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Taj Mahal (1999 film)

2026-05-08T05:04:13Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating new post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taj Mahal
| image = Taj Mahal (1999 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]
| screenplay = [[Mani Ratnam]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
}}
| story = Mani Ratnam R. Selvaraj
| producer = Janani Ishwarya
| starring = [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]] [[Riya Sen]]
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]] [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = K. K. Pazhanivel
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = Janani Cine Arts
| released = {{film date|1999|11|7|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Taj Mahal''''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|ɑː|dʒ|_|m|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|l}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Bharathiraja]]. The film stars his son, [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]], and [[Riya Sen]] in their debut as lead actors, with a supporting [[ensemble cast]] including [[Revathi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], and [[Ranjitha]]. The film was written by [[Mani Ratnam]] while the music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[B. Kannan]] handled the camera. The story of the film revolved around two clashing communities and two lovers caught in the vortex of their rivalry. The film was released during [[Diwali]] in 1999 and fared poorly at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Renuka |first=Methil |date=8 November 1999 |title=Curtain Raiser |url=http://cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/2AF780924CB40BDE65256940004B7BAC?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014050909/http://cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/2AF780924CB40BDE65256940004B7BAC?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|section|date=June 2023}}
Thiruppaachi and Sengulam are neighbouring villages with a history of enmity between them. Maayan and Machakanni meet on the day of her engagement and it is [[love at first sight]]. Her marriage itself gets called off when the groom and his family insult Machakanni's family and her romance with Maayan continues. However, when her brother finds out about him, all hell breaks loose. The turned-down bridegroom is still itching for revenge and figuring out that the only way to extract it is to marry Machakanni. He pleads for forgiveness and succeeds in melting her brother's heart. The marriage is finalised but Maayan's friends swear to unite the star-crossed lovers. There is also a subplot of Maayan's aunt trying to get her daughter married off to Maayan.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]] as Maayan
*[[Riya Sen]] as Machakanni
*[[Revathi]] as Maayan's mother
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Maayan's aunt
*[[Ranjitha]] as Machakanni's sister in law
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Machakanni's brother
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]]
*Theni K. Murugan
*Balakrishnan
*Minnal Deepa as Machakanni's friend
}}

== Production ==
[[Bharathiraja]] introduced his son Manoj as an actor with the film, stating that his son should appear as an actor before fulfilling his dreams of working as a part of the crew.<ref name="fascination">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 November 1999 |title=Fascination for the pastoral |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/C63CD5757AEEAAD765256940004C8A7E?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224174240/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/C63CD5757AEEAAD765256940004C8A7E?OpenDocument |archive-date=24 December 2008 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Riya Sen]], daughter of Hindi actress [[Moon Moon Sen]] was signed on to play the leading female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 1998 |title=Southern sojourn |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325145635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Leading film-maker [[Mani Ratnam]] wrote the story for the film, while [[Rajiv Menon]] was also involved in initial script discussions but opted out after the film became a village-centric project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 1998 |title=Three movie moguls from south India team up for film 'Taj Mahal' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19980406-three-movie-moguls-from-south-india-team-up-for-film-taj-mahal-826050-1998-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619041045/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19980406-three-movie-moguls-from-south-india-team-up-for-film-taj-mahal-826050-1998-04-05 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Potti Tamil Movie News (A.R.R. News and more!) |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/February/pnews_20150.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609215317/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/February/pnews_20150.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] was signed to score the music while veteran cinematographers [[B. Kannan]] and [[Madhu Ambat]] also signed the project, ending a long hiatus in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=V S |date=31 January 1998 |title=Through the looking glass |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jan/31amb.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144602/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jan/31amb.htm |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The team started pre-production work in late 1997 and shooting began in 1998, with the project becoming Janani Cine Arts' most expensive production to date.<ref name="fascination" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandya |title=Best of 1997 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119102008/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Indolink}}</ref> During production, Bharathiraja considered giving his son a stage name of Manibharathi, but ultimately opted against doing so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1999 |title=Mumtaz's magical eyes |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/58C92B713509E5D165256940004C8A7C?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408084932/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/58C92B713509E5D165256940004C8A7C?OpenDocument |archive-date=8 April 2008 |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> An exact replica of the [[Taj Mahal]] was created on [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai for a song sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=7 June 1999 |title=Star spawn aim high |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226045726/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was shot across areas including Kulu Manali, Badhami, Hampi, Bellari and Poomparai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=old news |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202603/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack features 10 songs composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]]. The album marked Rahman's fourth collaboration with Bharathiraja. The songs were noted for the extensive use of traditional instruments. Rahman introduced several singers into the Tamil music scene, the most notable being [[Palakkad Sreeram]]. He sang a [[dappankuthu]] style song "Thirupaachi".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=8 September 2007 |title=Musical notes |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/09/08/stories/2007090851230300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317132901/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/09/08/stories/2007090851230300.htm |archive-date=17 March 2008 |access-date=8 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Suchitra Lata of ''The Music Magazine'' wrote "Rahman's music is aptly bare for the village setting; it has energy and is warmly stylised by an orchestra of the cello, violins and drums."<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's raining on the Tajmahal |url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/tajmahal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021112155215/http://www.themusicmagazine.com/tajmahal.html |archive-date=12 November 2002 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=The Music Magazine}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thirupaachi
| extra1 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Palakkad Sreeram]], Chandran
| length1 = 6:55
| title2 = Chotta Chotta
| extra2 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| note2 = female
| length2 = 5:45
| title3 = Adi Manjakelange
| extra3 = [[Ganga Sitharasu]], [[Febi Mani]], [[Theni Kunjarammal]], Kanchana
| length3 = 2:52
| title4 = Kizhakke Nandavanam
| extra4 = Ganga Sitharasu, Febi Mani, Theni Kunjarammal, Kanchana
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Eechi Elemichhi
| extra5 = [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[B. Arundhathi]], Raqueeb Alam, Parthasarathy ([[Veena]] in first interlude), [[Naveen_Kumar_(musician)|Naveen]] ([[Flute]] in second interlude)
| length5 = 6:45
| title6 = Chotta Chotta
| extra6 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| note6 = male
| length6 = 5:32
| title7 = Kulirudhu Kulirudhu
| extra7 = [[Unni Krishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[R. Visweswaran]] ([[Santoor (Persian instrument)|Iranian Santoor]] in second interlude)
| length7 = 4:44
| title8 = Sengaathey (Sengatrae)
| extra8 = [[T. K. Kala]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] (Punjabi Version 'Rabba Ve' in the background)
| length8 = 4:54
| title9 = Eechi Elemichhi
| extra9 = Krishnaraj, [[B. Arundhathi]], Raqueeb Alam
| length9 = 6:45
| title10 = Karisal Tharasil
| extra10 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Srinivas (Humming)
| length10 = 5:54
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially slated to face a box office battle with several other big films, notably ''[[Hey Ram]]'', ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'', ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'', and ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', but the delay of the first three gave ''Taj Mahal'' a possible leeway to become a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 1999 |title=Love makes the filmi world go round |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518113054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Despite this, the film became a box office failure and Manoj's career failed to take off despite a high-profile launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=31 May 2000 |title=Bharatiraja's son gets a second chance |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Journalists attributed the film's failure to the use of artificial sets to depict villages, in contrast to Bharathiraja's penchant for authenticity and realism, while Bharathiraja blamed it on Rahman's music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 1999 |title=Bharathi Raja is hard hit |url=http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/november1999.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306122616/http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/november1999.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=New Tamil Films Online}}</ref> Irrespective of the film's performance, in 2004 Riya Sen regarded ''Taj Mahal'' as showcasing the best role in her career to that point.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2004 |title=My best role is from my Tamil film Taj Mahal: Riya Sen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/my-best-role-is-from-my-tamil-film-taj-mahal-riya-sen/story-GgeT2wOLhv12XEuzxqTm4I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618091419/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/my-best-role-is-from-my-tamil-film-taj-mahal-riya-sen/story-GgeT2wOLhv12XEuzxqTm4I.html |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film was set to be dubbed and released in Telugu, but the financial losses suffered had deterred the version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2000 |title=A.R. Rahman Facts!! [long article] |url=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.movies.local.indian/c/Crpzd12yYiQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515065103/https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.movies.local.indian/c/Crpzd12yYiQ |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref> Manoj won the Dinakaran Cinema Award for Best Newface Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
G. Ulaganathan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said that ''Taj Mahal'' was "vintage Bharatiraja at his best", while also adding that Riya Sen "shines in spite of an alien language and the totally strange cultural milieu in which she is placed". Ulaganathan added that "song picturisation is brilliant and Revathy and Radhika, both favourite ex-heroines of the director, put up an impressive show." He also said the "only eyesore is hero Manoj" and that Bharathiraja "has been a little over-ambitious here and could have edited at least 20% of the film, including many unnecessary action scenes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=22 November 1999 |title=Over-ambitious venture |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/16B7A49AEC224CE265256941003DC8AB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003174653/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/16B7A49AEC224CE265256941003DC8AB?OpenDocument |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=15 February 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Aurangazeb of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned the acting of the lead pair but praised the acting of other actors, Rahman's music, Kannan's cinematography and felt the film lacked the realism of Bharathiraja's previous films and concluded saying this film is not an eternal love, it is a love that chases away.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஒளரங்கசீப் |date=21 November 1999 |title=தாஜ்மஹால் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-11-21/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230615153935/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-11-21/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=16 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Though the story may not be new, it should be a treat for young lovers and Bharathiraaja fans".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=27 November 1999 |title=The same old love theme |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vFRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3633%2C5624474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620122259/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vFRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3633%2C5624474 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' lauded Kannan's cinematography, Bharathiraja's screenplay and Rahman's music but criticised the story for lacking novelty.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 November 1999 |title=Cinema: The Sixth Sense \ Tajmahal |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/19/stories/09190222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604234129/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/19/stories/09190222.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Bharathiraja}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

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LGBTQ history in India

2026-05-08T02:07:42Z

Ritesh Gandhi: done...

{{Short description|none}}
[[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]] people are well documented in various artworks and [[LGBTQ literature in India|literary]] works of [[Outline of ancient India|Ancient India]], with evidence that [[homosexuality]] and [[transsexuality]] were accepted by the major [[dharmic religions]].<ref name="Vātsyāyana. (1929). The Kamasutra. Benares :Jai Krishna-das-Haridas Gupta,">{{cite book |last1=Vātsyāyana |title=KāmaSutrā |date=1929 |publisher=Jai Krishna-das-Haridas Gupta |location=Benaras |isbn=0192802704 |page=Verse 2.9.36 |url=http://www.virtualvinodh.com/writings/assorted/homosexuality-kamasutra |ref=Vātsyāyana. (1929). The Kamasutra. Benares :Jai Krishna-das-Haridas Gupta}}</ref> Hinduism and the various religions derived from it were not [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and evidence suggests that homosexuality thrived in ancient India until the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=India Today |date=10 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality in India |url=https://www.labrys.net.br/labrys6/lesb/vanitas6.htm |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.labrys.net.br}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2024}} Hinduism describes a [[third gender]] that is equal to other genders and documentation of the third gender are found in ancient Hindu and Buddhist medical texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Shiva Prakash |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=Sruti |date=2020 |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |issn=2230-8210 |pmc=7539026 |pmid=33083261 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The term "third gender" is sometimes viewed as a specifically South Asian term, and this third gender is also found throughout South Asia and East Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrés Hueso, Salma Khan, Santa Khurai, Archana Patkar, Priya Nath, Marielle Snel, Kopila Thapa |first=Paul Boyce, Sarah Brown, Sue Cavill, Sonalee Chaukekar, Beatrice Chisenga, Mamata Dash, Rohit K Dasgupta, Noemie De La Brosse, Pawan Dhall, Julie Fisher, Marli Gutierrez-Patterson, and Oinam Hemabati |date=23 April 2018 |title=Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488 |journal=Waterlines |language=English |edition=37:2 |location=London, United Kingdom |publication-date=23 April 2018 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.3362/1756-3488 |issn=0262-8104|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}

It's likely that parts of north western fringes of Indian empires were influenced by homophobia early on through Zoroastrianism (250 BCE) and Islam, both of which explicitly forbade homosexual sex, and that this influenced socio-cultural norms in that region.<ref name="ZoroTenents">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref><ref name="Frashogard">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref><ref name="HI">{{cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref><ref name="Mercury Biography">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Lesley-Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJOPWGEUEZ4C&pg=PT28 |title=Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Biography |date=2011-10-13 |publisher=Hachette UK, 2011 |isbn=9781444733709 |page=28 |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]] people in the Islamic communities were persecuted more severely, especially under the rule of the Mughals, which ruled over large parts of India and Central Asia (and ultimately derives from the Mongol Empire), though Mughal leaders largely tolerated the cultures of the various non-Muslim communities of India.<ref name="Baillier 1875 1–3">{{cite web |last=Baillier |first=Neil B. E. |date=1875 |title=A digest of the Moohummudan law |url=https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n57/mode/2up |access-date=May 10, 2021 |pages=1–3}}</ref><ref name="Khalid">{{cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=17 June 2016 |title=From Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain to Amir Khusro, same-sex references abound in Islamic poetry |url=https://scroll.in/article/810007/from-bulleh-shah-and-shah-hussain-to-amir-khusro-same-sex-references-abound-in-islamic-sufi-poetry |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=V. N. Datta |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman |date=2012-11-27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=9788129126627 |quote=Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship}}</ref><ref name="jewishstudies.washington.edu">{{cite web |date=1 March 2016 |title=Of Genizahs, Sufi Jewish Saints, and Forgotten Corners of History – UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies |url=https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/global-judaism/sarmad-kashani-sufi-jewish/}}</ref><ref name="kugle" />

From the early modern period, colonialism from Europe also brought with it more centralized legal codes that imposed Christian-European morals that were homophobic in nature, including criminalizing sex between two people of the same gender, and criminalizing transsexuality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christensen |first=Kelly |date=December 2022 |title=A Legacy of Homophobia: Effects of British Colonization on Queer Rights in India and Uganda |url=https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450 |journal=Global Studies 445: Capstone Seminar |via=Capstone Projects}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref>

In the 21st century following independence, there has been a significant amount of progress made on liberalizing LGBTQ laws. [[File:Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|thumb|Erotic sculptures of two men (center) at the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temples]]]]

==Ancient period==
Hinduism provides a wide breadth of literary and artistic sources showing LGBTQ life in Ancient India. Hinduism does not have explicit morals condemning [[homosexuality]] nor [[transsexuality]], and has taken various positions on the topic, ranging from containing positive descriptions of homosexual characters, acts and themes in its texts to being neutral or antagonistic towards it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanot |first=Anil |date=2009-07-02 |title=Hinduism does not condemn gay people |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/jul/02/gay-rights-india |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HAF Policy Brief: Hindu Teachings Inclusive of LGBT People |url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/press/haf-policy-brief-hindu-teachings-inclusive-lgbt-people/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Hindu American Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-03 |title=Hinduism does not condemn gay people: UK Hindu Council |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/hinduism-does-not-condemn-gay-people-uk-hindu-council/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The concept of [[Sexual and gender minorities|sexual minorities]] was widely known in the prevailing Hindu culture by the time [[Gautama Buddha]] founded his philosophies, and homosexuality was also thought to be viewed positively in Buddhism<ref>{{Cite web |title=theravada |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41884/1/theravada.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origins of Buddhism |url=https://asiasociety.org/education/origins-buddhism |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Asia Society |date=14 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Danielou" /> [[File:At_the_Lakshmana_temple_in_Khajuraho_(954_CE),_a_man_receives_fellatio_from_a_seated_male_as_part_of_an_orgiastic_scene.jpg|thumb|At the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple in Khajuraho]] (954 CE), a man receives fellatio from a seated male as part of an orgiastic scene.]]

The [[Kama Sutra]] is an ancient text dealing with ''kama'' or desire (of all kinds), which in Hindu thought is one of the four normative and spiritual goals of life. The [[Kama Sutra]] is the earliest extant and most important work in the [[Kama Shastra]] tradition of [[Sanskrit literature]]. It was compiled by the philosopher [[Vatsyayana]] around the 4th century, from earlier texts, and describes homosexual practices in several places, as well as a range of sex/gender 'types'. The author writes that these relations also involve love and a bond of trust.

The author describes techniques by which masculine and feminine types of the [[third sex]] (''tritiya-prakriti''), as well as women, perform [[fellatio]].<ref>Danielou, Alain. ''The Complete Kama Sutra'', Part Two, Chapter Nine, entitled "Superior Coition or Fellation [''Auparishtaka'']. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1994.</ref> The Second Part, Ninth Chapter of Kama Sutra specifically describes two kinds of men that we would recognize today as masculine- and feminine-type homosexuals but which are mentioned in older, Victorian British translations as simply "eunuchs."<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress" |url=http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313043325/http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref> The chapter describes their appearances – feminine types dressed up as women whereas masculine types maintained muscular physiques and grew small beards, mustaches, etc. – and their various professions as masseurs, barbers and prostitutes are all described. Such homosexual men were also known to marry, according to the Kama Sutra: "There are also third-sex citizens, sometimes greatly attached to one another and with complete faith in one another, who get married together." (KS 2.9.36). In the "Jayamangala" of Yashodhara, an important twelfth-century commentary on the Kama Sutra, it is also stated: "Citizens with this kind of homosexual inclination, who renounce women and can do without them willingly because they love one another, get married together, bound by a deep and trusting friendship."<ref name="Danielou">Danielou, Alain. ''The Complete Kama Sutra''. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1994.</ref>

The ''[[Arthashastra]]'', a 2nd century BCE Indian treatise on statecraft, mentions a wide variety of sexual practices which, whether performed with a man or a woman, were sought to be punished with the lowest grade of fine. While homosexual intercourse was sanctioned, it was treated as a very minor offence, and several kinds of heterosexual intercourse were punished more severely.<ref name="History1">{{harvnb|Vanita|Kidwai|2001|p=25}}</ref>

Sex between non-virgin women incurred a small fine, while homosexual intercourse between men could be made up for merely with a bath with one's clothes on, and a penance of "eating the five products of the cow and keeping a one-night fast" – the penance being a replacement of the traditional concept of homosexual intercourse resulting in a loss of caste. These are punishments listed for the use of the priestly class of people (traditionally monks) for both heterosexual and homosexual sexual misconduct, where the punishments for heterosexual misconduct were often more severe than homosexual misconduct.<ref name="History1"/>

==Medieval period==
A large number of erotic artwork depicting homosexuality can be found on numerous temples throughout India, including Khajuraho temple sculptures built in the 700s, and the Sun temple in Konark built in the 1200s.<ref name="www.lawctopus.com-2021" />

== Early modern period ==
Early Mughal emperors were often tolerant of the Hindu society and allowed them to live as they wanted to.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Penrose |first=Walter |title=Colliding Cultures: Masculinity and Homoeroticism in Mughal and Early Colonial South Asia |date=2006 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230524156_9 |work=Queer Masculinities, 1550–1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World |pages=144–165 |editor-last=O’Donnell |editor-first=Katherine |access-date=2023-10-24 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230524156_9 |isbn=978-0-230-52415-6 |editor2-last=O’Rourke |editor2-first=Michael|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

References to [[homoeroticism]] are found throughout Indian Islamic culture. Mughal artwork and poetry contains many examples of celebrations of male [[homoeroticism]].<ref name=":0" /> The first [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] wrote about his passion and desire for a male "lover" called [[Baburi Andijani|Baburi]] (who was already an adult when the Emperor ascended the throne) in his autobiography ''[[Baburnama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=2016-06-18 |title=It's different now, but Muslims have a long history of accepting homosexuality |url=http://scroll.in/article/810093/orlando-shooting-its-different-now-but-muslims-have-a-long-history-of-accepting-homosexuality |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He wrote :{{Blockquote|"Occasionally Baburi came to me, but I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face, much less converse freely with him. In my excitement and agitation I could not thank him for coming, much less complain of his leaving. Who could bear to demand the ceremonies of fealty?"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Babur |first1=Emperor of Hindustan |last2=Beveridge |first2=Annette Susannah |title=The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) |date=1922 |publisher=London, Luzac |page=120 |url=https://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli01babuuoft/page/120/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=0-375-76137-3 |year=2002 |author=Babur, Emperor of Hindustan |others=translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston |url=https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu |page=89}}</ref>}}

=== 1500s ===
In 1528, J.M. John Marshal, doctoral research scholar based in the Department of History, Goa University, Taleigao, recorded in his book Homosexuality in Early Modern Goa the judiciary of Goa punished a muslim man for [[sodomy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3810402|title=Sentença que pela justiça de Goa se proferiu contra um mouro condenando-o a morte natural e queimado, feito em pó, seus bens confiscados para a coroa do Reino e seus filhos havidos por infâmes por ter... – Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo – DigitArq|website=digitarq.arquivos.pt}}</ref>

In 1560, homosexuality was prohibited for much of the existence of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. The Portuguese introduced [[Goa Inquisition]] to deal with problems of sodomy and prosecuted homosexuals or people engaged in same sexual activity.<ref name="Marshal">{{Cite journal |last=Marshal |first=J.M.J |date=Oct 2022 |title=Homosexuality in the Early Modern Goa |url=https://outreach.faith/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/NCCI-October-2022.pdf |journal=National Council of Churches of India |volume=CXLII |issue=9 |pages=39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pride & Prejudice: Forgotten LGBT people of early modern Goa |url=https://www.thegoan.net/%20sunday-mag/pride-prejudice-forgotten-lgbt-people-of-early-modern-%20goa/73670.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1600s ===
In 1607, Marshal, in his research, noted the case of Alberto Homemo, a German soldier in the Portuguese army, who was executed without trial. "The inquisition record states that Alberto, induced by devil, committed the ‘horrible and abominable vice of sodomy’ since he was 16 years old, habitually with many men, also while he was serving in the North (Portuguese Bombay) as well as many cities where he lived and when he was sent in the army of Malacca too. The inquisition declared him being infamous(notoriously evil), confiscated his goods and ‘relaxed’ him to secular justice to be burnt alive. The sentence was written by the Inquisitor Jorge Ferreira, dated 09-12-1607."<ref name="Marshal" />

In 1667 or 1675, the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim.<ref name="Baillier 1875 1–3"/><ref>{{cite web |title=How did the Mughals view homosexuality? |url=https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/42157/how-did-the-mughals-view-homosexuality |website=History Stack Exchange}}</ref><ref name="Khalid"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sarmad Kashani Tomb in Jami Masjid, New Delhi, India - Archive - Diarna.org |url=http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/1931/ |website=archive.diarna.org}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=V. N. Datta |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman |date=2012-11-27 |publisher=Rupa Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |isbn=9788129126627 |quote=Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship}}</ref><ref name="jewishstudies.washington.edu"/><ref name="kugle">{{cite book |last1=Kugle |first1=Scott A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA309 |title=Sufis and Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam |date=1 Sep 2011 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807872772 |at=p. 309 Note 62-63 |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> While [[pederasty]] was often considered as "pure love" and prevalent among those from [[Central Asia]], in India, however, this was generally unheard of. For example, the governor of [[Burhanpur]] was murdered by a boy servant with whom he tried to be intimate.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76daSuNVMTcC&pg=PT146|title=The Mughal World|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|date=Jul 17, 2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|access-date=Aug 15, 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9788184753158|page=146}}</ref> Muslim Urdu poetry of the era sometimes expressed homoerotic viewpoints reminiscent of bromances, but these were not explicitly homosexual in nature.<ref name="www.lawctopus.com-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=The Pre-Colonial History of Homosexuality in India: Why Love Is Not Western – Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.lawctopus.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1700s ===
In 1723, the scholarly research of Mir Taqi Mir's poems and ghazals showed allusions and references to beloved male lovers. Ruth Vanita, Saleem Kidwai, p 119, ''Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history'' also asserts that Mir's poetry "represents homoeroticism" and that he, along with others, "developed a discourse of erotic commentary on young males."<ref>{{cite web |title=Convention in the Classical Urdu Ghazal: The Case of Mir |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/published/txt_convention.html |website=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/texts/txt_naim_homosexual_pederastic_2004.pdf |website=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond borders |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090517/spectrum/book1.htm |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>

In 1791, homosexuality was decriminalised in the French Indian territories of Pondicherry.<ref name="wei">{{cite web |last1=Wei |first1=Serena|last2=Johnson |first2=Lijuan |title=ISodomy Laws in France: How The 1791 French Penal Code Decriminalized Sodomy Without The Will of The People | url= https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/323145113.pdf |website=Young Historians Conference |date=2020-04-27 |access-date=2023-04-20}}</ref><ref name="sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Rudra |date=2021-10-26 |title=The Criminalisation of Homosexuality: A Colonial Legacy? |url=https://www.standrewslawreview.com/post/the-criminalisation-of-homosexuality-a-colonial-legacy |access-date=2023-02-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207074524/https://www.standrewslawreview.com/post/the-criminalisation-of-homosexuality-a-colonial-legacy|archive-date=2023-02-07 |website=StAndrews Law Review |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1800s ===
[[File:Hijra and companions in Eastern Bengal.jpg|thumb|centre|Hijra and companions in Eastern Bengal in 1860]]In 1861, the [[British Raj]], in directly governed British territories,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extent and Operation of the Indian Penal Code |url=https://www.legalpedia.co.in/articlecontent/extent-and-operation-of-the-indian-penal-code.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=www.legalpedia.co.in}}</ref> replaced the criminal offences and punishments set out in the Mughal Fatawa 'Alamgiri, with those of the 1862 [[Indian Penal Code]], section [[Section 377]] covering homosexuality.<ref name="Srivastava-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Ankit |date=1 March 2019 |title=SECTION 377 AND LGBT ACTIVISM IN INDIA |url=http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20543460.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews |volume=6 |issue=2}}</ref> The law stated: "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with [imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offense described in the section."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=434 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> The law was drafted by Thomas Babington Macaulay, who based it on anti-sodomy laws that already existed in Britain."<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> The term "order of the nature" was never defined, hence considering its vagueness, the law could apply to virtually any sexual act considered against this order by the British Judiciary, which included all penetrative sexual acts, except for vaginal penetration by a man.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> There are not many cases that were tried under this law, though, as there were only exist 5 recorded cases that were tried under Section 377 India till 1920.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Ruhnke |first=Lauren |date=2018-05-01 |title=Constructing Native Homosexuality in British India |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/maneto/article/view/80 |journal=Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.15367/m:turj.v1i1.80 |issn=2639-7617|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12613/474 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The law had a larger impact on social values than legal ones.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018" /> The anti-sodomy law in Britain and, in turn, India, was inspired by the 'purity campaign', an ideology that aimed at repressing sexual conduct in British society. This campaign also changed the perception and beliefs about sexualities in the European society.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018" />

In 1871, the hijra were labelled a "criminal tribe" in the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] (1871). Eventually, they were subjected to compulsory registration, unlawful monitoring, and stigmatization. British Lieutenant-Governor [[Edmund Drummond]] (1814–1895) framed the anti-hijra campaign as a necessary project of "extinguishment" and "extinction." The surveillance methods were enacted over communities with hopes to eradicate hijras permanently.

In 1884, the sodomy-related case to be prosecuted under British rule in India was the case of Khairati vs Queen Empress.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018" /> Khairati was first called on by the police when he was seen dressed as a woman and singing with a group of women in Moradabad.<ref name="Solution-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019 |url=https://indianlegalsolution.com/transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill-2019/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Indian Legal Solution |language=en-US}}</ref> The case was brought to the Allahabad high court, where Khairati was forced to undergo a medical examination and was found to have an 'extended anal [[Anal orifice|orifice]]' which was a sign of a 'habitual [[catamite]]'.<ref name="Solution-2019" /> Cross-dressing was, again, used as evidence to support this argument. Cross-dressing was normal in the indigenous culture in India, but since this did not fit the moral standards of sexuality of Brits and due to the ambiguity of Section 377, Khairati was arrested and prosecuted in court.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018" /> Khairati was later acquitted on appeal in the Allahabad high court.<ref name="Ruhnke-2018" />

== 20th Century ==
{{See also|Hijra (South Asia)|Kothi (gender)}}

[[File:Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes. Gouache Wellcome L0033073.jpg|thumb| centre|Two women using carrots as dildos, 20th century [[gouache]] painting. ]]

=== 1920s ===
On 31 May 1924, Matvala, a Calcutta biweekly, published a story titled "Chocolate" by [[Pandey Bechan Sharma]] "Ugra".{{Blockquote| In the opening passages, a lovesick Dinkar Prasad is likened to Majnun by the narrator as he flops into a chair reciting a sher to articulate, yet encode, his grief. Manohar Chandra, another friend, attempts decoding with chher chhaar, teasing him in Banarasi Hindi. When Dinkar commends his verse, Manohar exclaims: "Has your fine lady, Urdu, been defeated[…]?" Later, an adolescent boy, Ramesh, appears at the door, and Dinkar darts off. Manohar duly informs the narrator that Ramesh is Dinkar's chocolate – the object of his romantic-erotic affections – before launching on a tirade to deride his same-sex desire: "He'll sift through history, finish off the Puranas, and prove to you that love of boys is not unnatural but natural." In this brief overture, Ugra condensed competing linguistic, ethnic, and cultural assessors of homosexuality.<ref name= Ugra>{{cite web |title=The story of 'Chocolate', the Hindi story published in 1924 that created a furore over homosexuality |url=https://scroll.in/article/917491/the-story-of-chocolate-the-hindi-story-published-in-1924-that-created-a-furore-over-homosexuality |website=Scroll.in|date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>}}In December 1924, after the publication of Chocolate Charcha Ugra was charged with sedition for editing the victory issue of Swadesh and sentenced to nine months in prison under section 124A of the IPC.<ref name="Ugra" />

In 1927, Ugra wrote ''Hey Sukumar (O Beautiful Young Man!)'', ''Vyabhichari Pyar (Dissolute Love)'', and ''Jail Mein (In Prison)'' and published them in the short fiction ''Chocolate: And Other Writings On Male Homoeroticism'' in Calcutta.<ref name="Ugra" /><ref>{{cite web |title=A love without a name: Identifying homosexuality in Indian language and literature |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-love-without-a-name-identifying-homosexuality-in-indian-language-and-literature/story-sfkFcIFoa8eENsQx5u1NQJ.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2018 }}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
In 1936, Raghupati Sahay, also known by his pen name [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], a professor of English at Allahabad University, published an article ''in defence of homosexual love''. Talking about Ghazals he describes the depiction of homosexuality in poetry across time and cultures in the works of [[Sappho]], [[Socrates]], [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]], Hafiz, [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], and [[Walt Whitman|Whitman]].

=== 1970s ===
In 1971, [[Badnam Basti]], India's first film featuring homosexual themes film depicting the story of two men and women in a love triangle hit the theatre. It is adapted from an eponymous novel by Hindi novelist [[Kamleshwar (writer)]]. The film was thought to have been [[Lost film|lost]] for 40 years, but a print was found in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kahlon|first1=Sukhpreet|date=28 July 2020|title=Finding Badnaam Basti (1972): Accidental discovery that restored a piece of Indian cinematic history|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/jul/28/26558|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901125824/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/jul/28/26558|archive-date=1 September 2020|access-date=5 August 2020|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

In 1974, The First gay group in called ''Laundebaz-E-Hind'' was formed in Bombay.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Katyal |first=Akhil |title=Playing a double game: idioms of same sex desire in India |date=2011 |degree=phd |publisher=SOAS, University of London |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13103/ |language=en}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Shakuntala Devi]] published the first<ref>{{Cite journal | title=Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India | author=Subir K Kole | journal=Globalization and Health | doi=10.1186/1744-8603-3-8 | date=2007-07-11 | pmid=17623106 | volume=3 | pages=8 | pmc=2018684 | doi-access=free }}: "The first academic book on Indian homosexuals appeared in 1977 (The World of Homosexuals) written by Shakuntala Devi, the mathematics wizkid who was internationally known as the human computer. This book treated homosexuality in a positive light and reviewed the socio-cultural and legal situation of homosexuality in India and contrasted that with the then gay liberation movement in USA."</ref> study of homosexuality in India. She wrote, "rather than pretending that homosexuals don't exist" it was time "we face the facts squarely in the eye and find room for [homosexual people]."<ref name="worldoh">{{Cite book | title=The World of Homosexuals | first=Shakuntala | last=Devi | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | year=1977 | isbn=9780706904789 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBwbAAAAYAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title=Homosexuality and Religion | first=Jeffrey S. | last=Siker | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=9780313330889 | page=127 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUqn33H-uDYC&q=%22The+World+of+Homosexuals%22&pg=PA127 }}: "In her 1977 book, mathematician Shakuntala Devi interviewed..."</ref>

In 1978, an unknown gay group had published the first gay newsletter of India called ''Gay Scene'' from Calcutta. Some of its archived copies were discovered much later through Shakti Khabar in early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEjoGAAACAAJ |title=Less Than Gay: A Citizens' Report on the Status of Homosexuality in India |date=1991 |publisher=AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan |language=en}}</ref>

In 1979, Hijras met in Ahemdabad for the 50th Anniversary of Hijra named ''Dada Guru'' Shankar.<ref name="Queerly" />

=== 1980s ===
In 1980, two lesbian women, Mallika and Lalidambika, died by suicide in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table Of Lesbian Suicide. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/lib-docs/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session1/IN/PLD_IND_UPR_S1_2008anx_LesbianSuicides.pdf}}</ref>

In 1981, Indian Playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]] wrote Marathi play [[Mitrachi Goshta]], a three-act play with a theme of same-sex attraction. In the same year, All-India Hijra Conference brought together 50,000 Hijras who travelled to Agra.<ref name="Queerly">{{cite book |title=Queerly Phrased Language, Gender, and Sexuality. |date=7 October 1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195355772 |pages=460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC}}</ref>

[[Bhupen Khakhar]] experienced the gay-rights movement in 1979 when he visited England and it was then he felt acceptance and comfort with his own sexuality. In 1981, he painted ‘You Can't Please All’ which is widely regarded as a symbol of his coming out.<ref name="Bhupen">{{cite web |title=A Look At The Life Of Bhupen Khakhar: India's Ingenious Openly Gay Contemporary Artist |date=8 June 2021 |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/a-look-at-the-life-of-bhupen-khakhar-indias-ingenious-openly-gay-contemporary-artist}}</ref>

In 1982, [[Bhupen Khakhar]]'s Two Men In Benaras (1982), an oil on canvas painting, depicted an intimate scene of love situated in the pilgrimage capital of India. The shades near the soles and toes were smudged with moon-like dust and depicted the desire and lust the two subjects had for each other.<ref name="Bhupen" />

In 1986, journalist [[Ashok Row Kavi]] penned an article about himself for Savvy Magazine, which became the first ‘coming out’ story from India.

In 1987, Khakra's painting Yayati (1987) explored and created a dialogue between intimacy, religion, and mythology. ‘Yayati’ was the first king of Pauravas. The same year, [[Rohit Khosla]] co-founded Ensemble, India's popular designer label store in New Delhi, with Tarun and Sal Tahiliani.

Also in 1987, two policewomen from Madhya Pradesh married each other. Eventually, on 24 February 1988, pictures from their marriage made front page news under the headline "Lesbian Cops". Leela and Urmila were chastised by the police force, discharged of their duties for ''inappropriate behaviour'', and inundated with media attention.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who were the first lesbians to get married in India? |url=https://fiftytwo.in/blog/who-were-the-first-lesbians-to-get-married-in-india/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marriage equality is a constitutional right, do not deny it to same-sex couples |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/marriage-rights-india-same-sex-couples-6929246/ |website=Indian Express|date=4 November 2020 }}</ref>

In 1989, [[Dominic D'Souza]] was forcibly quarantined and isolated in a tuberculosis ward for 64 days because of stigma and hatred towards people with HIV.

During 1987–1989, Lesbians from Delhi Group met for informal gatherings, or "Single women's nights," in members' homes to discuss compulsive heterosexuality and to bond over their identifications as "Women who love women."<ref>{{cite web |title=Queer History: How Did Queer Women Network Before The Age Of Internet? |date=28 June 2018 |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/06/29/queer-history-queer-women-india/}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
In 1990, [[Naz Foundation International]] started in London to spread awareness regarding AIDs/HIV epidemic. The same year, [[Ashok Row Kavi]], a few short years after coming out, founded India's first magazine for queer men, [[Bombay Dost]].

In 1991, 7 members of ABVA published ''"Less Than Gay: A Citizens' Report on the Status of Homosexuality in India",'' which was the first report to publicly recognize the status of queer people in India and addressed the discrimination they faced.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> The report demanded the rights of the queer community in India, as it imposed a need to repeal Section 377 and the Army, Navy, and Air Force Act of 1950.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> This report was followed by a public protest, organized by the ABVA in New Delhi, which is recognized as the first public demonstration against anti-sodomy laws in India.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> This demonstration protested Section 377 and its use by the police to harass the gay community.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> The protest was particularly sparked by an act of police brutality in Connaught Place, where 18 people were arrested on the charges that they were allegedly going to engage in homosexual acts. This protest was joined by over 500 people, which included multiple democratic and civil rights groups.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" />

In 1992, The AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA), or the AIDS Anti-discrimination movement, organized the first public protest against anti-sodomy laws in India in August 1992.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> The ABVA was an activist group, with its original intent being spreading awareness regarding AIDS in India, as they opposed the intolerant practices and discrimination of the Indian government against HIV positive patients.<ref name="Tan-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Nicholas |date=2019-03-01 |title=Was 1992 a Turning Point for Homosexuals in Contemporary India? |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9548-9 |journal=Sexuality & Culture |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=142–153 |doi=10.1007/s12119-018-9548-9 |s2cid=149527487 |issn=1936-4822|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They protested against the government policy that required the doctors to disclose the names of HIV-positive patients, who were then put in isolation.<ref name="Tan-2019" /> The group organized multiple protests demanding rights for HIV-affected people and sex workers.<ref name="Tan-2019" />

In 1994, ABVA filled the first Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging Section 377 and its validity. This PIL was filed in response to the denial by authorities to a request by ABVA demanding the distribution of condoms in Tihar Jail.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> The reason for this as stated by Kiran Bedi, the then Inspector General of Prisons in India, was that the distribution of condoms would acknowledge and accept the existence of homosexual practices in the jail. The petition was dismissed in 2001 in the Delhi High Court.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" />

On 10 November 1994, Vimala Farooqui, had appealed to the Prime Minister to cancel permission for an international conference of Gay Men to be held in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vimala Farooqui |url=http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/JAGORI.pdf?}}</ref>

In 1996, [[Riyad Vinci Wadia]] produced an Independent short film, [[Bomgay]]. Riyad was then in the process of generating funds for his supposed first full-length movie, ''Naked Rain''(Unfinished), based on R. Raj Rao's novel, Boyfriend. "He made a very important contribution to the gay cause and was one of the central figures to begin the broad-basing of the gay movement in India," said gay activist Ashok Row Kavi.

In 1997, Lawyer and activist Arvind Narrain student at the National Law School of Banglore, headed a seminar on LGBTQ rights discussing queerness in new and public settings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dignity restored |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30184975.ece |website=Frontline The Hindu|date=30 July 2009 }}</ref>

In 1998, [[Deepa Mehta]] lesbian theme movie [[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]] was released on 5 November 1998 in India. The film is loosely based on [[Ismat Chughtai]]'s 1942 story, "[[Lihaaf]]" ("The Quilt"). The members of right-wing groups like the Shiv Sena and Bajrang Dal attacked cinema halls across the country.

In 1999, [[Sonali Gulati]] made a short film titled "Sum Total", a lesbian matrimonial that addresses issues of identity, self-representation, and hetronormativity

The [[Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk|Friendship Walk]] is the first and oldest pride march in India and South Asia.<ref name="Srivastava-2019" /> This was first organized on 2 July 1999 in the city of Kolkata.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010">{{Cite web |last=Gaylaxy |date=2010-07-14 |title=A Walk to Remember |url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/a-walk-to-remember/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Gaylaxy Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> During this time period, gay rights activists in India had started demanding that political leaders include gay rights as a part of their election campaigns, but these demands were ignored.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> So, in order to make a political statement, Owais Khan first proposed the idea of the friendship walk.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> This idea was circulated among the public and received mixed reactions until the walk was finally organized.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> The pride march was joined by 15 people from all across the country, who wore custom-designed, bright yellow T-shirts with a graphic of footsteps and a motto that read 'Walk on the rainbow'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sthira |date=2013-06-26 |title=Who said it was Simple? |url=http://kindlemag.in/who-said-it-was-simple/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Kindle Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The participants of the march further divided themselves into two groups, one of which continued the walk towards North Kolkata and the other one towards South Kolkata.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> They proceeded to meet multiple Human rights organizations, NGOs, and AIDS prevention groups to voice their agenda and spread their message.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> The walk ended with both groups meeting at the George Bhavan where all the participants were interviewed by the media, as they shared their views on the issue of rejection of Homosexuality and sexual/gender non-conformity in India.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> The news spread across South Asia and the pride march was met with strong support not only in India but from people in Pakistan and Bangladesh as well.<ref name="Gaylaxy-2010" /> This walk became the inspiration for various pride marches that were organized all across the country in the subsequent years and influenced the sociopolitical scenario in many countries across South Asia.

Also in 1999, CALERI (Campaign for Lesbian Rights) came out with a manifesto titled "Lesbian Emergence".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=N. DAVE |first1=NAISARGI |title=Indian and lesbian and what came next: Affect, commensuration, and queer emergences |journal=American Ethnologist |date=November 2011 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=650–665 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01328.x |jstor=41410424 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41410424|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the same year, Soul Kitchen disco in Delhi hosted the first "gay night."

== 21st Century ==
[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] Pride Parade at [[Madurai]] with [[Anjali Gopalan]] (July 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2015|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>]]

=== 2000s ===
In 2001, [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]], a non-governmental organization, filed a lawsuit in the Delhi High Court in 2001, seeking the legalisation of homosexual intercourse between consenting adults.

In 2002, Naz Foundation filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) to challenge IPC Section 377 in the Delhi High Court.

In 2003, Delhi High Court refused to consider a petition regarding the legality of the law and said the petitioners had no [[locus standi]] in the matter.

Also in 2003, [[R. Raj Rao]]'s first novel [[The Boyfriend (novel)]] was published highlighting the gay subculture of 1992–93 after the Bombay riots.

In 2004, [[The Journey (2004 film)]], Malayalam language feature film written, directed and produced by Ligy J. Pullappally, was released. It is said to be inspired by her short film Uli and the true story of two lesbian lovers in the South Indian state of Kerala.

On 11 June 2004, [[Girlfriend (2004 film)]] depicted Tanya's (Isha Koppikar) obsessive relationship with Sapna (Amrita Arora). The relationship dilemma sparked after Sapna starts dating Rahul (Aashish Chaudhary).

In 2005, film [[My Brother…Nikhil]] directed by [[Onir]] portrayed the life of the protagonist, Nikhil, from 1987 to 1994, when AIDS awareness in India was considerably low.

Also in 2005, Prince [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]] publicly came out as gay. He was disinherited as an immediate reaction by the royal family and was a question of stigma throughout the nation.

In January 2006, [[Human Rights Watch]] published a report that article 377 was used to harass [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] prevention activists, as well as [[sex worker]]s, [[men who have sex with men]], and other LGBTQ groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Repeal Colonial-Era Sodomy Law |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12398.htm |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413042710/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12398.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2008 |date=January 11, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, a 24-year-old gay man Hiren Makwana, a community organiser in an NGO, Counterpart International India (CII), at Bodakdev, was murdered over intimate relationships and financial disputes. The police found the homicide videotaped on the Handycam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gay murder shot on handycam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gay-murder-shot-on-handycam/articleshow/1405654.cms |website=Times Of India|date=8 February 2006 }}</ref>

In May 2006, Mohammed Wasim, reportedly killed his two partners Akhtar Afindi (52) and Jamshed Alam (32) for money.<ref>{{cite news |title=Double murder cracked, gay friend killed them |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/double-murder-cracked-gay-friend-killed-them/articleshow/1528037.cms |website=Times Of India|date=13 May 2006 }}</ref>

In September 2006, [[Amartya Sen]], acclaimed writer [[Vikram Seth]] and other prominent Indians publicly demanded the repeal of section 377 of the IPC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0,,1874833,00.html|title='India's Literary Elite Call for Anti-Gay Law to be Scrapped' | newspaper= [[The Guardian]]|location=London | first=Randeep | last=Ramesh | date=18 September 2006 | access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> In the open letter they demanded that "In the name of humanity and of our Constitution, this cruel and discriminatory law should be struck down."

In 2007, Prince [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]] appeared on the American talk show ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' on 24 October 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/26look1.htm|title=India's gay prince appears on Oprah show|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|date=27 October 2007|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> and on [[BBC Three]]'s ''[[Undercover Princes]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gtkyq | title=Undercover Princes|date=27 April 2011|access-date=4 April 2014|publisher=[[BBC Three]]}}</ref>

Also in 2007, Rao founded the Queer Studies Circle at Pune University.<ref>''Times of India'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143825/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-27/pune/27290282_1_aids-workers-aids-prevention-joanne-csete "Gay rights groups hail bid to amend law," July 27, 2002], accessed 15 May 2011</ref> Rao was one of the first to offer a course on [[LGBTQ literature]] at the university level in [[India]] in 2007, after years of resistance on the part of his academic superiors.<ref>''The Punekar'': [http://thepunekar.com/2010/10/15/marathi-teacher-takes-charge-of-english-department-at-pune-university/ "Marathi teacher takes charge of English department at Pune University," October 15, 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831002122/http://thepunekar.com/2010/10/15/marathi-teacher-takes-charge-of-english-department-at-pune-university/ |date=31 August 2011 }}, accessed 15 May 2011</ref> He said: "It's strange how the academic fraternity that has always been quick to accept all kinds of literature — Marxist, feminist, Dalit — had a huge reservation when it came to queer literature. For years, the Board of Studies refused to let us start the course saying that 'Indian students do not need it'. Finally, we clubbed it with Dalit literature and started it under the genre of Alternative Literature."<ref>''The Punekar'': [http://thepunekar.com/2009/07/16/gay-lesbian-course-at-uop-sets-an-example-for-other-universities/ "Gay-lesbian course at UoP sets an example for other universities," July 16, 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404014028/http://www.thepunekar.com/2009/07/16/gay-lesbian-course-at-uop-sets-an-example-for-other-universities/ |date=4 April 2012 }}, accessed 15 May 2011</ref>

In 2008, the five Indian cities Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, Indore and Pondicherry celebrated gay pride parades with 2000 people from nationwide.

Also in 2008, Zoltan Parag, a competitor at the Mr. Gay International contest, said that he was apprehensive about returning to India stating "Indian media has exposed me so much that now when I call my friends back home, their parents do not let them talk to me". Zoltan did not return to India and reportedly sought asylum in the United States.

In 2009, Delhi High Court decision ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'', found Section 377 and other legal prohibitions against same-sex conduct to be in direct violation of fundamental rights provided by the Indian Constitution. The decisions of a High Court on the constitutionality of law (i.e. judicial review) apply throughout India, and not just to the territory of the state over which the High Court in question has jurisdiction.<ref name="Kusum Ingots v 2004">''Kusum Ingots v. Union of India'', (2004) 6 SCC 254: "An order passed on a writ petition questioning the constitutionality of a Parliamentary Act, whether interim or final, keeping in view the provisions contained in Clause (2) of Article 226 of the Constitution of India, will have effect throughout the territory of India subject of course to the applicability of the Act."</ref> However, even after the pronouncement of the verdict, there have been (rare) incidents of harassment of homosexual groups.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/india/28251262_1_saharanpur-management-student-gay-party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106033901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/india/28251262_1_saharanpur-management-student-gay-party |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Crackdown on gay party in Saharanpur, 13 held |date=28 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

The same year, [[Pink Pages]] the first online magazine to publish an article after the historic judgement of decriminalising of homosexuality.

Also in 2009, [[Celina Jaitley]] re-launched the ''Bombay Dost'', the gay magazine, in Mumbai. Same year, [[R. Raj Rao]] published ''Whistling in the Dark: Twenty-One Queer Interviews'', co-editor with Dibyajyoti Sarma.

=== 2010s ===
In 2010, Rao published his gay-themed novel Hostel Room 131 (2010).

In February 2010, Professor [[Ramchandra Siras]] was outed and suspended from his job at AMU for "immoral sexual activity". Even though homosexuality was legalised in 2010 two men forced their way into Siras' house and videotape him having consensual sex with another man.

In April 2010, Siras died in his apartment in Aligarh. The preliminary results from the autopsy showed traces of poison in his body.

In April 2010, [[Onir]] film [[I Am (2010 Indian film)]] exploring issues on themes such as single motherhood, displacement, child abuse and same-sex relationships won a national film award.

In March 2011, Pulitzer Prize-winning author [[Joseph Lelyveld]] published [[Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India]] citing Mahatma Gandhi exchanged an intimate letter with a German Jewish architect Hermann Kallenbach. The book received favourable criticism and was banned in India. However, Tushar Gandhi, Gandhi's great-grandson, has defended the book.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Slow Evolution of Gay Culture in India. |url=https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-slow-evolution-of-gay-culture-in-india/ |website=The Mit Press Reader|date=2 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Gandhi Became Gandhi. |work=The New York Times |date=25 March 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/books/review/book-review-great-soul-mahatma-gandhi-and-his-struggle-with-india-by-joseph-lelyveld.html |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. }}</ref>

In 2011, the Delhi high court on Monday upheld the life sentence of the two men for murdering United Nations Development Programme employee Pushkin Chandra and his gay partner Kuldeep in south Delhi seven years ago. "It is evident from the record that Pushkin Chandra used to indulge in unnatural sexual activities," the trial court judge had said in his judgment on March 3, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gay murder: HC upholds life term of 2 in Pushkin case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gay-murder-hc-upholds-life-term-of-2-in-pushkin-case/story-4pg4WUDrErPAdPAveywYOP.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=31 October 2011 }}</ref>

Also in 2011, 24-year-old Mahesh Soni, who had appeared on a reality show on television and admitted that he was homosexual and liked to wear a saree, committed suicide hanging from the ceiling fan at his Malwani residence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gay man slashes partner, commits suicide. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/gay-man-slashes-partner-commits-suicide-569633 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

On 16 February 2012, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], during a hearing of a bunch of appeals filed against decriminalisation of gay sex, observed that homosexuality should be seen in the context of changing society as many things which were earlier unacceptable have become acceptable with the passage of time. The two-judge bench, composed of Justices G S Singhvi and S J Mukhopadhaya, opined that homosexuality should be seen in the light of changing times where phenomena of live-in relationships, single parents and artificial fertilisation have become normal. They also pointed out that many things, which were considered immoral 20 years ago, have become acceptable to society now. The bench said that homosexual sex was not an offence prior to 1860 and referred to [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|paintings and sculptures of Khajuraho]]. Senior Advocate Amrendra Sharan, who opposed the Delhi High Court order of decriminalising gay sex on behalf of the Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights, had then submitted that social issues cannot be decided on the basis of sculptures. The apex court bench, however, observed that it is a reflection of the society of that time and that homosexuality should not be seen only in terms of sexual intercourse. Earlier, the Supreme Court bench had asked the anti-gay rights groups, challenging the legalisation of homosexual sex to explain how such acts are against the order of nature as submitted by them. The apex court heard petitions filed by anti-gay rights activists and also by political, social and religious organisations which have opposed the Delhi High Court verdict decriminalising homosexual behaviour.

On 23 February 2012, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]] of the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] replying to a Supreme Court observation, told the Supreme Court that it was opposed to the decriminalisation of gay sex. "This is highly immoral and against the social order," the Home Ministry told the apex court. It said that India's moral and social values were different from other countries, and therefore, the nation should not be guided by them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/3/2012022320120223141327934d025428/Homosexuality-Govt-opposes-HC-verdict-in-apex-court.html |title=Homosexuality: Govt opposes HC verdict in the apex court, News – Nation – Mumbai Mirror |website=www.mumbaimirror.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908234817/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/3/2012022320120223141327934d025428/Homosexuality-Govt-opposes-HC-verdict-in-apex-court.html |archive-date=8 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Central Government reversed its stance on 28 February 2012, asserting that there was no error in decriminalising gay sex. This resulted in the SC pulling up the Centre for frequently changing its stance on the issue. "''Don't make a mockery of the system and don't waste the court's time",'' an apex court judge told the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-pulls-up-centre-for-flipflop-on-homosexuality/917743/?google_editors_picks=true|title=Supreme Court pulls up Centre for flip-flop on homosexuality – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=Aug 15, 2019}}</ref>

In March 2012, "The population of Men who have Sex with Men was estimated to be 25 lakhs in India," the government said in its affidavit filed in the Supreme Court, citing figures of the National Aids Control Programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt. submits data on gay population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-submits-data-on-gay-population/article2991667.ece |website=The Hindu |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref>

In June 2012, a guide titled 'Creating Inclusive Workplaces for LGBT Employees in India' was developed by IBM, Goldman Sachs, and Google together with Community Business, a non-profit organization.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/india/34342194_1_lgbt-employees-lgbt-community-lgbt-issues | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605121337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/india/34342194_1_lgbt-employees-lgbt-community-lgbt-issues | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-06-05 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender resource guide for employers}}</ref>

In the same year, 2 July was celebrated as the first [[Indian Coming Out Day]] to mark the 2009 ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'' judgement that decriminalised homosexual sexual activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai's LGBTQIA+ community is coming out in order to take down Section 377 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2018/jul/04/chennais-lgbtqia-community-is-coming-out-in-order-to-take-down-section-377-3341.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Edex Live |date=4 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coming Out Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sexuality/column-indian-coming-out-day-2490270 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=First LGBTQIA cultural festival in Ahmedabad on July 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-lgbtqia-cultural-festival-in-abad-on-july-2/articleshow/92155324.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2013, Nolan Lewis, a model, participated at the [[Mr Gay World]] [[Mr Gay World 2013|2013 contest]] after trouble finding sponsors.

In December 2013, India's top court upheld the law that criminalises gay sex, in a ruling that reverses a landmark 2009 Delhi High Court order which had decriminalised homosexual acts. The court said it was up to Parliament to legislate on the issue. Indians have traditionally interpreted Section 377, a 153-year-old colonial-era law, as condemning a same-sex relationship as an "unnatural offence", and also considering it punishable by a 10-year jail term. Political, social and religious groups petitioned the Supreme Court to have the law reinstated in the wake of the 2009 court ruling.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25329065 | work=BBC News | title=India top court reinstates gay sex ban | date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>The text of the law actually reads, "Unnatural offences.--Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1*[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.-Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section." See {{cite web |url=http://districtcourtallahabad.up.nic.in/articles/IPC.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211040454/http://districtcourtallahabad.up.nic.in/articles/IPC.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-11 }}.</ref>

In the same month, Indian novelist [[Vikram Seth]] appeared on the Indiatodayofficial cover picture protesting recriminalisation of section 377:
::{{Blockquote|You shall not love or make love with the person you love, not because of excessive youth or because of unwillingness, but because he or she comes from a different religion, a different caste, the same village, the same gender. You may say you love each other, that you are happy with each other, that you give each other solace and courage and delight, but your love disgusts me. It runs counter to custom, it is an offence in law, it is against the order of nature, it brings dishonour to our family, it will dilute our blood, it will bring about kali-yuga, it will corrupt everyone around you, it is an abomination in the sight of the Lord. It must be forbidden. You may say you love each other, but I do not care. No, I cannot turn away and simply let you live your life in peace and happiness. I must do something about it. I will indeed do something about it. No, you have not harmed me, but I will harm you. I will disown you, I will treat you with contempt, I will make you an outcaste or a criminal, I will lock you up. I will break your legs, I will fling acid in your face, I will hang you from a crane, I will stone you to death. If the mob helps me, so much the better. If the law helps me, so much the better. If I can wrap myself in a flag, so much the better. If I can drape religion around myself, so much the better. But by one means or another, I will tear the two of you apart. It is fit and proper that I should do this. I will do this because my Clan tells me to, my Panchayat tells me to, this Book tells me to, this Section of this Act tells me to, Civilisation itself tells me to, God himself tells me to. No appeal to reason will touch me. No appeal to humanity will touch me. No appeal to Indian history or modern science will touch me. My brain is a science-free zone. My brain is a history-free zone. My brain is a fact-free zone. This, at its core, is a simple matter. My love is right. Your love is wrong.<ref name= "Vikram">{{cite web |title=Vikram Seth on Section 377 and gay rights in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20131230-vikram-seth-on-gay-rights-homosexuality-769369-2013-12-19 |website=India Today|date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>}}
In April 2014, the month of the upcoming [[2014 Indian general election|election]], at least three major political parties – the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] – had included support for decriminalization of homosexual relations in their election manifestos,.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/manifestos-bring-hope-to-lesbians-gays-et-al-election-special-114032800670_1.html|title=Manifestos bring hope to lesbians, gays et al (Election Special)|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=Mar 28, 2014|access-date=Aug 15, 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

In July 2014, the first book on [[Genderqueer]] in Tamil and first Tamil book on LGBTQIA was from Srishti Madurai was released by BJP's state general secretary, Vanathi Srinivasan, at the 6th Hindu spiritual service foundation's sixth service fair, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Its-a-great-honour-to-be-awarded-for-book-on-gender-variants-Gopi-Shankar/articleshow/38769130.cms|title=It's a great honour to be awarded for book on gender variants: Gopi Shankar | Madurai News |website=The Times of India|date=21 July 2014 |access-date=Aug 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>http://www.asianage.com/india/bjp-supports-tn-leader-book-lgbt-157 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041550/http://www.asianage.com/india/bjp-supports-tn-leader-book-lgbt-157 |date=2014-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms|title=BJP leader launches LGBT rights book in TN|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=Aug 15, 2019}}</ref>

In July 2014, [[Kochi]] hosted the 5th All-Kerala Queer Pride Parade was held.<ref name="QueerPride">{{cite news|title=Queer Pride march in Kochi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/queer-pride-march-in-kochi/article6253916.ece|access-date=8 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 July 2014}}</ref> It was organised by Queerala (a support group for the LGBTQ community) and Sahayathrika (a rights organisation for lesbian and bisexual women in Kerala).<ref name="KeralaPrideParade">{{cite news|title=Fifth Kerala LGBT parade pride held|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-fifth-kerala-lgbt-parade-pride-held-2005667|access-date=8 January 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

In September 2014, [[Sushant Divgikar]], the winner of [[Mr Gay India]] 2014, participated in the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' reality show. About his participation, Divgikar stated, "I think I can sensitise the people about my community by being the face of the LGBT community in Bigg Boss."<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss contestant Sushant Divgikar hopes to sensitise TV viewers to LGBT cause|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-contestant-Sushant-Divgikar-hopes-to-sensitise-TV-viewers-to-LGBT-cause/articleshow/43251775.cms|access-date=8 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 September 2014}}</ref>

In November 2015, Indian Author Siddharth Dube published his memoir ''No One Else: A Personal History of Outlawed Love and Sex'' sharing his time as a childhood as gay and effeminate in 1970s Calcutta and coming out to his father in 1984.<ref>{{cite book |title=No One Else: A Personal History of Outlawed Love and Sex |date=3 December 2015 |publisher=Harpercollins India |isbn=9789350297148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnBLDQAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{Blockquote| It was in this warped atmosphere of endless hierarchies and domination that I first became the target of male desire manifested as sexual abuse. In my second year at Doon School, a huge prefect called Nutty began tormenting me. Nutty was notoriously crazy, hence his nickname. Though I did my utmost to avoid Nutty, there was no escaping him in the second half of the day, after classes ended and we returned to our common residential house. Unfailingly, several nights a week, instead of studying after dinner like my other classmates, I would do an unending series of somersaults on Nutty's orders. "Oaay, do you know what a pansy is?" Nutty once asked in his rough voice. I kept my eyes down. "Yes." "Are you a pansy?" Everyone laughed. I said softly but defiantly, "No, I'm not a pansy." "You're a pansy, you madarchod (motherfuc*er), and you want me to chodo (fuc*) you," Nutty yelled. "You want to give me a blowjob, you pansy! Here, come here, suck it!" This time there were guffaws from his admiring audience. I felt utter hatred for him. I wanted to kill him.}}In June 2016, a dating platform called [[Amour Queer Dating]] was launched in India, for LGBTIQ people seeking long-term companions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amourqueerdating.blogspot.in/|title=Amour – A dating platform for Queer|website=amourqueerdating.blogspot.in|access-date=Aug 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scl.io/|title=GetSocial|website=scl.io|access-date=Aug 15, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2017, a ten-episode series titled [[Romil & Jugal]] parody of [[Romeo and Juliet]] featured two men Jugal and Romil in love fighting for family acceptance and life.

In May 2017, the first [[Bhopal Pride March]] was conducted, gathering the participation of around 200 members.

In July 2018, Swati Bidhan Baruah became Assam's first transgender Judge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam to get its first transgender judge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-to-get-its-first-transgender-judge/articleshow/64980891.cms |website=Times Of India|date=13 July 2018 }}</ref>

On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India invalidated part of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the Indian Penal Code making homosexuality legal in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-delivers-historic-verdict-section-377-gone-being-gay-no-more-a-crime-in-india/articleshow/65696771.cms?from=mdr|title=Section 377: SC rewrites history, homosexual behaviour no longer a crime|last=Rautray|first=Samanwaya|date=6 September 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> In striking down the colonial-era law that made gay sex punishable by up to 10 years in prison, one judge said the landmark decision would "pave the way for a better future."<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Supreme Court strikes down law that punished gay sex|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-top-court-decriminalizes-homosexual-acts-57639411|website=ABC News|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906232222/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-top-court-decriminalizes-homosexual-acts-57639411|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On July 9, 2019, 19-year-old boy Avinshu Patel committed suicide in Chennai after he was ridiculed for being homosexual. "Everyone knows I am a boy. But the way I walk, think and talk is like a girl. People in India do not like that," Avinshu posted on Facebook before killing himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Not my fault I was born gay: 19-year-old commits suicide over homophobia. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gay-man-suicide-homophobia-lgbt-helplines-1565041-2019-07-09 |website=India Today|date=9 July 2019 }}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
In Feb 2020, Praful Pawar killed his 56-year-old gay partner Umesh Patil. The statement recorded:{{Blockquote| Pawar and Patil met each other on a local train six months ago and became friends; soon Patil, who was unmarried, started visiting Pawar at the latter's house in Dombivali and they had a homosexual relationship. When Pawar got married, he started avoiding Patil, he said, leading to the souring of their relations. On February 4, Patil visited Pawar when his wife was not at home, and they had a quarrel. Pawar allegedly strangulated Patil and stuffed his body in a bag and dumped it in the bushes by the side of the railway tracks, the police officer said.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thane: Man arrested for killing 56-year-old gay partner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/thane-man-arrested-for-killing-gay-partner-1644087-2020-02-07 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=Feb 7, 2020}}</ref>}}In Feb 2020, a 22-year-old salesman was killed by a married textile businessman. "A strained homosexual relationship led to the murder. The deceased was extorting with the threat of making their video go viral. We solved the case within two days," said DCP said DCP (Southwest) Gaurav Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three, including textile businessman from south Delhi, held. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-businessman-among-3-held-for-killing-gay-salesman/articleshow/89287874.cms |website=Times Of India|date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>

In March 2020, TV9 Marathi telecasted a show called Arogyam Dhanasampada – Sexual Problems and Solutions with guest speaker, Sanjay Shetye, a clinical psychologist. Despite, The [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] and the [[World Health Organization]] repeated clarification that homosexuality is not an illness and therefore there is no cure, Sanjay Shetey claimed homosexuality is indeed a disease and there has been an increase in the number of ‘homosexual people.’ In response, a complaint was filed against the channel for promoting homophobia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi High Court Issues Notice On Plea Against Alleged 'Homophobic' Show Broadcasted By TV9 Marathi Channel |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-issues-notice-on-plea-against-alleged-homophobic-show-broadcasted-by-tv9-marathi-channel-171828 |website=Live Law|date=27 March 2021 }}</ref>

Also in 2020, Shyam Konnur, Mr Gay India 2020, spoke about how LGBTQIA+ members have been in a permanent lockdown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pride Month 2020: Shyam Konnur, Mr Gay India 2020, speaks about how the LGBTQIA+ members have been in a permanent lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/spotlight/pride-month-2020-shyam-konnur-mr-gay-india-2020-speaks-about-how-the-lgbtqia-members-have-been-in-a-permanent-lockdown/videoshow/76513606.cms?from=mdr |website=Times Of India}}</ref>

In June 2020, gay couple Nikesh PP and Sonu MS filed a marriage equality case in the Kerala High Court. "The Supreme Court had only decriminalised same-sex relationships but nothing outside of this. But while living in the real world, there are many problems as our relationship is not considered valid," Nikesh told ThePrint over the phone. "We cannot open a joint bank account or sign documents of consent during medical emergencies and now we have to even tick the single box and not the married one on any forms," he said.<ref>{{cite web |title=At the root of SC case on gay marriage rights, the Kerala same-sex couple who started it all. |url=https://theprint.in/features/at-the-root-of-sc-case-on-gay-marriage-rights-the-kerala-same-sex-couple-who-started-it-all/1330216/ |website=The Print|date=23 January 2023 }}</ref>

On 3 July 2020, Major J Suresh published a Blog titled, ''Out !! Proud !! Liberated !!,'' he says,{{Blockquote|One of the first things most people ask when someone comes out to them is "When did you first know?" Through my teenage years in high school, I just knew I was a little different. When I was about 15, I was drawn to this rather cute-looking boy in class. He probably noticed me looking at him and decided to 'teach me a lesson' in the only manner young boys know. He surrounded me with some of his close friends and pushed me to the ground, holding me by the neck, while uttering some expletives and probably, that was the end of it. The physical violence was not brutal - far from it - but it most likely drove home a message - a wrong message - but one that gay kids the world over learn from such incidents of bullying: that what I was feeling was 'wrong', 'bad' or 'sick', and if I continued to heed those feelings, it could provoke much worse violence - and so it was best to 'conform'. That is probably why I went through my late teens and early 20s without feeling anything close to what can be called romantic attraction or love during my years at the National Defence Academy (NDA) and Indian Military Academy (IMA). By my mid-20s, when those feelings started slowly resurfacing, I started understanding that I was gay. I struggled really badly to accept myself - and the hyper-straight world of the army only made it that much more difficult for me. However, by my late 20s, after months of drinking and wondering and questioning why I was different and crying myself to sleep over it, I finally came to terms with myself and accepted myself for who I was.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personal Blog of an Out & Proud Indian Major. |url=https://out-and-proud-indian-major.com/out-proud-liberated/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I Was An Officer In The Indian Army, I'm Gay And Very Proud. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/i-was-an-officer-in-the-indian-army-im-gay-and-very-proud-2255980 |website=NDTV}}</ref>}}In September 2020, A 25-year-old, Sunny Dayal, who worked with Volvo buses as pantry staff, was killed by two strangers he met on dating apps.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi: 2 kill man they met on dating app, arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/two-held-for-killing-man-they-met-on-gay-dating-app-6585750/ |website=The Indian Express|date=6 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gay man was having the time of his life in the forest with his dating app Romeo. Minutes later, he was murdered |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2020/09/09/gay-man-murder-new-dehli-india-dating-app-glued-sunny-dayal-sumit-karthik/ |website=Pink News|date=9 September 2020 }}</ref>

Also in 2020, Sundeep Dosanjh and Sharath Puttichanda got married in the USA. 'Medikeri Kodava Samaja' ordered U.S. based Kodava Community to ostracise Sharath. U.S. based Kodava organisation published a statement that marriage is a personal choice.{{Blockquote|Dosanjh told HT that he and Puttichanda bonded over their Indian culture, shared values, and how both overcame day-to-day challenges. They even helped each other through some intensely emotional days along the way. It also provided them with a fresh perspective on their relationship, which made them realise that they're meant to be. So, finally, they made the promise to be with each other forever and tied the knot in two types of traditional Indian ceremonies on September 25–26, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title='He slid into the DMs, I slipped a ring on it': Love story of this same-sex couple in time of Covid is winning people over |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/he-slid-into-the-dms-i-slipped-a-ring-on-it-love-story-of-this-same-sex-couple-in-time-of-covid-is-winning-people-over/story-myPOQvDF9gd3gxQrCf9RDI.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=10 October 2020 }}</ref>}}In 2021, Mohammed Siddique confessed to murdering hotelier Mohammed Afroz. "Afroz used to call Siddique repeatedly and demand that they meet," a police officer told the newspaper. "Afroz abused Siddique's girlfriend over the phone to eliminate him."<ref>{{cite web |title=Man murdered his gay lover and dumped him on railway tracks for harassing his new girlfriend |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2021/01/15/india-gay-murder-railway-tracks-mohammed-afroz/ |website=Pink News|date=15 January 2021 }}</ref>

In June 2022, award winning filmmaker [[Onir]] published his memoir ''I Am Onir and I Am Gay''.<ref>{{cite web |title=I Am Onir and I Am Gay |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/i-am-onir-and-i-am-gay/ |website=Penguin Random House India}}</ref>

In the same year, a 22-year-old LLB student, Yash Rastogi, of Jagriti Vihar in Meerut, went missing after he left to meet the main accused, Shavez, at his workshop in Fatehullapur area on the evening of 26 June. A missing complaint was lodged by Yash's family on the morning of 27 June. Yash's body was recovered from the drain late Saturday night after police detained and questioned Shavez.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law student killed by gay partner in Meerut, accused claims deceased was blackmailing him |url=https://theprint.in/india/law-student-killed-by-gay-partner-in-meerut-accused-claims-deceased-was-blackmailing-him/1023287/ |website=The Print|date=3 July 2022 }}</ref>

In 2023, Supreme Court of India begins hearing plea on acceptance of same-sex marriage in India demanding equal protection, identity and law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court: Historic India same sex marriage hearing enters day two |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65061266 |website=BBC|date=17 April 2023 }}</ref>

In the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], lawyer [[Menaka Guruswamy]] became India's first openly LGBTQ+ national-level member of Parliament, elected on behalf of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece|title=Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian|publisher=The Hindu|date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

== Stigma, Phobia, and Violence ==
The prevalent stigma around LGBTQ people often promotes rape culture or non-consensual sexual violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gang Rape, Extortion: The Dark Side of Dating Apps for Gay Men |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/dating-apps-for-gay-men-in-india-extortion-harassment-gang-rape |website=The Quint|date=26 July 2019 }}</ref> LGBTQ people who have been abused as a child and adult years restrain from reporting complaints in police stations because of phobia and lack of proper law facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title="My Partner Was Gang-Raped, We Couldn't Tell The Cops": A Gay Man's Story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/section-377-verdict-what-dad-told-me-on-phone-after-377-verdict-a-gay-mans-story-1912955 |website=NDTV}}</ref> This rape culture also leads to confusion regarding one's sexual orientation in their teenage and adult years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why they didn't report sexual assault |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/why-they-didnt-report-sexual-assault/articleshow/66009845.cms |website=Times Of India|date=30 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The mindset is that boys are not raped': India ends silence on male sex abuse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/23/indian-study-male-sexual-abuse-film-maker-insia-dariwala#:~:text=People%20live%20in%20denial.,%25)%20and%20guilt%20(28.7%25). |website=The Guardian| date=23 May 2018 | last1=Chatterjee | first1=Rituparna }}</ref> For example, male children raped by male adults, female children raped by female adults, or other children subject to homosexual rape may incorrectly think that they are gay, bisexual, or homosexual, while children subject to heterosexual rape may incorrectly think that they are heterosexual. Some may be homosexual but choose heterosexual life, some may be bisexual but choose gay life, or some may be heterosexual but choose homosexual life. Hence, they end up in a life-long cycle of stress, trauma, hatred, and vengeance. Even though, the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] and the [[World Health Organization]] have repeatedly warned that sexual orientations are natural and normal, corrective rape culture is promoted in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parents use 'corrective rape' to 'straight'en gays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/parenting/parents-use-corrective-rape-to-straighten-gays/articleshow/47489949.cms |website=Times Of India|date=June 2015 }}</ref>

=== Aniket Patil ===
A 25-year-old MBA graduate from Jalgaon killed himself by suicide. According to Times of India report, he joined the multinational company after completing his studies. According, to his suicide note, he said he was bullied and harassed over his sexuality at the Workplace.<ref>{{cite web |title=25-year-old MBA graduate ends life over 'gay' jibes. |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/man-commits-suicide-over-gay-jibes/articleshow/70355044.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=Jul 24, 2019}}</ref> Activist [[Ashok Row Kavi]] said, {{Blockquote|This could have been simply avoided if he was counselled. The need of the hour is to have workshops regarding this important issue. In the realm of sexuality and gender, education is key, dialogue about gender and sexuality is essential. Insensitivity can lead to bullying, apart from coming in the way of learning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Counselling could've saved Aniket: Ashok Row Kavi |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/260719/counselling-couldve-saved-aniket-ashok-row-kavi.html |website=Asian Age|date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>}}

=== Anjana Hareesh ===
A 21-year-old bisexual student from Kerala Anjana Hareesh decided to end her life on May 12, 2020, in Goa. She stated in a Facebook video posted in March that her parents forced her into physical abuse, medication, and 'Conversion therapy'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala student dies in Goa, death puts focus on inhuman 'conversion therapy' on queer people |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-student-dies-goa-death-puts-focus-inhuman-conversion-therapy-queer-people-124683 |website=The News Minute|date=16 May 2020 }}</ref> Equal Rights activist Harish Iyer, calls the death of Anjana is a "nasty reminder" of the phobias that exist in society. Speaking to The Quint, Iyer calls Anjana a "victim of bi-phobia." {{Blockquote|Sexuality is just a variation and is not an aberration. So what are you trying to convert? It is important that you convert yourself – which being unknowledgeable about sexuality to come to a path of knowledge and wisdom where you understand that two people who love differently are not people who are variants or deviants or anything of that sort. They just love differently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjana Hareesh's Death A Nasty Reminder Of Bi-Phobia: Harish Iyer |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/harish-iyer-on-anjana-hareesh-lgbtqi-death-conversion-therapy#read-more |website=The Quint|date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>}}

=== Suicide of Arvey Malhotra ===
A sixteen-year-old teenager Arvey Malhotra from Delhi Public School, Greater Faridabad jumped off the fifteenth-floor building on February 24, 2022, leaving a suicide note, "This school has killed me. Specially higher authorities... tell ninna and bade papa about my sexuality and whatever happened with me. And please try to handle them… You are wonderful, strong, beautiful and amazing."<ref>{{cite news |title=The school has killed me": Arvey Malhotra's mother recalls his suicide note and elaborates on the bullying that led to her son's death; awaits justice even after 4 months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/the-school-has-killed-me-arvey-malhotras-mother-recalls-his-suicide-note-and-elaborates-on-the-bullying-that-led-to-her-sons-death-awaits-justice-even-after-4-months/articleshow/92721354.cms |website=Times Of India|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref> Arvey mother Aarti Malhotra said, "By 9th grade, things worsened. He came home panicking & breathing heavily he'd read a chapter about bullying which triggered him. He confessed, ‘The boys in my class blindfolded me and made me strip. I can't take it anymore’; I was shocked; my son's bullies became sexual assaulters. The school refused to take action; they failed us. It broke my heart. We visited multiple therapists. He was diagnosed with depression & lost his interest in art. In 10th grade, he got diagnosed with dyslexia, studying got difficult for him; his boards were round the corner."<ref>{{cite web |title=Faridabad woman says her son died by suicide after getting bullied, sexually assaulted at school. Heartbreaking story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/faridabad-woman-says-her-son-died-by-suicide-after-getting-bullied-sexually-assaulted-at-school-heartbreaking-story-1973239-2022-07-08 |website=India Today|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref>
On July 6, 2022, Aarti Malhotra shared a post on Instagram quote, "I lost my son, I need justice I really need your help to spread the word, there are no sensitisation training in schools for gender expressions, I lost my son to bullying. I need justice for Arvey."<ref>{{cite web |title=Aarti Malhotra On Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cfqwlfaq8ll/?ig_rid=d2ca12c6-bf95-414d-a8d2-8456c7ed2d73 |website=Instagram}}</ref> The post crossed 1 million likes and people offered support to her from everywhere.

=== Pilot Adam Harry ===
Adam Harry became India's first trans man trainee pilot assisted by the Kerala government was forced to deliver orders for Zamato citing hormonal therapy and gender dysphoria makes Adam "Unfit" to fly. Adam who wanted to pursue a career in aviation enrolled himself in the Lanseria International Airport in Johannesburg and secured a private pilot license. Later, in 2020, the Kerala Government sanctioned an amount of 23.34 lakhs to Adam to support his dream of flying by getting him enrolled in the Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology in Thiruvananthapuram. Adam filed a petition to which the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment calls to the DGCA that its decision to deny a transgender person a commercial pilot licence was discriminatory. Further, the Ministry concludes that it is violative of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transgender trainee-pilot Adam Harry told to reapply for medical test |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/temporary-win-for-transgender-trainee-pilot-adam-harry/article65635637.ece |website=The Hindu |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |last1=Chandra |first1=Jagriti }}</ref>

== LGBTQ People ==
* Note: This list includes [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]] people who are L ([[Lesbian]]), G ([[Gay men|Gay]]), B ([[Bisexuality|Bisexual]]), T ([[Transgender]]), and Q ([[Queer]]). One's sexual orientation shouldn't be confused with one's gender.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Name
! Lifespan
! Notoriety
! Notes
|-
|[[Arti Agrawal]]
|b.?
|Indian Scientist and Engineer
|L
|-
|[[Agha Shahid Ali]]
|1949-2001
|Indian Poet
|G
|-
|[[Aditya Tiwari]]
|b.1998
|Indian Poet
|G
|-
|[[Abhina Aher]]
|b.1977
|Transgender Activist
|T
|-
|[[Manish Arora]]
|b. 1973
|Fashion Designer
|G
|-
|[[Vardaan Arora]]
|b. 1992
|Recording Artist and Singer
|G
|-
|Anjali Ajmeer
|b. 1995
|Actress
|T
|-
|[[Apurva Asrani]]
|b. 1978
|Filmmaker and Screenplay writer
|G
|-
|[[Pulapre Balakrishnan]]
|b. 1955
|Economist
|G
|-
|[[Gautam Bhan]]
|b. ?
|Writer, Researcher, and Queer Rights Activist
|G<ref>{{cite news |title=For all that we may become: on the Section 377 verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/for-all-that-we-may-become/article24885398.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=12 May 2023 |last1=Bhan |first1=Gautam }}</ref>
|-
|[[Deepak Bhargava]]
|b. 1968
|Advocate
|G
|-
|[[Dinesh Bhugra]]
|b. 1952
|Psychiatrist
|G
|-
|[[Shonali Bose]]
|b. 1965
|Indian Film Director
|B
|-
|[[Dutee Chand]]
|b. 1996
| Indian Athlete
|L
|-
|[[Benjamin Daimary]]
|b. 2000
|Indian Actor
|G
|-
|[[Bobby Darling]]
|b. 1974
|Actress and Television Personality
|T
|-
|Dr Prasad Raj Dandekar
|b.?
|Radio Oncologist
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai doctor turns life coach for struggling LGBTQI members |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-doctor-turns-life-coach-for-struggling-lgbtqi-members-23176978 |website=mid-day |date=7 June 2021 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tista Das]]
|b. 1978
|Actress and Trans Rights Activist
|T
|-
|[[Gazal Dhaliwal]]
|b. 1982
|Screenwriter
|T
|-
|Pawan Dhall
|b. ?
|Queer activist, archivist, researcher and writer
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawan Dhall |url=https://vartagensex.org/author/pawan/ |website=Vertagensex}}</ref>
|-
|Sidharth Dube
|b. 1961
|Memorist
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=Sidharth Dube |url=https://www.siddharthdube.com/about.html |website=sidharthdube.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pablo Ganguli]]
|b. 1983
|Director
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=The talented Mr Ganguli, one of London's best connected people |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/the-talented-mr-ganguli-one-of-london-s-best-connected-people-6721716.html |website=Evening Standard |date=10 April 2012 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Siddhartha Gautam
|1964-1992
|lawyer, AIDs Activist
|G
|-
|[[Sonal Giani]]
|b. 1987
|Movie Actress and Senior Technical Advisor Diversity & Inclusion at IPPF South Asia Region
|B
|-
|[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
|1913-1941
|Painter
|B
|-
|[[Menaka Guruswamy]]
|b. 1974
|Senior Advocate
|L
|-
|[[Manvendra Singh Gohil]]
|b. 1965
|LGBTQ and AIDS Activist
|G
|-
|[[Abhik Ghosh]]
|b. 1964
|Chemist
|G
|-
|[[Harish Iyer]]
|b. 1979
|Columnist,activist,blogger
|G
|-
|[[Navtej Johar]]
|b. 1959
|an Indian Sangeet Natak Akademi award-winning Bharatnatyam exponent and choreographer.
|G
|-
|[[Arundhati Katju]]
|b. 1982
|Lawyer
|L
|-
|Anurag Kalia
|b. ?
|IIT Graduate and Software Engineer
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=How I Realized I Was Gay And Why I'm Fighting 377 - By An IIT Grad |url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/blog-by-an-iit-grad-on-being-gay-and-fighting-section-377-1856223 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|[[Firdaus Kanga]]
|b. 1960
|Indian Writer
|G
|-
|[[Ashok Row Kavi]]
|b. 1947
|Indian journalist and LGBTQ rights activist
|G
|-
|[[Bhupen Khakhar]]
|1934-2003
|Indian Painter
|G
|-
|[[Saleem Kidwai]]
|1951-2021
|Medieval historian, Professor
|G
|-
|[[Bindumadhav Khire]]
|b. ?
|Social Worker, Short Fiction Writer
|G
|-
|[[Shobhna S. Kumar]]
|b. ?
|Publisher Queer Ink.com, the first online bookstore
|L
|-
|[[Agniva Lahiri]]
|1979-2016
|Indian LGBTQ social activist
|
|-
|[[Gopi Shankar Madurai]]
|b. 1991
|Indian equal rights and Indigenous rights activis
|I
|-
|[[Leena Manimekalai]]
|b. 1980
|Indian filmmaker, poet and an actor.
|B
|-
|[[Saikat Majumdar]]
|b.?
|Novelist
|
|-
|[[Shabnam Mausi]]
|b. 1955
|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
|Born (I), T
|-
|[[Hoshang Merchant]]
|b. 1947
|Indian Poet
|G
|-
|[[Joyita Mondal]]
|b. ?
|Member of a judicial panel of a civil court and a social worker
|T
|-
|[[Onir]]
|b. 1969
|Indian film and TV director, editor, screenwriter and producer
|G
|-
|[[Akkai Padmashali]]
|b. ?
|Transgender Activist and motivational speaker.
|T
|-
|[[Devdutt Pattanaik]]
|b. 1970
|Mythologist, Historian
|G
|-
|[[Radhika Piramal]]
|b. 1994
|Executive vice chairperson, VIP Industries
|L
|-
|[[Aishwarya Rutuparna Pradhan]]
|b. 1983
|Civil Servant
|T
|-
|[[Padmini Prakash]]
|b.?
|News Anchor
|T
|-
|[[Vasu Primlani]]
|b.?
|Comic Artist
|L
|-
|[[R. Raj Rao]]
|b. 1955
|Novelist
|G
|-
|[[Sridhar Rangayan]]
|b. 1962
|Gay rights Activist and Filmmaker
|G
|-
|[[Sharif D Rangnekar]]
|b. ?
|Author, Public Relations Consultants Association of India (PRCAI).
|G
|-
|[[Apsara Reddy]]
|b. ?
|Indian Politician
|T
|-
|[[A. Revathi]]
|b. ?
|Author
|T
|-
|[[Wendell Rodricks]]
|1960-2020
|Fashion Designer and Author
|G
|-
|[[Anwesh Sahoo]]
|b. 1995
|Indian artist, blogger, writer, model, actor and a TEDx speaker. He won Mr Gay World 2016.
|G
|-
|[[Gauri Sawant]]
|b.?
|Social Worker
|T
|-
|[[Nibedita Sen]]
|b. ?
|Author and nominee of Hugo Award
|Q
|-
|[[Vikram Seth]]
|b. 1952
|Novelist
|B
|-
|[[Chayanika Shah]]
|b. 1970
|Educator
|L
|-
|Parmesh Shahani
|b. ?
|Head, Godrej India Culture Lab
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=Parmesh Shahani: 'We are still not equal today' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/interview-parmesh-shahani-we-are-still-not-equal-today/article65560213.ece |website=The Hindu |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Parvez Sharma]]
|b. 1976
|Filmmaker
|G
|-
|[[Aneesh Sheth]]
|b. 1982
| Actress
|T
|-
|[[Pragati Singh]]
|b. ?
|Doctor
|A
|-
|[[Kalki Subramaniam]]
|b. ?
|Activist
|T
|-
|Keshav Suri
|b. 1985
|Executive director of The Lalit Suri Hospitality Group, Businessman
|G<ref>{{cite news |title=Hotelier Keshav Suri on the 4th anniversary of SC decision to strike down Section 377: The closet, where many would want us to make a permanent home in, was my residence too. And then, came this remarkable judgement, upholding our dignity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/hotelier-keshav-suri-on-the-4th-anniversary-of-sc-decision-to-strike-down-section-377-the-closet-where-many-would-want-us-to-make-a-permanent-home-in-was-my-residence-too-and-then-came-this-remarkable-judgement-upholding-our-dignity/articleshow/94004048.cms |website=Times Of India |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manil Suri]]
|b. 1959
|Author
|G
|-
|[[Ruth Vanita]]
|b. 1955
|Historian
|L
|-
|[[Rose Venkatesan]]
|b. 1980
|Talk Show Host
|T
|-
|[[Living Smile Vidya]]
|b. ?
|Actor and Director
|T
|-
|[[Riyad Vinci Wadia]]
|1967-2003
|Filmmaker known for short film BOMgAY
|G
|-
|[[Gautam Yadav]]
|b.?
|Queer Activist
|G<ref>{{cite web |title=Gautam Yadav |url=https://www.globalfundadvocatesnetwork.org/2021-2022-speakers-bureau/gautam-yadav/}}</ref>
|}

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Event
!Reference
|-
|1200 BC - 600 BC
|The Hindu medical journal Sushruta Samhita documents homosexuality and attempts to explain the cause of homosexuality in a neutral/scientific manner. Though there were many "Sushruta"s who were involved in writing the journal, Sushruta Samhita lived in Varanasi during his life.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Would ancient India have supported Section 377? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/would-ancient-india-have-supported-section-377/20180717.htm |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raveenthiran |first=Venkatachalam |date=November 2011 |title=Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007 |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=2204–2208 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007 |pmid=22075360 |issn=0022-3468|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Know all about Sushruta, the first ever plastic surgeon who was Indian |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sushruta-works-indian-physician-medicine-plastic-surgery-rhinoplasty-nose-job-1559599-2019-07-01 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=India Today |date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|900 BC to 700 BC
|The Brahmana describes an instance of same-sex relations among Hindu deities: On the nights of the new moon, Mitra injects his semen into Varuna to start the moon cycle, with the favour returned upon the full moon.
|<ref name="MitraVaruna">[http://www.galva108.org/deities.html#Mitra_Varuna Mitra Varuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022633/http://galva108.org/deities.html|date=2013-08-27}}, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association</ref>
|-
|500 BC
|The Hindu epic of [[Ramayana]] describes Hanuman witnessing two homosexuals engaged in intimacy on the island of Lanka.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/live-blog-supreme-court-rules-gay-sex-illegal-1386740434 |title=Live Blog: Supreme Court Rules Gay Sex Illegal |date=December 11, 2013 |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Ramayana Of Valmiki Vol. 2|author= Shastri, Hari Prasad, Tr.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39881/page/n375/mode/2up|access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher= Digital Library of India Item 2015.39881}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/ |title=History of Homosexuality in India |last=Jhamb |first=Prateeksha |date=October 22, 2017 |website=Lawctopus |access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[600 BC to] 100 BC
|The Pali canon is written, inscribing the words of Gautama Buddha stating that sexual relations, whether of homosexual or of heterosexual nature, is forbidden in the monastic code, and states that any acts of soft homosexual sex (such as masturbation and interfumeral sex) does not entail a punishment but must be confessed to the monastery. These codes apply to monks only and not to the general population. The Pali Canon was largely written in Sri Lanka but based on the words of Buddha in India.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BuddhaNet Magazine Article: Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism |url=https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.buddhanet.net |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20230301075346/https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pali canon {{!}} Definition, Contents, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|200 BC
|The ''[[Nāradasmṛti]]'' is written in South India and declares homosexuality to be unchangeable and forbid homosexuals from marrying a partner of the opposite sex. The Nāradasmṛti lists fourteen types of ''panda'' (men who are impotent with women); among these are the ''mukhebhaga'' (men who have oral sex with other men), the ''sevyaka'' (men who are sexually enjoyed by other men) and the ''irshyaka'' (the voyeur who watches other men engaging in sex).
|
|-
|200s
|The Kama Sutra is written describing various homosexual acts positively.
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-06-27 |title=Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ancient-india-didnt-think-homosexuality-was-against-nature/articleshow/4708206.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|300s
|[[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] refers to relationships between two men and explores the lives of [[trans women]] in the [[Aravani|Aravan]] cult in [[Koovagam]] village in [[Tamil Nadu]].
|<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=2013-10-18 |title=No more under siege |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece}}</ref>
|-
|885
|Khajuraho temples are built depicting numerous statues engaging homosexual sex on the walls of its temples
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating love, lust and Homosexuality at Khajuraho |url=https://www.thisday.app/story/celebrating-love-lust-and-homosexuality-at-khajuraho-17356 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.thisday.app |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1500s
|During the [[Mughal Empire]], a number of the pre-existing [[Delhi Sultanate]] laws were combined into the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]], mandating several types of punishments for homosexuality, up to stoning to death for a Muslim.
|<ref name="kugle"/>
|-
|1500s
|The Goa Inquisition by the Portuguese criminalizes male homosexual sex throughout Portuguese India.
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sathyanarayana Rao |first1=T. S. |last2=Jacob |first2=K S |date=2014 |title=The reversal on Gay Rights in India |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.124706 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=3927237 |pmid=24574551 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|1791
|Homosexuality was decriminalised in the French Indian territories of Pondicherry
|<ref name="wei"/><ref name="sen" />
|-
|1861
|The colonial government of British India impose Section 377 criminalizing all homosexual sex throughout British India.
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|1871
|The British labeled the ''hijra'' population as a "criminal tribe"
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha |date=2016 |title=Disgust or Equality? Sexual Orientation and Indian Law |url=http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/7A93092D-3017-413A-AB4E-4D7A1752A854.%20Nussbaum.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Law and Society}}</ref>
|-
|09/2018
|The Supreme Court of India repeals colonial-era law criminalizing homosexual sex
|<ref name="toi-judgement2018">{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |last2=Choudhary |first2=Amit Anand |date=7 September 2018 |title=SC decriminalises Section 377, calls 2013 ruling 'arbitrary and retrograde' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-decriminalises-section-377-calls-2013-ruling-arbitrary-and-retrograde/articleshow/65712063.cms}}</ref>
|-
|08/2022
|The Supreme Court of India provides LGBTQ with family rights and live-in couple rights equal to that of married couples
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2022-08-30 |title=India's Supreme Court Widens Definition of 'Family' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/world/asia/india-supreme-court-same-sex.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|01/2023
|The leader of the far-right Hindu Nationalist RSS advocates in favor of LGBTQ rights
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Rupam |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Arpan |date=2023-01-11 |title=Leader of influential Hindu group backs LGBT rights in India |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/leader-influential-hindu-group-backs-lgbt-rights-india-2023-01-11/ |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT and queer history|Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBTQ and queer history]]
* [[Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk]]
* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
* [[LGBTQ rights in India]]
* [[LGBTQ literature in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Vanita |first1=Ruth |author-link1=Ruth Vanita |last2=Kidwai|first2=Saleem|author-link2=Saleem Kidwai|title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History |year=2001|edition=1st |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-29324-6}}

{{Refend}}

{{India topics}}
{{LGBTQ in India}}
{{Asia topic|LGBTQ rights in}}

[[Category:LGBTQ history in India| ]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history by country|{{Title country}}]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in Asia|{{Title country}}]]
[[Category:LGBTQ in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ timelines]]

Muslin

2026-05-07T13:20:15Z

Ritesh Gandhi: Made A Post

{{Short description|Cotton fabric of fine plain weave}}
{{Redirect|Muslin gauze|American English usage of "muslin"|Calico}}
{{Distinguish|Muslims}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Woman's muslin dress c. 1855.jpg|thumb|Woman's white muslin dress with tiered flounces, Europe, c. 1855]]
'''Muslin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|n}}) is a [[cotton]] fabric of [[plain weave]].<ref>{{citation|title=muslin (noun)|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition|date=March 2003|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124185|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090854/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124185|url-status=live}}</ref> It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting.<ref name="websters-muslin">{{citation|title=muslin (noun)|url=http://www.merriam-websterunabridged.com/unabridged/muslin|publisher=Webster's Unabridged Dictionary}}</ref> It is commonly believed that it gets its name from the city of [[Mosul, Iraq]],<ref name="britannica-muslin">{{citation|title=muslin|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fairchild-Dictionary-Textiles>{{citation|title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404|year=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-60901-535-0|pages=404–|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=muslin (noun), etymology|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition|date=March 2003|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124185|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090854/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124185|url-status=live}}</ref> though some scholars suggest the name may have derived from [[Masulipatnam]], India. This theory is disputed, as the actual name of the port town was ''Machilipatnam'', which translates to 'fish-town'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Presidency) |first=Madras (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjwnaE4ybSwC&dq=masulipatnam+get+its+name+century&pg=PA147 |title=The Diary and Consultation Book of the Agent Governor and Council of Fort St. George: 1683 |date=1894 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0521257589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K.N. |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0521031592}}</ref>

Muslin was produced in different regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]]; the [[Bengal]] region was the main manufacturing area. While there were several cotton production centers in Bengal, the cloth produced in [[Sonargaon]], 15 miles from east of [[Dhaka]], was of the highest quality in the subcontinent. As Dhaka became the capital of [[Mughal Bengal]] following its conquest by the Mughals, the Muslin produced around Dhaka became more accessible to distant markets, including Central Asia where fine muslin was known as "Daka". The muslin produced at Dhaka, Sonargaon and its surrounding areas was of excellent quality, which is popularly known as ''[[Dhaka Muslin]]''. Muslin was made in Dhaka (Sonargaon) from very fine yarn, which is made from a cotton called ''[[Phuti karpas]]'', [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Bangladesh]]. A minimum of 300-count yarn was used for the muslin, making the muslin as transparent as glass.<ref name="BBC Future">{{citation|title=The ancient fabric that no one knows how to make|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make|publisher=BBC|date=17 March 2021}}</ref> There were about 28 varieties of muslin, of which [[jamdani]] is still widely used. During the 17th and 18th centuries, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with [[Dhaka]] as capital of the worldwide muslin trade.<ref name="Eaton1996">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |page=202 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Muslin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705005108/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |url-status=live }}</ref> In the latter half of the 18th century, muslin weaving ceased in Bengal due to cheap fabrics from England.
In India in the latter half of the 20th century and in Bangladesh in the second decade of the 21st century, initiatives were taken to revive muslin weaving, and the industry was revived. ''Dhakai Muslin'' was recognized as a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication (GI)]] product of Bangladesh in 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=মঞ্জুরকৃত জিআই পণ্য |url=https://dpdt.portal.gov.bd/site/page/99b5a146-5fdd-4149-a474-7208cee54b63/- |website=dpdt.portal.gov.bd |access-date=21 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and ''Banglar Muslin'' (Bengal Muslin) was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intellectual Property India – Journal 182 |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/ViewDocument |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> In 2013, [[Jamdani]] (a type of muslin) weaving art of Bangladesh included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]] under the title ''Traditional art of [[Jamdani]] Weaving''.<ref>{{citation |title=Jamdani recognised as intangible cultural heritage by Unesco |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=5 December 2013 |accessdate=2013-12-04 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206185959/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The dictionary ''[[Hobson-Jobson|Hobson Jobson]]'' published by two Englishmen named S. C. Burnell and Henry Yule mentions that the word muslin comes from '[[Mosul]]'—a famous trading center and city in [[Iraq]]. Mosul produced a very fine cloth, which became known as muslin in Europe.

An alternative etymology traces the word ''muslin'' to Masulipatnam (modern [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]), a prominent port town on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of [[India]] that was a major center for cotton textile production and export from the early medieval period. Masulipatnam was well known to Arab, Persian, and later European traders—particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, and English—for its fine cotton fabrics, including lightweight plain-woven cloths comparable to what later came to be called muslin in Europe. Some scholars have suggested that European merchants may have derived the term ''muslin'' from the name of this port, in a manner similar to other textlile names such as ''[[calico]]'' (from [[Calicut]]) and ''[[denim]]'' (from [[Nîmes|de Nîmes]]), reflecting a common practice of naming fabrics after their principal places of trade rather than their sites of manufacture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0521257589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Rose |title=Textiles and Fashion: Materials, Design and Technology |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1845699314}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Irwin |first1=John |title=Studies in Indo-European Textile History |last2=Schwartz |first2=P.R. |publisher=Calico Museum of Textile |year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K.N. |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0521031592}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early period ===
A kingdom called 'Ruhma' is found in the ''[[Sulaiman al-Tajir]]'' written by the 9th century Arab merchant Sulaiman, where fine cotton fabrics was produced. There were cotton fabrics so fine and delicate that a single piece of cloth could be easily moved through the ring. Very fine cotton cloth was made in [[Mosul]] in the 12th century and later. Arab traders carried it to Europe as a commodity, and enchanted Europeans called it muslin; since then the very fine and beautiful cotton cloth came to be known as muslin. In 1298 AD, [[Marco Polo]] described in his book ''The Travels'' that muslin is made in Mosul, Iraq.<ref>[[Marco Polo|Polo, Marco]]. [https://archive.org/stream/mostnoblefamoust00polo#page/28/mode/2up "The most noble and famous travels of Marco Polo, together with the travels of Nicoláo de' Conti"]. Translated by [[John Frampton]], London, A. and C. Black, 1937, p.28.</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]], a Moroccan traveler who came to Bengal in the middle of the 14th century, praised the cotton cloth made in [[Sonargaon]] in his book ''[[The Rihla]]''. Chinese writers who came to Bengal in the fifteenth century praised cotton cloth.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

=== Mughal period ===
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Renaldis muslin woman.jpg
| caption1 = A woman in Bengal wearing Dhaka Muslin, titled ''Muslim Lady Reclining'' by [[Francesco Renaldi]] (1789)
| image2 = Muslin transparency 2015 Kolkata.jpg
| caption2 = In 2015, the diaphanous quality of muslin woven at [[Sonargaon]] in the 18th century is being tested in [[Kolkata]].
}}

The muslin industry flourished in Bengal between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The main muslin production centers in Bengal during this period were Dhaka and its surrounding areas. The 16th-century English traveller [[Ralph Fitch]] lauded the muslin he saw in [[Sonargaon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shamim |first1=Shahid Hussain |last2=Selim |first2=Lala Rukh |year=2007 |chapter=Handloom Textiles |editor-last=Selim |editor-first=Lala Rukh |title=Art and Crafts |series=Cultural survey of Bangladesh series |volume=8 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |page=552 |oclc=299379796}}</ref> He visited India in 1583, described [[Sonargaon]], "as a town ... where there is the best and finest cloth made in all India". During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]], [[Islam Khan Chishti]] shifted the capital from [[Rajmahal]] to Dhaka in 1610 AD, Dhaka gained prominence as the center of trade and commerce of Bengal. During this period the muslin produced in Dhaka achieved excellence, and the muslin produced here became world famous as [[Dhaka Muslin]]. Mughal Emperor Akbar's courtier, [[Abul Fazal]], praised the fine cotton fabric produced in Sonargaon (near Dhaka). Abul Fazl wrote "the Sarkar of Sonargaon produces a species of muslin very fine and in great quantity". European traders began arriving in the Bengali capital of Dhaka in the early seventeenth century, and these traders procured cotton cloth and muslin from Bengal for export to Europe.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Mughal [[Dhaka]] as capital of the worldwide muslin trade.<ref name="Eaton1996">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |page=202 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Muslin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705005108/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |url-status=live }}</ref> It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world. Dhaka muslin was first showcased in the UK at The [[Great Exhibition]] of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |title=The ancient fabric that no one knows how to make |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.bbc.com |date=17 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710061655/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Decline under Company rule ===
During the period of [[Company rule in India|Company rule]], the [[East India Company]] imported British-produced cloth into the [[Indian subcontinent]], but became unable to compete with the local muslin industry. The Company administration initiated several policies in an attempt to suppress the muslin industry, and muslin production subsequently experienced a period of decline. It has been alleged that in some instances Indian weavers were rounded up and their thumbs chopped off, although this has been refuted by historians as a misreading of a report by [[William Bolts]] from 1772.<ref name="Bolts1772">{{Cite book |last=Bolts |first=William |author-link=William Bolts |year=1772 |title=Considerations on India affairs: particularly respecting the present state of Bengal and its dependencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98lNAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Printed for J. Almon |pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Michael |date=June 1976 |title=Growth of the British Cotton Trade 1780–1815 |publisher=Augustus M Kelley Pubs |page=37 |isbn=0-678-06775-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. J.|year=1988 |title=India and Indonesia during the Ancien Regime |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=90 |isbn=978-90-04-08365-3}}</ref> Many of the threatened weavers fled East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) and settled in the eastern districts of West Bengal, these districts were famous for the cotton products of Bengal. The quality, fineness and production volume of Bengali muslin declined as a result of these policies, continuing when India transitioned from Company rule to [[British Raj|British Crown control]].<ref name="Bolts1772"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=T. John |year=2013 |title=Many avatars : challenges, achievements and the future |location=[S.l.] |publisher=Friesenpress |isbn=978-1-4602-2893-7}}</ref>

=== Revive: 1950s–present ===
==== Bangladesh ====
{{See also|Textile arts of Bangladesh|Textile industry of Bangladesh|Jamdani}}
In the second decade of the 21st century, a scheme called ''Bangladesh Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Restoration'' was undertaken to restore and develop the muslin production system in Bangladesh. Under this project, samples of muslin from different countries including India, Britain were inspected and data collected. Old maps of the [[Meghna River]] were examined and combined with modern satellite imagery to identify possible locations – where phuti carpus plants could still be found. From there, the genetic sequences of the recovered cotton plants were made and compared with the original ones. After testing, a carpus plant was identified, which was 70 percent identical to the Futi carpus. An island in the Meghna, 30 km north of [[Dhaka]], was selected for the production of this corpus, where some seeds were sown experimentally in 2015, and the first cotton was harvested that year. But at that time there were no skilled spinners in Bangladesh to produce fine yarn. On the other hand, Indian spinners were able to produce 200-300-400-500 count fine yarn from cotton. As a result, in joint venture with Indian spinners, a hybrid yarn of 200 and 300 count was produced by combining common and futi corpus cotton. At least 50 tools were needed to make cloth from yarn, which had to be reinvented, as they disappeared with muslin. Ultimately, a weaver is able to weave a saree with a thread count of 300, which is nowhere near the quality of real ''Dhaka muslin''; But much better quality than what the weavers of many generations past have woven.

[The Bangladesh Handloom Board] (BHB) is implementing the first phase of the project titled ''Bangladesh's Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Reviving'', and the Revival work was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/legendary-muslin-revived/ |title=Legendary Muslin revived again, Textile Today, 2 January 2021 |date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102145521/https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/legendary-muslin-revived/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Dhakai Muslin'' was recognized as a GI (Geographical Indication) product on 28 December 2020. The [Government of Bangladesh] declared the official revival of fine Dhaka Muslin in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-resurrects-precious-woven-air-dhaka-muslin/2574987 | title=Bangladesh resurrects precious woven-air Dhaka muslin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/9/textile-hub-bangladesh-revives-muslin-the-forgotten-elite-fabric | title=Textile hub Bangladesh revives muslin, the forgotten elite fabric }}</ref>

In 2022, the [[Dhaka Muslin|Dhakai Muslin]] House was built on the banks of [[Shitalakshya River|Shitalakshya]] river at Rupganj under Tarab municipality of Narayanganj district. The second phase of the project named ‘Dhaka Muslin Commercialization’ begins in 2023.

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="The Dhakai Muslin (21st century)">
File:Art Market by Shilpakala Academy 2024 183.jpg|A ''Dhakai muslin'' saree, produced by Bangladesh Handloom Board under the project "Bangladesh Muslin Golden Heritage of Technology Reviving the Technology of Muslin Golden Heritage"
File:Art Market by Shilpakala Academy 2024 188.jpg|Dhaka muslin fabric
File:Art Market by Shilpakala Academy 2024 192.jpg|A scarf of ''Dhakai muslin'', woven with 300 count yarn</gallery>

==== India ====
To revive Bengal muslin, two muslin production centers were set up by the Khadi and Rural Industries Commission, one at [[Basoa|Basowa]] in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]], and the other at Panduru in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Under the patronage of former Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Kalicharan Sharma took the lead in reviving the lost fame of muslin in Basowa, Birbhum district of West Bengal, with the help of some spinners. He soon found the dry climate of Birbhum quite unsuitable for spinning muslin yarn. Later he shifted his work center to the neighboring district of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], and chose Chowk Islampur as the site of this weaving industry. Chowk Islampur, situated on the banks of the Bairab River, a tributary of the [[Padma River|Padma]], is an ancient village famous for spinning and weaving since the days of the [[East India Company]]. After India's independence, the village had already gained a reputation for high-quality silk weaving. A muslin training center was started at Chowk Islampur in 1955 under the supervision of Kalicharan Sharma.

At first experiments were started on spinning yarn with traditional ''Kishan Charkha'', but it was not possible to make more than 250 counts on this traditional Charkha. Kalicharan Sharma did further experiments and research and developed a highly sensitive six spindle ''Ambar Charkha'' (spinning wheel) capable of spinning 500 count yarn. This new Charkha was able to reduce the cost of production and increase the wages of spinners. The use of this ''ambar Charkha'' proved to be effective and promising for the regeneration of muslin. To concentrate on muslin spinning, the Khadi Society constructed a separate spacious two-storied building at [[Berhampore]] in 1966.

The Government of West Bengal launched "Project Muslin" in 2013 with Khadi. The aim in this initiative was to revive the muslin fabric and support the weavers. Through this project, weavers from Murshidabad, Nadia, Maldah, Burdwan, Birbhum, Hooghly and Jhargram districts who are capable of weaving muslin cloth were identified.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Govt steps up muslin revival with infra support to weavers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/govt-steps-up-muslin-revival-with-infra-support-to-weavers-7699220/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> All these weavers are provided training and technical assistance to produce high quality muslin. Weavers are capable of producing 500 counts of muslin; Some weavers have been able to weave 700 count muslin.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Debashis |title=সূক্ষ্ম মসলিন বুননে নতুন পালক জি আই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bengal-s-muslin-cloth-weaving-may-get-gi-1.1004134 |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=ABP |date=12 Jun 2019}}</ref><ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Pinaki |title=হারাতে বসা মসলিন ফিরছে খাদির হাত ধরে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/business/muslin-cloth-slowly-gaining-it-s-market-1.928154 |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Kedarnath |title=শাড়ির নকশায় ভাবনা মেশান জ্যোতিষ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/astrologer-cum-artisans-of-kalna-works-on-muslin-clothes/cid/1456729 |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=2 September 2023 |location=Kalna}}</ref> Project Muslin was able to expand the production of muslin in different parts of West Bengal. Muslin products produced in West Bengal include handkerchiefs, ''[[dhoti]]'', bed sheets and men's and women's clothing. According to 2015 data, the products were priced between ₹400 and ₹25,000, while some premium sarees in this category were priced between ₹70,000 and ₹150,000.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sutanuka |last2=Roy |first2=Tasmayee Laha |title=How Mamata Banerjee's Biswa Bangla is bringing dying arts, crafts back from the brink |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/how-mamata-banerjees-biswa-bangla-is-bringing-dying-arts-crafts-back-from-the-brink/articleshow/49866744.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="The Bengal Muslin (20th century)">
File:Bengal or Banglar muslin with various counts - 100 count, 200 count, 300 count, 400 count and 500 count.png|Display of Bengal muslin fabrics, which are woven from 100 count to 500 count yarns
File:Moslin 1.jpg|Muslin saree passing through a finger ring
File:Moslin 4.jpg|Two muslin sarees packaged in two small cardboard boxes of size approx 8 inches X 6 inches X 2 inches
File:Moslin 8.jpg|Muslin saree weaving in Kalna, West Bengal
</gallery>

== Manufacturing process ==
Since all the processes were manual, manufacturing involved many [[artisan]]s for yarn spinning and weaving activities, but the leading role lay with the material and [[weaving]].<ref>{{Cite book |year=1851 |title=A descriptive and historical account of the cotton manufacture of Dacca, in Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/1851cottonmanufactureofDacca |publisher=John Mortimer |pages=}}</ref>

* Ginning: For removing trash and [[Combing|cleaning and combing]] the fibers and making them parallel ready for spinning a ''boalee'' (upper jaw of a [[catfish]]) was used.
* Spinning and weaving: For extra humidity they used to weave during the rainy season for elasticity in the yarns and to avoid breakages. The process was so sluggish that it could take over five months to weave one piece of muslin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashmore|first=Sonia|date=2018-10-01|title=Handcraft as luxury in Bangladesh: Weaving jamdani in the twenty-first century|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/infs/2018/00000005/00000002/art00009|journal=International Journal of Fashion Studies|volume=5|issue=2|pages=389–397|doi=10.1386/infs.5.2.389_7|s2cid=166980808|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185802/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/infs/2018/00000005/00000002/art00009|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
=== Thin ===
[[File:Moslin 1.jpg|thumb|Muslin saree passing through a ring]]
Muslins were originally made of cotton only. These were very thin, transparent, delicate and feather light breathable [[Textile|fabrics]]. There could be 1000–1800 yarns in [[Warp and weft|warp]] and weigh {{cvt|3.8|oz|order=flip}} for {{cvt|1|x|10|yard|order=flip}}. Some varieties of muslin were so thin that they could even pass through the aperture of a lady's finger-ring.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=John Forbes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2XL2CJewPAC&q=Malmal+%E2%80%8B(Mulmul)+(pronounced+muh-l+muh-l+as+in+mulberry)|title=The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India|year=1867|publisher=Allen|pages=75}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Balfour|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVsIAAAAQAAJ&q=mulmul+uses&pg=PA830|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures|year=1885|publisher=Bernard Quaritch|pages=830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC0v1PE5yzgC&q=mulmul,+that+was+so+thin+that+the+entire+saree+could+pass+through+a+ring|title=Indian Journal of Economics|year=1998|publisher=University of Allahabad, Department of Economics|pages=435}}</ref>

=== Transparency ===
[[Petronius|Gaius Petronius Arbiter]] (1st century AD Roman courtier and author of the ''Satyricon'') described the transparent nature of the muslin cloth as below:<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-14|title=Legendary fabric|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591475/legendary-fabric.html|access-date=2021-07-09|work=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190045/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591475/legendary-fabric.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Thy bride might as well clothe herself with a garment of the wind as stand forth publicly naked under her clouds of muslin.|author=Petronius<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gorvett|first=Zaria|title=The ancient fabric that no one knows how to make|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make|access-date=2021-07-09|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710061655/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== Poetic names ===
Certain delicate muslins were given poetic names such as ''Baft Hawa'' ("woven air"), ''Shabnam'' ("evening dew"), and [[Abrawan|''āb-i-ravān'']] ("flowing water"). The latter name refers to a fine and transparent variety of fine muslin from Dacca.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weibel|first=Adèle Coulin|url=http://archive.org/details/twothousandyears0000unse_s3q7|title=Two thousand years of textiles; the figured textiles of Europe and the Near East|date=1952|publisher=New York, Published for the Detroit Institute of Arts [by] Pantheon Books|others=Internet Archive|pages=54}}</ref> The fabric's characteristics are summed up in its name.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio0000unse|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1959|publisher=New York, Fairchild Publications|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=King|first=Brenda M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqua3eovs7kC&q=Abrawan&pg=PR16|title=Silk and Empire|date=2005-09-03|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6|pages=61, xvi|language=en}}</ref>

=== Types ===
Muslin has several kinds of variations. Many of the below are mentioned in [[Ain-i-Akbari]] (16th-century detailed document)
*''[[Khasa (cloth)|Khasa]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Museum|first1=Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yg-AAAAMAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+khasa|title=Textiles and Costumes from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum|publisher=Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust|year=1979|pages=XII}}</ref>
*''[[Tansukh cloth|Tansukh]]''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uO1PAQAAMAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+Tansook|title=Khadi Gramodyog|publisher=Khadi & Village Industries Commission|year=2001|pages=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Congress|first=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXlCAAAAYAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+Tansook|title=Proceedings|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=1967|pages=243}}</ref>
*''[[Nainsook]]''
*''[[Chautar]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Arthur Coke|url=https://books.google.com/books?iddmcPEAAAQBAJ|title=The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies: From the Old English Translation of 1598. The First Book, containing his Description of the East. In Two Volumes Volume I|date=2017-05-15|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-01231-3|pages=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sangar|first=Pramod|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkUaAAAAIAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+chautar|title=Growth of the English Trade Under the Mughals|publisher=ABS Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7072-044-7|pages=171}}</ref>
*Alliballi<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio0000unse|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1959|location=New York |publisher=Fairchild|via=Internet Archive|pages=15}}</ref> The name embraces {{Lang|ar|ā'lā}}, 'superior', {{Lang|hi|bhalā}}, 'good'.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mnl0DwAAQBAJ&q=J.+Taylor,+Account+of+the+Cotton+Manufacture+at+Dacca&pg=PR45|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=2018-10-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60331-0|pages=706|language=en}}</ref>
*Adatais, a fine and clear fabric.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Florence M.|url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont|title=Textiles in America 1650–1870: a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth |date=1984 |place=New York; London |publisher=Norton |via=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-393-01703-8|pages=143}}</ref>
*[[Seerhand muslin|Seerhand]] muslin was a variety in between [[nainsook]] and mull (another muslin type, a very thin and soft). The fabric was resistant to washing, retaining its clearness.
*and varieties of mulmul ([[Mulboos khas]], [[Jhuna]], ''Sarkar ali, Sarbati, Tarindam'')<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Narendra Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JF87AAAAMAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+khasa|title=The Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement|publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay|year=1961|pages=177}}</ref> were among the most delicate cotton muslins produced in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Dey |first=Gouri |date=2015 |title=Fashion and Designing under the Mughals (Akbar to Aurangzeb): A Historical Perspective |type=PhD |chapter=Textiles under Mughals |publisher=University of North Bengal |chapter-url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2751/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |page=87 |access-date=29 June 2022 |quote=Cotton clothes: 1. Khasa per piece (than) – 3 rupiya to 15 muhr 2. Chautar per piece – 2 rupiya to 9 muhr 3. Malmal per piece – 4 rupiya 4. Tansukh per piece – 4 rupiya to 5 muhr |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109190952/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2751/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhury|first=Sushil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHVDwAAQBAJ|title=Spinning Yarns: Bengal Textile Industry in the Backdrop of John Taylor's Report on 'Dacca Cloth Production' (1801)|date=2020-03-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-07920-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ranjit Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBHtAAAAMAAJ&q=ain+i+akbari+khasa|title=Indian Artisans: Social Institutions and Cultural Values|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=S. B.|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports, Department of Culture|year=2002|isbn=978-81-85579-56-6|pages=87}}</ref>

====More variations====
Mull is another kind of muslin. It is a soft, thin, and semitransparent material. The name is derived from Hindi {{Lang|hi|"mal"}} which means "soft". Swiss mull is a type of which is finished with stiffening agents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Eliza Bailey |url=http://archive.org/details/cottonlinenthomp00thomrich |title=Cotton and linen |date=1922 |place=New York |publisher=Ronald |via=University of California Libraries |pages=70}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Dressmaking and sewing ===
[[File:Muslin-Dresses-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|In ''Advantages of wearing Muslin Dresses!'' (1802), [[James Gillray]] satirically pointed out a hazard of untreated muslin: its flammability.]]
Because muslin is an inexpensive, unbleached cotton fabric available in different weights, it is often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and therefore can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores.
[[File:White muslin nightgown - DPLA - 1e4cef31160a530a862946b8ada4c821 (page 1) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|White muslin nightgown]]
When [[sewing]] clothing, a [[dressmaker]] may test the fit of a garment by using muslin fabric to make a test-model before cutting pieces from more expensive fabric to make the final product, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. In the United States, these test-models are themselves sometimes referred to as "muslins", the process is called "making a muslin", and "muslin" has become the generic term for any test- or fitting garment, regardless of the fabric it is made from.

In Britain and Australia, the term for a test- or fitting garment used to be<ref name="OEDtoile">''Oxford English Dictionary'': "toile"; its earliest known use in this sense was recorded in 1561.</ref> [[Toile#Test garment|Toile]].<ref>''Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English'' ISBN 019 431 5339, 2000, page 1367</ref> The word "toile", from an Old French word for "cloth", entered the English language around the 12th century. (Today, ''toile'' simply refers to any sheer fabric, which may be made, for example, from linen or cotton.)

The modern German term for a test- or fitting garment is ''Nesselmodell''.<ref>Guido Hofenbitzer: Maßschnitte und Passform – Schnittkonstruktion für Damenmode: Band 2 [[Europa-Lehrmittel]]; 2. Edition (5. Oktober 2016) ISBN 978-3808562444, Page 26</ref>

In fashion design, muslin is commonly used to create test garments (also known as mock-ups or toiles) before final production, allowing designers to evaluate fit, proportions, and construction details before cutting into final fabric.<ref>Joseph-Armstrong, Helen. ''Patternmaking for Fashion Design''. Pearson Education, 2014.</ref>

=== Use in food production ===
{{main|Cheesecloth}}

Muslin can be used as a [[filter (chemistry)|filter]]:
* In a funnel when [[decant]]ing fine wine or [[Port (wine)|port]] to prevent sediment from entering the decanter
* To separate liquid from mush (for example, to make apple juice: wash, chop, boil, mash, then filter by pouring the mush into a muslin bag suspended over a jug)
* To retain a liquidy solid (for example, in home cheese-making, when the milk has curdled to a gel, pour into a muslin bag and squash between two saucers (upside down under a brick) to squeeze out the liquid whey from the cheese curd)
* Muslin is a filter in traditional [[Kava culture#Fiji|Fijian kava]] production.

Muslin is the material for the traditional [[pudding cloth|cloth]] wrapped around a [[Christmas pudding]]. It is the fabric wrapped around the items in [[barmbrack]], a fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. [[beekeeping|Beekeepers]] use muslin to filter melted [[beeswax]] to clean it of particles and debris.

=== Set design and photography ===
Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theatre sets. It is used to mask the background of [[set construction|sets]] and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent.

It also holds dyes well. It is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin [[Shrinkage (fabric)|shrinks]] after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as [[Flats (theatre)|soft-covered flats]].

In video production, muslin is used as a cheap [[Chroma key|greenscreen or bluescreen]], either pre-colored or painted with latex paint (diluted with water).

Muslin is the most common backdrop material used by photographers for formal portrait backgrounds. These backdrops are usually painted, most often with an abstract mottled pattern.

In the early days of [[silent film]]-making, and until the late 1910s, movie studios did not have the elaborate lights needed to illuminate indoor sets, so most interior scenes were sets built outdoors with large pieces of muslin hanging overhead to diffuse sunlight.

''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' features a sequence with a [[tornado]] constructed out of muslin, measuring 35-foot-high.

=== Medicine ===
[[File:Semplici medicamenti per i soldati.jpg|thumb|A [[first-aid]] packet of 5m of "hydrophilic muslin", given to Italian soldiers in World War I]]

Surgeons use muslin [[gauze]] in [[cerebrovascular]] [[neurosurgery]] to wrap around [[aneurysm]]s or intracranial vessels at risk for bleeding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pool |first=J. |year=1976 |title=Muslin gauze in intracranial vascular surgery. Technical note. |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.3171/jns.1976.44.1.0127|pmid=1244428 }}</ref> The thought is that the gauze reinforces the artery and helps prevent rupture. It is often used for aneurysms that, due to their size or shape, cannot be microsurgically clipped or coiled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=C. |last2=Hartmann |first2=M. |last3=Wildemann |first3=B. |date=March 2003 |title=Progressive visual loss due to a muslinoma – report of a case and review of the literature |journal=European Journal of Neurology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00546.x|pmid=12603290 |s2cid=883414 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Many travelers and merchants of the 13th and 14th centuries praised Bengal muslin, and claimed it as the best muslin. From the Mughal rulers to the European colonial rulers, Bengal's muslins were recognized for their superiority, with the muslins produced at Sonargaon being the best.

In 2013, the traditional art of [[Jamdani]] weaving in Bangladesh was included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jamdani recognised as intangible cultural heritage by Unesco|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/|access-date=2013-12-05|work=The Daily Star|date=5 December 2013|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206185959/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, ''Dhakai muslin'' was given [[Geographical indication]] status as a product of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslin belongs to Bangladesh|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/muslin-belongs-to-bangladesh/|access-date=2021-01-01|work=Prothom Alo|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102120521/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/muslin-belongs-to-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, ''Banglar Muslin'' (or Bengal Muslin) was granted Geographical Indication status as a product of [[West Bengal]]."

==See also==
* [[Delaine (cloth)]]
* [[Muslin trade in Bengal]]
* [[Jamdani]]
* [[Tanzeb]]
* [[Toile]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhadra |first1=Siddharth |title=Status of The Cotton Textile Industry in Birbhum, Burdwan and Hooghly Districts of Burdwan Division During 1757–1857: A Critical Overview|date=2015 |publisher=University of North Bengal |location=Raja Rammohanpur, Darieeling |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1524/19/279266.pdf |access-date=21 March 2024}}
* {{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|pages=202–}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Gorvett |first1=Zaria |title=The Ancient Fabric That No One Knows How to Make |date=17 March 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make |department=BBC Future |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 September 2022}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Islam |first=Khademul |date=May–June 2016 |title=Our Story of Dhaka Muslin |url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/May-2016/Our-Story-of-Dhaka-Muslin |magazine=[[Aramco World]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=26–32 |oclc=895830331}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Riello |editor1-first=Giorgio |editor2-last=Parthasarathi |editor2-first=Prasannan |title=The Spinning World: A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Nn5evxtrTYC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969616-1}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Muslin}}
* {{Wiktionary inline}}

{{Fabric}}
{{Bengali clothing}}
{{Geographical indications in Bangladesh}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Folk costumes]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]

Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:17:42Z

Ritesh Gandhi: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Islampur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 283-Islampur, Maharashtra.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| division = [[Pune Division|Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
| constituency_no = 283
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[Jayant Rajaram Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =281,378
| preceded_by = Established in 2008
}}
'''Islampur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]]. It came into existence when assembly seat boundaries were redrawn in 2008, and it includes much of the area which was under a seat named [[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/web-stories/What-is-the-history-of-Islampur-which-was-renamed-i01/|title=इस्लामपूरचा इतिहास काय?| work= [[Lokmat]]|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> It is a segment of [[Hatkanangle (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. There is a vidhan sabha segment named Islampur in [[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|West Bengal]] as well.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Sadashiv Dajee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="4" | [[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Islampur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 109,879 |percentage = 51.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nishikant Prakash Bhosale - Patil (Dada) |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 96,852 |percentage = 45.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,027 |percentage = 6.16% |change = {{decrease}}30.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 212,438 |percentage = 75.50% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,396}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,378 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Islampur <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 115,563 |percentage = 58.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nishikant Prakash Bhosale - Patil (Dada) |party = Independent politician |votes = 43,394 |percentage = 21.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaurav Kiran Nayakawadi |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 35,668 |percentage = 17.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakir Isalal Tamboli |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,295 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,196 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 72,169 |percentage = 36.30% |change = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,210 |percentage = 73.80% |change = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,819}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,278 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Islampur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 113,045 |percentage = 62.86% |change = {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhijit Shivajirao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,859 |percentage = 21.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jitendra Laxman Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,187 |percentage = 10.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,830 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Udaysingh Pandarinath Patil |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,105 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 75,186 |percentage = 41.81% |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,639 |percentage = 72.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,835}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,066 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Islampur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 110,673 |percentage = 64.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaibhav Nagnath Naikawadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 56,165 |percentage = 32.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Kole |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 2,537 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gautam Gulab Laute |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,508 |percentage = 31.82% |change = {{increase}}12.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,312 |percentage = 75.60% |change = {{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,306}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,614 |ref = |change = {{increase}}324.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Islampur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sadashiv Dajee |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,108 |percentage = 47.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naikwadi Nagnath Ramu |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 9,403 |percentage = 27.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anna Appaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,078 |percentage = 14.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shelke Chandrasen Bhujang |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,835 |percentage = 8.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Atmaram Ganpati |party = Independent politician |votes = 729 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,705 |percentage = 19.63% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,153 |percentage = 63.92% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,431 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Walva Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.05|74.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

INS Aditya

2026-05-06T21:13:45Z

Ritesh Gandhi: done...

{{short description|Ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}{{italic title|string=Aditya}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Aditya (A59) provided prompt medical assistance in Indian Ocean.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Aditya'' near [[Goa]], India
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Aditya''
| namesake = [[Surya]], a [[Solar deity]] in [[Hindu mythology|Hinduism]]
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down =
| launched = 15 November 1993
| acquired =
| commissioned = 3 April 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Aditya|url=http://www.indiannavy.gov.in/naval-fleet/ins-aditya|work=Surface fleet|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=1 February 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref>
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| identification = *{{IMO Number|8609656}}
*{{MMSI Number|419049600}}
* [[Hull number]]: A59
| motto = ''"Sustenance for Victory and Beyond"''
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Aditya'' class
| builders = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = *{{sclass|Deepak|oiler|4}}
*{{sclass|Komandarm Fedko|oiler|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass|Deepak|fleet tanker|4}}
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range = April 2000-present
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned =
| total_ships_completed = 1
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 1
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = ''Aditya''-class replenishment and repair ship
| displacement = 24,612 tons full load
| length = {{cvt|172.0|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{cvt|23.0|m|ftin}}
| draught =
| draft = {{cvt|7.5|m|ftin}}
| propulsion = *2 × ECR MAN B&W 16V 40/45 diesel engines with {{cvt|23972|hp}} and 1 shaft,
*3 × 500 kW generators and 2 x 1,500 kW power take-off shaft generators
| speed = {{convert|20|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{cvt|10000|mi|km}} at {{convert|16|kn}}
| complement = 191 and 6 aircrew
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = *1 × [[SA-N-10]] [[surface-to-air missile|SAM]] launcher with 24 missiles
*3 × [[2A42]] {{cvt|30|mm}} Medak guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Aditya'' (A59)''' is an Aditya-class [[Replenishment oiler|replenishment]] and [[Auxiliary ship|repair ship]] in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. The ship was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 15 November 1993<ref>{{csr|register=MSI|id=8609656|shipname=Aditya|accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 3 April 2000.

''Aditya'' is a fully air-conditioned and lengthened version of the original {{Sclass|Deepak|oiler|4}}, but with a multipurpose workshop and with four replenishment at sea (RAS) stations alongside. The ship was built at [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE). Building progress was very slow and the ship was plagued by [[Marine propulsion|propulsion]] problems, during her [[sea trial]]s in September 1999.

== Description ==
The ship has a cargo capacity of {{cvt|2250|m3}} water, {{cvt|2170|m3}} ammunition and stores and {{cvt|14200|m3}} diesel and aviation kerosene. The ship can carry 12,000 tons of liquid cargo, comprising LSHSD, [[Jet fuel|aviation kerosene]], distilled and fresh water and 5,000 tons of solid cargo. The ship features a Hallapa deck and Canadian Hepburn RAS equipment. ''Aditya'' is also equipped with a 2-ton heavy jackstay and a 20-ton crane. It can replenish four warships and one rotor aircraft simultaneously and was designed to be able to serve as command and control platform. It can refuel at the maximum rate of 600 tonnes per hour.<ref name=sify21j>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy strengthens far-reaching capability|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/indian-navy-strenghtens-far-reaching-capability-news-default-lbvr4qjfaaj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125111851/http://www.sify.com/finance/indian-navy-strenghtens-far-reaching-capability-news-default-lbvr4qjfaaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2011|accessdate=2 February 2013|newspaper=Sify|date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=gs1f>{{cite web|title=A58 Jyoti|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/jyoti.htm|publisher=Global Security|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref>

''Aditya'' was initially armed with light and medium machine guns. The self-defence capability was added by installing new close-in weapons like anti-aircraft and anti-missile guns and missiles. Even though it is smaller than {{INS|Jyoti|A58|6}}, it has more advanced capabilities. It carries a helicopter as compared to only a helicopter deck of ''Jyoti''.<ref name=gs1f />

==Service history==
In 2010, ''Aditya'', along with three other warships of the navy - {{INS|Mysore|D60|6}}, {{INS|Tabar|F44|6}} and {{INS|Ganga|F22|6}}, were deployed to South Africa and took part in the 2nd IBSAMAR, the joint [[military exercise]] of the navies of India, Brazil, and South Africa. A total of 11 warships took part in the exercise, which was conducted off the coast of [[Durban]] from 13 to 27 September.<ref name=pib1f>{{cite web|title=Navy Stamps blue Water Presence Across IOR, bolsters Capacity with Induction of MIG-29k, INS Shivalik|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68744|work=Year-end Review – 2010 Indian Navy|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref>

In mid-July 2024, ''Aditya'' and {{INS|Visakhapatnam|D66|6}} conducted an exercise with [[United States Navy]]'s [[Carrier Strike Group 9]] centred on {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6}} along with [[Carrier Air Wing Eleven|Carrier Air Wing 11]] and {{USS|Daniel Inouye}} in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=U. S. Mission |date=2024-07-15 |title=The Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group Conducts Joint Maritime Activity with Indian Forces |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/the-theodore-roosevelt-carrier-strike-group-conducts-joint-maritime-activity-with-indian-forces/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-07-15 |title=Indian Navy, US's Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group conduct joint exercise in Indian Ocean |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-navy-uss-theodore-roosevelt-carrier-strike-group-conduct-joint-exercise-in-indian-ocean/2175192/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=India – US defence collaboration: Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group, Indian Navy conduct joint activity |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-us-defence-collaboration-theodore-roosevelt-carrier-strike-group-indian-navy-conduct-joint-activity-3554116/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|title=INS ''Aditya''
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:INS Aditya (A59) refuelling INS Vikramaditya.jpg
|''Aditya'' refueling the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya}}
|File:INS Aditya fleet tanker at sea.jpg
|alt1=
|''Aditya'' at sea
|File:INS Aditya (A59).jpg
| Top view of ''Aditya''
|File:File Pic - INS Aditya.jpg
| ''Aditya'' during a berthing operation.
|File:INS Aditya arriving at Toulon, France on 24 April 2017.jpg
|''Aditya'' arriving at [[Toulon]], France
|INS Aditya A59.jpg
|''Aditya'' departing Portsmouth Naval Base, United Kingdom, 20 June 2009.
}}

==See also==
* {{INS|Deepak|A50|6}}
* {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}}
*[[Komandarm Fedko-class oiler|''Komandarm Fedko''-class oiler]]

== References ==
{{commons category|INS Aditya (A59)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080616074306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aditya.html Bharat Rakshak]
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616074306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aditya.html ''Aditya'' class at Bharat-Rakshak] – Retrieved on 2009-04-19

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aditya (A59)}}
[[Category:Aditya-class replenishment and repair ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1993 ships]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aditya Class}}
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of India]]
[[Category:Auxiliary replenishment ship classes]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]

[[ja:アディティア (補給艦)]]

Vishnu Vinyasam

2026-05-04T02:15:52Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Yadunaath Maruthi Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishnu Vinyasam
| image = Vishnu Vinyasam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Yadunaath Maruthi Rao
| story =
| producer = Sumanth Naidu G
| writer = Yadunaath Maruthi Rao
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sree Vishnu]]
* [[Nayan Sarika]]
}}
| music = [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = Sai Sriram
| editing = Kartikeyan Rohini
| studio = Sree Subrahmanyeshwara Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|27}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = ₹17.30 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=శ్రీ విష్ణు “విష్ణు విన్యాసం” టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్…హిట్టా-ఫట్టా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/vishnuvinyasam-total-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=23 April 2026 |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Vishnu Vinyasam''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Yadunaath Maruthi Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2026-03-01 |title=Vishnu Vinyasam Hurriedly Released Amid Leak Threats |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/makers-made-to-release-vishnu-vinyasam-movie-amid-leak-threats-1940675 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Sree Vishnu]] and [[Nayan Sarika]].

The film was released on 27 February 2026 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=Sree Vishnu’s Vishnu Vinyasam gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/23/sree-vishnus-vishnu-vinyasam-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It went on to gross over ₹17.30 crore at the box office, emerging as a moderate commercial success, performing better than Vishnu's other film, ''[[Mrithyunjay]]'' which was also scheduled to release on the same day, but was postponed to a week later.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Pramod |date=April 23, 2026 |title=శ్రీ విష్ణు “విష్ణు విన్యాసం” టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్…హిట్టా-ఫట్టా!! |trans-title=Sri Vishnu's "Vishnu Vinyasam" Total Collections...Hit or Flop! |url=https://t2blive.com/vishnuvinyasam-total-collections/ |access-date=May 3, 2026 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manisha is a 27-year-old unmarried woman. No one is interested in marrying her due to some reasons. She later transferred to Sri Pratibha Junior College as one of the faculties, where she learns about one of the junior lecturers, Vishnu, a 30-something-year-old single man and an extreme follower of astrology. The other faculties inform her that Vishnu is inept and their intention is to dismiss him from the college. But she interferes and convinces the other faculties that she can change him into a better lecturer, which the others agree to. She later informs Vishnu about the incidents and admits she saved him from losing the job because she's also a smoker, and shares a cigarette with him. Later, that night she asks him to buy her vodka, which she gulps. After getting drunk, she asks him to kiss her, but he refuses and drops her off at her house. Once in front of the house, she urges him to kiss her, but he slaps her and tells her he's not that kind of guy. She admits she likes him, that's why she asked him to kiss her, not with other intentions, which moves him.

The next day, after telling his astrologer about Manisha over the phone, Vishnu reciprocates Manisha's advances and they kiss. Manisha and Vishnu see each other daily and develop feelings. Later, at a party for the college staff, Manisha pretends she doesn't drink alcohol. Pankaj reveals she drank vodka with Vishnu and Vishnu told him. He also tells her Vishnu's seeing her because their lucky number is five – and Vishnu believes in astrology. Manisha yells at Vishnu, pretending she is leaving him, which prompts Vishnu to propose. She reveals she has a [[Mangala Dosha]] – the first person to marry her will die within six months of marriage. Although initially frightened, Vishnu reluctantly agrees to the marriage as she pursues him, reminding him of his proposal. He meets her parents and convinces his own. They marry in a simple private ceremony; Manisha's parents prefer a simple private wedding due to debt. After the marriage, a car hits Vishnu; he narrowly survives but is badly injured. At the hospital, Manisha and her parents visit him, but they separate the couple, citing an astrology issue causing the misfortune – they must be apart for six months.

Four months later, Vishnu has recovered and confesses everything to his parents. His mother asks if Manisha really loved him. He replies to his mother that Manisha met him the day before his marriage and told him she'd seen him a year before their college meeting. She was in love with Vishnu because of his caring attitude, which is why she decided to marry him. After learning everything, Vishnu's parents take Manisha and Vishnu to Guruji, the astrologer they trust, who reveals the [[Hindu astrology|Jathakam]] Manisha brought was forged – someone added Mangala Dosha to the birth chart. He shows them the original birth chart has no such dosha. Vishnu confronts Manisha's father, who admits he's not her biological parent. They met Manisha as a child; her biological parents died in a car accident. They adopted her, planning to keep her unmarried to benefit from her status – her biological father had left a will stating his property would go to her husband when she turned 22. Manisha forgives her adoptive parents and marries Vishnu in a grand ceremony.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Vishnu "Chinnu"
* [[Nayan Sarika]] as Manisha "Junnu"
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Satya, Vishnu's friend
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Guruji, a good astrologer
* [[Brahmaji]] as Pankaj, a lecturer
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Bilahari, a lecturer
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Dasu, ABC News reporter
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Manisha's adoptive father
* Meena Vasu as Manisha’s adoptive mother
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Manisha’s family lawyer
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as OC, fake astrologer
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Bommayya, Vishnu's father
* Pramodini Pammi as Vishnu’s mother
* Tasty Teja as Vishnu’s friend
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Vishnu’s marriage alliance’s father
* Balagam Sanjay Krishna as Eveteaser
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Radhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=Emi Raa Balaraju from Vishnu Vinyasam released |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/emi-raa-balaraju-from-vishnu-vinyasam-released |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dekho Vishnu Vinyasam
| extra1 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Modhale Modhale
| extra2 = [[Madhushree]], [[Naresh Iyer]]
| title3 = Confusion Confusion
| length3 = 4:11
| extra3 = Sarath Santosh
| length2 = 3:38
}}

==Release and reception==
''Vishnu Vinyasam'' was released on 27 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Sree Vishnu reveals 'Vishnu Vinyasam' was leaked before release |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sree-vishnu-reveals-vishnu-vinyasam-was-leaked-before-release |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sanjana Pulugurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a mixed review, rating it 2.5/5 and felt that the film lacks consistency throughout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Vinyasam Movie Review: A light-hearted romcom that fails to sustain its spark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/vishnu-vinyasam/movie-review/128845174.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' too gave the same rating and stated that, "''Vishnu Vinyasam'' works largely because of Sree Vishnu’s comic performance, which he carries on his shoulders. However, a weak storyline, repetitive second-half portions, and an unconvincing climax dilute the overall impact".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-01 |title=Vishnu Vinyasam Movie Review: Sree Vishnu stands out in this weakly narrated entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/01/telugureview2026feb27vishnu-vinyasam-movie-review-sree-vishnu-stands-out-in-this-weakly-narrated-entertainer |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 and opined that "everything goes wrong — the writing, the comedy, the characterisation, and the logic".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2026-02-27 |title=Vishnu Vinyasam review: Sree Vishnu’s film is a painful collection of unfunny reels |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vishnu-vinyasam-review-sree-vishnu-film-is-a-painful-collection-of-unfunny-reels-2875584-2026-02-27 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39195804|Vishnu Vinyasam}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]

T. Prakash Goud

2026-04-25T06:54:36Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician from Telangana (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
[[File:T.Prakash_Goud.jpg | thumb | right]]
'''Tolkanti Prakash Goud''' (born 5 May 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]], India. He is a four time MLA from [[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. He currently represents [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress Party]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Bharat Rashtra Samithi Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendranagar assembly election results 2023: Rajendranagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/rajendranagar-assembly-result-29051 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He has been an elected MLA from Rajendranagar continuously from 2009. In July 2024, he joined [[Indian National Congress]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Goud: సీఎం రేవంత్‌రెడ్డి సమక్షంలో కాంగ్రెస్‌లో చేరిన ఎమ్మెల్యే ప్రకాశ్‌ గౌడ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/politics/mla-prakash-goud-joined-congress/0500/124129017 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Goud is from [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]]. He was born in Mylar Devarapalli village, Rajendranagar mandal, Ranga Reddy district, to father Tolkanti Gandaiah Goud and Lakshmamma. He left school after Class 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T. Prakash Goud(BRS):Constituency- RAJENDRANAGAR(RANGA REDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6198 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Sulochana and they have three sons and two daughters. He also has a granddaughter Vennela and grandson, Vishwak Sen. <ref>https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?memid=1320&constid=51&orderby=1&termid=15</ref>

== Career ==
Goud was elected to [[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 121,734 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Thokala Srinivas Reddy of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 32,096 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Rajendranagar Election Result 2023 Live, Rajendranagar Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-rajendranagar-constituency-51.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajendranagar Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: T Prakash Goud Of BRS Wins By A Swooping 32096 Votes As BJP's Thokala Srinivas Reddy Falls Behind |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajendranagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687749.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajendranagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Rajendranagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/rajendranagar |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He won as an MLA for the first time in 2009 representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 49,522 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]] of Indian National Congress, by a margin of 7,485 votes. He retained the seat as TDP candidate in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 77.843 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B Gnaneshwar of Indian National Congress, by 25,881 votes. Later, he moved to [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name=":0" /> and became a four time MLA winning the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]]. In 2018 he polled 108,964 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ganesh Renukuntla of Telugu Desam party, by 58,373 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash Goud, T.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

M. Abdul Wahab

2026-04-20T01:25:36Z

Ritesh Gandhi: Made New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Abdul Wahab
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|1|22}}
| education = B. Com
}}

'''M. Abdul Wahab''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055557/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC226.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC226.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palayamkottai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a226|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|{{Won}}
|89,117
|55.89%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Wahab, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Thanamandi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:33Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thannamandi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| constituency_no = 87
| mla = [[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]]
| established = 2022
| electors = 
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Thannamandi''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. This newly created Thanamandi Assembly constituency is a part of [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]] parliamentary seat which is also a newly created parliamentary seat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO |access-date=15 August 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was created in 2022 and had its first election in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], since when it is represented by [[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]], an [[Independent politician]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]: Thannamandi<ref name="t360">{{cite web | title=Thannamandi, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Independent candidate Muzaffar Iqbal Khan defeats BJP's Mohd Iqbal Malik with 6179 votes | magazine=[[India Today]] | date=8 October 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/thannamandi-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612966-2024-10-08 | access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]|party=Independent|votes=32,645|percentage=35.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Iqbal Malik|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=26,466|percentage=28.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Qamar Hussain]]|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|votes=21,986|percentage=24.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammad Shabir Khan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,508|percentage=8.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,094|percentage=1.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Astkhar Ali Ahmed|party=Independent|votes=1,015|percentage=1.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Irfan Anjum|party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|votes=666|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=6,179|percentage=6.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=91,380|percentage=74.68|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,22,370
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Vadivel Gopal

2026-04-19T16:35:44Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating stub!

{{Short description|Indian snake expert and conservationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vadivel Gopal
| image = Vadivel_Gopal_(cropped).jpg
| caption =
| occupation = Snake catcher Conservationist
| known_for = Traditional snake catching for antivenom production
| partner =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
}}
'''Vadivel Gopal''' is an Indian snake catcher from the [[Irula tribe]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="PIB2023">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> He is known for his expertise in catching venomous snakes, used for production of life-saving [[antivenom]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srimathi |first=Geetha |date=2023-02-02 |title=Bravehearts Vadivel and Sadaiyan shine a light for Irula cooperative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bravehearts-vadivel-and-sadaiyan-shine-a-light-for-irula-cooperative/article66464742.ece |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Along with his long-time collaborator [[Masi Sadaiyan]], he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2023 for his contributions to social work in the field of healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaitanya |first=SV Krishna |date=2023-01-28 |title=Irula Padma Shri awardees in TN caught in trap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Jan/27/irula-padma-shri-awardees-in-tn-caught-intrap-2541770.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Gopal is a member of the [[Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society]], which plays a vital role in supplying venom to laboratories across India that produce antivenom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivel Gopal and Masi Sadaiyan From the Irula Tribe Won the Padma Shri. Only Calling Them 'Snake Catchers' Reinforces Caste Stereotypes. |url=https://www.theswaddle.com/vadivel-gopal-and-masi-sadaiyan-from-the-irula-tribe-won-the-padma-shri-only-calling-them-snake-catchers-reinforces-caste-stereotypes |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.theswaddle.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Gopal traveled with Sadaiyan to [[Florida]], United States, to help train local wildlife officials in catching invasive [[Burmese pythons]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-06 |title=The Indian tribesmen catching giant snakes in Florida |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38794352 |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Masi Sadaiyan]]
* [[Irula people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Vadivel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai

2026-04-19T15:21:38Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Coming of age]] [[Romance (love)|Romantic drama]]
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| writer = [[Shashi Mittal|Shashi Sumeet Mittal]] Amit Aaryan Vaishali Naik Nageen Mirza Rajesh Chawla [[Mayur Puri]] [[Sanjay Chhel]]
| director =
| creative_director = Indrajeet Mukherjee Ambica Sharma Nageen Mirza
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| voices = [[Kumar Sanu]] 
[[Sadhana Sargam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-a-show-revisiting-90s-era-airs-on-sony-from-today/entertainment/news/980497.html|title="Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai", a show revisiting 90s era, airs on Sony from today|date=5 September 2017|website=[[United News of India]]}}</ref>
| theme_music_composer = [[Anu Malik]] Nishant-Raja
| opentheme = "Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai"
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 497
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal|Shashi Sumeet Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| editor = Jay B Ghadiali, Saurabh Raj Khanna
| runtime = 21–23 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|09|05}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|8|16|df=y}}
}}

'''''Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai''''' ({{Translation|''It's the Story of Those Days''}}) is a [[Hindi]] [[coming of age]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[period drama]] television series produced by [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]. It aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/tv-masala/article/tv-serial-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-go-off-air-randeep-rai-ashi-singh-aka-sameer-naina-love-story-will-end/454152|title=बंद हो रहा टीवी सीरियल ये उन दिनों की बात है, गिरती टीआरपी नहीं ये है असली वजह|website=hindi.timesnownews.com|language=hi|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> It stars [[Ashi Singh]] and [[Randeep Rai]] as Naina Agarwal and Sameer Maheshwari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com//pehredaar-piya-ki-makers-heartbroken-after-show-was-axed-next-project-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-4013067.html|title=Pehredaar Piya Ki makers 'heartbroken' after show was axed; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> Set in the 1990s, it is inspired by the real-life love story of producers [[Shashi Mittal]] and [[Sumeet Mittal]]. It received a positive response from critics and audiences with praise for its performances and script.<ref name="review" /><ref name="review2" />

After announcing that the show would end,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/it-s-a-wrap-for-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-sameer-and-naina-get-emotional-on-last-day-1580451-2019-08-13|title=It's a wrap for Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai: Sameer and Naina get emotional on last day|website=India Today|date=13 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-written-update-august-16-2019-sameer-and-naina-enjoy-reunion-with-their-school-friends/articleshow/70714364.cms|title=Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai written update, August 16, 2019: Sameer and Naina enjoy reunion with their school friends – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> Sony TV announced that the show would return with a second season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-set-to-return-for-season-2-see-teaser-poster-2249005.html|title=Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Set to Return for Season 2, See Teaser, Poster|website=News18|date=27 July 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in 1990 in [[Ahmedabad]], Naina Agarwal is a 16-year-old girl studying at Pragati Vidya Ka Mandir. Her mother died at birth and she is raised by uncle Anand and aunt Bela in a conservative joint family. Naina's father, Rakesh Agarwal, has an orthodox mindset, supporting only his son Arjun's dreams, and neglecting Naina. Meanwhile, in [[Nainital]], a 16-year-old Sameer Maheshwari gets suspended from his boarding school and returns to his maternal grandfather, Jaiprakash Maheshwari, in Ahmedabad. No one except Jaiprakash comes to know the reason of his suspension, that he was skating with his two friends but crashed with the Principal's car. Sameer took the complete blame and gets suspended. His mother, Vishakha, comes to Ahmedabad to get him back to Delhi or give money to the Nainital convent to let him join back but Jaiprakash refuses to let Sameer go, knowing that his grandson had been deprived for love for so long living in that hostel that he had grown severe anger issues. Sameer has a very bitter relationship with his mother because after his father's death, she married Vivek Somani and moved to [[Delhi]]. Sameer joins his cousin, Munna's school as his classmate, where Naina also studies.

The first glitch is when he gets in trouble with a senior. Sameer clashes with Naina. By then, Naina had hear a lot about him. In those days, Nainital was considered as Harvard or Oxford, and Sameer had a rich grandfather, increasing his influence. The senior had taken the matter to the principal. Called Naina as a witness because he had seen her and Sameer clash. Naina, being the head discipline monitor, stays true to her duty, and gets Sameer into trouble. This becomes the first glitch in the relationship. While Naina had started to like Sameer, Sameer began hating her.

The second glitch comes during the head boy competition. Naina's brother and Sameer both take part in it. Naina finds an ingenious way to learn maths. Sameer, having overheard her teaching her friend Swati, decides to ask for help. Naina agrees to help him. And falls deeper for him for the first two sessions. But he asks her to come after school as well. Naina gets stuck in her home doing chores listed by her aunt, Beena. Sameer, with his friends Munna and Pandit, call at her home using a girl's voice. Rakesh overhears the conversation and trails Naina to school. And seeing her with Sameer, Rakesh yells at him. Sameer asks Naina to tell Rakesh that she came at her own free will. But Naina, by the fear of her father, could not do that.

The third glitch comes when Naina's brother steals the question papers to win the competition in fear that if he does not win, then his father will not spare him. Pandit and Munna steal the key to the examination room with the intention of helping Sameer access the question papers, but Sameer refuses to cheat and keeps the key safely in his pocket. While they are talking, Sameer’s stepfather overhears the conversation and anonymously informs the principal that the question papers have been leaked. A meeting is convened to address the situation. On his way, Sameer accidentally bumps into Naina, causing her to fall. He takes out a napkin to help her, and the key slips from his pocket. Naina picks up the key and later reveals it to the principal during the meeting, explaining that the library key fell from Sameer’s pocket. Once again, Naina blames Sameer, which sparks a heated argument between them. Later, when Naina learns the full truth from Arjun, she is deeply dejected, while Sameer’s resentment toward her only intensifies.

Sameer decides to avenge Rakesh and Naina. He bets with the seniors about making Naina say "I Love You" to him while hugging him. Munna and Pandit heavily ask Sameer to refuse, but Sameer wanted revenge. Wooing Naina would be the best slap at Rakesh's face. Sameer decides to try every way possible.

The first opportunity comes when Naina takes part in the Romeo and Juliet and plays the role of Juliet. But Sameer gets there too and gets the role of Romeo. Chaos arises when Naina drops out of the play. The scripts come, revealing a kiss scene, when Romeo kisses Juliet's hand. Those days, even kissing on hands was considered very bad. Naina's best friend Swati had been chosen for the role of Juliet after Naina dropped out. This upsets three people badly - Naina, who still liked Sameer; Sameer, whose entire plan failed; and Munna, who had had a crush on Swati since elementary school. During the play, Naina could not bear to see the last kiss scene, and runs to a classroom, crying her heart out. But Sameer comes and tells her that he did not kiss Swati, he acted to faint when the scene came. This becomes the first step of the ladder to Naina's heart.

The second step comes stupidly. Naina gets Lice in her head and stays away from him. But he just keeps getting closer. He manages to corner her and make her spit out the truth. Though he is heavily disgusted, he goes to her society, gets her out in the balcony, and keeps Lice Shampoo there. Naina gets very happy.

The third step comes when he gets to know about her older sister. Pooja, who is still unmarried. Sameer arranges an alliance for her, winning Naina.

The fourth step comes when he makes late night calls to her. The phone rings exactly two times, making her know its him so that no one else gets suspicious, and plays romantic songs.

Meantime, Jaiprakash gets suspicious. Sameer had never woken up early in his life. But since the past days, Sameer went to the temple daily early morning, saying that he had a 'special friend'. Jaiprakash knew that it was Naina.

Then comes the Mount Abu trip. Naina's family does not allow it. Sameer tries every hook and crook to get her there, and finally manages. But now, the test series starts for him, because Naina had told her friend Swati about the love story, and Swati wanted to test Sameer's love.

Swati and Naina began their trial series.

After Jaiprakash's demise, Sameer moves to Delhi, reconciles with Vishaka and bonds with his stepsiblings, Deepika and Rohan. The couple continue their long-distance relationship through phone calls and letters. While Naina tops her exams, Sameer joins a radio station as a programmer. However, he starts considering himself unlucky for his loved ones due to his step-grandmother's harsh taunts. He tries to disconnect from Naina, but Vishaka sends him back to Ahmedabad seeing his depression.

Naina enrolls in VJN College and makes Sameer realize that his assumptions are wrong. Sameer and Naina rekindle their relationship in college and but get caught by the Agarwal's. Sameer and Naina elope with help of their friends and hide. Later, Sameer and Naina's marriage is fixed. The Agarwal family breaks as Naresh and Beena disapprove of the alliance, but the couple marries with the help of friends and the remaining family. Sameer and Naina start living in a separate bungalow which he buys for her. Reality hits when the differences in their lifestyles and mindsets creates clashes. Sameer's maternal uncle, Kamlesh kicks him out of the family business. Sameer realizes his acting potential, and they sell their house, moving to [[Mumbai]] with Rakesh. After many financial and career struggles in Mumbai, Naina realizes her potential to take up writing. The couple presents their first story to [[Aruna Irani]] who telecasts their serial, which runs successfully.

Naina gives birth to their daughter, Suman. After two years, Sameer buys back his old bungalow in Ahmedabad. They return to Ahmedabad and reconcile with their family members. Naina, Sameer, and their friends reunite at their school's 50th anniversary and reminisce their old days. The story concludes happily in 1998, with Naina and Sameer succeeding in their careers and life.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Ashi Singh]] as Naina Agarwal Maheshwari – Rakesh and Rama's daughter; Bela and Anand's niece and daughter-figure; Arjun's sister; Pooja, Preeti and Prateek's cousin; Swati's bestfriend; Sameer's wife; Suman's mother (2017–19)
*[[Randeep Rai]] as Sameer Maheshwari – Vishakha's son; Vivek's step-son; Deepika's half-brother; Rohan's step-brother; Manoj, Bittu and Devang's cousin; Manoj and Pushpendra's best friend; Naina's husband; Suman's father(2017-19)
===Recurring===
* Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal – Anand and Bela's younger daughter; Pooja's sister; Arjun, Naina and Prateek's cousin; Shubham's wife (2017–19)
* Raghav Dhir as Pushpendra "Pandit" Kapoor – Sameer and Manoj's friend (2017–19)
* Kristina Patel as Swati Srivastava – Naina's best friend; Manoj's former love interest (2017–19)
* Hema Sood as Shefali Victor – Naina's pen friend; Arjun's former love interest (2017–18)
* Malina Kumra as Kamya – Naina's former nemesis turned friend (2017–19)
* Hema Sai as Hema – Naina's former nemesis turned friend (2017–19)
* [[Chandresh Singh]] as Rakesh Agarwal – Naresh and Anand's brother; Rama's widower; Naina and Arjun's father; Suman's grandfather (2017–19)
* [[Sachin Khurana]] as Anand Agarwal – Rakesh and Naresh's brother; Bela's husband; Pooja and Preeti's father; Naina's uncle and father-figure (2017–19)
* Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal – Anand's wife; Preeti and Pooja's mother; Naina's aunt and mother-figure (2017–19)
* [[Abha Parmar]] as Beena Agarwal – Juhi's aunt; Naresh's wife; Prateek's mother; Pooja, Arjun, Naina and Preeti's aunt (2017–19)
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Naresh Agarwal – Rakesh and Anand's brother; Beena's husband; Prateek's father; Pooja, Arjun, Naina and Preeti's Elder Uncle (2017–19)
* Somendra Solanki / Vivaan Singh Rajput as Arjun Agarwal – Rakesh and Rama's son; Naina's brother; Pooja, Preeti and Prateek's cousin; Shefali's former love interest; Juhi's husband (2017–18) / (2018–19)
* Manika Mehrotra as Rinki – Naina and Preeti's cousin (2018–19)
* Nidhi Bhavsar as Juhi Agarwal – Beena's niece; Arjun's wife (2018–19)
* Aditya as Prateek "Pralay" Agarwal – Naresh and Beena's son; Pooja, Arjun, Naina and Preeti's cousin (2017–18)
* Shweta Thakur as Pooja Agarwal Garg – Anand and Bela's elder daughter; Preeti's sister; Arjun, Naina and Prateek's cousin; Varun's wife (2017–19)
* Love Joshi as Varun Garg – Neeli's brother; Pooja's husband (2017–18)
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Phulla Bua – Pooja, Arjun, Naina, Preeti and Prateek's grand-aunt (2018–19)
* Vikas Tripathi as Shubham – Nirmala's son; Tanvi's brother; Preeti's husband (2019)
* Kanchan Gupta as Nirmala – Shubham and Tanvi's mother; Preeti's mother-in-law (2019)
* Tarjanee Bhadla as Tanvi Gadkari – Nirmala's daughter; Shubham's sister; Aditya's wife; Preeti's sister-in-law (2019)
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Aditya Gadkari – Gauri and Gopal's son; Sameer's brotherly friend; Tanvi's husband (2019)
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Gopal Gadkari – Naina and Sameer's neighbor; Gauri's husband; Aditya's father (2019)
* Anuradha as Gauri Gadkari – Gopal's wife; Aditya's mother (2019)
* Sheetal Maulik as Sejal Gadkari – Aditya's sister-in-law (2019)
* Sanjay Choudhary as Manoj "Munna" Dhawan – Sameer's cousin; Sameer and Pushpendra's friend; Swati's former love interest; Rewa's husband (2017–19)
* Prachi Joshi as Rewa Dhawan – Munna's wife (2019)
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Jaiprakash Dinanath Maheshwari – Leela's widower; Vishakha's father; Sameer, Manoj and Deepika's grandfather; Rohan's step-grandfather; Suman's great-grandfather (Dead) (2017–18)
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Vishakha Maheshwari Somani – Leela and Jaiprakash's daughter; Kamlesh's cousin; Vivek's second wife; Sameer and Deepika's mother; Rohan's step-mother; Suman's grandmother; Naina's mother-in-law (2017–19)
* Melanie Nazareth as Prabha Maheshwari – Kamlesh's wife; Bittu and Devang's mother; Sameer, Manoj and Deepika's aunt; Rohan's step-aunt (2018–19)
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Kamlesh Maheshwari – Vishakha's cousin; Prabha's husband; Bittu and Devang's father; Sameer, Manoj and Deepika's uncle; Rohan's step-uncle (2018–19)
* Atul Verma as Devang Maheshwari – Kamlesh and Prabha's son; Bittu's brother; Sameer, Manoj and Deepika's cousin; Rohan's step-cousin; Poonam's husband (2018–19)
* Subuhi Joshi as Poonam Maheshwari – Devang's wife (2018–19)
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Vivek Somani – Vishakha's second husband; Rohan and Deepika's father; Sameer's step-father; Suman's step-grandfather (2017–19)
* [[Kitu Gidwani]] as Mrs. Somani – Vivek's mother; Rohan and Deepika's grandmother; Sameer's step-grandmother; Suman's step-great-grandmother (2018)
* [[Rohit Chandel]] as Rohan Somani – Vivek's son; Vishaka's step-son; Deepika's half-brother; Sameer's step-brother; Bittu and Devang's step-cousin (2018)
* Riddhima Taneja as Deepika Somani – Vivek and Vishaka's daughter; Sameer and Rohan's half-sister; Bittu and Devang's cousin (2018)
* Kiara Bhanushali as Suman Maheshwari – Sameer and Naina's daughter (2019)
* [[Ahsaan Qureshi]] as U.P Pandey – Principal of Pragati Vidya Ka Mandir (2017–18)
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Ms. Shanti – Maths teacher of Pragati Vidya Ka Mandir; Naina's teacher and mentor (2017–18)
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Lochan Sir – Ex-drama teacher turned principal in Pragati Vidya Ka Mandir (2017–19)
* Vikram Singh Rathod as Sanjay Tibriwal – Naina's admirer turned sworn brother and classmate at school (2017)
* Charu Trikha as Mitali – Rival gang's member at college; Pushpendra's former crush (2018)
* Nirbhay Shukla as Vicky – Kartik's friend; Naina and Sameer's senior (2018)
* Vaibhav Shrivastav as Priyank – Kartik's friend; Naina's rival (2018)
* Sejal Sharma as Dimple – Vicky's classmate and Sameer's admirer (2018)
* Nishi Singh as Sunaina Parekh – Naina and Sameer's nemesis at college (2018)
* Hitesh Sharma as Kartik Dholakia – Sameer and Naina's nemesis at college (2018)
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as VJN college Principal (2018)
* Vishnu Sharma as Jayesh Bhoummik Raval aka JBR – Accounts teacher of VJN college (2018)
* Arjun Aneja as Farzan Poonawala – Teacher appointed for college play rehearsals, Preeti's crush (2018)
* Garima Joshi as Sahiba – Sameer and Naina's neighbour (2019)
* Vipul Deshpande as Bakshi – Naina's boss (2019)
* [[Ruchita Jadhav|Ruchita Vijay Jadhav]] as Vanita – Jatin's wife; Sameer and Naina's neighbour and Society secretary (2019)
* Devang Taana as Jatin – Shibani's brother; Vanita's husband; Naina and Sameer's neighbour (2019)
* Urvi Vyas as Shibani – Jatin's sister (2019)
* Simran Lulla as Amrita Khanna – Sameer's neighbour and friend in Delhi (2018)
* Paras Priyadarshan as Sharad – Naina's proposed groom (2018)
* Rashika Singh as Neeli Madhumakkhi – Varun's sister (2018)
* [[Devarshi Shah]] as Raghav aka Ameer Maheshwari – Naina's fake husband (2019)
===Guests===
* [[Kumar Sanu]] (2018)
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] (2019)
* [[Aruna Irani]] (2019)
===Voiceover===
* [[Sadiya Siddiqui]] as elderly narrator Naina's Voiceover<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sumeet-mittal-to-act-in-yeh-un-dinon-117122000728_1.html|title=Sumeet Mittal to act in 'Yeh Un Dinon...'|website=Business Standard}}</ref>
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as elderly narrator Sameer's Voiceover<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The opening theme of ''Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai'' was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The lyrics were written by [[Sanjay Chhel]]. It was sung by [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]]. The song was known for its melodious lyrics, which recall happenings in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170905-bollywood-songs-are-losing-poetic-value|title=Bollywood songs are losing poetic value: Kumar Sanu|date=5 September 2017|website=radioandmusic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kumar-sanu-singers-who-sang-the-original-track-must-also-sing-the-rehashed-version/story-sKRbsqAEnBdhnp6KyiLFPJ.html|title=Kumar Sanu: Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version|date=15 September 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Reception==
It was mainly hailed for its fresh outlook and for bringing out nostalgia and flavours of the 90s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/television/ye-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-a-few-shows-down-the-story-keeps-you-hooked|title=Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai: A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked!|date=14 September 2017|website=bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref> It topped [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] shows by gaining a TRP of 1.5 in its first week.<ref name=review>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-review-the-show-will-take-you-down-the-memory-lane-lifetv-1040676-2017-09-08|title=Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane|date=8 September 2017|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-a-love-story-from-the-90s/articleshow/60360253.cms | title='Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai': a love story from the 90s|date=5 September 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers [[Ashi Singh]] and [[Randeep Rai]]
.<ref name=review2>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/kundali-bhagya-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai-a-look-at-the-best-shows-launched-in-2017/|title=Kundali Bhagya, Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai – a look at the best shows launched in 2017!|date=28 December 2017|website=BollywoodLife.com}}</ref>

The [[UK]]'s weekly Asian newspaper ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era, calling it a tribute to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/shashi-mittals-tribute-ahmedabad-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai/|title=Shashi Mittal's tribute to Ahmedabad in Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai|work=Eastern Eye|date=18 September 2017|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106180857/https://www.easterneye.eu/shashi-mittals-tribute-ahmedabad-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This show has earned compliments from various television and film actors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veteran-actress-supriya-pilgaonkar-compliments-makers-of-yeh-un-dinon-ki-baat-hai/articleshow/61009914.cms|title=Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of 'Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai' – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Debut (Female)
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor (Popular)
|[[Randeep Rai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Story (Jury)
|Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2019
|Kalakar Awards
|Best Female Debut
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Jodi (Popular)
|[[Ashi Singh]] & [[Randeep Rai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Daily Series (Popular)
|Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| rowspan=2|Stardom Awards
| Editor's Choice- Best Actor Male
|[[Randeep Rai]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Devrani ki Best Devrani- Best Debut Female
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=4|2019
| rowspan=4|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress (Popular)
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor (Popular)
|[[Randeep Rai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Jodi (Popular)
|[[Ashi Singh]] & [[Randeep Rai]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Show (Popular)
|Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
|{{nom}}
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7383658}}
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5565006864001/Yeh-Un-Dino-Ki-Baat-Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020641/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5565006864001/Yeh-Un-Dino-Ki-Baat-Hai |date=8 September 2017 }} on [[Sony LIV]]
*[https://www.setindia.com/ae-en/shows/yeh-un-dino-ki-baat-hai/34 Official website] on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET India]]
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]

Wardha Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T01:40:29Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating new article

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wardha
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Wardha.map}}
| map_caption =Wardha Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]] [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]] [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]] [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]] [[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]] [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Ramdas Tadas]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = {{formatnum:1682771}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=Election commission of India - Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, New Delhi-110001 | website=elections24.eci.gov.in | access-date=5 June 2024 | archive-date=25 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''Wardha''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is spread over [[Amravati district|Amravati]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Wardha Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|36
|[[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|[[Pratap Adsad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP-SP]]
|-
|43
|[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
|[[Chandu Atmaramji Yawalkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|44
|[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|[[Sumit Wankhede]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|45
|[[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli-Pulgaon]]
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane]]
|-
|46
|[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
|[[Samir Trambakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]
|-
|47
|[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
|[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Shriman Narayan Agarwal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Kamalnayan Bajaj]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Jagjivanrao G. Kadam
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Santoshrao Gode]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Vasant Sathe]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ramchandra Ghangare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Vijay Mude]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Datta Meghe]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare|Suresh Waghmare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Datta Meghe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
||[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Wardha]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Wardha">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Wardha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S138.htm |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|candidate=[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]|votes=5,33,106|percentage=48.68|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ramdas Tadas]]|votes=4,51,458|percentage=41.23|change={{decrease}}12.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Dr. Mohan Ramraoji Raikwar
|votes =20,795
|percentage = 1.90
|change ={{down}}1.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate =Prof. Rajendra Gulabrao Salunkhe
|votes =15,492
|percentage = 1.41
|change ={{down}}1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =4,634
|percentage = 0.42
|change ={{down}}0.19
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=81,648|percentage=7.46|change={{decrease}}9.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,95,012|percentage=65.07|change={{up}}3.54}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Wardha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramdas Tadas]]
|votes = 5,78,364
|percentage = 53.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Charulata Tokas
|votes = 3,91,173
|percentage = 36.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Dhanraj Vanjari
|votes = 36,452
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shaileshkumar Agrawal
|votes = 36,423
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,510
|percentage = 0.61
|change = {{down}}0.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,87,191
|percentage = 17.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,72,657
|percentage = 61.53
|change = -3.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Wardha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramdas Tadas]]
|votes = 5,37,518
|percentage = 53.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sagar Datta Meghe
|votes = 3,21,735
|percentage = 31.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chetan Pendam
|votes = 90,866
|percentage = 8.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,15,783
|percentage = 21.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,13,445
|percentage = 64.79
|change = +10.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]:[[Wardha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Datta Meghe]]
|votes = 3,52,853
|percentage = 45.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare|Suresh Waghmare]]
|votes = 2,56,935
|percentage = 33.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bipin Kangale
|votes = 1,31,643
|percentage = 17.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 95,918
|percentage = 12.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,69,251
|percentage = 54.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Wardha district]]
* [[Amravati district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx Previous Lok Sabha Members by Constituency] [[Lok Sabha]] website
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/wardha/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Wardha lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Amravati district topics}}
{{Wardha district topics}}
{{coords|20.7|78.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wardha Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]

Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

2026-04-17T18:39:19Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating post!

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|date decided = 6 May 2004
|citations = 2004 (3) AWC 2366 SC
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = Ruma Paul, Venkatarama Reddy
|number of judges = 2
|decision by = Ruma Paul
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions = The Indian Trade Marks Act, 1999 is applicable to the regulation of domain names
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}
'''''Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.''''' was the first case to be decided by the [[Supreme Court of India]] on the issue of [[domain name]] protection, and dealt with two businesses employing variations on the same mark ("Sify") in their respective domain names.

In the case, the Supreme Court pronounced that the Indian Trade Marks Act, 1999 is applicable to the regulation of domain names. The decision in favour of Satyam Infoway was premised on the court's observation that domain names may have all the features of trademarks. The court considered the confusion that may result in the market due to the use of identical or similar domain names. In such a situation, instead of being directed to the website of the legitimate owner of the name, a user could be diverted to the website of an unauthorized user of a similar or identical name. Upon arrival at the unauthorized site, customers might not find the goods or services customarily associated with the mark, and might be led to believe that the legitimate owner was misrepresenting its wares. This could result in the domain name's owner suffering a loss of market share and goodwill.<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1">{{cite court
|litigants=Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|vol=3
|reporter=AWC
|opinion=2366
|court=Supreme Court of India
|date=6 May 2004
|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1630167/%20-%20India
}}
</ref>

==Facts==
The [[appellant]] in the Supreme Court action, Satyam Infoway Ltd., alleged that the [[respondent]], Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd., had intentionally registered and operated a domain name that was confusingly similar to one owned by Satyam Infoway. Satyam Infoway claimed that it had in 1999, registered several domain names pertaining to its business: sifynet.com, sifymall.com, sifyrealestate.com, with the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN) and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO). It submitted that the word "[[Sify]]" – which was an amalgam of elements of its corporate name "Satyam Infoway" – was a "fanciful" term, and that it had further garnered substantial [[Goodwill (accounting)|goodwill]] in the market. Meanwhile, Sifynet Solutions had started using the word "Siffy" as part of the domain names under which it carried on internet marketing (namely siffynet.com and siffynet.net), claiming to have registered them with ICANN in 2001.<ref name="CedricManara2">{{Citation
|last1=Manara
|first1=Cedric
|title=A Foreign Outlook on Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Siftnet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|journal=[[Indian Journal of Law and Technology]]
|volume=1
|year=2005
|pages=158–168
|url=http://www.nls.ac.in/ojs-2.2.3/index.php/IJLT/article/viewFile/3/2
}}
</ref>

Satyam Infoway alleged that Sifynet Solutions was attempting to pass off its services as those belonging to Satyam Infoway by using a deceptively similar word as part of its domain name. Satyam Infoway claimed that this would cause confusion in the minds of the relevant consumers, who would mistake the services of Sifynet Solutions as belonging to Satyam Infoway.<ref name="CedricManara2"/>

Sifynet Solutions contended that unlike a trade mark, the registration of a domain name did not confer an intellectual property right in the name. It averred that a domain name is merely an address on the computer, which allows communications from the consumers to reach the owner of the business, and confers no comparable property rights in the same.<ref name="CedricManara2"/>

It was a [[Non liquet|lacuna]] in the intellectual property laws of India that there existed no regulation to address disputes relating to domain names. Therefore, members of the Internet community asked the courts to apply trade mark law as an effective avenue of redress for their disputes. The High Court responded and held that domain names could be adequately protected under the doctrine of [[passing off]] referred to in the Indian law of trade marks. This doctrine was applied to resolve domain name disputes in ''Rediff Communication Ltd. v. Cyberbooth & Anr.'' (AIR 2000 Bombay 27), ''Yahoo Inc. v. Akash OP Aurora'' [1999 PTC (19) 201], ''Acqua Minerals Ltd. v. Pramod Borse & Anr.'' [2001 PTC 619 (Del)], ''Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. v. Manu Kosuri'' [2001 PTC 859 (Del)]. The Supreme Court in ''Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.,'' affirmed the law laid down by these various High Courts, and established a modicum of certainty with regard to the law in this contentious sphere.<ref name="RaghvendraSinghRaghuvanshi3">{{Citation
|last1=Raghuvanshi
|first1=Raghvendra Singh
|title=Domain Name Piracy: A Threat to Trade Marks
|journal=IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review
|date=6 October 2006
|pages=1–24
|ssrn=935097
}}
</ref>

==City Civil Court==
Satyam Infoway filed suit in the City Civil Court, Bangalore, and requested a [[temporary injunction]] against Sifynet Solutions. The court ruled in favour of Satyam Infoway and granted the temporary injunction. It stated that Satyam Infoway was the prior user of the word "Sify", and that it had garnered immense popularity in respect of the sale of internet and computer services sold under the same. It further found that Sifynet Solutions' domain name was confusingly similar to that of Satyam Infoway, and would consequently create confusion in the minds of the public with respect to the source of the services.<ref name="CedricManara2"/>

==High Court==
Sifynet Solutions appealed to the [[Karnataka High Court]], which heard the case. The High Court based its decision on a consideration of where the [[balance of convenience]] lay. The High Court stated that Sifynet Solutions had already invested heavily in securing a customer base for the business (about 50,000 members), and would consequently suffer immense hardship and irreparable injury if the court found in Satyam Infoway's favour. It noted that the business that the two parties were involved in were disparate, and therefore there was no possibility of the customers being misled by similar domain names.<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/> Further, since Satyam Infoway also had that name to use in trade, the High Court believed that it would not cause them considerable hardship to deny the temporary injunction.<ref name="CedricManara2"/>

==Supreme Court==
The Supreme Court, through a bench comprising Justices [[Ruma Pal]] and P. Venkatarama Reddi, set aside the decision of the High Court, and ruled in favour of Satyam Infoway. It declared that domain names are subject to the regulatory framework that is applied to trade marks (i.e. the Trade Marks Act, 1999). The court stated that though there is no law in India which explicitly governs the regime of domain names, this state of affairs does not foreclose protection for domain names under the aegis of the Trade Marks Act. Thus, the court determined that domain names are protected under the law relating to passing off as delineated in the Trade Marks Act.<ref name="ChanderMLall5">{{Citation
|last1=Lall
|first1=Chander M.
|title=Authoritative Decision of Supreme Court of India on Domain Name Disputes
|year=2004
|url=http://indiaip.com/india/newsletters/AUTHORITATIVE%20DECSION%20OF%20SUPREME%20COURT%20OF%20INDIA%20ON%20DOMAIN%20NAME%20DISPUTES.pdf
|accessdate=6 February 2012
}}
</ref>

In order to arrive at the Holding, the Supreme Court analogized domain names to trade marks. After an elaboration of sections 2(zb), 2(m), and 2(z), the court stated that a domain name in the contemporary era has evolved from a mere business address to a business identifier. Therefore, a domain name is not merely a portal for internet navigation, but also an instrument which distinguishes and identifies the goods or services of the business, while simultaneously providing the specific internet location. This feature of domain names in the modern era allows them to be likened to trade marks, and concomitantly to be included within the purview of the Trade Marks Act.<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/>

===Passing off===
The court delineated the elements of an action for passing off that Satyam Infoway would have to prove in order to succeed. Firstly, Satyam Infoway had to prove accumulated goodwill in the name "Sify", such that it would be apparent that the consumers associated the name "Sify" with the services offered by Satyam Infoway.<ref name="MarylouBillawalla5">{{Citation
|last1=Billawalla
|first1=Marylou
|title=Domain Names- An Overview of the Law
|journal=BCA Journal
|year=2004
|url=http://www.bcasonline.org/articles/artin.asp?403
}}
</ref> Satyam Infoway discharged this burden by demonstrating that the name "Sify" had acquired immense repute in the market in association with their services. Satyam Infoway argued that it had 840 cyber cafés, five [[lakh]] (five hundred thousand) subscribers, and 54 units of presence all over India. Moreover, it adduced evidence to indicate that it was the first Indian internet company to be listed on the [[NASDAQ]] stock exchange in 1999, and that it had expended an enormous amount of money towards the same. It further presented several newspaper articles which had specifically referred to Satyam Infoway company as "Sify", and further various advertisements developed to promote their services which had also prominently referred to Satyam Infoway as "Sify".<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/>

Secondly, Satyam Infoway had to establish that Sifynet Solutions had misrepresented its services to the consumers, such that a likelihood of confusion was created in the minds of the consuming public that the services offered by Sifynet Solutions belonged to Satyam Infoway.<ref name="MarylouBillawalla5"/>

Thirdly, Satyam Infoway was required to prove that a likelihood of confusion in the minds of consumers would inevitably be a result due to the use of a similar domain name by Sifynet Solutions, and further, that such confusion would cause injury to the public and definite loss to Satyam Infoway. The standard applied by the court to assess likelihood of confusion was that of an unwary consumer of "average intelligence and imperfect recollection".<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/> The court expressed the opinion that in the field of internet services, the difference in the nature of services offered by businesses may not be of much consequence due to the method of operation on the internet. The court discussed this facet at length and explained that the accessibility of domain names to a wide spectrum of users underscores the point that similarity in domain names would lead to confusion and also receipt of unsought for services.<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/>

===Distinction between trade mark and domain name===
The court proceeded to distinguish between the nature of a trade mark and a domain name. It stated that the distinction is important to determine the scope of protection available to the rights of an owner of either of the two. The court indicated that they can be distinguished primarily on the basis of the method of operation. While, a trade mark upon registration in a particular country acquires rights which are purely national in character, the operation of a domain name cannot be contained within a specific country. Thus, due to this facet of domain names, the court expressed the opinion that it would be difficult to protect them effectively under national laws. In this regard, the court expressed that the International Registrars, i.e., WIPO, and ICANN, had provided a modicum of effective protection to domain names.<ref name="SupremeCourtofIndia1"/>

===Balance of convenience===
The Supreme Court disagreed with the High Court on the issue of where the balance of convenience lay. The court stated that no irreparable injury would be caused to Sifynet Solutions by proscribing him from using the domain name. It instead believed that Satyam Infoway had garnered immense goodwill associated with its business, and therefore denying it the use of its domain name would render injustice to it.

The court also ruled that the right to use similar domain names could not be conferred upon both the parties in equal measure, since upon evidence adduced during the proceedings it was reasonable to conclude that Sifynet Solutions had adopted Satyam Infoway's mark with a dishonest intention to pass off its services as those of Satyam Infoway's.

==Subsequent developments==
While the decision was appreciated for the finality it introduced in respect of the law regulating domain name disputes, it was also criticized by some in the legal circles for failing to notice the significant distinctions between trade marks and domain names. The decision has also been criticized because it is believed that the Trade Marks legislation is not equipped to deal with the myriad disputes that arise in the domain name realm. Further, it is also believed that even the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]], has failed to fill in the lacunae in the Trade Marks Act with respect to domain names.<ref name="SlahudeenAhmed7">{{Citation
|last1=Ahmed
|first1=Slahudeen
|title=Cybersquatting: Pits and Stops
|journal=Indian Law Institute Law Review
|volume=1
|issue=1
|year=2012
|pages=79–105
|ssrn=1597866
}}
</ref>

In 2004, The [[National Internet Exchange of India]] (NIXI), a not-for-profit company under Section 25 of Indian Companies Act 1956 promoted by the Department of Information Technology (DIT) in association with the Internet Service providers Association of India (ISPAI), was entrusted with the responsibility of setting up the Registry for .IN country code top level domain name (ccTLD). For this the NIXI will create the .IN Network Information Centre (INNIC) to operate as a Registry for .IN domain in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://registry.in/system/files/inpolicy_0.pdf |title=IN INTERNET DOMAIN NAME - POLICY FRAMEWORK & IMPLEMENTATION |publisher=Government of India|website=|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2005, NIXI/.IN Registry came up with .IN Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (INDRP), pertaining to resolution of domain name disputes between the Trademark Holders and the .IN Domain Registrants based upon the similar principles as [[Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy|Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy]]. INDRP very clearly reads under clause 4 as:'' "The Registrant is required to submit to a mandatory Arbitration proceeding in the event that a Complainant files a complaint to IN Registry, in compliance with this Policy and Rules thereunder".'' That is, as soon as you register .IN Domain Name you become liable under INDRP for any complaint filed against the Domain Name. INDRP proceedings are conducted in accordance with IN Domain Name Dispute Policy, INDRP Rules of Procedure and Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Wherein the panelist (in UDRP) is referred to as an Arbitrator under INDRP policy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indrp.com/indrp-faqs/|title=INDRP, .In Domain Dispute Resolution Policy, FAQs|work=INDRP - IN Domain Disputes|access-date=2017-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Domain name]]
*[[Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==External links==
*[http://nixi.in/ The National Internet Exchange of India Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309045031/http://www.nixi.in/ |date=9 March 2012 }}
* [https://www.indrp.com/ .IN Domain Disputes under INDRP Policy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041230082456/http://www.registry.in/ IN Registry Website]
*[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=128108// The Trade Marks Act, 1999]
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364911001245// Cyber-squatting: Legal implications and judicial approaches- An Indian Perspective]

[[Category:2004 in case law]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Indian trademark law]]
[[Category:Internet case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]

Kolasib Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:43Z

Ritesh Gandhi: page...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kolasib
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Kolasib highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 5
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalfamkima]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:18934}}
}}
'''Kolasib''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kolasib district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[C. Chhunga]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3654-mizoram-1972/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1972 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo Union}}
|-
|[[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<ref name=election1978>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3655-mizoram-1978/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1978 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Chawngkunga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizoram People's Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]]<ref name=election1979>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3657-mizoram-1979/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1979 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Zalawma]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3658-mizoram-1984/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1984 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1987 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Aichhinga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name=election1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3661-mizoram-1989/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1989 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Zosiama Pachuau]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3662-mizoram-1993/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1993 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Rualchhina]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3663-mizoram-1998/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 1998 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Zoramthanga]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3664-mizoram-2003/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2003 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008/>
| rowspan=2|[[PC Zoramsangliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=Miz2013/>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[K. Lalrinliana]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lalfamkima]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolasib}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[K. Lalrinliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalfamkima]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = S. Lalrinawma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = R. Lalthangliana
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolasib<ref name=election2018>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[K. Lalrinliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5940
|percentage = 33.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalfamkima]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 5661
|percentage = 31.77
|change = {{increase}}5.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ngurdingliana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5232
|percentage = 29.36
|change = {{decrease}}8.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. Lianthlira
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 504
|percentage = 2.83
|change = {{increase}}1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = John Lalremruata
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 288
|percentage = 1.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Zodinsanga
|party = PRISM
|votes = 80
|percentage = 0.45
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 114
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 279
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 17,819
|percentage = 81.84
|change = {{decrease}}4.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolasib<ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Zoramsangliana]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6078
|percentage = 38.06
|change = {{decrease}}2.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalchamliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5483
|percentage = 34.33
|change = {{increase}}1.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 4128
|percentage = 25.85
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramfangzauvi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 159
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 122
|percentage = 0.76
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 595
|percentage = 3.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15970
|percentage = 83.85
|change = {{increase}}0.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolasib<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Zoramsangliana]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5510
|percentage = 40.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[K. Lalrinliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4462
|percentage = 33.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrawna Sailo
|party = Mizoram People's Conference
|votes = 2805
|percentage = 20.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalfamkima]]
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 471
|percentage = 3.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramfangzauvi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 126
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Lalrinawmi
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 91
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1048
|percentage = 7.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13465
|percentage = 84.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kolasib]]
* [[Mizoram]]
* [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}
{{coords|24.22|92.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Kolasib]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Kolasib district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Mizoram]]

2008 Mumbai Indians season

2026-04-06T10:28:42Z

Ritesh Gandhi: added new stub basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| season = 2008
| coach = [[Lalchand Rajput]]
| captain = [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] (33,108)
| comp1 = [[2008 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 5th
| most runs = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (514)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008 / Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (12)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008 / Records / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2009|2009]]
}}

[[Mumbai Indians]] (MI) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Mumbai]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2008 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Sachin Tendulkar]].

==Squad==
On 8 March 2008, [[Sachin Tendulkar]], the team's [[icon player]], was appointed as captain.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL will be a super hit tournament: Sachin Tendulkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl-will-be-a-super-hit-tournament-sachin-tendulkar/articleshow/2848201.cms |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=8 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MI Indian Premier League 2007/08 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/mumbai-indians-squad-338082/series-squads |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=15%|Name
! width=5%|Age
! width=15%|Nationality
! width=15%|Batting style
! width=20%|Bowling style
! width=15%|Signing price
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Batsman|Batsmen]]
|-
||10 || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || 34 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg-break]] || [[US$]] 1,121,250
|-
||15 || [[Saurabh Tiwary]]|| 18 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Left-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off-break]] ||
|-
||17 || [[Dominic Thornely]]|| 29 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[US$]] 25,000
|-
||27 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]]|| 19 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
||77 || [[Robin Uthappa]]|| 22 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||[[US$]] 800,000
|-
|| || [[Loots Bosman]]|| 31 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||[[US$]] 175,000
|-
|| || [[Ashwell Prince]]|| 30 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin]] ||[[US$]] 175,000
|-
|| || [[Manish Pandey]]|| 18 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
|| || [[Siddharth Chitnis]]|| 20 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[All-rounder]]s
|-
||1 || [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]|| 38 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] ||Left-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin ||[[US$]] 975,000
|-
||7 || [[Shaun Pollock]]|| 34 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||[[US$]] 550,000
|-
||25 || [[Abhishek Nayar]]|| 24 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Left-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
||47 || [[Dwayne Bravo]]<ref>[http://iplt20.com/WI'-Bravo-joins-%20DLF.html iplt20.com - WI's Bravo joins DLF Indian Premier League]</ref> || 24 ||{{flagicon|Trinidad}} [[Trinidad & Tobago]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
|| 50 || [[Dwayne Smith]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/351628.html Cricinfo - Dwayne Smith added to Mumbai squad]</ref>|| 25 ||{{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Barbados]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
|| || [[Gaurav Dhiman]]|| 21 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|| || [[Musavir Khote]]|| 27 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
|| || [[Ankeet Chavan]]|| 22 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Left-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin ||
|-
|| || [[Swapnil Singh]]|| 17 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Wicket-keeper]]s
|-
||12 || [[Yogesh Takawale]]|| 23 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed || ||
|-
||16 || [[Pinal Shah]]|| 20 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed || ||
|-
||34 || [[Luke Ronchi]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/343978.html Cricinfo - Mumbai pick up exciting Ronchi for three years]</ref>|| 26 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] ||Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
||3 || [[Harbhajan Singh]]||27 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||[[US$]] 850,000
|-
||24 || [[Rohan Raje]]|| 21 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm fast medium ||
|-
||26 || [[Dilhara Fernando]]||28 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||[[US$]] 150,000
|-
||30 || [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]|| 19 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
||64 || [[Ashish Nehra]]|| 28 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Left-arm fast-medium ||
|-
||99 || [[Lasith Malinga]]||24 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||[[US$]] 350,000
|-
|| || [[Andre Nel]]|| 30 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||
|-
|| || [[Vikrant Yeligati]]|| 22 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
|| || [[Rajesh Pawar]]|| 28 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] ||Left-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin ||
|-
|}

==Standings==
Mumbai Indians finished fifth in the league stage of IPL 2008.
{{:2008 Indian Premier League|team=MI}}

==Match log==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=10%|Date
! width=20%|Opponent
! width=10%|Venue
! width=40%|Result
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 1 || 20 April || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 5 wickets
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 2 ||23 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 6 runs
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 3 ||25 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]]|| Lost by 66 runs
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 4 ||27 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]]|| Lost by 10 wickets
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
||5 ||29 April || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] ||Won by 7 wickets, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – Sanath Jayasuriya – 3/14 (4 overs) and 18 (10)
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|| 6 ||4 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || Navi Mumbai || Won by 29 runs, MoM – Shaun Pollock – 33 (15) and 2/16 (4 overs)
|-
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|| 7 ||7 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Navi Mumbai ||Won by 7 wickets, MoM – Ashish Nehra – 3/13 (3 overs)
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|| 8 ||14 May || Chennai Super Kings || Mumbai || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – Sanath Jayasuriya – 114[[Not out|*]] (48)
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|| 9 ||16 May || Kolkata Knight Riders || Mumbai || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – Shaun Pollock – 3/12 (4 overs)
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|| 10 ||18 May || Deccan Chargers || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]]|| Won by 25 runs, MoM – Dwayne Bravo – 30 (17) and 3/24 (4 overs)
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 11 ||21 May || Kings XI Punjab || Mumbai || Lost by 1 run
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 12 ||24 May || Delhi Daredevils || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]]|| Lost by 5 wickets
|-
|-style="background:#fdd;"
|| 13 ||26 May || Rajasthan Royals || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]]|| Lost by 5 wickets
|-
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|| 14 ||28 May || Royal Challengers Bangalore || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – Dilhara Fernando – 4/18 (4 overs)
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 7–7. Failed to qualify for the semifinals.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]

Swami Vivekanand University, Sagar

2026-03-31T07:05:32Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating a info

{{Short description|Private university in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Swami Vivekanand University
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 230
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
|image1 = Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh logo.png
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda University Sagar.png
| caption2 = Swami Vivekananda University, Sagar}}
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = 2012
| closed = 
| type =
| parent =
| affiliation =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor=
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = [[Swami Vivekanand]] 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.svnuniversity.org/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
{{coord|23.8126018|78.8089975|display=title}}
'''Swami Vivekananda University''' or '''Sri Vivekanand Niji University''' (SVN) is a private university located in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The university was established in 2011 and it is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=ProKerala>{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh B.Ed Colleges|url=http://career.webindia123.com/career/institutes/details_colleges_Institutes.asp?inst_no=17190|publisher=ProKerala|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WebIndia>{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda University|url=http://career.webindia123.com/career/institutes/details_colleges_Institutes.asp?inst_no=17190|publisher=WebIndia}}</ref>

== History ==
The university was established by the Act of Madhya Pradesh State Legislature and notified in its Official Gazette as The Madhya Pradesh Niji Vishwavidyalaya (Staphana Avam Sanchalan) Tritiya Sansodhan Adhiniyam (Act No.44 of 2011- 31 December 2011).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Portal : Swami Vivekanand University|url=https://www.svnuniversity.co.in/mainsite/svnhistory.aspx|access-date=2021-01-01|website=www.svnuniversity.co.in}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The university offers both under-graduate and postgraduate courses in various fields such as [[engineering]], [[law]], [[education]], [[pharmacy]], [[commerce]], arts and science.<ref name=Courses>{{cite web|title=Courses|url=https://www.svnuniversity.co.in/mainsite/Courses.aspx|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Education|India}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.svnuniversity.co.in/mainsite/home.aspx}}

{{Swami Vivekananda|state=collapsed}}
{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Education in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-university-stub}}

List of Indian violinists

2026-03-26T19:26:19Z

Ritesh Gandhi: refined details per standard format and updated info

{{short description|None}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}

There are two styles of violin playing in India: the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Violin|publisher=Fiddling around the world|url=http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/india/|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Carnatic violinists such as [[Malaikkottai Govindaswamy Pillai]], [[Tirukkodikaval Krishna Iyer]] and [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]] performed concerts as early as 1900. Indian violinists today such as [[Manoj George]], [[L. Shankar]], [[Fayiz Muhammed]] and [[Balabhaskar]] have successfully adapted the [[Western culture#Music|Western music]] style of playing the violin and have been performing concerts outside of India. Violinists such as [[N. Rajam]] and [[Sangeeta Shankar]] are highly accomplished international performers in the Hindustani style. Violinists such as [[T.N. Krishnan]], [[A. Kanyakumari]], [[H.K. Venkatram]] and [[Mysore brothers]] have remained Carnatic classical violinists and have yet been able to reach out to audiences outside of India. Also, artists such as [[Jyotsna Srikanth]], [[L. Subramaniam]], [[Ambi Subramaniam]], [[Fayiz Muhammed]], and [[Roopa Revathi]] have satisfactorily managed to perform both Carnatic and Western music on the violin.

The following is a list of famous Indian violinists.

== List ==

[[File:T. N. Krishnan FTII Pune 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[T.N. Krishnan|T. N. Krishnan]]]]
[[File:Ganesh and Kumaresh.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Ganesh and Kumaresh]]]]
[[File:Carnatic violinist.jpg|thumb|100px|[[G. J. R. Krishnan|G.J.R. Krishnan]]]]
[[File:Hkvenkat.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[H.K. Venkatram]]]]
[[File:VittalRamamurthy.JPG|75px|thumb|[[Vittal Ramamurthy]]]]
[[File:B.Sasikumar- concert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[B. Sasikumar]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Violinist
! Born
! Died
! Style
! Currently active
! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[Abhijith P. S. Nair]]
| 1991
|
| carnatic and jazz fusion
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/dec/08/violinist-abhijith-p-s-nair-talks-about-his-musical-innovations-5176--1.html |title=Abhijith P. S. Nair talks about Musical innovations|author=Jose joy|work=The New Indian Express Indulge|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akkarai Subbalakshmi]]
| 1983
|
| Carnatic
|
|
|-
| [[Ambi Subramaniam]]
| 1991
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/The-Subramaniams-shine-again/763353/ | title=The Subramaniams shine again | work=The Indian Express | access-date=18 December 2014 | author= | date=17 March 2011 | location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arrol Corelli|Arrol Carelli]]
| 1985
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[B. Sasikumar]]
| 1949
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Balabhaskar]]
| 1978
| 2018
| Carnatic and Western fusion
| {{No}}
|
|-
| [[Delhi P. Sunder Rajan]]
| 1969
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Alison|title=South Asia: the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA1023|access-date=17 December 2014|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=1023–}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao]]
| 1924
| 2000
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/25/stories/0225000t.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125144505/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/25/stories/0225000t.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2013-01-25|title=The Hindu : Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
| 1893
| 1964
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-11-04/The-Dwaram-Legend--184380|title=The Dwaram Legend|work=The Hans India|date=4 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Embar Kannan]]
| 1975
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Fayiz Muhammed]]
| 1997
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fayiz muhammed article -“Music sans boundaries” |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280619/music-sans-boundaries.html |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gagan Chandra Chatterjee]]
| 1890
| 1949
| Hindustani
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Kapil|first1=Hemant|title=Nature in melody – Gagan Chatterjee|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110730/saturday/main4.htm|access-date=19 December 2014|work=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ganesh and Kumaresh]]
| 1964
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref name="Ganesh and Kumaresh – Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabhash.com/artist/13/ganesh-kumaresh.htm|title=Ganesh Kumaresh, Violinists, Karnataka, India – Sabhash!}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gingger Shankar]]
| -
|
| Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | title= L. Shankar: Short Biography | work= World Music Central | url= http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=513 | access-date=July 17, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[H. K. Narasimha Murthy]]
| -
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Govind|first=Ranjani|title=The big bow – H.K. Narasimha Murthy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-big-bow/article2973906.ece|access-date=19 December 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| [[H. K. Venkatram]]
| 1965
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/hkvenkatram|title=Innovational Talks – Inspirational Talks & Videos – Motivational Speakers – The INK Conference -}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joi Srivastava]]
| 1930
| 2003
| Hindustani
| {{No}}
| <ref name="Gagan Chandra Chatterji">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Music of India|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565098-3|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095840253?rskey=mH20Zr&result=0&q=gagan}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jyotsna Srikanth]]
| -
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourstar.com/jyotsna-srikanth-interview/|title=Europe's Leading Violinist With Vibrant Persona: Mrs. Jyotsna Srikanth – KnowYourStar.com|date=18 October 2013|work=KnowYourStar.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kala Ramnath]]
| 1967
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amykumar.com/kalaramnath_bio.html|title=Kala Ramnath Bio|author=Rajiv Kumar}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| 1935
| 2008
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090960931300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060759/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090960931300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-11|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-09-09|title=Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[L. Athira Krishna]]
| -
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theotherfestival.com/2005/athira.html|title=The Other Festival – Dec 1, 2005 L. Athira Krishna – child prodigy and India's young violin virtuoso presents Musical Compositions of Mohan Narayanan}}</ref>
|-
| [[L. Shankar]]
| 1950
|
| Carnatic and Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
| <ref name="amgShankar">{{cite web | title= Shankar Biography | work= AllMusicGuide | url= {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p41500|pure_url=yes}}| access-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[L. Subramaniam]]
| 1947
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Artist: L. Subramaniam | work= Concord Music Group | url= http://www.concordmusicgroup.com/artists/L.-Subramaniam/| access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| 1942
| 2007
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/25/stories/2007052551910100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923095615/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/25/stories/2007052551910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=We need sweet memories…|date=2007-05-25|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lalgudi Jayaraman|Lalgudi G Jayaraman]]
| 1930
| 2013
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/lalgudijayaraman.html|title=Profile – Sri Lalgudi Jayaraman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192654/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/lalgudijayaraman.html|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lalgudi Vijayalakshmi]]
| 1963
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[M. Chandrasekaran]]
| 1938
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Violinist with versatile skills – M. Chandrasekaran |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100120200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213214133/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-12-01 |access-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[M. Narmadha]]
| -
|
| Carnatic and Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/m_v_ramakrishnan/article73530.ece "Inheriting a legacy"], ''[[The Hindu]]'' online, 1 January 2010</ref>
|-
| [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| 1931
| 2013
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=MS Gopalakrishnan: Revered Southern Indian violinist|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ms-gopalakrishnan-revered-southern-indian-violinist-8501679.html|work=The Independent|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manoj George]]
| 1971
|
| Indian, Western, world fusion
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Mayavaram V. R. Govindaraja Pillai]]
| 1912
| 1979
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/15/stories/2008021551280600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220123059/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/15/stories/2008021551280600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-02-15|title=Felicity with the fiddle}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mysore brothers]] – Mysore Nagaraj and Mysore Manjunath
| -
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/honour-for-mysores-violin-maestros/article5665242.ece|title=Honour for Mysore's violin maestros|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mysore Tirumakoodalu Chowdiah]]
| 1895
| 1967
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=T. Chowdiah|date=24 October 2011|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/t-chowdiah-violinist/|publisher=Karnataka.com|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[N. Rajam]]
| 1938
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dr-n-rajam-mn0000370332|title=Dr. N. Rajam|author=Ken Hunt|work=AllMusic}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandini Muthuswamy]]
| -
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article660529.ece|title=Impressive display of prowess|work=The Hindu|date=6 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandini Shankar]]
| 1993
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Nedumangad Sivanandan]]
| 1935
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[R. K. Shriramkumar]]
| 1966
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2109687.ece|title=On a spiritual trip|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[R. R. Keshavamurthy]]
| 1913
| 2006
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=R.R. Keshava Murthy|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502970400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124090440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502970400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2006|access-date=4 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ragini Shankar]]
| -
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Roopa Revathi]]
| 1984
|
| Carnatic and Western
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Sabareesh Prabhaker]]
| 1989
|
| Western
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/raga-and-riff/article8005884.ece | title=RAGA and riff | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | work=Priyadershini S. | date=19 December 2015 | access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sangeeta Shankar]]
| 1965
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Sharat Chandra Srivastava]]
| 1971
|
| Hindustani
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| [[Charumathi Raghuraman]]
| -
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://srutimag.blogspot.com/2012/09/generation-next_10.html|title=Generation Next|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Sruti}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sikkil R. Bhaskaran]]
| 1936
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|[[Sunita Bhuyan]]
|1970
|
|Indian, world folk, fusion
|Yes
|<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-melody-of-empathy/article14620168.ece]</ref>
|-
| [[T. N. Krishnan]]
| 1928
| 2020
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/personality/tn-krishnan-violinist-2548.php|title=Violin Maestro T. N. Krishnan|work=IndiaVideo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tirukkodikaval Krishna Iyer]]
| 1857
| 1913
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref name="past">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/violinists.html|title=The Great Violin Maestros of the Past}}</ref>
|-
| [[V. Lakshminarayana]]
| 1911
| 1990
| Carnatic
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coM6NAAACAAJ&q=V+Lakshminarayana|title=Violin Maestro V. Lakshminarayana Iyer|isbn=9788175741843|last1=Lalitha|first1=Muthuswamy|last2=Nandini|first2=M.|year=2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[V. G. Jog]]
| 1922
| 2004
| Hindustani
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLgZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Jog,+Vishnu+Govind%22 |title=Reference India: biographical notes on men & women of achievement of today ... - Ravi Bhushan – V.G. Jog – Google Books |access-date=2014-12-19|year=1995 |last1=Bhushan |first1=Ravi }}</ref>
|-
| [[V. V. Ravi]]
| -
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnatica.net/links/vvravi-career.htm|title=V V Ravi}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vittal Ramamurthy]]
| -
|
| Carnatic
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/india/ Indian violin]
* [http://kalaramnath.com/a-brief-history-of-the-violin/ History of Violin in India]
* [http://www.carnatica.net/sangeet/narmadaviolin.htm Role of Violin in Carnatic Music]
* [http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/origin-and-evolution-of-violin-as-musical-instrument-and-its-contribution-to-progressive-flow-of-indian-classical-music-NAC426/ The Origin and Evolution of Violin – As a Musical Instrument: And Its Contribution to the Progressive Flow of Indian Classical Music]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian violinists}}
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Lists of violinists|Indian]]

Rahul Raju

2026-03-20T14:12:26Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|Indian professional footballer}}
{{for|the 2005 missing-persons case of the Indian child of the same name|Disappearance of Rahul Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rahul Raju
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|11|20|df=y}}<ref name="sofascore_profile">{{cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/player/rahul-raju/1432028|title=Sofascore profile|publisher=Sofascore}}</ref>
| height = 1.74 m<ref name="sofascore_profile"/>
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 20
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]], [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]], [[Midfielder]]
| youthclubs1 = United Kochin FC
| youthyears1 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs2 = SB FA Poovar
| youthyears2 = 2020–2021
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| caps1 = 7
| goals1 = 7
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = → [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (loan)
| caps3 = 19
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps4 = 15
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2023–2024
| clubs5 = →[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] (loan)
| caps5 = 2
| goals5 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 0
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 23:33, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
| birth_place = [[Kulathoor, Thiruvananthapuram|Kulathoor]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Rahul Raju''' (born 20 November 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].

==Club career==
===Youth===
Born in the football frenzy state of Kerala, Rahul Raju started his career at an early age with the local clubs United Kochin FC and, later, SB FA Poovar of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He then caught the attention of [[Bengaluru FC]] scouts and was roped in by the club for their [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|reserves side]] in 2021.<ref name="IFTWC_raju_to_Gokulam">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=Gokulam Kerala FC Signs Rahul Raju On Loan From Bengaluru FC {{!}} IFTWC - Indian Football Team For World Cup |url=https://iftwc.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-signs-rahul-raju-on-loan/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="SK_Raju_to_Gokulam">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Swapnomoy |date=2022-08-29 |title=I-League: Rahul Raju completes loan move to Gokulam Kerala FC |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-gkfc-rahul-raju-joins-gokulam-kerala |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Bengaluru FC===
Rahul Raju began his senior career at the fourth-tier football of India with [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]<ref name="IFTWC_raju_to_Gokulam"/><ref name="SK_Raju_to_Gokulam"/> at the [[2021–22 Bangalore Super Division|2021–22]] season of BDFA Super Division. He scored five goals for the club and had one assist to his name.<ref name="bfcb_goal_1">{{Cite twitter|number=1451434119242543105|user=bengalurufc|title=Striker Rahul Raju was on target for the Blue Colts, who went down 3-2 to Bangalore Eagles at the SUFC ground, in Ulsoor.}}</ref><ref name="bfcb_goal_2">{{Cite twitter|number=1468176955296018434|user=bengalurufc|title=45' GOAAAAL! Rahul Raju finds the back of the net on the brink of half-time after Lalthangliana's shot came off the post for the striker to tap home. 0-1.}}</ref><ref name="bfcb_goal_3">{{Cite twitter|number=1470312510091788290|user=bengalurufc|title=15' GOAL! Rahul Raju's shot has too much on it and the Independents 'keeper spills it to give the Blue Colts the lead. 1-0.}}</ref><ref name="bfcb_goal_4">{{Cite twitter|number=1470365189442719745|user=bengalurufc|title=Rahul Raju broke the deadlock for the Blue Colts at the BFS today, and had a hand in two more goals as they ran out 4-0 winners over Bangalore Independents.}}</ref><ref name="bfcb_goal_5">{{Cite twitter|number=1508461209250516999|user=bengalurufc|title=Rahul Raju got on the scoresheet for the Blue Colts as they ran away with a victory against SESA FA.}}</ref><ref name="bfcb_assist_1">{{Cite twitter|number=1468186480078032899|user=bengalurufc|title=65' GOLAZO! Rahul Raju drags the 'keeper off his line and finds Jagdeep Singh who floats it into an empty net to make it two nil to the Blue Colts!}}</ref>

The reserves side of Bengaluru FC participated in the maiden season of [[Reliance Foundation Development League]] in 2022 and it was a tournament to remember for the then-eighteen-year-old as he went on to secure the golden boot in the tournament with seven goals in seven games for the club who became the league premiers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=First-ever RFDL title up for grabs as Kerala, Bengaluru lock horns in clash of titans |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/first-ever-rfdl-title-up-for-grabs-as-kerala-bengaluru-lock-horns-in-clash-of-titans |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=90min.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-12 |title=Bengaluru FC hold Kerala Blasters to emerge inaugural RFDL champions |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-hold-kerala-blasters-to-emerge-inaugural-rfdl-champions/articleshow/91523676.cms |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru FC hold Kerala Blasters FC to a draw to win inaugural RFDL title |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/bengaluru-fc-hold-kerala-blasters-fc-to-a-draw-to-win-inaugural-rfdl-title-35083857 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the mark: A look at the top five goalscorers in Reliance Foundation Development League |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/development-league/features/on-the-mark-a-look-at-the-top-five-goalscorers-in-reliance-foundation-development-league |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Indian Super League |language=en}}</ref>

===Gokulam Kerala FC===
After tasting success with Bengaluru FC B, Rahul Raju was loaned out for a season, back to his home state of Kerala but this time to the northern part of the state where the [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] is based.<ref name="IFTWC_raju_to_Gokulam"/><ref name="SK_Raju_to_Gokulam"/> Rahul Raju started for the club fifteen times and found back of the net once in the [[2022–23 I-League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2022-12-04 |title=Mumbai Kenkre hold defending champions Gokulam Kerala to a draw |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-kenkre-hold-defending-champions-gokulam-kerala-to-a-draw/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-25 |title=I-League: Gokulam Kerala thrash 10-man Aizawl FC 3-0, climb to third |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-thrash-10-man-aizawl-fc-3-0-climb-to-third/articleshow/98237804.cms |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League: Gokulam Kerala down Aizawl FC |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/02/25/i-league-gokulam-kerala-down-aizawl-fc.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==International career==
In May 2025, [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] listed Rahul Raju in the 29-members probable squad for two friendlies that will be held in Tajikistan in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naushad Moosa names 29-member probable squad for India U23s |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522171716/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |archive-date=22 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|12 February 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|rahul-raju/880973}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|[[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]]
|7||7||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||7||7
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (loan)
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|19||1||3{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||22||1
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|0||0||0||0|| 4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|12||1||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Gokulam Kerala total
!31!!2!!3!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!38!!2
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!38!!9!!3!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!45!!9
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Bengaluru FC B'''
* [[Reliance Foundation Development League]]: [[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]

'''Individual'''
* [[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League]]: Golden Boot

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bengalurufc.com/player/rahul-raju Bengaluru FC Profile]
*{{Sofascore|rahul-raju/1432028}}
*{{Soccerway|rahul-raju/880973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahul Raju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Bangalore Football League players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]

Vijay Kumar Singh (politician, died 2021)

2026-03-07T17:56:25Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{other people|Vijay Kumar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Singh
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Singheshwar Assembly constituency|Singheshwar]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2005
| predecessor = Bam Bhola Yadav
| successor = [[Ramendra Kumar Yadav]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 27 April 2021
| death_place = Srinagar, [[Madhepura]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| spouse = Radha Singh
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Singh''' (died 2021) was an Indian politician from Bihar.

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in Srinagar, [[Madhepura]] district, [[Bihar]]. His father Jai Kumar Singh was also a MLA from Singheshwar Assembly constituency.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
He represented the [[Singheshwar Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 2000 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व विधायक का कोराना से निधन - Bihar Madhepura Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhepura-civic-21595999.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Jagran}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Vijay Kumar Singh winner in Singheshwar, Bihar Assembly Elections 2000: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/2000/singheshwar/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singheshwar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/singheshwar-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=बिहार: सिंघेश्वर विधानसभा सीट जेडीयू का गढ़, विजय रथ रोक पाएगा विपक्ष? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-madhepura-singheshwar-assembly-seat-jdu-ramesh-rishidev-1135241-2020-09-25 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टाइम्स |first=मधेपुरा |title=पूर्व विधायक विजय कुमार सिंह के निधन पर मुख्यमंत्री ने व्यक्त की गहरी शोक संवेदना |url=https://www.madhepuratimes.com/2021/04/cm-expressed-grief.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=MadhepuraTimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=Singheshwar Assembly Seat: सिंघेश्वर विधानसभा सीट के पिछले नतीजे II Bihar Election 2020 |url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/national/news/singheshwar-assembly-seat-results-2015-2010-2005-bihar-election-2020-1271238 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> In 2005, he failed to secure re-election.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

== Death ==
Singh died in 2021 from COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/purnea/rjd-leader-vijay-kumar-singh-passes-away/bh20210427190944819 | title=राजद के पूर्व विधायक विजय कुमार की कोरोना से मौत, पार्टी में शोक की लहर | date=27 April 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:People from Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Maqsad

2026-03-03T23:54:25Z

Ritesh Gandhi: small changes

{{short description|1984 Indian action film}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maqsad
| image = Maqsad poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bapaiah]]
| producer = [[D. Rama Naidu]]
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}} Indeevar {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| screenplay = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Sridevi]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| based_on = {{based on|[[Mundadugu]]|Paruchuri Brothers}}
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|5|4}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Maqsad''''' ({{translation| ''The Motive''}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[action film]] directed by [[K. Bapaiah]] and produced by [[D. Rama Naidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner. The film stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sridevi]], and [[Waheeda Rehman]]. The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]]. [[Shatrughan Sinha]] makes a guest appearance. [[Prem Chopra]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], and [[Shreeram Lagoo]] are featured in supporting roles.

''Maqsad'' is remake of the 1983 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Mundadugu]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} It was the second highest-grossing film of 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Grossing Hindi Movies of 1984 |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls000029488/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2026|reason=IMDB generally not considered a reliable source}}

==Plot==
Rajeshwar is the only son of Dharamraj, who is an industrialist, and partners with Naglingam Reddy, Nagendra, and Dhanraj. Rajeshwar then meets a girl from a poor family, Bharati, who happens to be his school teacher's daughter and falls in love with her.

Bharati's father is Vishnupratap, a schoolteacher, who is unhappy, for he is unable to earn enough money to feed his family and provide them with basic amenities. He and other teachers work in the school managed by Dharamraj. The fund management headed by Dhanraj has been for years without giving any hike in fees to teachers making them work. When Rajeshwar learns of this, he confronts the partners for their lies.

Bharati has a neighbor, Tilak, who is unemployed, and lives with his mother, Sharda, who works as a maidservant in Dhanraj's house. Later he is hired as a manager in Dharamraj industries and obstructs the three partners' criminal activities.

Rajeshwar is impressed by Tilak's sincerity. Meanwhile, Tilak falls in love with the Dhanraj's daughter, Rani. Dharamraj accidentally meets Sharda and realizes that Tilak is his long-lost nephew. Dharamraj tells Rajeshwar the history of his family and how Tilak is related to him. Then Dharamraj is killed, and the evidence points towards Tilak and he has to gather evidence to prove his innocence.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Tilak
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Rajeshwar
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Rani
*[[Sridevi]] as Bharati
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Sharda
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Dhanraj
*[[Ranjeet]] as Naagendra
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Naagpal
*[[Kader Khan]] as Naaglingam
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Bicchu Reddy
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Dharamraj
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Master Vishnu Pratap
*[[Asrani]] as Bhagwandas
*[[Iftekhar]] as Doctor
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Satyajeet, Rajeshwar's father, Sharda's husband and Dharamraj's diseased brother (Guest appearance)

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "O Devi, O Baby"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Gussa Chhod, Dil Na Tod"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Aa Jao, Naagraja Tum Aa Jao"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Haay Haay Haay, Garmi Hai, Kahan Hai, Saanson Mein"
| Kishore Kumar, [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Pyar Tumne Kiya Na Ho To Humse Shuruaat Karo"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Laachari Ko, Majboori Ko"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Laachari Ko, Majboori Ko" (Short)
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0154844}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maqsad}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ishtamanu Pakshe

2026-03-03T20:59:50Z

Ritesh Gandhi: enhance page after review after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ishtamanu Pakshe
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| producer = E. J. Peter
| writer = Balachandra Menon
| screenplay = Balachandra Menon
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[Venu Nagavally]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = St. Martin Films
| distributor = St. Martin Films
| released = {{Film date|1980|11|6|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ishtamanu Pakshe''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Balachandra Menon]] and produced by E. J. Peter. The film stars [[Sukumaran]], [[Venu Nagavally]], [[Ratheesh]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1134|title=Ishtamanu Pakshe|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3142|title=Ishtamanu Pakshe|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=.malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ishtamanu-pakshe-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072126/http://spicyonion.com/title/ishtamanu-pakshe-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Ishtamanu Pakshe|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sukumaran]]
*[[Venu Nagavally]]
*[[Ratheesh]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[T. R. Omana]]
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Shishiraraathri Uruvidunnu" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Alappuzha Rajasekharan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "Vilikkaathirunnaalum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], P. Madhuri || Alappuzha Rajasekharan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0240619}}

{{Balachandra Menon}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balachandra Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

List of HD channels in India

2026-02-28T22:09:09Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|High Definition Channels}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}

==Available channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" id="available"
|+style="text-align:left;" | '''{{table row counter|id=available}} available channels'''
!Channel name
!Language
!Genre
!Video
!Audio
!Broadcast
!Launch date
!Owner
!Notes
|-
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2011
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Bharat|Star Bharat HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|26 October 2012
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[Life OK|Life OK HD]]''
|-
|[[Colors TV|Colors HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|24 October 2011
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony Entertainment Television HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|28 May 2012
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Formerly ''[[Set india|Sony HD]]''
|-
|[[Sony SAB|Sony Sab HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|5 September 2016
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Zee TV|Zee TV HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 August 2011
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[&TV|& TV HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|2 March 2015
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Sun Neo|Sun Neo HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2024
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[DD National|DD National HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|1 April 2017
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Investigation Discovery (Indian TV channel)|Investigation Discovery HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|General
Entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|13 January 2020
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Replaced ''[[Discovery Jeet|Discovery Jeet HD]]'' and ''[[Investigation Discovery (Indian TV channel)|Jeet Prime HD]]''
|-
|[[Star Gold Network#Star Gold|Star Gold HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1 surround sound|7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2011
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Gold Network#Star Gold 2|Star Gold 2 HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|1 February 2020
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[UTV Action|UTV HD]]''
|-
|[[Star Gold Network#Star Gold Select|Star Gold Select HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|6 March 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|19 February 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[Cineplex HD]]''
|-
|[[Zee TV|Zee Cinema HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 August 2011
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[& Pictures|& Pictures HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 August 2014
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[&TV#&xplor HD|& Xplor HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 July 2019
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Max|Sony Max HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|25 December 2015
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Infinity|Colors Infinity HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|31 July 2015
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Disney International HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|29 October 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Café|Zee Café HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|23 September 2015
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2011
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Movies Select HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|9 July 2015
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[&flix|& Flix HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital|Stereo]] | [[5.1|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|3 June 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|Formerly ''[[Zee Studio|Zee Studio HD]]''
|-
|[[& Privé HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|24 September 2017
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Pix|Sony Pix HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|19 June 2014
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Movies Now|Movies Now HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|19 December 2010
|[[The Times Group]]
|
|-
|[[MNX (TV channel)|MNX HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 September 2016
|[[The Times Group]]
|Formerly ''[[MNX (TV channel)|Movies Now 2 HD]]''
|-
|[[Movies Now|MN+ HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|29 June 2015
|[[The Times Group]]
|
|-
|[[Disney Channel (India)#Disney Channel HD|Disney Channel HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Kids
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)#Nickelodeon HD+|Nick HD+]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Kids
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|5 December 2015
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Cartoon Network (India)#Cartoon Network HD+|Cartoon Network HD+]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Kids
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[2.0 stereo|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2018
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Formerly ''[[Toonami India|Toonami]]''
|-
|[[ETV Bal Bharat|ETV Bal Bharat HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Kids
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|27 April 2021
|[[ETV Network|ETV network]]
|
|-
|[[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|14 December 2018
|[[TV Today Network]]
|
|-
|[[Zee News|Zee News HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|28 March 2025
|[[Zee Media Corporation]]
|
|-
|[[DD News|DD News HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|1 January 2019
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Sansad TV|Sansad TV 1 HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 September 2021
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Sansad TV|Sansad TV 2 HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|22 May 2024
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Times Now Navbharat|Times Now Navbharat HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|1 August 2021
|[[The Times Group]]
|
|-
|[[India TV|India TV Speed News HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|4 September 2024
|Independent News Services Limited
|Available at [[Tata Play]] on channel 532 and [[Airtel]] on channel 381
|-
|[[CNBC TV18|CNBC TV18 Prime HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|26 October 2011
|[[Network18]]
|
|-
|[[Times Now|Times Now World HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2017
|[[The Times Group]]
|Formerly ''[[Times Now|Times Now HD]]''
|-
|[[DD India|DD India HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|3 October 2020
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|20 February 2010
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Nat Geo Wild|Nat Geo Wild HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|30 June 2010
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[History TV18|History TV18 HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|9 October 2011
|[[Network18]]
|
|-
|[[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|4 March 2010
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Formerly ''[[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery HD World]]''
|-
|[[Animal Planet (Indian TV channel)|Animal Planet HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|2 June 2014
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Formerly ''[[Animal Planet (Indian TV channel)|Animal Planet HD World]]''
|-
|[[Sony BBC Earth|Sony BBC Earth HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|6 March 2017
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Zest|Zee Zest HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|24 September 2017
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|Replaced ''[[Living Foodz|Living Foodz HD]]''
|-
|[[TLC (Indian TV channel)|TLC HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|2 June 2014
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Formerly ''[[TLC (Indian TV channel)|TLC HD World]]''
|-
|[[Travelxp|Travelxp HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|1 February 2011
|Celebrities Management Private Limited
|
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 1 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|6 November 2013
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[STAR Cricket HD|Star Cricket HD]]''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 2 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|6 November 2013
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|ESPN HD]]''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 1 Hindi HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|1 February 20
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[Star Sports HD3|Star Sports HD 3]]''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 2 Hindi HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced [[Sports18|''Sports18 1 HD'']]
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 1 Tamil HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 2 Tamil HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced ''[[StarLife (India)|Star Life HD]]''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 1 Telugu HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 2 Telugu HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced ''[[StarLife (India)|Star Life]]''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Select 1 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|10 August 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Select 2 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|10 August 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 1 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 August 2011
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Formerly ''[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Ten 1 HD]]''
|-
|[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 2 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 July 2017
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Formerly ''[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Ten 2 HD]]''
|-
|[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 3 Hindi HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 July 2017
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Formerly ''[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 3 HD]]''
|-
|[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 5 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|7 April 2012
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Formerly ''[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Six HD]]''
|-
|[[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|18 March 2020
|[[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
|Formerly ''[[DSport|DSport HD]]''
|-
|[[DD Sports|DD Sports HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|24 July 2021
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[MTV (India)|MTV HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|25 May 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|Formerly ''[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV HD+]]''
|-
|[[Star Pravah|Star Pravah HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|1 May 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Marathi|Colors Marathi HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|20 July 2015
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Marathi|Zee Marathi HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|20 November 2016
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Sun Marathi|Sun Marathi HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|28 November 2023
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[DD Sahyadri|DD Sahyadri HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|11 July 2025
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Star Pravah#Star Pravah Picture|Star Pravah Picture HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 May 2022
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Talkies|Zee Talkies HD]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 October 2016
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Star Suvarna|Star Suvarna HD]]
|[[Kannada]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 July 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Kannada|Colors Kannada HD]]
|[[Kannada]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|1 May 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Kannada|Zee Kannada HD]]
|[[Kannada]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|4 November 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Picchar|Zee Power HD]]
|[[Kannada]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|23 August 2025
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|Replaced ''[[Zee Picchar|Zee Picchar HD]]''
|-
|[[Udaya TV|Udaya TV HD]]
|[[Kannada]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|16 March 2017
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Star Vijay|Star Vijay HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|29 May 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Tamil|Colors Tamil HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|19 February 2018
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|11 December 2011
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Tamil|Zee Tamil HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|15 October 2017
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Jaya TV|Jaya TV HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|18 June 2016
|Jaya TV Network
|
|-
|[[DD Podhigai|DD Tamil HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|19 January 2024
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[Sun Music|Sun Music HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|11 December 2011
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Star Vijay Super|Star Vijay Super HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own Schedule
|15 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[KTV (India)|KTV HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|11 December 2011
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|Rebranded soon as ''Sun Movies HD''
|-
|[[Zee Thirai|Zee Thirai HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|5 September 2021
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Star Maa|Star Maa HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|12 August 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|1 January 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Gemini TV|Gemini TV HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[5.1]]
|Simulcast
|11 December 2011
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Telugu HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|30 July 2016
|[[ETV Network]]
|
|-
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Plus HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|27 December 2018
|[[ETV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Star Maa Movies|Star Maa Movies HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|25 June 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Telugu#Zee Cinemalu|Zee Cinemalu HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|1 January 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Gemini Movies|Gemini Movies HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|16 March 2017
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Cinema HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Movies
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|27 December 2018
|[[ETV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Gemini Music|Gemini Music HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Simulcast
|16 March 2017
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet HD]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|13 August 2015
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Keralam|Zee Keralam HD]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[5.1 Dolby Digital Surround|5.1]]
|Own schedule
|26 November 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Manorama HD]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|General entertainment
|[[Video scaler|Upscaled]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|14 August 2015
|Malayala Manorama Group
|
|-
|[[Surya TV|Surya TV HD]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Simulcast
|16 March 2017
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Asianet (TV channel)#Sister channels|Asianet Movies HD]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Jalsha HD]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|14 April 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Bangla HD]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own Schedule
|1 May 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Bangla|Zee Bangla HD]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own Schedule
|20 November 2016
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|
|-
|[[Sun Bangla HD]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own Schedule
|28 November 2023
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Star Jalsha Movies|Star Jalsha Movies HD]]
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own Schedule
|14 April 2016
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Tarang TV|Tarang HD]]
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own Schedule
|1 September 2022
|[[Odisha Television Network]]
|
|-
|[[DD Odia|DD Odia HD]]
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own Schedule
|11 July 2025
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|-
|[[DD Girnar|DD Girnar HD]]
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own Schedule
|11 July 2025
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|
|}

==Defunct channels==
{{static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" id="defunct"
|+style="text-align:left;" | '''{{table row counter|id=defunct}} defunct channels'''
!Channel name
!Language
!Genre
!Video
!Audio
!Broadcast
!Launch date
!Close date
!Owner
!Notes
|-
|[[HBO (Asia)|HBO Defined HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|21 January 2013
|31 December 2015
|[[HBO (Asia)|HBO Asia Pvt Ltd]]
|
|-
|[[HBO_Asia#HBO_South_Asia|HBO Hits HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|21 January 2013
|4 September 2016
|[[HBO (Asia)|HBO Asia Pvt Ltd]]
|
|-
|[[FX (India)|FX HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|23 September 2015
|15 July 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[UTV Stars|UTV Stars HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Video scaler|Upscaled]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|19 August 2011
|21 September 2013/21 October 2018
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced by ''UTV HD''
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports HD 3]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|10 August 2016
|28 May 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[STAR Sports HD4|Star Sports HD 4]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|10 August 2016
|28 May 2017
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Cricket HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1 surround sound|7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2011
|6 November 2013
|[[JioStar]]
|Rebranded as ''[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 1 Hindi]]''
|-
|[[ESPN HD India|ESPN HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1 surround sound|7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2011
|6 November 2013
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[PIX System|PIX System+]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|24 July 2015
|7 October 2016
|Mannath Service Private Limited
|Replaced by ''[[PIX System|PIX System HD]]''
|-
|[[EPIC (TV channel)|Epic HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Infotainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|19 November 2014
|10 March 2018
|IN10 Media Network
|
|-
|[[Zee Studio|Zee Studio HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|15 August 2011
|31 May 2018
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|Rebranded as ''[[&flix|&Flix HD]]''
|-
|[[NewsX|NewsX HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|News
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|30 November 2016
|20 June 2018
|[[ITV Network (India)|ITV Network]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Le Plex HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|23 August 2016
|31 December 2018
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Rox HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|16 January 2017
|31 December 2018
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Sony Ten|Sony Ten Golf HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|7 October 2015
|31 December 2018
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[Nat Geo People|Nat Geo People HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|14 June 2011
|20 June 2019
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Nat Geo Music|Nat Geo Music HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|14 June 2011
|20 June 2019
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Jeet Prime|Jeet Prime HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|12 February 2018
|13 January 2020
|[[Discovery Asia-Pacific]]
|Formerly ''[[Discovery Jeet|Discovery Jeet HD]]''
|-
|[[Sony ESPN|Sony ESPN HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|16 January 2016
|30 March 2020
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[AXN (India)|AXN HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|6 April 2015
|30 June 2020
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|
|-
|[[FYI (American TV channel)|FYI TV18 HD]]
|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|17 October 2018
|8 July 2020
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[PIX System|PIX System HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|7 October 2016
|30 November 2017
|Mannath Service Private Limited
|Formerly ''[[PIX System|PIX System+]]''
|-
|[[ETV (India)|ETV Life HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|27 December 2018
|16 October 2020
|[[ETV Network]]
|
|-
|[[ETV (India)|ETV Abhiruchi HD]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|27 December 2018
|16 October 2020
|[[ETV Network]]
|
|-
|[[HBO (Asia)|HBO HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|4 September 2016
|15 December 2020
|[[HBO (Asia)|HBO Asia Pvt Ltd]]
|
|-
|[[Romedy Now|Romedy Now HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 February 2016
|1 August 2021
|[[The Times Group]]
|
|-
|[[Nat Geo Adventure|Nat Geo Adventure HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Infotainment
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|14 June 2011
|28 February 2014
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[List of Hindi television channels|Mtunes HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Music
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]] | [[2.0 (soundtrack)|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|8 August 2011
|9 July 2017
|[[Pen India Limited]]
|
|-
|[[Sony SIX HD|Sony Six HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Simulcast
|7 April 2012
|24 October 2022
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Rebranded as ''[[Sony Sports Ten 5|Sony Sports Ten 5 HD]]''
|-
|[[Star World|Star World HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|15 April 2011
|14 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star World Premiere HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[1080p|Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|23 September 2013
|14 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[UTV Action|UTV HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Movies
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Own schedule
|21 October 2018
|14 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced by ''[[StarPlus#Star Gold 2|Star Gold 2 HD]]''
|-
|[[BabyTV|BabyTV HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Kids
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|1 April 2016
|14 March 2023
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Life (India)|FOX Life HD]]
|[[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|16 October 2015
|13 April 2024
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced by ''[[StarLife (India)|Star Life HD]]''
|-
|[[Comedy Central (Indian TV channel)|Comedy Central HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[7.1]]
|Simulcast
|1 July 2015
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Life (India)|Star Life HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Lifestyle
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|13 April 2024
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Tamil HD]]''
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 1 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|15 April 2022
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Hindi HD]]''
|-
|[[MTV Beats|MTV Beats HD]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|3 October 2016
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[VH1 (India)|VH1 HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|Music
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Stereo]] | [[Stereophonic sound|2.0]]
|Simulcast
|20 February 2016
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|
|-
|[[Star Kiran|Star Kiran HD]]
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|General entertainment
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital Plus]] | [[7.1]]
|Own schedule
|6 June 2022
|15 March 2025
|[[JioStar]]
|SD version still running
|-
|[[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 4 HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sports
|[[Full HD]]
|[[Dolby Digital]] | [[5.1]]
|Own schedule
|1 July 2021
|10 July 2025
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|Replaced by [[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports Ten 4 Telugu]] (4B)
|}

==Upcoming channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" id="upcoming"
|+style="text-align:left;" | '''{{table row counter|id=upcoming}} upcoming channels'''
!Channel name
!Language
!Genre
!Expected launch date
!Owner
|-
|[[WION (TV channel)|WION HD]]
|[[English language|English]]
|News
|{{TBA}}
|[[Zee Media]]
|-
|[[KTV (India)|Sun Movies HD]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Movies
|{{TBA}}
|[[Sun TV Network]]
|-
|Sony Vizha HD<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.sonypicturesnetworks.com/download-pdf-new/RIO-25-Ver5-Final-Clean27-Feb-2026}}</ref>
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General entertainment
|{{TBA}}
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|-
|Sony Telugu HD<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.sonypicturesnetworks.com/download-pdf-new/RIO-25-Ver5-Final-Clean27-Feb-2026}}</ref>
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|General entertainment
|{{TBA}}
|[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of television channels in India|HD]]
[[Category:HD-only channels]]
[[Category:High-definition television by country|India]]
14:00, 12 October 2025 (IST)

Khadakwasla Dam

2026-02-24T05:23:17Z

Ritesh Gandhi: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Khadakwasla Dam
| image = Khadakwasla Dam image.JPG
| image_caption =
| name_official = Khadakwasla Dam
| dam_crosses = [[Mutha River]]
| location = Khadakwasla Village, [[Pune, Maharashtra]] India
| dam_type =
| dam_length = {{cvt|1939|m}}
| dam_height = {{cvt|31.71|m}}
| dam_width_base =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1969
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = Government of Maharashtra
| res_name = Khadakwasla Lake
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|341|e6m3}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|27|11|N|73|32|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Khadakwasla Dam''' is a [[dam]] on the [[Mutha River]] {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the centre of the city of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/khadakwasla |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/khadakwasla |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News|access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8822CC703774E0440003BA962ED3|Mutha River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> The dam created a [[reservoir]] known as Khadakwasla Lake which is the main source of water for Pune and its suburbs.

In the vicinity of Khadakwasla Dam is the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA), the [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT), the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]] (CME, [[Dapodi]]) and [[Central Water and Power Research Station]] (CWPRS). A few kilometres to the south lies [[Sinhagad|Sinhagad Fort]]; the twin dams of [[Panshet]] and [[Varasgaon]], which mainly supply water for irrigation but also feed into Khadakwasla Lake, lie just {{cvt|8|km}} due west of the backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake.

Khadakwasla Dam burst at 7:30 am on 12 July 1961, causing the greatest ever disaster to strike Pune. It was not blown up, as some have been led to believe, it simply collapsed at the point of greatest impulsive force, unable to withstand the destructive forces generated by three times the quantity of water gushing in from upstream than it was meant to store at peak capacity as placid water.

== Design ==
The Khadakwasla Dam is {{convert|1.9|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} long. The dam has been built on the Mutha River, which begins from the confluence of the rivers Ambi and Mose on which the Panshet and Varasgaon Dams are built respectively, and the outflow from Temgarh Lake through Temgarh Dam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goibibo.com/travel-guide/india/destination-lavasa/places-to-visit/temghar-dam/|title=Goibibo Travel Guide|website=www.goibibo.com}}</ref> about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Varasgaon Dam]] into Khadakwasla Lake. The length of the Khadakwasla backwaters is nearly {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the width varies from {{convert|250|to|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The maximum depth in the lake is {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The dam has 11 radial type sluice gates and six irrigation outlets, flowing into two canals as explained below. Of the three feeder lakes, Varasgaon is the largest, followed by Panshet and Temgarh, in that order. The source of Panshet is close to the base of both Rajgad and Torna Forts and Panshet is the highest of the three, some {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} higher than Khadakwasla. Varasgaon Lake is at the same level as Khadakwasla, and only water released deliberately moves into the Mutha, and then, on to Khadakwasla. Fort Rajgad does not reach the imposing height of Sinhagad Fort, stopping at 2851 feet above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif|title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Vol. 21, p. 47 – Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=24 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224232728/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Panshet reservoir has a capacity of 2.70 million cubic meters, with Varasgaon reservoir, a larger body, having even more. The Khadakwasla Dam was founded on hard rock. It had a height of {{convert|31.25|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} above the river bed, with a {{convert|8.37|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} depth of foundation. Its crest length was {{convert|1.47|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} and has a free board of {{convert|2.74|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}. The dam had a flood capacity of 2,585<ref>NRLD September 2023 https://www.scribd.com/document/687911778/NRLD-2023-1-Final</ref> m3/s and a reservoir of 2.78 million cubic meters. It cannot accept water from both Panshet and Varasgaon together, unless its sluice gates are fully open, causing an overflow of water into Pune, which would perforce allow the waters to end up in the Bhima River and add to water in reverse flow into the Mula River coming East all the way from Mulshi Lake and Dam south of [[Lonavala]], a hill station some {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of modern Pune. The plan envisaged control of these three dams to benefit the rapidly expanding city of Pune. The original dam, built in 1879 as a masonry gravity dam founded on hard rock was the first of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/06/23/news0240.htm |title=ITTEFAQ.COM |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220004657/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/06/23/news0240.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cwprs.gov.in/gen/ar_04_05.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023042512/http://www.cwprs.gov.in/gen/ar_04_05.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.tu-cottbus.de/bautechnikgeschichte/ch2009/openaccess/chrimes_oa.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This dam was designed by [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/happy-engineers-day-remembering-sir-m-visvesvaraya-1869877.html|title=oneindia.com|work=Preeti Panwar|date=15 September 2015|access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>

Many people come here on weekends and during the monsoon season. Scenic places around the dam include [[Peacock Bay]], Kudje village and Neelakantheshwar (नीलकंठेश्वर), located near Bahuli village just past Kudje. The Sinhagad road, bordering the dam, has become a favourite picnic spot. There is a "Chowpatty" offering snacks, fast food and non-alcoholic drinks. Peacock Bay, however, is out of bounds to the public at large, being part of the NDA, a Defence Forces establishment.

==Water Quality==

The backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake, right up to Panshet, Temgarh and Varasgaon dams and lakes, as well as the water in the Ambi/Mutha/Mose river/rivulet do not pass through tenanted areas, limiting induction of pollutants to natural levels. There is no discharge of effluents into these water bodies yet. Filtration of such water is therefore easy and the establishments around Khadakwasla Lake get potable water without much effort. In fact, [[Lavasa]] minicity, which was being built on the northern fringe of Varasgaon lake had its construction halted by the [[Bombay High Court]] on 7 December 2010, due to its proximity to the lake as it was feared that it could lead to progressive contamination of the water supply to Pune.<ref name="MintBHCReview">{{cite news|last=Narayan|first=Khushboo|title=Bombay high court to examine Lavasa project|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/12/21195234/Bombay-high-court-to-examine-L.html|access-date=21 December 2010|newspaper=Mint|date=21 December 2010}}</ref> The dams on the lakes are now turning into tourist spots <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297654-d4435162-Reviews-Khadakwasla_Dam-Pune_Pune_District_Maharashtra.html|title = Khadakwasla Dam (Pune) - 2021 What to Know Before You Go (With Photos)}}</ref> and the outgoing water might suffer a drop in quality, unless controlled.

In a modernisation programme, the two existing canals from Khadakwasla Lake will be upgraded to prevent losses due to evaporation, seepage and theft. The first {{cvt|32|km}} outbound of the right bank canal will carry water via a tunnel and the land above used for public amenities. The left bank canal that supplies drinking water will now be replaced by a pipeline. The programme envisions all canals in Pune replaced by pipelines. Put together, there will be a huge saving of relatively less polluted water, which will then be used to meet the vastly increased demand in volume of water consequent to the expansion of Pune City. It is a great source of water supply for pune.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/khadakwasla-to-phursungi-water-tunnel-on-govt-radar/articleshow/62586040.cms |title=Khadakwasla to Phursungi water tunnel on government radar|work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2018 |access-date=21 Jan 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
The birth of Khadakwasla lake took place due to the severe droughts during the 19th century in East Pune that paralysed crop growth and prompted engineers to take up major irrigation works. Captain Fife RE of the British Army recommended a high level reservoir at Khadakwasla in 1863 and subsequently carried out detailed surveys and investigations. This man-made lake was therefore named after him, Lake Fife. It was renamed Khadakwasla Lake shortly after independence. The work on one of the oldest masonry dams of India began in 1869 and was completed in 1879 at the cost of Rs. 65 lakhs (INR 6.5 million, then the equivalent of US$2 million and GB£600,000).<ref name="nda.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/peacock-bay.html|title= Welcome to National Defence Academy |website=www.nda.nic.in}}</ref>
[[Panshet Dam]] was nearing completion in July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aparanjape.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/12-july-1961-panshet-a-day-that-changed-pune/|title=12 July 1961 – Panshet: A day that changed Pune|date=10 July 2011}}</ref> designed to regulate the supply of water to Khadakwasla Lake, in such a manner that the huge reservoir would have more than adequate water for the people of Poona (Pune). The reservoir is the source of water for the two canals referred to above that start at Khadakwasla. The right bank canal is {{convert|112|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and irrigates about {{convert|45000|ha|sqmi}} of land in [[Pune district]] and the villages around Haveli, [[Daund]], [[Indapur]] and [[Baramati]], while the left bank canal supplies drinking water to Pune, [[Kirkee]] and surrounds.<ref name=canals>{{cite web|last1=Raja|first1=K|title=Some Main Canals of Maharashtra that helps in Irrigation|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012020422752/some-main-canals-of-maharashtra-that-helps-in-irrigation.html|website=www.preservearticles.com|date=4 February 2012|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005620/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012020422752/some-main-canals-of-maharashtra-that-helps-in-irrigation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Panshet Dam was zoned at a height of {{convert|51|m|ft|abbr=on}} with impervious central core outlet gates located in a trench of the left abutment; hoists were not fully installed when floods occurred at the site of construction. The reservoir had a capacity of 2.70 million cubic meters. Between 18 June – 12 July 1961, the recorded rainfall was {{convert|71|in|cm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}, stressing Panshet dam to its limits.<ref name="iitm.ac.in">{{Cite web |url=http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Hydraulics/pdfs/Unit41/41_2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112065626/http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Hydraulics/pdfs/Unit41/41_2.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The average rainfall for that period is {{convert|125|-|130|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Pune,India | title=Weather and Climate: Pune, India, average monthly, Rainfall (millimeter), Sunshine, Temperatures (Celsius), Sunshine, Humidity, Water Temperature, Wind Speed|website=weather-and-climate.com}}</ref>

Khadakwasla Lake was already 90% full, with water flowing in freely from Varasgaon, besides the abundant rainfall. The people of Pune had no inkling of their fate. The rain caused such a rapid rise of the reservoir water level at Panshet that the new embankment could not adjust to the dangerous loading condition. Water rose at the rate of {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day initially, and {{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}} in 12 days. Due to incomplete rough outlet surface, the flow through was unsteady which caused pressure surges. Cracks were formed along the edges of the right angles to the axis of the dam causing a subsidence {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, leaving the crest of the dam {{convert|0.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the reservoir level on 11 July. The failure was attributed to inadequate provision of the outlet facility during emergency. This caused the fateful collapse of the structure above the outlets.<ref name="iitm.ac.in"/>

Panshet Dam had been cleared for construction under the aegis of the Bombay State Irrigation Department. When the State split into Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960, Panshet Dam came under the supervision of Maharashtra State Irrigation Department. Mr. SM Bhalerao was the executive engineer in charge of Panshet dam, and Mr. MR Panse (both deceased), the plant engineer. They were running out of time, since this project was their first major assignment and the area of work hostile. Former secretary of the state irrigation department, Madhukar Deshmukh, who had worked as a deputy engineer at Panshet dam till late 1959, explained what actually went wrong. According to him, the dam was planned as a fully earthen one with a height of {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Given the nature of the dam, an outlet to the downstream Khadakwasla reservoir was created at its base. Deshmukh said, "''Ideally, the arch of the conduit should have been made from RCC. However, in those days, steel was in short supply and we were forced to use concrete blocks instead.''" The force of the water was so great that it managed to dislodge the concrete blocks, which resulted in the earthen portion of the dam giving way.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-went-wrong-at-panshet-dam-1565039|title=What went wrong at Panshet dam? - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=12 July 2011}}</ref> They had made a desperate appeal for help and manpower augmentation, and the Area Commander, Southern Command, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari reacted swiftly, keeping Commandant NDA, Rear Admiral BA Samson in the loop. Assistance was provided using a semi-prepared road from Peacock Bay, NDA to Panshet along the Mutha river/backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake and also via Mulshi Lake. Engineering officers from BEG, College Of Military Engineering (CME) and close to 3,000 personnel moved out just after sunset.

3,000 soldiers from the [[Bombay Engineer Group]] and Centre (BEG), the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune|College of Military Engineering (CME)]] and other units were dispatched by [[Southern Command (India)|HQ Southern Command, Pune]], to help. They formed a human chain at Panshet Dam, as Army and commandeered civil trucks brought sandbags by the tens of thousands to shore up Panshet Dam. The engineers were certain the dam would collapse; they were praying that the Armed Forces personnel's aid would delay the inevitable to dawn, so that the people of Pune could be warned in time and those living on the banks of the rivers Mutha and Mula could be evacuated. Despite their best efforts, Panshet Dam caved in at 0330 hrs on 12 July 1961. Khadakwasla Dam was the last barrier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noelsramblings.blogspot.in/2015/05/the-history-of-burr-and-frere-roads.html|title=NOEL'S REFLECTIONS, REMINISCENCES AND RETROSPECTIVES|website=noelsramblings.blogspot.in|date=23 May 2015 }}</ref> The dam stood firm till well past dawn, contributing to the safety of residents living downstream in the vicinity of the path of least resistance to the surging freestream water.

It took another four hours for Khadakwasla Dam to breach, causing devastating floods in Pune. A {{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} central section of the dam gave way.<ref name="nda.nic.in"/> Word had been passed around the few people living on the swampy land next to the two canals early in the morning. The authorities started moving out the residents living near the riverside. Many residents fled to higher grounds, some all the way to the Parvati Hill. Apparently, All India Radio did not broadcast any warnings, and was playing a regular scheduled music program when the floods struck. The low-lying areas of the old city were almost completely submerged. Except for the rail bridge of the Sangam Bridges, two adjacent bridges built separately for rail and road traffic and Bund Garden Bridge, all other bridges were under water as well. Water rushed into the old ‘Peths’ and along Karve Road, Deccan Gymkhana areas. For many hours, the high water levels persisted. Roughly speaking, Panshet water reservoir stores enough water for all of Pune's city needs today (today's needs are probably 8-10 times more than the requirements of the 1960s).

After the water receded fully, some three days later, the stench of the aftermath of flooding stayed on for nearly three months. A large number of people sold their land and houses at rock-bottom prices and moved away. Pune's development plans were put on hold till normalcy was achieved. Bhalerao and Panse were blamed for oversight and lack of common sense in not constructing a wide reinforced archway in the centre of the mudwork dam for water to flow through.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> The old riverside city landscape changed forever. New localities (such as Lokmanya Nagar, Gokhale Nagar, etc.) were set up to resettle some of the flood affected citizens. Most of the bridges were damaged and needed fixing and in some cases complete rebuilding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mukundsathe.com/tag/khadakwasla-dam/|title = Khadakwasla dam| date=12 July 2015 }}</ref>

The dam was later rebuilt over four years. In this period, residents of Pune and its suburbs had to face water rationing. While Pune city, Camp and Cantonment area were not too severely affected, people in Khadki (Kirkee), Dapodi, Bopodi, Phugewadi, Hadapsar, Shivajinagar and Deccan Gymkhana had limited water supply.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIPU/2013/07/12&ID=Ar00601 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626082746/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIPU/2013/07/12&ID=Ar00601 | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 June 2018 | title=52 Years Ago - When the Panshet dam burst on July 12, 1961, it changed the way Pune would develop over the years. TOI reported the devastation, its impact and how the city bounced back a decade later | date=12 July 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | page=6 | access-date=25 June 2018 }}</ref> At the National Defence Academy (NDA), Peacock Bay, the Naval cadets training section and the lakeside guest rooms were submerged. The view from the NDA Commandant's house, which overlooks the entire lake and dam, was distressing.

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune district topics}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune]]
[[Category:Dams in Pune district]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:1869 establishments in India]]

Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T04:57:53Z

Ritesh Gandhi: formatting fix

{{Short description|Animal sanctuary in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = Pārmādana Forest
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Parmadan Forest 03.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Bongaon]]
| coordinates = {{coords|23.1861775|88.7620868|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|0.68|km2}}
| established = 1980
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}

[[File:Parmadan Forest 16.jpg|thumb|Inside the Parmadan forest]]
'''Bibhutibhusan Wildlife Sanctuary''' (formerly '''Parmadan Forest''') is an [[animal sanctuary]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/parmadan Parmadan Wildlife Sanctuary], West Bengal Tourism. Retrieved 30 August 2013. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902110033/http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/parmadan |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref> The forest is located about 100 km from [[Kolkata]] and 25 km from [[Bongaon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sambit |title=ইছামতীর কোলঘেঁষা পারমাদনে ঘুমিয়ে নীরবতার সৌন্দর্য্য, ঘরের কোণে লুকিয়ে শান্তি |url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/travel/bibhutibhushan-wildlife-sanctuary-is-one-od-the-main-attraction-of-north-24-parganas/articlecontent-pf207441-122192.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=One India|date=21 January 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

Situated on the banks of the [[Ichamati River]] covering an area of 0.68 km2 it has more than 200 [[deer]], birds, rabbit and many [[langur]]s.<ref name="bws1">Sankar Sridhar, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081229003719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050130/asp/calcutta/story_4314949.asp "Next weekend you can be at PARMADAN"], ''The Telegraph'' (India), 30 January 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2018</ref> It also has a children's park, a small zoo and a tourist lodge of the forest department. The nearest bus stop is at Naldugari on the 92 bus route (Bongaon-Helencha-Duttafulia Route).

== History ==
The sanctuary began in 1964 when 14 [[Axis axis|chital]] were released in the forest. In 1980, it was named "Parmadan" when it was declared a wildlife sanctuary. In 1995 it acquired its present name after the famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] author [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] who was a great nature lover.<ref name="bws1" /><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121204155629/http://kolkataonwheelsmagazine.com/driving-destinations/drive-outs/parmadan-forest-stopping-by-the-woods/ "Parmadan Forest : STOPPING BY THE WOODS"]}}, ''Kolkata on Wheels''. Retrieved 30 August 2013. </ref>

== Location ==
The forest is located about 100 km from [[Kolkata]] and 25 km from [[Bongaon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=মৈত্র |first1=সীমান্ত |title=কড়া নিরাপত্তায় পারমাদনে এ বার হল নৌকোবিহারও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/picnic-party-enjoyed-boating-at-parmadan-forest-1.729670 |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
It has more than 200 [[deer]], birds, rabbit and many [[langur]]s and monkeys.<ref>{{cite news |title=উইকএন্ডে পাখি-হরিণের ভিড়ে হারিয়ে যান পারমাদনের জঙ্গলে |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/lifestyle/travel/parmadan-forest-sees-tourist-rush/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |language=Bengali}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080129145612/http://www.wildbengal.com/sanctuaries/others.htm  West Bengal Wildlife Sanctuaries]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary}}
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Eric Simeon

2026-02-12T14:45:02Z

Ritesh Gandhi: fixed layout for accuracy and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian Army officer and schoolmaster (1918-2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt. Col.]]
| name = Eric Joseph Simeon
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] [[University of Allahabad]]
| caption = Eric Simeon with the former Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1918
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 15 May 2007
| death_place = India
| other_names =
| known_for = Headmaster of [[La Martiniere Calcutta]] (1967-1970) Headmaster of [[The Doon School]] (1971-1979) Headmaster of [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] (1979-1986)
| occupation = [[Scholar]], [[Academic staff|Academic]], [[Schoolmaster]]
}}

'''Eric Joseph Simeon''' (1918–2007), was an Indian school educationalist. He was the [[headmaster]] of some of the distinguished schools of India from 1960s to the mid-1980s. He served as the headmaster of [[La Martiniere Calcutta]], [[The Doon School]] and [[Cathedral and John Connon School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lmbcal.ac.in/the-principalscalcutta/?phpMyAdmin=8b2e01046db06eec6af53f4e166d9462 |title=The Principals of La Martiniere for Boys, Calcutta | Official Website of Lamartiniere for Boys, Kolkata, India |publisher=Lmbcal.ac.in |accessdate=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112029/http://www.lmbcal.ac.in/the-principalscalcutta/?phpMyAdmin=8b2e01046db06eec6af53f4e166d9462 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1949, then Capt. Eric Simeon — a Corps of Signals officer — was posted at the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, Dehradun]].

Later, in July 1961 when stationed in Delhi — he was summoned by [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], then Defence Minister of India, to head the first [[Sainik School]] of India. It was the beginning of his educational career when he became the Founder Principal of [[Sainik School, Kunjpura]]. He served there for seven years till his retirement from the Indian Army in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/16/stories/2007051615082000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602174616/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/16/stories/2007051615082000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-02 |title=National : Lt. Col. Eric Joseph Simeon dead |date=2007-05-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>

From 1967 till 1970, he was the headmaster of [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martiniere School for Boys, Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lmbcal.ac.in/history/la-martiniere-schools/ |title=La Martiniere Schools | Official Website of Lamartiniere for Boys, Kolkata, India |publisher=Lmbcal.ac.in |accessdate=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224193119/http://www.lmbcal.ac.in/history/la-martiniere-schools/ |archive-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After his tenure at La Martiniere he joined [[The Doon School]] as its fourth headmaster. He was the first Indian headmaster at the Doon School and became one of the longest serving headmasters in Doon's history with a tenure spanning almost a decade.<ref>http://www.doonschool.com/images/weekly_pdf/14%20march%2009.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After his retirement from Doon, his last project was the headmastership of [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/schooled-for-life/32471/ |title=Schooled for life |publisher=Indian Express |date=2007-06-02 |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>

On 15 May 2007 he died of [[lung cancer]].

==See also==
* [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]
* [[The Doon School]]
* [[The Doon School#History|Headmasters of The Doon School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://archive.today/20121219012747/http://fullcirclebooks.in/content/chhota-hazri-days-doscos-yatra ''Chhota Hazri Days: A Dosco's Yatra''] by Sanjiv Bathla, [[Rupa & Co.]], 2010 {{ISBN|978-81-291-1694-9}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oFRF6vs5algC&q=Doon+School ''The Corporeal Image''] by David McDougall, [[Princeton University Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12156-7}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NEdmQgAACAAJ ''Doon, The Story of a School''], IPSS (1985) edited by Sumer Singh, published by the Indian Public Schools Society 1985.
* [https://books.google.com/books?q=Constructing+PostColonial+India:+National+Character+and+the+Doon+School, ''Constructing Post-Colonial India: National Character and the Doon School''] by Sanjay Srivastva, published by [[Routledge]] 1998 {{ISBN|0-203-98027-1}}.
* ''The Doon School – Sixty Years On'', edited by Pushpinder Singh Chopra, published by the Doon School Old Boys' Society in October 1996

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
||before= [[C. J. Miller]]
|title= Headmaster of [[The Doon School]]
|years=1971-1979
|after=[[Gulab Ramchandani]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{The Doon School}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simeon, Eric}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Headmasters of The Doon School]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]

{{Educationist-stub}}
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese

2026-01-31T22:13:31Z

Ritesh Gandhi: done...

{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction =
|name = Diocese of Kunnamkulam
|image = Malankara Emblem.png
|imagewidth =
|alt =
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''
|country = [[India]]
|headquarters = Bishop's House, Arthat, Kunnamkulam- 680 521
|coordinates =
|denomination =
|border = Orthodox
|territory = [[Kunnamkulam]]
|metropolitan = [[Geevarghese Mar Yulios]]
|established = 01 August 1985
|website = [https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kunnamkulam// Kunnamkulam Diocese]
|first_incumbent = Paulose Milithios ([[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]]).
|diocese = Kunnamkulam Diocese
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]
|bishop =
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
}}

'''Kunnamkulam Diocese''' is one of the 32 dioceses of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. Its headquarters is situated at [[Arthat]] in [[Kunnamkulam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Diocese of Kunnamkulam|url=https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kunnamkulam/|access-date=2 November 2024|work=mosc.in |date=1 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==History==
The Kunnamkulam Diocese was formed on 10 March 1985, and was announced by [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]], [[Catholicose of the East]] and [[Malankara Metropolitan]] through the Kalpana No. 52/1985 dated 8 March 1985. This Diocese was established with churches dividing from Cochin Diocese.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reorganisation of 1985|url=https://sgovp.com/diocese.php|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=St. George Valiyapally, Palarivattom|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Diocese of Kunnamkulam|url=https://ovsonline.in/?page_id=76|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=ovsonline.in|language=en-IN}}</ref> Paulose Milithios (later [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]]) became elevated the first metropolitan of the Kunnamkulam diocese on 25 October 1991.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paulose Mar Milithios|url=
https://sreekariyamorthodoxchurch.com/our-diocese/|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=sreekariyamorthodoxchurch.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Diocesan Metropolitans==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Diocesan Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 01-Aug-1985
| style="text-align: center;" | 12-Jul-2021
| Paulose Mar Milithios (Later [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]])
| 1st Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Nov-2022
| style="text-align: center;" | Incumbent
| [[Geevarghese Mar Yulios]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalpana No. 344/2022 Appointments of Bishops|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2022/01/Kalpana-344-2022-1.pdf|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| 2nd Metropolitan of the diocese
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Assistant Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Nov-2022
| Geevarghese Mar Yulios
| Assistant metropolitan
|}

==List of Parishes==
List of Churches under Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese<ref>{{cite news|title=Malankara Syrian Christian Association|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2022/03/Kunnamkulam-2.pdf|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in|language=en-IN}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Aduputty St. George Orthodox Church
* Akkikkavu St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Arthat St. Mary's Puthenpally
* Arthat, Kunnamkulam St. Mary's Cathedral
* Aynoor St. George Orthodox Church
* Ayyamparambu St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Chelakkara St. George Orthodox Church
* Chiralayam St.Lazarus Orthodox Church
* Chiramanegad St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Chittanjoor St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Chowannoor St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Erumapetty St. George Orthodox Church
* Eyyal St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Karikkad St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Kattakampal St.Ignatius Orthodox Church
* Kondazhi St. George Orthodox Church
* Kottapadi St. George Orthodox Church
* Kottol St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Kunnamkulam, East Bazar St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Kunnamkulam, Main Road St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Kunnamkulam, Parayil St. George Orthodox Church
* Kunnamkulam, South Bazar St.Mathias Orthodox Church
* Kunnamkulam, St. Lazarus Pazhayapally
* Manalithara St.John's Orthodox Church
* Mangad Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Marathencode St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Mookkuthala St.John's Orthodox Church
* Ottupara St. George Orthodox Church
* Panamkutty St. Thomas Orthodox Church
* Parambai St. George Orthodox Church
* Pattambi St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* Pazhanji St. Mary's Cathedral
* Pengamuck Mar Baselius & Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Perumthuruthi Mar Baselios Orthodox Church
* Thiruvilwamala St. George Orthodox Church
* Vattully St.Peter's & St.Paul's Orthodox Church
* Vyssery St. Gregorios Orthodox Church
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mosc.in/ The Malankara Orthodox Church]

{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]

Tank EX

2026-01-24T22:20:53Z

Ritesh Gandhi: added references

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Tank Ex/Karna Tank
| image = Indian Army Tank Ex in parade.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Three-quarter front view of a Tank Ex in parade
| type = [[Main battle tank]]
| origin = [[India]]
| is_vehicle = yes

| service =
| used_by =
| wars =

| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date=
| number = 8 prototypes<ref name="MJ2"/>
| variants =

| crew = 4 (Commander, Gunner, Loader and Driver)
| length = {{convert|9.19|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3.37|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2.93|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|47|t|ST LT|lk=on}}
| armour = [[composite armour|Composite]]
| primary_armament = 120 mm [[tank gun]] [[LAHAT]] [[ATGM]]
| secondary_armament = 12.7 mm AA [[machine gun|MG]] 7.62 mm coaxial MG
| engine = [[diesel engine|Diesel]]
| engine_power = {{Convert|1000|hp|kW|-2|abbr=on}} power plant (as on the Combat Improved T-72)
| suspension = [[Hydropneumatic]]
| speed = {{convert|60|kph|abbr=on}} (road) {{convert|40|kph|abbr=on}} (cross country)
| pw_ratio = {{Convert|21|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}/ton
| vehicle_range = {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="MJ2"/>
}}

'''Tank Ex''', or '''Karna Tank''', was the code name of the prototype [[main battle tank]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in 2002. Tank ex is based on existing [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] and [[Ajeya MK1/MK2|Ajeya]] tank. This MBT uses turret and weapon system's of the Arjun MBT and chassis of the T-72 M1 (Ajeya) MBT.<ref name="MJ2"/> Tank Ex was developed as an attempt to modernize India's existing Ajeya tanks, using technology derived from the development of the Arjun MBT.<ref name="MJ3">{{cite web |url= http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Others/351-Tank-Ex.html |title= Tank-EX: DRDO's New Tank |work= bharat-rakshak.com |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085514/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Others/351-Tank-Ex.html |archive-date= 2012-03-04 }}</ref> It was named after ''[[Karna]]'', the chief protagonist of the [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] ''The [[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/tank-ex.htm|title=MBT-EX / Tank-Ex}}</ref><ref name="MJ2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/tanks/tank_ex.htm |title=Tank Ex - Prototype main battle tank |access-date=2012-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170135if_/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/tank_ex.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="MJ1">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/tank-ex.htm |title=MBT-EX / Tank-Ex / Karna |work=globalsecurity.org |access-date=2006-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205092552/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/tank-ex.htm |archive-date=2009-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> It underwent six months of trials, but was subsequently rejected by the Indian Army. A total of eight Tank Ex prototypes were built.<ref name="MJ2"/>

== History ==
The Tank Ex MBT uses the chassis of the T-72M1 (Ajeya) and the turret and weapon system of the Arjun. It was developed in 2002 as a private venture and was intended to provide a solution for upgrading the Indian Army's ageing T-72M1 fleet. It was rejected by the Indian Army after eight prototypes and six months of trials.<ref name="MJ2"/>

On July 5, 2008, Gen. Dalip Bhardwaj, the Indian Army's Director General of Mechanized forces (DGMF), declared that the army had rejected Tank Ex. This was part of an announcement that there would be no further orders for [[Arjun MBT|Arjun tanks]], and that the military would be inviting participants from various countries to discuss future tank developments.<ref>Rahul Bedi, “India Abandons Plans to Order More Arjun MBTs”, ''Jane's Defence Weekly,'' 16 July 2010, p 25.</ref>

== Specifications ==
Weighing in at 47 tons, the Tank Ex is heavier than the T-72M1 (41 tons) and much lighter than the Arjun MBT, (58.4 tons). It has a {{Convert|1000|hp|kW|-2|abbr=on}} power plant giving a [[power-to-weight ratio]] of {{Convert|21|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}/ton for a total weight of 47 tons. This represents an improvement over the T-72M1's {{Convert|20|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}/ton, with a weight of 41 tons and a {{Convert|780|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} power plant. The Tank Ex utilizes the Arjun MBT's 120 mm rifled gun firing unitary [[APFSDS]] and [[High explosive squash head|HESH]] semi combustible cartridge case ammunition.<ref name="MJ2"/><ref name="MJ3"/> A total of 32 rounds are carried, as compared with 39 in the Arjun and 45 two piece rounds in the T-72.<ref name="MJ3"/> A [[global positioning system]] is provided for accurate navigation.<ref name="MJ3"/> This is a feature common to both the Arjun MBT and the Combat Improved ''Ajeya''.

The Tank Ex utilizes the "[[Kanchan armour|Kanchan]]" [[composite armour]], especially over its frontal arc (turret as well as [[glacis]]), giving it protection against both Kinetic and [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|HEAT]] rounds.<ref name="MJ2"/><ref name="MJ3"/> The usage of the ''Arjun'' turret design indicates that the Tank Ex may also have its "ready" ammunition stored in the bustle (as in the Arjun), separated from the crew and provided with blow-off panels. This would be a significant protective feature comparable with Western design practices. The Tank Ex retains the T-72's mobility, with a road speed of 60 km/h<ref name="MJ2"/> and a cross-country speed of 40 km/h.<ref name="MJ3"/><ref name="MJ4">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-08/India/27813410_1_t-72-main-battle-tank-mechanized-forces |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=DRDO offers new tank in place of Arjun }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> With a maximum gradient climb of 30 degrees, it remains in line with all variants of the T-72, like the T-72BM. The Tank Ex is better at trench crossing with a capability of crossing 2.6 meters as compared to the T-72M1's 2.28 metres. The Tank Ex can also climb vertical obstacles up to 0.85 metres tall. The tank's shallow fording capabilities are quoted as 1.2 metres. The Tank Ex should also have the capability to fire the [[Israel]]i [[LAHAT]] missile from its gun-barrel, like the ''Arjun''.<ref name="MJ2"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Post-Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{T-64_navigation|style=wide}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of India]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Experimental and prototype tanks]]
[[Category:T-72]]
[[Category:Tanks named after individuals]]

List of people from Bengaluru

2025-12-29T02:46:28Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|Notable People from Bengaluru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
This is a '''list of notable people from [[Bengaluru]]'''.
{{Dynamic list}}

== Founder and Architect of Bengaluru ==
*Nada Prabhu [[Kempe Gowda]]

== Scientists ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[C V Raman]] – Nobel Prize in Physics (1930), Bharat Ratna (1954)
* [[M. Visvesvarayya]] – Bharat Ratna, in 1955, Indian civil engineer, statesman, Diwan of Mysore
* [[C. N. R. Rao]] – Bharat Ratna (2014) [[Indian Institute of Science]] (Material Sciences) Bharat Ratna (2014)
* [[H Narasimhaiah]] – Indian physicist, educator, writer, freedom fighter and rationalist Padma Bhushan (1984)
* [[Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna]] – geologist
* [[Kumble R. Subbaswamy]] – physicist
* [[Sachidananda Kangovi]] - Aerospace engineer, IT executive, and author
{{div col end}}

== Politicians ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] - former [[prime minister]]
* [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] - former chief minister of Karnataka
* [[Gundu Rao]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Siddaramaiah]] - former Chief Minister
* [[B S Yediyurappa]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Ramalinga Reddy]] - former State Home Minister and various ministry, seven time MLA from Bangalore
* [[D. K. Shivakumar]] - former minister of medical education
* [[B.Vaikunta Vaikunta Baliga]] - former Law Minister; former Speaker, Mysore State
* [[S.Bangarappa]] - former Chief Minister
* [[S. R. Bommai]] - former Chief Minister
* [[George Fernandes]] - former Defence Minister
* [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Qamar ul Islam]] - former Housing and Labour Minister
* [[Basappa Danappa Jatti]] - former [[Vice-President]]
* [[M.N. Jois]] - former M.L.C, Deputy Speaker of Legislative Council - Mysore State
* [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] - former State Minister (various portfolios); former Union Labour Minister in the [[Manmohan Singh]] Government; current leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha
* [[S. M. Krishna]] - former External Affairs Minister of India; former Governor of Maharashtra; former Chief Minister of Karnataka
* [[H.N.Ananth Kumar]] - former Union Minister and MP
* [[Kadidal Manjappa]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Veerappa Moily]] - Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas; former Chief Minister
* [[K. H. Muniyappa]] - union minister of state for railways
* [[S. Nijalingappa]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Nandan Nilekani]] - Chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
* [[J. H. Patel]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Veerendra Patil]] - former Chief Minister
* [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]] - Rajya Sabha MP and industrialist
* [[K. C. Reddy]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Dharam Singh]] - former Chief Minister
* [[Devaraj Urs]] - former Chief Minister
* [[H. Vishwanath]] - former Minister

{{div col end}}

== Kannada writers ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Kuvempu]] – poet, Jnanpith awardee
* [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] – Kannada writer, thinker and Jnanpith awardee
* [[Da Ra Bendre]] – poet, Jnanpith awardee
* [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] – writer, novelist
* [[V. K. Gokak]] – writer, Jnanapith awardee
* [[Masti Venkatesh Iyengar]] – Jnanpith awardee
* [[T. P. Kailasam]] – Kannada writer, playwright
* [[Chandrashekhar Kambar]] – Jnanapith awardee for his contributions to Kannada literature
* [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] – Kannada writer, Jnanapith awardee
* [[Girish Karnad]] – Kannada writer, playwright, actor, Jnanpith awardee
* [[K. S. Nissar Ahmed]] – Kannada poet
* [[Sudha Murthy]]
{{div col end}}

== Other writers ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Mahesh Dattani]] – English playwright and Sahitya Akademi award winner
* [[Ramachandra Guha]] – historian and Sahitya Akademi award winner
* [[Sangu Mandanna]] – English-language writer
* [[Anita Nair]] – English author of the books ''Ladies Coupe'' and ''Mistress''
* [[Malathi Rao]] – English-language writer, Sahitya Akademi award winner
* [[Madhuri Vijay]] – English-language writer, [[Pushcart Prize]] winner
{{div col end}}

== Entrepreneurs ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[G. R. Gopinath]] – founder of Deccan Aviation and Deccan 360
* [[Kiran Mazumdar]] – founder of [[Biocon]], a [[biotechnology]] company
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] – founder of [[Infosys]]
* [[Nandan Nilekani]] – Co-founder of [[Infosys]]
* [[V. G. Siddhartha]] – founder of [[Café Coffee Day]]
{{div col end}}

== Sportspersons ==

=== Athletics ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ashwini Nachappa]] – former athlete
{{div col end}}

=== Badminton ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Prakash Padukone]] – [[badminton]] player
* [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
{{div col end}}

=== Billiards ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]] – billiards and snooker World Champion
{{div col end}}

=== Cricket ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Mayank Agarwal]] – Indian cricketer
* [[John Bean (cricketer)|John Bean]] – English first-class cricketer and British Army officer
* [[Vijay Bhardwaj]] – former Indian allrounder
* [[Raghuram Bhat]] – former Indian left-arm spinner
* [[Roger Binny]] – former Indian [[all rounder]]
* [[Stuart Binny]] – all rounder
* [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] – Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1972
* [[Rahul Dravid]] – [[batsman]], former India Captain and has taken highest number of catches in international cricket
* [[Dodda Ganesh]] – former medium pacer
* [[Sunil Joshi]] – retired all rounder
* [[Syed Kirmani]] – retired [[wicket-keeper]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]] – fast bowler
* [[Veda Krishnamurthy]] – Indian woman cricketer
* [[Vinay Kumar]] – medium pacer
* [[Anil Kumble]] – [[leg spinner]], Test Captain, India's highest wicket taker, former Indian National Cricket Team coach
* [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] – Indian cricketer
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]] – Ranji player
{{Div col end}}
* [[Manish Pandey]] – Indian cricketer
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]] – retired [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]]; India's former bowling coach
* [[E. A. S. Prasanna|Erapalli Prasanna]] – retired off spinner
* [[KL Rahul]] – Indian cricketer
* [[Javagal Srinath]] – retired fast bowler, match referee
* [[Robin Uthappa]] – Indian cricketer
* [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]] – former Indian woman cricketer
* [[Sadanand Viswanath]] – former Indian [[wicket-keeper]]
* [[Gundappa Vishwanath|Gundappa Ranganath Vishwanath]] – former Indian cricket captain (1979–1980)

=== Hockey ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ashish Ballal]] – hockey goalkeeper
* [[Arjun Halappa]] – [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]]
{{div col end}}

=== Motorsports ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Arjun Maini]] – [[Asian Le Mans Series]] and [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]] driver
* [[Akhil Rabindra]] – [[GT4 European Series]] driver
{{div col end}}

* [[Nikhil Pai]] – Indian rallying co-driver
* [[Shreyas Hareesh]] – Indian motorcycle racer

=== Swimming ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Nisha Millet]] – Olympian at Sydney Olympics 2000
{{div col end}}

=== Tennis ===
* [[Rohan Bopanna]]

== Entertainers ==

=== Kannada and Indian cinema ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Dino Morea]] – actor, supermodel
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] - actor
* [[Sandeep Chowta]] - music director, producer
* [[Guru Dutt]] - actor, director, producer
* [[Dwarkeesh]] - actor, comedian
* [[Nicole Faria]] (born 1990) – actress, model, [[Miss Earth 2010]]
* [[Hamsalekha]] - music director, lyricist, dramatist
* [[Jaggesh]] - actor
* [[Amoghavarsha JS]] - filmmaker
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] - actress, Minugutare
* [[Puttanna Kanagal]] - director
* [[Girish Kasaravalli]] - director
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] - actor
* [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] - actor, editor, producer, director
* [[Sanjay Khan]] - producer, director and actor
* [[Bangalore Latha]] - playback singer
* [[Malashree]] - actress
* [[Manjula (actress)|Manjula]] - actress
* [[Nithya Menen]] - actress
* [[Anant Nag]] - actor, brother of Shankar Nag
* [[Shankar Nag]] - actor, producer, director
* [[Nayanthara]] - actress, producer (born in Bengaluru from Malayali ancestry)
* [[Deepika Padukone]] - model, actress
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] - actress
* [[Prakash Raj]] - actor, director, producer
* [[Rajinikanth]] - actor
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] - actor, singer, producer
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] - actor, son of [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
* [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] - actor, son of Dr. Rajkumar
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] - actor, son of Dr. Rajkumar
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] - actress, politician
* [[Kiran Rao]] - producer, screenwriter, and director
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] - actor, director, producer, music director, editor
* [[Anushka Sharma]] - actress
* [[Soundarya]] - actress
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] - actor, Pranaya Raja, ''Shubha Mangala''
* [[Sudeepa]] - actor, director, producer, singer, host
* [[Darshan Thoogudeep]] - actor
* [[Chi. Udayashankar]] - dialogue writer and lyricist
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] - director, actor, producer
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] - actor, film producer
* [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan]] - actor, singer
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] - actor
{{div col end}}

== Architects ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[K. Jaisim]]
* [[Kamal Sagar]]
{{div col end}}

==Spiritual leaders==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Shivakumara Swami]]
*[[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]]
{{div col end}}

== Other notable people ==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[R. K. Baliga]] – founder of the [[Electronics City]] in Bangalore
* [[Shakuntala Devi]] – known as the "human calculator"
* [[Trivikrama Mahadeva]] – organiser of funerals for tens of thousands of paupers
* [[Thomas Mohan]] (born 1959) – wildlife photographer and civil engineer
* [[Maya Rao]] (1928–2014) – Kathak Guru; founder of Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography<ref name=toijuly>{{cite web | title = Maya Rao took forbidden dance to a new level | url = http://times ofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Maya-Rao-tookforbidden-dance-to-a-new-level/articleshow/40863459.cms |author=GS Kumar|date= 25 August 2014| access-date = 2014-09-01 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>
* Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]] AC, (15 March 1977 – 28 November 2008) – military officer
* Dr [[H. N. Shubhada]] – educationalist
* [[Veeranarayana Pandurangi]] – Sanskrit scholar{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of people by India state]]
* [[List of people from Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengaluru topics}}

[[Category:People from Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Bangalore]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Karnataka|Bangalore]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|People]]

Bhimbor Deori

2025-12-02T09:50:14Z

Ritesh Gandhi: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian tribal leader belonging to the Deori tribe (1903-1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more references needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhimbor Deori
| image = File:Bhimbor Deori.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Bhimbor deori Prerona Sthol
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Bhimbor Deori''' (16 May 1903 – 30 November 1947) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] tribal leader belonging to the [[Deori people|Deori tribe]] from the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/amp/story/cities/guwahati-city/76th-death-anniversary-of-bhimbor-deori-observed-at-srimanta-sankardev-kalashetra-guwahati-678510
|title=76th death anniversary of Bhimbor Deori observed at Srimanta Sankardev Kalashetra, Guwahati
|work=The Sentinel
|date=1 December 2023
|access-date=2 February 2024
}}</ref>

Deori was one of the main architects of the “Khasi Darbar Hall Resolutions” created on 21–23 March 1945. In these resolutions, indigenous leaders of different ethnic identities resolved to restore their independent homelands against what they termed Indian occupation.
His father's name is Godaram Deori and his mother's name is Bajoti Deori

Deori helped found the [[General Secretary]] of Assam Backward Plains Tribal League in 1933. He stated that the government was not justified in stopping the remission of land revenue. He worked to ensure that indigenous [[Assamese people]] be allotted land {{not a typo|pattas}}. While criticizing improper mass [[literacy]] campaigns during the [[Assam Legislative Council]] budget session on 9 to 13 March 1943. With his team effort Assam province was included in [[Republic of India]]. By refusing British viceroy's plan to include in to the [[Pakistan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deori, Bhimbor}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Hugh Henry Gough

2025-11-19T13:33:27Z

Ritesh Gandhi: correct intro to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Hugh Gough (Indian Army officer)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Parvati Hill

2025-11-05T07:05:35Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|Geographic feature in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Parvati Hill
| photo = Parvati.JPG
| photo_caption = Parvati Hill
| elevation_ft = 2100
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| range = [[Western Ghats]]
| easiest_route = The hill has 103 steps, which is the way to the top of the hill.
| map = India Maharashtra
|coordinates ={{Coord|18|29|50|N|73|50|48|E|region:IN_type:city|display=title, inline}}
}}

'''Parvati Hill''' is a hillock in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The hillock rises to {{convert|2100|ft}} above sea level. Atop the hillock is the Parvati Temple, one of the most scenic locations in Pune. The temple is the oldest heritage structure in Pune and was built during the rule of the [[Peshwa]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Parvati|url=http://www.parvatidarshan.in/html/about_parvati.html|publisher=Parvati Darshan|access-date=2012-01-15|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221135146/http://www.parvatidarshan.in/html/about_parvati.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For visitors, Parvati Hill is also an observation point that offers a panoramic view of Pune. It is the second highest point in Pune (after [[Vetal Hill]]). The hill has 108 steps (considered a holy number in Hinduism) leading to the top of the hill where the temple is situated.<ref name="India.Com">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Anoop|date=22 August 2017|title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2017: Famous Ganesh Temples in Pune|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/ganesh-chaturthi-2017-famous-ganesh-temples-in-pune-3228481/|newspaper=India.Com|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062325/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/ganesh-chaturthi-2017-famous-ganesh-temples-in-pune-3228481/|url-status=live}}</ref> The hill was owned by the [[Patil (title)|Patil]] named Taware. Peshwa purchased the hill to build a temple of [[Shiva]].
The Devi temple was believed to be of Taware's {{lang|hi|kulswami}} whose angara was able to cure a leg ailment of [[Kashibai]], mother
of Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]].<ref name="India Times">{{cite news|last=Kulkarni|first=Uday S|date=21 January 2019|title=The hill temples of the Peshwas|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/the-hill-temples-of-the-peshwas/articleshow/67591673.cms|newspaper=India Times|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726102058/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/the-hill-temples-of-the-peshwas/articleshow/67591673.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, the Peshwa built a temple complex there.<ref name="India Times"/>

The main temple, Devdeveshwara, is made of [[Deccan Traps|blackstone]]. It was completed under [[Balaji Baji Rao]] in 1749, and a gold pinnacle was added to the temple in 1760. Other temples are dedicated to [[Vithoba|Vitthal]] and [[Rukmini]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Kartikay|Kartikeya]].<ref name="India Times"/>

==Temples==

Parvati Hill has 5 temples atop it:<ref name="India.Com"/>
* Devdeveshwar temple ([[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]])
* [[Kartikeya]] Temple
* [[Vishnu]] Temple
* [[Vitthal]] Temple
* [[Rama]] Temple
Along with other temples of [[Surya]] (the sun) and Bhawani mandir
The temples open at 5:00 am and close at 10:00 pm.

==Other structures==
Besides the temple, the Peshwa Museum is situated there. The museum houses the weaponry, coins, utensils, wooden furniture, modes of transport (palanquin) and gifts acquired from the times of the Peshwas.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|last=Raghu|first=Sunita|date=5 August 2018|title=Peshwa's pride|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/aug/05/peshwas-pride-1852325.html|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726102101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/aug/05/peshwas-pride-1852325.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The samadhi of Balaji Baji Rao is also located here, where he spent the last moment of his life.

The Parvati water tank supplies water to the half of the city of [[Pune]].

[[File:Pune panorama from Parvati.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Panorama of Pune city from Parvati hill]]Half way up the hill, on the south-eastern side, there is an old Buddhist cave. Though unfinished, it is believed to be contemporary with the [[Pataleshwar]] caves.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Hills of Pune]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Amrut (whisky)

2025-10-20T01:33:16Z

Ritesh Gandhi: added first post basic info - done

{{Short description|Brand of Indian single malt whisky}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Amrut
| image = Amrut singlemalt whisky 2013-06-11 18-39.jpg
| caption = A bottle of Amrut single-malt whisky
| type = Indian [[single malt whisky]]
| abv =
| manufacturer = [[Amrut Distilleries]]
| distributor =
| origin = India
| introduced = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|08|24}}
| colour =
| flavour =
| ingredients =
| variants =
| related = {{unbulleted list|MaQ Scotch|MaQintosh|Prestige}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.amrutdistilleries.com/}}
}}

'''Amrut''' is a brand of Indian [[single malt whisky]], manufactured by [[Amrut Distilleries]]. It is the first single malt whisky to be made in India.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|author=Ishani Duttagupta |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477540_1_amrut-distilleries-whisky-bible-rakshit-jagdale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804010225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477540_1_amrut-distilleries-whisky-bible-rakshit-jagdale |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2013 |title=How India's first single malt brand Amrut Distilleries cracked luxury market in West |work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=29 April 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> ''Amrut'' (अमृत) or ''[[Amrita|amrit]]'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word which can be translated as "nectar of the gods",<ref name="outlookindia1"/><ref name=":0" /> "nectar of life",<ref name="amrutdistilleries3" /> or "drink of the gods".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whisky.scotsman.com/viewnews.aspx?id=209 |title=Whisky - Scotsman.com |publisher=Whisky.scotsman.com |date=2004-04-13 |accessdate=2013-07-18}}</ref> The company translates it as "Elixir of Life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amrutwhisky.co.uk/validated/pages/singlemalt.html |title=Amrut Single Malt |publisher=Amrutwhisky.co.uk |accessdate=2013-07-18}}</ref> The brand became famous after whisky connoisseur [[Jim Murray (whisky writer)|Jim Murray]] gave it a rating of 82 out of 100 in 2005 and 2010. In 2010 Murray named Amrut Fusion single malt whisky as the third best in the world.<ref name="outlookindia1">{{cite web|url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279968 |title=High Spirits |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=18 February 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308050149/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279968 |archivedate=8 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="financialexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/now-amrut-distilleries-mulls-premium-rum/693082/0 |title=Now, Amrut Distilleries mulls premium rum |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100314/jsp/graphiti/story_12209471.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624234025/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100314/jsp/graphiti/story_12209471.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |title=Raising a toast |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> John Hansell, editor of American magazine ''Whisky Advocate'', wrote that "India's Amrut distillery changed the way many think of [[Indian whisky]] – that it was, in the past, just cheap [[Scotch whisky]] blended with who knows what and sold as Indian whisky. Amrut is making whisky, and it's very good".<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-malt-of-india-112021800056_1.html |title=The malt of India |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=18 February 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref>

Amrut launched their whisky on 24 August 2004 in [[Glasgow]]. Amrut single malt whisky is sold in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090511/the-whiskey-diaries |title=The whiskey diaries |publisher=GlobalPost |date=26 May 2009 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="outlookindia1"/><ref name="financialexpress1"/><ref name="whiskyintelligence1" />

==History==
Amrut Distilleries Ltd was founded in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka in 1948 by JN Radhakrishna Rao Jagdale.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1700807/report-bangalore-s-amrut-distilleries-hhigh-on-success |title=Bangalore's Amrut Distilleries hHigh on success |work=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> The company initially manufactured [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]] (IMFL), and mainly supplied it to the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]], as well the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name="bus-ex1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bus-ex.com/article/amrut-distilleries |title=Amrut Distilleries |publisher=Business Excellence |date=1 November 2009 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amrutwhisky.co.uk/validated/pages/management.html |title=Management Team |publisher=Amrutwhisky.co.uk |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="amrutwhisky2">{{cite web|url=http://www.amrutwhisky.co.uk/validated/pages/chairman.html |title=Chairman's Statement |publisher=Amrutwhisky.co.uk |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> The current main distillery was built in 1987.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3">{{cite web |url=http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/outlookbusiness.html |title=High Spirits; Amrut Fusion is the only Indian brand to find global acceptance in the rarefied world of single malt whiskies |first=Kripa |last=Mahalingan |work=Outlook Business |publisher=Amrut Distilleries |date=18 February 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714040315/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/outlookbusiness.html |archive-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located on a {{convert|4|acre|adj=on}} site<ref name="business-standard1"/> in Kambipura.<ref name="business-standard1"/><ref name="hindu2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/03/stories/2005030301660100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203121902/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/03/stories/2005030301660100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2014 |title=Kambipura to Edinburgh |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 March 2005 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|author=Poornima Mohandas |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gr38dzdMdPmjGGrpfEMnSJ/Blend-it-like-Amrut.html |title=Blend it like Amrut |publisher=Livemint |date=5 March 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="amrutdistilleries2">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/tmoi.pdf |title=The malt of India |magazine=Business Standard|accessdate=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722060437/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/tmoi.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Radhakrishna Jagdale's son Neelakanta Rao Jagdale, joined in 1972.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> Radhakrishna died in 1976, and his son assumed the role of chairman and managing director of the company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/about.html |title=About Amrut Distilleries |publisher=Amrutdistilleries.com |accessdate=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708215943/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/about.html |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company faced difficulties until the 1990s, as good equipment was not available locally. According to Neelakanta Jagdale, "The alcoholic beverages industry was not a priority in the country. Although we received help to a certain extent from the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] (CFTRI) [[Mysore]], we had to find our own ways to learn about improved distilling methods".<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

In 1982, Jagdale had decided to create a premium whisky from [[barley]]<ref name="business-standard1"/> [[blended whisky|blended]] with [[malt]], while most distillers in India were manufacturing whisky using [[molasses]]. Amrut Distilleries began using locally grown barley, in addition to molasses,<ref name="livemint1"/> and launched Prestige Blended Malt Whisky in the Canteen Stores Department in 1986.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> The first batch of single malt whisky was ready within 18 months. Because India had no habit of consuming single malt at the time, the company did not consider bottling it as a single malt. Instead, the whisky was blended with alcohol distilled from [[sugarcane]] to produce MaQintosh Premium Whisky.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> Initially, Amrut aged [[malt whisky]] for around a year before blending it. However, due to changing customer preferences, less malt whisky was being added into blended variants.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> The company discovered that hot weather makes whisky [[Barrel ageing|mature]] faster in India than it does in Europe or the United States. The fraction lost to [[evaporation]] during ageing, known as the [[Angel's share|angels' share]], is also higher in India, at 11–12% per year, than in Scotland, where the annual evaporative loss is about 2%.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> Surinder Kumar, the [[master blender]] at Amrut Distilleries, has estimated that one year of barrel-ageing in India is equal to three years of ageing in Scotland.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Jagdale felt that "the taste profiles were much better, almost matching some of the 12-year-old [Scotch] whiskies".<ref name="outlookindia1"/> The company then decided to launch their whisky in the European market.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> European operations are now headed by Mr Pramod S Kashyap.

In 2001, Neelakanta Rao Jagdale asked his son Rakshit Jagdale, who was pursuing an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA course]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], England at the time, to investigate the potential of exporting their products to that country.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Consultants Tatlock and Thomson Ltd of Scotland<ref name="livemint1"/> were hired to help hone the company's processes at their Bangalore distillery.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Amrut Distilleries conducted [[Blind experiment|blind tests]] of their single malt whisky in Scotland, where most consumers said they liked the drink and compared it to [[Speyside single malts]].<ref name="outlookindia1"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/><ref name="island2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/2004/08/29/busine05.html |title=India's 'chocolate-ty' single malt finds favour with Scottish palates |publisher=Island.lk |date=26 August 2004 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref>

The whisky, under the brand name Amrut Single Malt Whisky, debuted in Glasgow, Scotland on 24 August 2004.<ref name="outlookindia1"/><ref name="island2004"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-08-26/news/27413839_1_whisky-amrut-distilleries-rakshit-jagdale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930130428/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-08-26/news/27413839_1_whisky-amrut-distilleries-rakshit-jagdale |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2013 |title=Amrut launches its whisky in Scotland |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 August 2004 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=William Lyons | url=http://whisky.scotsman.com/viewnews.aspx?id=228 |title=Currying favour with Indian whisky |work=The Scotsman |date=25 August 2004 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> The company faced difficulties convincing European distributors and consumers to try the product, as most believed that a good single malt could not be produced in India. According to head of international operations Ashok Chokalingam, the initial strategy of offering the product in restaurants was dropped, as "the resources needed are too high, both financial and human". They switched their focus to retailers and bars.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Following the UK launch, the brand spread across Western Europe and the Scandinavian countries within two years.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Amrut single malt whisky was launched in South Africa in 2008 and Australia in August 2009.<ref name="bus-ex1"/>

On 4 February 2010, Amrut Distilleries held a tasting session in [[Bangalore]] to launch their single malt whisky. The brand began retailing in Bangalore the same month.<ref name="livemint1"/> Domestically, it continued to be available only in [[Karnataka]]<ref name="indiatimes1"/> until November 2013 when it was launched in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amrut Fusion: Bengaluru whisky one of the world's best single malts|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amrut-fusion-bengaluru-whisky-one-of-the-worlds-best-single-malts/articleshow/34465402.cms|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> The company went with a Scottish launch for marketing reasons. According to Neelakanta Jagdale, "From a marketing perspective, we thought if our product had to pass the test, why not do so in the toughest location. Scotland is the home of Scotch. If they acknowledge our single malt, then that's good enough for me".<ref name="dnaindia1"/> The company also feels that "the high entry costs and complex excise laws in different states are a deterrent to further expansion in India".<ref name="outlookindia1"/><ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> The brand was launched in North America in April 2010. Purple Valley Imports is its distributor in the United States.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

==Production==
Amrut single malt whisky is manufactured at Amrut Distilleries' main distillery located on a {{convert|4|acre|adj=on}} site in Kambipura, a village on [[State Highway 17 (Karnataka)|State Highway 17]].<ref name="hindu2005"/><ref name="business-standard1"/> The distillery was built in 1987.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> Amrut single malt whisky is made from barley, and for some variants, peated barley. Barley is procured from [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]], while the peated barley is imported from Scotland.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> [[Peat]] is a [[fossil fuel]] traditionally used in Scotland to dry malted barley before [[distillation]]. It imparts a distinct smoky flavor to whisky. Barley strains, cultivated in Haryana and Punjab, produce smaller grains with more flavors.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shreekanth Iyer |url=http://www.grotal.com/Blog/Single-Malt-Whisky-Of-India-Bs$ |title=Single Malt Whisky of India |publisher=Grotal.com |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> The manufacturing process involves the use of six 10,000-litre [[stainless steel]] [[Industrial fermentation|fermenters]], two unique [[Cone|conical]] 5,000-litre copper [[Pot still]]s with copper [[condenser (heat transfer)|condensers]] and new and used ex-[[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]] barrels. The water used in the manufacturing process is transported to the distillery by truck from a well, {{convert|15|mi}} away, in a pesticide-free agricultural area owned by the company.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/>

[[Malted barley]] is [[Mashing|mashed]] with water and put into the stainless steel fermenters, which are [[Water cooling|water-cooled]] to prevent their temperature from exceeding {{convert|28|°C|°F}}, as ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' [[bacterial growth]] starts at {{convert|30|°C|°F}}. The [[fermentation]] process lasts six days and uses commercial distillers [[yeast]]. The [[fermented wort]] is then pumped into a 5,000-litre Indian-made semi-conical wash still, where it undergoes slow distillation for 14 hours. Surinder Kumar, the [[master blender]] at Amrut Distilleries, says that this allows for "more [[reflux]], more contact time with the copper". The spirit is then distilled again in Scottish-style, but Indian-made, 5,000-litre copper spirit still with a boil ball. This produces spirit between 68% and 70% [[Alcohol by volume|abv]]. If the spirit is diluted to 62.8%, each distillation run makes enough to fill 20 barrels. The whisky is aged in a mix of new [[oak]] and used Bourbon barrels imported from the United States. The distillery initially tried importing [[Stave (wood)|staves]] to save money, but abandoned the practice due to the smell of the barrels.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> It has also used its own [[rum]] and [[brandy]] barrels to [[Finishing (whisky)|finish]] its single malts.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> The Amrut Intermediate Sherry variant is aged in [[Sherry]] casks from Spain and Portugal.<ref name="amrutdistilleries2"/> Amrut Distilleries has a [[Cooper (profession)|cooperage]] on site to handle repairs.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/>

The duration of [[Barrel ageing|barrel-ageing]] for Amrut single malt whisky is much lower than that of [[Scotch whisky]], due to India's hotter climate. The hot weather makes whisky mature faster in India than it does in Europe or the United States.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> Surinder Kumar, the master blender at Amrut Distilleries, has estimated that one year of barrel-ageing in India is equal to three years of ageing in Scotland.<ref name="business-standard1"/> The whisky is generally aged for four-and-a-half years, although it may be higher for some variants. [[Bangalore]], where the distillery is located, experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry]] seasons. The city is situated at an altitude of 3000 feet above sea level and usually enjoys a moderate climate throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235819/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore|accessdate=2 July 2007|date=18 May 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 34–35 °C (<100 °F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm| title=Bangalore|publisher=India Meteorological Department, Government of India|accessdate=7 February 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |archivedate = 8 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of these conditions, whisky is ready to be bottled after 4–5 years of barrel-ageing. According to Kumar, the whisky starts "reaching its peak in four years", after which it has to be tasted regularly because "by five years it starts to get too much [[tannin]]".<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> The fraction lost to [[evaporation]] during aging, known as the [[Angel's share|angels' share]], is also higher in India, at 11–12% per year, than in Scotland, where the annual evaporative loss is about 2%.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> Most of the angel's share is water due to Bangalore's dry climate.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/>

The company decided against using computers and [[automation]] in their distillery in favour of providing more jobs to people.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/> The distillery employs 450 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connosr.com/worldwhiskyreview/issue-3/destination-bangalore-amrut-distillery/ |title=Destination Bangalore: Amrut Distillery – World Whisky Review |publisher=Connosr.com |date=15 March 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> Most of the staff at the distillery involved in [[Bottling line|bottling]] and [[Packaging and labeling|packaging]] are women.<ref name="amrutdistilleries2"/> The distillery produces 4 million cases of liquor a year, of which about 25% are [[blended whisky]] and around 10,000 cases are Amrut single malt.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3"/>

==Variants==
Amrut single malt whisky is sold in 11 variants. Apart from the ones listed below, Amrut whisky is also sold in the Amrut Indian Single Malt Whisky 46%, Amrut Peated Indian Single Malt Whisky 46%, Amrut Cask Strength, Amrut Peated Indian Single Malt Whisky Cask Strength, Amrut Portonova, Amrut Single Cask and Amrut 100 variants.<ref>"Products", [http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/ Amrut Distilleries] (website). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Amrut Distilleries does not state the age of its single malts on the bottles because the company fears that consumers who do not know about the brand or the faster maturation process in India, would mistake it for a young whisky, and not be willing to pay a higher price.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/appetizer/fusion-whisky-when-glasgow-met-gangtok |title=Fusion whisky: When Glasgow met Gangtok |work=National Post |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624235841/http://life.nationalpost.com/2011/03/16/fusion-whisky-when-glasgow-met-gangtok/ |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Amrut Fusion Single Malt Whisky===
[[File:A 50ml bottle of Amrut Fusion single malt whisky.jpg|thumb|A 50ml bottle of Amrut Fusion.]]
Amrut Fusion was launched in 2009. It is produced using 25% Scottish peated barley and 75% unpeated Indian barley.<ref name="whisky-pages1">{{cite web |author=Gavin D Smith |url=http://www.whisky-pages.com/stories/amrut-innovations.htm |title=Amrut Innovations: Kadhambam and Intermediate whisky |publisher=Whisky-pages.com |accessdate=23 June 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004725/http://www.whisky-pages.com/stories/amrut-innovations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Neelkanta Jagdale, "We did not want to pass it off as Scotch whisky, which it isn't. The [[Unique selling proposition|USP]] of Fusion was its Indian origin. That is another reason we never seriously considered giving it a foreign name".<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

===Amrut Intermediate Sherry===
Amrut Intermediate Sherry was launched at Whisky Live Paris on 25 September 2010.. The spirit used in the product is matured in either ex-Bourbon or new casks, and then in [[Sherry]] casks imported from Spain and Portugal.<ref name="amrutdistilleries2"/> According to head of international operations Ashok Chokalingam, "In our belief, it is not all about the influence of Sherry in the whisky. It is about the balanced profile of the whisky – to see how the Sherry butts can complement the whisky rather than dominating it".<ref name="whisky-pages1"/><ref name="drinksint1">{{cite web|url=http://www.drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1721/India:_Amrut_launches__intermediate_sherry_matured__whisky.html |title=India: Amrut launches 'intermediate sherry matured' whisky |publisher=Drinks International |date=17 September 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

===Amrut Kadhambam===
Amrut Kadhambam is aged in various casks, which each impart unique characteristics to the product.<ref name="whiskyintelligence1">{{cite web|url=http://www.whiskyintelligence.com/2012/03/awards-pour-in-for-amrut-distilleries-indian-whisky-news/ |title=Awards Pour in For Amrut Distilleries |publisher=WhiskyIntelligence.com |date=30 March 2012 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

===Limited editions===

====Amrut Two Continents Single Malt Whisky====
Amrut releases a limited edition of the Two Continents variant, usually every two or three years. The Second Edition used second-fill Bourbon casks and was bottled at 50% abv, while the First Edition was matured in ex-grain casks and bottled 46% abv.<ref name="whiskymag1">{{cite web |url=http://whiskymag.co.za/digital/2011/10/05/amrut-single-malt-unites-two-continents/ |title=Amrut single malt unites two continents |publisher=Whiskymag.co.za |date=5 October 2011 |accessdate=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202134643/http://whiskymag.co.za/digital/2011/10/05/amrut-single-malt-unites-two-continents/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Second Edition of 1,260 was released in October 2011.<ref name="whiskymag1"/>

====Amrut Greedy Angels====
Amrut Greedy Angels was a limited edition 50% abv, 8-year-old single malt whisky released in April 2013. Amrut Distilleries claims that it is the oldest Indian whisky ever produced. Its name comes from the term angels' share, the portion of whisky lost during maturation. The eight-year maturation in Bangalore resulted in a high evaporative loss of 12% per annum, or a total loss of 274 litres of spirit over eight years, from the two Bourbon casks the distillery had used.<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1">{{cite web|author=Tom Bruce-Gardyne | url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2013/04/amrut-releases-oldest-ever-indian-whisky/ |title=Amrut releases oldest ever Indian whisky |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=23 April 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> When filled in 2004, the casks held approximately 360 litres of spirit.<ref name="dramgoodtime1">{{cite web|last=Gemmell |first=WM |url=http://dramgoodtime.com/2013/04/30/amrut-distilleries-releases-oldest-whisky-to-date/ |title=Amrut Distilleries Releases Oldest Whisky to Date |publisher=dramgoodtime.com |date=30 April 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> Only 144 bottles or 86 litres of whisky were released worldwide.<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1"/> Greedy Angels was dedicated to celebrate the 60th birthday of Amrut Distilleries chairman and MD, Neelakanta Jagdale.<ref name="dramgoodtime1"/>

====Amrut Double Cask====
Amrut Double Cask was a limited edition of 51 cases released in March 2010.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Liquor}}
*[[Indri Whisky]]
*[[Paul John (whisky)|Paul John]]
*[[Amrut Distilleries]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/ Amrut Distilleries official site]
*[http://www.amrutwhisky.co.uk/ Amrut Distilleries UK site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130712003311/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/singlemalt.html Amrut Distilleries official site Amrut Single Malt page]
{{Alcoholic drinks}}

[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Food and drink introduced in 2004]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverage brands]]

Tarakeswar (community development block)

2025-07-31T13:09:12Z

Ritesh Gandhi: cleaned up content and updated info as per guidelines

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tarakeswar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Tarkeshwar in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.89|N|88.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 119.93
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 179,148
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712410 (Tarakeswar) 712401 (Champadanga)
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 79.96%
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Arambag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambag]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tarakeswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarakeswar]]
}}
'''Tarakeshwar''' is a [[panchayat samiti]] ([[List of community development blocks in India|community development block]]) in [[Chandannagore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=See caption|Map of Hooghly district, with CD blocks and municipal areas]]
[[File:Tarokeswr CD Block Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=See caption|Map of Tarakeswar]]
The CD block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the district's three natural regions of flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains which form part of the [[Ganges Delta]]. It has many depressions which receive water from tributaries of the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge it in smaller channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physigraphy, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

Tarakeshwar is bordered by [[Dhaniakhali (community development block)|Dhaniakhali CD block]] on the north, [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal CD block]] on the east, [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara CD block]] on the south, and [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah CD block]] on the west. It is {{convert|45|km}} from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters. The CD block covers an area of {{convert|119.93|km2}}. It has 10 [[gram panchayat]]s (Astara-Duttapur, Baligori I, Baligori II, Bhanjipur, [[Champadanga]], Keshabchak, Naita-Mal Paharpur, Purba Ramnagar, Santoshpur and Talpur),<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref> 144 village councils, 90 [[mouza]]s and 89 villages. The [[Tarakeswar#Police station|Tarakeswar police station]] serves the block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Tarakeswar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/tarakeswar.html | title = Tarakeswar | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
Tarakeswar had a population of 162,355 in the [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]], of whom 83,141 (51 percent) were males and 79,214 (49 percent) were females. Its population increased by 11.56 percent from 1991 to 2001 decade, and the district's population increased by 15.72 percent.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4|work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011|access-date=2011-01-20}}</ref> West Bengal's population increased by 17.84 percent during the decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4|work=Census of India 2001|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm|archive-date=September 27, 2007|access-date=2011-01-20}}</ref>

In the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Tarakeswar's population increased to 179,148 (entirely rural). There were 91,534 males (51 percent) and 87,614 females (49 percent). The population under age six was 17,096. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste members]] numbered 42,338 (23.63 percent), and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe members]] numbered 9,034 (5.04 percent).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

Villages with a population of over 4,000 in 2011 were Santoshpur (4,063), Talpur (5,389), Moktarpur (6,364), Bhanjipur (4,433), Purba Ramnagar (7,759), Baligari (5,845), Astara (6,590) and [[Champadanga]] (12,518).<ref name="census2011" /> Smaller villages are Keshabchak (2,569), Malpaharpur (2,116) and Duttapur (1,168).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
In 2001, Tarakeswar had a total literacy rate of 56.23 percent; male literacy was 77.61 percent, and female literacy was 54.66 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/tarakeswar.html|title=Tarakeswar|work=Local Self-government|publisher=Hooghly Zilla Parishad|access-date=2011-08-04}}</ref> In 2011, the number of literate people was 129,574; males numbered 71,609, and females numbered 57,965. [[Literacy#Gender disparities|Gender disparity]] was 13.42 percent.<ref name="census2011" />

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Tarakeswar CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|10.20}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|0.67}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name="census2">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 159,330 and formed 88.94% of the population in Tarakeswar numbered 18,274 and formed 10.20% of the population. Others numbered 1,544 and formed 0.86% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tarakeshwar block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.93 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 2.26 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.81 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 96.93% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.26% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Rural poverty===
According to estimates obtained from a survey of families living [[Below Poverty Line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Tarakeswar was 18.62 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Employment===
{{Pie chart
|caption= Employment in Tarakeswar
|value1 = 19.55
|label1 = Farmers
|value2 = 38.09
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.19
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 37.17
|label4 = Other workers}}

In 2011, farmers were 19.55 percent of the workforce; agricultural laborers were 38.09 percent, [[Putting-out system#Cottage industry|household-industry]] workers 5.19 percent and other workers 37.17 percent.<ref name="handbook2014">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
Tarakeswar has 89 villages, all with electricity. Forty-one villages have more than one source of drinking water (a tap, well, [[tube well]], or hand pump); seven villages have only a tube (or bore well), and 36 have only a hand pump. Eight villages have post offices, 14 have sub-post offices and three have post-and-telegraph offices. Sixty-three villages have [[landline]]s, 58 have public call offices, and 82 have mobile-phone coverage. Forty-six villages have roads, and 29 have bus service. Eighteen villages have agricultural credit societies, eight have commercial or co-operative banks, and one village has a bank [[Automated teller machine|ATM.]]<ref name="censushandbook">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The agricultural area has several cold-storage facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> Although rice is the district's main crop, potatoes, [[jute]], vegetables and fruits are also grown.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Land reform in India|Land reform]] has changed patterns of land ownership. In 2013-14, people engaged in agriculture in Tarakeswar consisted of ''[[Sharecropping|bargadars]]'' (10.17 percent), [[Patta (land deed)|patta]] (deed) holders (4.73 percent), small farmers—owning {{convert|1|-|2|ha}}—8.24 percent, marginal farmers—less than {{convert|1|ha}}—35.20 percent, and agricultural labourers 41.65 percent.<ref name=handbook2014/> Tarakeswar has markets in Baliguri, Champadanga, Santoshpur and Kararia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 29 January 2009 | archive-date = 7 July 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The CD block had 95 fertiliser depots, 38 seed stores and 47 [[Public distribution system|fair-price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/> It produced oil seeds, 81,189 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]] (the main winter crop) from {{convert|27792|ha}}, 5,229 tonnes of Boro paddy (a spring crop) from {{convert|1668|ha}}, 58,340 tonnes of jute from {{convert|2730|ha}}, and 81,573 tonnes of potatoes from {{convert|5105|ha}}.<ref name=handbook2014/> The total irrigated area was {{convert|11828|ha}}; of this, {{convert|7125|ha}} were irrigated by canal water, {{convert|1780|ha}} by tank water, {{convert|50|ha}} by river [[lift irrigation]], {{convert|480|ha}} by deep tube wells, and {{convert|2393|ha}} by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Tarakeswar 10 commercial-bank offices and one [[Regional Rural Bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
The block has 27 bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>
The broad-gauge [[Sheoraphuli-Bishnupur branch line|Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line]] was opened by the Tarkessur Railway Company on 1 January 1885, and was operated by the [[East Indian Railway Company]].<ref>"Administration Report on the Railways in India" 1884–85</ref><ref name="east">{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802133149/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-08-02 | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher = railindia | access-date = 2011-11-17 }}</ref>

A Tarakeswar-Bishnupur project was authorised in 1999-2000,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951258_1_railway-projects-railway-minister-joka-bbd-bag-stretch | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616144031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951258_1_railway-projects-railway-minister-joka-bbd-bag-stretch | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 June 2013 |title = Rail projects in jeopardy after Mamata quits UPA II| date=19 September 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref> and Eastern Railway provided details about the project in 2003. The proposed fully-electrified line was divided into three parts: Tarakeswar-Arambagh—{{convert|26|km}}, Arambagh-Kodabari—{{convert|16|km}}, and Kodabari-Bishnupur—{{convert|44|km}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-15/kolkata/27185244_1_rail-link-bishnupur-station-new-route | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616153804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-15/kolkata/27185244_1_rail-link-bishnupur-station-new-route | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 June 2013 |title =Eastern Railway plans new route | date=15 July 2003| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref> It will be part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|State Highway 2]] (running from Bankura to Malancha in [[North 24 Parganas district]]) and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|State Highway 15]], running from Dainhat (in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]) to Gadiara (in [[Howrah district]]), pass through the block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>
{{Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line|collapse=y}}

==Education==
In 2013-14, Tarakeswar had 114 primary schools with 8,958 students; 10 middle schools, with 737 students; seven high schools, with 3,491 students, and 10 higher secondary schools, with 12,692 students. It had one [[College#India|college]] with 3,255 students, and 291 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,846 students.<ref name=handbook2014/> [[Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]], a college, was founded in [[Champadanga]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rabindramahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Rabindra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = RM |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref> Of Tarakeswar's 89 villages, two had no school; 30 had more than one primary school, 66 had at least one primary school, 21 had at least one primary and one middle school, and 15 had at least one middle and one secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Healthcare and groundwater==
Tarakeswar had one rural hospital, two [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and three private nursing homes with a total 105 beds and eight doctors in 2014. It had 31 family welfare sub-centers; all treated 21,028 patients indoors and 215,593 outdoors.<ref name=handbook2014/> Tarakeswar Rural Hospital, in [[Tarakeswar]], had 60 beds; Duttapur Primary Health Centre had four beds, and Talpur PHC had ten.<ref name="medical">{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The block has a low [[arsenic contamination of groundwater]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg per litre, and the Indian standard is 50 mg. Sixteen blocks in Hooghly district have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines, and 11 have levels above the Indian standard. Tarakeswar's maximum concentration is 37 mg per litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chandannagore subdivision]]

Mavoor Road

2025-07-16T11:02:10Z

Ritesh Gandhi: Made Data

{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Baby Hospital. 1.jpg|thumbnail|Baby Memorial Hospital, Mavoor Road]]

'''Mavoor Road''' is the busiest High street of [[Kozhikode]] city in Kerala, India. This road connects the [[Mananchira]] pond area with the [[Kozhikode Medical College]]. After the medical college, the road is extended further to the little village of [[Mavoor]] but the term 'Mavoor Road' refers to the section between the city and the Medical college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getpincode.info/new-bus-stand-mavoor-road-kozhikode|title = Pincode of New Bus Stand Mavoor Road Kozhikode_}}</ref>

==History==
100 years ago the [[Kozhikode Beach|beach]] area was the centre of Kozhikode city. In the 1970s the downtown shifted to [[Mananchira]] area and again, in the 1980s, Mavoor Road became the centre of attraction. In 2010s, [[Thondayad Junction|Thondayad]] Bypass area and [[Palazhi]] on the [[Calicut Airport|Airport]] road has emerged as the new city centre with a vibrant night life.

==Jaffer Khan Colony==
Jaffer Khan Street is a commercial locality in the heart of Kozhikode city. This colony is located opposite to the new bus station in the Mavoor Road. The street has a Muslim flavor because of a large number of perfume shops frequented by Arab visitors. The locality also has many mosques, a Hajj house and several Sunni cultural centres. The Oyiska Youth Centre is located on the other side of the Jaffer Khan Colony across the footpath on the swamp. The Brahmakumaris have a big meditation centre in this colony. The northern end of the street is called Ashokapuram.

* [[Bhima Jewellers]]
* H & C Books
* [[South Indian Bank]]
* Space Mall
* [[Edumart]] Academic Hypermarket
* ICAI Bhavan
* LaVesta Cafe
* More Supermarket

==The Planetarium==
[[File:MSE Bus - Regional Science Centre and Planetarium - Kozhikode - MSE Golden Jubilee Celebration - Science City - Kolkata 2015-11-18 5318.jpg|thumbnail|Planetarium Kozhikode]]
The Regional Science Centre and Planetarium is a popular destination of schoolchildren. This facility is maintained by the Central Government. There are regular exhibitions and shows inside the campus. In addition to the main show, the centre also has a theatre for 3-D demonstrations for the children. The compound is also very spacious and attractive.

==Balan K Nair Road==
[[Balan K Nair]] Road begins from near the Zoological Survey of India near Jaffer Khan colony. It connects to Rajendra Nursing Home and Nadakkavu localities. K.P.Chandran Road moves in the opposite direction and connects to Sarovaram Bio Park. The road to the northern side connects to Jawahar Nagar and Kottaram Road areas.

==KSRTC Bus Station==
[[File:KSRTC Bus Station, Mavoor Road, Kozhikode.jpg|thumbnail|The New KSRTC Bus Station has 350,000 sq.ft. floor space]]
KSRTC Kozhikode is the biggest bus station of North Kerala in India. It is situated on the Mavoor Road on the western side of Kozhikode city. The shopping facility attached to the bus station has a plinth area of 350,000 sq.feet. Parking space is provided for 270 cars.

==U.K.Shankaran Road==
U.K.Shankaran Road is a small street starting from the opposite side of L.B.S.Computer College on the Mavoor Road. This street has Our College, Madhyamam City office and an SIO office. The road diverts to the western side and ends up at the Animals Hospital on the Wayanad Road.

==Ashokapuram==
Ashokapuram Junction connects Mavoor Road with the [[Nadakkavu]] area. Ashokapuram has prominent organizations like Rajendra Nursing Home, IHRD College, Marx Engels Bhavan and BSNL GM Office.
==Junctions==
* Mavoor Road Junction
* Rajaji Road Junction
* Arayidathupalam Junction
* Thondayad
* Chevayur
* Kovoor
* Medical College

==Commercial==
Mavoor Road is a high end Commercial Street there are several IT Training Centres, Salons, Gyms, Supermarkets, Retail Stores and Boutique, Banks, Airline Office, Restaurants that have opened up on the stretch

Supermarkets

* [[Reliance Fresh]], [[Pottammal]]
* [[Big Bazaar]]
* Nesto Hypermarket, Gokulam Galleria Mall [[Arayidathupalam Junction]]

Jewellery
* Chemmanur International Jewellers
* [[Kalyan Jewellers]], [[Parayanchery]]
* [[Tanishq]]
* Meralda Jewels, [[Parayanchery]]
* Lulu Gold, [[Parayanchery]]
* Cammilli Diamond And Gold, [[Parayanchery]]
* Sunny Diamonds, [[Parayanchery]]
* Regal Jewellers, Patteri
* Bhima Jewellers, [[Kottooli]]

Banks

* [[Federal Bank]]
* [[Axis Bank]], [[Parayanchery]]
* [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Parayanchery]]
* [[IDBI Bank]], [[Kottooli]]
* [[ICICI Bank]], [[Pottammal]]
* [[State Bank Of India]], [[Pottammal]]
* [[Ujjivan Small Finance Bank]]
* [[Kerala Gramin Bank]]
* [[Canara Bank]]
* [[Union Bank of India]]
* [[Central Bank of India]]
* [[Syndicate Bank]]

Restaurants & cafes

* Barbeque Nation, [[Parayanchery]]
* [[KFC]], [[RP Mall]]
* Brown Town By Paragon, [[Pottammal]]
* Bun Club
* Sijis Pizza Street
* Savoury Seashell Restaurant, [[Parayanchery]]
* Favrolls
* Burger Lounge
* Frapino
* Oyalo Pizza
* [[Indian Coffee House]]
* [[ChicKing]], [[Pottammal]]
* Frootree
* Natural Ice Creams
* Calicut Karachi Durbar
* [[Pizza Hut]]
* Sagar Restaurant
* [[Domino’s Pizza]]
* Cold Street

𝗦𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘀

* RP Mall - [[Reliance Trends]], [[KFC]], Ashirvad Cineplexx

* Gokulam Galleria Mall - Nesto Hypermarket, [[Trent (Westside)|Westside]], Easybuy, [[Max Fashion]], [[Cinépolis]], Pantaloons, Amoeba, [[Skechers]], Basics, [[Jockey International|Jockey]], [[Toni & Guy]], [[ChicKing]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], [[Lenskart]], [[Bata Shoes|Bata]], Swiss Time House, Galito’s, and Store, W
* Kalyan Mall [[Thondayad]]
Retail stores

* Kasavu Kendra Wedding Center
* Helio Police, [[Bata Shoes|Bata]], [[Woodland]], Nandilath G Mart
* [[Big Bazaar]], Calicut Silks
* MyG, [[Pottammal]]
* Kannankandy E store, Bridal Silks
* Silk Mandir
* [[Van Heusen (brand)|Van Heusen]], Allen Solly, [[Levi's|Levis]], US Polo Assn,
* Linen Club, Shobhika Wedding Mall, Kalyan Silks, The Raymond Shop

==Landmarks==
* KSRTC Bus Stand Cum Shopping Complex
* Kairali Sree Theater
* The LBS Centre for Science and Technology
* Moffusil Bus Stand (New Bus stand Calicut)

==Hospitals==

* National Hospital
* Baby Memorial Hospital
* [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]]

Laboratories & clinic
* R Cell Diagnostics & Research Center
* Micro Health Laboratories Pvt. Ltd
* Dr Scan Diagnostic Center
* DDRC SRL Diagnostics Pvt.Ltd
* Mother Dental Hospital
* Abeer Family Medical Center

==Mavoor Road after Medical College==
The term '''Mavoor Road''' is used only for the 8.3 km stretch of road between [[Mananchira]] and [[Calicut Medical College]]. The road goes another 13 km and ends in [[Mavoor]] town. This second stretch of Mavoor Road has many important towns and villages like:
* [[Parayanchery]]
* [[Kottooli and Pottammal]]
* [[Thondayad Junction|Thondayad]]
* [[Chevayur]]
* [[Kovoor]]
* [[Peruvayal]]
* [[Perumanna]]
* [[Mavoor]]

==Educational institutions==
* Presentation Higher Secondary School [[Chevayur]]

== See also ==
* [[Chevayur]]
* [[Kottooli and Pottammal]]
* [[Kovoor Town]]
* [[Kuttikkattoor and Velliparamba]]
* [[Devagiri College, Kozhikode|Devagiri College]]

== Location ==
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Areas Of Calicut City '''
|Northwest =
|North = [[Nadakkavu]]
|Northeast =
|West = [[Kozhikode Beach]]
|Centre = Mavoor Road
|East = [[Calicut Medical College]]
|Southwest =
|South = [[Chalappuram, Kozhikode|Chalappuram]]
|Southeast =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mavoor Road}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Roads in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Institute of Home Economics

2025-07-04T23:39:30Z

Ritesh Gandhi: stub

{{Short description|College in Delhi, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Institute of Home Economics
|image_name = File:Institute of Home Economics.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|established = 1961
|motto = Kartavya Sarva Sadhakarm
|type = [[Public college|Public]]
|faculty =
|affiliations = [[University of Delhi]]
|chairperson = Prof. Surender Kumar
|director = Prof. (Dr.) Radhika Bakhshi
|city = [[Delhi]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|website = [https://ihe.du.ac.in]
}}

The '''Institute of Home Economics''' ('''IHE''') is a girls' college of the [[University of Delhi]].

==History==
The Institute of [[Family and consumer science|Home Economics]] was founded in 1961, by Dr. (Mrs.) S. Malhan, the founder Director, to give women wider educational and professional avenues. The Institute became a leading centre for women’s education in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=1961-establishments-in-India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/1961-establishments-in-India|access-date=23 July 2014|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

Since 1969, the Institute has been part of the University of Delhi as a constituent college. Since then, the college has expanded. Though it was started as a Home Science college, it has expanded and offers a three-year undergraduate course in Microbiology as well as a four-year integrated course in [[Primary education|Elementary education]]. From the current [[Academic term|academic year]], the college is offering the three-year B.Sc. (Hons) course in [[Biochemistry]]. The Institute originally only offered a two-year Diploma course in Home Science, but then offered regular degree courses at the undergraduate and [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] level, a post-graduate diploma course in addition to Ph.D. programmes.

==Programmes==
Under the aegis of its affiliate [[Delhi University]], the college offers undergraduate, postgraduate, short-term and doctorate courses in following programmes.<ref name=du>{{cite web|title=Institute of Home Economics - University of Delhi|url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=institute-of-home-economics|website=du.ac.in|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

===Undergraduate programmes===
* [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in Home Science (Honours)
* [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in Home Science (Pass)
*[[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) in Journalism
* [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in Food Technology
* [[Bachelor of Elementary Education]] (B.El.Ed)
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]

===Postgraduate programmes===
* [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) in Fabric and Apparel Sciences
* [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) in Foods and Nutrition
* Diploma in Dietetics and Public Health Nutrition
* Diploma in Health and [[Gerontology#Social_gerontology | Social Gerontology]]

===Short-term programmes===
The college offers short-term courses in-
* Nutrition for Health Sports and Fitness
* Early Childhood Care and Education
* Management of Individual and Emotional Well-being
* [[Event Management]] and [[AutoCAD | AUTOCAD]] & [[Interior Design | Interior Designing]]
* [[Radio Jockey | Radio Jockeying]]
* [[Computer-aided design | Computer-Aided Designing]]

===Doctorate degree===
The college offers doctorate degree (P.hD) in Home Science as per as the norms of [[University of Delhi]] (India).

==Infrastructure==
The Institute moved to its present building at [[Hauz Khas]] Enclave in 2001. The institute is just opposite of [[Hauz Khas metro station | Hauz Khas Metro Station]]. The building is housed in a {{convert|3.5|acre|m2|adj=on}} plot area. With the foundation stone being laid by the then President [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] in 1987, the building was inaugurated by the Vice-Chancellor, Delhi University, Prof. Deepak Nayyar in 2001. The campus is well endowed with manicured lawns, spacious lecture theaters and laboratories. The Institute has an All India Charter catering to students from various countries of Asia and Africa. There are about 800 students attending at present.

==Faculties==
The Institute has a very well qualified and experienced faculty, giving a high standard of education to the students. The faculty has been actively involved in research work which has been recognized worldwide and been published in foremost publications in the respective fields. The faculty also participates in national and international conferences, seminars and workshops and has technical and professional affiliations.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ihe.du.ac.in/ Institute of Home Economics]
{{coord|28.546521|77.206580|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|name=Kamala Nehru College|display=title}}
{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute Of Home Economics}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1961]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Delhi]]

Gurugram Air Force Station

2025-06-29T19:33:38Z

Ritesh Gandhi: cleanup

{{Short description|Military airbase in Haryana, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}'''Gurugram Air Force Station''', of the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]], is located in [[Gurugram]] city in [[Haryana]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/maruti-to-vacate-area-within-restricted-zone-of-gurugram-air-force-station/articleshow/59602087.cms |title=Maruti to vacate area within restricted zone of Gurugram Air Force station - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229104053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/maruti-to-vacate-area-within-restricted-zone-of-gurugram-air-force-station/articleshow/59602087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/gurugram-6-000-houses-near-air-force-ammunition-depot-face-threat-of-demolition-1175024-2018-02-22 |title=Gurugram: 6,000 houses near air force ammunition depot face threat of demolition |date=February 22, 2018 |first=Ajay |last=Kumar |website=India Today |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222035935/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/gurugram-6-000-houses-near-air-force-ammunition-depot-face-threat-of-demolition-1175024-2018-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-allows-illegal-hotel-within-restricted-zone-of-gurgaon-air-force-station/story-WGf2xJLqSaCi46y9UmzvuN.html |title=Haryana allows illegal Hotel within restricted zone of Gurgaon Air Force Station |date=2 February 2012 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> It is located 28 km south of New Delhi.<ref>S Sridhara, 2016, Vertebrate Pests In Agriculture, Page 340</ref>

==History==
{{See also | List_of_airports_in_India#Haryana | label 1 = Airports in Haryana | History_of_Haryana#Aviation | label 2 = Aviation history of Haryana | History of the Indian Air Force | label 3 = Indian Air Force history | Civil_aviation_in_India#History | label 4 = Civil Aviation History of India | Aviation_History | label 5 = World Aviation History | Aviation_in_India | label 6 = Aviation in India }}
[[File:IAF Wapiti K1260.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Westland Wapiti]], one of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force.]]

On 8 October 1932, the Indian Air Force was established in [[British India]] as an auxiliary air force of [[Royal Air Force]],<ref name="clause4">{{cite book |contribution= CLAUSE 4.—(Relations between Royal Air Force and Indian Air Force, and attachment of personnel.) |url= https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air |title= HC Deb 3 April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501 |work= [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date= 3 April 1933 |access-date= 8 April 2009 |archive-date= 3 May 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503154955/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="IAF">{{cite web| title=History of the IAF| url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98| work=Official Website| publisher=Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters| access-date=7 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98| archive-date=9 April 2009| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="airpower3">{{cite journal |last=Bedi |first=Sanjeev |date=Summer 2008 |title=Strategic Role of Air Power |journal=Air Power Journal |volume=3 |publisher=Center for Air Power Studies |issue=2 |pages=27–45 |url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023345/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2019-07-23 |access-date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> and adopted the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.<ref name="Heraldry">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |title=INDIAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM - Heraldry (Badges and Insignia) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329193739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |archive-date=29 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Goyal">{{cite web|last=Goyal |first=S.N. |title=1939–45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |work=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Indian Air Force |date=October 1993 |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006180501/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1948, first airstrip was built in Haryana when [[Ambala Air Force Station]] was established following the independence of India. After the independence of India in 1947, an air force logistics base was established at Faridabad.

The Western Air Command, of which Gurugram Air Force Logistics Station is a key component within the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], has been the major operational command involved in most of the war fought by India, including the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]], [[Operation Pawan]] (1986) in Sri Lanka and [[Operation Safed Sagar]] during the 1999 [[Kargil War]], and the ongoing air logistics operations to supply troops deployed at [[Siachen Glacier]].

==Facilities==
=== Information Fusion Centre===
{{Main|Information Fusion Centre - Indian Ocean Region}}
{{further|Information Management and Analysis Centre}}
Indian Information Fusion Centre (IFC) of [[Indian Navy]], collaborates with the [[Information Fusion Centre - Indian Ocean Region]] (IFC-IOR), to create the integrated multi-country platform on the vessels of interest in the IOR (Indian Ocean Region) by sharing the nonsensitive information with other IOR friendly partner nations. IFC is based at the Indian Navy's [[Information Management and Analysis Centre]] (IMAC) at Gurugram. IMAC is the single point centre on Indian Navy, linking all the coastal radar chains to generate a seamless real-time picture of the nearly 7,500 km coastline. The IFC-IOR can track and monitor 75,000-1.5 lakh shipping traffic in the region in real-time round the clock. India already has shipping information sharing agreement with 21 nations within IOR, of which 12 are already on IFC.<ref name=ifci1>[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/12/22/Indian-Navy-launches-Information-Fusion-Centre-to-boost-maritime-security.html Indian Navy launches Information Fusion Centre to boost maritime security], The Week, 22 Dec 2018.</ref>

IMAC itself was opened in Gurugram in November 2014 as joint collaboration of Indian Navy, [[Indian Coast Guard]] and [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] to improve coastal surveillance and to provide coastal security to avert like the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terror attacks]]. It is staffed by the Navy under direction from the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]. This fiber optic and satellite-links based network of 20 naval and 31 Coast Guard monitoring stations with 46 existing radars and 30 future planned radars as well as the automatic identification systems fitted on merchant ships, generates a real-time picture 7,500-km long coastline.<ref name=gk1>[https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/defence-minister-inaugurates-information-management-analysis-centre-imac-gurgaon-11201415852.html Defence minister inaugurates Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in Gurgaon], GKToday.</ref>

=== Ammunition dump ===
The ammunition dump of IAF (28.488544, 77.040270) has restricted area of 300 meter within which no construction is allowed. There are many illegal construction within this restricted zone. Court had ordered these constructions to be removed. Also there has been rumours circulating that this zone of 300 meters will be extended to 600 or 900 meters. While the local politicians continue to make this an issue there is little outcome. <ref name=restr1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/4-125-file-objections-over-gurgaon-ammunition-depot-restricted-area/637409.html 4125 file objections over gurgaon ammunition depot restricted area], The Tribune.</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Aviation|India}}}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ambala Air Force Base]]
* [[Sirsa Air Force Station]]
* [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station]]
* [[Hisar Military Station]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[List of Armed Forces Hospitals In India]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]
* [[List of state highways in Haryana|Road Highways and Expressways in Haryana]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/ Official website of The Indian Air Force]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/ Indian Air Force on bharat-rakshak.com]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm Global Security article on Indo-Pakistani Wars]
* [http://www.dsalert.org/insignia/indian-air-force Designators Batches of Indian Air Force]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022200042/http://careerairforce.nic.in/ Career Air Force Government of India]

{{Indian Air Force}}
{{Air forces}}
{{Haryana}}
{{India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]

Bharat Aggarwal

2025-06-11T00:02:35Z

Ritesh Gandhi: cleanup

{{short description|Indian-American biochemist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bharat B. Aggarwal
| birth_name =
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| fields = [[Biochemistry]]
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Banares Hindu University]] [[University of California, Berkeley]]
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'''Bharat B. Aggarwal''' is an Indian-American [[biochemist]]. His research has been in the areas of [[cytokine]]s, the role of inflammation in cancer, and the anti-cancer effects of spices and herbs, particularly [[curcumin]] (a chemical constituent of the spice [[turmeric]]). He was a professor in the Department of Clinical Immunology, Bioimmunotherapy, and Experimental Therapeutics at [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref name=HC1/>

In 2012, MD Anderson launched a review of Aggarwal's research after the federal government notified them of allegations of fraud by academic [[whistleblower]]s in as many as 65 of Aggarwal's published papers, with the allegations involving images that had been reused and [[Scientific misconduct#Photo manipulation|manipulated]] to represent different results.<ref name="Ackerman"/><ref name="Scientist1">{{cite journal|last1=Grens|first1=Kerry|title=Author Nets Seven Retractions|journal=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]|date=February 22, 2016|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/45417/title/Author-Nets-Seven-Retractions/|accessdate=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="BioTx"/> He retired at the end of 2015; his departure was not made public until February 2016.<ref name=HC1/><ref name=oransky/>

As of 2023, 30 papers published by Aggarwal have been [[Retractions in academic publishing|retracted]], ten others have received an expression of concern, and 17 others have been corrected.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marcus |first1=Adam |title=Frankincense extract paper is 30th retracted by former MD Anderson researcher who once threatened to sue Retraction Watch |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2022/10/03/frankincense-extract-paper-is-30th-retracted-by-former-md-anderson-researcher-who-once-threatened-to-sue-retraction-watch/#more-125742 |website=Retraction Watch |date=3 October 2022 |publisher=Center for Scientific Integrity |access-date=2022-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Retraction Watch Database – Bharat Aggarwal |url=http://retractiondatabase.org/RetractionSearch.aspx#?auth%3dAggarwal%252c%2bBharat%2bB |website=Retraction Watch |publisher=Center for Scientific Integrity |accessdate=2023-01-06}}</ref>

==Career==
Aggarwal holds a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from the [[University of Delhi]] (1970), a [[Master of Science]] degree from [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1972) and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1977), all in [[biochemistry]]. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] and was employed as a scientist at [[Genentech]] from 1980 to 1989, where his team characterized the cytokines [[TNF-alpha]] and [[lymphotoxin alpha|TNF-beta]]. Aggarwal was Chief of the Cytokine Research Section, Department of Clinical Immunology, Bioimmunotherapy, Experimental Therapeutics at [[MD Anderson Cancer Center]] of the [[University of Texas]] in Houston from 1989 to 2015.<ref name="SciAm">{{cite journal|title=Spice Healer|last=Stix|first=Gary|journal=Scientific American|date=February 2007|volume=296|issue=2|pages=66–9|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0207-66|pmid=17367023|bibcode=2007SciAm.296b..66S}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2009-12/pioneering-biochemist-bharat-b-aggarwal-phd-md-anderson-cancer-center-discovering|title=Pioneering Biochemist Bharat B. Aggarwal, PhD, of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, on Discovering Novel and Effective Cancer Treatments|first=Karolyn A.|last=Gazella|work=Natural Medicine Journal|date=December 2009|accessdate=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

Aggarwal's research has focused on potential [[anti-cancer]] properties of herbs and spices, particularly [[curcumin]], which is found in the spice turmeric.<ref name="SciAm"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/In-cancer-fight-a-spice-brings-hope-to-the-table-1913487.php|title=In cancer fight, a spice brings hope to the table|first=Todd|last=Ackerman |work=Houston Chronicle|date=July 11, 2005|accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In 2004 Aggarwal co-founded the company Curry Pharmaceuticals, based in Research Triangle Park, N.C., which was seeking to develop drugs based on synthetic analogs of curcumin.<ref name="SciAm"/><ref name="Singh1">{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Seema |title=From Exotic Spice to Modern Drug?|journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]|date=September 7, 2007|volume=130|issue=5|pages=765–768|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.024|pmid=17803897|s2cid=16044143 |doi-access=free}}</ref> SignPath Pharma, a company seeking to develop liposomal formulations of curcumin, in 2013 licensed three patents from Aggarwal related to that approach.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baum |first1=Stephanie |title=Biotech startup raises $1M for lung cancer treatment using component of tumeric [sic] |url=https://medcitynews.com/2013/03/biotech-startup-raises-1m-for-lung-cancer-treatment-using-component-of-tumeric/ |work=Med City News |date=March 26, 2013}}</ref>

==Scientific misconduct==
In 2012, MD Anderson initiated a review of Aggarwal's research after the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' [[Office of Research Integrity]] notified the institution that academic whistleblowers had found evidence of [[Scientific misconduct#Photo manipulation|image manipulation]] in 65 published papers by Aggarwal.<ref name="Ackerman">{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/M-D-Anderson-professor-under-fraud-probe-3360037.php|title=M.D. Anderson professor under fraud probe|first=Todd|last=Ackerman|date=February 24, 2012|work=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="DH1">{{cite news|title=Prominent Indian-American researcher under probe|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/229961/prominent-indian-american-researcher-probe.html|accessdate=October 10, 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=February 25, 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, Aggarwal's lawyer proposed legal action against the blog [[Retraction Watch]] after they reported several of Aggarwal's article corrections and retractions;<ref name="USCA">{{cite news|last1=Heisel|first1=William|title=Doctor Goes After Retraction Watch, Unleashes Streisand Effect|url=http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/2013/04/18/doctor-goes-after-retraction-watch-unleashes-streisand-effect|accessdate=October 6, 2016|publisher=[[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism]] – Center for Health Journalism|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> no such lawsuit was ever realized. In February 2016, the journal ''[[Biochemical Pharmacology (journal)|Biochemical Pharmacology]]'' retracted seven of Aggarwal's research articles, six of which had Aggarwal as senior or first author,<ref name="BioTx">{{cite journal|last1=Nybo|first1=Kristie|title=Seven Papers Retracted for Lack of Data Integrity|journal=[[BioTechniques]]|date=February 24, 2016|url=http://www.biotechniques.com/news/biotechniquesNews/biotechniques-363309.html|accessdate=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075625/http://www.biotechniques.com/news/biotechniquesNews/biotechniques-363309.html|archive-date=October 12, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> because "the data integrity has become questionable."<ref name="Scientist1"/> Also in February 2016, MD Anderson Cancer Center confirmed that Aggarwal had retired from the Center on December 31, 2015.<ref name="oransky">{{Cite web|title = Journal retracts 7 papers by MD Anderson cancer researcher long under investigation|last=Oransky|first=Ivan|url = http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/22/journal-retracts-7-papers-by-md-anderson-researcher-long-under-investigation/|work = Retraction Watch|access-date = 2016-02-24|date=2016-02-22}}</ref><ref name="HC1">{{cite news|last1=Ackerman|first1=Todd|title=M.D. Anderson scientist, accused of manipulating data, retires|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/M-D-Anderson-scientist-accused-of-falsifying-6865704.php|accessdate=October 6, 2016|publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010052727/http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/M-D-Anderson-scientist-accused-of-falsifying-6865704.php|archivedate=October 10, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2016, following an investigation by MD Anderson Cancer Center, the journal ''[[Molecular Pharmacology]]'' retracted two of Aggarwal's papers, citing “inappropriate” or “unacceptable” image manipulation.<ref name="Scientist2">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Tanya|title=More Retractions for Cancer Researcher|journal=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]|date=June 22, 2016|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/46394/title/More-Retractions-for-Cancer-Researcher/|accessdate=October 10, 2016}}</ref> By April 2018, 19 of Aggarwal's articles, published in seven research journals, had been retracted.<ref name=orensky2018>{{cite news |title=Caught Our Notice: Researcher who once threatened to sue Retraction Watch now up to 19 retractions |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2018/04/10/caught-our-notice-researcher-who-once-threatened-to-sue-retraction-watch-now-up-to-19-retractions/#more-63985 |work=Retraction Watch |date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Scientist1"/><ref name="RW1">{{cite web|title=Seven retractions for prominent cancer researcher brings total to 18|url=http://retractionwatch.com/category/by-author/bharat-aggarwal/|publisher=[[Retraction Watch]]|accessdate=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="HC1"/> In September 2018, an additional nine articles by Aggarwal were retracted in journals published by the American Association for Cancer Research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Publisher's Note |journal=Cancer Research |volume=78 |issue=17 |pages=5178 |publisher=AACR Publications |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2438 |year=2018 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In February 2018, a cancer conference in [[Chennai, India]], co-organized by Aggarwal was promoted with the false claim that it was co-sponsored by the MD Anderson Cancer Center.<ref name="RW020518">{{cite web |last1=Oransky |first1=Ivan |title=MD Anderson: No, we did not co-sponsor this cancer conference |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2018/02/05/md-anderson-no-we-did-not-co-sponsor-this-cancer-conference/ |publisher=[[Retraction Watch]] |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NIE020418">{{cite news |last1=Unni |first1=Anagha |title=After 'cancer is karma' remark, Baba Ramdev to inaugurate research conference at IIT Madras |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/04/after-cancer-is-karma-remark-baba-ramdev-to-inaugurate-research-conference-at-iit-madras-1768314.html |access-date=January 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NI041318">{{cite web |last1=Chu |first1=Will |title=Curcumin trial retraction latest in long line for retired researcher |url=https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2018/04/12/Curcumin-trial-retraction-latest-in-long-line-for-retired-researcher |publisher=NutraIngredients |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |date=April 13, 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book|title=Healing Spices: How to Use 50 Everyday and Exotic Spices to Boost Health and Beat Disease|first1=Bharat B.|last1=Aggarwal|first2=Debora|last2=Yost|date=2011|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-1402776632|url=https://archive.org/details/healingspiceshow00bhar|url-access=registration}}

== See also ==
* [[Scientific misconduct]]
* [[List of scientific misconduct incidents]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812084208/http://faculty.mdanderson.org/bharat_aggarwal/ Former MD Anderson Cancer Center profile], archived August 12, 2015

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Bharat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American biochemists]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Aenigmachanna

2025-05-27T01:02:19Z

Ritesh Gandhi: added initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Aenigmachanna gollum.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aenigmachanna gollum]]''
| parent_authority = Britz, Dahanukar, Anoop, Philip, Clark, Raghavan & Rüber, 2020
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Aenigmachanna
| authority = [[Ralf Britz|Britz]], [[V. K. Anoop|Anoop]], [[Neelesh Dahanukar|Dahanukar]] and [[Rajeev Raghavan|Raghavan]], 2019
| type_species = ''Aenigmachanna gollum''
| type_species_authority = Britz, Anoop, Dahanukar & Raghavan, 2019
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 2, see text.
}}

'''''Aenigmachanna''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Anabantiformes|Ananbantiformes]]. It is the only genus in the family '''Aenigmachannidae''', or '''dragon snakeheads'''. It contains two species, both of which are largely restricted to subterranean habitats in southwestern [[India]], namely in the [[Western Ghats]] foothills in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Britz|first1=Ralf|last2=Dahanukar|first2=Neelesh|last3=Anoop|first3=V. K.|last4=Philip|first4=Siby|last5=Clark|first5=Brett|last6=Raghavan|first6=Rajeev|last7=Rüber|first7=Lukas|date=2020-09-30|title=Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16081|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6|pmid=32999397 | pmc=7527459|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020NatSR..1016081B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Main|first=Douglas|date=October 19, 2020|title=Dragon snakeheads—strange new underground fish—discovered in India|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/10/new-fish-family-dragon-snakeheads-found-india/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020074429/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/10/new-fish-family-dragon-snakeheads-found-india/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=|website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>

Both of the species in this genus display a unique array of traits that distinguish them from their closest living relatives, the true [[Snakehead (fish)|snakeheads]] in the family [[Snakehead (fish)|Channidae]]. These include a much longer and more slender body, numerous scales, a very long [[anal fin]], and a lack of ability to maintain [[buoyancy]]. Molecular analyses indicate that they split off from Channidae around 34 or 109 [[Million years ago|MYA]]. This may indicate that Aenigmachannidae is a uniquely [[Gondwana]]n lineage, and if the higher end of estimations is correct, it may have survived the breakup of the Gondwanan supercontinent around 120 MYA.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" />

They are unique among [[cavefish]] for being one of the few cave-dwelling members of the large clade [[Percomorpha]]. Despite their habitat, they physically display little [[troglomorphism]] aside from a slightly reduced pigmentation, indicating that they either colonized the caves relatively recently or that they are [[Trogloxene|subtroglophiles]] that mostly live underground, but depend on aboveground habitats for some functions. Due to their restricted habitat and unique nature, both are considered [[Relict (biology)|relict species]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Raghavan|first1=Rajeev|last2=Dahanukar|first2=Neelesh|last3=Anoop|first3=V. K.|last4=Britz|first4=Ralf|date=2019-05-09|title=The subterranean Aenigmachanna gollum, a new genus and species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from Kerala, South India|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4603.2.10|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4603|issue=2|pages=377–388|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4603.2.10|pmid=31717234|s2cid=164781147 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2019/may/new-species-of-subterranean-fish-named-after-the-lord-of-the-rings-character.html|title=New species of subterranean fish named after The Lord of the Rings character|website=www.nhm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ravi|first1=Charan|last2=Basheer|first2=V. S.|last3=Kumar|first3=Rahul G.|date=2019-07-17|title=Aenigmachanna mahabali, a new species of troglophilic snakehead (Pisces: Channidae) from Kerala, India|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4638.3.6|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4638|issue=3|pages=410–418|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4638.3.6|pmid=31712470|s2cid=203899040 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==

=== Species ===

* ''[[Aenigmachanna gollum]]'' [[Ralf Britz|Britz]], [[V. K. Anoop|Anoop]], [[Neelesh Dahanukar|Dahanukar]] and [[Rajeev Raghavan|Raghavan]], 2019 (Gollum snakehead)
* ''[[Aenigmachanna mahabali]]'' [[Rahul G. Kumar|Kumar]], [[V.S. Basheer|Basheer]], and [[Charan Ravi|Ravi]], 2019 (Mahabali snakehead)

The genus was initially described in early 2019 to serve as a monotypic genus for ''A. gollum'', the first species to be described in the genus. Later in the year, ''A. mahabali'' was described as a distinct species, indicating that there were indeed multiple species in the genus.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q64481860}}

[[Category:Aenigmachanna| ]]
[[Category:Cave fish]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kerala]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ralf Britz]]
[[Category:Taxa named by V.K. Anoop]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Neelesh Dahanukar]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rajeev Raghavan]]

Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi

2025-05-25T00:29:22Z

Ritesh Gandhi:

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar (d. 1959)}}
{{Distinguish|Syed Ahmad Dehlvi|Syed Ahmad Dehlavi (academic)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = Mawlānā
|title = {{small|Sahbān al-Hind}}
|name = Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi
|image =
|caption =
|office1 = 1st General Secretary of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
|term_start1 = 1920
|term_end1 = 13 July 1940
|predecessor1 = "office established"
|successor1 = [[Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad]]
|office2 = 5th President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
|term_start2 = 1957
|term_end2 = 4 December 1959
|predecessor2 = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
|successor2 = [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]]
|office3 = 3rd Rector of [[Madrasa Aminia]]
|term_start3 = 1953
|term_end3 = September 1955
|predecessor3 = [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]
|successor3 = [[Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi]]
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=[[Islam]]
|birth_date = {{birth year|1888}}
|birth_place = [[Daryaganj]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1959|12|04|1888}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], India
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|alma_mater = [[Madrasa Aminia]]
| notable_works = ''Fear of Hell'', ''Key to the Garden of Bliss''
}}}}
'''Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi''' (also known as '''Sahbān al-Hind'''; 1888 – 4 December 1959) was an Indian Muslim scholar and [[Indian freedom struggle|freedom struggle activist]] who served as the first general secretary and the fifth president of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]. He also served as the third rector of [[Madrasa Aminia]] and authored books such as ''Fear of Hell'' and ''Key to the Garden of Bliss''.

==Biography==
Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi in 1888 in [[Daryaganj]], Delhi.<ref name="early life">{{Citation|author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |page=193}}</ref> He received his primary education from Abdul Majeed Mustafabadi and Muhammad Yasin Sikandarabadi, and memorized the [[Quran]] at Madrasa Hussainia in [[Delhi]].<ref name="early life"/> He entered [[Madrasa Aminia]] in 1328 [[Hijri year|AH]] and graduated in 1336 AH.<ref name="asir1">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|page=20}}</ref> His teachers included [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]].<ref name="early life"/>

Saeed participated in the [[Indian freedom struggle]] and was imprisoned eight times.<ref name="asir2"/> He was arrested in 1921 and jailed in the [[Central Jail Mianwali]] for one year.<ref name="work"/> He was arrested for the last time in 1942 and imprisoned in the jails of [[Delhi]], [[Lahore]], [[Ferozpur]] and [[Multan]].<ref name="work"/> He was among the founders of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (JUH) and was appointed the interim secretary in the meeting of inception in November 1919.<ref name="wasif">{{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |page=74|language=ur|oclc=16907808}}</ref>

Saeed was appointed the first general secretary of the JUH in November 1920, a position he served for twenty years.<ref name="early life"/><ref name="wasif"/> He served as the vice-president of the JUH for seventeen years from 1940 to 1957.<ref name="work">{{Citation|author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |page=194}}</ref> He taught at the Madrasa Aminia and was appointed its rector in 1953 following the death of Kifayatullah Dehlawi.<ref name="early life"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Muḥammad Qāsim Dehlavi |title=Mawlānā Ḥafīẓurraḥmān Wāsif Dehlavī |page= 24 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Urdu Academy, New Delhi|Urdu Academy]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7121-176-0}}</ref> He served as the president of the JUH for two years from 1957 until his death on 4 December 1959 in Delhi.<ref name="asir2">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|page=21}}</ref><ref name="work"/>

Saeed was seen as an influential speaker.<ref name="asir2"/> He was known as Sahbān al-Hind.<ref name="asir1"/>

==Legacy==
In September 2019, JUH organized a two-days seminar on the life and works of Saeed. It was attended by scholars and poets including [[Akhtarul Wasey]], [[Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlvi|Gulzar Dehlvi]] and [[Usman Mansoorpuri]].<ref name="siasat">{{cite news |title=جمعیۃ علماء ہند کے زیر اہتمام مولانا عبدالباری فرنگی محلی اور مولانا احمد سعید دہلوی پر دوروزہ سیمینار |trans-title=Two days seminar on Abdul Bari Farangi Mahali and Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi|url=https://urdu.siasat.com/news/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%DB%83-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8-1082368/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=The Daily Siasat |date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Saeed wrote ''Kashf-ur-Rahman'', an [[exegesis]] of the [[Quran]], in [[Urdu]], in two volumes.<ref name="asir2"/> His other works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Books by Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50040195/ |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
* ''Dozakh ka khatka'' (''Fear of Hell'')
* ''Jannat ki Kunji'' (''Key to the Garden of Bliss'')
* ''Jannat ki Zamānat''
* ''Khuda ki baatein''
* ''Rasūlullāh ke tīn sau mo'jizāt'' (''Three Hundred Miracles of [[Muhammad]]'')
* ''Shaukat Āra Begum''
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |pages=194–195 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|pages= 20–21|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 |date=April 2016}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shahjahanpuri |first1=Abu Salman |author1-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |title=Sahban-ul-Hind Mawlānā Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi: Ek Siyāsi Mutāla |date=2011 |publisher=Farid Book Depot |location=Delhi |language=ur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dehlavi, Ahmad Saeed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Madrasa Aminia alumni]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Interpreters]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

All India Sikh Students Federation

2025-02-13T16:33:33Z

Ritesh Gandhi: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[All-India Sikh Students' Federation]]

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Rohit Verma

2024-03-31T11:12:11Z

Ritesh Gandhi: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 3]]
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Chulichan

2024-02-26T15:17:20Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating initial data from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chulichan
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =sharchey-chulichan
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Ladakh, India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.663323|76.315108|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kargil]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 1.2590
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 912
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Brokskat]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194103
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chulichan'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Chulichang'''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-kargil-52-b-1928.jpg Kashmir & Jammu mapsheet 52-b], Survey of India, 1928.</ref> and '''Chulichen'''.{{sfn|Bhan|2013|p=31}}}} is a village in the [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]], India, close to the [[Line of Control]] with [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. It is populated by Shia Brokpas and [[Balti people|Baltis]].

== Geography ==
Chulichan is on the left bank of the [[Indus River]] in a narrow section of Indus valley known as [[Brog Yul]]. It is the last village in [[Indian-administered Kashmir|Indian-administered]] Ladakh; the next village on the left bank, Natsara, is in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan-administered]] [[Baltistan]]. Chulichan has an area of {{Convert|125.90|ha|km2}} and includes five [[hamlets]]: Groung Khril, Groung Stod-I, Groung Stod-II, Sharchey and Grongjuk.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamlet wise village detail |url=https://www.dseokargil.ladakh.gov.in/hamlet.html |website=DISTRICT Statistics & Evaluation office Kargil, Ladakh}}</ref>

== History ==
Historically, Chulichan and the adjacent regions were populated by [[Brokpa]] people. Folklore maintains that they arrived at their current habitat from the [[Gilgit]] region.<ref name="Vohra" /> The Brokpa chieftains wielded autonomy in the region, pledging nominal allegiance to the Maqpon rulers of [[Skardu]].<ref name="Vohra" />

However, things changed in the seventeenth century when [[Jamyang Namgyal]] of Ladakh had a conflict with [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] of Skardu and had to accept Gurgurdho, a hamlet on the opposite bank of the Indus river, as a boundary between their territories.<ref name="Vohra">{{Cite journal |last=Vohra |first=Rohit |date=1982 |title=Ethnographic Notes on the Buddhist Dards of Ladakh: The Brog-Pā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25841799 |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=72, 81-82 |issn=0044-2666}}</ref> Consequently, Chulichan and villages to the north of it, such as [[Ganokh]] and [[Marol, Baltistan|Marol]], became part of Baltistan and influenced by Shia Islam.<ref name="Vohra" /> When [[Robert Barkley Shaw]] visited the village in 1876, he found [[Balti people|Baltis]] and [[Brokpa|Brokpas]] living there, professing Shia Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=R. B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280511 |title=Stray Arians in Tibet |date=1878 |quote=The village of Ganok is entirely inhabited by Musalman Brokpas, while those of Dangel, Marul, Chuli-chan, and singkarmo, are inhabited partly by Musalmun (Shi’ah) Brokpas, and partly by Baltis (Tibetan Musalmans) of the same sect.}}</ref>

Nevertheless, the local Brokpas continued to maintain marital relations with their ethnic kin in the [[Dah Hanu region]] of Ladakh; such connections would cease only with the latter's acceptance of Buddhism c. late nineteenth century.<ref name="Vohra" /> In the aftermath of the [[First Kashmir War]] (1947–1948), with Pakistan annexing territories north of Chulichan, it became the only Brokpa village in India to be primarily composed of Muslims.

==Demographics==
According to the latest census of India (2011), the village has 912 inhabitants across 112 households.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Census Operations, 2011. |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2018/09/2018091067.pdf |page=56}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ganokh]]
*[[Garkon]]
*[[Dha, Ladakh|Dha]]
*[[Darchik]]
*[[Hanoo]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

; Sources
* {{citation |last=Bhan |first=Mona |title=Counterinsurgency, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity in India: From Warfare to Welfare? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTDAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-50983-6}}

[[Category:Villages in Kargil tehsil]]

Chitti Babu

2023-08-02T18:36:01Z

Ritesh Gandhi: creating first article w/ refs...

'''Chitti Babu''' can refer to:

*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)]] (1964–2013), Indian comedian, presenter and actor
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)]], Indian film actor and comedian
*[[Chitti Babu (character)]], in the ''Enthiran'' film series
*[[Chitti Babu (musician)]] (1936–1996), Carnatic music veena player and composer from South India
*[[C. Chittibabu]] (1935–1977), Indian politician

{{disambiguation|hndis}}

Pali language

2023-03-16T16:41:14Z

Ritesh Gandhi: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Pali]]

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