Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Dihar archaeological site

2023-09-30T10:20:04Z

Rishavvv26: Dihar (archaeological site): Usual convention

#REDIRECT [[Dihar (archaeological site)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Maharashtra Oranje FC

2023-09-15T05:18:37Z

Rishavvv26:

{{Short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Maharashtra Oranje FC
| nickname =
| image = Official_Club_Badge_of_Maharashtra_Oranje_FC.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| fullname = Maharashtra Oranje Football Club
| founded = {{start date and age|2017}}
| ground = [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]] [[Neville D'Souza#Legacy|Neville D'souza Football Turf]]
| capacity = 5,000
| owner = Satyajeet Saaini
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
| league = [[MFA Elite Division]] [[I-League 2nd Division]]
| season = [[2022–23 MFA Elite Division|2022–23]]
| position = MFA Elite Division, 4th of 16
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| socks1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| website = https://theoranjeacademy.com
}}

'''Maharashtra Oranje Football Club''', formerly known as '''The Oranje FC''', is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It currently competes in the [[MFA Elite Division]] (the top division of [[Mumbai Football League]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulla |first=Ayan |title=KSA drop points in the title race after drawing with The Oranje FC |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/ksa-drop-points-in-the-title-race-after-draw-with-the-oranje-fc/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Based in [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]], ''The Oranje Football Academy'' derived its name from the Dutch Philosophy of total football. Satyajeet Saaini, a mechanical engineer by qualification and a self-taught footballer, founded the Oranje Football Academy in January 2016 with more than 200 students. They have established coaching centers in Powai Vihar, [[Hiranandani]], and [[Bhandup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Inspiration |url=https://theoranjeacademy.com/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=theoranjeacademy.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, the Oranje Football Academy assembled a first team named '''The Oranje FC'''. In 2018, they competed for the first time in the [[Mumbai Football League#Division Three|MFA 3rd Division]]. From 2019 onwards, they competed in three MFA Divisions (3rd, 2nd, and 1st) and multiple age groups. In 2020, they competed for the first time in the '''2020–21 MFA Elite Division''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halder |first=Suchit |title=The Oranje FC to host trials for MDFA Elite Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/the-oranje-fc-to-host-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> the premier division of the [[Mumbai Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Oranje FC - Est. 2017 |url=https://theoranjeacademy.com/club/since-2017/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=theoranjeacademy.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2022–23 MFA Elite Division]] season, they finish 4th for the second season running.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |title=Atlanta FC drops points for the first time this season against spirited The Oranje FC |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atlanta-fc-drops-points-for-the-first-time-this-season-against-spirited-the-oranje-fc/ |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2023, the Oranje FC took over [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC]] who qualified for [[2023-24 I-League 2]] in the [[2022-23 I-League 2|previous season]]. As a result, '''Maharashtra Oranje FC''' will compete in the upcoming 2023-24 I-League 2 season in place of Ambernath United Atlanta FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are now Maharashtra Oranje FC |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/theoranjefc_alwaysearnednevergiven-keepingthedreamalive-activity-7107024980982308864-u1qN |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=[[LinkedIn]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |title=Maharashtra Oranje FC all set to shine in I-League 2nd Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/maharashtra-oranje-fc-all-set-to-shine-in-i-league-2nd-division/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Name
|-
|Owner
|Satyajeet Saaini
|-
|Head coach
|[[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/c/TheOranjeFootballClub Maharashtra Oranje Football Club] at [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/theoranjeacademy/ The Oranje Football Academy] at [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/theoranjefc/ Maharashtra Oranje FC] at [[LinkedIn]]
*[https://www.instagram.com/theoranjefc/?hl=en Maharashtra Oranje FC] at [[Instagram]]

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2017]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:I-League 2nd Division clubs]]

Hasan Sijzi

2023-09-09T18:36:34Z

Rishavvv26: Just published an influential work.

{{sufism}}
'''Amir Hasan Ala Sijzi Dehlavi''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|امیر حسن علا سجزی دہلوی}}}}; 1242{{Snd}}1325) was an [[Indian Muslim]] poet, scholar and [[Sufi]] living in the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He was a disciple of the [[Chishti]] master [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], and the compiler of the [[Iran|Persian]] Sufi manual ''Fawa'id al Fu'ad'' (Morals for the Heart) in which the discourses of Nizamuddin have been recorded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Bruce B. |title=Morals for the heart: conversations of Shaykh Nizam ad-din Awliya recorded by Amir Hasan Sijzi |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York |isbn=080913280X}}</ref>

He was a contempary of the Sufi poet [[Amir Khusrau]] and is regarded as the originator of the [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] [[ghazal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Rebecca Ruth |title=Hasan Sijzi of Dehli and the Persian Ghazal |journal=The Sufi Journal |issue=90 (Winter 2016) |pages=46-51 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2767030 |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> He is buried in the [[Khuldabad]] near [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rana |first1=Safvi |title=grave of Amir Hasan Sijzi the writer of Fawaidul Fuad |url=https://ranasafvi.com/grave-of-amir-hasan-sijzi-the-writer-of-fawaidul-fuad/ |website=Rana Safvi |access-date=9 September 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sijzi, Hasan}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]

Salil Ankola

2023-08-22T09:30:26Z

Rishavvv26: Edit

{{Short description|Indian cricket player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name = Salil Ankola
|country = India
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Salil Ashok Ankola
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ankola]], [[Uttara kannada]] District, Karnataka, India
| height = 185 cm
|batting = Right-handed
|bowling = Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]]
|role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
|international = true
|testdebutdate = 15 November
|testdebutyear = 1989
|testdebutagainst = Pakistan
|testcap = 186
|onetest = true
|odidebutdate = 18 December
|odidebutyear = 1989
|odidebutagainst = Pakistan
|odicap = 72
|lastodidate = 13 February
|lastodiyear = 1997
|lastodiagainst = South Africa
|club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|year1 = {{nowrap|1988–1990}}
|club2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|year2 = 1990–1997
|columns = 4
|column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
|matches1 = 1
|runs1 = 6
|bat avg1 = 6.00
|100s/50s1 = 0/0
|top score1 = 6
|deliveries1 = 180
|wickets1 = 2
|bowl avg1 = 64.00
|fivefor1 = 0
|tenfor1 = 0
|best bowling1 = 1/35
|catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
|column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
|matches2 = 20
|runs2 = 34
|bat avg2 = 3.77
|100s/50s2 = 0/0
|top score2 = 9
|deliveries2 = 807
|wickets2 = 13
|bowl avg2 = 47.30
|fivefor2 = 0
|tenfor2 = 0
|best bowling2 = 3/33
|catches/stumpings2 = 12/0
|column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
|matches3 = 54
|runs3 = 707
|bat avg3 = 15.71
|100s/50s3 =0/1
|top score3 = 63
|deliveries3 = 8656
|wickets3 = 181
|bowl avg3 = 25.33
|fivefor3 = 8
|tenfor3 = 0
|best bowling3 = 6/47
|catches/stumpings3 = 22/0
|column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
|matches4 =75
|runs4 = 325
|bat avg4 = 11.60
|100s/50s4 = 0/0
|top score4 = 43*
|deliveries4 = 3329
|wickets4 = 70
|bowl avg4 = 32.82
|fivefor4 = 0
|tenfor4 = 0
|best bowling4 = 4/22
|catches/stumpings4 = 18/–
|date = 11 March
|year = 2013
|source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26257.html ESPNcricinfo
|}}
'''Salil Ashok Ankola''' ({{audio|Salil_Ankola.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 1 March 1968) is a former international [[cricket]]er who played one [[Test cricket|Test match]] and 20 [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) from 1989 to 1997 for [[Indian national cricket team|India]]. A right-arm [[Fast medium|fast-medium]] bowler, he played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Mumbai]], regularly opening the bowling. Ankola's consistency for Mumbai team earned him a spot for representing India during [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1989–90|their tour of Pakistan in 1989–90]]. After the first Test match at [[National Stadium, Karachi|Karachi]], he was dropped for the subsequent matches in the series owing to injuries. After a brief phase of playing first-class cricket, Ankola was called for the Indian ODI team during 1993, eventually led to being a part of the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. His reputation as a poor fielder, resulted in being dropped from the side after subsequent series. At 28, Ankola retired from international cricket to pursue acting. Since then he went on to appear in a number of [[Indian soap opera]]s and a few Bollywood movies. In 2020, he was selected as the chief selector of the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=Former India pacer Salil Ankola named Mumbai chief selector|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/former-india-pacer-salil-ankola-named-mumbai-chief-selector-7107698/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Cricketing career==

===Early achievements===

Born in 1968 into a south Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking family which hails from the town of [[Ankola]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]], Salil Ankola made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut at the age of 20 for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in 1988–89.<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Salil Ankola |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26257.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807092433/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26257.html |archive-date=7 August 2015 }}</ref> Playing against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] he scored 43 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] and took a six-wicket haul (six wickets in an innings) that included a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra v Gujarat |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50758.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144409/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50758.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marar |first1=Jaideep |title=Selection solace for Salil Ankola |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961015/28950112.html |work=The Indian Express |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970424134105/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961015/28950112.html |archive-date=24 April 1997 |date=15 October 1996}}</ref> He followed with another six-wicket haul; six wickets for 51 runs in an innings against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Baroda v Maharashtra |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50833.html |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220145248/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50833.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref> Overall, he collected 27 wickets at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 20.18 including three [[five wicket haul]]s during the season. Owing to the consistent performances during the season, Ankola caught the attention of the selectors, as he was selected for the [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1989–90|India's tour of Pakistan in 1989–90]]. In a [[Exhibition game|warm up match]] against BCCP Patron's XI he took six wickets for 77 runs in the first innings and collecting two more wickets in the second innings, thus taking his tally to eight wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCP Patron's XI v Indians |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52037.html |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111223948/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52037.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

===First class cricket===
Ankola made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut during the first test of the tour at [[Karachi]], alongside [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Waqar Younis]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan v India |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52045.html |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203063323/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52045.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> both would go on to become successful cricketers later in their careers.<ref>{{cite web|title=You are seeing the best of Tendulkar: Waqar |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/apr/21waqar.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=28 March 2013 |date=21 April 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117113654/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/apr/21waqar.htm |archive-date=17 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sachin's has been a very different story: Waqar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110331/jsp/sports/story_13790283.jsp |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=31 March 2011 |author=Lokendra Pratap Sahi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814033259/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110331/jsp/sports/story_13790283.jsp |archive-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> In a match that was [[Tie (draw)|drawn]], Ankola took two wickets for 128 runs. Injuries sustained thereafter and prevented him from appearing in the remaining Tests of the series.<ref name=profile/>

Soon after the Test series, that was drawn, Ankola was called for the ODI series. He made his ODI debut in the second of the three-match series; the first ODI was abandoned due to bad lights. Ankola picked up two wickets conceding 26 runs. He arrived at [[Batting order (cricket)|number 10]] in the second innings at a stage where India needed 15 runs of one [[Over (cricket)|over]]. Ankola hit a six of the first ball that he faced off [[Imran Khan]] but eventually ended on the losing side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Which Indian hit a six off his first ball in ODIs? |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/DIDUKNOW/JULY/11072001.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2013 |date=11 July 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004043840/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/DIDUKNOW/JULY/11072001.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> In the next match, he bowled just 2.3 overs (15 balls) before the match was called off due to crowd disruption. Despite being selected in the Test squads on domestic series and overseas tours, he never got an opportunity to play for the team. Being dropped from the team without getting a game was known in cricket circles as being "Ankolad".<ref name=desh>{{cite news|last=Deshpande|first=Swati|title=Ankola wants out, wife says no|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-29/mumbai/28147157_1_indian-cricket-team-legal-notice-mrinalini-deshmukh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331055706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-29/mumbai/28147157_1_indian-cricket-team-legal-notice-mrinalini-deshmukh|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2013|access-date=5 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2010}}</ref> However, Ankola continued to play ODI cricket. In the early 1990s, he along with other bowlers such as [[Abey Kuruvilla]], [[Paras Mhambrey]], [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] and [[Sairaj Bahutule]] was trained under [[Frank Tyson]]. Ankola mainly worked on altering his style rather than pace.<ref>{{cite news|last=Viswanath |first=G. |title=Fast bowlers need guidance from expert |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101262552500.htm |access-date=14 March 2013 |date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024230036/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101262552500.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=24 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Murzello|first=Clayton|title=Contractor can rebuild the edifice|url=http://www.mid-day.com/columnists/2012/jul/260712-opinion-Contractor-can-rebuild-the-edifice.htm|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=14 March 2013|date=26 July 2012}}</ref>

During this period, Ankola married Parineeta; the couple has two children—a daughter and a son.<ref name=desh/>

After a period of three years, Ankola was selected for the Charms Cup against [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at home.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI Matches Played by Salil Ankola |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1931/ODI_Matches.html |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301071750/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1931/ODI_Matches.html |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref> In a match against [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] during the [[1993 Hero Cup]], he captured three wickets for 33 runs, which remained his career-best bowling figures in ODIs.<ref name=inns>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / SA Ankola / One-Day Internationals / Innings by innings list |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26257.html?class=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031616/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26257.html?class=2%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>

In 1996, Ankola was selected in the Indian team for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]. In the tournament he played just one match against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. In a match that India lost, he conceded 28 runs off five overs without claiming any wicket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wills World Cup – 24th match, Group A: India v Sri Lanka |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65179.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113193002/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65179.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 }}</ref> Shortly after the World Cup, the selectors with immediate effect dropped Ankola along with [[Vinod Kambli]] and all-rounder [[Manoj Prabhakar]]—all were a part of the squad earlier—for the [[1996 Singer Cup|Singer cup]] and [[1996 Pepsi Sharjah Cup|Pepsi Sharjah Cup]].<ref name=headlines>{{cite web|title=The Headlines (for Mar 96) |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/72557.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314183828/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/72557.html |archive-date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> Ankola was replaced by medium-fast bowler [[Prashant Vaidya]].<ref name=headlines/> However, Ankola was subsequently selected for the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 1996–97|Indian team that toured South Africa in 1996—97]]. Despite being a part of the squad, he was never given a chance to represent the playing XI in any of the Test matches. Following the Test series, he was picked up for the Standard Bank International ODI tournament;<ref>{{cite web|last=Panicker |first=Prem |title=Jadeja, Joshi, Robin, Ankola return to the Indian side |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_IN_RSA/ARTICLES/IND_ODI_SIDE_13JAN1997.html |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 March 2013 |date=13 January 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302154441/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_IN_RSA/ARTICLES/IND_ODI_SIDE_13JAN1997.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref> he played five games in the tournament against South Africa and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / SA Ankola / One-Day Internationals / 1996—97 |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26257.html?class=2;home_or_away=1;home_or_away=2;home_or_away=3;result=1;result=2;result=3;result=5;season=1996%2F97;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031602/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26257.html?class=2%3Bhome_or_away%3D1%3Bhome_or_away%3D2%3Bhome_or_away%3D3%3Bresult%3D1%3Bresult%3D2%3Bresult%3D3%3Bresult%3D5%3Bseason%3D1996%2F97%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> In the finals against South Africa that India lost, Ankola conceded 50 runs in seven overs in what became his last match;<ref name=inns/> the spell included a catch being taken off a [[no-ball]] and a dropped chance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Bank International One-Day Series – Final |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66078.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102052542/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66078.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref> The tour remained his last in international cricket as he was never selected for the team again. Following that, Ankola declared his retirement from international cricket the same year.<ref name=profile/>

===Post retirement contributions to cricket===
In March 2010, BCCI granted Ankola a benefit match[[Twenty20]] [[benefit match]] between Sachin Tendulkar XI and Sourav Ganguly XI at the [[Andheri Sports Complex]], Mumbai.<ref name=midday>{{cite web|last=Kenkre |first=Hemant |title=Dhoni makes Salil Ankola's benefit game special |url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2010/mar/070310-salil-ankola-ms-dhoni-benefit-match.htm |access-date=16 March 2013 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103002629/http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2010/mar/070310-salil-ankola-ms-dhoni-benefit-match.htm |archive-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref> The squad included Ankola himself along with [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], captain of the Indian national cricket team then.<ref name=mmirror2>{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Amit |title=2-crore googly for Salil Ankola |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=15&contentid=2010052720100527021746994d4f7e2f3 |access-date=16 March 2013 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=27 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222607/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date=2 July 2010 }}</ref> A writer noted that, "Salil Ankola is indeed fortunate. Not many players get to witness an unexpected visitor in the form of the current India captain turning up for his benefit match".<ref name="mirror1" /><ref name="mmirror2" />

In 2020, Salil Ankola was selected as the chief selector of the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
He wanted to come back to cricket and give back to the game what the game has given him so much and in 2020 he applied for the selection committee post for MUMBAI CRICKET ASSOCIATION and he was appointed the CHAIRMAN OF MUMBAI SENIOR & U25 COMMITTEE on 16 December 2020
When Salil Ankola was appointed the chief selector of MUMBAI TEAM the team has not being doing well and had not won a single trophy in 6 years, he was given the job of rebuilding the team and getting back MUMBAI CRICKET's lost glory.
Under his Chairmanship MUMBAI won the VIJAY HAZARE TROPHY in 2021/22 season after a long gap .
In 2022/23 season MUMBAI senior team reached the finals of the Ranji trophy and also won the U25 CK NAYUDU TROPHY
Also in 2022/23 season MUMBAI SENIOR TEAM won the SYED MUSTAQ ALI TROPHY CHAMPIONSHIP for the first time since its commencement in 2006/07.
In his Chairmanship the team rebuilding process started as average age of present Mumbai team is 25 and results speak for itself.
So it's right to say that Salil Ankola has done a good job as Chairman of Mumbai Selection Committee in his appointment for last 3 seasons.

==Acting career==
After retiring from cricket, Ankola shifted his focus towards entering films. He made his cinematic debut through the 2000 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'',<ref name=itoday>{{cite web|title=Big screen boy – Ex-cricketer Salil Ankola set to move from small-screen to movies |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ex-cricketer-salil-ankola-set-to-move-from-small-screen-to-movies/1/243766.html |publisher=Indiatoday.in |access-date=14 March 2013 |author=Anna M.M. Vetticad |author-link=Anna M.M. Vetticad |date=3 April 2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112033/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ex-cricketer-salil-ankola-set-to-move-from-small-screen-to-movies/1/243766.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> where he played the role of a cop accompanying his senior officer played by [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref name=itoday/> He followed that with ''[[Pitaah]]'' (2002),<ref>{{cite news|title=Playing for Bollywood |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/playingforbollywood/Article4-460080.aspx |access-date=14 March 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227010341/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/playingforbollywood/Article4-460080.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> and his last major release ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]'' (2003) featured him alongside [[Esha Deol]] and [[Zayed Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Star son Zayed Khan debuts in Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23intro.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |author=Sukanya Verma |author2=Ronjita Kulkarni |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110035/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23intro.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> The following year he acted in ''Silence Please...The Dressing Room'', where he played the character of a cricket captain.<ref name=bhung>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Silence Please – The Dressing Room |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508144 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 March 2013 |date=9 April 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331030809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508144 |archive-date=31 March 2013 }}</ref> The film did not fare well at the box-office, nonetheless Ankola's performance was highly appreciated.<ref name=bhung/> He also participated in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|first season]] of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', Indian version of the [[Reality television|reality show]] ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'' in 2006. Prior to that, he acted in the [[Indian soap opera]] titled ''Karam Apna Apna'', where he signed a contract with [[Balaji Telefilms]] that "[Ankola] would not act in any television show on any channel apart from those produced by Balaji Films".<ref>{{cite web|last=Janwalkar|first=Mayura|title=Reality bites Salil Ankola|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_reality-bites-salil-ankola_1062893|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=14 March 2013|date=8 November 2006}}</ref> Since he appeared in ''Bigg Boss'' before the contract would expire—one year from June 2006—the [[Bombay High Court]] ordered him not to act in any TV shows on other channels that are considered rivals for [[Sony Television]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Bigg Boss' shows Ankola the door|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bigg-boss-shows-ankola-the-door_1063302|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=14 March 2013|date=10 November 2006}}</ref> ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' and ''[[Kora Kagaz]]'' are some of the other soap operas that he has acted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricketers on a different wicket |url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/sports/cricketers-on-a-different-wicket/salil-ankola/ |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110152/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/sports/cricketers-on-a-different-wicket/salil-ankola/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref>

Ankola went through a bad patch in the period 2008–12. Neither his cricket career nor his acting career had brought in enough money to support his growing family expenses. Financial issues and frustration led to a combination of alcoholism and breakdown of marital relations. The BCCI (India's apex cricket board) arranged a benefit match for him in 2010, to boost his finances, but it was too little. His first marriage of 19 years (1992-2011) ended in divorce in 2011, after which he slowly recovered enough to resume acting on television.

In February 2013, Salil was seen as Savitri's father in the daily show Savitri<ref>{{cite web|title=Salil Ankola & Suchita Trivedi in Savitri|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-21/tv/37902133_1_riddhi-dogra-salil-ankola-savitri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-21/tv/37902133_1_riddhi-dogra-salil-ankola-savitri|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> but was replaced by Shahbaz Khan in August 2013 after a revamp of the show.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahbaaz Khan replaces Salil Ankola, new cast in Savitri|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/tv/40535265_1_savitri-salil-ankola-new-cast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/tv/40535265_1_savitri-salil-ankola-new-cast|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> Rumors are that he will be seen in an episode of the popular Zee TV show, Fear Files.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salil Ankola in Fear Files|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/tv/40832500_1_fear-files-contiloe-telefilm-zee-tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/tv/40832500_1_fear-files-contiloe-telefilm-zee-tv|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
He and his wife were a part of the reality show POWER COUPLE in 2015 and Salil Ankola went on to act in the super hit show KARAMPHALDATA SHANI in 2016 which had a good run for 2 years and also the show was dubbed in almost 12 different languages across the world .
This was his last appearance in television shows as post this show he acted in South films and in 2020 returned to cricket as CHAIRMAN OF MUMBAI SENIOR U25 SELECTION COMMITTEE.

===Filmography===
* 2000: ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
* 2002: ''[[Pitaah]]''
* 2003: ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]''
* 2004: ''Silence Please...The Dressing Room''
* 2012: ''[[Riwayat]]''
* 2018: ''[[Tera Intezaar]]''
* 2019: ''[[Ekta 2019|Ekta]]''
* 2021: ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
*2022: ''[[Paambattam]]'' (Tamil)

===Television===
====As an actor====
* 1997 ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' - The Tenant - Episode 31
* 1998–1999 ''Chahat Aur Nafrat'' as Vishal
* 1998–2000: ''Lekin... Woh Sach Tha''
* 1998 - 1999 '' [[Kora Kagaz (TV series)|Kora Kagaz]]'' as Ravi
* 1999: '' [[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
* 2000 - 2001: '' [[Noorjahan (TV series)|Noorjahan]]'' as Yusuf Chak
* 2002 - 2005 ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]'' as Ranveer Rathore / Sandeep Jain / Shakti Singh
* 2003 - 2004 ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' as Vikraal
* 2003 - 2004 ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]'' as Vikraal
* 2005 ''Zindagi Teri Meri Kahani''
* 2005 - 2006 CID: Special Bureau as Senior Inspector Akshay
* 2006 ''Ak...tion Unlimited Josh''
* 2006 - 2009 ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' as Mahen Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ankola cannot act in Big Boss: HC|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/ankola-cannot-act-in-big-boss-hc/story-eAOO8TPAyzrQPGXRxAMYSM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=9 November 2006}}</ref>
* 2009 - 2010 ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]'' as Vikram
* 2013 ''[[Savitri - EK Prem Kahani]]'' as Maharaj
* 2013 ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' as Kunal Singh
* 2016 - 2018 ''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]'' as [[Surya]] Dev
*February 10, 2020 – December 26, 2020 [[Devi Adi Parashakti]] as [[Surya]] Dev (Replacement by Sanjay Sharma)

==== Reality television ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Name !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]'' || rowspan="4" | Contestant || rowspan="4" | [[Sony TV]] || Ejected, Day 6
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-shows-ankola-the-door-1063302|title='Bigg Boss' shows Ankola the door|date=10 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Fear Factor India]]'' ||
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Box Cricket League|Box Cricket League 1]]'' ||
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Power Couple (Indian TV series)|Power Couple 1]]'' || (with second wife Ria)
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2022
|Kitchen Kallakar
|Contestant
|Zee Marathi
|Winner
|
|-
|}

==Background and personal life==
Salil was born in 1968 into a Karnataka [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking family which hails from the town of [[Ankola]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The High Priests of Indian Cricket |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-high-priests-of-indian-cricket/218914 |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |date=10 February 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516020614/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-high-priests-of-indian-cricket/218914 |archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2008, it was reported that Ankola has been suffering from [[Mood disorder|depression]] and was enrolled in a rehabilitation centre in [[Pune]].<ref name=mirror1>{{cite news|last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Salil Ankola admitted to rehabilitation centre |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?contentid=2008110820081108025605842af3243ca&page=article&sectid=30&sectxslt=section |access-date=15 March 2013 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=8 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002164825/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=2008110820081108025605842af3243ca&sectxslt=section |archive-date=2 October 2012 }}</ref> The reason behind the illness was believed to be his severe addiction to alcohol.<ref name=mirror1/> As a result of this his wife Parineeta decided to settle with her parent in Pune with their children, leaving Ankola isolated.<ref name=mirror1/>

After his recovery in January 2010, Ankola sent a legal notice to his wife demanding mutual consent for separation.<ref name=desh/> His wife responded that, "there was [no] problem or a marital breakdown ... wanted to work on a reconciliation, not divorce."<ref name=desh/> Ankola, when asked about reconciliation, said he was not willing to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=All is not well between Salil & Parineeta|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-15/news-interviews/28122876_1_salil-ankola-chembur-pune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-15/news-interviews/28122876_1_salil-ankola-chembur-pune|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 January 2010}}</ref> The couple finally got divorced in 2011. On 22 December 2013, Parineeta's body was found hanging from the ceiling fan of her room at her residence in Geeta Society, Salisbury Park, in Pune.<ref name=wifesuicide>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketerturnedactor-salil-ankolas-exwife-found-dead/1210609/ |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=23 December 2013 |title=Cricketer-turned-actor Salil Ankola's ex-wife found dead |work=The Indian Express|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225005320/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketerturnedactor-salil-ankolas-exwife-found-dead/1210609 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[One Test Wonder]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Bigg Boss 1}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankola, Salil}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants]]

Ashtasakhi

2023-07-17T13:05:46Z

Rishavvv26: Created an informative piece.

{{short description|Group of eight closest companions of Radha-Krishna}}

{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| name = Ashtasakhi
| other_names = Ashtagopi
| image = RadhaKrishna with Ashtasakhi.jpg
| caption = [[Radha Krishna]] with Ashtasakhi
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Ashtāsākhi
| Devanagari = अष्टसखी
| affiliation = {{bulleted list|[[Gopi]]||[[Avatar]] of [[Radha]]|[[Krishnaism]]}}
| abode = [[Goloka]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Barsana]]
| consort = [[Krishna]]
| festivals = [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kartik Purnima]], [[Lathmar Holi]]
| gender = Female
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]-[[Chandravamsha]]
| member_of = [[Gopis]]
| venerated_in = [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Pushtimarg]], Haridasi Sampradaya
| temple = Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, Vrindavan
| region = [[Braj region]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''Ashtasakhi''' ({{lang-sa|अष्टसखी}}, {{IAST3|Ashtāsākhi}}) are a group of eight prominent [[gopi]]s and close associates of the [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] in the [[Braj|Braj region]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&dq=ashtasakhi+tungavidya&pg=PA107 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref> In many sub-traditions of [[Krishnaism]], they are revered as goddesses and consorts of Krishna. According to the [[Padma Purana]], the Ashtasakhi are the eternal female companions of Radha-Krishna in the [[Dvapara Yuga]], with whom they descended upon the earth from their celestial abode of [[Goloka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&q=sakhi&pg=PA43 |title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03524-8 |pages=59–62 |language=en}}</ref>

The popular list of Ashtasakhi include: Lalita, Vishaka, Champaklata, Chitra, Tungavidhya, Induleka, Rangadevi, and Sudevi.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Tantra and some Śaiva Thinkers |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |work=An Introduction to Indian Philosophy |access-date=2023-07-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |isbn=978-1-4725-2476-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gaudiya |title=Ashta Sakhi of Radha - 8 Principal Gopis of Vrindavan |url=https://thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2021/08/07/ashta-sakhi-of-sri-radha-eight-gopis-of-vrindavan/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=The Gaudiya Treasures of Bengal |language=en-US}}</ref> All of these eight prominent gopis are regarded to be an expansion of [[Radha]], the chief consort of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press |url=http://archive.org/details/padma-puran-gita-press |title=Padma Purana (पद्म पुराण) - Gita Press |pages=570–572}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:RadhaKrishna&Ashtasakhis.jpg|thumb|Ashtasakhi with [[Radha Krishna]] at Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, [[Vrindavan]]]]
'''[[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]]''' : Out of eight prominent sakhi, Lalita is the foremost sakhi. She is the eldest gopi among Ashtasakhi and is 27 days older than Radha. She was born to her parents Visoka (father) and Saradi (mother) in Unchagaon, near [[Barsana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalita Sakhi- The Guru of Gopis! |url=https://www.mayapur.com/2019/lalita-sakhi-the-guru-of-gopis/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Mayapur.com}}</ref> A temple called ''Sri Lalita Sakhi Temple, Unchagaon'' is situated in her village which is dedicated to her. In Radha-Krishna pastimes, its the duty of Lalita to pacify Radha when she feels separation from Krishna and then arrange a meeting of Radha-Krishna. In [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]], [[Swami Haridas]], the popular saint and musician of Vrindavan is said to be the incarnation of Lalita. He manifested the idol of [[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]] in [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unchagaon |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/page/unchagaon |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=iskcondesiretree.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lalita Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/page/sri-lalita-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=iskcondesiretree.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1cvAAAAYAAJ |title=The Color Guide to Vr̥ndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples |publisher=ArunAdhikari007anta Vision Publication |language=en}}</ref>

'''Vishaka''' : The second prominent gopi is the Vishaka. The service Visakha renders is ''Vastralankara'' or arranging for the clothing and ornamentation of the divine couple. She is exactly the same age as Radha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |title=Sri Vishaka devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-vishaka-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}</ref> Vishakaha is believed to be born in Kamai village to her parents Pavana (father) and Vahika (mother).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Mayapur |title=Appearance of Srimati Vishakha Devi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-srimati-vishakha-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref> In Kaliyuga, [[Hariram Vyas|Swami Hariram Vyas]] is believed to be the incarnation of Vishakha. A temple dedicated to Vishaka called ''Sri Vishakha Radha Raman Bihariji Temple'' is situated in her village Kamai, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":2" />

'''Champaklata''' : Champaklata is the third most senior gopi in group of Ashtasakhi. She is born to her mother Vatika Devi and father Arama in Karahla village in Braj region. Champaklata is one day younger than Radha and her primary service includes collecting fruits and vegetables from forest and then cooking meals for the divine couple Radha-Krishna. A temple dedicated to Chapaklata called, ''Sri Champaklata Sakhi Temple'' is situated in Karhala, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Mayapur |title=Appearance of Srimati Champakalata Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-srimati-champakalata-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |title=Campakalata Devi- The Expert Debater |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/campakalata-devi-the-expert-debater-4 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref> In [[Pushtimarg]] tradition, Padmanabhdas, disciple of [[Vallabha]]charya, is believed to be the incarnation of Champaklata.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&q=sakhi&pg=PA43 |title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03524-8 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Chitra''' : Chitra is the fourth prominent gopi, who was born to her mother Carcika and father Catura in Chiksauli village, Uttar Pradesh. She is 26 days older than Radha. She is expert in playing music on pots filled with varying degrees of water. She is well versed in the literature related to astronomy and astrology and is also is well versed in the theoretical and practical activities of protecting domestic animals. She is especially expert at gardening. A temple known as ''Sri Chitra Sakhi Temple, Chiksauli'' is present in her village and is dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |title=Sri Chitra Sakhi Appearance Day |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/sri-chitra-sakhi-appearance-day |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Radharani Ki Asht Sakhiyon Ki Chitra Sahit Jankari |url=https://shrimathuraji.com/shri-radharani-ki-asht-sakhiyon-ki-chitra-sahit-jankari/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Shri Mathura Ji |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Tungavidhya''' : Tungavidya is the fifth prominent companion in group of Ashtasakhi. She is fifteen days older than Radha and is born to parents Medha-devi (mother) and Puskara (father) in Dabhala village, Uttar Pradesh. She is learned in transcendental mellows, morality, dancing, drama, literature and all other arts and sciences. She is a celebrated music teacher and expert at playing the [[Veena]] and singing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divine Appearance of Tungavidya Sakhi |url=https://www.mayapur.com/2012/divine-appearance-of-tungavidya-sakhi/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Mayapur.com}}</ref> A temple called ''Sri Tungavidya Sakhi Temple'' in Dabhala is dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |title=Sri Tungavidya devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-tungavidya-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tungavidya |url=http://www.vrindavan.de/tungavidya.htm |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vrindavan.de}}</ref>

'''Indulekha''' : Induleka is the sixth prominent sakhi. She is born to her father Sagara and mother Vela Devi in Anjanoka village, Uttar Pradesh. Her main service is to prepare food for Radha-Krishna and some authorities say that another of her primary services is dancing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=ISKCON |title=Appearance of Sri Indulekha Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-sri-indulekha-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref> Indulekha is three days younger than Radha. A temple called ''Sri Indulekha Sakhi temple'' in Anjanoka is dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |title=Sri Indulekha devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-indulekha-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref>

'''Rangadevi''' : Rangadevi is the seventh prominent gopi in Ashtasakhi. She was born to her parents Karuna-devi (mother) and Rangasara (father) in Rakholi. She is seven days younger than Radha. Her characteristics are similar to Champaklata. She is an expert logician and fond of joking with Radha in presence of Krishna. Her services include burning the aromatic incense, carrying coal during the winter and fanning the divine couple in the summer. A temple called ''Sri Radha Manohar Rangadevi Temple'' is present in Rakholi and is dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mataji |first=Padmavati |title=Sri Rangadevi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-rangadevi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangadevi |url=http://www.vrindavan.de/rangadevi.htm |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vrindavan.de}}</ref>

'''Sudevi''' : The last prominent gopi in group of Ashtasakhi is Sudevi. She is the twin sister of Rangadevi Sakhi and is born to mother Karuna-devi and father Rangasara in Rakholi. She is also seven days younger than Radha. In between Rangadevi and Sudevi, Rangadevi is elder than Sudevi by half day. Her main service is to offer water to the divine couple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |title=Appearance Day of the Transcendental Twins: Rangadevi and Sudevi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-day-of-the-transcendental-twins-rangadevi-and-sudevi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref> A temple dedicated to Sudevi is situated in Sunhera village, Radhanagri district, Rajasthan and the temple is called ''Sri Sudevi Sakhi Temple''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rkwgallery |title=श्री सुदेवी जी |url=https://radhekrishnaworld.com/sudevisakhi/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=SabyasachiNagKrishnaWorld |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==
In [[Vaishnavism]], the gopis are known for their selfless love and dedication towards Krishna. They sometimes symbolize the yearning of the human soul for God. According to the [[Skanda Purana]], the Ashtasakhi are the most prominent eight gopis out of millions of gopis of Radha-Krishna. They are an integral part of [[Raslila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=Ashta+Sakhi&pg=PT73 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Shaktism]], the Ashtasakhi are sometimes considered as the embodiment of the ''Ashta Siddhis'' (Aṇimā, Mahima, Garima, Laghima, Prāpti, Prākāmya, Iṣiṭva, and Vaśitva).<ref name=":1" />

== Traditions ==
[[File:RadhaKrishna with Ashtasakhi2.jpg|thumb|Popular print depicting the Ashtasakhi with Radha Krishna during [[Raslila]]]]

In many Krishnaism traditions, Ashtasakhi are worshipped and through them Radha-Krishna are approached. Ashtasakhi play pivotal role in beliefs and practices of [[Vallabha]]charya's [[Pushtimarg|Pushtimarg Sampradaya]], [[Swami Haridas]]'s Haidasi Sampradaya, [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]'s [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnav Sampradaya]], [[Kripalu Maharaj]]'s [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagat Guru Kripalu Parishat]] and [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimabarkacharya]]'s [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Reading the medieval in the modern : the living tradition of hagiography in the Vallabh sect of contemporary Gujarat |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/86520 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Emilia |last=Bachrach}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goel |first=Swati |title=Political and Merchant Devotees : Multiple facets of pilgrimage to the medieval region of Braj (16th and 17th centuries) |url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol4/iss6/9 |journal=International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage |volume=4 |issue=6 |doi=10.21427/D7NQ6M |issn=2009-7379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gosvāmī |first1=Hita Harivaṃśa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOs-G0-VIWQC&q=sakhi&pg=PR15 |title=The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0629-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Temples ==
* [http://www.ashtasakhimandir.org/ Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, Vrindavan]
* Sri Ashtasakhi Temple, Barsana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashtasakhi Temple, Barsana |url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/609ccb9f211ba900099a2e1d/ashtasakhi-temple-barsana |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan. |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Gopi]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Ashtabharya]]
* [[Ashta Lakshmi]]
* [[Goloka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040906103532/http://naturalnirvana.com/Braja-Mandala/Braja-Spiritual/Gopis.htm The Eight Main Gopis (Ashtasakhi)]

[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]

Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy

2023-04-12T21:51:32Z

Rishavvv26: Edit

{{Short description|International cricket match}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Eden Gardens.jpg|thumb|[[Eden Gardens]], the venue for the Second Test]]
[[File:Rahul cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Rahul Dravid]] (pictured in 2007) scored 180 runs in India's second innings.]]
The '''Second Test''' in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2000-01|Australian cricket team's tour of India in early 2001]] was a [[Test cricket|Test]] match played over five days at [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] from{{nbsp}}11–15 March 2001. [[India national cricket team|India]] won the match by 171 runs after being forced to [[follow-on]], only the third time this has happened since Test cricket began in 1877.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/VICTORY_AFTER_FOLLOWING_ON.html| title=Tests – Victory after Following-On| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| accessdate=3 March 2007| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627122908/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/VICTORY_AFTER_FOLLOWING_ON.html| archivedate=27 June 2004| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Australian team, rated as the best in the world, had won 16 Tests in a row, a [[List of Test cricket records|Test cricket record]], including the previous Test at [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]] by 10 wickets.<ref name="WisdenSeries">{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154127.html|title=The Australians in India, 2000–01|last=Rutnagar|first=Dicky|year=2002|work=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – online archive|publisher=John Wisden & Co.|accessdate=9 April 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119214536/http://content.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154127.html|archive-date=19 January 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The match is remembered for [[VVS Laxman]] and [[Rahul Dravid]]'s batting performance, [[Harbhajan Singh]]'s hattrick and last day wicket-taking, [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s wicket-taking spell on the final day and [[Sourav Ganguly]]'s aggressive brand of captaincy in deciding to go for the improbable victory and not just a draw. Also of note were Australia's first innings performances, particularly that of captain [[Steve Waugh]] and [[Matthew Hayden]]. The Test is most noted for its fourth day. After India trailed by more than 250 runs in the first innings, Dravid and Laxman batted the entirety of day four to build up a lead of 384. In the process, Laxman also posted what was, at that time, the highest individual score by an Indian (later to be surpassed by [[Virender Sehwag]]'s two triple centuries and [[Karun Nair]]'s triple century). It is widely considered to be one of the greatest test matches in cricket history.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/1224298.stm | work=BBC News | title=The greatest Test ever? | date=16 March 2001 | access-date=9 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117005702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/1224298.stm | archive-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Summary==

===Day 1===
[[Steve Waugh]] won the toss and decided to bat first. [[Michael Slater]] and [[Matthew Hayden]] gave the visitors a strong foundation putting on 103 for the opening wicket. Slater was dismissed by [[Zaheer Khan]] but Hayden, given a life on 67 when he sliced a drive to [[Rahul Dravid]] off Zaheer<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Wisden|title=Wisden – India v Australia, 2000–01|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154129.html|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117140747/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154129.html|archive-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> continued to score freely. He added another 90 runs with [[Justin Langer]] to take Australia to 193/1 by tea, and another Australian romp seemed imminent. [[Harbhajan Singh]] then dismissed Hayden for 93 immediately after tea, sparking a dramatic collapse from 193/1 to 252/7 and subsequently 269/8. Khan had Langer caught behind, and Harbhajan dismissed the dangerous [[Mark Waugh]] to make it 236/4; he then proceeded to take the first ever international test hat-trick by an Indian bowler as he dismissed Ponting, Gilchrist and Warne off successive deliveries.

[[Ricky Ponting]] was the first to go, beaten by one pushed quicker through the air. Gilchrist was adjudged lbw off a similar delivery but had cause to be aggrieved; replays showed the ball pitched well outside legstump and that he had some bat on the ball.<ref>{{cite web|last=UK|publisher=Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/india/3000588/Harbhajans-hat-trick-feat.html|title=Harbhajan's hat-trick feat|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106133904/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/india/3000588/Harbhajans-hat-trick-feat.html|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With Harbhajan on a hattrick, [[Shane Warne]] was surrounded by men around the bat, with Sadagopan Ramesh at short leg the man who eventually claimed the catch from a tentative prod. The on field umpires referred it to the third umpire, who took a long time making the tough decision before finally declaring Warne out. An emotional Harbhajan later remembered his father in the post match interview; his captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] called it a performance that brought India back into the match.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104929.html|title=My father would have been proud of my performance: Harbhajan|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015094112/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104929.html|archive-date=15 October 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Forced to bring himself on to bowl when Zaheer Khan walked off with cramp, Ganguly dismissed Kasprowicz lbw to leave Australia at 269/8 by the end of Day{{nbsp}}1 with [[Steve Waugh]] batting on 29 with [[Jason Gillespie]] for company.<ref>{{cite web | last=Vasu | first=Anand | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104928.html | title=Harbhajan makes history as India restrict Aussies | publisher=Cricinfo | date=11 March 2001 | access-date=6 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423071834/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104928.html | archive-date=23 April 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Australia, having dominated the first two sessions, had lost 7 wickets in one session to squander the advantage.

===Day 2===
Led from the front by Steve Waugh, Australia began the day at a precarious 291/8 but that was the high of the day for India. The 35 year old Waugh batted well with Gillespie and then [[Glenn McGrath]], crossing numerous landmarks on the way, as he took Australia to a total of 445. In the process the Australian captain notched up his 25th Test century, crossing [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s tally of 24 hundreds at the time. Having never made a Test hundred in India, Waugh was more emotional than normal as he tugged at the red handkerchief in his pocket, took off his helmet and raised his bat to a full house Eden crowd. He also passed [[Javed Miandad]] to become the (then) 4th highest run getter in test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Waugh stands tall as India flicker and fade out|publisher=Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104974.html|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208001035/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104974.html|archive-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Waugh was given able support by Gillespie, who batted for over 3 hours, facing nearly 150 deliveries to score 46, his then-highest test score. He helped add 133 with Steve Waugh – Australia's highest 9th wicket partnership in tests against India.<ref name="news">{{cite news
|work = [[BBC Sport]]
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1215554.stm
|date = 12 March 2001
|title = India rattled by Waugh century
|accessdate = 28 March 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220709/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1215554.stm
|archive-date = 3 November 2013
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> After Gillespie was dismissed with the scoreboard reading 402/9, Waugh rubbed more salt into the wound to add 43 more with McGrath and take Australia to a formidable total of 445. The last 2 wickets had added 176 and day 1 seemed a distant memory. Worse, however, was to come.

India began their innings poorly. Steve Waugh, with runs to work with, attacked from the beginning with as many as 7 men catching.<ref name="news" /> Opener [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] duly obliged to Jason Gillespie, edging one to Ponting in the slips without a single run on the board. [[Shiv Sunder Das]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] played out the remainder of the session to take India to 32/1 at tea. The final session was again the most dramatic, as India then collapsed from a cautious 34/1 to 113/8. Wickets fell regularly as Das was soon followed by the celebrated Indian middle order. Tendulkar played across one from McGrath and was adjudged lbw, Dravid lost his stumps to Warne and Ganguly was snapped up brilliantly by Steve Waugh at gully. India ended Day 2 on 128/8 with the two Hyderabadis [[VVS Laxman]] and [[Venkatapathy Raju]] at the crease, still needing 118 more to avoid the follow-on. India had lost 7 wickets in a session, just like the Australians the previous day, and Australia looked odds-on favourites to extend their winning streak to 17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vasu|first=Anand|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104974.html|date=12 March 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Steve Waugh stands tall as India flicker and fade out|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208001035/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104974.html|archive-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Day 3===
India showed more determination than they had done in 5 days of test cricket before this one{{snd}}3 of them an abject 10 wicket humiliation in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 2000/01 / Scorecard|publisher=Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63919.html|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601013727/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63919.html|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> First the tail wagged (if not in Australian proportions); the last two wickets added 58 runs in the company of VVS Laxman who batting at No.6 stroked a fluent and graceful 59. Laxman was the last man out, a tad unfairly perhaps – replays showed the ball popped up off his arm – as India were bowled out for 171, 274 in arrears. As expected, Steve Waugh asked India to follow-on.

This time though, the openers began solidly; putting on 50 for the first time in the series. When Ramesh was dismissed, Ganguly sent in [[VVS Laxman]]. Rahul Dravid had been struggling for runs for a while and Laxman had been stroking the ball well before his unfortunate dismissal. Laxman had been asked to open the innings in this match but had refused.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Rediff|title=Laxman puts his hand up|accessdate=27 March 2013|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/cricket/2001/mar/13india.htm}}</ref> He seemed to pick up from where he had left off, batting serenely, and at times aggressively{{snd}}a reminder that there were no demons in the pitch. Das departed, unfortunate to hit the stumps with his heels whilst executing an immaculate pull shot to end a promising partnership with Laxman. Tendulkar soon followed, for a second failure in the match, but Laxman found a willing ally in [[Sourav Ganguly]]. The pair set about repairing the damage done by raising a hundred for the 4th wicket, but just when it seemed India was going to end the day with some semblance of balance, McGrath induced an edge that was lapped up gleefully by Gilchrist to dismiss Ganguly 2 runs short of a deserved half century. Out came [[Rahul Dravid]], with the scorecard reading 232/4. Laxman duly completed a hundred in Dravid's company.

India ended the day with 252 on the board for the loss of 4 wickets. Laxman had scored a masterful unbeaten 109 and keeping him company was the woefully out of form Dravid on 7. India were still trailing by 20 and while Laxman may have given India some joy, it seemed only a matter of time before the inevitable happened.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vasu|first=Anand|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105015.html|date=13 March 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Laxman holds centre stage but India still face uphill task|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208085301/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105015.html|archive-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Day 4===
The fourth day was one in which numerous records tumbled and the game changed dramatically with an incredible partnership between Laxman and Dravid. Laxman struck 44 fours on his way to a record-breaking double hundred. With a single off Matthew Hayden, he crossed the mark of 236 set by Sunil Gavaskar against West Indies at Chennai in 1983 for the highest score by an Indian batsman in tests. Dravid, meanwhile, also reached his century and celebrated in uncharacteristic fashion gesturing to the press box, having been criticised in the media for his recent poor form.

Astonishingly, the two batted out the whole day without being dismissed and took India to 589/4, leading by 315.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vasu|first=Anand|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105061.html|date=14 March 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Laxman carves a place for himself in history at the Eden Gardens|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208142735/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105061.html|archive-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Day 5===
Laxman (281) and Dravid (180) both departed to standing ovations from the capacity Eden Gardens crowd. The two eventually added 376 in that game-changing stand. Zaheer Khan then scored some quick runs as India declared on 657/7 13 overs into the final day, setting Australia a target of 384 in a minimum of 75 overs. With a required rate of over 5 runs, an Australian win was almost certainly out of the question. The openers Hayden and Slater again began well as Australia reached 166/3 in 45 overs. With only 30 overs remaining in the day and Steve Waugh looking solid, a draw seemed to be on the cards. But Harbhajan Singh dismissed Waugh and Ponting in quick succession to trigger a dramatic Australian capitulation. Tendulkar then removed Gilchrist for a first ball duck, completing Gilchrist's first and only king pair. It was only his 16th game, and he had won all 15 previous games. In his next two overs, Tendulkar dismissed Hayden and trapped Warne lbw with a perfectly pitched [[googly]]. Harbhajan then took the final two wickets to take his match tally to 13 wickets and complete a sensational 171 run Indian victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vasu|first=Anand|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105091.html|date=15 March 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Laxman, Harbhajan script sensational Indian victory|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115445/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105091.html|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was only the third instance of a team winning the match after following on in the history of international cricket, with Australia on the losing side on all 3 occasions.

==Scorecard==

{| style="background:transparent;"
|style="width:8em;"| '''Match referee''' || {{flagicon|West Indies}} [[Cammie Smith]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''Field umpires''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. K. Bansal]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Willey]]
|-
| '''Third umpire''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Bandekar]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''Captains''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]] & {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Waugh]]
|-
| '''Toss''' || {{cr|AUS}} elected to bat first
|-
| '''Result''' || {{cr|IND}} won by 171 runs
|-
| '''Series result''' || Series tied 1–1 (India later went on to win the series 2-1)
|-
| '''Man of the Match''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[VVS Laxman]]
|}

===Australian innings===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;" class=wikitable
|-
! colspan="1" | {{cr|AUS}}
! colspan="2" | First Innings
! colspan="2" | Second Innings (target 384)
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
|-
| [[Michael Slater|M. J. Slater]] || [[Caught (cricket)|c]] [[Nayan Mongia|Mongia]] [[bowling (cricket)|b]] [[Zaheer Khan|Khan]] || 42 (99) || c [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 43 (79)
|-
| [[Matthew Hayden|M. L. Hayden]] || c [[Substitute (cricket)|sub]] [[Hemang Badani|H. K. Badani]] b [[Zaheer Khan|Khan]] || 97 (157) || lbw b [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] || 67 (118)
|-
| [[Justin Langer|J. L. Langer]] || [[Caught (cricket)|c]] [[Nayan Mongia|Mongia]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 58 (91) || c [[Sadagoppan Ramesh|Ramesh]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 28 (21)
|-
| [[Mark Waugh|M. E. Waugh]] || [[Caught (cricket)|c]] [[Nayan Mongia|Mongia]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 22 (31) || lbw b [[Venkatapathy Raju|Raju]] || 0 (10)
|-
| [[Captain (cricket)|*]] [[Steve Waugh|S. R. Waugh]] || lbw b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 110 (203) || c [[Substitute (cricket)|sub]] [[Hemang Badani|H. K. Badani]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 24 (58)
|-
| [[Ricky Ponting|R. T. Ponting]] || lbw b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 6 (12) || c [[Shiv Sunder Das|Das]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 0 (4)
|-
| [[Wicket-keeper|+]] [[Adam Gilchrist|A. C. Gilchrist]] || lbw b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 0 (1) || lbw b [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] || 0 (1)
|-
| [[Shane Warne|S. K. Warne]] || c [[Sadagoppan Ramesh|Ramesh]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 0 (1) || lbw b [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] || 0 (7)
|-
| [[Michael Kasprowicz|M. S. Kasprowicz]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]] || 7 (28) || [[not out]] || 13* (56)
|-
| [[Jason Gillespie|J. N. Gillespie]] || c [[Sadagoppan Ramesh|Ramesh]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 46 (147) || c [[Shiv Sunder Das|Das]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 6 (38)
|-
| [[Glenn McGrath|G. D. McGrath]] || [[not out]] || 21* (28) || lbw b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 12 (27)
|-
| [[Extra (cricket)|Extras]] || || 36 || || 19
|-
| '''Total''' || (131.5 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]) || '''445''' || (68.3 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]) || '''212'''
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;" class=wikitable
|-
! {{cr|IND}}
! colspan="4" | First Innings
!
! colspan="4" | Second Innings
|-
! [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
!
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
|-
|| [[Zaheer Khan|Z. Khan]] || 28.4 || 6 || 89 || 2 || || 8 || 4 || 30 || 0
|-
|| [[Venkatesh Prasad|B. K. V. Prasad]] || 30 || 5 || 95 || 0 || || 3 || 1 || 7 || 0
|-
|| [[Sourav Ganguly|S. C. Ganguly]] || 13.2 || 3 || 44 || 1 || || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0
|-
|| [[Venkatapathy Raju|S. L. V. Raju]] || 20 || 2 || 58 || 0 || || 15 || 3 || 58 || 1
|-
|| [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 37.5 || 7 || 123 || 7 || || 30.3 || 8 || 73 || 6
|-
|| [[Sachin Tendulkar|S. R. Tendulkar]] || 2 || 0 || 7 || 0 || || 11 || 3 || 31 || 3
|}

===Indian innings===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;" class=wikitable
|-
! colspan="1" | {{cr|IND}}
! colspan="2" | First Innings
! colspan="2" | Second Innings (following on)
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
|-
| [[Shiv Sunder Das|S. S. Das]] || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] [[bowling (cricket)|b]] [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 20 (48) || [[hit wicket]] b [[Jason Gillespie|Gillespie]] || 39 (99)
|-
| [[Sadagoppan Ramesh|S. Ramesh]] || c [[Ricky Ponting|Ponting]] b [[Jason Gillespie|Gillespie]] || 0 (3) || c [[Mark Waugh|M.Waugh]] b [[Shane Warne|Warne]] || 30 (43)
|-
| [[Rahul Dravid|R. Dravid]] || [[bowled|b]] [[Shane Warne|Warne]] || 25 (82) || [[Run out (cricket)|run out]] || 180 (353)
|-
| [[Sachin Tendulkar|S. R. Tendulkar]] ||lbw b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 10 (18) || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Jason Gillespie|Gillespie]] || 10 (23)
|-
| [[Captain (cricket)|*]] [[Sourav Ganguly|S. C. Ganguly]] || c [[Steve Waugh|S. Waugh]] b [[Michael Kasprowicz|Kasprowicz]] || 23 (51) || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 48 (81)
|-
| [[V. V. S. Laxman]] || c [[Matthew Hayden|Hayden]] b [[Shane Warne|Warne]] || 59 (83) || c [[Ricky Ponting|Ponting]] b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 281 (452)
|-
| [[Wicket-keeper|+]] [[Nayan Mongia|N. R. Mongia]] || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Michael Kasprowicz|Kasprowicz]] || 2 (4) || b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 4 (10)
|-
| [[Harbhajan Singh]] || c [[Ricky Ponting|Ponting]] b [[Jason Gillespie|Gillespie]] || 4 (15) || [[not out]] || 8 (6)
|-
| [[Zaheer Khan|Z. Khan]] || b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 3 (19) || [[not out]] || 23* (15)
|-
| [[Venkatapathy Raju|S. L. V. Raju]] || lbw b [[Glenn McGrath|McGrath]] || 4 (15) || – || –
|-
| [[Venkatesh Prasad|B. K. V. Prasad]] || [[not out]] || 7* (23) || – || –
|-
| [[Extra (cricket)|Extras]] || || 14 || || 34
|-
| '''Total''' || (58.1 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]) || '''171''' || (7 wickets [[Declaration and forfeiture|declared]]; 178 overs) || '''657'''
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;" class=wikitable
|-
! {{cr|AUS}}
! colspan="4" | First Innings
!
! colspan="4" | Second Innings
|-
! [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
!
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
|-
|| [[Glenn McGrath|G. D. McGrath]] || 14 || 8 || 18 || 4 || || 39 || 12 || 103 || 3
|-
|| [[Jason Gillespie|J. N. Gillespie]] || 11 || 0 || 47 || 2 || || 31 || 6 || 115 || 2
|-
|| [[Michael Kasprowicz|M. S. Kasprowicz]] || 13 || 2 || 39 || 2 || || 35 || 6 || 139 || 0
|-
|| [[Shane Warne|S. K. Warne]] || 20.1 || 3 || 65 || 2 || || 34 || 3 || 152 || 1
|-
|| [[Mark Waugh|M. E. Waugh]] || – || – || – || – || || 18 || 1 || 58 || 0
|-
|| [[Ricky Ponting|R. T. Ponting]] || – || – || – || – || || 12 || 1 || 41 || 0
|-
|| [[Matthew Hayden|M. L. Hayden]] || – || – || – || – || || 6 || 0 || 24 || 0
|-
|| [[Michael Slater|M. J. Slater]] || – || – || – || – || || 2 || 1 || 4 || 0
|-
|| [[Justin Langer|J. L. Langer]] || – || – || – || – || || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0
|}

==Notes==
* [[Harbhajan Singh|Harbhajan]]'s first innings [[List of Test cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick]] was the first ever by an Indian in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/136977.html| title=Test matches: Hat-tricks| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| accessdate=10 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321205721/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/136977.html| archive-date=21 March 2009| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[VVS Laxman|Laxman]]'s innings of 281 was the highest, at the time, by an Indian in Tests, surpassing [[Sunil Gavaskar]]'s record of 236 not out.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/105062.html| title=The 17-year-mark that Laxman has now stretched| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| accessdate=10 April 2009| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708035542/http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/105062.html| archive-date=8 July 2012| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]]'s innings of 180 was his ninth Test century and first against Australia.
* [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] became the first Australian to be dismissed for a [[Pairs in Test and first-class cricket#King pairs in Test cricket|king pair]] in Test cricket.
* The Indian victory ended a 16 Test winning streak for [[Steve Waugh]]'s team, which was a world record.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/105118.html| title=Most consecutive wins| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| accessdate=10 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318073831/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/105118.html| archive-date=18 March 2009| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T2_11-15MAR2001.html Scorecard] from [[Cricinfo]]

{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricket in 2000–01}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Second Test, 2000-01 Border-Gavaskar Trophy}}
[[Category:Australian cricket tours of India|2000-01 2nd Test]]
[[Category:History of Test cricket]]
[[Category:Test cricket matches]]
[[Category:2001 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2000–01]]

Universal suffrage

2023-02-02T03:53:10Z

Rishavvv26: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{short description|Political concept, the right of every person to an equal say (e.g. vote) in politics}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Elections}}
{{Universalism}}
'''Universal suffrage''' (or '''[[Suffrage|franchise]]''') ensures the [[Suffrage|right to vote]] for as many people who are bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the [[One man, one vote|"one person, one vote"]] principle. For many, the term universal suffrage assumes the exclusion of [[Youth suffrage|youth]] and [[Non-citizen suffrage|non-citizens]] (among others),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal suffrage definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/universal-suffrage |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universal+suffrage |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Suffrage |encyclopedia=Britannica |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/suffrage |access-date=2023-01-18 |language=en}}</ref> while some insist that much more inclusion is needed before suffrage can be called universal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Sophia |title=Has the United States Ever Been a Democracy? |language=en-US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/jedediah-purdy-two-cheers-for-politics/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> Democratic theorists, especially those hoping to achieve more universal suffrage, support [[presumptive inclusion]], where the legal system would protect the voting rights of all subjects unless the government can clearly prove that disenfranchisement is necessary.<ref name=":022">{{Cite ssrn |last=Hamilton |first=Vivian E. |title=Democratic Inclusion, Cognitive Development, and the Age of Electoral Majority |language=en |ssrn=2086875 }}</ref>

While this article documents no examples of [[suffrage]] having been extended universally (by its most inclusive definition), [[Democratization|healthy democracies]] have slowly expanded voting rights, including to some [[Non-citizen suffrage|non-citizens]] and [[Youth suffrage|youth]]. However, [[democratic backsliding]] through [[voter suppression]] and [[election subversion]] threatens [[Free and fair election|free and fair elections]] and weakens the power of the voting process. Autocratic governments even hold [[Election#Sham election|sham elections]] to try and pretend that they haven't fully revoked suffrage from their voters.

==History==
[[File:Election MG 3455.JPG|thumb|Voting is an important part of the formal [[democratic process]].]]
[[File:Hemicycle of Louise Weiss building of the European Parliament, Strasbourg.jpg|thumb|The [[European Parliament]] is the only international organ elected with universal suffrage (since 1979).]]
In the first modern democracies, governments restricted the vote to those with property and wealth, which almost always meant a minority of the male population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athenian Democracy |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Athenian_Democracy/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, other restrictions existed, such as requiring voters to practice a given religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=America's True History of Religious Tolerance |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/americas-true-history-of-religious-tolerance-61312684/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In all modern democracies, the number of people who could vote has increased progressively with time.<ref name="Caramani">{{Cite book |last=Caramani |first=Daniele |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UUfDgAAQBAJ&q=universal+male+suffrage&pg=PA53 |title=Elections in Western Europe 1815–1996 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-65508-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Rights Foundation |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-8-1-b-who-voted-in-early-america |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=www.crf-usa.org}}</ref> The 19th century saw many movements advocating "universal [male] suffrage", most notably in Europe, Great Britain and North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Manhood Suffrage |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/democracy-exhibition/vote-voice/getting-vote/demanding-vote/white-manhood-suffrage |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caramani" /> Female suffrage was largely ignored until the latter half of the century, when movements began to thrive; the first of these was in New Zealand, in which all adult women of all ethnicities gained the right to vote in 1893.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McLintock |first1=Alexander Hare |last2=Patricia Ann Grimshaw |first2=M. A. |last3=Taonga |first3=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/womens-suffrage-movement |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. |language=en}}</ref> From there, the movement for the idea of universal suffrage which included women's suffrage spread across British colonies and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pickles |first=Katie |title=NZ was first to grant women the vote in 1893, but then took 26 years to let them stand for parliament |url=http://theconversation.com/nz-was-first-to-grant-women-the-vote-in-1893-but-then-took-26-years-to-let-them-stand-for-parliament-123467 |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SA |first=Department of Human Services |title=The South Australian women's suffrage campaign |url=https://officeforwomen.sa.gov.au/womens-policy/125th-anniversary-of-suffrage/the-south-australian-womens-suffrage-campaign |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=officeforwomen.sa.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grimshaw |first=Patricia |title=Settler Anxieties, Indigenous Peoples, and Women's Suffrage in the Colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai'i, 1888 to 1902 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=553–572 |doi=10.2307/3641224 |issn=0030-8684 |jstor=3641224}}</ref>

In the United States, after the principle of "[[One person, one vote]]" was established in the early 1960s by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] under [[Earl Warren]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Ari L. |title=One Man, One Vote: Decades of Court Decisions |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/21/nyregion/one-man-one-vote-decades-of-court-decisions.html |access-date=14 January 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pederson |first=William D. |title=Earl Warren |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=www.mtsu.edu |language=en}}</ref> the [[U.S. Congress]], together with the [[Warren Court]], continued to protect and expand the [[Voting rights in the United States|voting rights of all Americans]], especially African Americans, through the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] and several Supreme Court rulings.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=We Shall Overcome – The Players |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/prize.htm |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/48 |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=Oyez |language=en}}</ref> In addition, the term "[[suffrage]]" is also associated specifically with [[women's suffrage in the United States]]; a movement to extend the franchise to women began in the mid-19th century and culminated in 1920,{{cn}} when the United States ratified the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], guaranteeing the right of women to vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=19th Amendment |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxix |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> It would be 1928 before voting rights were guaranteed to all women in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Get The Vote |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/overview/thevote/ |website=parliament.uk}}</ref>

=== In more detail ===
France, under the [[French Constitution of 1793|1793 Jacobin constitution]], was the first major country to enact suffrage for all adult males, though it was never formally used in practice (the constitution was immediately suspended before being implemented, and the [[1795 French Directory election|subsequent election]] occurred in 1795 after the [[Thermidorian Reaction|fall of the Jacobin government]] in 1794 discredited most ideas associated with them, including that constitution). Elsewhere in the [[Francophone]] world, the [[Republic of Haiti]] legislated for universal male suffrage in 1816.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Dubois
| first1 = Laurent
| author-link1 = Laurent Dubois
| title = Haiti: The Aftershocks of History
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=drU3HlesN5kC
| location = New York
| publisher = Henry Holt and Company
| date = 2012
| pages = 60–61
| isbn = 9780805095623
| access-date = 19 September 2019
| quote = In 1816, the Republic of Haiti put into place a new constitution [...]. The creation of the Chamber of Deputies was a significant advance for democratic government: the deputies were elected by universal male suffrage, with no restrictions on the right to vote [...].
}}
</ref> The [[Second French Republic]] instituted adult male suffrage after the [[French Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]].<ref name="Caramani" />

Following the French revolutions, movements in the Western world toward more universal suffrage occurred in the early 19th century, and focused on removing property requirements for voting. In 1867 Germany (the [[North German Confederation]]) enacted suffrage for all adult males. In the United States following the [[American Civil War]], slaves were freed and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States|granted rights of citizens]], including [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States|suffrage for adult males]] (although several states established restrictions largely, though not completely, diminishing these rights). In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, the focus of the [[Women's suffrage|universal suffrage movement]] came to include the extension of the [[Women's suffrage|right to vote to women]], as happened from the post-Civil War era in several Western [[state (disambiguation)|states]] and during the 1890s in a number of British colonies.

On 19 September 1893 the British Governor of New Zealand, [[David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow|Lord Glasgow]], gave assent to a new electoral act, which meant that New Zealand became the first British-controlled colony in which women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/womens-suffrage|title= new zealand women and the vote|website= nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date= 30 June 2019}}</ref> This was followed shortly after by the colony of [[South Australia]] in 1894, which was the second to allow women to vote, but the first colony to permit women to stand for election as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/womens-suffrage|title=Women's suffrage|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> In 1906, the autonomous Russian territory known as [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] (which became the Republic of Finland in 1917) became the first territory in the world to implement unrestricted universal suffrage, as women could stand as candidates, unlike in New Zealand, and without indigenous ethnic exclusion, like in Australia. It also lead to the election of the world's first female members of parliament [[1907 Finnish parliamentary election|the following year]].<ref name="eduskunta.fi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/tietoaeduskunnasta/historia/Pages/default.aspx|title=Eduskunnan lyhyt historia|website=www.eduskunta.fi}}</ref><ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aanioikeus.fi/en/articles/strike.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175612/http://www.aanioikeus.fi/en/articles/strike.htm|archive-date=20 July 2011|title=Centenary of women's full political rights in Finland}}</ref> Federal states and colonial or autonomous territories prior to [[World War I]] have multiple examples of early introduction of universal suffrage. However, these legal changes were effected with the permission of the British, Russian or other government bodies, which were considered the sovereign nation at the time. For this reason, Australia (1901), New Zealand (1908) and Finland (1917) all have different dates of achieving independent nationhood.

The [[First French Republic]] adopted universal male suffrage briefly in 1792; it was one of the first national systems that abolished all property requirements as a prerequisite for allowing men to register and vote. Greece recognized full male suffrage in 1844.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece|title=Greece – Building the nation, 1832–1913|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Spain recognized it in the [[Spanish Constitution of 1869|Constitution of 1869]] and France and Switzerland have continuously done so since the [[1848 Revolution]] (for resident male citizens). Upon independence in the 19th century, several Latin-American countries and Liberia in Africa initially extended suffrage to all adult males, but subsequently restricted it based on property requirements. The [[German Empire]] implemented full male suffrage in 1871.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/~paris10/ParisOSS/Day10_Sex_and_Gender/d7_Offen.html|title=Karen Offen, "Women, Citizenship, and Suffrage in France Since 1789"|website=www.iub.edu|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1870 during the [[Reconstruction era]], provided that "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This amendment aimed to guarantee the right to vote to African Americans, many of whom had been [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] in the [[Southern United States|South]] prior to the end (1865) of the [[American Civil War]] and the 1864–1865 [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolition of slavery]]. Despite the amendment, however, [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|blacks were disfranchised]] in the former Confederate states [[Compromise of 1877|after 1877]]; Southern officials ignored the amendment and blocked black citizens from voting through a variety of devices, including [[Poll taxes in the United States|poll taxes]], [[literacy tests]], and [[grandfather clause]]s;<ref name="Davidson">Chandler Davidson, "The Recent Evolution of Voting Rights Law Affecting Racial and Language Minorities" in ''Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965–1990'' (Princeton University Press, 1994: eds. Chandler Davidson & Bernard Grofman), pp. 21–22.</ref> violence and [[Terrorism in the United States|terrorism]] were used to intimidate some would-be voters.<ref>Gary Gershman, "Fifteenth Amendment (1870)" in ''Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic'' (eds. Charles A. Gallagher, Cameron D. Lippard), pp. 441–43.</ref> Southern blacks did not effectively receive the right to vote until the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].<ref name="Davidson"/>

In 1893 the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century [[Corsican Republic]]) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919.<ref name="Nohlen" />

In 1902 the Commonwealth of Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, i.e. the rights both to vote and to run for office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-suffragettes |title=Australian suffragettes |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310153450/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-suffragettes |archive-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> However, Australia did not implement universal suffrage at this time – nationwide voting rights for [[Aboriginal Australians]] were not established until 1962, before that varying by state.

Several European nations that had enacted universal suffrage had their normal legal process, or their status as independent nations, interrupted during and after the [[First World War]] of 1914–1918.

Many societies in the past have denied or abridged political representation on the basis of race or ethnicity, related to discriminatory ideas about [[Non-citizen suffrage|citizenship]]. For example, in [[apartheid]]-era South Africa, non-White people could generally not vote in national elections until the first [[1994 South African general election|multi-party elections in 1994]]. However, a nonracial franchise existed under the [[Cape Qualified Franchise]], which was replaced by a number of [[Coloured vote constitutional crisis|separate MPs]] in 1936 (Blacks) and 1958 (Coloureds). Later, the [[Tricameral Parliament]] established separate chambers for Whites, Coloureds and Indians. Rhodesia enacted a similar statute to the former in [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|its proclaimed independence]] of 1965, which however allowed a smaller number of representatives for the considerably larger Black majority (under its 1961 constitution, the voting classes had been based on socio-economic standards, which marginalized most Black and a few White voters to a separate set of constituencies, under the principle of [[weighted voting]]; this was replaced in 1969 by an explicitly racial franchise, with delegated all Blacks to the 'B' voters roll).

==Women's suffrage==
{{main|Women's suffrage}}
In [[Sweden–Finland]], women's suffrage was granted during the [[Age of Liberty]] from 1718 until 1772.<ref>Karlsson Sjögren, Åsa, Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten: medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866 [Men, women and suffrage: citizenship and representation 1723–1866], Carlsson, Stockholm, 2006 (in Swedish)</ref>

In [[Corsican Republic|Corsica]], women's suffrage was granted in 1755 and lasted until 1769.<ref name="Kulinski">A. Kulinski, K. Pawlowski. "The Atlantic Community – The Titanic of the XXI Century". p. 96. WSB-NLU. 2010</ref>

Women's suffrage (with the same property qualifications as for men) was granted in [[New Jersey]] in 1776 (the word "inhabitants" was used instead of "men" in the 1776 Constitution) and rescinded in 1807.

The [[Pitcairn Islands]] granted restricted women's suffrage in 1838. Various other countries and states granted restricted women's suffrage in the later half of the nineteenth century, starting with [[South Australia]] in 1861.

The first unrestricted women's suffrage in a major country was granted [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|in New Zealand]] in 1893.<ref name="Nohlen">{{cite work |last=Nohlen |first=Dieter |author-link=Dieter Nohlen |title=Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific |page=14 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The women's suffrage bill was adopted mere weeks before the general election of 1893. Māori men had been granted suffrage in 1867, white men in 1879. The ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893.<ref name="Kulinski"/>

[[South Australia]] first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament [[Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894|in 1894]].

In 1906, the autonomous [[Grand Principality of Finland]] became the first territory to give women full political rights, i.e. both the right to vote and to run for office, and was the second in the world and the first in Europe to give women the right to vote.<ref name="eduskunta.fi"/><ref name="web.archive.org"/> The world's first female members of parliament were [[1907 Finnish parliamentary election|elected]] in Finland the following year, 1907.

In 1931, the [[Second Spanish Republic]] allowed women the right of [[passive suffrage]] with three women being elected.

During a discussion on extending women's right to active suffrage, the Radical Socialist [[Victoria Kent]] confronted the Radical [[Clara Campoamor]]. Kent argued that Spanish women were not yet prepared to vote and, since they were too influenced by the [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Catholic Church]], they would vote for right-wing candidates. Campoamor however pleaded for women's rights regardless of political orientation. Her point finally prevailed and, in the election of 1933, the political right won with the vote of citizens of any sex over 23. Both Campoamor and Kent lost their seats.

In Switzerland, [[Women's suffrage in Switzerland|women's suffrage]] was introduced at the federal level, by a nationwide (male) referendum in 1971, but the referendum did not give women the right to vote at the local Cantonal level. The Cantons independently voted to grant women the right to vote. The first Canton to give women the right to vote was [[Canton of Vaud|Vaud]] in 1959. The last Canton, [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], had a centuries-old law forbidding women to vote. This was only changed in 1990 when Switzerland's Federal Court ordered the Canton to grant women the right to vote.<ref name=Appenzell>{{cite web |url=http://www.ai.ch/de/portrait/geschichte/welcome.php?action=showinfo&info_id=219 |title=1990 - Einführung des Frauenstimmrechtes |publisher=Kanton Appenzell Innerrhoden |language=de |location=Appenzell, Switzerland |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822025740/http://www.ai.ch/de/portrait/geschichte/welcome.php?action=showinfo&info_id=219 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Youth suffrage==
{{main|Youth suffrage}}
The movement to lower the [[voting age]] many consider an aspect of universal suffrage<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearse |first=Harry |title=Why aren't children allowed to vote? An expert debunks the arguments against |url=http://theconversation.com/why-arent-children-allowed-to-vote-an-expert-debunks-the-arguments-against-187497 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> that the [[youth rights movement]] has helped to lead. Organizations such as the [[National Youth Rights Association]] are active in the United States to advocate for a lower voting age, with some success,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youthrights.org/blog/congress-votes-on-lowering-voting-age-to-16/ |title=Congress Votes on Lowering Voting Age to 16 |last=Conner |first=Brian |website=youthrights.org |publisher=National Youth Rights Association |access-date=4 April 2019 |quote=NYRA has been campaigning for a lower voting age since we were founded in 1998, and we are overjoyed that pro-youth policies are finally close to passing on the national level thanks to our years of local advocacy in towns such as Takoma Park, MD where we helped lower the voting age in 2013.}}</ref> among other issues related to youth rights. A related movement, [[suffrage for Americans with disabilities]] provides important precedents and [[intersectionality]] with the movement to extend voting rights to children and youth.<ref name=":022" />

== Non-citizen suffrage ==
{{Main articles|Non-citizen suffrage}}
While many places extend the right to vote in at least some elections to non-citizens living in their community, many people remain unable to vote based on their citizenship status.

==Dates by country==
States have granted and revoked universal suffrage at various times.

''Note: this chart does not indicate periods of autocratic rule (when voting has little or no power).''
* '''Adult citizens''' There are no distinctions between citizens over a certain age in any part of its territories due to gender, literacy, wealth, social status, religion, race, or ethnicity.
* '''Male''' is for all males over a certain age in the majority ethnic or sectarian group irrespective of literacy, wealth, or social status.
* '''Female''' is for when all women over a certain age can vote on the same terms as men.
* '''Ethnicity''' is for when all eligible voters over a certain age can vote on the same terms as the majority or politically dominant group irrespective of religion, race, or ethnicity.

Since historically one group or another might have lost suffrage rights only to regain them later on, this table lists the last uninterrupted time from the present a group was granted the right to vote if that group's suffrage has been fully restored.
{{noprint|''Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the [[File:Sort both.gif|class=noviewer]] icons.''}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Suffrage milestones by country or territory
! Country or territory
! Adult citizens
! Male
! Female
! Ethnicity
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| Afghanistan
| 2004
| 2004
| 2004
| 2004
| In 1919 [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan]] "created Afghanistan's first constitution, which abolished slavery, created a legislature, guaranteed secular education, and instituted equal rights for men and women."<ref name="centralasiainstitute.org">{{Cite web|url=https://centralasiainstitute.org/womens-voting-rights/|title=The Fight for Women's Voting Rights}}</ref> By 1929 he was overthrown along with his constitution and all voting rights were removed. The [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]] transformed Afghanistan into a modern democracy.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1573181.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Ex-king Zahir Shah | date=1 October 2001}}</ref> In 1979 the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan]] and toppled the government, leaving in 1989. The Taliban took control of the government in 1996. But it wasn't until after the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]] that people regained the right to vote in 2004<ref name="centralasiainstitute.org"/>
|-
| Argentina
| 1952
| 1853
| 1952
| 1853
| Universal male suffrage was instituted in 1853. Universal, ''secret'' and mandatory suffrage for male citizens over 18 years of age was granted by the [[Sáenz Peña Law]] (General Election Law) of 1912. It was amended to include female citizens in 1947 but became effective in 1952.
|-
| Armenia
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| Since the establishment of the [[First Republic of Armenia]]. June 21 and 23, 1919, first direct parliamentary elections were held in Armenia under universal suffrage - every person over the age of 20 had the right to vote regardless of gender, ethnicity or religious beliefs and 3 women were elected as MPs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Badalyan, Lena|title=Women's Suffrage: The Armenian Formula|url=https://chai-khana.org/en/womens-suffrage-the-armenian-formula|access-date=30 November 2018|publisher=Chai Khana}}</ref><ref name="Harutyunyan">{{cite web|last1=Harutyunyan|first1=Anahit|script-title=hy:Առաջին խորհրդարանի (1919-1920) երեք կին պատգամավորները|url=https://www.aniarc.am/2018/03/08/women-1919-1920-mp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504044633/https://www.aniarc.am/2018/03/08/women-1919-1920-mp/|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=11 January 2019|website=ANI Armenian Research Center|publisher=Armenian Research Center for Anteriology|location=Yerevan|language=hy|quote=Three female deputies of the first parliament (1919-1920)}}</ref><ref>[[Simon Vratsian]] ''Hayastani Hanrapetutyun'' (The Republic of Armenia, ''Arm.''), Yerevan, 1993, p. 292.</ref>
|-
| [[Suffrage in Australia|Australia]]
| 1965
| 1901
| [[Women's suffrage in Australia|1902]]
| [[Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|1965]]
| In 1856, the parliament of the self-governing [[Colony of South Australia]] enacted legislation providing for universal male suffrage for all male residents over the age of 21.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/ca2o19v18556265/ |title=Constitution Act (No 2 of 19 Vic, 1855-6) |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Australian voting history in action | website=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] | url=https://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/25/theme1-voting-history.htm | access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> The parliaments of the [[Colony of Victoria]] and the [[Colony of New South Wales]] followed suit by enacting legislation providing universal male suffrage in 1857 and 1858, respectively.
In 1894, the parliament of the Colony of South Australia enacted legislation providing female adults franchise; giving all adults of the age of majority the right to vote in elections, and for any elector to stand for high office.

In 1901, the self-governing colonies of Australia [[Federation of Australia|federated]]. In 1902, the new federal parliament legislated for an adult franchise and the right of electors to stand for and occupy any office for which they could directly vote. This franchise, including voting rights for non-Indigenous women, was established by the ''[[Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Suffrage |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/digital-classroom/senior-secondary/shoulder-shoulder-feminism-australia/womens-suffrage |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=National Library of Australia |language=en}}</ref> Voting rights for Indigenous Australians varied depending on state legislation. The ''Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962'' granted Indigenous Australians the right to vote in federal elections. In 1965, the Queensland parliament extended voting rights to all Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. Compulsory enrolment was extended to Indigenous Australians nationwide in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Indigenous Australians' right to vote |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/indigenous-australians-right-to-vote |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Austria
| 1918
| 1896
| [[Women's suffrage in Austria|1918]]
| 1907
| Universal suffrage 1896, universal and equal suffrage (removing multiple voting) 1907. Before 1907 unmarried landholding women were allowed to vote. After the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in [[World War I]] universal suffrage including women.
|-
| Azerbaijan
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| Joined the nascent [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="ussr" group="nb">While the USSR was not formally founded until 1922, a group of socialist republics under the influence of Soviet Russia existed for several years before that.</ref> in 1920.
|-
| Bahamas
| 1961
| 1958
| 1961
| 1807
| Legislation passed in the house in 1961 allowing for Universal adult suffrage in The Bahamas. All men could vote equally in The Bahamas in 1958. In 1807 legislation passed in the house of assembly giving free persons of color the right to vote.{{citation needed}}
|-
| Bahrain
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975<ref name="Womenshistory.about.com">{{cite web|url=http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline_3.htm|title=Woman Suffrage Timeline International – Winning the Vote Around the World|publisher=Womenshistory.about.com|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>
| –
| Universal suffrage in 1973, although parliament was suspended and dissolved in 1975 for approximately 30 years. Non-Sunni Muslims cannot vote.
|-
| Belgium
| 1948
| 1893
| 1948
| 1893
| Universal [[Suffrage#Census suffrage|census suffrage]] for all men aged 25 and above since 1893. Depending on education and amount of taxes paid, males could cast between 1 and 3 votes. Widows were also allowed to vote but lost their voting rights after remarrying. Universal single suffrage for males since 1918. Universal suffrage for women was finally introduced in 1948.
|-
| Bhutan
| 2008
| 2008
| 2008
| 2008
|
|-
| Bolivia
| 1952
| 1938
| 1952
| 1952
| Universal suffrage [[Elections in Bolivia|granted by decree]] of 1952; first elections in 1956; women's suffrage coincided with abolition of literacy requirements.
|-
| Brazil
| 1985
| 1891
| 1932
| 1891
| Male suffrage from Brazilian Constitution of 1891 excluding beggars, women, illiterates, lowest ranking soldiers and members of monastic orders.<ref>[[:pt:Constituição brasileira de 1891]]</ref>{{Circular reference}}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao91.htm| title = Constitui o91}}</ref><ref>[[History of the Constitution of Brazil]]</ref>{{Circular reference}} Women from 1932. Suffrage was further expanded to all but illiterate people in 1946.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao46.htm| title = Constitui o46}}</ref> Illiterates remained without the right to vote until 1985.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc_anterior1988/emc25-85.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706120637/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Emendas/Emc_anterior1988/emc25-85.htm| archive-date = 2007-07-06| title = Emc25}}</ref>
|-
| Brunei
| –
| –
| –
| –
| No elections.
|-
| Bulgaria
| 1945
| 1945
| 1945
| 1945
| Universal suffrage including women and men serving in the Army was instituted by the government of the [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland front]].
|-
| Burma/Myanmar
| 1990
| 1990
| 1990
| 1990
| Last free elections held in 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1300082.stm |work=BBC News |title=Burma timeline }}</ref> New elections held in [[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]], which elected 75% of legislators, while 25% remain appointed by the [[Tatmadaw|military]].
|-
| Canada
| 1960
| 1920
| [[Women's suffrage in Canada|1920]]
| 1960
| In 1920, Canada enacted suffrage for federal elections for male and female citizens, with exceptions for [[Chinese Canadians]] and [[Aboriginal Canadians]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Equality and Justice – for Some|url=http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/en/timePortals/milestones/23mile.asp|publisher=Canadian Human Rights Commission|access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> for provincial elections, female suffrage was established between 1916 ([[Manitoba]], Alberta, [[Saskatchewan]]) and 1940 ([[Quebec]]). Chinese Canadians, regardless of gender, were given suffrage in 1947, while Aboriginal Canadians were not allowed to vote until 1960, regardless of gender. [[Newfoundland (Dominion)|Newfoundland]] which joined Canada in 1949 had universal male suffrage in 1925.
|-
| Chile
| 1970
| 1970
| [[Women's suffrage in Chile|1970]]
| 1970
| From 1888 suffrage for men of any race over 21 who can read. From 1925 full suffrage for men aged 21 and above and able to read and write. 1934 women get to vote on Municipal Elections. From 1949 universal suffrage for men and women aged 21 and above and able to read and write. From 1970 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older whether or not they can read.
|-
| China
| 1953
| 1947
| 1953
| 1947
| Officially Universal suffrage was granted under the 1947 [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] when the First National Assembly (disbanded 2005) elections were held in 1947. But women were not explicitly enfranchised until 1953 thanks to the first [[Elections in China|Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/when-women-around-the-world-got-the-right-to-vote-2019-2|title = When women got the right to vote in 25 places around the world|website = [[Insider.com]]}}</ref> The general populace can only vote for [[Elections in China#Direct elections|local elections]]. National elections for president and premier are held by the [[National People's Congress]]. [[Taiwan]] had the first multi-party legislative elections in 1992 and the first presidential election in 1996.
|-
| Colombia
| 1954
| 1936
| [[Women's suffrage in Colombia|1954]]
| 1936
| Universal male suffrage started in 1853, restricted in 1886. Electorate defined on the basis of adult franchise and joint electorate.
|-
| First Czechoslovak Republic
| 1918
| 1896
| 1918
| 1896
| Within Austria, universal suffrage 1896, universal and equal suffrage (removing multiple voting) 1907. After the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in World War I, universal suffrage including women.
|-
| Denmark
| 1915
| 1849
| 1915
| 1849
| The King granted limited voting rights in 1834 but only to property owners and with limited power. First proper voting rights came in 1849 to "men over 30 of good reputation" but in the subsequent years the rules were changed a number of times, and it was not until the change of the constitution in 1915 that all men and women living within the kingdom had influence on all chambers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/valgret-1834-1915/|title=Valgret 1834–1915|website=danmarkshistorien.dk}}</ref> Danish law does not operate with any notion of "ethnicity", but non-resident citizens are still excluded from voting after two years abroad.<ref name="danish-expat-vote">{{Cite web|url=https://valg.oim.dk/vaelgere/udlandsdanskeres-valgret/|title=Udlandsdanskeres valgret|website=valg.oim.dk}}</ref>
|-
| Dominican Republic
| 2015
| {{date?}}
| {{date?}}
| {{date?}}
| [[Jorge Radhamés Zorrilla Ozuna]] proposed the inclusion of the military vote in the constitutional reform of [[Dominican Republic]], to be effective in the elections of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eldia.com.do/zorrilla-ozuna-propone-incluir-voto-militar-en-modificacion-constitucional/|title=Zorrilla Ozuna propone incluir voto militar en modificación constitucional|website=El Día|language=es|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Ecuador
| {{date?}}
| {{date?}}
| [[Women's suffrage in Ecuador|1929]]
| {{date?}}
|
|-
| Estonia
| 1918
| 1917
| 1918
| 1917
| Two tiered elections were held, with 62 representatives from rural communities and towns elected in May–June and July–August, respectively.
|-
| European Union
| 1979
| 1979
| 1979
| 1979
|[[Elections to the European Parliament]] have taken place since 1979.
|-
| Finland
| 1906
| 1906
| 1906
| 1906
| As an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] [[Grand Principality]] in the [[Russian Empire]], Finland achieved universal suffrage in 1906, becoming the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.<ref>{{cite work |title=Official Report of Debates |page=113 |work=Council of Europe }}</ref> The [[1907 Finnish parliamentary election|Finnish parliamentary election of 1907]] was the first time when women were elected (19 of 200 MPs). After becoming independent in 1917, [[Finland]] continued its universal suffrage.
|-
| France
| 1945{{refn|group=nb|name=France1945|Over the years suffrage increased and decreased based on the introduction, repeal and reintroduction of various degrees of universal, property and census-based suffrage. Universal male suffrage was given in 1848 and in 1944 women had equal universal suffrage rights to men. The military obtained the right to vote in 1945.}}
| 1848
| 1944
| 1792{{refn|group=nb|name=FranceEthnicity|In 1792, the Convention assembly was elected by all French males 21 and over regardless of one's ethnicity. While not an ethnicity, those serving in the military obtained the right to vote in 1945.}}
| In 1792, the Convention assembly was elected by all French males 21 and over.<ref>Thompson, J. M. (1959). The French Revolution. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref><ref>décret relatif à la formation de la convention nationale du 10 août 1792 : « L'assemblée nationale décrète que, pour la formation de la convention nationale prochaine, tout Français âgé de vingt et un ans, domicilié depuis un an, vivant du produit de son travail, sera admis à voter dans les assemblées de commune et dans les assemblées primaires, comme tout autre citoyen actif. »</ref> Over the subsequent years, France experienced profound political upheaval, with republican, monarchist and bonapartist government governing at various times. Through these changes, suffrage increased and decreased based on the introduction, repeal and reintroduction of various degrees of universal, property and census-based suffrage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Przeworski |first=Adam |title=Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/conquered-or-granted-a-history-of-suffrage-extensions/A4E9E4C21CA70A0603744957F941A78A |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=291–321 |doi=10.1017/S0007123408000434 |issn=1469-2112}}</ref> Universal male suffrage was given in 1848, with the exception of the military who obtained the right to vote in 1945. This was supplemented in 1944 by full universal suffrage, including women as voters.{{citation needed}}
|-
| Georgia
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| The first democratic elections were held on 14–16 February 1919. Five women were elected in total (for Menshevik party) to take part in national legislature numbering 130MPs. In 1921, Georgia became a part of the nascent [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=ussr group=nb/>
|-
| Germany
| 1919
| 1871
| 1919
| 1919
| The [[German Empire]] from 1871 until 1918 (and the [[North German Confederation]] before it from 1867) had universal male suffrage, one of the more progressive election franchises at the time.<ref>M. L. Anderson: Praciticing Democracy. Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany. Princeton (NJ) 2000;</ref> After the [[German Revolution of 1918–19]], the [[Weimar Constitution]] established universal suffrage in 1919 with a minimum voting age of 20.
|-
| Ghana
| 1951
| 1951
| 1951
| 1951
| Universal suffrage was granted for the [[1951 Gold Coast legislative election|1951 legislative election]]. This was the first election to be held in Africa under universal suffrage.<ref>Brown, J.M. & Roger Louis, W.M. (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=N28kkSqS0xwC&dq=universal-suffrage+gold-coast+1951&pg=RA4-PA730 The Oxford History of the British Empire]</ref>
|-
| Greece
| 1952
| 1844
| 1952
| 1844
| After the [[3 September 1843 Revolution|Revolution of 3 September 1843]], the [[Greek Constitution of 1844]] with the electoral law of 18 March 1844 introduced universal male suffrage with secret ballot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece|title=Greece – Building the nation, 1832–1913|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Women were given the right to vote in local elections in 1930 and in parliamentary elections since 1952.
|-
| [[Democratic development in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
| 1991
| 1991
| 1991
| 1991
| Held its first [[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|legislative elections in 1991]], electing part of the legislators. However currently, less than a quarter of the seats in its [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] are elected via universal suffrage, the rest being [[Functional constituency|functional constituencies]] elected by trade groups and seats held by those [[Election Committee (constituency)|elected by the establishment-controlled Election Committee]].
|-
| Hungary
| 1918
| 1918
| 1918
| 1867
| After the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in World War I.
Somewhat reverted in 1925: women's voting age raised to 30, education and wealth requirements were raised. In rural constituencies open voting was reinstated.
The rate of eligible citizens fell to 29%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hungarian Voting Act of 1925 |url=http://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7637 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623162958/http://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7637 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |language=hu}}</ref>
|-
| Iceland
| 1920
| 1920
| 1920
| 1920
| A small share of men were given the right to vote in the [[1844 Icelandic parliamentary election|1844 Althing elections]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jóhannesson |first=Guðni Th. |title=Country Report: Iceland |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19617/Iceland.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=EUDO Citizenship Observatory}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hvenær varð kosningaréttur almennur á Íslandi? |url=http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=73712 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Vísindavefurinn |language=is}}</ref>
A small share of women were granted the right to vote in local elections in 1882.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceland celebrates Women's Rights Day today! |url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/06/19/iceland_celebrates_women_s_rights_day_today/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Iceland Monitor}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Women's suffrage was proposed in the [[Althing]] in 1911, ratified by the Althing in 1913, and enacted on 19 June 1915 by the Danish king but only granted the vote to women over 40, and did not grant the right to vote to servants.<ref name="styrk">{{cite web |last1=Styrkársdóttir |first1=Auður |title=Kvennasögusafn Íslands – Women's suffrage in Iceland |url=https://kvennasogusafn.is/index.php?page=womens-suffrage |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=kvennasogusafn.is |publisher=Director of the Women's History Archives, Iceland from 2001–2016 |language=is}}</ref> These restrictions (along with some restrictions on male suffrage) were lifted in 1920 after Iceland became an independent state under the Danish crown in 1918.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="styrk" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Benjamin |first1=Gabríel |title=Icelanders Celebrate The 100 Year Anniversary Of Women's Suffrage |url=https://grapevine.is/culture/2015/03/06/icelanders-celebrate-the-100-year-anniversary-of-womens-suffrage/ |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=The Reykjavik Grapevine}}</ref>
|-
| India
| 1950
| 1950
| [[Women's suffrage in India|1950]]
| 1950
| All adult citizens as recognized by the [[Constitution of India]], irrespective of race or gender or religion on the founding of the Republic of India.
|-
| Indonesia
| 1955
| 1955
| 1955
| 1955
|
|-
| Iran
| 1963
| 1906
| 1963
| 1906
| Under "[[Iranian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]]". The [[White Revolution]] gave [[Women's rights movement in Iran|women the right to vote]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran|url=https://www.ndi.org/iran|publisher=The National Democratic Institute|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Ireland
| 1923
| 1918
| 1923
| 1793
| The [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1793]]{{refn|group=nb|name=RCRA1829}} removed the [[Catholic emancipation|voting ban]] from Catholic men in the [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. All adult men in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] were enfranchised by the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=The History of the Parliamentary Franchise|url=http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP13-14|publisher=House of Commons Library|access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> This Act granted women over 30 the right to vote in national elections,{{refn|group=nb|name=RA1832}} but about 60% of women (those under 30 or not meeting property qualifications) were excluded until the [[Electoral Act 1923]] in the [[Irish Free State]] changed previous British law to enfranchise women equally with men in 1923.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=1923|type=act|number=12|section=1|stitle=Dáil Franchise|name=[[Electoral Act 1923]]}}</ref>
|-
| Israel
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| Universal suffrage since the founding of the State of Israel.
|-
| Italy
| 1945
| 1912
| 1945
| 1912
| 1912, introduction of the first universal male suffrage, extended to all citizens aged 30 and older, with no restrictions. It was applied in the elections of 1913.<ref>"The progressive enlargement of suffrage through to 1913 when universal suffrage among males was granted (...) was a true constitutional change, for it transformed an oligarchical constitution into a democratic one": Bernardo Giorgio Mattarella, ''ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN ITALY: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH (1)'', Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., fasc.4, 2010, pag. 1009.</ref> In 1918 the electorate was expanded with all male citizens aged 21 and older or who had served in the army. Universal adult suffrage, including women, introduced in 1945, and applied for the first time in the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|referendum of 1946]]. Suffrage for men and women aged 18 granted in 1975.
|-
| Jamaica
| 1944
| 1944
| 1944
| 1944
| Universal adult suffrage introduced.
|-
| Japan
| 1945
| 1925
| [[Women's suffrage in Japan|1945]]
| 1925
| Universal adult male suffrage for those over 25 was introduced in 1925. Universal adult suffrage for both sexes over 20 introduced in 1945. The Voting age was reduced to 18 in 2016.
|-
| Kuwait
| 2005
| 1962
| [[Women's suffrage in Kuwait|2005]]
| 1962
| Universal adult male suffrage since 1962, for citizens who are 21 or older, with the exception of those who, at the time of elections, serve in the armed forces. As of 2005, women who satisfy the age and citizenship requirements are allowed to vote.
|-
| Latvia
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919
| Universal suffrage introduced in Law of elections to the Constituent assembly.
|-
| Lebanon
| 1943
| 1943
| 1943
| 1943
| Universal suffrage for all adult males and females since the independence of Lebanon (The Chamber of Deputies is shared equally between Christians and Muslims, rather than elected by universal suffrage that would have provided a Muslim majority).
|-
| Liberia
| 1951
| 1946
| 1946
| –
| Liberia denies political rights for non-Black people. See: [[Liberian nationality law]]
|-
| Liechtenstein
| 1984
| {{date?}}
| [[Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein|1984]]
| {{date?}}
|
|-
| Lithuania
| 1922
| 1922
| 1922
| 1922
|
|-
| Luxembourg
| 1919
| 1919
| 1919<ref>{{cite web |title=Right to vote – Luxembourg |url=https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/political-system/electoral-system.html |access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
| 1919
| Universal voting rights introduced in May 1919, first applied in a referendum on 28 September, then the parliamentarian elections on 26 October 1919.
|-
| Malaysia
| 1957
| 1956
| 1957
| 1956
|
|-
| Malta
| 1947
| 1947
| 1947
| 1947
| The [[1947 Maltese general election|1947 election]] was the first election without property qualifications for voters, and women were also allowed to vote for the first time.
|-
| Mauritius
| 1959
| 1948
| 1959
| 1948
| The [[1959 Mauritian general election|1959 election]] was the first election when women were also allowed to vote for the first time. The [[1948 Mauritian general election]] was the first instance when any adult who could write their names in any of the island's languages was allowed to vote, without property qualifications for voters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mauritius: History |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/mauritius/history |publisher=The Commonwealth |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Mexico
| 1953
| 1917
| [[Women's suffrage in Mexico|1953]]
| 1917
| Universal suffrage given to men in 1917 after the Mexican Revolution; suffrage given to women in municipal elections in 1947 and national elections in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinkfinity.org/2010-10-17_mexican-women-right-to-vote-run-for-office |title=Mexican women were granted the right to run for office and to vote in national elections in 1953. |work= Thinkfinity |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100809083217/http://www.thinkfinity.org/2010-10-17_mexican-women-right-to-vote-run-for-office |archive-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> In 1996, Mexicans living in the United States were given the right to vote in Mexican elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=989_0_2_0|title=Mexico: Voting Rights and Emigration – Migration News | Migration Dialogue|website=migration.ucdavis.edu}}</ref>
|-
| Netherlands
| 1919
| 1917
| 1919
| 1917
| From 1917 full suffrage for men aged 23 and above. From 1919 universal suffrage for men and women aged 23. From 1971 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older.
|-
| New Zealand
| 1893
| 1879
| [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|1893]]
| 1879
| With the extension of voting rights to women in 1893, the self-governing British colony became one of the first permanently constituted jurisdictions in the world to grant universal adult suffrage,<ref name="Nohlen"/> suffrage previously having been universal for [[Māori people|Māori]] men over 21 from 1867, and for white men from 1879.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/study/history/maori-vote.html |title=History of the Vote: Māori and the Vote |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429093638/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/history/maori-vote.html |archive-date=29 April 2007 }}</ref> Plural voting (impacting men) was abolished in 1889. Some [[Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand|prison inmates are denied the right to vote]].
|-
| Norway
| 1913
| 1898
| 1913
| 1851
| Full male suffrage in 1898, with women included in 1913. Tax-paying Sami men were granted suffrage in a revision of the constitution in 1821.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Stortinget-og-demokratiet/Historikk/Historisk-dokumentasjon/da-samer-fikk-stemmerett/|title=Da samer fikk stemmerett|website=Stortinget|language=no|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> The so-called [[Jew clause]] in the Constitution of 1814 explicitly banned Jews from entering and residing in the kingdom. It was repealed in 1851, paving the way for Jews to live, pay taxes and vote in Norway.
|-
| Pakistan
| 1956
| 1951
| 1956
| 1951
|In 1956, women were granted the right to vote in national elections. Pakistan adopted universal adult suffrage for provisional assembly elections soon after it became independent in 1947. The first direct elections held in the country after independence were for the provincial Assembly of the Punjab from 10 to 20 March 1951.
|-
| Paraguay
| {{date?}}
| {{date?}}
| [[Women's suffrage in Paraguay|1961]]
| {{date?}}
|
|-
| Peru
| 1979
| 1979
| 1979
| 1979
|Suffrage was granted for women in 1955 but suffrage for the illiterate was only granted with the 1979 Constitution.
|-
| Philippines
| 1946
| 1935
| 1937
| 1946
| Males who were over 25 years old and could speak English or Spanish, with property and tax restrictions, were previously allowed to vote as early as 1907; universal male suffrage became a constitutional right in 1935. Women's suffrage was approved in a [[1937 Philippine women suffrage plebiscite|plebiscite in 1937]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20091112-235872/Suffrage |title=Suffrage |first=Michael |last=Tan |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Poland
| 1918
| 1918
| 1918
| 1918
| Prior to the [[Partition of Poland]] in 1795, only nobility (men) were allowed to take part in political life. The first parliamentary elections were held on 26 January 1919 ([[1919 Polish legislative election]]), according to the decree introducing universal suffrage, signed by [[Józef Piłsudski]] on 28 November 1918, immediately after restoring independent Polish state. Universal suffrage for men and women over 21.
|-
| Portugal
| 1974
| 1974
| 1974
| 1974
| By 1878, 72% of the male adult population had access to vote; this number was restricted by the policies of the last years of the monarchy and first years of the republic (transition in 1910 with the [[5 October 1910 revolution]]), being reinstalled only in the 1920s. Restricted female suffrage was firstly allowed in 1931; it was further extended in 1933, 1946, and finally 1968. Due to the 1933–74 dictatorship of [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], universal suffrage was only fully attained after the 1974 [[Carnation revolution]].
|-
| Qatar
| 1999
| 1999
| 1999
| {{date?}}
| Municipal elections are open for active and passive participation for men and women since 1999.
|-
| Romania
| 1948
| 1918
| 1948
| 1918
| The universal suffrage for men established by Royal Decree in November 1918, the [[1919 Romanian general election|first elections using universal suffrage]] took place in November 1919. Literate women were given the right to vote in the local elections in 1929 and the electoral law of 1939 extended the active voting rights to all literate citizens which were 30 years old or older. The universal suffrage was granted by the [[1948 Constitution of Romania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiooltenia.ro/istoria-votului-in-romania/|title=''Istoria votului în România'' [Voting history in Romania]|publisher=Radio Oltenia|author=Octavian Dobrișan|language=ro|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scena9.ro/article/votul-femeilor-in-romania-cronica-unei-lupte|title=''80 de ani de când femeile pot vota în România'' [80 years since women can vote in Romania]|author=Ionuț Dulămiță, Ionuț Sociu|publisher=Scena 9|language=ro|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Russia
| 1917
| 1917
| 1917
| 1917
| Universal suffrage established by Declaration of the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] of 15 March 1917 and Statute on Elections of the [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] of 2 August 1917.<ref>Национальные парламенты мира : энцикл. справ. / А. Х. Саидов; Рос. акад. наук, Ин-т государства и права, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c5333zCKH_4C&pg=PA148 p. 148.]</ref>
|-
| Samoa
| 1991
| 1990
| 1991
| 1990
|
|-
| Saudi Arabia
| 2015
| 2005
| 2015
| 2005
| Saudi Arabia is an [[authoritarian]] state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fahim |first1=Kareem |title=Crackdowns by U.S. allies could test Biden's pledge to promote human rights |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-egypt-turkey-loujain-demirtas/2020/11/26/f0fb45d0-2fc2-11eb-9dd6-2d0179981719_story.html |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenneth |first1=Pollack M. |title=The Mysteries of the American-Saudi Alliance |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/books/review/vision-or-mirage-david-rundell-blood-and-oil-bradley-hope-justin-scheck.html |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Jeffrey |title=Why repressive Saudi Arabia remains a U.S. ally |url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/3416/why-repressive-saudi-arabia-remains-a-us-ally/|access-date=19 March 2022 |website=[[USC Dornsife]]}}</ref> Men and women have the right to vote for half the seats in "virtually powerless" municipal councils.<ref name="lacey-267">{{cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0 |title=Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670021185 |page=[https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/267 267] |quote=Abdullah was already the first Saudi ruler to have presided over elections. Admittedly the voting, held in the spring of 2005, was only for local, virtually powerless municipal councils -- and then for only half the seats on those; women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote. But the male electorate got the change to eat large quantities of mutton for three weeks since Saudi electioneering proved to revolve around lamb and tents ... the candidate held court, inviting voters inside [their tents] and plying them with mountains of rice and whole roasted sheep. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="photographtasneemalsultan,nationalgeographic">{{cite web |author=Photograph Tasneem Alsultan, National Geographic |title=In a Historic Election, Saudi Women Cast First-Ever Ballots |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/151212-saudi-arabia-election-women-vote/ |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| Serbia
| 1945
| 1888
| 1945
| 1888
| Suffrage for male voters who paid taxes was granted in the Constitution of 1869, and in the [[Constitution of Serbia|Constitution]] of 1888 the right to vote was given to all males of age 21. Women were allowed to vote with the [[Communist]] constitution of [[Yugoslavia]].
|-
| South Africa
| 1994
| 1910
| 1931
| 1994
| White women's suffrage granted in 1930 and suffrage for all white adults regardless of property in 1931. Universal suffrage not regarding race or colour of skin; many blacks and [[Coloured]]s were denied the right to vote before and during the [[apartheid]] era (1948–1994).
|-
| South Korea
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| Universal suffrage since the founding of the Republic of Korea. However, voting was initially limited to landowners and taxpayers in the larger towns, elders voting for everyone at the village level.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumings|first1=Bruce|title=The Korean War: A History|page=111}}</ref>
|-
| Spain
| 1977
| 1812
| 1977
| 1869
| The Constitution of 1812 enfranchised all Spanish men of Iberian or indigenous American descent in both hemispheres irrespective of property, but explicitly excluded Afrodescendent men.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=James F. |title=The Colored Castes and American Representation in the Cortes of Cadiz |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=33–64 |doi=10.2307/2509621 |jstor=2509621 |issn=0018-2168}}</ref>
Extended to all men from 1869 to 1878 (comprising the Provisional Government, the Reign of Amadeo of Savoy, the First Spanish Republic and the three first years of Bourbon Restoration) and from 1890 to the end of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–36).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1704411.pdf|title=El sufragio universal en Espana (1890–1936)|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> On 19 November 1933 women were granted the right to vote. Revoked during Franco era (1939–75) and [[Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition|recovered since 1977]] in the new Spanish Constitution.
|-
| Sri Lanka
| 1931
| 1931
| [[Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka|1931]]
| 1931
| Universal suffrage for all irrespective of race, ethnicity, language, or gender. Sri Lanka is the oldest democracy in Asia.
|-
| Sweden
| 1945
| 1909
| [[Women's suffrage in Sweden|1919]]
| 1873
| During the years 1718–72 burgher men and women of age and with income were able to elect members of parliament, but women's suffrage was abolished in 1772. Jews were given the right to vote in 1838, but not given the right to stand for election until 1870. Catholics were given the right to vote in 1873, but not given the right to be eligible as cabinet minister until 1951. Full{{discuss|section=Sweden|text=Incorrect – discuss}} male suffrage 1909 for those aged 25 and above, but only to one of two equally weighed houses of parliament. Universal suffrage for men and women aged 23 enacted in 1919,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____11568.aspx|title=Sveriges Riksdag: Kampen för rösträtt}}</ref> and the first election took place in 1921. Until 1924 men who refused to do military service were excepted from universal suffrage. Until 1937 courts were able to punish crimes by revoking a convict's right to vote. Until 1945 persons living on benefits were excepted from universal suffrage. Voting age changed to 21 in 1945, to 20 in 1965, to 19 in 1969 and to 18 in 1975.
|-
| Switzerland
| 1990
| 1848
| [[Women's suffrage in Switzerland|1990]]
| 1866
| On the level of the constituent states of the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]], universal male suffrage is first attested in [[Canton of Uri|Uri]] in 1231, in [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]] in 1294, in [[Unterwalden]] in 1309, and in [[Appenzell]] in 1403. In these rural communities all men fit for military service were allowed to participate in the [[Landsgemeinde]], which managed political and judicial affairs.

In the short-lived [[Helvetic Republic]] (1798-1803) men above the age of 20 had the right to vote. At the formation of today's [[Switzerland as a federal state|federal state]] in 1848, Switzerland reintroduced universal male suffrage. Jews did not have the same political rights as Christian citizens until 1866.

[[Women's suffrage in Switzerland|Women's suffrage]] was introduced at a national level in federal elections after [[1971 Swiss referendums|a nationwide (male) referendum]] in 1971, but the referendum did not give women the right to vote at the local Cantonal level and still allowed women to be barred from the ability to vote on the basis of their gender. All, save one, of the cantons independently voted to grant women the right to vote at different times during the second half of the 20th century.

Before the referendum in 1971, women gained the right to vote for local cantonal elections in Vaud, & Neuchâtel in 1959; Genêve in 1960; Basel-Stadt in 1966; Basel-Land in 1968; Ticino in 1969; and Valais, Luzern, & Zürich in 1970. The same year as the referendum in 1971: Aargau, Fribourg, Schaffhausen, Zug, Glarus, Solothurn, Bern, & Thurgau extended the right to vote in local elections. St. Gallen, Uri, Schwyz, Graubünden, Nidwalden, & Obwalden soon followed in 1972, with Appenzell Ausserrhoden allowing women to vote in local cantonal elections in 1989. Those of canton [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]] had to wait until 1990 and a ruling of the Federal Court that forced the canton to grant women the right to vote.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Von Wyl |first1=Benjamin |title=Appenzell Inner Rhodes: the last Swiss canton to give women the vote |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/a-visit-to-appenzell-inner-rhodes--the-last-canton-to-grant-women-the-right-to-vote-in-switzerland-/46328984 |website=Swissinfo.ch }}</ref><ref name=Appenzell />
|-
| Thailand
| 1933
| 1933
| 1933
| 1933
| Thailand gave all villagers, men and women, the right to vote in local village elections in the "Local Administrative Act of May 1897" but not nationally.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowie |first1=Katherine |title=Women's Suffrage in Thailand: A Southeast Asian Historiographical Challenge |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=708–741 |doi=10.1017/S0010417510000435 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Universal suffrage for national elections was granted during the first general election in 1933.
|-
| Tunisia
| 1959
| {{date?}}
| 1957
| {{date?}}
| Universal suffrage for all since the first post-independence [[Constitution of Tunisia#Constitution of 1959|constitution.]]
|-
| Turkey
| 1934
| 1876
| 1934
| 1876
|
|-
| United Arab Emirates
| –
| 2006
| 2006
| 2006
| Limited suffrage for both men and women. A hand-picked 12% of [[Emirati nationality law|Emirati citizens]] have the right to vote for half the members of the [[Federal National Council]], an advisory quasi-parliamentary body.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Coles |first=Isabel |title=UAE elections: what substance behind the gloss? |work=Reuters |url=https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-elections-idUSTRE77K0Z220110821 |access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> The UAE is an authoritarian state.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Herb |first=Michael |title=A Nation of Bureaucrats: Political Participation and Economic Diversification in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=375–395 |doi=10.1017/S0020743809091119 |issn=1471-6380 |s2cid=154366494}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ledstrup |first=Martin |title=Nationalism and Nationhood in the United Arab Emirates |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8 |publisher=Palgrave |language=en-gb |pages=10 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8 |isbn=978-3-319-91652-1 |s2cid=158959849}}</ref>
|-
| [[Elections in the United Kingdom#History|United Kingdom]]
| 1928
| 1918
| [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|1928]]
| 1791
| The removal of voting rights [[Catholic emancipation|based on religion]] occurred with the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791]]{{refn|group=nb|name=RCRA1829|the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]] reflects eligibility for office, not the eligibility to vote.}} in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. The right to vote has never since been based on race or religion.{{refn|group=nb|While [[History of Northern Ireland#1925 to 1965|local government gerrymandering in Northern Ireland]] was one of the factors which led to [[the Troubles]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Ulster Unionist Party: Protest, Pragmatism and Pessimism (Manchester Studies in Modern History) |first=Graham |last=Walker |date=4 September 2004 |isbn=978-0-7190-6109-7 |page=162}}</ref> parliamentary elections still took place for all British citizens. In 1972 the British Parliament was unwilling to grant the mostly Protestant unionist Northern Ireland government more authoritarian special powers since it was now convinced of its inability to restore order. So they [[Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972|suspended the Parliament of Northern Ireland and the post of Governor]] and made provision for [[Direct rule (Northern Ireland)|direct rule]] by the elected government of the United Kingdom.}} All adult men in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] were enfranchised by the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]].<ref name="auto"/> This Act granted women over 30 the right to vote in national elections,{{refn|group=nb|name=RA1832|Until the [[Reform Act 1832]] specified 'male persons', a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership, although this was rare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heater|first1=Derek|title=Citizenship in Britain: A History|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748626724|page=107|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|chapter=Emergence of Radicalism}}</ref> In local government elections, women lost the right to vote under the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]]. Unmarried women [[ratepayer]]s received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869. This right was confirmed in the [[Local Government Act 1894]] and extended to include some married women.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heater|first1=Derek|title=Citizenship in Britain: A History|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748626724|page=136|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|chapter=Emergence of Radicalism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women's rights|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/women.htm|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Which Act Gave Women the Right to Vote in Britain?|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/act-gave-women-right-vote-britain-5469.html|website=Synonym|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> By 1900, over 1 million women were registered for local government elections in England.<ref name=HoCL2013>{{citation|title=The History of the Parliamentary Franchise|chapter-url=http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP13-14|publisher=House of Commons Library|access-date=16 March 2016|pages=37–39|chapter=Female Suffrage before 1918}}</ref>}} but about 60% of women (those under 30 or not meeting property qualifications) were excluded until the [[Equal Franchise Act 1928]], when women were granted the vote on the same terms as men in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.<ref>Peter N. Stearns (2008). "The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 7". p. 160. Oxford University Press, 2008</ref> The [[Representation of the People Act 1948]] removed [[plural voting]] rights held by about 7% of the electorate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/general-election-2017-magna-carta-universal-suffrage-1000-year/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/general-election-2017-magna-carta-universal-suffrage-1000-year/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=From Magna Carta to universal suffrage, the 1000-year history of British democracy|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 January 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Graduates of universities lost the right to vote in [[university constituency|university constituencies]] as well as [[parliamentary borough]]s and property owners lost the right to vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. For elections to the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]], these changes were made under the Electoral Law Act 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction|title=Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>}} The [[Representation of the People Act 1969]] reduced the voting age from 21 to 18, the first major democratic country to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bingham |first=Adrian |title='The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age |url=https://www.historyandpolicy.org/index.php/policy-papers/papers/the-last-milestone-on-the-journey-to-full-adult-suffrage |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=History & Policy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Loughran |first1=Thomas |last2=Mycock |first2=Andrew |last3=Tonge |first3=Jonathan |title=Lowering the voting age: three lessons from the 1969 Representation of the People's Act |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/lessons-from-the-1969-representation-of-the-peoples-act/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=British Politics and Policy at LSE}}</ref> As of 2019, 529,902 [[British national]]s ([[Crown Dependencies#Definition|257,646 people]] in [[Crown Dependencies]] and [[British Overseas Territories#Population|272,256 people]] in [[British Overseas Territories]]) are represented in local legislatures in their territories but not in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], unless they are resident in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite report|last=House of Commons Library|title=Who can vote in UK elections?|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8985/|language=en-GB}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Most of the [[British Overseas Territories]] and all of the [[Crown Dependencies]] have a local representative government, although ultimate authority still resides in Westminster. Legislation has been proposed in past to create parliamentary districts for the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies, though as of 2020 no bill has been put forward by the British government<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2020/11/18/proposed-uk-overseas-territories-mp-bill-a-no-go/|title=Proposed UK Overseas Territories MP bill a no-go|first=Reshma|last=Ragoonath|date=18 November 2020|website=Cayman Compass}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bernews.com/2012/01/call-for-island-to-be-represented-in-uk |title=Island Should Be Represented In UK |author= |website=BERNEWS |access-date=2 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bvinews.com/having-reps-in-british-parliament-could-help-the-bvi/ |title=Having reps in British parliament could help the BVI |author= |website=BVI News |publisher=BVI News, Media Expressions Limited |access-date=2 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmbills/140/00140--a.htm |title=Representation of Overseas Territories Bill. |author= |website=Parliament of the United Kingdom (Session 1999–2000 of the House of Commons) |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=2 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-06-19/debates/A0942369-590A-4AD5-BA57-81E07913B8DD/RepresentationOfThePeople(Gibraltar)?highlight=representation%20overseas%20territories%20bill#contribution-D85F8774-137E-4869-B18F-DA6C6DAD3F45 |title=Representation of the People (Gibraltar), Volume 643: debated on Tuesday 19 June 2018 |author= |website=HANSARD (House of Commons Chamber) |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |quote=}}</ref> [[British nationality law]] has changed over the years has redefined who has the birthright to live and work in the UK. In [[Commonwealth Immigration Act 1968|1968]] and [[Immigration Act 1971|1971]], as a result of fears about increasing immigration by non-white British citizens, the UK Government introduced immigration restrictions and stripped birthrights on British subjects from some British Overseas Territories. The current principal British nationality law in force, since 1 January 1983, is the [[British Nationality Act 1981]], which established the system of multiple categories of British nationality.}}
|-
| United Nations
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| 1948
| Provision of "universal and equal suffrage" in [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] [Article 21(3)]
|-
| [[Voting rights in the United States|United States]]
| 1965{{refn|group=nb|name=VRA1965|While constitutionally given the right to vote by the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]] in 1870 and [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] in 1920, the reality of the country was such that most African Americans and some poor whites could not vote until the passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].

Starting in 1888 [[disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|Southern states legalized disenfranchisement]] by enacting [[Jim Crow laws]]; they amended their constitutions and passed legislation to impose various voting restrictions, including literacy tests, poll taxes, property-ownership requirements, moral character tests, requirements that applicants interpret a particular document, and grandfather clauses that allowed otherwise-ineligible persons to vote if their grandfathers voted (which excluded many African Americans whose grandfathers had been ineligible). During this period, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] generally upheld state efforts to discriminate against racial minorities. In Giles v. Harris (1903), the Court held that irrespective of the Fifteenth Amendment, the judiciary did not have the remedial power to force states to register racial minorities to vote. The [[Indian Citizenship Act]] in 1924 gave Native Americans the right to vote and officially recognized them as citizens, nearly two-thirds of whom already had citizenship and the right to vote. In 1943 Chinese immigrants were given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the [[Magnuson Act]]. African Americans and others gained full enfranchisement through passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].}}
| 1856{{refn|group=nb|The [[1828 United States presidential election|1828 presidential election]] was the first in which non-property-holding white males could vote in the vast majority of states, but this was not consistent across the country until the last state, North Carolina, abolished property qualification in 1856 resulting in a close approximation to universal white male suffrage (however tax-paying requirements remained in five states in 1860 and survived in two states until the 20th century). The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] in 1868 altered the way each state is represented in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding the [[three-fifths compromise]], and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote; however, this was not enforced in practice. Some poor white men remained excluded at least until 1965.<ref name=Scher2015>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POzqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|title=The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?|last=Scher|first=Richard K.|date=2015|page=viii–ix|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317455363}}</ref><ref name=NHLTS2009>{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights: A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study |url=https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/CivilRights_VotingRights.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702010008/https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/CivilRights_VotingRights.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-02 |website=National Park Service}}</ref> For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections]]'' (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.}}
| [[Women's suffrage in the United States|1920]]{{refn|group=nb|[[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] in 1920 prohibited any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex, but most African-American women some poor white women remained excluded at least until 1965.<ref name=Scher2015/><ref name=NHLTS2009/> For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections]]'' (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.}}
| [[Black suffrage in the United States|1965]]{{refn|group=nb|name=VRA1965}}
|
* In the colonial era, there had been various restrictions on suffrage in what is today the United States. Property restrictions on voting disenfranchised more than half of the [[White American|white]] male population in most states.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Voting in Early America|journal=Colonial Williamsburg|volume=Spring 2007|url=http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/spring07/elections.cfm|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
* After the American Revolution, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Expansion of Rights and Liberties – The Right of Suffrage|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html|website=Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom|publisher=National Archives|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706144856/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html|archive-date=6 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Kenneth|last1=Janda|first2=Jeffrey M.|last2=Berry|first3=Jerry|last3=Goldman|title=The challenge of democracy: government in America|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780618990948|page=207|edition=9. ed., update|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ_iZMofnl0C&pg=PA207|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last1=Murrin|first1=John M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Paul E.|last3=McPherson|first3=James M.|last4=Fahs|first4=Alice|last5=Gerstle|first5=Gary|title=Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495904991|page=296|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSQOiy6uZUC&pg=PT337}}</ref> Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were the three states to have full adult suffrage for white males before 1800. New Jersey allowed women's suffrage for landowners until the early 1800s.
* In the [[1820 United States presidential election|1820 election]], there were 108,359 ballots cast. In the [[1840 United States presidential election|1840 election]], 2,412,694 ballots were cast, an increase that far outstripped natural population growth. Poor voters became a huge part of the electorate. By 1856, after the period of [[Jacksonian democracy]], all states had almost universal white adult male suffrage regardless of property ownership. Tax-paying requirements remained in five states, and two into the 20th century.<ref name="NBER2005">{{cite web |author1=Stanley L. Engerman |author2=Kenneth L. Sokoloff |title=The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World |website=Yale University |url=http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310102314/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-10 |pages=16, 35|quote=By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Voting Rights|url=http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html|publisher=Infoplease|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
* In 1868, the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] altered the way each state is represented in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. It counted all residents for apportionment including former slaves, overriding the [[three-fifths compromise]], and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied men aged 21 and above the right to vote. However, this was not enforced in practice. In 1870, the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]] granted suffrage to all males of any race, skin color, and ethnicity, including former slaves (freedmen), meaning that male African Americans in theory had the right to vote throughout the United States.<ref>David Quigley, Acts of Enforcement: The New York City Election of 1870, in: New York History (2002).</ref>
* Starting in 1888, former Confederate states passed [[Jim Crow laws]] and amendments to effectively [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disfranchise]] black and poor white voters through [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]]es, [[literacy tests]], [[grandfather clauses]] and other restrictions, applied in a discriminatory manner. During this period, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] generally upheld state efforts to discriminate against racial minorities; only later in the 20th century were these laws ruled unconstitutional. Black males in the Northern states could vote, but the majority of African Americans lived in the South.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=Schultz|first1=Jeffrey D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfmPmrL0N3kC&pg=PA528|title=Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Hispanic Americans and Native Americans|last2=Aoki|first2=Andrew L.|last3=Haynie|first3=Kerry L.|last4=McCulloch|first4=Anne M.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-149-5|location=|pages=528|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Scher|first=Richard K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POzqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45536-3|location=|pages=13|language=en}}</ref>
* Wyoming was the first territory to enfranchise all women in 1869. From then until 1916, all Western states legalized women suffrage, but few Eastern states followed suit. However, in 1920 the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] extended the franchise to women in all states.<ref>Ashlyn K. Kuersten (2003). ''Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents''. p. 13. ABC-CLIO, 2003</ref>
* In 1924 the [[Indian Citizenship Act]] gave suffrage to all Native Americans, nearly two-thirds of whom already had citizenship and the right to vote.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Madsen|editor1-first=Deborah L.|title=The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317693192|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AapCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168}}</ref>
* In 1943 Chinese immigrants were given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the [[Magnuson Act]]. It allowed Chinese immigration for the first time since the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882, and permitted some Chinese immigrants already residing in the country to become [[naturalization|naturalized citizens]].
* In 1962–1964, the nationwide "[[one man, one vote]]" electoral system was lawfully established mainly through the [[Warren Court]]'s rulings in ''[[Baker v. Carr]] (1962), [[Reynolds v. Sims]] (1964),'' as well as ''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]] (1964).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theconstitutionproject.com/portfolio/one-person-one-vote/|title=One Person, One Vote {{!}} The Constitution Project|website=www.theconstitutionproject.com|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/one-person-one-vote-a-history/399476/|title=The Case That Could Bring Down 'One Person, One Vote'|last=Smith|first=J. Douglas|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/21/nyregion/one-man-one-vote-decades-of-court-decisions.html|title=One Man, One Vote: Decades of Court Decisions|last=Goldman|first=Ari L.|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 September 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>''
* In 1964–1965, the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment]], which abolished the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in federal elections, was passed.<ref>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100&page=transcript Transcript of Voting Rights Act (1965)] U.S. National Archives.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214180002/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897070,00.html The Constitution: The 24th Amendment] Time.</ref> Full enfranchisement was revived in 1965, with the passage of [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], which provided for federal enforcement of rights.<ref name=":3" /> For state elections, it was not until the [[Warren Court]] ruled 6–3 in ''[[Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections]]'' (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the Fourteenth Amendment.<ref name=":4" /> This removed a burden on the poor.<ref name="Scher2015" /><ref name="NHLTS2009" />
* In 1971, the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th Amendment]] ratified, which granted suffrage for men and women aged 18.
* Currently 4 million American citizens living in the [[Territories of the United States]] do not have representation in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate]].
|-
| Uruguay
| 1918
| {{date?}}
| [[Women's suffrage in Uruguay|1932]]
| {{date?}}
| With the 1918 Uruguayan Constitution.
|-
| Venezuela
| {{date?}}
| {{date?}}
| [[Women's suffrage in Venezuela|1946]]
| {{date?}}
|
|-
| Zimbabwe
| 1979
| {{date?}}
| 1919
| 1979
| Universal suffrage was introduced in the 1978 Internal Settlement between Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa. The 1979 Lancaster House constitution agreed to accommodate the nationalists and also affirmed universal suffrage but with a special role for whites. Universal suffrage with no special consideration for race came in 1987. Before 1978, Rhodesia (the name for the region that would become Zimbabwe in 1980) had a merit qualification to vote. This was controversial because it excluded the vast majority of native Africans. Though white women were granted the right to vote in 1919.
|}

==See also==
* [[Democracy Index]]
* [[Equality before the law]]
* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
* [[List of women's rights activists]]
* [[One man, one vote]]
* [[One person, one vote]]
* [[Suffrage for Americans with disabilities]]
* [[Suffragette]]
* [[Timeline of women's suffrage]]
* [[Umbrella Movement]]
** [[2014 Hong Kong protests]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* Duong, Kevin (2020). "What Was Universal Suffrage?". ''Theory & Event''. '''23''' (1): 29–65.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200922051053/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html Limited suffrage in England prior to the 1832 reforms]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5036602.stm Finnish centennial celebration]
* "[[s:Have you heard the news?|Have you heard the news?]]", a pamphlet published by an anonymous English freeman in 1835
* ''[[s:An address to the middle and working classes engaged in trade and manufactures throughout the empire on the necessity of union at the present crisis|An address to the middle and working classes engaged in trade and manufactures throughout the empire on the necessity of union at the present crisis]]'' (1842) by [[Richard Gardner (MP)|Richard Gardner]]

{{Suffrage}}
{{Particular human rights}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Portal bar|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Universal Suffrage}}
[[Category:Suffrage]]
[[Category:Equality rights]]
[[Category:Universalism]]

Ramraiya

2022-11-10T05:24:33Z

Rishavvv26: Developed a fresh page layout.

{{Short description|Sikh sect founded by Ram Rai}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Ramraiya {{Small|ਰਾਮਰਾਈਆ}}|founder=[[Ram Rai]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image=Painting of a Ramraiya ascetic from a folio of a manuscript of the Silsilah-i-Jogiyan, ca.1800.jpg|image_caption=Painting of a Ramraiya ascetic of Varanasi from a folio of a manuscript of the ''Silsilah-i-Jogiyan'', ca.1800|regions=[[Punjab]] • [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Dehradun]])|scriptures=|languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Ramraiyas''' (Gurmukhi: ਰਾਮਰਾਈਆ; ''rāmarā'ī'ā''), also referred to as ''Ram Raiyas'', are a [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sect]] that follow [[Baba Ram Rai|Ram Rai]], the excommunicated eldest son of [[Guru Har Rai]] (1630–61).<ref name=":0">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ram-Raiyas "Rām Rāiyā"], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Guru Nanak’s Temple, Dehradun, India.jpg|thumb|Ramraiya sect gurdwara at Dehradun, India, c. 1857-1858, printed 1859]]
Ram Rai was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (''[[Asa di Var|Asa ki Var]]'') that stated, "the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Baba Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved.<ref name="eosramrai">[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n477 Ram Rai], Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University</ref><ref name="McLeod2014p260" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harinder |title=The Next Panjab Kaur |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/the-next-panjab-kaur |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Sikh Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a [[jagir|''jagir'']] (land grant) in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] ([[Uttarakhand]]). The area of modern Dehradun was under the rule of raja [[Fateh Shah]] of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal state]], whom had been commanded by Aurangzeb to facilitate Ram Rai and establish himself in the wilds of the valley, where he established his ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' in 1676, with the work on the building finally being completed by his widow, Panjab Kaur, in 1699.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Guru Ram Rai Gets a Historian |url=https://garhwalpost.in/guru-ram-rai-gets-a-historian/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Garhwal Post |language=en}}</ref> The town later came to be known as [[Dehradun#Etymology|Dehradun]], after ''[[Dera (organization)|Dehra]]'', referring to Baba Ram Rai's shrine.<ref name="McLeod2014p260">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=260–261}}</ref>

Many followers of Ram Rai settled with Ram Rai, they followed Guru Nanak, but Sikhs have shunned them.<ref name=eosramrai/><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354/Ram-Raiyas Rām Rāiyā], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> They were one of the Panj Mel, the five reprobate groups that Sikhs are expected to shun with contempt. The other four are the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], the [[Masand]]s, the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (those Sikhs who accept [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit baptism]] but subsequently cut their [[Kesh (Sikhism)|hair]]).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=SS Kohli |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC&pg=PA2 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers | year=1993 |pages= 2–3}}</ref>

After the death of Ram Rai, successive ''[[Mahant|mahants]]'' of the [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Dehradun Darbar]] became the leaders of the sect, whom were worshiped by its followers.{{cn}}
== Leaders ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
{{Small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
!Leadership term
!Reference(s)
|-
|1.
|[[Ram Rai]]{{Small|(1645 – 1687)}}
|[[File:Mural depicting Ram Rai from the Bhai Bahlo Darwaza of the Darbar of Ram Rai in Dehradun, circa pre-1688.jpg|229x229px]]
|? – 1687
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=26–29}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |[[Mahant|Mahants]]
|-
|2.
|Aud Das{{Efn|According to the tradition of the Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib, Aud Das was the successor to Ram Rai. However, Henry George Walton in the ''British Garhwal: A Gazetteer'', regards Har Prasad as his immediate successor, ignoring Aud Das.|group=note}}
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1687 – 1741
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mahants & Gurus, Darbar Shri Guru Ram Rai Ji Maharaj - Dehradun |url=http://www.sgrrdarbar.org/shri-mahants.aspx |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.sgrrdarbar.org}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|Har Prasad
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1741 – 1766
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|4.
|Har Sewak
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1766 – 1818
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=130}}</ref>
|-
|5.
|Har Swaroop Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1818 – 1842
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|6.
|Preetam Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1842 – 1854
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|7.
|Narayan Das
|[[File:Mural of mahant Naraian Das (alt. spelt as Narayan Das) standing at a half-open door.jpg|271x271px]]
|1854 – 1885
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|8.
|Prayag Das
|[[File:Detail of a mural depicting mahant Prayag Das seated on a chair.jpg|234x234px]]
|1885 – 1896
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|9.
|Laxman Das
|[[File:Mural of the coronation of mahant Lakshman Das, the mahant is with dignitaries of the Dehradun Darbar.jpg|227x227px]]
|1896 – 1945
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |title=Haqiqat bahida: 27-37 |publisher=Maharana Mewar Research Institute |year=1992 |series=Haqiqat bahida: H.H. Maharana Fateh Singhji, 24th Dec. 1884 to 24 May 1930 |pages=98}}</ref>
|-
|10.
|Indiresh Charan Das
{{Small|(14 November 1919 – 10 June 2000)}}
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|1945 – 2000
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandola |first=Anoop |title=In the Himalayan Nights: Tales from Two Continents |publisher=Savant Books and Publications |year=2012 |isbn=9780982998700 |pages=178}}</ref>
|-
|11.
|Davendra Das
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|2000 – present
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Doon Sikh Welfare Society thanks Mahant Devendra Das |url=https://garhwalpost.in/doon-sikh-welfare-society-thanks-mahant-devendra-das/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Garhwal Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Namdhari]]s
*[[Nirankari]]s
*[[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]]
*[[Sewapanthi]]s
*[[Radha Soami]]s
*[[Ramgharia]]
*[[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]

Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

2022-07-26T20:21:11Z

Rishavvv26: Just published an informative work.

#REDIRECT [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

Kapurthala state

2022-01-04T18:57:01Z

Rishavvv26: Kapurthala State

#REDIRECT [[Kapurthala State]]