naiyo Lagda out. Salman Khan releases Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song during Bigg Boss 16 finale|website=India Today|date=12 February 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318215952/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-out-salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-2333864-2023-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Background and production ===
[[File:Photu La ladakh Barren Mountains.jpg|thumb|"Naiyo Lagda" was shot at the [[Ladakh]].]]
[[Shabina Khan]], in an interview with ''[[Mid-Day]]'' told, "One day I got a call from Salman sir's team saying there's a romantic song and bhai [Salman Khan] wants you to do it. They wanted this one to be different from the other romantic songs that the audience is used to. They approached me because bhai thinks I shoot romantic songs well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shabina-khan-people-trolling-salman-khan-for-naiyo-lagda-are-fools-23277935|title=Exclusive! Shabina Khan: People trolling Salman Khan for 'Naiyo Lagda' are fools|date=29 March 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621075405/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shabina-khan-people-trolling-salman-khan-for-naiyo-lagda-are-fools-23277935|url-status=live}}</ref>

The music video was directed by Mihir Gulati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bigg-boss-16-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-releases-finale-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-romance/|title=Bigg Boss 16: Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song 'Naiyo Lagda' releases at the finale; Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde romance : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 February 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605165115/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bigg-boss-16-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-releases-finale-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-romance/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shabina Khan choreographed the dance sequences. Shabina Khan revealed they did a [[Recce (filmmaking)|recce]] at several locations before zeroing in on Ladakh. Khan wanted a location that looked larger than life and had a romantic feel. The challenges were we had to acclimatise the unit so that they don't face breathing issues. They could not give heavy steps that involved running because of the weather conditions. The song picturization took 4 days.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Costume ===
The [[costume designer]] Ashley Rebello said that the team shot the song in [[Ladakh]] and had decided to go with a completely Indian look, which involved different kinds of [[sherwani]]s and [[kurta]]s in different colours. In last minute we decided to go with jeans, [[linen]] shirts and [[waistcoat]]s. He had to run around and contacted a local designer in Ladakh, who work with pure [[wool]] and linen. He sat with them and get a shirt ready for the shoot taking place on the next day. He also said, getting leather waistcoats was also a problem there, so they got jackets that are more easily available in Ladakh. But, he had to cut and patch them up together and turned them into waistcoats. He added turquoise accessories as they were largely available in Ladakh. The hair was Khan's idea and the whole flowy look was part of Khan's character. They had to keep the fabric fluid to give it a dreamy effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-heres-how-salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-look-was-created-23270288|title=Exclusive! Here's how Salman Khan's 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' look was created|date=13 February 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404050843/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-heres-how-salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-look-was-created-23270288|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The teaser of the song was unveiled on 11 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-shares-teaser-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda-valentines-week/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Salman Khan shares teaser of the romantic track 'Naiyo Lagda' in Valentines Week : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 February 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319031436/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-shares-teaser-romantic-track-naiyo-lagda-valentines-week/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-teaser-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-build-up-mood-ahead-of-valentines-day/na20230211142332113113231|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Naiyo Lagda teaser: Salman Khan-Pooja Hegde build up mood ahead of Valentine's Day|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=11 February 2023|website=ETV Bharat News|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=11 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411095621/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-teaser-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-build-up-mood-ahead-of-valentines-day/na20230211142332113113231|url-status=live}}</ref> Anticipation for the song was increased post teaser release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/cant-control-our-excitement-watching-a-small-glimpse-of-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|title=Can't control our excitement watching a small glimpse of 'Naiyo Lagda' from Kisi Ka Bhai... Kisi Ki Jaan... - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227012421/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/cant-control-our-excitement-watching-a-small-glimpse-of-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was launched during the grand finale of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 16|Bigg Boss 16]] on 12 February, and later on music platforms, coinciding [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-16-finale-salman-khan-launches-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-first-song-naiyo-lagda-featuring-pooja-hegde-article-97845627|title=Bigg Boss 16 finale: Salman Khan launches Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's FIRST song Naiyo Lagda featuring Pooja Hegde|date=12 February 2023|website=TimesNow|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213164828/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-16-finale-salman-khan-launches-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-first-song-naiyo-lagda-featuring-pooja-hegde-article-97845627|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrical video was released on 10 October 2023 on [[YouTube]].

== Reception ==

=== Audience ===
Upon the release of the song, its music and the lyrics, as well as the performance by singers Kamaal Khan and [[Palak Muchhal]] received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-first-song-out-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-s-chemistry-wins-hearts-3777305|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song Naiyo Lagda: Salman Khan Hearts Pooja Hegde|website=NDTV.com|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406044938/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-first-song-out-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-s-chemistry-wins-hearts-3777305|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/naiyo-lagda-to-oh-oh-jane-jaana-5-chartbuster-songs-delivered-by-salman-khan-and-kamaal-khan-7081627.html|title=Naiyo Lagda to Oh Oh Jane Jaana, 5 Chartbuster Songs Delivered By Salman Khan and Kamaal Khan|date=14 February 2023|website=News18|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215071939/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/naiyo-lagda-to-oh-oh-jane-jaana-5-chartbuster-songs-delivered-by-salman-khan-and-kamaal-khan-7081627.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/palak-muchhal-on-salman-khans-naiyo-ladga-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-hes-the-one-who-gave-me-my-first-song-in-the-industry-593234.html|title='He's The One Who Gave Me My First Song In The Industry'|date=15 February 2023|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215102058/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/palak-muchhal-on-salman-khans-naiyo-ladga-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-hes-the-one-who-gave-me-my-first-song-in-the-industry-593234.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The chemistry of [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] was also highly praised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/pooja-hegde-salman-khan-treat-fans-with-electrifying-chemistry-ahead-of-valentines-day-in-naiyo-ladga-dil-2572999.html|title=Pooja Hegde, Salman Khan Treat Fans with Electrifying Chemistry Ahead of Valentines Day in Naiyo Ladga Dil|website=Zee News|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214072744/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/pooja-hegde-salman-khan-treat-fans-with-electrifying-chemistry-ahead-of-valentines-day-in-naiyo-ladga-dil-2572999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-viral-video-salman-khan-fans-remove-shirts-dance-to-naiyo-lagda-in-theatre-during-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3038631|title=Viral video: Salman Khan fans remove shirts, dance to Naiyo Lagda in theatre during Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan show|website=DNA India|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407170422/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-viral-video-salman-khan-fans-remove-shirts-dance-to-naiyo-lagda-in-theatre-during-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3038631|url-status=live}}</ref> It was termed as the "love anthem of the year". The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-competes-with-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-to-be-top-chartbuster-of-the-week/07c038921f130|title=Salman Khan's Naiyo Lagda competes with Shah Rukh Khan's Jhoome Jo Pathaan to be top chartbuster of the week|website=OTTPlay|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610082753/https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-competes-with-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-to-be-top-chartbuster-of-the-week/07c038921f130|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-beats-ranbir-kapoors-tere-pyaar-mein-varun-dhawans-apna-bana-le-out/757f14ca4d768|title=Salman Khan's Naiyo Lagda beats Ranbir Kapoor's Tere Pyaar Mein, Varun Dhawan's Apna Bana Le out|website=OTTPlay|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608044121/https://www.ottplay.com/news/salman-khans-naiyo-lagda-beats-ranbir-kapoors-tere-pyaar-mein-varun-dhawans-apna-bana-le-out/757f14ca4d768|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critics ===
Critics at the board of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote 'Naiyo Lagda' is the best of the lot [songs].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie Review: KISI KA BHAI KISI KI JAAN is a perfect Eid gift for Salman Khan's fans|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422224503/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/|url-status=live}}</ref> Praising its lyrics and composition, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote "The song is clearly aimed at listeners who’re missing the simplistically composed numbers sung by the likes of [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]] during the [[Nadeem-Shravan]] and [[Jatin-Lalit]] era in the 90s."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-naiyo-lagda-feels-like-a-throwback-to-the-90s-melodies-in-exotic-locations/47e16a5c8c726|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Naiyo Lagda feels like a throwback to the 90s melodies in exotic locations|website=OTTPlay|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321214935/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-naiyo-lagda-feels-like-a-throwback-to-the-90s-melodies-in-exotic-locations/47e16a5c8c726|url-status=live}}</ref> Sonal Verma of ''[[Zee News]]'' commented it "is the perfect romantic tune for lovers to rejoice in valentine's week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/naiyo-lagda-dil-continues-the-legacy-of-hit-chartbusters-of-salman-khan-kamaal-khan-collabs-check-out-the-list-2572966.html|title=Naiyo Lagda Dil Continues the Legacy of Hit Chartbusters of Salman Khan-Kamaal Khan Collabs, Check out the List|website=Zee News|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320043012/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/naiyo-lagda-dil-continues-the-legacy-of-hit-chartbusters-of-salman-khan-kamaal-khan-collabs-check-out-the-list-2572966.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
"Naiyo Lagda" created a record for reaching 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/kkbkkj-naiyo-lagda-crosses-40-mn-views-across-all-platforms/entertainment/news/2916274.html|title=KKBKKJ: 'Naiyo Lagda' crosses 40 mn views across all platforms|first=Uniindia News|last=Service|website=United News of India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406095206/https://www.uniindia.com/kkbkkj-naiyo-lagda-crosses-40-mn-views-across-all-platforms/entertainment/news/2916274.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/naiyo-lagda-becomes-the-most-viewed-song-129028.html|title=â€˜Naiyo Lagda' becomes the most-viewed song|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|date=28 February 2023|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228060719/https://www.adgully.com/naiyo-lagda-becomes-the-most-viewed-song-129028.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song has also become the fastest Hindi film song to reach 2 million [[Instagram Reels|Reels]] on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-introduces-fun-hook-step-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-full-song-out-tomorrow-7191325.html|title=Salman Khan Introduces Fun Hook Step with Billi Billi from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan, Full Song Out Tomorrow|date=1 March 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309000258/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-introduces-fun-hook-step-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-full-song-out-tomorrow-7191325.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was one of the most viewed music videos on YouTube in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-india-watched-most-on-youtube-in-the-year-2023/articleshow/105958624.cms|title=What India watched most on YouTube in the year 2023|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217022440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-india-watched-most-on-youtube-in-the-year-2023/articleshow/105958624.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/vicky-kaushals-tere-vaste-to-rajinikanths-kaavaalaa-youtube-unveils-the-top-15-most-viewed-music-videos-of-2023-9072731/|title=Vicky Kaushal's Tere Vaste to Rajinikanth's Kaavaalaa: YouTube unveils the top 15 most viewed music videos of 2023|date=18 December 2023|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Tanzanian]] content creator Kili Paul released a cover video on the track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kili-paul-dances-on-salman-khan-upcoming-film-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-2349520|title=सलमान खान के रोमांटिक गाने पर आया किली पॉल का दिल, लेटेस्ट वीडियो में एक्टर का दिल हुआ बेकाबू|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|date=4 March 2023|website=[[ABP Live]]|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311053718/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kili-paul-dances-on-salman-khan-upcoming-film-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-naiyo-lagda-2349520|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shabina Khan]], the chorographer of the track, stated that Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde's chemistry is superb, people have seen and loved the song. If the actors don't have good chemistry we choreographers or even the director can't do anything to save it. Pooja and Salman share a beautiful chemistry, every shot looks spectacular as if they are really in love. 'Naiyo Lagda' will make history because of Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde's chemistry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shabina-khan-naiyo-lagda-will-make-history-because-of-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-23277952|title=Shabina Khan: 'Naiyo Lagda' will make history because of Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde's chemistry|date=29 March 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404050842/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shabina-khan-naiyo-lagda-will-make-history-because-of-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-23277952|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Naatu Naatu Full Video Song (Telugu) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsU0CGZoV8E |work=[[YouTube]] | date=11 April 2022 |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313062055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsU0CGZoV8E |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]]{{spaced ndash}} composer
* [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* Kamaal Khan{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Palak Muchhal]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Shabina Khan]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Salman Shaikh{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer
* Deepak Sinha{{spaced ndash}} guitarist
* Anudutt Shamain{{spaced ndash}}assistant mixing engineer
* Vishal R.D{{spaced ndash}}assistant sound engineer
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Naiyo Lagda"
! scope="col"| Chart (2023)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| India (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-03-06/|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 March 2023|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406095203/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-03-06/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|''Naiyo Lagda''}}
| 6
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=lzEop75AeOk|title=''Naiyo Lagda'' (video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=YV1uz8gnBPY|title=''Naiyo Lagda'' (lyrical)}}

{{Himesh Reshammiya}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Zee Music Company singles]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)]]
[[Category:Songs from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Thomas John Newbold

2026-01-10T03:07:30Z

Rithik Rahman: enhance details additionally for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
'''Thomas John Newbold''' (8 February 1807 – 29 May 1850) was an English soldier in the service of the [[East India Company]], known as a traveller and orientalist.

==Life==
The son of Francis Newbold, a surgeon of [[Macclesfield]], he was born there on 8 February 1807. He obtained a commission as ensign in the 23rd regiment Madras light infantry under the East India Company in 1828. Arriving in India in that year, he passed an examination in Hindustani in 1830, and in Persian in 1831.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Newbold, Thomas John|volume=40}}</ref>

From 1830 to 1835 Newbold was quartermaster and interpreter to his regiment. Moved to [[Malacca]] in 1832, he became lieutenant in 1834. While in command of the port at Lingy, he detained a boat supplying a belligerent, in a conflict in relation to which government of Malacca desired to maintain a strict neutrality. On his prosecution by the owner, the legality of the seizure could not be maintained; but Newbold's conduct was approved by the court, and he was reimbursed his expenses. Arriving at the presidency with a detachment of his corps in August 1835, he was approved aide-de-camp to Brigadier-general E. W. Wilson, C.B., commanding the ceded districts, an appointment which he held until 1840. He was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster-general for the division in 1838, and deputy assistant adjutant-general and postmaster to the field force in the ceded districts in 1839.<ref name="DNB"/>

Newbold left India on leave of absence early in 1840, and visited Jebel Nákas ("Bell Mountain"), a tourist attraction in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] in June of that year. He was elected a member of the [[Asiatic Society]] on 5 June 1841, and during a residence of some months in England read several papers before the society.<ref name="DNB"/>

Newbold was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] on 6 January 1842.<ref>[https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Newbold%27%29 Royal Society Database, ''Newbold; Thomas John (1807 - 1850)'']</ref> He was promoted to the rank of captain on 12 April, and was recalled to India in May. Arriving at [[Madras]], he was appointed assistant to the commission at [[Kurnool]], and also to command the horse. He was assistant to the agent to the governor of Fort St. George at Kurnool and Bunganahilly from 1843 to 1848, when he was appointed assistant to the resident at [[Hyderabad]]. He was permitted to go to Egypt for two years in June 1845. He died at [[Mahabuleshwar]] on 29 May 1850.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Works==
In the Royal Society's catalogue forty-six scientific papers are mentioned of which Newbold was the author. During his residence of three years in the Straits of Malacca, where he had constant contact with the Malayan peninsula, he accumulated material for papers contributed to the journals of the Asiatic societies of Bengal and Madras. These papers formed the basis of his ''Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca … with a History of the Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacca'', London, 2 vols. 1839.<ref name="DNB"/>

Newbold also investigated the mineral resources of India, and was an authority on the geology of Southern India, which he investigated with great thoroughness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newbold|first=Lieut.|date=1843|title=Mineral Resources of Southern India. No. 5. Manganese Mines in the Kupput-Gode Range, Southern Mahratta Country|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207588|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=7|issue=2|pages=212–214|jstor=25207588|issn=0035-869X}}</ref> He was among the first to describe [[Neolithic ashmounds]] from peninsular India. The results of his observations were published from time to time in scientific periodicals. He was also an oriental scholar, and studied Eastern poetry.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

'''Attribution'''

{{DNB|wstitle=Newbold, Thomas John|volume=40|ref=none}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newbold, Thomas John}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:19th-century English geologists]]
[[Category:English orientalists]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Tantra (Kolkata)

2026-01-05T12:39:59Z

Rithik Rahman: Made entry

{{Short description|Night Club in Kolkata}}
{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tantra
| logo = Tantra (Kolkata) logo.jpg
| type = [[Nightclub]] and [[Pub]]
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder = Surendra Paul
| defunct =
| location_city = 17 Park Street, Kolkata
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = [[Bar (establishment)|Bar]], [[live music]]
| services = [[Snacks]], [[drinks]], [[lunch]], [[dinner]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[The Park Hotels]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.theparkhotels.com/kolkata/kolkata/tantra1524.html/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tantra''' is one of the most popular nightclubs of [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. This nightclub is a property of [[The Park Hotels|The Park]], Kolkata.<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Sarina Singh|title=India 13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA527|accessdate=17 December 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8|pages=527–}}</ref> It is located at 17 Park Street. Saturday nights are the night parties and Wednesdays are Hip Hop nights at this nightclub.<ref name="Kolkata Nightclubs">{{cite web|title=Kolkata Nightclubs|url=http://goindia.about.com/od/nightlife/tp/calcuttanightlife.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=17 December 2012|archive-date=20 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120111604/http://goindia.about.com/od/nightlife/tp/calcuttanightlife.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Features ==
The club spreads over two levels and it has a floor space of 5,000 square feet. The nightclub has two bars. Saturday nights are the night parties and Wednesdays are Hip Hop nights at this nightclub. The nightclub hosts live music by the city's best bands and singers, with various kinds of music. DJs perform on special days. Special parties are organized on festivals like Christmas and New Year (English calendar).<ref name=Singh2009 /><ref name="Kolkata Nightclubs" />

{{As of|2012|02}}, after the Park Street car rape case, the nightclub has tightened their security. They started preserving CCTV footage for more than four days and barred stags.<ref name="Stags barred from most nightclubs in Kolkata">{{cite news|title=Stags barred from most nightclubs in Kolkata|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/kolkata/31086260_1_stags-cctv-footage-three-nightclubs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729211201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/kolkata/31086260_1_stags-cctv-footage-three-nightclubs|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2013|accessdate=17 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Princeton Club, Kolkata|Princeton Club]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.theparkhotels.com/kolkata/kolkata/tantra1524.html}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Drinking establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Music venues in India]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]

{{music-venue-stub}}

Muthu (soundtrack)

2025-12-18T08:16:46Z

Rithik Rahman: adding some pg added tags

{{Short description|1995 soundtrack album by A. R. Rahman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Muthu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Muthu soundtrack.jpg
| border = no
| alt =
| released = {{start date|1995|10|8|df=y}}
| recorded = 1995
| venue = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = Pyramid Star Music [[Aditya Music]]
| prev_title = [[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = [[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]
| next_year = 1995
}}

'''''Muthu''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] for the 1995 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[Muthu (film)|of the same name]] starring [[Rajinikanth]] and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. It is the first film where Rahman, Rajinikanth and Ravikumar worked together.<ref name="25YearsOfMuthu" />{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=163}} The album has six tracks with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref name="avdigital" /> The [[Hindi]] version is titled ''Muthu Maharaja'' and had lyrics penned by [[P. K. Mishra]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848210 |pages=615}}</ref> whereas the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of ''Muthu'' is penned by [[Bhuvana Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthu |url=https://gaana.com/album/muthu-telugu-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104183304/https://gaana.com/album/muthu-telugu-2018 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> Recording of the songs took place at the composer's [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]] studio in [[Chennai]]. The soundtrack was released on 8 October 1995 under the Pyramid label.<ref name="avdigital" /> The Telugu version of the soundtrack was released under [[Aditya Music]], and [[Saregama]] distributed the Hindi soundtrack.

== Development ==
Ravikumar considered "Thillana Thillana" the song "most difficult to crack". It initially had the lyrics, "Tamizh naatu makkal kootam unnodu dhaane, naan mattum thalli nippena" ({{translation|All of Tamil Nadu is with you, would ''I'' stand far away?}}) which Ravikumar disliked. Vairamuthu eventually became irritated and said, "Ennanga neen[g]a, thanana thanana thillana thillana-nu" ({{translation|What man, you are like ''thanana thanana thillana thillana''}}) catching Ravikumar's attention. He realised it was the hook the song needed, so Vairamuthu wrote "Thillana thillana, nee thithikindra meena". The word "meena" was replaced with "thena" at Ravikumar's suggestion since he had previously written "Meena Ponnu" for ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994).<ref name="25YearsOfMuthu" /> The song [[sampling (music)|sampled]] African humming which had been previously sampled by French group [[Deep Forest]] in "Night Bird".{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=163–164}}

Rahman composed a tune beginning with the gibberish word "kuluvalilae". When it came to writing lyrics, Vairamuthu could not find a substitute word for kuluvalilae that was equally long but made sense. He and Ravikumar wanted Rahman to change the tune slightly to accommodate a better word but realised it was not possible without disturbing the song. As a result, kuluvalilae was kept. Ravikumar recalled, "I just made it seem as though the song was set in this village called {{sic|Kuluvaele}} and put up a road sign indicating that it was the name of the village and then had the song start with the word".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |pages=204}}</ref> The background rhythm and beats of "Kuluvalilae" were borrowed from "[[Rescue Me (Fontella Bass song)|Rescue Me]]" by [[Fontella Bass]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=A R Rahman [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-arr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429101903/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-arr.html |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref> The song includes "[[Omanathinkal Kidavo]]", a lullaby composed by [[Irayimman Thampi]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=2001 |title=Sruti Box |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QC0qAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116123933/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sruti/QC0qAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=29 April 2021 |magazine=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti]] |page=3 |issue=196–207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-02 |title=Singer Kalyani Menon passes away aged 80 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/singer-kalyani-menon-passes-away-aged-80/article35684065.ece |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923032529/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/singer-kalyani-menon-passes-away-aged-80/article35684065.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The concept of "Oruvan Oruvan", a song reflecting philosophies relevant to society through its lyrics,{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=162}} was inspired by "Aandavan Ulagathin Muthalali" from ''[[Thozhilali]]'' (1964). Ravikumar told Vairamuthu what he wanted the lyrics to portray.<ref name="25YearsOfMuthu" /> The song stresses that "God is above all and that greed will be the end of life".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |date=5 May 2016 |title=When a Superstar enters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001022925/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Paravai Muniyamma]] was originally asked to sing "Kokku Saiva Kokku", but declined,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=ஏ.ஆர்.ரஹ்மானுக்கே நோ சொன்ன பரவை முன்னியம்மா..! இந்த ரகசியம் தெரியுமா உங்களுக்கு.? |trans-title=Paravai Muniyamma said no even to A. R. Rahman..! Did you know this secret? |url=https://www.tamilspark.com/cinema/paravai-muniyamma-say-no-to-ar-rahman-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407082925/https://www.tamilspark.com/cinema/paravai-muniyamma-say-no-to-ar-rahman-music |archive-date=7 April 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=TamilSpark |language=ta}}</ref> and the song was instead sung by [[Theni Kunjarammal]].<ref name="avdigital" /> It is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=139}} while "Vidukathaiya" is set in [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=25 May 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Charming Chakravaham |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-charming-chakravaham/article3455687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160810/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-charming-chakravaham/article3455687.ece |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=168}} Recording of the songs took place at the composer's [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]] studio in [[Chennai]].<ref name="avdigital" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| length4 = 5:30
| extra7 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| title7 = Thillana Thillana
| length6 = 1:14
| extra6 = Hariharan
| note6 = One Bit
| title6 = Vidukathaiya
| length5 = 3:09
| extra5 =  —
| note5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title5 = Theme Music
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Theni Kunjarammal]], [[Febi Mani]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title4 = Kokku Saiva Kokku
| length3 = 6:19
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title3 = Vidukathaiya
| length2 = 6:13
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kalyani Menon]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| title2 = Kuluvalilae
| length1 = 6:25
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title1 = Oruvan Oruvan
| length7 = 6:32
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| title4 = Rangeela Rangeela
| extra6 =  —
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Theme Music
| length5 = 6:19
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title5 = Chhod Chala Nirmohi
| length4 = 6:32
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Ila Arun]]
| title3 = Koi Samjhade
| length2 = 6:13
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| title2 = Phoolwali Ne
| length1 = 6:25
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title1 = Uparwala Malik Hai
| length6 = 3:09
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| title4 = Visirinada Vidhi Galam
| extra6 =  —
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Theme Music
| length5 = 6:25
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Okade Okkadu
| length4 = 6:19
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 5:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Ila Arun]]
| title3 = Konga Chitti Konga
| length2 = 6:13
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Kalagalile Prema
| length1 = 6:32
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title1 = Thillana Thillana
| length6 = 3:09
}}

== Release ==
The soundtrack album was released on 8 October 1995 at [[Kalaivanar Arangam]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), where Rajinikanth and [[Kamal Haasan]] along with Ravikumar, Rahman and Vairamuthu unveiled the audio cassettes to the public.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdqTR237VbU |title=Muthu Audio launch – Ulaganayagan Kamal Hassan speech {{!}} Rajinikanth {{!}} AR Rahman |date=21 November 2018 |last=Kavithalayaa |author-link=Kavithalayaa Productions |time=0:19 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129040414/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdqTR237VbU |archive-date=29 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Over {{formatnum:400000}} cassettes of ''Muthu''{{'s}} soundtrack were sold on the release date.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=12–18 November 1995 |title=Setting the Scene |magazine=Sunday |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20800/page/n881/mode/2up 22]–[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20800/page/n883/mode/2up 23]}}</ref> It was the most popular foreign soundtrack in Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=29 August 2003 |title=Films don't believe in borders |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5670 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218060205/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5670 |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=20}}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the soundtrack, particularly "Thillana Thillana", "Kuluvalilae" and "Kokku Saiva Kokku".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=3 November 1995 |title=Cinema: Muthu/Chandralekha/Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951104/03/0326b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222014659/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951104/03/0326b.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised the song sequences for their vibrancy.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=179}} MM of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the music, barring "Oruvan Oruvan", "doesn't stand out. The beat of the songs and the way they are picturised do not somehow jel together".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-14 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What Cinema Express critics thought of superstar's films over the ages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250815111351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
"Thillana Thillana" was adapted by [[Nadeem–Shravan]] into "Deewana Deewana" for the 1996 film, ''[[Jung (1996 film)|Jung]]''.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=163–164}} The songs from ''Muthu'' were later retained in its [[Kannada]] remake in 2004, ''[[Sahukara]]'', though [[Rajesh Ramanath]] was credited for its music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.L.N |date=23 August 2004 |title=Best of both |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/best-of-both/article28343385.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104164825/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/best-of-both/article28343385.ece |archive-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> "Kuluvalilae" was heavily sampled by British singer [[Teejay Arunasalam]] for his 2014 song "Thaen Kudikka".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latha |date=2021-06-07 |title=Hiyo; Teejay Arunasalam's Funky Fusion Of ‘Haiyo Pathikichu' |url=https://varnam.my/43100/hiyo-teejay-arunasalam-just-released-a-goofy-music-video/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Varnam Malaysia |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="25YearsOfMuthu">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=23 October 2020 |title=#25YearsOfMuthu: Rajini sir was confident that Muthu would work: KS Ravikumar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofmuthu-rajini-sir-was-confident-that-muthu-would-work-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/78809083.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201026165525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofmuthu-rajini-sir-was-confident-that-muthu-would-work-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/78809083.cms |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="avdigital">{{Cite web |title=Muthu |url=https://avdigital.in/products/muthu |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=AVDigital |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105170935/https://avdigital.in/products/muthu }}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}

[[Category:1995 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi-language albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Albums recorded in India]]

Yashwantgad Fort

2025-12-13T21:12:06Z

Rithik Rahman: further correct references as per guidelines and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Fort in Redi, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Yashwantgad
| partof = Kokan sea coast
| location = [[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
| type = Sea fort
| coordinates = {{coord|15|45|10.3|N|73|39|55.7|E}}
| materials = Black Basalt Stone
| height = 150 Ft.
| used =
| condition = good
| ownership = {{flagcountry|India}}
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = {{noflag}}[[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] (-1548) {{flagcountry|Portuguese Empire}} (1746-1754) {{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}} (1713-1765) {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (1765-1857)
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Raj]] (1857-1947)
{{flagcountry|India}} (1947-)
}}

'''Yashwantgad Fort''' is located in [[Redi, Maharashtra]], near the Maharashtra-Goa border. It sits on a small hill north of Terekhol Creek. The fort, now a tree-entangled ruin, overlooks the beaches of the southern [[Maharashtra]] coast.

==How to reach==
The fort is located 33 km from [[Sawantwadi]] and 26 km from [[Vengurla]]. It is accessed through crumbling gateways that lead through the surrounding forest and past a deep trench encircling part of the structure. Upon reaching the main entrance, visitors will pass through several small rooms and corridors, where tree roots cascade over the fort's walls. These paths lead to the vast, roofless inner chambers of the citadel, which have long been [[passive rewilding|reclaimed by nature]]. Animals such as [[langur]] monkeys and [[drongo]] birds can often be seen at the fort.

==History==
In 610-611 AD, Redi was an important trading port under the Chalukya ruler Swamiraja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/marathi/Yashawantgad_(Redi_Fort)-Trek-Y-Alpha.html |title=Yashawantgad (Redi Fort), Sahyadri,Shivaji,Trekking,Marathi,Maharastra |website=trekshitiz.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827180820/http://www.trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/marathi/Yashawantgad_(Redi_Fort)-Trek-Y-Alpha.html |archive-date=2012-08-27}} </ref> Redi Fort was built before the rise of the [[Marathas]], with construction starting around 600 AD. Each successive ruler expanded the boundaries of the fort. The current fort walls extend to nearly a 1 km radius, but the original fort stretched from the north, where the Ganesh idol was discovered, to Kanlya Lake, and included Durgusa Island in the Arabian Sea. The fort was part of Admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]]'s line of defenses, built for Maratha Queen [[Tarabai|Tarabai Bhosale]].<ref>'RTI prevents sale of historic Yashwantgad fort in Maharashtra'. Zee News, 31 August 2016 http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/rti-prevents-sale-of-historic-yashwantgad-fort-in-maharashtra_1924469.html</ref>

The fort was captured by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1746. The previous holders, the [[Sawant]] clan of Maharashtra, were desperate to regain control of it due to its valuable strategic position on the coast. An attempt to recapture Redi Fort involved poisoning the Portuguese garrison's fish supply, but the attack was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/marathi/Yashawantgad_(Redi_Fort)-Trek-Y-Alpha.html |title=Yashawantgad (Redi Fort), Sahyadri,Shivaji,Trekking,Marathi,Maharastra |website=trekshitiz.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827180820/http://www.trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/marathi/Yashawantgad_(Redi_Fort)-Trek-Y-Alpha.html |archive-date=2012-08-27}} </ref> The fort was eventually returned to the Sawants following a peace treaty, but their success was short-lived. In 1765, the fort was captured by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]], who later sold the land to locals in 1890, while retaining ownership of the fort walls.

In 2012, the fort was owned by Vishwanath R. Patki, whose family had been "given the land and the fort as a gift by the erstwhile British government in the late 1800s for services rendered," according to B.V. Kulkarni, Deputy Director of the Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Maharashtra. In 2016, the fort was declared a protected monument. "Now it is in our control, and we shall prepare a long-term conservation plan, which will eventually make it a tourist attraction," Kulkarni said.<ref>'RTI prevents sale of historic Yashwantgad fort in Maharashtra'. Zee News, 31 August 2016 http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/rti-prevents-sale-of-historic-yashwantgad-fort-in-maharashtra_1924469.html</ref>

==Places to see==
The fort covers an area of three hectares and is built on two levels. The Lower Fort, the larger of the two, has its base touching the creek and contains a freshwater well. The Upper Fort, situated on a hillock, is smaller and was used to keep watch over maritime activities in the surrounding waters. A dry moat, 20 feet deep, surrounds the fort. There are four gates that must be passed to enter the fort, with the entrance gates and guard vestibules still in good condition. The Balekilla, or Sanctum Sanctorum, is like a jigsaw puzzle, with many buildings and wards still well-preserved.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
File:View From Redi Fort.JPG|Sea side view from fort
File:Redi fort 1.JPG|Yashwantgad Fort ruins
File:Redi Fort 2.JPG|Yashwantgad Fort ruins
File:Redi Fort 3.JPG|Yashwantgad Fort ruins
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
* [[Ganapati Temple, Redi]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Maratha War of Independence]]
* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Marathi people|Marathi People]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[Sawantwadi State]]

{{coord|15.7529|73.6657|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{commons category|Yashwantgad Fort}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Konkan]]

Gracula

2025-12-09T17:49:46Z

Rithik Rahman: cleaned up structure for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Hatnote|"Hill myna" redirects here. In [[aviculture]], this often refers to the [[common hill myna]] (''G. religiosa'') specifically.}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =Gracula.svg
| image_caption = Diversity and distribution within the genus
| taxon = Gracula
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''[[Gracula religiosa]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| diversity_link = #Species
| diversity = See text
| synonyms = * ''Eulabes''
}}

'''''Gracula''''' is a genus of [[myna]]s, tropical members of the [[starling]] family of [[bird]]s found in southern Asia and introduced to [[Florida]] in the United States.

==Taxonomy==
The [[genus]] ''Gracula'' was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=108 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727013 }}</ref> The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''graculus'', an unknown bird sometimes identified as the [[western jackdaw]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=176 }}</ref> Of the seven species listed by Linnaeus, [[George Robert Gray|George Gray]] designated the [[common hill myna]] (''Gracula religiosa'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=39 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668933 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of birds of the world | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=118 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485491 }}</ref>

Until recently only two species were recognised, ''G. religiosa'' and ''G. ptilogenys''. Previously, all ''Gracula'' were considered to belong to a very variable species commonly called the '''hill myna'''. Three additional [[subspecies]] of ''G. religiosa'' are increasingly being considered as distinct [[species]]. Formerly, the Sri Lanka hill myna was considered to be a [[subspecies]] of the common hill myna, but today all major authorities recognise them as separate. Comparably, the Enggano, Nias, Tenggara, and southern hill mynas have traditionally been treated as subspecies of the common hill myna; a treatment still preferred by some authorities.

===Species===
Four extant [[species]] are recognized:<ref name=avilist>{{ cite web | author=AviList Core Team | date=2025 | title=AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025 | doi=10.2173/avilist.v2025 | doi-access=free | url=http://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/ | access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:GraculaPtilogenysLegge.jpg|120px]] || ''Gracula ptilogenys'' || [[Sri Lanka hill myna]] ||Sri Lanka.
|-
|[[File:Gracula religiosa robusta-01.JPG|120px]] || ''Gracula religiosa'' || [[Common hill myna]] || Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh, the lower Himalayas
|-
|[[File:Starling bird (India, 2012).jpg|120px]] || ''Gracula indica'' || [[Southern hill myna]] ||southwest India and Sri Lanka
|-
| || ''Gracula venerata'' || [[Tenggara hill myna]] ||Indonesia
|-
|}
A 2020 study found that the subspecies ''G. religiosa miotera'' or [[Simeulue hill myna]], which is endemic to [[Simeulue]], Indonesia and has not been recognized in recent taxonomic arrangements aside from [[Handbook of the Birds of the World|HBW]] (''Handbook of the Birds of the World''), also likely represents a distinct species and was likely driven to [[Extinct in the wild|extinction in the wild]] in the late 2010s due to unsustainable collecting for the [[wildlife trade]]. The paper recommends rescuing the last genetically pure captive individuals for the purpose of [[captive breeding]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng|first1=Dominic Y. J.|last2=Švejcarová|first2=Tereza|last3=Sadanandan|first3=Keren R.|last4=Ferasyi|first4=Teuku Reza|last5=Lee|first5=Jessica G. H.|last6=Prawiradilaga|first6=Dewi M.|last7=Ouhel|first7=Tomáš|last8=Ng|first8=Elize Y. X.|last9=Rheindt|first9=Frank E.|date=2021|title=Genomic and morphological data help uncover extinction-in-progress of an unsustainably traded hill myna radiation|journal=Ibis|language=en|volume=163|issue=1|pages=38–51|doi=10.1111/ibi.12839|issn=1474-919X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Former species===
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus ''Gracula'':
* [[Magpie-lark]] (as ''Gracula picata'')

==Description==
[[File:Gracula heads.jpg|thumb|Variations in the wattles and head patterns]]
These {{Convert|25–30|cm|inch|abbr=on}} long birds have glossy black [[Feather|plumage]] and large white wing patches which are obvious in flight. The bill and strong legs are bright yellow or orange, and there are yellow wattles on the head, the shape and position of which vary with species. The sexes are similar, but juveniles have a duller bill.

===Vocalisations===
Hill mynas are renowned for their ability to mimic the human voice. It has been claimed that the hill mynah is the best [[talking bird]] and the best mimic in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Butterfield |first=Kathy |url=http://www.aacc.ca/mynahs.html |title=Owning a Mynah |publisher=The AACC Homepage |access-date=2015-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712015240/http://www.aacc.ca/mynahs.html |archive-date=2015-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
This genus has representatives in tropical southern Asia from India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia, and the common hill myna, a popular cage bird, has been introduced to the United States.

==Behaviour and ecology==
===Breeding===
The hill mynas are resident breeders typically found in forest and cultivation. The nest is built in a hole and the usual clutch is two or three eggs.

===Food and feeding===
Like most starlings, the hill mynas are fairly [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], eating fruit, nectar and insects.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book |title=Birds of India |last1=Grimmett |first1=Richard |last2=Inskipp |first2=Carol |last3=Inskipp |first3=Tim |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-04910-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Feare |first1=Chris |last2=Craig |first2=Adrian |year=1999 |title=Starlings and Mynas |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 0-7136-3961-X}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230423/http://elitparrots.ru/mauna.html Russian page with identification drawings of hill myna taxa]

{{Passerida|M.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q259424}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gracula| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]

E. K. Govindan

2025-11-19T20:27:02Z

Rithik Rahman:

{{Short description|Thalassery notable (1875–1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = EK Govindan
| image = EK Govindhan , A Thiyyar gentle who was the Dewan Of Pudukkottai State.jpg
| caption = EK Govindhan, 1900
| birth_date = {{birth year|1875}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], India
| death_date = {{death year and age|1944|1875}}
| occupation = Civil servant
}}

[[Rao Bahadur]] [[Dewan]] '''E.K. Govindan''' (1875–1944) was a Thalassery notable who ruled as the first [[Malayalis|malayali]] man to govern [[Pudukkottai]] administratively, before serving as the [[Dewan Bahadur|Dewan of Pudukottai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJEBAAAAMAAJ&q=rao+bahadur+e.k.+govindan | title=Administration and Social Life Under the Pallavas | last1=Minakshi | first1=Cadambi | year=1938 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmI_t09BQcQC&q=e+k+govindan+pudukkottai | title=Manual of the Pudukkóttai State | last1=Venkatarama Ayyar | first1=K. R. | year=2002 }}</ref> He was an English writer and civil servant.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykHVAAAAMAAJ&q=e+k+govindan+pudukkottai | title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency | year=1939 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
E.K. Govindan was born in [[Thalassery]] in 1875 as the son of Dewan EK Krishnan and Devi Kuru of the famous Idavalat Kakkat family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0LVAAAAMAAJ&q=rao+bahadur+e.k.+govindan | title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency | year=1940 }}</ref> His sister was [[Janaki Ammal]], who was one of the first Indian women to earn a doctorate in science in British India and to win the Barbour Fellowship from the East.

After graduating with a degree in education, E.K Govindan assumed the post of Dewan of the British Presidency of Pudukottai. Govindan was the second member of this family after his father to enter the British service. He was promoted first as Political Agent and later as Administrator of the Pudukkottai State before working under the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O67QAAAAMAAJ&q=dewan+e.k.+krishnan | title=Christian Heritage of Kerala: Grand Chevalier Prof. L.M. Pylee Felicitation Volume | last1=John | first1=K. J. | year=1981 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJEBAAAAMAAJ&q=rao+Bahadur+e.k.govindan | title=Administration and Social Life Under the Pallavas | last1=Minakshi | first1=Cadambi | year=1938 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindan, E.K}}
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Urdu propagation movement

2025-11-14T16:29:41Z

Rithik Rahman: Made details

{{Short description|Sociopolitical and linguistic movement in British India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Urdu literature}}

[[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy prepared.png|thumb|300px|''[[Lashkari language|Lashkari Zaban]]'' ("[[Battalion]]ese language") title in [[Nastaliq script]].]]

The '''Urdu propagation movement''' was a sociopolitical and linguistic movement aimed at the propagation of the [[Urdu]] language as the ''lingua franca'' and symbol of the cultural identity of the [[Islam in South Asia|Muslim communities]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]].

The movement began with the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the mid-19th century, fuelled by the [[Aligarh movement]] of [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]. It strongly influenced the [[All India Muslim League]] and the [[Pakistan movement]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Urdu}}

==Hindi-Urdu controversy==
{{see also|Hindi-Urdu controversy|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan}}
[[Image:SAKhan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sir Syed in his later years, wearing official decorations.]]
The [[Hindi-Urdu controversy]] arose in 1867 when the British government prepared to accept the demand of the [[Hindu]] communities of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and [[Bihar]] to change the [[Perso-Arabic script]] of the official language to [[Devanagari]] and adopt [[Hindi]] as the second official language on demand of [[Hindi activist]]s. Muslim politician [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] became the most vocal opponent of this change.<ref name="Urdu">{{cite web
|url=http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html
|title=Urdu Controversy – is dividing the nation further.
|work=South Asia Analysis Group
|author=R. Upadhyay
|format=PHP
|access-date=15 October 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311170443/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html  |archive-date = 11 March 2007}}</ref> He viewed Urdu as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of Muslims. Having been developed by the ruling [[Mughal Empire]], what became known as Urdu was used as a secondary language to [[Persian language|Persian]], the [[official language]] of the Mughal court.<ref name="Urdu" /> Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir Syed promoted the use of Urdu through his writings. Under Sir Syed, the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh]] translated Western works only into Urdu.<ref name="Urdu" /> Sir Syed considered Urdu "a common legacy of Hindus and Muslims."<ref>Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent, Yusuf Abbasi, 1981, page 65-66</ref> The schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu-medium.

The demand for Hindi, led largely by [[Hindus]], was to Sir Syed an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domination of India.<ref name="SAAG9">{{cite web
|url=http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1160.html
|title=Indian Muslims – under siege?
|work=South Asia Analysis Group
|author=R. Upadhyay
|format=PHP
|access-date=19 October 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061002155519/http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1160.html  |archive-date = 2 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="RC">{{cite book
|title=Struggle for Freedom
|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
|author=R. C. Majumdar
|id=ASIN: B000HXEOUM
|page=127
|year=1969
}}</ref>
Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of [[gentry]] and people of high social standing, whereas Hindi was to be vulgar."<ref name="Urdu" /> His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders and advocates of Hindi."<ref>Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent, Yusuf Abbasi, 1981, page 90</ref> The Hindus unified across the region to demand the recognition of Hindi. The Hindi movement's success led Sir Syed to advocate Urdu further as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of the Muslim intellectual and political class.<ref name="Urdu" /> His educational and political work grew increasingly centred on and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give it extensive official use and patronage.

==Urdu in Muslim politics==
{{see also|Aligarh Movement|Pakistan movement}}
Sir Syed's call for Indian Muslims to adopt Urdu won extensive support from the [[Aligarh Movement]] and Muslim religious activists. Muslim religious and political leaders [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] developed organisations such as the [[Urdu Defence Association]] and the [[Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu]], committed to perpetuating Urdu.<ref name="Urdu" /> Sir Syed's protege, [[Shibli Nomani]], led efforts to adopt Urdu as the [[official language]] of the [[Hyderabad State]] and as the medium of instruction at [[Osmania University]]. This political campaign was criticised for making the use of Urdu a political issue that served as a wedge between Muslims and Hindus, who saw Sir Syed's advocacy as an effort to re-establish Muslim hegemony.<ref name="Urdu" /><ref name="Yusuf">{{cite book
|title=Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent
|publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture, and Civilization, Islamic University ([[Islamabad]])
|author=Yusuf Abbasi
|page=90
|year=1981
}}</ref> To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu became an integral part of political identity and communal separatism. The division over the use of Hindi or Urdu would further fuel communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.<ref name="Urdu" /> The [[All India Muslim League]] and the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] projected Urdu as essential for the political and cultural survival of [[Islamic culture|Islamic society]] in India. Muslim politicians like [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan|and Liaquat Ali Khan]] emphasised Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and political identity. The political cause of Urdu became a core issue at the heart of the ''[[Two-Nation Theory]]'', which advocated that Muslims and Hindus were irreconcilably separate nations. Advocates of the [[Pakistan movement]] sought to make Urdu a key argument in drawing distinctions with India's Hindu-majority population. Muslim religious leaders such as [[Maulana Mohammad Ali]], [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]], and [[Maulana Maududi]] emphasised the knowledge of Urdu as essential for ordinary and religious Muslims.

==Urdu in Pakistan and India==
In Pakistan, Urdu is the [[National language]] and the [[Lingua franca]], while English is one of the state's [[official language]]s of the state. However, this policy caused considerable political turmoil in [[East Bengal]], which was home to the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-speaking population, which constituted the majority of Pakistan's population. Jinnah, most West Pakistani politicians emphasised that only Urdu would be recognised officially. This intensified the cultural and political gulf between [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]]. The [[Awami League|East Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] (the predecessor of the [[Awami League]]), established by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1949, would lead the demand for the recognition of Bengali. Intensifying protests and strikes led by political groups, unions, and student groups would lead to the imposition of [[martial law]]. The killing of protesting students by police in 1952 triggered a massive wave of protests in the province, which would come to be known as the [[Bengali language movement]]. Although politicians like [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] supported the cause of Urdu, a vast majority of Bengali nationalists saw the government policy as a symbol of racial discrimination. This wedge in Pakistani society would ultimately lead to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the establishment of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971.

Independent India adopted Urdu as one of its 22 scheduled languages, although its counterpart, Hindi, enjoys official language status. Urdu is also officially recognised by the states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Telangana]], Bihar, and [[Delhi]]. Indian Muslims across the country widely use Urdu, and there are a large number of Urdu-medium schools, colleges, and universities, including madrassahs, the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], and the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Urdu is also a part of popular culture, media, and publications. Numerous Urdu language films have been produced, which include ''Umrao Jaan'', ''[[Shatranj Ke Khiladi (film)|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]],'' and ''[[Pakeezah]]''.

Despite being given the status of a scheduled language, there have been concerns that the Urdu language has largely declined in India. This decline has been attributed to reasons such as lack of promotional policies by central language regulation boards, the promulgation and preference of Urdu's counterpart [[Hindi]] as the Indian Union's official language since 1950, the higher number of Hindi-speakers in India leading to the suppression of Urdu, the partition of India and Urdu's national language status in Pakistan overshadowing the language's prospects in India, as well as the lack of many schools in India teaching Urdu as a medium of instruction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahabuddin |first=Syed |date=13 May 2011 |title=Urdu in India: victim of Hindu nationalism & Muslim separatism – i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/6-issues/1073-urdu-in-india-victim-of-hindu-nationalism-muslim-separatism-part-ii/ |access-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Urdu topics}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Demographic history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literary movements]]

Babu Ghat

2025-10-03T06:50:34Z

Rithik Rahman: started new details w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Ghat of Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Babu Ghat - Kolkata 2012-01-14 0544.JPG|thumb|The Babu Ghat pavilion on [[Strand Road, Kolkata]]]]
{{Coord|22.566315|88.339823|display=title}}
'''Babughat''' (also '''Babooghat''', or Baje Kadamtala Ghat,<ref name=tele1>{{cite web|title=Immersion highs and lows|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111010/jsp/calcutta/story_14605059.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116211422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111010/jsp/calcutta/story_14605059.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref> and ''[[Rajchandra Das|Baboo Raj Chandra]] Ghat'') is one of the many [[ghat]]s built during [[British Raj]], along the bank of [[Hooghly River]] on [[Strand Road, Kolkata]] at [[B. B. D. Bagh]], [[Kolkata]]. The landing berth of the ghat has a tall colonial structure. It is a fine [[Doric order|Doric]]-[[Greek architecture|Greek]] style pavilion with huge pillars.<ref name="a" />

== History ==
The ghat, originally known as ''Baboo Raj Chandra Ghat'', is now only known by first words ''Baboo-ghat'' or ''Babu-ghat''. ''Babu''/''Baboo'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] means [[Sahib]] or gentleman. The ghat is named after [[Rajchandra Das|Babu Raj Chandra Das]], husband of [[Rani Rashmoni]] and [[zamindar]] of [[Janbazar]], who built it in 1830, in memory of her late husband.<ref name="a">[https://archive.today/20130103115000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-06/kolkata/28257115_1_ghats-ganga-hooghly Ghats Of Decay & Despair] ''Times of India'', dated 6 November 2010.</ref> A marble tablet beneath the pediment implies that some of the credit for the erection of the ghat must go to [[Lord William Bentinck]] as he encouraged such spending with a view to improve public amenities. It is second oldest ghat of Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/satyaki_23/2632259332/ |title=On the Steps - Babughat, Kolkata | Flickr : Partage de photos ! |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109123016/https://www.flickr.com/photos/satyaki_23/2632259332/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:A view of Babughat Bridge in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.jpg|thumb|Babughat Bridge in April 2022]]
[[File:Chhath Puja at Babughat in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|People performing [[Chhat Puja]] on Babughat, [[Kolkata]]]]

== Present condition ==
The pavilion today is completely encroached by vendors and [[pujari|priests]]. The old colonial structure and stairs leading to the river are in various stages of decay and derelict. A section of ghat originally meant for bathing of ladies has turned into a garbage point now.<ref name="a" /><ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kolkata-calcutta/sights/bridge/babu-ghat] {{failed verification|date=December 2018}}</ref> Even so, the ghat is bustling with crowds since morning till late evening with people who use it for bathing, [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], religious ceremonies, massage and leisure. During [[Chhat Puja]], a huge crowd can be seen on Babughat performing their puja. The ghat is also used during [[Durga Puja]], [[Saraswati Puja]] rather in all festivals for immersion of idols.

[[File:Ganga from Babughat, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Hooghly River from Babughat, [[Kolkata]]]]

== Location & Importance ==
Babughat is always bustling with passengers, who use it cross the river to reach [[Howrah Station]] just across the river and also other areas of [[Howrah]], ferries for which are available at frequent intervals, which take off from the [[jetty]] connected to ghat. The water ferry is run and maintained by Inland Waterways Corporation.<ref name="a" /> Ferry services are available from Babughat to Howrah, Chandpal Ghat, Telkal Ghat and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]].<ref>[http://sabjanta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=149&Itemid=64 Ferry services in Kolkata]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dbcworld.in/kolkata/ferry_services.html |title=Kolkata-Ferry services |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081238/http://www.dbcworld.in/kolkata/ferry_services.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Babu Ghat Bus Terminus - Strand Road - Kolkata 2012-01-14 0835.JPG|thumb|centre|Babughat Bus Terminus]]
Also just outside the ghat is a bus terminus. Babughat is one of the main bus termini in the Kolkata apart from two others located at [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] and [[Howrah station]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|title=Bus-stand shift still on paper|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bus-stand-shift-still-on-paper/articleshow/10448452.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104182144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/kolkata/30310637_1_terminus-bus-stand-bus-termini|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2012|access-date=28 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> From there one can find interstate buses going into [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and other cities of [[West Bengal]]. Also there is another bus terminus from where one can find buses going in all directions of Kolkata and its neighborhood.<ref name=b>[https://archive.today/20130103142300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/kolkata/28243458_1_huji-bus-terrorists Terrorists using Babughat as transit point] ''Times of India'', 25 November 2010.</ref> These buses also carry the goods and merchandise to other states and people can find hand-carts and cycle-carts carrying merchandise to be loaded on various buses. The Babughat has vantage advantage as the business and commercial hub of city [[BBD Bagh]] is near-by. For this reason Babughat is humming with people and activities throughout twenty-four hours of day and night.

Further, [[Eden Gardens railway station]] of [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] is located just adjacent to Babughat and as such people commuting by train also get off and board trains from here.

The [[Eden Gardens]] and [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]], West Bengal State Assembly, [[Calcutta Swimming Club]], [[Calcutta High Court]], [[Writer's Building]], [[Prinsep Ghat]] are all located in vicinity of Babughat. Further, [[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]], a newly developed amusement park cum picnic spot opened in December 1999, along the Hooghly river stretch is also located just a few minutes walk from Babughat.

As Babughat is a unique junction point of Kolkata where one can find various modes of transport like, bus, ferry and train to go towards various direction, intelligence agencies of India had expressed concern that terrorists are using Babughat as transit point.<ref name=b/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Babughat}}
* [http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Kolkata/photo533416.htm Ghat Activities 2 | Babughat, Kolkata]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ghats in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]

Sikhism in Cyprus

2025-09-25T17:15:01Z

Rithik Rahman: Made new details

{{Short description|Sikhs in Cyprus}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in Cyprus {{small|''Ο Σιχισμός στην Κύπρο''}}

| pop ='''2,264'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Country of Birth Group, 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Language,%20Religion,%20Ethnic%20Religious%20Group/1891635E.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> '''0.24%''' of the total Cypriot population (2021)

| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Cypriot Greek]]{{•}}[[Cypriot Turkish]]{{•}}[[Hindi]]{{•}}[[Urdu]]
|image=Lot 11588-63 (24886921941).jpg|image_caption=For the [[World War II|Second World War]] [[North African campaign|(North African Campaign]]), a Sikh despatch rider making a adjustments to his motorcycle before taking part in a motorcycle trial held in Cyprus for the [[British Armed Forces]].|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|regions=[[Nicosia]]{{·}}[[Larnaca]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|flag_size=50px}}

'''Cypriot Sikhs''' ({{Langx|el|Κύπριοι Σιχ|translit=Kýprioi Sich}}; {{Langx|tr|Kıbrıslı Sihler}}) numbered 2,264 at the 2021 census, forming the country's [[Religion in Cyprus|fourth-largest religious group]] at 0.24% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Country of Birth Group, 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Language,%20Religion,%20Ethnic%20Religious%20Group/1891635E.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> The Sikh population in Cyprus has grown over the years, with many Sikhs migrating to the country for work or to start their own businesses. Today, Sikhs in Cyprus have established their own places of worship and community centres, and are an integral part of the country's cultural diversity.

==History==
During the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1878 to 1880, Sikh troops were dispatched to Afghanistan. Concurrently, Sikh cavalrymen played a role in a covert agreement between the British and Indian army, sailing from Malta in the Mediterranean Sea to seize control of Cyprus in cooperation with the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Chronology of Anglo-Sikh Relations 1846-1915 | url=https://www.history.org.uk/files/download/17473/1464784794/Lesson_1_Resource_F.docx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520224050/https://www.history.org.uk/files/download/17473/1464784794/Lesson_1_Resource_F.docx | archive-date=2023-05-20}}</ref>

The Sikh community in Cyprus has also made efforts to bring their culture and religion to the wider community. For example, in 2014, Sikhs from [[Ilford]] in the UK brought the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the current Guru of the Sikh religion, to Cyprus for the first time. The Guru Granth Sahib was taken to various locations around the country, allowing people of all faiths to view and learn about the Sikh religion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sacred Sikh text delivered to Cyprus for first time by Ilford group |work=Illford Recorder |url=https://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/21205683.sacred-sikh-text-delivered-cyprus-first-time-ilford-group/}}</ref>

Due to immigration from Punjab, some Sikhs in Cyprus have suffered from abuse from [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=She Thought a Job Was Waiting for Her in Europe. Then She Met Her Trafficker. |work=Vice News |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/punjabi-women-indian-human-trafficking-europe/ |quote=Her face is masked but you can see panic and tears in her eyes. She’s dressed in traditional Punjabi salwar kameez and her head is covered with a red woollen skull cap. She’s begging for help. “I have been held captive in Cyprus}}</ref>

==Gurdwara==
One of the main places of worship for Sikhs in Cyprus is the [[Gurdwara]] Sangatsar Sahib in Nicosia. The Gurudwara was established in 2011 and serves as a center for worship, community activities, and cultural events.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikh Temple to be constructed in Livadia to serve Indian community |work=in-Cyprus |url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/news/local/hindu-temple-to-be-constructed-in-livadia-for-indians-living-in-cyprus/}}</ref>

In addition to the Gurudwara, there are other places of worship and community centers that serve the Sikh community in Cyprus. These include the Sri Guru Nanak Darbar in [[Larnaca]], which is another Gurudwara that was established in 2013, and the Cyprus Sikh Association, which was founded in 2016 to promote Sikh culture and values in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Sangatsar Sahib Larnaca |url=https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurudwara-sangatsar-sahib-cyprus/ |website=World Gurdwara}}</ref>

==World War II==
In 2012, a delegation of the Sikh community from [[Birmingham]], travelled to Cyprus to pay homage to Sikh soldiers who lost their lives in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Alongside members of the [[Royal British Legion]], they laid a wreath on behalf of the Sikh community at the Nicosia War Cemetery. The cemetery houses the Nicosia Cremation Memorial, specifically dedicated to Sikh soldiers who were accorded the last rites of their religion, which involve cremation. The memorial stands as a stone pylon adorned with wings and an urn, bearing the engraved names of the honoured individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tribute paid to fallen Sikh soldiers |work=BirminghamLive |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/your-news-tribute-paid-to-fallen-185985 |quote=A delegation of Sikhs from Birmingham visited Cyprus to pay tributes to Sikh soldiers who were killed in the Second World War.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sikhism by country]]
* [[Sikhism in Greece]]
* [[Sikhism in Italy]]
* [[Indians in Cyprus]]
* [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism in Europe}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Religion in Cyprus]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|Cyprus]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Europe|Cyp]]

Bhattadeva

2025-08-15T00:14:26Z

Rithik Rahman: started new info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Baikunthanatha Bhagavata Bhattacharya
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Bhattadeva
| birth_name = Baikunthanatha Bhattacharya
| birth_date = 23 March 1558
| birth_place = [[Bichankuchi]], [[Bajali]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Assam]] ([[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1638|01|03|1558|3|23}}
| death_place = Byaskuchi, [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]].
| resting_place =
| occupation = Litterateur
| language = [[Assamese language]]<ref>"..it was Bhattadeva who gave a distinct shape to Assamese prose... In all these writings traces of the Kamrupi dialect are quite distinct" {{harv|Goswami|1970|p=7}}</ref> of [[Early Assamese]]<ref>"It was in his (Bhattadeva's) hands that Assamese prose was hardened, nourished and was fitted for the expression of high spiritual matters" {{harv|Barua|1953|p=129}}.</ref>
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = Mediaeval period
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Katha Bhagavata'',<ref>{{harv|Barua|1953|p=129}}</ref> ''Katha Gita'',<ref>{{harv|Barua|1953|p=129}}</ref> ''Katha Ratnavali'',<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1987|p=480}}</ref> ''Bhakti Viveka'' (Sanskrit)<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1987|p=480}}</ref>
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| ethnicity =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}
'''Bhattadeva''' (1558–1638), (full name, '''Baikunthanatha Bhagavata Bhattacharya''') is acknowledged as the father of [[Assamese language|Assamese]] prose.<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1987|p=480}}</ref> Though ''Bhaktiratnakar-katha'', the Assamese translation of [[Sankardev]]'s Sanskrit composition ''Bhaktiratnakar'' by Gopala Charana Dwija preceded the works of Bhattadeva,<ref>{{harv|Saikia|1997|p=16}}</ref> Bhattadeva's prose had an influence in the development of a high and dignified style. Bhattadeva's and Gopala Charana Dvija's 16th century works are considered to be the earliest examples of prose in Indian languages.<ref>{{harv|Saikia|1997|p=16}}</ref> Bhattadeva's erudition in Sanskrit grammar and literature, and his command over the Bhagavata earned him the title of ''Bhagavata Bhattacharya''.<ref>"Bhattadeva had a profound grammar and literature which earned for him the title of Bhagavata Bhattacharya" (versed in the Bhagavata). {{harv|Barua|1953|p=131}}</ref>

==Biography==
Bhattadeva was born to Chandra Bharati and Tara Devi in a [[Kamrupi Brahmins|Brahmin]] family of [[Bheragoan|Bichankuchi]], Bajali ([[Kamrup region|Kamrup]]).<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1987|p=480}}</ref> After finishing his education, he became a disciple of [[Damodara Deva]] and succeeded him as the head of Patbausi satra at [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]. He established the Byaskuchi satra some time later where he died. He is best known for ''Katha Bhagavat'' and ''Katha Gita'', though some minor works like Saranamalika and Prasangamala are also ascribed to him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Assamese literature|last=Sarma|first=Satyendranath|year=1976|publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|page=63 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology: Volume 2|last=None|first=Ayyappappanikkar|year=1997|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|page=16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Masterpieces of Indian literature: Volume 1|last=George|first=K. M.|year=1997|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8 |pages=2184}}</ref>

==Work==
Bhattadeva began translating the Sanskrit [[Bhagavata]] into Assamese prose at the bidding of Damodaradeva, who wanted it to be accessible to the common man. He rendered ''Katha Bhagavata'' in a discursive style that is dignified and balanced.<ref>{{harv|Barua|1953|p=130}}</ref> He maintains the same sense of dialogue in the ''Katha Gita''. Though he uses short sentences, popular vocabulary and the expressive cadence of the colloquial,<ref>{{harv|Barua|1953|p=130}}</ref> he uses Sanskrit vocables heavily and his language is an elevated one.<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1987|p=480}}</ref> After completing the Bhagavata and the [[Gita]], he rendered the Bhaktiratnavali into elegant prose. He also compiled a book of devotional verses in Sanskrit gleaned from the [[Upanishad]]s, [[Purana]]s and Samhitas illustrating all the elements of Bhakti. The work, Bhakti-Viveka reveals extensive knowledge and erudition of Bhattadeva, from the vedic to the puranic literature. Bhattadeva's contributions are not confined to prose literature, he wrote poetry also.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Assam Quarterly: Volume 2|year=1962|publisher=Assam Academy for Cultural Relations}}</ref>

[[Bhattadev University]] of Assam is named after him.

==See also==
* [[Hema Saraswati]]
* [[Haribara Vipra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|last=Barua|first=B. K.|contribution=Early Assamese Prose|editor-last=Kakati|editor-first=Banikanta|title=Aspects of Early Assamese Literature|publisher=Gauhati University
|place=Gauhati|year=1953}}
*{{Citation|last=Goswami|first=Upendranath|title=A Study on Kamrupi: A Dialect of Assamese
|publisher=Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies|place=Gauhati|year=1970}}
*{{Citation|last=Saikia|first=Nagen|contribution=Assamese|editor-last=Paniker|editor-first=K. Ayyappa
|title=Medieval Indian Literature|volume=1|pages=3–20|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|place=New Delhi|year=1997
}}
*{{Citation|last=Sarma|first=Satyendranath|contribution=Bhattacharya, Baikunthanatha Bhagavata|editor-last=Dutta|editor-first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|place=New Delhi|year=1987}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattadeva}}
[[Category:Kamrupi poets]]
[[Category:1558 births]]
[[Category:1638 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]

Radha Bharadwaj

2025-07-28T13:51:06Z

Rithik Rahman: Created the page with sources

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Bharadwaj
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[film producer]], [[screenwriter]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Radha Bharadwaj''' is an Indian-born American [[Film director|filmmaker]], [[film producer]] and [[screenwriter]] based in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2018-12-01 |title=Radha Bharadwaj discusses her film 'Space MOMs', and why she's at loggerheads with Akshay Kumar's production 'Mission Mangal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/radha-bharadwaj-discusses-her-film-space-moms-and-why-shes-at-loggerheads-with-akshay-kumars-production-mission-mangal/article25642148.ece |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1999-07-26 |title=After Shekhar Kapur, LA-based filmmaker Radha Bharadwaj makes a mark in Hollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990726-after-shekhar-kapur-la-based-filmmaker-radha-bharadwaj-makes-a-mark-in-hollywood-824502-1999-07-25 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She moved to the [[United States]] in her late teens to study film.

== Career ==
Bharadwaj's screenwriting and directing feature debut is ''[[Closet Land]]''. The surreal psychological drama was released by [[Universal Pictures]] in 1991, making Radha Bharadwaj the first director of Indian descent to have a film released by a major [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] studio. ''Closet Land'' stars [[Alan Rickman]] and [[Madeleine Stowe]]. [[Ron Howard]] and [[Brian Grazer]] produced the feature. The screenplay for ''Closet Land'' won the [[Nicholl Screenwriting Fellowship]] sponsored by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], among others.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |url = http://www.closetland.com/bio/bio.html |title = Radha Bharadwaj |access-date = 2010-07-02 |publisher = Closet Land |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190802/http://www.closetland.com/bio/bio.html |archivedate = 2012-02-10 }}</ref>

Bharadwaj's second feature was the 1998 [[Victorian era|Victorian]] gothic mystery, ''[[Basil (film)|Basil]]''. The period thriller, set in the [[United Kingdom]], stars [[Derek Jacobi]], [[Christian Slater]], [[Jared Leto]] and [[Claire Forlani]]. The director's cut for ''Basil'' was twice selected to be the closing night film for the Special Presentation series at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], and chosen for a prime slot at the [[Los Angeles Film Festival]].<ref name=bio/> The film was also acclaimed at the [[American Film Market]].<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.tcm.com:80/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=451003&category=Misc%20Notes |title = Basil (1998) – Misc Notes |access-date = 2010-07-02 |publisher = [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Bharadwaj is currently working on new projects.<ref name=bio/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Editor
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Closet Land]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Basil (film)|Basil]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2019
| ''Space MOMs''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.closetland.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|0080233|Radha Bharadwaj}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharadwaj, Radha}}
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Dance Plus season 4

2025-07-07T01:13:29Z

Rithik Rahman: Creating some post initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = File:Dance Plus (season 4).jpeg
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Remo D'Souza]]
| coaches = [[Dharmesh Yelande]] [[Shakti Mohan]] [[Punit Pathak]]
| host = [[Raghav Juyal]]
| num_contestants = 12+1
| finals_venue =
| winner = Chetan Salunkhe
| runner_up = Sujan and
Aaanchel
| winner_mentor = [[Punit Pathak]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|10|06}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|02|02}}
| network = [[Star Plus]]
}}

Season 4 of ''[[Dance Plus]]'' premiered on 6 October 2018<ref>[https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/dance-returns-on-star-plus-with-season/article_82ecb16c-bcfd-11e8-8419-63a0a3372ef2.htm The tag line for this season is ‘Sapne Sirf Apne Nahi Hote’. Dance Plus 4 premieres on Star Plus]</ref> on [[Star Plus]] and is produced by Urban Brew Studios in association with [[Frames Production]]s.<ref>[https://www.bizasialive.com/dance-4-launch-october-star-plus/ Dance Plus 4 returns to Star Plus, to launch in October]</ref> The season is hosted by [[Raghav Juyal]] and [[Sugandha Mishra]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sugandha-mishra-to-host-dance-plus-4/articleshow/65923571.cms Sugandha Mishra to host Dance Plus 4]</ref><ref>[https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sugandha-host-dance-plus-4-sana-s-take-bigg-boss-12-barun-receives-the-best-actor-award Sugandha Mishra to co-host Dance Plus 4]</ref> The tag line for this season is ‘Sapne Sirf Apne Nahi Hote’.

==Super judge==
[[Remo D'Souza]] is the super judge of the season.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/remo-dsouza-film-hold-dance-plus-4 Remo D’Souza puts his film on hold for Dance Plus 4]</ref><ref>[https://odishatv.in/entertainment/dance-plus-4-update-remo-dsouza-makes-a-sacrifice-323706 Dance Plus 4 Update: Remo D’Souza Makes A Sacrifice!]</ref>

==Captains==
The following are the three captains of the season.
*[[Shakti Mohan]]
*[[Punit Pathak]]
*[[Dharmesh Yelande]]

==Format==
The fourth round is the international squad challenge in which one member of each team has to match the level of dancing of the international dancer. The artist which matches the score gets double the points of the international squad. This round is also scored out of ten by the super judge.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Based on the scores of these rounds, two teams go to the final showdown. The fourth artist from each team performs and the super judge chooses the winner. The winning team's captain nominates two artists from his or her team to go forward and the super judge chooses the artist who will go to top eight.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Top 12==
{| class=wikitable
|-
|+Team Dharmesh Yelande
|-
!Sr.!!Artists!!Type!!Style!!Home Town
|-
|1||D Core||Group||[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]||[[Delhi]]
|-
|2||Gang 13||Group||Urban Choreography||[[Mumbai]]
|-
|3||[[V Unbeatable]]||Group||[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]||[[Bhayandar]]
|-
|4||[[Vartika Jha]]||Solo||[[Popping]] and [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]||[[Sonbhadra]]
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable
|-
|+Team Shakti Mohan
|-
!Sr.!!Artists!!Type!!Style!!Home Town
|-
|1||BAD Contemp||Duo||[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]||[[Kolkata]]
|-
|2||The Veterans||Group||[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]||[[Mumbai]]
|-
|3||Rishabh Sharma||Solo||[[Popping]]||[[Lucknow]]
|-
|4||B-Unique||Group||Animation||[[Jodhpur]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Team Punit Pathak
|-
!Sr.!!Artists!!Type!!Style!!Home Town
|-
|1||House of Moves||Group||South Indian Street Dance and [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]||[[Chennai]]
|-
|2||Sujan and Aaanchel||Duo||[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]||[[Kathmandu]] and [[Jorhat]]
|-
|3||Feel Crew||Group||[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]||[[Thane]]
|-
|4||Chetan Salunkhe||Solo||[[Popping]]||[[Kolkata|Pune]]
|-
|}
Only exception to Top 12 is S-Unity Crew of "Team Raghav Juyal".
{| class="wikitable"
|+Captain Raghav Juyal
!Sr.
!Artist
!Type
!Style
!Home Town
|-
|1
|S Unity Crew
|Group
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|}

==Top 10==
Now, after the super judge, Remo D'Souza, has accepted S-Unity Crew as a qualified contestant, they are taking part in the competition as a part of Team Dharmesh. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr.!!Artists!!Type!!Style!!Home town!!Team
|-
|1.|| Rishabh Sharma || Solo || [[Popping]] || [[Lucknow]] || [[Shakti Mohan]]
|-
|2.|| Sujan & Aaanchel || Duo || [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]|| [[Kathmandu]] and [[Jorhat]] ||[[Punit Pathak]]
|-
|3.||[[V Unbeatable]]|| Group || [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]||[[Bhayandar]]||[[Dharmesh Yelande]]
|-
|4.||[[Vartika Jha]]|| Solo || [[Popping]] & [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]|| [[Sonbhadra]] || Dharmesh Yelande
|-
|5.|| Gang 13 || Group || Urban Choreography || [[Mumbai]] || Dharmesh Yelande
|-
|6.|| B-Unique || Group || Animation || [[Jodhpur]] || Shakti Mohan
|-
|7.|| Chetan Salunkhe || Solo || [[Popping]] || [[Pune]] || Punit Pathak
|-
|8.|| Feel Crew || Group || [[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]] || [[Thane]] || Punit Pathak
|-
|9.|| The Veterans || Group || [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]|| [[Mumbai]] || Shakti Mohan
|-
|10.|| S Unity Crew || Group || [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]|| [[Mumbai]] ||Dharmesh Yelande
|}

== Finalists (top 4) ==
Vartika Jha and V Unbeatable became the first two finalists. While Sujan-Aaanchel and Chetan Salunkhe joined them later based on their performance and voting by viewers.
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr.
!Artists
!Type
!Style
!Home Town
!Team
!Finish
|-
|1.
|Chetan Salunkhe
|Solo
|[[Popping]]
|[[Pune]]
|[[Punit Pathak|Punit]]
|Winner
|-
|2.
|Sujan and Aaanchel
|Duo
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Kathmandu]] & [[Jorhat]]
|[[Punit Pathak|Punit]]
|Runner-up
|-
|3.
|[[Vartika Jha]]
|Solo
|[[Popping]] & [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|[[Dharmesh Yelande|Dharmesh]]
|2nd Runner-up
|-
|4
|[[V Unbeatable]]
|Group
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|[[Bhayandar]]
|[[Dharmesh Yelande|Dharmesh]]
|3rd Runner-up
|}

== Double plus ==

* 1. [[Vartika Jha]] (Team Dharmesh)
* 2. Rishabh Sharma (Team Shakti)
* 3. B-Unique Crew (Team Shakti)
* 4. Feel Crew (Team Punit)
* 5. Chetan Salunkhe (Team Punit)
* 6. V Unbeatable (Team Dharmesh)
* 7. Sujan & Aaanchel (Team Punit)
* 8. S Unity Crew (Team Dharmesh)
* 9. Gang 13 (Team Dharmesh)

== International squad round ==

* Royal Family Dance Crew
* Poppin John
* Karen and Ricardo
* [[Shovana Narayan]]
* Jaja and B-Dash
* [[Marquese Scott]]

== Winners of weekly final showdowns ==

* 1. Rishabh Sharma (Team Shakti)
* 2. Chetan Salunkhe (Team Punit)
* 3. [[V Unbeatable]] (Team Dharmesh)
* 4. D Core (Team Dharmesh)
* 5. [[Vartika Jha]] (Team Dharmesh)
* 6. B-Unique (Team Shakti)
7 dharmesh

== Special guests ==
{| class=wikitable style="width: 100%;"
|-
!colspan=7|Special guest appearances
|-
|'''Sr.'''||'''Guest(s)'''||'''Reason'''||'''Episode'''
|-
|1||[[Shilpa Shetty]]||Special Appearance||20-21 October
|-
|2||[[Karishma Kapoor]]||Special Appearance||10-11 November
|-
|3||[[Geeta Kapoor]] and [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]||Special Appearance||17-18 November
|-
|4||[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]||To Surprise Chetan Salunke||24 November
|-
|5||[[Kapil Dev]]||Special Appearance||1-2 December
|-
|6||[[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Jeetendra]]||Special Appearance||8-9 December
|-
|7||[[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]]||To Promote Their Film [[Simmba]]||15-16 December
|-
|8||[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]||Special Appearance||22-23 December
|-
|9||[[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Anushka Sharma]]||To Promote Their Film [[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]||29-30 December
|-
|10||[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]||To Support Vartika Jha||5 January
|-
|11||Lizelle D’Souza, Dhruv D’Souza and Gabriel D’Souza||To Surprise [[Remo D'Souza]]||5 January
|-
|12||[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]||To Support Chetan Salunke||6 January
|-
|13||[[Madhuri Dixit]]||Special Appearance||12-13 January
|-
|14||[[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Ganesh Acharya]]||Special Appearance||19 January
|-
|15||[[Ankita Lokhande]]||Performing From Her Film [[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]||26 January
|-
|16||[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]]||To Promote Their Film [[Total Dhamaal]]||2 February
|-
|17||[[Kumar Sanu]]||Special Appearance||2 February
|-
|18||[[Mouni Roy]]||Special Performance||2 February
|-
|19||[[Nora Fatehi]]||Special Performance||2 February
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Dance Plus (season 4) on Hotstar

 {{Dance Plus}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]