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Rupi Kaur

2023-10-02T07:40:51Z

Rishixkumar00: Rupi Kaur

{{Short description|Canadian poet}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rupi Kaur
| image = Rupi Kaur by Baljit Singh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kaur in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|4|}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| nationality = Canadian
| occupation = Author, poet, artist, illustrator, performer
| website = [http://www.rupikaur.com www.rupikaur.com]
| education = [[University of Waterloo]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
}}
'''Rupi Kaur''' (born 4 October 1992) is a Canadian poet, illustrator, photographer, and author. Born in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, Kaur immigrated to Canada at a young age with her family. She began performing poetry in 2009 and rose to fame on [[Instagram]], eventually becoming a popular poet through her three collections of poetry.

In March 2015, as a part of her university photography project, Kaur posted a series of photographs to Instagram depicting herself with menstrual blood stains on her clothing and bedsheets. Instagram removed the image, in response to which Kaur wrote a viral critique of the company's actions. As a result of the incident, Kaur's poetry gained more traction and her initially self-published debut poetry collection, ''[[Milk and Honey (poetry collection)|Milk and Honey]]'' (2014), was reprinted to widespread commercial success. Considered to be at the forefront of the "[[Instapoetry]]" style, Kaur's work is simplistic in language and explores South Asian identity, immigration, and femininity. Her childhood and personal life serve as sources of inspiration. Line drawings accompany her poetry with stark subject matters.

After the success of ''Milk and Honey'', Kaur describes struggling throughout the creation of her second collection, ''[[The Sun and Her Flowers]]'' (2017). Her third collection, ''Home Body'' (2020), is influenced by a desire to feel less pressure for commercial success and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Kaur has a large social media following, particularly on Instagram. Since its release in 2014, her collection ''Milk and Honey'' has sold over 2.5 million copies in 25 languages, spending 77 weeks on the ''New York Times'' Best-Seller List. Kaur's poetry has had mixed critical reception: she has been praised for influencing the modern poetry scene, but has also been subject to parody and faced accusations of plagiarism by fellow poets. Kaur has been included on congratulatory year-end lists by the [[BBC]] and [[Elle (magazine)|''Elle'']]; ''[[The New Republic]]'' controversially called her the "Writer of the Decade".

== Early life ==

Kaur was born into a [[Sikh]] family in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, on 4 October 1992.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Fischer|first=Molly|date=3 October 2017|title=The Instagram Poet Outselling Homer Ten to One|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/10/profile-rupi-kaur-author-of-milk-and-honey.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605114718/https://www.thecut.com/2017/10/profile-rupi-kaur-author-of-milk-and-honey.html|archive-date=5 June 2018|access-date=14 March 2020|website=[[New York (magazine)|The Cut]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Aguiar|first1=Deborah Vieira Pinto|last2=Magaldi|first2=Carolina Alves|date=30 January 2020|title=Rupi Kaur: Women's Writing Tradition in Translation|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3528322|journal=International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.1.6|doi-broken-date=1 August 2023|ssrn=3528322|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095736/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3528322|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Pike|first=Naomi|date=29 December 2017|title=The Girls Who Ruled 2017|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/girls-of-the-year-2017|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2021|website=[[British Vogue]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150134/https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/girls-of-the-year-2017}}</ref> At age three, she immigrated to Canada with her parents.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Fishwick|first=Samuel|date=5 May 2017|title=Rupi Kaur: 'I've never been more aware of my colour'|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/rupi-kaur-i-ve-never-been-more-aware-of-my-colour-a3531171.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=[[Evening Standard]]|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329133032/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/rupi-kaur-i-ve-never-been-more-aware-of-my-colour-a3531171.html}}</ref> Her father had left before and wasn't present for Kaur's birth.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Sonia|date=11 October 2017|title=Few read poetry, but millions read Rupi Kaur|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2017/10/10/few-read-poetry-but-millions-read-rupi-kaur/WhIaCDVOZJHyWfTMX3uojP/story.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Boston Globe]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150139/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2017/10/10/few-read-poetry-but-millions-read-rupi-kaur/WhIaCDVOZJHyWfTMX3uojP/story.html}}</ref><ref name=":49">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=6:00-7:00}}</ref> Due to financial instability, he would send back supplies suitable for Kaur and her upbringing.<ref name=":49" /> She lived with her parents and three younger siblings in a one-bedroom basement flat, where they slept in the same bed.<ref name=":19" /> Her family eventually settled in [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]], alongside a large [[South Asian diaspora]] community, while Kaur's father worked as a truck driver.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":44" /><ref name=":32" />

When her father lived in [[Japan]] he'd write [[Punjabi poetry]] to Kaur's mother, who practiced painting.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Gopal|first=Vivek|date=1 May 2018|title=Pop-Poet Rupi Kaur Isn't Worrying About Being Unique|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xw75pj/pop-poet-rupi-kaur-isnt-worrying-about-being-unique|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317180946/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xw75pj/pop-poet-rupi-kaur-isnt-worrying-about-being-unique|archive-date=17 March 2021|access-date=31 March 2021|website=[[Vice Media|Vice]]|language=en}}</ref> At the age of five, Kaur was compelled to take up her mother's hobby of painting; she was given a paintbrush and forced to draw.<ref name="english.colostate.edu">{{Cite web |title=National Poetry Month: Rupi Kaur - English {{!}} Colorado State University |url=https://english.colostate.edu/news/npm-rupi-kaur/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=English |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225033845/https://english.colostate.edu/news/npm-rupi-kaur/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother wanted to instill this art in her since it was so close to home.<ref name="english.colostate.edu"/> Also, Kaur recalled that poetry was a recurrent aspect of her faith, spirituality and everyday life: "There were evenings when my dad would sit around for hours, analyzing a single verse for hours."<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|last=Bozinoski|first=Mónica|date=10 October 2019|title=Rupi Kaur: "When we connect, we feel less alone"|url=https://www.vogue.pt/rupi-kaur-interview|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150140/https://www.vogue.pt/rupi-kaur-interview}}</ref> As a child, Kaur would find herself embarrassed by her mother's accent and try to distance herself.<ref name=":15">{{Cite magazine|last=Carlin|first=Shannon|date=21 December 2017|title=Meet Rupi Kaur, Queen of the 'Instapoets'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/meet-rupi-kaur-queen-of-the-instapoets-129262/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501150516/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/meet-rupi-kaur-queen-of-the-instapoets-129262/|archive-date=1 May 2020|access-date=14 March 2020|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Kaur was generally self-conscious about her identity.<ref name=":33" /> Her mother was occasionally distant to Kaur, as a result of her family and culture, particularly when Kaur was on her period; menstruating, alongside her childhood abuse, often left Kaur debilitated.<ref name=":24" /> Her relationship with her parents, in particular her mother, became turbulent in her adolescence; there were extensive arguments over mundane activities that Kaur later interpreted as a result of wishing to preserve their original culture.<ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3cswp5z|title=Rupi Kaur: Rewriting the Migration Narrative|website=The Cultural Frontline|publisher=[[BBC]]|host=[[Tina Daheley]]|date=June 2, 2018|time=2:30-2:38|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":63" /> As a young child she witnessed relatives and friends experience domestic violence or sexual abuse; watching her parents be subject to racism, she inferred, resulted in her coy disposition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaz|first=Wynat|date=14 June 2017|title=The Female Gaze: Rupi Kaur on The Freedom of Expression|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/the-female-gaze-rupi-kaur-on-the-freedom-of-expression|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|language=en-US|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517163856/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/the-female-gaze-rupi-kaur-on-the-freedom-of-expression}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kartung|first=Kaylee|author-link=Kaylee Hartung|date=April 21, 2021|title=Video Poet Rupi Kaur brings poetry to new heights with special, 'Rupi Kaur Live'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/video/poet-rupi-kaur-brings-poetry-heights-special-rupi-77210247|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104142707/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/video/poet-rupi-kaur-brings-poetry-heights-special-rupi-77210247}}</ref> Her environment growing up led to her developing what she deemed "constant survival mode".<ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/wednesday-dec-2-2020-rupi-kaur-meichi-ng-and-more-1.5823357/rupi-kaur-on-home-body-depression-and-the-viral-photo-that-changed-her-life-1.5823361|title=Rupi Kaur on Home Body, depression and the viral photo that changed her life|website=[[Q (radio show)|Q]]|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|host=[[Tom Power]]|date=December 2, 2020|time=9:10 - 9:20|access-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>

She performed [[kirtan]] and [[Indian classical music]] for several years.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite magazine|last=Biedenharn|first=Isabella|date=13 October 2017|title=Instagram sensation Rupi Kaur doesn't have social media on her phone|url=https://ew.com/books/2017/10/13/instagram-sensation-rupi-kaur-doesnt-have-social-media-on-her-phone/|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2021|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113050027/https://ew.com/books/2017/10/13/instagram-sensation-rupi-kaur-doesnt-have-social-media-on-her-phone/}}</ref> Kaur aspired to be an astronaut or a social worker or a fashion designer; her ambitions changed frequently and her father prohibited her from studying the latter subject in university.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Jain|first=Atishsa|date=22 October 2016|title=A poet and rebel: How Insta-sensation Rupi Kaur forced her way to global fame|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/a-poet-and-a-rebel-how-insta-sensation-rupi-kaur-forced-her-way-into-the-global-bestseller-lists/story-DCbkk7EBMxrSjdoFsxQmDM.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421090020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/a-poet-and-a-rebel-how-insta-sensation-rupi-kaur-forced-her-way-into-the-global-bestseller-lists/story-DCbkk7EBMxrSjdoFsxQmDM.html|archive-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> She expressed an interest in reading from a young age, finding it relieved her loneliness.<ref name=":16" /> Her interest was hindered by having English as a second language, first learning it at age 10, although she considered her affinity for books as akin to a friendship.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":61">{{Cite web|last=Patrick|first=Ryan B.|date=November 4, 2021|title='Leave your heart on the line and take the risk': Rupi Kaur on poetry, success & hosting the Giller Prize|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/leave-your-heart-on-the-line-and-take-the-risk-rupi-kaur-on-poetry-success-hosting-the-giller-prize-1.6234417|url-status=live|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927215234/https://www.cbc.ca/books/leave-your-heart-on-the-line-and-take-the-risk-rupi-kaur-on-poetry-success-hosting-the-giller-prize-1.6234417}}</ref> Her confidence and social skills grew in fourth grade.<ref name=":63" />

An initial aversion to English meant Kaur was effectively [[Selective mutism|mute]] for a period of time.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=9:30-9:35}}</ref> Throughout middle school she partook in "speech competitions", winning one in seventh grade, thus helping her find progress and hope in spite of isolation and bullying.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Kaur, she was an easy target for ridicule due to her outward appearance and vulnerability.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=12:20-12:30}}</ref> Kaur was subject to various comments about her appearance from her parents and peers.<ref name=":64" /> She had begun to grow in confidence following sixth grade and it was writing and performing that led her to "[find] her voice".<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=9:40-10:00}}</ref> She experienced the low point of her education during high-school, as she sustained, what she considered, toxic care. Her feelings were relieved upon forgoing people who she described as "very dangerous for me".<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=13:00-13:40}}</ref> Poetry brought her comfort as she dealt with being self-conscious – of literature, she read, among others, [[Amrita Pritam]], [[Maya Angelou]], [[Roald Dahl]], [[Dr. Seuss]] and [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref name=":64" />

She studied rhetoric and professional writing at the [[University of Waterloo]] and taught creative-writing classes for high school and college students. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /> When studying poetry she said that she would "agonize over each and every word."<ref name=":15" />

== Career ==

=== Early work (2009–2013) ===
Kaur first began performing poetry in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marsh|first=Ariana|date=5 January 2018|title=Rupi Kaur and Sloane Stephens's Success Stories Are Total Career Inspiration|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/7-unconventional-success-stories-rupi-kaur-sloane-stephens|url-status=live|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[Teen Vogue]]|language=en-US|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619002406/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/7-unconventional-success-stories-rupi-kaur-sloane-stephens}}</ref> Although she found spoken-word poetry "really natural", describing her first show as "Like a damn hug", she'd fidget with the paper above her face, leaving before audiences clapped due to her anxiety.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/schedule-for-tuesday-april-19-2016-1.3542299/micropoet-rupi-kaur-nourishes-readers-with-milk-and-honey-1.3542386|title='Micropoet' Rupi Kaur nourishes readers with Milk and Honey|website=[[Q (radio show)|Q]]|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|host=[[Shadrach Kabango]]|date=19 April 2016|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Her poetry at first received a lukewarm reception, having been told that she was too aggressive for certain venues or made some people uncomfortable.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":36">{{Cite web|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|date=26 August 2016|title=Rupi Kaur: 'There was no market for poetry about trauma, abuse and healing'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/26/rupi-kaur-poetry-canada-instagram-banned-photo|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231524/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/26/rupi-kaur-poetry-canada-instagram-banned-photo}}</ref> "So many people around me early on thought it was absolutely ridiculous".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Irving|first1=John|author-link=John Irving|last2=VanderMeer|first2=Jeff|author-link2=Jeff VanderMeer|date=September 7, 2017|title=Why Rupi Kaur loves Harry Potter|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/why-rupi-kaur-loves-harry-potter-1.4279158|url-status=live|access-date=August 2, 2021|website=[[CBC Books]]|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172715/https://www.cbc.ca/books/why-rupi-kaur-loves-harry-potter-1.4279158}}</ref> Kaur started writing in an attempt to articulate her personal trauma, having just left an abusive relationship – which influenced her decision to perform poetry: "I wanted to find a voice, because I had been voiceless for so long".<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last1=Briscoll|first1=Drogan|title=Feminist Artist Rupi Kaur, Whose Period Photograph Was Removed From Instagram: 'Men Need To See My Work Most'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/23/rupi-kaur-instagram-censorship-artist-period-milk-and-honey_n_7836108.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401030812/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/23/rupi-kaur-instagram-censorship-artist-period-milk-and-honey_n_7836108.html|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=22 March 2016|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1891871811872|title='Aren't we all just fighting to be resilient?': Rupi Kaur on womanhood, poetry and her new live show|website=[[Q (radio show)|Q]]|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|host=[[Tom Power]]|date=30 April 2021|time=1:18-1:28|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":63" /> At university, her writing became more reflective than before, having previously written about boys she liked and the political changes she wanted to see in the world – although she was, by her own admission, ignorant on the matter, her poems at first lambasted the Canadian government.<ref name=":63" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kahanna|first=Priyanka|date=5 February 2019|title=Incredible Indian Women Across the Globe|language=en-IN|work=[[Vogue India]]|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/incredible-indian-women-achievers-who-are-creating-legacies-across-the-globe|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185029/https://www.vogue.in/content/incredible-indian-women-achievers-who-are-creating-legacies-across-the-globe|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaur would often be in conflict with her parents over her choice to pursue poetry.<ref name=":60">{{Cite web|last=El-Safty|first=Amirah|date=2015-10-06|title=Internet Made the Poetry Star|url=https://thewalrus.ca/internet-made-the-poetry-star/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[The Walrus (magazine)|The Walrus]]|language=en-US|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022108/https://thewalrus.ca/internet-made-the-poetry-star/}}</ref>

Throughout high school, Kaur shared her writing anonymously.<ref name=":1" /> She took the stage surname of Kaur because "Kaur is the name of every Sikh woman – brought in to eradicate the [[caste system in India]] – and I thought, wouldn't it be empowering if a young Kaur saw her name in a book store?".<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last1=Burgum|first1=Becky|last2=George|first2=Amika|date=28 May 2019|title=Rupi Kaur And Amika George: Two Teen Icons Taking On The World|url=https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a27507537/rupi-kaur-and-amika-george-two-teen-icons-taking-on-the-world/|url-status=live|access-date=18 June 2021|website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a27507537/rupi-kaur-and-amika-george-two-teen-icons-taking-on-the-world/}}</ref>{{efn|Kaur has described the name Singh as "the overarching last name" for her family.<ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/wednesday-dec-2-2020-rupi-kaur-meichi-ng-and-more-1.5823357/rupi-kaur-on-home-body-depression-and-the-viral-photo-that-changed-her-life-1.5823361|title=Rupi Kaur on Home Body, depression and the viral photo that changed her life|website=[[Q (radio show)|Q]]|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|host=[[Tom Power]]|date=December 2, 2020|time=15:40 - 15:50|access-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>}} From 2013 onward, she began sharing her work without a pseudonym on [[Tumblr]] before moving to [[Instagram]] in 2014 where she started adding simple illustrations.<ref name=":1" /> Around this time, she began to garner a cult following and, at times, had 600 attendees at her shows, her career, thus far, having been subject to "[almost] [[word of mouth]]".<ref name=":37">{{Cite web|last=Szkutak|first=Rebecca|date=10 October 2017|title=How Rupi Kaur used Instagram to transform poetry|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/how-rupi-kaur-used-instagram-to-transform-poetry|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150133/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/how-rupi-kaur-used-instagram-to-transform-poetry}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite web|last=Arora|first=Kim|date=27 January 2018|title=There is resistance to Insta-poetry only because it is new: Rupi Kaur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/there-is-resistance-to-insta-poetry-only-because-it-is-new-rupi-kaur/articleshow/62669403.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805175519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/there-is-resistance-to-insta-poetry-only-because-it-is-new-rupi-kaur/articleshow/62669403.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asmelash|first=Leah|date=October 18, 2021|title=Poetry is experiencing a new golden age, with young writers of color taking the lead|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/poetry-popularity-rising-gorman-kaur-vuong-cec/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011184918/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/poetry-popularity-rising-gorman-kaur-vuong-cec/index.html}}</ref> Her first poem posted on Instagram regarded a wife coping with her husband's alcoholism; she described the experience as cathartic.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web|last=Vaz|first=Wyanet|date=3 August 2017|title=Instagram Poets Who Took Our Hearts By Storm: Rupi Kaur|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/instagram-poets-who-took-our-hearts-by-storm-rupi-kaur|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150144/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/instagram-poets-who-took-our-hearts-by-storm-rupi-kaur}}</ref>

=== ''Milk and Honey'' (2014–2016) ===
At first submitted her poetry to literary [[Anthology|anthologies]], magazines and journals, to little success.<ref name=":36" /> Kaur's first book, ''[[Milk and Honey (poetry collection)|Milk and Honey]]'', was self-published on [[CreateSpace|Createspace]] on 4 November 2014, after she began work at age 18.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name="NYT2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/books/review/rupi-kaur-instapoets.html|title=Why Rupi Kaur and Her Peers Are the Most Popular Poets in the World|last=Wilson|first=Carl|date=15 December 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214502/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/books/review/rupi-kaur-instapoets.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She created the poems in ''Milk and Honey'' "entirely for [herself], with zero concept of book in mind", and sold more than 10,000 copies.<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":39">{{Cite web|last=Kirch|first=Claire|date=6 December 2016|title=PW Notables of the Year: Rupi Kaur|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/people/article/72332-pw-notables-of-the-year-rupi-kaur.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150136/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/people/article/72332-pw-notables-of-the-year-rupi-kaur.html}}</ref> Kaur recalled that she was hesitant to submit to magazines or journals because it "felt like I was taking apart [''Milk and Honey''] and throwing things at different walls, hoping they would stick. I feel like it only made sense when it was [collected] because this is a body of work".<ref name=":47" />[[File:Rupi Kaur reading from her book milk and honey in Vancouver - 2017.jpg|thumb|Kaur reading an excerpt from ''Milk and Honey'']]

In March 2015, as a part of her university photography project, Kaur – intending to challenge prevalent societal [[menstrual taboos]] and the [[objectification of women]] – posted a series of photographs to Instagram depicting herself with menstrual blood stains on her clothing and bed sheets.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Faust|first=Gretchen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xxrxw.14|title=Digital Environments: Ethnographic Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces|publisher=Transcript Verlag|year=2017|pages=159–170|jstor=j.ctv1xxrxw.14|isbn=9783837634976|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610091316/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xxrxw.14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Nabina|date=2015|title=Blood, Period: In many countries, especially in India, menstruation is a subject of taboo and stigma, which feeds the ego and pride of a misogynist society that objectifies and sexualises women|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482075|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=50|issue=16|pages=95–96|jstor=24482075|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610172229/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482075|url-status=live}}</ref> Internet trolls harassed Kaur over the photos, which were twice removed for not complying with the site's [[terms of service]]; Kaur claimed that she was not notified beforehand or given a reason and criticised their censorship as misogynistic and reaffirming what she sought to condemn – deeming the act an "attack on my humanity".<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Gaybor|first=Jacqueline|date=11 November 2020|title=Everyday (online) body politics of menstruation|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1847157|journal=[[Feminist Media Studies]]|volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=898–913|doi=10.1080/14680777.2020.1847157|s2cid=228869373|issn=1468-0777|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095753/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2020.1847157|url-status=live}}</ref> Instagram apologized and brought back the images, citing a mistaken removal.<ref name=":12" />

Her response went viral, credited with bringing Kaur more followers and leading to the subsequent rise in popularity of her poetry.<ref name=":15" /> She later regretted writing her response, finding widespread disdain affected her mental health, experiencing anxiety that "sort of set in and never really left" and suicidal thoughts for a period of time.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Power|first=Tom|date=2 December 2020|title=Rupi Kaur on Home Body, depression and the viral photo that changed her life|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/wednesday-dec-2-2020-rupi-kaur-meichi-ng-and-more-1.5823357/rupi-kaur-on-home-body-depression-and-the-viral-photo-that-changed-her-life-1.5823361|url-status=live|website=[[CBC Radio]]|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602092311/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/wednesday-dec-2-2020-rupi-kaur-meichi-ng-and-more-1.5823357/rupi-kaur-on-home-body-depression-and-the-viral-photo-that-changed-her-life-1.5823361}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite web|last=Mathers|first=Joanna|date=December 21, 2020|title=Rupi Kaur: Meet Poetry's Defiant Darling|url=https://www.viva.co.nz/article/culture-travel/rupi-kaur-interview/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-23|website=[[The New Zealand Herald|Viva]]|language=en-US|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508131342/https://www.viva.co.nz/article/culture-travel/rupi-kaur-interview/}}</ref> That same year, she wrote 10 chapters of a yet unpublished novel.<ref name=":15" />

As Kaur rose to prominence on social media, ''Milk and Honey'' was re-released by [[Andrews McMeel Publishing]], which saw her work alongside an editor for the first time.<ref name=":5" /> It became a "blockbuster" success and, as of 2017, has sold 2.5 million copies worldwide and translated into 25 languages – the same year, it was the best-selling book in Canada.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Mezezwa|first=Tariro|date=5 October 2017|title=Rupi Kaur Is Kicking Down the Doors of Publishing|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/fashion/rupi-kaur-poetry-the-sun-and-her-flowers.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613005511/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/fashion/rupi-kaur-poetry-the-sun-and-her-flowers.html|archive-date=13 June 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web|title=Here are the bestselling books in Canada of 2017|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/here-are-the-bestselling-books-in-canada-of-2017-1.4465232|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144737/https://www.cbc.ca/books/here-are-the-bestselling-books-in-canada-of-2017-1.4465232|archive-date=3 August 2020|access-date=2 October 2020|website=[[CBC Books]]}}</ref> During a poetry reading in 2015, Kaur, upon seeing a line of her fans that extended four street blocks, fully realised the extent of her audience and grew more confident in her poetry as a result.<ref name=":36" /> She performed a [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] the next year.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-10-04|title=Rupi Kaur weaves a powerful narrative on human trauma and healing|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-positive/rupi-kaur-weaves-a-powerful-narrative-on-human-trauma-and-healing-6051244/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720190924/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-positive/rupi-kaur-weaves-a-powerful-narrative-on-human-trauma-and-healing-6051244/}}</ref> Kirsty Melville, publisher and president of AMP, credits the book's success with Kaur's connection to her readers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gross|first=Anisse|date=26 August 2016|title=How To Sell Nearly a Half-Million Copies of a Poetry Book|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/71353-how-to-sell-nearly-a-half-million-copies-of-a-poetry-book.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150134/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/71353-how-to-sell-nearly-a-half-million-copies-of-a-poetry-book.html}}</ref>

At age 22, she employed seven people to aid her, as a part of a [[company]] she founded.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|last=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=14 March 2019|title=Instagram Sensation Rupi Kaur Gets Candid About Trolls, Acne, And How To Make It As A Writer|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/instagram-poet-rupi-kaur-interview-2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2021|website=[[British Vogue]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/instagram-poet-rupi-kaur-interview-2019}}</ref> While writing, her team often manages her social media.<ref name=":38" /> She would later describe the success of ''Milk and Honey'' as surreal, noting a deeply sentimental and inspiring attachment.<ref name=":61" />

=== ''The Sun and Her Flowers'' (2017–2019) ===
{{Quote box
| align = right
| quoted = true
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| salign = right
| quote = <poem>
they convinced me
i only had a few good years left
before i was replaced by a girl younger than me
as though men yield power with age
but women grow into irrelevance
they can keep their lies
for i have just gotten started
i feel as though i just left the womb
my twenties are the warm-up
for what i'm really about to do
wait till you see me in my thirties
now that will be a proper introduction
to the nasty, wild, woman in me,
how can i leave before the party's started
rehearsals begin at forty
i ripen with age
i do not come with an expiration date
and now
for the main event
curtains up at fifty
let's begin the show</poem>
| source = ''Timeless''
}}
Following a three-month writing trip in California, and in the same year as her induction into the [[Brampton Arts Walk of Fame]], Kaur's second book, ''[[The Sun and Her Flowers]]'', was published, on 3 October 2017.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":40" /><ref name=":55">{{Cite news|last=Isen|first=Tajja|date=April 27, 2018|title=Poet Rupi Kaur comes full circle with Brampton performance|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books/article-poet-rupi-kaur-comes-full-circle-with-brampton-performance/|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731223122/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books/article-poet-rupi-kaur-comes-full-circle-with-brampton-performance/|url-status=live}}</ref> She views it as a "one long continuous poem that goes on for 250 pages", "which while birthed in Instagram, is a concept that depends on being bound".<ref name=":31" /> As of 2020, the book has sold upwards of a million copies and has been translated into multiple languages.<ref name=":18" /> In 2018, she made nearly $1.4 million from poetry sales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Donna|date=26 January 2019|title='Keats is dead...': How young women are changing the rules of poetry|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/26/new-generation-young-women-poets|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/26/new-generation-young-women-poets}}</ref> That same year, she performed at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival|Jaipur Literary Festival]]: "It was as if I had waited my whole life for this moment. It was my only show, where I wasn't nervous. The crowd was energetic."<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Bali|first=Etti|date=17 February 2018|title=What Rupi Kaur heard while growing up: 'Can't you just fit in? Eww, you are so Indian!'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/what-rupi-kaur-heard-while-growing-up-can-t-you-just-fit-in-eww-you-are-so-indian/story-gzsR9T5cAjySCYaszUeBlK.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 June 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/what-rupi-kaur-heard-while-growing-up-can-t-you-just-fit-in-eww-you-are-so-indian/story-gzsR9T5cAjySCYaszUeBlK.html}}</ref>

While touring the world, she experienced feelings of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Sonam|date=13 December 2020|title=Everyone said the literary world would laugh at me but I didn't care: Rupi Kaur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/everyone-said-the-literary-world-would-laugh-at-me-but-i-didnt-care-rupi-kaur/articleshow/79698748.cms|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218034558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/everyone-said-the-literary-world-would-laugh-at-me-but-i-didnt-care-rupi-kaur/articleshow/79698748.cms}}</ref> The process of creating ''The Sun and Her Flowers'' and trying to replicate her success affected her mental health, reporting "furious 12-hour [writing] stretches" and 72-hour migraines.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":56">{{Cite news|last=Medley|first=Mark|date=October 6, 2017|title=Rupi Kaur: The superpoet of Instagram|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/rupi-kaur-the-superpoet-of-instagram/article36516870/|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731223124/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/rupi-kaur-the-superpoet-of-instagram/article36516870/|url-status=live}}</ref> She experienced months of [[writer's block]] and frustration at her work, ultimately calling its creation the "greatest challenge of my life".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Shelagh|date=9 October 2017|title=How Rupi Kaur pushed through writer's block to create her second collection of poems|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thenextchapter/full-episode-july-07-2018-1.4342103/how-rupi-kaur-pushed-through-writer-s-block-to-create-her-second-collection-of-poems-1.4342161|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[CBC Radio]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thenextchapter/full-episode-july-07-2018-1.4342103/how-rupi-kaur-pushed-through-writer-s-block-to-create-her-second-collection-of-poems-1.4342161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=22:30-22:40}}</ref> Following its release, she dealt with feelings of burnout – writing the poem "''Timeless''" in response.<ref name=":23" /> These feelings began to subside as she viewed them as transient – aided by [[Elizabeth Gilbert]]'s ''Big Magic,'' which she said "saved my life".''<ref name=":23" />'' By early 2019, she entered therapy to ease her depression and anxiety.<ref name=":18" />

That year, she was commissioned by [[Penguin Classics]] to write an introduction for a new edition of [[Kahlil Gibran]]'s ''[[The Prophet (book)|The Prophet]]'', in anticipation of that book entering the [[public domain in the United States]] and performed at the [[London Book Fair]].<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=29 December 2018|title=New Life for Old Classics, as Their Copyrights Run Out|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/29/books/copyright-extension-literature-public-domain.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009114831/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/29/books/copyright-extension-literature-public-domain.html/|archive-date=9 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Albanese|first=Andrew|date=15 March 2019|title=London Book Fair 2019: Heard Any Good Poems Lately?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/london-book-fair/article/79577-london-book-fair-2019-heard-any-good-poems-lately.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150133/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/london-book-fair/article/79577-london-book-fair-2019-heard-any-good-poems-lately.html}}</ref> Kaur considers Gibran an influence and has dubbed ''The Prophet'' her "life bible".<ref name="Verve" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=October 10, 2017|title=Rupi Kaur and Shelagh Rogers share some of their favourite books of poetry|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/rupi-kaur-and-shelagh-rogers-share-some-of-their-favourite-books-of-poetry-1.4343960|url-status=live|access-date=August 2, 2021|website=[[CBC Books]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150133/https://www.cbc.ca/books/rupi-kaur-and-shelagh-rogers-share-some-of-their-favourite-books-of-poetry-1.4343960}}</ref>

=== ''Home Body'' (2020–present) ===
Kaur released her third poetry collection, ''Home Body'', on 17 November 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=14 September 2020|title=Rupi Kaur to publish new poetry collection, home body, in Nov. 2020|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/rupi-kaur-to-publish-new-poetry-collection-home-body-in-nov-2020-1.5723374|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921202338/https://www.cbc.ca/books/rupi-kaur-to-publish-new-poetry-collection-home-body-in-nov-2020-1.5723374|archive-date=21 September 2020|access-date=2 October 2020|website=[[CBC Books]]}}</ref> The collection features illustrations from Kaur and became one of the best-selling books of 2020.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Isaac|first=Paulina Jayne|date=11 December 2020|title=Here Are the Best-Selling Books of 2020|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/g34909971/best-selling-books-2020/|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2021|website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/g34909971/best-selling-books-2020/}}</ref> Kaur state that she sought to feel less pressure for commercial profit while writing the collection. She reached out to fellow authors for guidance because she had [[Impostor syndrome|imposter syndrome]] due to ''Milk and Honey''<nowiki/>'s success.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> She began work on the collection in 2018, during a time of depression, and concluded the process amidst a period of introspection, a by-product of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":61" /><ref name=":54" />

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kaur moved back in to her parents' house in Brampton and began teaching workshops on [[Instagram Live]], due to feelings of loneliness and fear and a desire to connect with her audience.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|title=When COVID-19 hit, bestselling poet Rupi Kaur had writer's block — so she started teaching on Instagram|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-april-30-2020-rupi-kaur-jeff-barnaby-and-more-1.5549282/when-covid-19-hit-bestselling-poet-rupi-kaur-had-writer-s-block-so-she-started-teaching-on-instagram-1.5549292|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718010523/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-april-30-2020-rupi-kaur-jeff-barnaby-and-more-1.5549282/when-covid-19-hit-bestselling-poet-rupi-kaur-had-writer-s-block-so-she-started-teaching-on-instagram-1.5549292|archive-date=18 July 2020|access-date=19 July 2020|website=[[CBC Radio]]}}</ref> To her students, she emphasizes a natural and therapeutic approach to writing.<ref name=":29" />

Kaur self-released a poetry special, ''Rupi Kaur Live'', consisting of poetry readings and anecdotes accompanied by visuals and music, in April 2021, after it was turned down by streaming services – Kaur acknowledged that it was an atypical prospect.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|title=Rupi Kaur Self-Releases Poetry Special After Being Turned Down By Streaming Services: 'A Journey'|url=https://people.com/books/poet-rupi-kaur-self-releases-poetry-special-after-being-turned-down-by-streaming-services/|access-date=9 June 2021|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609233445/https://people.com/books/poet-rupi-kaur-self-releases-poetry-special-after-being-turned-down-by-streaming-services/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2021|title=Bestselling poet Rupi Kaur releasing on-demand poetry performance film on April 30|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/bestselling-poet-rupi-kaur-releasing-on-demand-poetry-performance-film-on-april-30-1.5985282|url-status=live|website=[[CBC Books]]|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150136/https://www.cbc.ca/books/bestselling-poet-rupi-kaur-releasing-on-demand-poetry-performance-film-on-april-30-1.5985282}}</ref><ref name=":58" /> By August that year it had been released on Amazon Prime in a limited capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zorrilla|first=Mónica Marie|date=2021-08-18|title=Poet Rupi Kaur Gets One-Hour Special on Amazon Prime Video|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/rupi-kaur-special-amazon-prime-1235043647/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030223744/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/rupi-kaur-special-amazon-prime-1235043647/}}</ref> Explaining the impetus, Kaur recalled her separation of performance and prose, attempting to hide the former, and how her eventual marriage of the two styles "in maybe 2016" allowed the show to occur.<ref name=":28" /> In 2021, she performed as a part of a tribute to [[Jack Layton]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-07-18|title=Star-studded event to mark 10th anniversary of Jack Layton's death|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/star-studded-event-to-mark-10th-anniversary-of-jack-layton-s-death-1.5514307|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[CTV News]]|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731211449/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/star-studded-event-to-mark-10th-anniversary-of-jack-layton-s-death-1.5514307}}</ref>

== Artistry and influences ==
Since [[Gurmukhi script]] has no concept of separate lower and upper case, her work is written exclusively in lowercase,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=VanderBeek|first=Conner Singh|date=2 April 2020|title=To be a child of diaspora: The irreconcilable outsider in Sikh discourse|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2018.1545192|journal=Sikh Formations|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=187–199|doi=10.1080/17448727.2018.1545192|s2cid=149490129|issn=1744-8727|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095659/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2018.1545192|url-status=live}}</ref> using only the period as a form of punctuation; Kaur writes this way to honour the [[Punjabi language]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Norah|date=26 February 2018|title=Rupi Kaur on the simplicity of her poetry and the rise of "Instapoets"|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rupi-kaur-on-instapoets-the-sun-and-her-flowers/|url-status=live|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rupi-kaur-on-instapoets-the-sun-and-her-flowers/}}</ref> She said that she enjoys the equality of letters and that the style reflects her worldview.<ref name=":1" /> The experience of learning English upon moving to Canada and studying poetry has influenced her writing style, subsequently tailoring her work to be accessible, particularly by readers learning English.<ref name=":15" /><ref name="NYT2" /> Kaur has emphasized her poetry's relation to South Asian culture – to the point that she's wary of Western readers fully understanding it.<ref name=":44" />

Her poems often conclude with either a final italicized line that either identify its audience or articulate its theme or her name.<ref name=":5" /> In her article for ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', [[Tajja Isen]] described this as Kaur's "trademark move" and likened it to the use of a [[hashtag]].<ref name=":55" /> Kaur's style ranges from [[Aphorism|aphoristic]], inspirational and confessional, although her poems aren't "100 percent autobiographical" – the fictional elements being often opaque in regards to their authenticity.<ref name=":32" /><ref name="NYT2" /><ref name=":59">{{Cite journal|last=Ty|first=Eleanor|date=2018|title=Teaching Literatures in the Age of Digital Media|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/698432|journal=[[Canadian Review of Comparative Literature]]|volume=45|issue=2|pages=213–221|doi=10.1353/crc.2018.0020|s2cid=150162170|issn=1913-9659}}</ref> Kaur's childhood: her fickle temperament, her Sikh identity and her dad's activism – which included Kaur partaking in protests as a child – affected her poems.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":64" />

[[File:Rose complete.jpg|thumb|The [[Rose Theatre Brampton|Rose Theatre]], where Kaur regularly performs her poetry<ref name=":32" /> ]]
The writing process begins with her starting on paper and then transferring the "most promising" material to an extended Microsoft Word document.<ref name=":23" /> Oftentimes after this process culminates, she attaches a compelling image along with her poems to complement the verses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-09|title=5 Reasons Rupi Kaur Is the Poet of Our Times|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/5-reasons-rupi-kaur-poet-times/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=B&N Reads|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225033843/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/5-reasons-rupi-kaur-poet-times/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lastly, it concludes after she has narrowed the poem to its main elements and she has received affirmation from her sister.<ref name=":45" /> Her printed poems are often excerpts from longer spoken-word work, publishing "the part that really made my stomach turn".<ref name=":64" /> Due to treating writing as a "form of healing", she doesn't consider the audience, solely valuing her response and engagement.<ref name=":60" /> Across all her projects, she maintains "full creative control", contributing towards aspects such as the cover and minutiae of her books.<ref name=":28" /> Kaur has said that she approaches her poetry like running a business and writes "to perform it", seeing the stage as where her ambitions are fully achieved.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web|last=Harumi|first=Luana|date=30 April 2021|title=Rupi Kaur Wants To Give You Hope|url=https://vmagazine.com/article/rupi-kaur-wants-to-give-you-hope/|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[V (American magazine)|V]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://vmagazine.com/article/rupi-kaur-wants-to-give-you-hope/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hill|first1=Faith|last2=Yuan|first2=Karen|date=15 October 2018|title=How Instagram Saved Poetry|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/10/rupi-kaur-instagram-poet-entrepreneur/572746/|url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2021|website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/10/rupi-kaur-instagram-poet-entrepreneur/572746/}}</ref> Within the context of performance, her use of line breaks and periods represent where she would pause and where a new idea would be introduced, respectively.<ref name="Verve" />

Her written poetry focus upon design, whereas her performances centre on rhyme, narrative and delivery.<ref name=":38" /> She performs in a sing-song manner, at times alongside audience members, Kaur making use of original music scores and ornate projections.<ref name="Verve">{{Cite web|last=Shaikh|first=Sadaf|date=23 April 2018|title=The Time Of Rupi Kaur In The Era Of A Vexed Generation|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/the-time-of-rupi-kaur-in-the-era-of-a-vexed-generation|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/the-time-of-rupi-kaur-in-the-era-of-a-vexed-generation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bozorg|first=Shadi|date=December 2, 2021|title=Rupi Kaur Promises to Take Audiences on a 'Deeper Journey' on Her World Tour|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/rupi-kaur-world-tour-announcement|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224000125/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/rupi-kaur-world-tour-announcement}}</ref> [[Carol Muske-Dukes]] highlighted that, in being a "performative poet", Kaur continues a tradition of "the page enact[ing] [the performance] in the mind".<ref name=":31" /> [[Elisa New]] spotlighted Kaur's proximity and similarities with spoken-word and hip-hop artists.<ref name=":44" />[[File:Rupi_Kaur,_Line_Drawing.jpeg|thumb|An example of Kaur's imagery which uses the central conceit of self-harm]]
Sparse line drawings accompany her poems.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":51">{{Cite news|author=|date=2017-11-01|title=Rupi Kaur reinvents poetry for the social-media generation|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/11/01/rupi-kaur-reinvents-poetry-for-the-social-media-generation|access-date=2021-07-22|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722141214/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/11/01/rupi-kaur-reinvents-poetry-for-the-social-media-generation|url-status=live}}</ref> They have been compared to [[outsider art]]; her drawings and poetry have seen allusions to childhood artistry.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Alam|first=Rumaan|date=23 December 2019|title=Rupi Kaur Is the Writer of the Decade|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/155930/rupi-kaur-writer-decade|url-status=live|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229065911/https://newrepublic.com/article/155930/rupi-kaur-writer-decade|archive-date=29 February 2020|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name=":62" /> The [[National Poetry Library]] noted that the art in ''Milk and Honey'', functions like a [[graphic novel]].<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|author=|title=New to Eloans: Tracy K. Smith and Rupi Kaur|url=https://www.nationalpoetrylibrary.org.uk/news-stories/new-eloans-tracy-k-smith-and-rupi-kaur|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[National Poetry Library]]|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719132128/https://www.nationalpoetrylibrary.org.uk/news-stories/new-eloans-tracy-k-smith-and-rupi-kaur}}</ref> The style of drawing continues in ''The Sun and Her Flowers.''<ref name=":50" /> Her illustrations, juxtaposed with the poems, are "striking" and "often disturbing", with one, for example, linking self-harm with despair.<ref name=":51" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dean|first=Michelle|date=26 February 2016|title=Instagram poets society: selfie age breeds life into verse and has a new following|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/26/instagram-poets-society-social-media-phenomenon|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231131800/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/26/instagram-poets-society-social-media-phenomenon}}</ref> Images that appear in her work include twisting bodies, crawling flowers, and fingers forming the shapes of hearts. Kaur explained that her style is intended to be recognisable and evoke a brand, akin to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s.<ref name=":51" /> She creates them following their respective poem being written.<ref name=":54" /> Since its inception, Kaur's public image has been denoted as authentic and individual; spiritual and boldly feminist.<ref name=":66">{{Cite journal|last=Pâquet|first=Lili|date=2019|title=Selfie‐Help: The Multimodal Appeal of Instagram Poetry|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpcu.12780|journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]]|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=296–314|doi=10.1111/jpcu.12780|s2cid=167066039|issn=0022-3840|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227114933/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpcu.12780|url-status=live}}</ref>

Alongside her peers – [[Nayyirah Waheed]], [[Lang Leav]], [[Warsan Shire]] – and other "[[Instapoetry|Instapoets]]", Kaur's plainspoken and free verse poetry is delivered in a "bite-size" manner – some poems only composing of one line.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Giovanni|first=Chiara|date=4 August 2017|title=The Problem With Rupi Kaur's Poetry|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/chiaragiovanni/the-problem-with-rupi-kaurs-poetry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108051743/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/chiaragiovanni/the-problem-with-rupi-kaurs-poetry|archive-date=8 January 2020|access-date=31 March 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|language=en}}</ref> With ''The Sun and Her Flowers'', her poems expanded their length.<ref name="Verve" /> "[W]ith its epigrammatic brevity, plain language, and empowering messages", Kaur's poetry has been said to be emblematic of the common "Instapoet" style.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Millner|first=Maggie|date=2018-06-13|title=Instapoets Prove Powerful in Print|url=https://www.pw.org/content/instapoets_prove_powerful_in_print|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-25|website=[[Poets & Writers]]|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225201424/https://www.pw.org/content/instapoets_prove_powerful_in_print}}</ref> Kaur, who dislikes the term "Instapoet", has also been said to belong to a "new generation of migrant writers, a generation who 'sits-in, tweets, posts and broadcasts'".<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Ahsan|first=Sadaf|date=2 January 2020|title=Rupi Kaur may not be MY 'writer of the decade,' but that doesn't mean she isn't THE 'writer of the decade'|language=en-CA|website=[[National Post]]|url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/rupi-kaur-may-not-be-my-writer-of-the-decade-but-that-doesnt-mean-she-isnt-the-writer-of-the-decade|url-status=live|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095655/https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/rupi-kaur-may-not-be-my-writer-of-the-decade-but-that-doesnt-mean-she-isnt-the-writer-of-the-decade|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Ashleigh|date=3 July 2018|title=Introduction: African Street Literatures and the Global Publishing Go-Slow|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173|journal=English Studies in Africa|volume=61|issue=2|pages=1–8|doi=10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173|issn=0013-8398|s2cid=165665676}}</ref> She has been said to be possibly the "representative of an entire generation's values and ethos".<ref name=":24" /> She differs from her peers in her focus upon self-care and depiction of pain as intertwined with triumph.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web|last=Groen|first=Danielle|date=November 11, 2016|title=How Rupi Kaur Became the Voice of Her Generation|url=https://www.flare.com/tv-movies/rupi-kaur-milk-and-honey-the-voice-of-her-generation/|url-status=dead|access-date=December 26, 2021|website=[[Flare (magazine)|Flare]]|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118161859/https://www.flare.com/tv-movies/rupi-kaur-milk-and-honey-the-voice-of-her-generation/}}</ref> Kaur has said that she writes for "the generation that's reading my work...I am writing something that is believable to that generation".<ref name=":51" />

[[Tina Daheley]] and ''[[The New York Times]]''<nowiki/>' Gregory Cowles recognized a candid and lyrical nature in Kaur's poetry with Cowles saying that her "artless vulnerability [is] like a cross between [[Charles Bukowski]] and [[Cat Power]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cowles|first=Gregory|date=17 June 2016|title=Inside the List|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/books/review/inside-the-list.html|access-date=20 June 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150138/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/books/review/inside-the-list.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3cswp5z|title=Rupi Kaur: Rewriting the Migration Narrative|website=The Cultural Frontline|publisher=[[BBC]]|host=[[Tina Daheley]]|date=June 2, 2018|time=1:36-1:38|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> Due to her usage of dry, open-ended, and colloquial language, Kaur has been said to break from and reject traditional standards and features of poetry which are held in importance.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|last=French|first=Agatha|date=12 October 2017|title=Instapoet Rupi Kaur may be controversial, but fans and book sales are on her side|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-jc-rupi-kaur-20171012-htmlstory.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-jc-rupi-kaur-20171012-htmlstory.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Castillo|first=Rafael|date=2020-01-16|title=2020 will be the year of the independent author|url=https://www.expressnews.com/opinion/commentary/article/Commentary-2020-will-be-the-year-of-the-14981850.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719133509/https://www.expressnews.com/opinion/commentary/article/Commentary-2020-will-be-the-year-of-the-14981850.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Euse|first=Erica|date=2017-11-07|title=the cult of rupi kaur|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/evb5ja/the-cult-of-rupi-kaur|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=[[i-D]]|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720115604/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/evb5ja/the-cult-of-rupi-kaur}}</ref> [[Matthew Zapruder]], Becky Robertson of ''[[Quill & Quire]]'' and Kaur identified a universal quality in her work.<ref name=":31" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Becky|date=15 December 2016|title=Q&Q staff share their holiday-gift picks|url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/qq-staff-share-their-holiday-gift-picks/|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Quill & Quire]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150135/https://quillandquire.com/omni/qq-staff-share-their-holiday-gift-picks/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=21:10-21:13}}</ref> Literature scholar Alyson Miller wrote that Kaur makes use of "gendered yet ostensibly universal themes relating to sexism, trauma, friendship, and violence".<ref name=":65">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Alyson|date=2019|title='Poetry's Beyoncé': On Rupi Kaur and the commodifying effects of instapoetics|url=https://www.axonjournal.com.au/issues/9-1/poetrys-beyonc%C3%A9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|journal=Axon: Creative Explorations|volume=9|issue=1|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227101736/https://www.axonjournal.com.au/issues/9-1/poetrys-beyonc%C3%A9}}</ref>

Following ''Milk and Honey'', she became more selective in regards to publishing her poetry online, having extensively showcased her work online unless embarrassed by the content.<ref name=":20" /> "Over the years, I've distanced myself from it...When the numbers started to grow, I started to overthink things. I felt more pressure to be correct and perfect all the time".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Popa|first=Maya C.|date=29 March 2019|title=What Happens When Verse Goes Viral?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/79678-what-happens-when-verse-goes-viral.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/79678-what-happens-when-verse-goes-viral.html}}</ref> Focusing upon "design, marketing, creative writing and branding", Kaur's Instagram account, with 3.5 million followers, fluctuates between photographs of Kaur and her poetry, with South Asian people and iconography as a prominent focus.<ref name=":59" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite web|last=Leszkiewicz|first=Anna|date=6 March 2019|title=Why are we so worried about "Instapoetry"?|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2019/03/instapoetry-rupi-kaur-genre-rm-drake-rh-sin-atticus-hollie-mcnish|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095654/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2019/03/instapoetry-rupi-kaur-genre-rm-drake-rh-sin-atticus-hollie-mcnish|archive-date=15 June 2021|access-date=14 September 2019|website=[[New Statesman]]|language=en}}</ref> Using ''The Sun and Her Flowers'' as a base, her poetry special had an "ethereal nature-driven aesthetic", featuring large yellow flower petals around the stage and projected.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|last=Dundas|first=Deborah|title=With an essential worker father and Brampton beset by COVID-19, poet Rupi Kaur celebrates the immigrant working class|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2021/04/28/with-an-essential-worker-father-and-brampton-beset-by-covid-19-poet-rupi-kaur-wants-to-celebrate-the-immigrant-working-class.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-22|website=[[Toronto Star]]|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722160036/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2021/04/28/with-an-essential-worker-father-and-brampton-beset-by-covid-19-poet-rupi-kaur-wants-to-celebrate-the-immigrant-working-class.html}}</ref> She refined her aesthetic into a more stylised manner following the release of ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=8 February 2018|title=Beyonce changed my life: Rupi Kaur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/beyonce-changed-my-life-rupi-kaur/articleshow/62834261.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/beyonce-changed-my-life-rupi-kaur/articleshow/62834261.cms}}</ref> Kaur has described Beyoncé as an influence, as well as Sharon Olds, Marina Abramović, Adele, Kahlil Gibran, Nizzar Qabbani, Amrita Sher-Gil and Frida Kahlo.<ref name=":33" /> Furthermore, Kaur takes inspiration from herself, her friends and her mother.<ref name=":3" />

=== Themes and motifs ===
{{Quote box |align=right |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=right
|quote =<poem>
our work should equip
the next generation of women
to outdo us in every field
this is the legacy we'll leave.</poem>
| source= ''Progress'', an example of Kaur's feminist writing.<ref name=":8" />}}Kaur' poetry explores a small selection of themes alongside issues faced by Indian women and immigrants, female trauma and the "[[South Asia]]n experience".<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Imran|first=Muhammad|date=2018|title=The Sun and Her Flowers: Rupi Kaur. Kansas: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2017, 248 pages.|url=http://www.e-asianwomen.org/xml/17759/17759.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Asian Women (journal)|Asian Women]]|volume=34|issue=4|pages=121–124|doi=10.14431/aw.2018.12.34.4.121|s2cid=149459094|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610194421/http://www.e-asianwomen.org/xml/17759/17759.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2021|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Her mother is a subject she treats with reverence in her work and pays tribute to her parents in her poem ''Broken English'' – Kaur credits her mother, due to significant sacrifices made in Kaur's childhood, with her career as a poet.<ref name=":48">{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3cswp5z|title=Rupi Kaur: Rewriting the Migration Narrative|website=The Cultural Frontline|publisher=[[BBC]]|host=[[Tina Daheley]]|date=June 2, 2018|time=2:40-2:50|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":52" /> [[Eleanor Ty]] wrote that Kaur, by means of her poetry, "reveals a sophisticated understanding of the psychological complexities of family dynamics".<ref name=":59" /> Although examined differently, her written and performed poetry share the same themes.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web|last=Keswani|first=Sumeet|date=5 June 2016|title=Men must read feminist poetry to know what we go through: Rupi Kaur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sumeet-keswani-blog/men-must-read-feminist-poetry-to-know-what-we-go-through-rupi-kaur/|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218175849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sumeet-keswani-blog/men-must-read-feminist-poetry-to-know-what-we-go-through-rupi-kaur/}}</ref>

Domestic and sexual violence were a particular focus of her initial work and rape related trauma became more explicit after ''Milk and Honey''.<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noel-Tod|first=Jeremy|date=15 October 2017|title=Book review: The Sun and Her Flowers by Rupi Kaur|language=en|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sun-her-flowers-rupi-kaur-review-wxrlzcksf|access-date=2 July 2021|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150139/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sun-her-flowers-rupi-kaur-review-wxrlzcksf|url-status=live}}</ref> She explored violence and trauma heavily in her early work because "I had this desire to unpack so many deeper emotions and issues that I'd seen affecting me and so many women around me".<ref name=":37" /> Her poem, ''I'm Taking My Body Back'', concerns her surviving a sexual assault.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|last=Majumdar|first=Anushree|date=4 February 2018|title=Rupi Kaur: The attractive, marketable social media icon critics love to rage at and young Instagrammers flock to|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/first-of-her-name-5050266/|url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/first-of-her-name-5050266/}}</ref> Kaur has admitted that writing about these heavy subjects can be both cathartic and troublesome to her mental wellbeing.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=25:00-26:00}}</ref> She writes in the [[Second-person fiction|second person]] in her most solemn depictions of domestic abuse, "as if [she] is attempting to distance herself from her experience of physical abuse".<ref name=":59" />

Common cultural metaphors and motifs such as honey, fruit and water arise in her work.<ref name=":62" /> Many of her poems concern "women as a collective".{{Sfn|Saraswati|2021|p=42}} A sense of mystic [[transcendentalism]] can be found, often intertwined with discourse on 'natural' beauty.<ref name=":65" /> ''Milk and Honey'' has themes of abuse, love, loss and healing.<ref name=":8" /> Love serves as her general primary theme.<ref name=":4" /> Feminism, refugees, immigration and her South Asian identity became more prominent in ''The Sun and Her Flowers,'' alongside musings on body dysmorphia, abuse, rape and self-love.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":56" /><ref name=":13" /> Kaur said of the books that they are "inward" and "outward" journeys, respectively; ''The Sun and Her Flowers'' has more breadth of themes.<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|last=Cerón|first=Ella|date=4 October 2017|title=Rupi Kaur Talks "The Sun and Her Flowers" and How She Handles Social Media's Response to Her Work|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/rupi-kaur-the-sun-and-her-flowers-interview|url-status=live|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[Teen Vogue]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151643/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/rupi-kaur-the-sun-and-her-flowers-interview}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Becky|date=11 December 2017|title=2017 Books of the Year: reviewers' picks {{!}} the sun and her flowers|url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/2017-books-of-the-year-reviewers-picks/|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2021|website=[[Quill and Quire]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://quillandquire.com/omni/2017-books-of-the-year-reviewers-picks/}}</ref> Influenced by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], ''Home Body'' examines themes of [[capitalism]], [[productivity]] and mental health, more than before.<ref name=":17" />

== Reception and impact ==
{{Quote box
| align = right
| quoted = true
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| salign = right
| quote = <poem>
fall in love with your solitude
</poem>
| source = Kaur's most popular poem, from ''Milk and Honey''.<ref name=":26"/>{{efn|Kaur's most popular poems are "usually the unambiguous affirmations".<ref name=":63" />}}
}}
The most popular of the "Instapoets", and dubbed the "[[Oprah Winfrey|Oprah]] of her generation," Chiara Giovanni of [[BuzzFeed News|Buzzfeed News]] noted that Kaur's celebrity – which has led her peer [[Kazim Ali]] to call her perhaps the most famous poet of all time – is "more akin to that of a pop star like [[Ariana Grande|[Ariana] Grande]] than a traditional poet", crediting her accessibility.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Ali|first=Kazim|date=23 October 2017|title=On Instafame & Reading Rupi Kaur by Kazim Ali|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2017/10/on-rupi-kaur|url-status=live|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[Poetry Foundation]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150132/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2017/10/on-rupi-kaur}}</ref><ref name=":41">{{Cite web|last=Pitt|first=Helen|date=1 November 2019|title=Thought poetry was dead? The 'Instapoets' raking it in online would beg to differ|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/thought-poetry-was-dead-the-instapoets-raking-it-in-online-would-beg-to-differ-20191029-p53578.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2021|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102121244/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/thought-poetry-was-dead-the-instapoets-raking-it-in-online-would-beg-to-differ-20191029-p53578.html}}</ref> Agatha French, writing for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', compared reactions to the announcement of ''The Sun and Her Flowers,'' by Kaur's majority young and female fans, to "the [[Beatlemania|fervent devotion of Beatles fans]]" – she's been credited with "spearhead[ing] the merging of poetry and pop culture".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":58">{{Cite web|last=Bozorg|first=Shadi|date=September 2, 2021|title=Rupi Kaur, Instagram's Favourite Poet, Shares Her Truth|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/rupi-kaur-live-interview|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030225543/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/rupi-kaur-live-interview}}</ref> Her live performances routinely have hundreds of attendees, with turnout, at times, as high as 800 people.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last1=Choe|first1=Jaywon|last2=Flock|first2=Elizabeth|date=2 January 2018|title=How poet Rupi Kaur became a hero to millions of young women|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/poet-rupi-kaur-reaches-new-audiences-in-a-new-way|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[PBS]]|language=en-us|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150139/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/poet-rupi-kaur-reaches-new-audiences-in-a-new-way}}</ref><ref name=":39" />

According to Kaur, her success has "democratised poetry and literature in general" – Kaur also credits Instagram with the perceived democratisation of poetry, feeling that her working class and racial background wouldn't allow her to be published otherwise.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Sam|date=2019-03-20|title=The Rise Of The Insta-Poet: 6 Modern Bards You Should Be Following|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/best-poets-on-instagram|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[British Vogue]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719140819/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/best-poets-on-instagram}}</ref> Regarded as a "pioneer" of the "Instapoet" style, [[Erica Wagner]] noted Kaur's influence in what she called the "biggest overall shift [in reading habits] we've seen in the past decade".<ref name=":46" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wagner|first=Erica|date=10 December 2019|title=How reading has changed in the 2010s|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191210-how-reading-has-changed-in-the-2010s|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=[[BBC Culture]]|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719141527/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191210-how-reading-has-changed-in-the-2010s}}</ref> Kaur has instigated greater focus on poetry by booksellers, American adults and young people.<ref name=":40" /><ref name=":43" /><ref name=":21" /> In 2017, a rise of poetry sales in Canada and in the United Kingdom prompted attribution to Kaur.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Rob|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/07/now-its-the-coolest-thing-rise-of-rupi-kaur-helps-boost-poetry-sales|title='Now it's the coolest thing': rise of Rupi Kaur helps boost poetry sales|date=7 October 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 February 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229212010/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/07/now-its-the-coolest-thing-rise-of-rupi-kaur-helps-boost-poetry-sales|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wong|first=Jessica|date=16 December 2018|title=Viral verse: Poets of Instagram inject new life, fresh voices into poetry genre|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/instagram-poets-rupi-atticus-1.4946225|url-status=live|website=[[CBC News]]|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213060229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/instagram-poets-rupi-atticus-1.4946225}}</ref>

Fans have praised her for writing about her personal trauma and elevating diversity in a "overwhelmingly" white literary scene.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> Her poetry has been credited with "inspir[ing] [a] hub of creativity for young black girls"; author Tanya Byrne argued that fellow [[Black and minority ethnic|BAME]] writers should replicate Kaur's self-publishment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Devaney|first=Susan|date=27 November 2020|title=Rupi Kaur's Poetry Inspired This Hub Of Creativity For Young Black Girls|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/black-british-girlhood-ebinehita-iyere|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2021|website=[[British Vogue]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151638/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/black-british-girlhood-ebinehita-iyere}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrne|first=Tanya|date=18 August 2017|title='BAME writers must tell their own stories – and we have to be disruptive'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/18/black-and-minority-ethnic-authors-tanya-byrne|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150139/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/18/black-and-minority-ethnic-authors-tanya-byrne}}</ref> Her style of [[menstrual activism]] has become "more the norm than the exception", with many [[women of color]] generating similar media attention since Kaur.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Copeman|first1=Jacob|title=Hematologies: The Political Life of Blood in India|last2=Banerjee|first2=Dwaipayan|publisher=[[Cornell University|Cornell Scholarship Online]]|year=2019|isbn=9781501745096|pages=116}}</ref> She has inspired various young poets to begin the practice.<ref name=":21" /> "Kaur has become...a voice for the marginalized", wrote Sadaf Ahsan, for ''[[National Post]];'' literature scholar Lili Pâquet saw such a signifier as resulting from the fallout of her menstrual photographs.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news|last=Ahsan|first=Sadaf|date=Oct 14, 2017|title=Free Verse; how Brampton's Rupi Kaur Defies Her Critics Sadaf Ahsan|work=[[National Post]]|id={{ProQuest|1950794453}}}}</ref><ref name=":66" /> Scholars have characterized her as a "[[Decoloniality|decolonial]] feminist poet".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=L. Ayu |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479808342.001.0001/html |title=Pain Generation |date=2021 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0835-9 |pages=40 |language= |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479808342.001.0001 |s2cid=246151924 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913153821/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479808342.001.0001/html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Online reception ===

Her series of menstrual photographs elicited a very mixed reception.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saul|first=Heather|date=31 March 2015|title=Menstruation-themed photo series artist 'censored by Instagram' says images are to demystify taboos around periods|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/menstruation-themed-photo-series-artist-censored-instagram-says-images-are-demystify-taboos-around-periods-10144331.html|url-status=live|website=[[The Independent]]|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610212551/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/menstruation-themed-photo-series-artist-censored-instagram-says-images-are-demystify-taboos-around-periods-10144331.html}}</ref> She received death threats levied towards her, which led to emotional numbness and a subsequent distancing from social media.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/one-plus-one/2017-05-25/one-plus-one:-rupi-kaur/8559760|title=One Plus One: Rupi Kaur|date=May 25, 2017|last=Hutcheon|first=Jane|type=Video|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|series=One Plus One|time=19:00-19:20}}</ref> In retrospect, [[Amika George]], a British activist who campaigns against period poverty in the United Kingdom, credits Kaur's menstrual photographs with being the "catalyst for opening up the conversation about periods".<ref name=":24" /> Allison Jackson of ''[[The World (radio program)|The World]]'', Jane Helpern of ''[[i-D]]'' and, literary scholar Anna Camilleri espoused similar notions in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/these-female-artists-are-challenging-worlds-perception-womens-bodies|last=Jackson|first=Allison|date=2015|title=These female artists are challenging the world's perception of women's bodies|website=[[The World (radio program)|The World]]|publisher=[[Public Radio International]]|access-date=July 20, 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720103402/https://www.pri.org/stories/these-female-artists-are-challenging-worlds-perception-womens-bodies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Helpern|first=Jane|date=2015-07-01|title=10 signs that menstruation is modernizing|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/9kyz5v/10-signs-that-menstruation-is-modernizing|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=[[i-D]]|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720115603/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/9kyz5v/10-signs-that-menstruation-is-modernizing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camilleri|first=Anna|date=2015|title=Sacrilegious Heroics: Biblical and Byronic Archetypes of the Vengeful Feminine|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/603580|journal=The Byron Journal|volume=43|issue=2|pages=109–120|doi=10.3828/bj.2015.16|s2cid=162964769|issn=1757-0263}}</ref> Various feminist artists defended Kaur when her menstrual photographs were taken down.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Poland|first=Bailey|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/48073|title=Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61234-872-8|pages=220|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125705/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/48073|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaur noted an effect on her friends in Punjab, as they had frank discussions with their families regarding periods.<ref name=":24" /> In response to the reception of her photos, Kaur initially said:{{Blockquote
|text=I know that 50-60% of all comments on every site that covered the story were negative, but that didn't affect me much. What upset me was that people I knew first-hand were reacting badly. These were guys from my own community, who I'd been to high school with, and they were trying to tarnish me rather than the art...People always say my work is so great for women, that it is feminist art. But for me, it's men that need to see it the most. Because it's the misogyny that we need to address, rather than the feminism.<ref name=":3"/>}}Kaur later admitted that for many years internet trolls had "left me broken", having previously dismissed such ideas.<ref name=":23" /> To resolve her dismay, she came to the conclusion that "I'm here to speak my truth and connect with readers, and that's it. None of the negative voices matter in the end".<ref name=":23" /> Her work have been the subject of [[Internet meme|memes]] online, usually in the form of parody poems mocking Kaur's writing style, their prominence having been compared to a [[wikt:cottage industry|cottage industry]].<ref name=":34">{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Love To Hate and Meme Insta-Poet Rupi Kaur?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/5dpn8z/instagram-poet-rupi-kaur-memes-hate-fans-author|access-date=9 June 2021|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609233445/https://www.vice.com/en/article/5dpn8z/instagram-poet-rupi-kaur-memes-hate-fans-author|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web|last=Crawford|first=Blair|date=November 17, 2017|title=Rupi Kaur, the 'Poet of Instagram' wows sellout crowd at Museum of History|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/rupi-kaur-the-poet-of-instagram-wows-sellout-crowd-at-museum-of-history|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-23|website=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|language=en-CA|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103224/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/rupi-kaur-the-poet-of-instagram-wows-sellout-crowd-at-museum-of-history}}</ref> Ahsan described Kaur as a "social media commodity", a status from which she prospers.<ref name=":62" /> In 2017, a book parodying Kaur's poetry, entitled ''Milk and Vine'', was released.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kini|first=Aditi Natasha|date=15 November 2017|title=White Mediocrity Has Propelled This Rupi Kaur Parody Book to the Top of the Best-Seller List|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/milk-vines-viral-white-mediocrity|url-status=live|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[Teen Vogue]]|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151641/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/milk-vines-viral-white-mediocrity}}</ref> Kaur considers disdain for the fame her work has garnered to be analogous to the reception of [[contemporary art]], seeing both as disparaged for being "easy".<ref name=":64">{{Cite news|last=Bakshi|first=Asmita|date=October 2, 2017|title=Popstar of poetry: "Insta-poet" Rupi Kaur is at the forefront of a movement embodying short, raw verse, with arbitrary line-breaks and quick, often gut-punch-packing compositions.|work=[[India Today]]|id={{ProQuest|1951480290}}}}</ref>

Waheed and Shire, among Kaur's influences, have accused her of plagiarism.<ref name=":7" /> Claims by Waheed's supporters are based on Kaur and her lack of punctuation and use of honey as a metaphor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2017|title='Instapoet' Rupi Kaur weaves Punjab into her poems|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/instapoet-rupi-kaur-weaves-punjab-into-her-poems/story-XipLyuWsnnYVtKT9RrxdHI.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 June 2021|language=en|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/instapoet-rupi-kaur-weaves-punjab-into-her-poems/story-XipLyuWsnnYVtKT9RrxdHI.html}}</ref> Kaur has denied claims of plagiarism, speculating about the likelihood of similar experiences and that their similar themes and use of honey is a "by-product of our times", comparing contemporary concurrent artistic development to that in the [[Renaissance]] or [[Victorian era|Victorian]] periods – Kaur attributing their namesakes as said development.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":34" />

=== Critical reception ===
Critics have been less laudatory than general audiences. Kaur has become "something of a polarizing figure in the literary, publishing, and media communities", whose "work is often knocked as being lowbrow or trite, or not in the rich tradition of serious poetry".<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|last=Maher|first=John|date=2 February 2018|title=Can Instagram Make Poems Sell Again?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/75976-can-instagram-make-poems-sell-again.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150131/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/75976-can-instagram-make-poems-sell-again.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leeder|first=Karen|date=3 July 2018|title='I am a Double-voiced […] Bird': Identity and Voice in Ulrike Almut Sandig's Poetry|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00787191.2018.1503471|url-status=live|journal=[[Oxford German Studies]]|volume=47|issue=3|pages=329–350|doi=10.1080/00787191.2018.1503471|s2cid=166185107|issn=0078-7191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615095701/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00787191.2018.1503471|archive-date=15 June 2021|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> Her use of contemporary vernacular has drawn ire.<ref name=":57">{{Cite news|last=Bresge|first=Adina|date=2018-06-08|title=Verse goes viral|language=en|work=[[The Hamilton Spectator]]|url=https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/2018/06/08/verse-goes-viral.html|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=1189-9417|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801095420/https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/2018/06/08/verse-goes-viral.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other criticisms include her work being formulaic, juvenile and attenuated.<ref name=":51" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Jagdeesh|date=2017-06-09|title=Rupi Kaur's literary ascent is poetry in motion|url=https://www.straight.com/news/922516/jagdeesh-mann-rupi-kaurs-literary-ascent-poetry-motion|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=[[The Georgia Straight]]|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720112951/https://www.straight.com/news/922516/jagdeesh-mann-rupi-kaurs-literary-ascent-poetry-motion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Preface: Poetry's Revival and Mr. Wilson|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/756113|journal=[[Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=5–22|doi=10.1353/log.2020.0024|s2cid=242732517|issn=1533-791X}}</ref> Kaur feels that her work can't be "fully reviewed or critiqued through a white lens or a Western one".<ref name=":42" /> Kazim Ali commented that "no criticism has been leveled at Kaur that hasn't been similarly leveled at "actual" poets", citing [[Mary Oliver]], [[Jane Hirshfield]], [[Sharon Olds]] and [[Lucille Clifton]].<ref name=":14" />

[[Rebecca Watts]] lambasted her poems as "artless" and characterised by "the open denigration of intellectual engagement and rejection of craft" in favour of popularity and accessibility. Priya Khaira-Hanks, writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', remarked that Kaur's accessibility often led to "over-simplicity".<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Carpani|first=Jessica|date=April 3, 2021|title=No rhyme or reason to publishers, says Britain's most followed poet on Instagram|language=en-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/03/meet-britains-famous-instapoet-says-work-isnt-welcomed-publishing/|access-date=July 3, 2021|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150133/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/03/meet-britains-famous-instapoet-says-work-isnt-welcomed-publishing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web|last1=Flood|first1=Alison|last2=Cain|first2=Sian|date=23 January 2018|title=Poetry world split over polemic attacking 'amateur' work by 'young female poets'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/23/poetry-world-split-over-polemic-attacking-amateur-work-by-young-female-poets|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150133/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/23/poetry-world-split-over-polemic-attacking-amateur-work-by-young-female-poets}}</ref> Watts' criticism was both supported and attacked by other poets.<ref name=":35" /> Tajja Isen disparaged what she regarded as an overly explanatory style, particularly when performed, arguing that Kaur's "belated imposition of rhythm" fails to conceal compositional shortcomings.<ref name=":55" /> [[Carl Wilson (writer)|Carl Wilson]] and Khaira-Hanks argued that her mainstream success and personal identity contributed towards people disregarding her work.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Khaira-Hanks|first=Priya|date=4 October 2017|title=Rupi Kaur: the inevitable backlash against Instagram's favourite poet|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/oct/04/rupi-kaur-instapoets-the-sun-and-her-flowers|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609233447/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/oct/04/rupi-kaur-instapoets-the-sun-and-her-flowers}}</ref><ref name="NYT2" /> Kaur's poetry and her status as a poet has been dismissed and seen to be of inauthentic quality.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paterson|first=Don|date=26 January 2018|title=Curses and verses: the spoken-word row splitting the poetry world apart|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/26/verses-spoken-word-row-poetry-young-female-poets|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150134/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/26/verses-spoken-word-row-poetry-young-female-poets}}</ref>

Watts considered Kaur to be more concerned with authenticity than the "traditional craft of poetry".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manning|first=Maria|date=2021|title=Crafting Authenticity: Reality, Storytelling, and Female Self-Representation through Instapoetry|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/storytelling/vol16/iss2/8|journal=Storytelling, Self, Society|volume=16|issue=2|issn=1550-5340|access-date=23 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223232536/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/storytelling/vol16/iss2/8/|url-status=live}}</ref> In an essay for ''[[The Baffler]]'', Soraya Roberts chastised Kaur as disingenuously representative of female South Asian oppression, when she is purportedly chiefly concerned with commodification; Pâquet echoed similar sentiments.<ref name=":66" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Soraya|date=2018-01-24|title=No Filter|url=https://thebaffler.com/latest/instapoetry-roberts|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=[[The Baffler]]|language=en-US|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227094704/https://thebaffler.com/latest/instapoetry-roberts}}</ref> Kaur's lack of distinction between her personal experiences and collective experiences of trauma has received further criticism.<ref name=":8" /> Alyson Miller viewed Kaur's work as vague and clichéd, citing an example depicting oppression: ''kaur, a woman of sikhi''.<ref name=":65" />

In 2017, BBC and ''Vogue'' listed Kaur in their lists of women of the year; ''Quill & Quire'' chose ''The Sun and Her Flowers'' for their annual list of the best books.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":43" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=BBC Staff|date=1 November 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|title=BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|website=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331214946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year she was included on ''Forbes'' and [[Elle (magazine)|''Elle'']]'s complimentary lists of emerging artists.<ref name=":41" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Casparis|first=Lena de|date=4 June 2018|title=Introducing The Elle List 2018: 50 Movers And Shakers Of The Moment|url=https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/a21061419/the-elle-list-2018/|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2021|website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151633/https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/a21061419/the-elle-list-2018/}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[The New Republic]]'' named Kaur "Writer of the Decade", due to her impact on the medium of poetry; this led to a debate on whether the award was deserved, as well as about her work in general.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Weaver|first=Jackson|date=1 January 2020|title=Instapoet Rupi Kaur's 'writer of the decade' honour rekindles debate on her work, genre|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/rupi-kaur-writer-of-the-decade-1.5411616|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2021|website=[[CBC Books]]|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150140/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/rupi-kaur-writer-of-the-decade-1.5411616}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== Books ===
*{{cite book |author-mask=Rupi Kaur |date=November 4, 2014 |title=Milk and Honey |title-link=Milk and Honey (poetry collection) |publisher=[[Andrews McMeel Publishing]] |isbn=9781449496364}}
*{{cite book |author-mask=Rupi Kaur |date=October 3, 2017 |title=The Sun and Her Flowers |title-link=The Sun and Her Flowers |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn=9781449486792}}
*{{cite book |author-mask=Rupi Kaur |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Home Body |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDX5DwAAQBAJ |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn=9781471196737}}
*{{cite book |author-mask=Rupi Kaur |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Healing Through Words |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXv5zgEACAAJ |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9781668008683}}

=== Articles ===
*{{cite news |author-mask=Rupi Kaur |date=December 16, 2020 |title=History shows Punjab has always taken on tyrants. Modi is no different |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/16/rupi-kaur-modi-punjab-india-farmer-protests |work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 September 2023 |url-access=limited}}

=== Performance films ===
* ''Rupi Kaur Live'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/rupi-kaur-special-amazon-prime-1235043647/|title=Poet Rupi Kaur Gets One-Hour Special on Amazon Prime Video|first=Mónica Marie|last=Zorrilla|date=18 August 2021|work=Variety|access-date=30 October 2021|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030223744/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/rupi-kaur-special-amazon-prime-1235043647/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Instapoetry]]
* [[List of Canadian poets]]
* [[List of University of Waterloo people]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Library resources box|by=yes|online books=no|viaf=257714778675266822001|lccn=no2015001975}}
* {{official}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Rupi}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:Canadian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Canadian spoken word poets]]
[[Category:Canadian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian feminists]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Instagram poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Brampton]]
[[Category:People involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Sikh feminists]]
[[Category:University of Waterloo alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Writers from Ontario]]
[[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]]

Test cricket

2023-09-20T16:24:36Z

Rishixkumar00: /* Playing time */ added wikilink

{{Short description|Longest form of cricket}}
{{About|the format for men's international cricket|the women's format|Women's Test cricket}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox sport|name=Test Cricket|country/region=Worldwide|union=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|glossary=Bat and stumps|type=Cricket format|image=England vs South Africa.jpg|caption=A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005. The two men wearing black trousers are the umpires. Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and usually with a red ball – a pink ball in full 1

day/night Tests|team=Full members|mgender=No}}{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}}
'''Test cricket''' is a form of [[first-class cricket]] played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). A match consists of four [[innings]] (two per team) and is scheduled to last for up to five days. In the past, some Test matches had no time limit and were called Timeless Tests. The term "test match" was originally coined in 1861–62 but in a different context.

Test cricket did not become an officially recognised format until the 1890s, but many international matches since 1877 have been retrospectively awarded Test status. The first such match took place at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) in March 1877 between teams which were then known as a Combined Australian XI and [[James Lillywhite]]'s XI, the latter a team of visiting English professionals. Matches between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] were first called "test matches" in 1892. The first definitive list of retrospective Tests was written by South Australian journalist [[Clarence P. Moody]] two years later and, by the end of the century, had gained acceptance.

There are now twelve full ICC member countries playing Test cricket. [[Day/night cricket|Day/night Tests]] were permitted by the ICC in 2012 and the first day/night match was between [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2015–16|Australia and New Zealand]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]] in November 2015.

==Early history==
{{main|History of cricket|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883|History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889|History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900}}
===Growth of international cricket===
Teams designated as "England" or "All England" began to play in the 18th century, but these teams were not truly representative. Early [[international cricket]] was disrupted by the [[French Revolution]] and the [[American Civil War]]. The earliest international cricket match was between [[Canadian cricket team in the United States in 1844|the United States and Canada]], on 24 and 26 September 1844 (bad weather prevented play on the 25th).<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/engine/match/318995.html United States of America v Canada 1844] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061551/http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/engine/match/318995.html |date=29 June 2011 }}. ESPNcricinfo.</ref> Overseas tours by national English teams began in 1859 with visits to North America, Australia and New Zealand. The [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|1868 Australian Aboriginals]] were the first organised overseas team to tour England.

Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877, with [[James Lillywhite]] campaigning for a professional tour and [[Fred Grace]] for an amateur one. Grace's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876–77. Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches. The first match was won by Australia, by 45 runs and the second by England. After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket, [[The Ashes]] was established as a competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882. A surprise victory for Australia inspired a mock obituary of English cricket to be published in the ''Sporting Times'' the following day: the phrase "The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia" prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn.

The series of 1884–85 was the first to be held over five matches: England player [[Alfred Shaw]], writing in 1901, considered the side to be "the best ever to have left England". South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888–89, when they hosted a tour by an under-strength England side. Australia, England and South Africa were the only countries playing Test cricket before [[World War I]].

===Terminology===
The term "test match" was coined during the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1861–62|English tour of Australia in 1861–62]] but in a different context. It meant that the English team was testing itself against each of the Australian colonies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London |page=99 |isbn=978-04-13278-60-9}}</ref> Following Lillywhite's tour, Australian teams reciprocated, beginning with [[Australian cricket team in England and North America in 1878|Dave Gregory's team in 1878]]. By the beginning of 1892, eight English teams had visited Australia and seven Australian teams had visited England. In its issue of 25 February 1892, ''[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]'' revived the term "test match" and freely applied it to the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1891–92|three international matches]] which had just been played in Australia by [[Henry Holroyd, 3rd Earl of Sheffield|Lord Sheffield's XI]], starting with the match at the MCG which was billed as Lord Sheffield's Team v Combined Australia. The report began: "There was no little appropriateness in fixing the first of the three great test matches for January 1".<ref name="C29127">[https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1892/33/ "Tenth Match – Lord Sheffield's Team v Combined Australia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908221801/https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1892/33/ |date=8 September 2022 }} ''Cricket'', issue 291, 25 February 1892, p. 27.</ref>

===Clarence P. Moody===
The first list of matches considered to be "Tests" was conceived and published by South Australian journalist [[Clarence P. Moody]] in his 1894 book, ''Australian Cricket and Cricketers, 1856 to 1893–94''. Moody's proposal was well-received by [[Charles W. Alcock]], editor of ''Cricket'' in England and his list of 39 matches was reproduced in the 28 December 1894 issue as part of an article entitled "The First Test Match". The list begins with the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] match played 15–17 March 1877 and ends with the recent match at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Association Ground, Sydney]] played 14–20 December 1894.<ref name="C379463">[https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1894/487/ "The First Test Match"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225143/https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1894/487/ |date=8 September 2022 }} ''Cricket'', issue 379, 28 December 1894, pp. 463–464.</ref> All 39 were retrospectively recognised as Test matches, as was the unlisted 1890 [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] match that was abandoned without a ball being bowled. No South African matches were included in Moody's list but three against England were also given retrospective Test status.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Test/Team/List_of_Matches.html |title=List of Test Matches |work=CricketArchive |access-date=9 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909044131/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Test/Team/List_of_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moody became a newspaper editor and founded the Adelaide ''[[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)|Sunday Mail]]'' in 1912.<ref>[https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/game-on-a-rich-sporting-history/news-story/07eca80e5030e130571aad9044d9362d "Game on: a rich sporting history"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908230423/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/game-on-a-rich-sporting-history/news-story/07eca80e5030e130571aad9044d9362d |date=8 September 2022 }}. Hilferty, Tim: ''The Advertiser''. 5 May 2012.</ref>

==Test status==
Test matches are the highest level of cricket, played between national representative teams with "Test status", as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]]. {{As of|June 2017}}, twelve national teams have Test status, the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017.<ref name=AI_test>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/40364481 |title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council |author= |date=22 June 2017 |website=BBC News |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622143835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/40364481 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Teams with Test status===
Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the ICC. There are currently twelve men's teams that have been granted this status: international teams that do not have Test status can play [[first-class cricket]] in the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], under conditions which are similar to Tests.

The teams with Test status (with the date of each team's Test debut) are:
#{{cr|Australia}} ([[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77#First Test|15 March 1877]])
#{{cr|England}} ([[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77#First Test|15 March 1877]])
#{{cr|South Africa}} ([[English cricket team in South Africa in 1888–89#First Test|12 March 1889]])
#{{cr|West Indies}} ([[West Indian cricket team in England in 1928#First Test, Lord's, 23-26 June 1928|23 June 1928]])
#{{cr|New Zealand}} ([[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1929–30#First Test|10 January 1930]])
#{{cr|India}} ([[Indian cricket team in England in 1932#Test summary|25 June 1932]])
#{{cr|Pakistan}} ([[Pakistani cricket team in India in 1952–53#1st Test|16 October 1952]])
#{{cr|Sri Lanka}} ([[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1981–82#Only Test|17 February 1982]])
#{{cr|Zimbabwe}} ([[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93#Only Test|18 October 1992]])
#{{cr|Bangladesh}} ([[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2000–01#Only Test|10 November 2000]])
#{{cr|Ireland}} ([[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2018#Only Test|11 May 2018]])
#{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} ([[Afghan cricket team in India in 2018#Only Test|14 June 2018]])

Nine of these teams represent independent sovereign nations: the England cricket team represents the [[countries of the United Kingdom|constituent countries]] of [[England]] and [[Wales]], the West Indies is a combined team from fifteen Caribbean nations and territories, and Ireland represents both the [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland]].

Following the [[D'Oliveira affair]] in 1969, [[History of cricket in South Africa from 1970–71 to 1990|South Africa]] was suspended from all forms of cricket from 1970 until the end of the [[Apartheid|apartheid regime]] in [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|1991]].

Zimbabwe's Test status was voluntarily suspended in 2006 because of very poor performances, but its Test status was reinstated in August 2011.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/zimbabwe/news/Zimbabwe-Cricket-Resume-Test-Play-After-Six-Year-Break-126790218.html Zimbabwe Cricket Side Resume International Test Play After Six-Year Break] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131101339/http://www.voanews.com/zimbabwe/news/Zimbabwe-Cricket-Resume-Test-Play-After-Six-Year-Break-126790218.html |date=31 January 2012 }} – [[Voice of America]].</ref>

The ICC has made several proposals to reform the system of granting Test status, including having two tiers with [[promotion and relegation]],<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=NZC 'big supporter' of two-tier Test system, says CEO |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-cricket-big-supporter-of-two-tier-test-system-says-ceo-david-white-1036139 |access-date=10 August 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729212237/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-cricket-big-supporter-of-two-tier-test-system-says-ceo-david-white-1036139 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2016 |title=Afghanistan ready to play Tests – ACB chief executive |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ready-to-play-tests-acb-chief-executive-shafiq-stanikzai-1054077 |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727070534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ready-to-play-tests-acb-chief-executive-shafiq-stanikzai-1054077 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2016 |title=BCB vice-president against two-tier Test system |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-vice-president-against-two-tier-test-system-1030121 |access-date=10 August 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527105441/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-vice-president-against-two-tier-test-system-1030121 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Four-day Tests, two-tier system not the answer - Thakur |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/four-day-tests-two-tier-system-not-the-answer-bcci-president-anurag-thakur-1052477 |access-date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729230624/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/four-day-tests-two-tier-system-not-the-answer-bcci-president-anurag-thakur-1052477 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=ICC planning two Test divisions amid major overhaul |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-planning-two-test-divisions-amid-major-overhaul-1022445 |access-date=10 August 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512021542/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-planning-two-test-divisions-amid-major-overhaul-1022445 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Two-tier proposal shelved at ICC meeting |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/two-tier-proposal-shelved-at-icc-meeting-1055073 |access-date=21 October 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416143041/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/two-tier-proposal-shelved-at-icc-meeting-1055073 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Baseball-style conference structure proposed for Tests |work=ESPN Cricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/baseball-style-conference-structure-proposed-for-tests-1062376 |access-date=21 October 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724132330/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/baseball-style-conference-structure-proposed-for-tests-1062376 |url-status=live }}</ref> and/or a [[playoffs|play-off]] between the winners of the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] and the team with the lowest [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings|Test ranking]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://live-cricketstreaming.com/ |title=Ireland and Scotland to get Test chance as ICC approves play-off |author= |date=10 April 2014 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108064249/http://www.live-cricketstreaming.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These proposals have not been successful as of 2021.

===Statistics===
{{main|List of Test cricket records}}
For [[cricket statistics|statistical purposes]], Tests are considered to be a subset of [[first-class cricket]]. Performances in first-class matches count towards only the first-class statistical record, but performances in Test matches count towards both the Test statistics and the first-class statistics.

Statisticians have developed criteria to determine which matches count as Tests if they were played before the formal definition of Test status. There have been exceptional circumstances including the simultaneous England touring sides of 1891–92 ([[English cricket team in Australia in 1891–92|in Australia]] and [[English cricket team in South Africa in 1891–92|South Africa]]) and 1929–30 ([[English cricket team in the West Indies in 1929–30|in the West Indies]] and [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1929–30|New Zealand]]), all of whose international matches are deemed to have Test status.

In 1970, a series of five "Test matches" was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI: these matches, originally scheduled between England and South Africa, were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket due to their government's [[apartheid]] policies. Although initially given Test status and included as Test matches in some record books, including ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'', this was later withdrawn, and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations (the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have, since 1928, fielded a coalition side).

Despite this principle, in 2005, the ICC ruled that the six-day [[2005 ICC Super Series|Super Series]] match that took place that October between Australia and a World XI was an official Test match: some cricket writers and statisticians, including [[Bill Frindall]], have ignored the ICC's ruling and exclude this match from their records.

The series of "Test matches" played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971–72, and the commercial "[[World Series Cricket|Supertests]]" organised by [[Kerry Packer]] as part of his [[World Series Cricket]] enterprise played between "WSC Australia", "WSC World XI" and "WSC West Indies" from 1977 to 1979, have never been regarded as official Test matches as of 2021.

==Conduct of the game==
===Playing time===
{{See also|Playing time (cricket)}}
A standard day of Test cricket consists of three sessions of two hours each, the break between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch and 20 minutes for tea. However, the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances: if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break, the break may be taken immediately; if there has been a loss of playing time, for example because of bad weather, the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time; if the batting side is nine [[dismissal (cricket)|wickets]] down at the scheduled tea break, then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is ''all out'';<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-15-intervals,41,AR.html |title=The Laws of Cricket – Law 15.8 |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124062128/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-15-intervals,41,AR.html |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref> the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more [[over (cricket)|overs]] have not been [[bowling (cricket)|bowled]] in that day's play (subject to any reduction for adverse weather);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/test_playing_conditions.pdf |title=ICC Standard Test match Playing Conditions ("Playing Conditions") cl 16.1.1 |access-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111201928/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/test_playing_conditions.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> the final session may be extended by 30 minutes (except on the 5th day) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/test_playing_conditions.pdf |title=Playing Conditions cl 16.2 |access-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111201928/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/test_playing_conditions.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref>

Today, Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days. However, in the [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883|early days]] of Test cricket, matches were played for three or four days. [[Irish cricket team in England in 2023#Only Test|England hosted Ireland at Lord's]] on 1st June 2023 for a four-day test.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland tour of England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-england-2023-1336035/england-vs-ireland-only-test-1336127/live-cricket-score |website=www.espncricinfo.com |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531013332/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-england-2023-1336035/england-vs-ireland-only-test-1336127/live-cricket-score |archive-date=31 May 2023 |language=en |date=1 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Four-day Test matches were last played in 1973, between [[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 1972–73|New Zealand and Pakistan]].<ref name="NZPak">{{cite web |title=Cremer senses opportunity in shorter contest |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cremer-senses-opportunity-in-shorter-contest-1130012 |access-date=19 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529081602/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cremer-senses-opportunity-in-shorter-contest-1130012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the 1980s, it was usual to include a 'rest day,' often a Sunday. There have also been '[[Timeless Test]]s', which have no predetermined maximum time. In 2005, Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI, which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match, though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day. In October 2017, the ICC approved a request for a four-day Test match, between [[Zimbabwean cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18#Only Test|South Africa and Zimbabwe]], which started on 26 December 2017 and ended on the second day, 27 December.<ref name="approve">{{cite web |title=Test, ODI leagues approved by ICC Board |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/test-odi-leagues-approved-by-icc-board-1123784 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=13 October 2017 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516004434/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/test-odi-leagues-approved-by-icc-board-1123784 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICC trialed the four-day Test format until the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="trial">{{cite web |title=South Africa to play Zimbabwe in inaugural four-day Test |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-to-play-zimbabwe-in-inaugural-four-day-test-1123807 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=13 October 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413074910/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-to-play-zimbabwe-in-inaugural-four-day-test-1123807 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, [[Cricket Australia]] were considering playing four-day Tests, subject to consensus with other Test nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/australian-cricket-board-to-seriously-consider-four-day-test-matches-1.957158 |title=Australian cricket board to 'seriously consider' four-day Test matches |work=The National |date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228172132/https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/australian-cricket-board-to-seriously-consider-four-day-test-matches-1.957158 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the same month, the ICC considered the possibility of making four-day Test matches mandatory for the [[ICC World Test Championship]] from 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC to consider mandatory four-day Tests |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-consider-mandatory-four-day-tests-1211511 |access-date=30 December 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125124640/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-consider-mandatory-four-day-tests-1211511 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There have been attempts by the ICC, the sport's governing body, to introduce [[Day/night Test|day-night Test matches]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord's could host first day night Test in May 2010 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-could-host-first-day-night-test-in-may-2010-397240 |access-date=18 July 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422020105/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-could-host-first-day-night-test-in-may-2010-397240 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day-night Test matches.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/icc-paves-day-night-tests/32709| title=ICC paves way for Day-Night Tests| publisher=Wisden India| date=29 October 2012| access-date=30 October 2012| archive-date=30 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630231143/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/icc-paves-day-night-tests/32709| url-status=dead}}</ref> The first day-night Test took place during [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2015–16|New Zealand's tour to Australia]] in November 2015.<ref name="Adelaide">{{cite web |title=First day-night Test for Adelaide Oval |date=29 June 2015 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/first-day-night-test-for-adelaide-oval-892403 |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194706/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/first-day-night-test-for-adelaide-oval-892403 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Play===
{{further|Cricket#Laws and gameplay}}
Test cricket is played in ''innings'' (the word denotes both the singular and the plural). In each innings, one team [[batting (cricket)|bats]] and the other [[bowling (cricket)|bowls]] (or [[fielding (cricket)|fields]]). Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match, and each team bats twice and bowls twice. Before the start of play on the first day, the two team captains and the match referee [[toss (cricket)|toss a coin]]; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first.

In the following scenarios, the team that bats first is referred to as ''Team A'' and their opponents as ''Team B''.

Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings. Thus, Team A will bat (and Team B will bowl) until its innings ends, and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl. When Team B's innings ends, Team A begin their second innings, and this is followed by Team B's second innings. The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings.

A team's innings ends in one of the following ways:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-13-innings/ |title=LAW 13 – INNINGS |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123108/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-13-innings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The team is "all out". This typically occurs when a team has lost ten wickets (ten of the eleven batters having been [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]]) and are "bowled out". It may occasionally occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batters are unavailable to bat (through injury, for example).
* The team's captain [[Declaration and forfeiture|declares]] the innings closed, usually because they believe they have enough runs. A declaration before the innings starts is called an innings forfeiture.
* The team batting fourth score the required number of runs to win.
* The prescribed time for the match expires.

If, at the completion of Team B's first innings, Team A leads by at least 200 runs, the captain of Team A may (but is not required to) order Team B to have ''their'' second innings next. This is called enforcing the [[follow-on]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-14-the-follow-on/ |title=Law 14 – The follow-on |publisher=MCC |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060157/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-14-the-follow-on/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In this case, the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed: Team A will bat in the fourth innings. It is rare for a team forced to follow-on to win the match. In Test cricket it has only happened four times, although over 285 follow-ons have been enforced. Australia was the losing team on three occasions, having lost twice to England, in 1894 and in 1981, and once to India in 2001.{{cn|date=September 2023}} Most recently, on February 24, 2023, England lost to New Zealand by one run after enforcing the follow-on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Matches/MatchFollowOn.asp?FollowOn=T&Result=Lost |title=Matches where Follow-On Available {{!}} Lost by Side Enforcing Follow-On |publisher=Howstat.com |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233752/http://howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Matches/MatchFollowOn.asp?FollowOn=T&Result=Lost |url-status=live }}</ref>

If the whole of the first day's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light, then Team A may enforce the follow-on if Team B's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A's. During the [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2013#2nd Test|2nd Test]] between England and New Zealand at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in 2013, England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/566922.html |title=2nd Test: England v New Zealand at Leeds, May 24–28, 2013 | Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624090021/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/566922.html |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand, batting second, scored 180 runs fewer than England, meaning England could have enforced the follow-on, though chose not to. This is similar to four-day first-class cricket, where the follow-on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or more. If the Test is two days or fewer then the "follow-on" value is 100 runs.

After 80 overs, the captain of the bowling side may take a [[Cricket ball|new ball]], although this is not required.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-ball/ |title=Law 4 – The ball |publisher=MCC |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123047/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-ball/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The captain will usually take the new ball: being harder and smoother than an old ball, a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably. The roughened, softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers, or those using [[swing bowling#Reverse swing|reverse swing]]. The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners (because the pitch favours spin). After a new ball has been taken, should an innings last a further 80 overs, then the captain will have the option to take another new ball.

A Test match will produce a [[Result (cricket)|result]] by means of one of six scenarios:
*'''All four innings are complete.''' The team batting fourth are ''all out'' before overtaking the other team, usually before matching the other team's score. The team that batted third are the winners by a margin equal to the difference in the aggregate runs scored by the two teams (for example, "Team A won by 95 runs"). Very rarely (in over 2,000 Test matches played, [[Tied Test|it has only happened twice]]) the scores can end level, resulting in a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]].
*'''The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team's run total.''' The match ends, and the team batting fourth is the winner by a margin equal to the number of wickets still to fall in the innings (for example, "Team B won by five wickets").
*'''The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once.''' The match ends without playing a fourth innings. The team that batted only once is the winner by a margin equal to "an innings" plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams (for example, "Team A won by an innings and 26 runs").
*'''Time for the match expires without a result being reached.''' This usually occurs at the end of the last day of the match. The result is a [[Result (cricket)#Draw|draw]]: there is no winner, no matter how superior the position of one of the sides. Rain causing a loss of playing time is a common factor in drawn matches, although matches may be drawn even without interference from the weather: usually as a result of poor time management or an intentional effort on the part of one team to avoid losing.
*'''The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play.''' This has occurred three times, resulting each time in a draw being declared: England v Australia at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]], 1975 (vandalism);<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2534000/2534763.stm | work=BBC News | title=On This Day: 19 August | access-date=18 December 2010 | archive-date=7 March 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2534000/2534763.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> West Indies v England at [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]], 1998 (dangerous ground);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63783.html |title=1st Test: West Indies v England at Kingston, Jan 29 – Feb 2, 1998 | Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830204624/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63783.html |url-status=live }}</ref> West Indies v England at [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua]], 2009 (dangerous ground).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/current/match/352662.html |title=2nd Test: West Indies v England at North Sound, Feb 13–17, 2009 | Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917101734/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/current/match/352662.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''The match is awarded through a forfeiture.''' If a team refuses to take the field of play, the umpires may award the match to the opposing team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-16-the-result/ |title=Law 16 – The result |publisher=MCC |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123036/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-16-the-result/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This has only happened once in Test cricket, in the [[2006 ball-tampering controversy|2006 fourth Test between England and Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/01/england-pakistan-oval | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=England awarded abandoned Oval Test 'win' | date=1 February 2009 | access-date=27 March 2010 | archive-date=28 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228152222/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/01/england-pakistan-oval | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5268560.stm | work=BBC News | title=Test abandoned after ball dispute | date=20 August 2006 | access-date=27 March 2010 | archive-date=21 March 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321201943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5268560.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Competitions==
===Tours===
{{main|Category:International cricket tours}}
Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries, with all matches in the series taking place in the same country (the host). Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner, the most famous of which is [[the Ashes]] contested between England and Australia. There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket: the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], a three-way competition between England, Australia and South Africa (hosted by England), and the [[Asian Test Championship]], an event held in 1998–99 and 2001–02.

The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven.<ref name="Seven tests">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63065.html |title=Australia v England, Seventh Test, 1970–71 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620143752/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63065.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Up until the early 1990s,<ref name="Neutral umpires">{{cite web |last=Rajesh |first=S. |date=16 April 2011 |title=Neutral umpires |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-turning-points-neutral-umpires-511175 |access-date=30 March 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227020752/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-turning-points-neutral-umpires-511175 |url-status=live }}</ref> Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with [[Umpire (cricket)|umpires]] provided by the home team. With the entry of more countries into Test cricket, and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of [[One Day International|One Day International cricket]], a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six-year cycle, and an official [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings|ranking system]] (with a trophy held by the highest-ranked team). In this system, umpires are provided by the ICC. An [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires|elite panel of eleven umpires]] was maintained since 2002, and the panel is supplemented by an additional [[International Panel of ICC Umpires|International Panel]] that includes three umpires named by each Test-playing country. The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches, though usually not Tests involving their home country.

====Perpetual trophies====
Several pairs of Test teams have established perpetual trophies which are competed for whenever teams play each other in Test series. The current ones are:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; width:95%"
|-
! Name of trophy !! Team 1 !! Team 2 !! First contested !! Latest contested
|-
| [[The Ashes]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|ENG}} || [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]] || [[2023 Ashes series|2023]]
|-
| [[Anthony de Mello Trophy]]{{ref label|rounding|A|A}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1951–52|1951–52]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indiaengland-series-played-for-anthony-de-mello-trophy-bcci/article4071143.ece |title=India-England series played for Anthony De Mello trophy: BCCI |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2012 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112125829/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indiaengland-series-played-for-anthony-de-mello-trophy-bcci/article4071143.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|2020–21]]
|-
| [[Pataudi Trophy]]{{ref label|rounding|A|A}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || [[Indian cricket team in England in 2007|2007]] || [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|2021]]
|-
| [[Frank Worrell Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960–61|1960–61]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2022|2022]]
|-
| [[Richards–Botham Trophy]]{{ref label|rounding|B|B}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2021–22#Test_series|2021–22]] || [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2021–22#Test_series|2021–22]]
|-
| [[Trans-Tasman Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|NZ}} || [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 1985–86|1985–86]] || [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2019–20|2019–20]]
|-
| [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || [[Australian cricket team in India in 1996–97|1996–97]] || [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|2020–21]]
|-
| [[Southern Cross Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Australian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1999–2000|1999–2000]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63851.html |title=Southern Cross Trophy, 1999/00 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716092422/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63851.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04|2003–04]]
|-
| [[Sir Vivian Richards Trophy]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[South African cricket team in the West Indies in 2000–01|2000–01]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?bowling_pacespin=1;class=1;filter=advanced;filter_box=series;home_or_away=1;orderby=wickets;type=team |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126231107/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?bowling_pacespin=1;class=1;filter=advanced;filter_box=series;home_or_away=1;orderby=wickets;type=team |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[South African cricket team in the West Indies in 2021|2021]]
|-
| [[Clive Lloyd Trophy]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2001|2001]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/102043.html |title=Test trophy to be named after Clive Lloyd |date=28 July 2001 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808171524/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/102043.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2017–18|2017–18]]
|-
| [[Basil D'Oliveira Trophy]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|SA}} || [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05|2004–05]] || [[South African cricket team in England in 2022|2022]]
|-
| [[Warne–Muralitharan Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|SL}} || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2007–08|2007–08]] || [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2022|2022]]
|-
| [[Freedom Trophy (cricket)|The Freedom Trophy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SA}} || [[South African cricket team in India in 2015–16|2015–16]] || [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|2021–22]]
|-
| [[Sobers–Tissera Trophy]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16|2015–16]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021–22|2021–22]]
|-
| [[Benaud–Qadir Trophy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 2021–22|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-and-australia-to-play-for-benaud-qadir-trophy.html |title=Pakistan and Australia to play for Benaud-Qadir Trophy |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |date=10 January 2014 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302113814/https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-and-australia-to-play-for-benaud-qadir-trophy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 2021–22|2021–22]]
|}
{| style="margin:1em auto" align="left"
|-
|{{note label|rounding|A|A}} The Anthony de Mello Trophy is awarded for the India–England test series played in India, whilst the Pataudi Trophy is for the series played in England.
|-
|{{note label|rounding|B|B}} The Richards-Botham Trophy, first played for in 2021–22, replaced the [[Wisden Trophy]], which was discontinued after 2020.
|}{{clear}}

====Number of Perpetual Trophies contested by team====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Trophy
!Team
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|AUS}}
|7
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|ENG}}
|rowspan="2"|6
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|WIN}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|IND}}
|4
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|RSA}}
|3
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|SRI}}
|rowspan="2"|2
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|ZIM}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|NZL}}
|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|PAK}}
|1
|}

===International Test rankings===
{{main|ICC Men's Test Team Rankings}}
The twelve Test-playing nations are currently ranked as follows:
{{ICC Men's Test Team Rankings}}

===World Test Championship===
{{main|ICC World Test Championship}}
After years of delays since proposals began in 2009, a league competition for Test cricket was held in [[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–2021]]. Arranged as a bilateral series in various countries with one team as host and another team as visitor. The length of each series varies between 2 and 5 matches. Ireland, Zimbabwe and Afghanistan are not taking part in this competition, but instead play a program of Test matches with each other and other teams during the same period.

====Final results====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!rowspan=2 width=70pt |Year
! colspan="5" |Final statistics
! colspan="5" |Individual tournament statistics
|-
!width=20% | Venue
!width=70pt | Winner
!width=70pt | Result
!width=80pt | Runner-up
!width=100pt | Player of the match
!width=100pt | Most runs
!Highest score
!Most centuries
! width="100pt" | Most wickets
!Most [[five-wicket haul]]s
|-
| [[2021 ICC World Test Championship final|2021]]
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| {{cr|NZ}}
| New Zealand won by 8 wickets<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand Final 2019-2021 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1249875/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-06-26|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003165550/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1249875/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{cr|IND}}
|[[Kyle Jamieson]]
|[[Marnus Labuschagne]], 1675<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13202&type=tournament|access-date=2022-01-04|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], 335*<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=13202&type=tournament|access-date=2022-01-04|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|[[Marnus Labuschagne]], 5<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?id=13202&type=tournament|access-date=2022-01-04|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]], 71<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13202&type=tournament|access-date=2022-01-04|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|[[Kyle Jamieson]], 5<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?id=13202&type=tournament|access-date=2022-01-04|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 ICC World Test Championship final|2023]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[The Oval]], London
|{{cr|AUS}}
|Australia won by 209 runs
|{{cr|IND}}
|[[Travis Head]]<ref name=2023WTC>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-14028|title=Records in ICC World Test Championship, 2021-2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>
|[[Joe Root]], 1915<ref name=2023WTC/>
|[[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]], 252<ref name=2023WTC/>
|[[Joe Root]], 8<ref name=2023WTC/>
|[[Nathan Lyon]], 88<ref name=2023WTC/>
|[[Nathan Lyon]], 5<ref name=2023WTC/>
|}

==Popularity==
Supporters of Test cricket, including [[Adam Gilchrist]], argue that it is "the ultimate test of a player's and team's ability".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2009 |title=Adam Gilchrist's Cowdrey Lecture, 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/adam-gilchrist-s-cowdrey-lecture-2009-410365 |access-date=21 December 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182915/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/adam-gilchrist-s-cowdrey-lecture-2009-410365 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it has been suggested that Test cricket may be losing popularity, particularly in the face of competition from [[short form cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/cricket/chris-waters-reports-death-test-cricket-have-been-greatly-exaggerated-126971 |title=Chris Waters – Reports of the death of Test cricket have been greatly exaggerated |work=Yorkshire Post |date=9 February 2019 |access-date=27 August 2021 |quote=According to Shashank Manohar, chairman of the International Cricket Council, Test cricket itself "is dying, to be honest". Details of the funeral arrangements will be announced in due course. "Nowadays, people don’t have five days (of) time to watch a Test match,” said Manohar. "From ten to five, everybody has their own job to do, so it is very difficult for them to watch this game. T20s get over in three-and-a-half hours, like watching a movie. Therefore, it is picking up very fast." |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816043258/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/cricket/chris-waters-reports-death-test-cricket-have-been-greatly-exaggerated-126971 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Day/night cricket|Day/night Test match]]es have been suggested as one way to address this problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cricket-australia-mcgrath/australian-mcgrath-backs-day-night-tests-to-revive-popularity-idUKKCN20K24F |title=Australian McGrath backs day-night tests to revive popularity |last=Ganguly |first=Sudipto |work=Reuters |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203090534/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cricket-australia-mcgrath/australian-mcgrath-backs-day-night-tests-to-revive-popularity-idUKKCN20K24F |url-status=live }}</ref> The suggested fall in popularity has been disputed, with a [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] poll showing that 86% of all cricket fans support Test cricket, more than any other format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/test-cricket-popularity-strong-as-ever-says-mcc-wo |title=Test Cricket Popularity as Strong as Ever Says MCC World Cricket Committee Following MCC Survey |website=lords.org |date=9 March 2019 |access-date=27 August 2021 |quote=Over 13,000 responders from more than 100 countries took part in the survey, with the majority of responders supporting England, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Sri Lanka. Overwhelmingly, Test cricket came out as the format that interests fans the most, regardless of country supported or age. An average of 86% of the responders placed Test cricket as their preferred format to watch, follow and support over One-Day Internationals, T20 Internationals and domestic T20 matches. |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921105706/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/test-cricket-popularity-strong-as-ever-says-mcc-wo |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[List of Test cricket records]]
* [[Lists of Test cricketers]]
* [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests]]
* [[One Day International]]
* [[Twenty20 International]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*''Ground Rules – A Celebration of Test Cricket'', Barney Spender & David Gower, Dakini Books Ltd (Nov 2003), {{ISBN|0-9537032-6-6}}
*''The Wisden Book of Test Cricket'', Sir Donald Bradman (Foreword), Bill Frindall (Editor), Headline Book Publishing (1995), {{ISBN|0-7472-1118-3}}
*Marylebone Cricket Club (2003), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130311210212/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ The Laws of Cricket]. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
*International Cricket Council (2008), [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111201928/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/test_playing_conditions.pdf Standard Test Match Playing Conditions]. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

==External links==
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/141605.html Origin of the name "Test"]
*[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/USA/USA_HISTORY.html USA v Canada – The oldest international sporting fixture]

{{Forms of cricket}}
{{International cricket}}
{{Team sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Test Cricket}}
[[Category:Test cricket| ]]
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Australia]]
[[Category:Test matches|Cricket]]

Rezaul Karim (lawyer)

2023-09-06T20:39:25Z

Rishixkumar00: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{Short description|Bengali lawyer}}
{{other people||Rezaul Karim (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox person
| name = Rezaul Karim
| native_name = রেজাউল করিম
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = 1902
| birth_place = Birbhum, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Colonial India]]<ref name="Khosa2022">{{cite web |last1=Salim |first1=Saquib |last2=Khosa |first2=Aasha |title=Rezaul Karim fought against the Partition of India |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/rezaul-karim-fought-against-the-partition-of-india-12875.html |publisher=Awaz The Voice |language=en |date=2022}}</ref>
| occupation = Lawyer
| nationality =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}
'''Rezaul Karim''' (born 1902) was a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] lawyer and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. During the Indian independence movement, he was a champion of [[composite nationalism]] and a [[opposition to the partition of India|united India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-62123-6 |page=339 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khosa2022"/>

== Early life and education ==
Rezaul Karim was born in 1902 in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Colonial India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/>

Rezaul Karim received his education in the [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]] and in the [[University of Calcutta]] during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/> He "studied law and inherited a traditional Muslim education in Arabic and Persian", having "access to Bengali literary and cultural traditions in Calcutta".<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/>

Karim was acquainted with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and [[Muzaffar Ahmad]], with whom he had contact.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/>

== Career ==
At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], Rezaul Karim championed [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] and thus [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Salim2022">{{cite web |last1=Salim |first1=Saquib |title=Muslims against the Partition of India |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/muslims-against-the-partition-of-india-14638.html |publisher=Awaz The Voice |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Khosa2022"/> He wrote a text called ''Pakisthan Examined'' in which he stated that it is "strange to say that all those persons who have always supported British imperialism in India, have become now the advocates of the Pakistan movement. But those Muslims who always supported the freedom movement of the country are almost to a man stoutly against this movement."<ref name="Salim2022"/> As a nationalist Indian Muslim, Karim said that “our position in India is just the same as it is with the Hindus of the land. We belong to India, and we are one nation with the people of the land.” <ref name="Salim2022"/> He advocated for [[composite nationalism]], with historian Neilesh Bose of the [[University of Victoria]] stating that “Rezaul Karim developed a Bengali Muslim composite nationalism that aimed to connect religion, region and nation in the context of a subjunctive, possible future India.”<ref name="Khosa2022"/> Rezaul Karim called for Indian Muslims to support a united India and firmly rejected the [[two-nation theory]]:<ref name="Khosa2022"/>
{{quotation|I take pride in India in all her past glories and honours. Robbed in splendour and dignity let our common mother regain once more her former freedom and majesty. Let India be our motherland in the truest sense of the term. All that grew on its broad bosom is our inheritance. Its Vedas, its Upanishads, its Rama, Sita, its Ramayana, and Mahabharat, its Krishna and Gita, its Asoka and Akbar, its Kalidas and Amir Khusru, its Aurangzeb and Dara, its Rana Pratap and Sitaram—all are our own inheritance. None of them is alien to us—Muslims, — or alien to our civilization and culture. Whatever is bad in it or whatever is good in it — all belongs to me. Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, Sikhs whatever community resides in India are brothers to me. With them I form one undivided nation and with them I fall and with them I rise. My fate has been linked up inseparably with the rest of India. Therefore we the Hindus and Moslims and other communities should stand before our Mother India in love and veneration and show respect to her. Our unhappy mother is in bondage and we should liberate her and make her free, happy and contented. Let us welcome the New India that is coming—the New India that is emerging out of the debris of one hundred and fifty years of foreign domination. Let us all salute our noble Mother India—not southern India and northern India, not Hindu India and Moslim India, but India as a whole, undivided India in its entirety—India the Universal mother of all civilization, and culture. Let us not partition our Motherland India, and cut to pieces the nerve-centre of her very existence. Let her remain one and undivided, and a single whole, so that we may call her children our own brothers, the bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh. And there lies our salvation.<ref name="Khosa2022"/>}}

== Works ==
*''Naya Bharater Bhitti'' [Foundations for a New India] (1935)<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/>
*''For India and Islam'' (1937)<ref name="QasmiRobb2017"/>
*''Pakisthan Examined with the Partition Schemes'' (1941)<ref name="More2008">{{cite book |last1=More |first1=J. B. Prashant |title=Partition of India: Players and Partners |page=422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Rezaul+Karim%22+Pakisthan+Examined+born&dq=%22Rezaul+Karim%22+Pakisthan+Examined+born&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPorWn3paBAxVahIkEHecTD_AQ6AF6BAgKEAI |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rezaul, Karim}}

[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengalis]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]

Ponni M Concessao

2023-07-17T06:01:52Z

Rishixkumar00: Fresh article content.

#REDIRECT [[Ponni M. Concessao]]

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Kajamian Rowther

2023-07-09T14:39:15Z

Rishixkumar00: Created an inspiring manuscript.

[[Khan Sahib]] N.M.'''Kajamian Rowther''', Indian freedom fighter, Businessman and philanthropist from [[Trichinopoly]]. born 1880, son of the Rich Businessman Mr. N. Mohamed Mian Rowther. he succeeded to his father's business and improved the tannery with modern implements and he took active part in [[Khilafat Movement]]. he was treasurer in Tamil Nadu [[Pradesh Congress Committee|Provincial Congress Committee]]. [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |title=மாணவர்களை பன்முகத்தன்மை உடையவர்களாக உருவாக்க கல்லூரிகள் திட்டமிட வேண்டும்; முதல்-அமைச்சர் மு.க.ஸ்டாலின் பேச்சு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/colleges-need-to-plan-to-make-students-more-diverse-speech-by-first-minister-mk-stalin-732112 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillay |first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKWgAAAAMAAJ&q=kajamian+Rowther&dq=kajamian+Rowther&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiYhajb8f__AhUZTWwGHXq8ACMQ6AF6BAgGEAM#kajamian%20Rowther |title=History of Higher Education in South India |publisher=Associated Printers |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Sahib]]
| name = N.M. Kajamian Rowther
| birth_date = 1880
| birth_place = [[Palakkarai]], [[Trichinopoly]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = 14 November 1954
(aged 74)
| occupation = Politician, Bussinessman and philanthropist
| parents = N. Mohamed Mian Rowther (father)
}}

== Early life ==
Janab N.M.Kaja Mian Rowther born in 188O to M. Mohamed Mian Rowther at [[palakkarai]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras presidency]], [[British India]]

== Jamal Mohamed College ==
[[Jamal Mohamed College]] was established in 1951 as a religious minority institution with the primary objective of providing higher education to the downtrodden and socially backward sections of the society in general and Muslim Minority in particular. Janab. N.M. Khajamian Rowther Sahib and Janab. M. Jamal Mohamed Sahib of revered memory are the founding fathers of this institution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Message|url=https://jmc.edu/mba/about.php?abt=jmcol&jmc=jmcprofile|access-date=2021-11-22|website=jmc.edu}}</ref>

Ever since its inception in 1915, it has been rendering signal service to the cause of education, primary and secondary. To faci- litate the efforts of this Society, the late Janab Khaja Mian Rowther donated to it about 110 acres of land near the Race Course, Tiruchi, and the late Hajee M. Jamai Mohideen Saheb, a leading business magnate,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pillay|first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKWgAAAAMAAJ&q=acres+110|title=History of Higher Education in South India|publisher=Associated Printers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamal Mohamed College {{!}} B.Ed College |url=https://jmc.edu/B.Ed/founders |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=jmc.edu}}</ref>

The original inspiration for starting the college came from the philanthropic disposition of the late Janab Kaja Mian Rowther, a leading business magnate, who was the President of Majlis-ul-uiema (ihe assembly of the learned) till his death in 1954.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pillay|first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKWgAAAAMAAJ&q=kaja+mian+rowther+acres|title=History of Higher Education in South India|publisher=Associated Printers|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (India)

2022-11-30T09:44:01Z

Rishixkumar00: Published an enlightening piece.

#REDIRECT [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]

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Andy Pycroft

2022-09-21T02:48:18Z

Rishixkumar00: added Category:Western Province cricketers

{{short description|Zimbabwean cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Andy Pycroft
| image =
| caption =
| country = Zimbabwe
| fullname = Andrew John Pycroft
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|6|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = Batsman
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1983–1992
| testdebutdate = 18 October
| testdebutyear = 1992
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 10
| lasttestdate = 7 November
| lasttestyear = 1992
| lasttestagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 9 June
| odidebutyear = 1983
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 9
| lastodidate = 18 March
| lastodiyear = 1992
| lastodiagainst = England
| club1 = [[Western Province cricket team|Western Province B]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1975/76–1978/79}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 152
| bat avg1 = 30.40
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 60
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 20
| runs2 = 295
| bat avg2 = 17.35
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 61
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 6/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 72
| runs3 = 4,374
| bat avg3 = 38.03
| 100s/50s3 = 5/31
| top score3 = 133
| deliveries3 = 87
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 52.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/0
| catches/stumpings3 = 63/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 100
| runs4 = 2,576
| bat avg4 = 29.60
| 100s/50s4 = 1/17
| top score4 = 104
| deliveries4 = 12
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 38/–
| date = 3 August
| year = 2016
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2050/2050.html CricketArchive
}}

'''Andrew John Pycroft''' (born 6 June 1956) is a former Zimbabwean [[cricket]]er who played in 3 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 20 [[One Day International]]s from 1983 to 1992.

==Domestic career==
He played for [[Rhodesia cricket team|Rhodesia]] prior to Zimbabwe's independence. He also represented the [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwean team]] (1980 onwards) and the [[Western Province cricket team|Western Province]] in the South African domestic competition.

==After cricket==
In March 2006 Pycroft was appointed coach of the Zimbabwe A side,<ref>[http://content.cricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/240269.html Zimbabwe Cricket sack Mangongo], CricketArchive, Retrieved 1 May 2009</ref> a role he kept until August 2008 when he was sacked along with first-team coach [[Robin Brown (cricketer)|Robin Brown]].<ref>[http://content.cricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/364048.html Brown ousted as Zimbabwe coach], CricketArchive, Retrieved 1 May 2009</ref>

Pycroft became a member of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees]] in March 2009.<ref>[http://content.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/396486.html Gould and Hill join ICC elite], CricketArchive, Retrieved 1 May 2009</ref>

==See also==
* [[Elite Panel of ICC Referees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Zimbabwe Squad 1983 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Zimbabwe Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Zimbabwe Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{ICC Match Referees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pycroft, Andy}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Harare]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean people of British descent]]
[[Category:White Rhodesian people]]
[[Category:White Zimbabwean sportspeople]]
[[Category:Zimbabwe Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean cricketers]]
[[Category:South African Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricket match referees]]
[[Category:Western Province cricketers]]

{{Zimbabwe-cricketbio-stub}}

Draft:Pobir Laru

2021-05-31T11:33:58Z

Rishixkumar00: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Pobir Laru | image = Pobirlaru | caption = Indian Entrepreneur - Pobir Laru | birth_date..."

{{Infobox person
| name = Pobir Laru
| image = [[File:Pobirlaru.jpg|Pobirlaru]]
| caption = Indian Entrepreneur - Pobir Laru
| birth_date = 29 October 2003
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active = 2016 - present
| other names = Rishi Kumar
| Notable Work =
}}
'''Pobir Laru'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pobir Laru teach the basics of public relation and digital marketing|url=https://techbullion.com/pobir-laru-teach-the-basics-of-public-relation-and-digital-marketing/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Techbullion|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> (born 29 October 2003) is a 17-year-old Young Entrepreneur in India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pobir Laru - Youngest Entrepreneur Of India|url=https://menafn.com/1101090720/Paras-Gola-Youngest-Entrepreneur-Of-India|language=en|date=11 August 2020|website=Menafn|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>, an Android<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pobir Laru: Apps for Android - Amazon.in|url=https://www.amazon.in/Apps-for-Android-Pobir-Laru/s?rh=n%3A1661666031%2Cp_4%3APobir+Laru}}</ref>, and a Web Developer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pobir Laru - Web Developer - Rose N Petals India - LinkedIn|url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/rishixkumar00}}</ref> from Chandigarh, India. He is the Founder and Developer of Box Digital Media a digital marketing solution<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pobir Laru help small businesses to grow in this digital era|url=https://nagpuroranges.com/pobir-laru-help-small-businesses-to-grow-in-this-digital-era/|language=en|date=18 April 2021|website=Nagpur oranges|access-date= 24 April 2021}}</ref>.

==Early Life==
Pobir Laru was born in 2003 in Chandigarh, India. He is an Indian Developer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Android Apps by Pobir Laru on Google Play|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=7214008978682718579&hl=en_US&gl=US}}</ref> who started using computers at the age of eight only and was fascinated by how computers could do anything. His curiosity made him learn computer basics. He began using computers and writing programs & creating websites in middle school. Later, Pobir began using the internet on his own and reading books about computers and started learning to code on his own by online tutorials from blogs and forums.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{[https://rishixkumar.web.app Official Website]}}