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Khawaja Asif

2026-05-30T03:44:43Z

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{{short description|Defence Minister of Pakistan since 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Khawaja Asif
| image = Khawaja Muhammad Asif - December 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Asif in 2015
| office = [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| successor =
| president1 = {{ubl|[[Arif Alvi]]|[[Asif Ali Zardari]]}}
| prime_minister1 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pervez Khattak]]
| successor1 = Anwar Ali Hyder (''caretaker'')
| term_start1 = 19 April 2022
| term_start2 = 27 November 2013
| term_end2 = 28 July 2017
| president2 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| predecessor2 = [[Naveed Qamar]]
| successor2 = [[Khurram Dastgir]]
| office3 = 33rd [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 4 August 2017
| term_end3 = 26 April 2018
| president3 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sartaj Aziz]]{{small|(as ''Adviser'' to the Prime Minister on Foreign Affairs)}}
| successor3 = [[Khurram Dastgir Khan]]
| office4 = [[Minister for Water and Power (Pakistan)|Minister of Water and Power]]
| term_start4 = 7 June 2013
| term_end4 = 28 July 2017
| deputy4 = [[Abid Sher Ali]]
| president4 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| predecessor4 = [[Ahmad Mukhtar]]
| successor4 = [[Syed Javed Ali Shah]] {{small|(as Minister of Water Resources)}} [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] {{small|(as Minister of Energy)}}
| office5 = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources (Pakistan)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources]]
| prime_minister5 = [[Yusuf Raza Gillani]]
| president5 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| term_start5 = 31 March 2008
| term_end5 = 13 May 2008
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = [[Asim Hussain]]
| office6 = [[Pakistan Sports Board|Minister of Sports]]
| prime_minister6 = [[Yusuf Raza Gillani]]
| president6 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| term_start6 = 31 March 2008
| term_end6 = 13 May 2008
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office7 = Senior Vice-President of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]
| term_start7 = 4 May 2019
| constituency7 =
| term_end8 = 10 August 2023
| term_end9 = 31 May 2018
| term_end11 = 16 March 2013
| term_end12 = 15 November 2007
| term_end14 = 10 August 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|08|09}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| spouse = [[Musarrat Asif Khawaja]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Amir |title=For PML-N, only family seems to matter |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1414042/for-pml-n-only-family-seems-to-matter |access-date=14 June 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] (1993–present)
| alma_mater = [[University of the Punjab]]
| father = [[Khawaja Muhammad Safdar]]
| native_name = {{nobold|خواجہ آصف}}
| relations = [[Farooq Naek]] (cousin)<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Marriage of Convenience |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/08/07/national-nerve/marriage-of-convenience/index.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[BOL News]] |quote=Former Senate chairman and senior PPP leader Farooq H Naek and incumbent Defence Minister Khawaja Asif are the maternal cousins. The wives of both the politicians are real sisters. |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622181655/https://www.bolnews.com/2022/08/07/national-nerve/marriage-of-convenience/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| native_name_lang = ur
| term_start15 = 18 November 2002
| constituency15 = [[NA-71 Sialkot-II|NA-110 Sialkot-I]]
| predecessor7 = Position Established
| majority7 =
| office15 =
| predecessor15 =
| majority15 = 3,786 (3.72%)
| 1blankname7 = Deputy
| 1namedata7 = [[Abid Sher Ali]]
| alt = Khawaja Asif
| term_end15 = 26 April 2018
| term_start14 = 13 August 2018
| term_start13 = 29 February 2024
| constituency14 = [[NA-71 Sialkot-II|NA-73 Sialkot-II]]
| constituency13 = [[NA-71 Sialkot-II]]
| office13 = Member of [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| successor7 =
| term_start16 = 15 October 1993
| term_end16 = 12 October 1999
| constituency16 = [[NA-71 Sialkot-II|NA-85 Sialkot-I]]
| predecessor16 = [[NA-71 Sialkot-II#1988–2002: NA-85 Sialkot-I|Mian Muhammad Shafi]]
| majority14 = 1,406 (0.57%)
| majority13 = 18,454 (7.52%)
| awards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz (civilian) ribbon bar.svg|45px]] [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
}}
'''Khawaja Muhammad Asif'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|خواجہ محمد آصف}}}}}} (born 9 August 1949) is a Pakistani politician who has served as the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan]] since 2022, having previously served in the post from 2013 to 2017. He has been a [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Member of the National Assembly]] (MNA) from [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] since [[1993 Pakistani general election|1993]], elected for the seventh time in [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024]]. He is among the senior-most members of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].

He also has an additional portfolio of Minister of Aviation since 11 March 2024, and was the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] in the [[Abbasi cabinet]] from August 2017 to April 2018 and simultaneously served as the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister for Defence]] and [[Ministry of Water and Power (Pakistan)|Minister for Water and Power]] under [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s [[Third Nawaz Sharif government|third term]] from 2013 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Aviation |url=https://www.aviation.gov.pk/#:~:text=Federal%20Minister%20Khawaja%20Muhammed%20Asif,Islamabad%20on%20March%2012,%202024. |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=www.aviation.gov.pk |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111140147/https://aviation.gov.pk/#:~:text=Federal%20Minister%20Khawaja%20Muhammed%20Asif,Islamabad%20on%20March%2012,%202024. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asif began his political career after getting elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]] during the Nawaz Sharif's [[First Nawaz Sharif government|first term]] in 1991. Since 1997, he had served as a member of the federal cabinet, in various positions. From 1997 to 1999, he was as the chairman of the Privatization Commission of Pakistan during the second government of Nawaz Sharif. He briefly held the cabinet portfolios of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources (Pakistan)|Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources]] in the [[Gillani ministry]] in 2008, with an additional charge as Minister for Sports.

==Early life and education==
Asif was born on 9 August 1949<ref name="financialexpress/5aug2017">{{cite news|title=Who is Khawaja Asif? Meet Pakistan's first foreign minister since 2013|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/who-is-khawaja-asif-pakistans-first-foreign-minister-since-2013/795139/|access-date=5 August 2017|work=The Financial Express|date=5 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805141921/http://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/who-is-khawaja-asif-pakistans-first-foreign-minister-since-2013/795139/|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]],<ref name="pildat/dob">{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=110|access-date=9 July 2017|date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011141508/http://pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=110|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="ministrypower/profile">{{cite web|title=Profile of Khawaja Muhammad Asif |url=http://202.83.164.29/mowp/frmDetails.aspx?opt=profile&id=3 |publisher=Ministry of Water & Power |access-date=17 October 2016 |date=17 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017134822/http://202.83.164.29/mowp/frmDetails.aspx?opt=profile&id=3 |archive-date=17 October 2016 }}</ref> to [[Khawaja Muhammad Safdar]], an influential politician.<ref name="dawn/june2013">{{cite news|last1=Ghumman|first1=Khawar|title=Experience and loyalty count in the PML-N kitchen cabinet|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1016645|access-date=27 October 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=7 June 2013|ref=dawn/june2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029084423/http://www.dawn.com/news/1016645|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Medical college named after Khwaja Safdar|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/598505/medical-college-named-after-khwaja-safdar|access-date=28 October 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=13 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028152008/http://www.dawn.com/news/598505/medical-college-named-after-khwaja-safdar|archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> He belongs to a [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiri]] family whose ancestors settled in the [[Punjab]] generations ago from the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaleel |first=Muzamil |date=2013 |title=As Nawaz Sharif becomes PM, Kashmir gets voice in Pakistan power circuit |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/as-nawaz-sharif-becomes-pm-kashmir-gets-voice-in-pakistan-power-circuit/1125778/ |access-date=29 December 2016 |quote=Kashmir may have been missing from the agenda of the elections in Pakistan, but the country's new government will have Kashmiris in vital positions — beginning with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif himself. Sharif, 63, who was sworn in for a historic third term on Wednesday, belongs to a family that migrated to Amritsar from South Kashmir's Anantnag district in the beginning of the last century. Sharif's close confidant Ishaq Dar, and influential PML (N) leader Khawaja Asif — both of whom are likely to get important positions in the new government — too have roots in Kashmir. 'My father would always tell me that we are from Anantnag. We had migrated to Amritsar from there for business', Sharif told this correspondent in his office in Lahore's Model Town last month where he sat with his key associates tracking the results of the election. 'And my mother's family came from Pulwama'.}}</ref> He received his early education at [[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prominent Abdalians in Civil Sector|url=http://www.cch.edu.pk/alumni/prominent-abdalians-in-civil-sector.html|website=www.cch.edu.pk|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en-gb|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216091409/http://cch.edu.pk/alumni/prominent-abdalians-in-civil-sector.html|archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> He attained his bachelor's degree from [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]], [[Lahore]], before getting his L.L.B. degree from the University Law College, Lahore, in 1970.<ref name="ministrypower/profile" /><ref name="senate/profile">{{cite web|title=Profile / Khawaja Asif|url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=655|publisher=Senate of the Pakistan|access-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019213032/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=655|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He later earned a [[Master's degree|master’s degree]] in [[economics]] from the [[London School of Economics]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khawaja Muhammad Asif |url=https://www.prideofpakistan.com/who-is-who-detail/Khawaja-Muhammad-Asif/120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709231703/https://www.prideofpakistan.com/who-is-who-detail/Khawaja-Muhammad-Asif/120 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |website=Pride of Pakistan |quote=Subsequently he gained Masters in Economics from London School of Economics (LSE) in 1975.}}</ref><ref>South Asia Centre, [[London School of Economics and Political Science]]'''.''' ''[https://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/assets/documents/white-papers/Pakistan-White-Paper-2017.pdf Pakistan: Future Capacities].'' 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250511163148/https://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/assets/documents/white-papers/Pakistan-White-Paper-2017.pdf Archived] on 11 May 2025. "Prominent alumni include Khawaja Muhammad Asif (...)"</ref>

Asif is a banker by profession and has worked in the different banks of the [[United Arab Emirates]], including in the [[Abu Dhabi]] branch of the controversial and now-defunct [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://bccibank-insights.com/sites/default/files/uploads/files/BCC%20Organisation.pdf |title=BCC Organisation |publisher=BCC Bank Insights |year= |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207092924/https://bccibank-insights.com/sites/default/files/uploads/files/BCC%20Organisation.pdf |archive-format=PDF |archive-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> He lived in the UAE for several years but returned to Pakistan following his father's death in 1991, in order to continue his father's politics.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="ppib/profile">{{cite web|title=PRIVATE POWER & INFRASTRUCTURE BOARD|url=http://www.ppib.gov.pk/N_minister_profile.htm|website=www.ppib.gov.pk|access-date=22 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508094451/http://www.ppib.gov.pk/N_minister_profile.htm|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> He has a son and three daughters.<ref name="ppib/profile" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/FM_Profile.php|website=www.mofa.gov.pk|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree in [[international relations]] by the [[Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=Foreign Minister Khawaja Asif conferred with an honorary PhD by Swiss University|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1370543/foreign-minister-khawaja-asif-conferred-with-an-honorary-phd-by-swiss-university|access-date=15 November 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, he was featured in a list of "top handsome lawmakers of [[Pakistan]]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Top 7 Most Handsome Lawmakers Of Pakistan |url=https://nayadaur.tv/2019/10/top-7-most-handsome-lawmakers-of-pakistan/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=NayaDaur |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

=== Early political career and senate tenure ===
Asif began his political career in 1991<ref name="financialexpress/5aug2017" /> on returning to Pakistan following the death of his father after living in the United Arab Emirates for many years. In 1991, he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) for three years.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Tribune/profile">{{cite news|title=Federal cabinet unveiled: Enter the ministers – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/560553/federal-cabinet-unveiled-enter-the-ministers/|access-date=27 October 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=8 June 2013|ref=Tribune/profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029083547/http://tribune.com.pk/story/560553/federal-cabinet-unveiled-enter-the-ministers/|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

=== National Assembly elections ===
He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from Constituency NA-110 (Sialkot) in the [[1993 Pakistani general election|1993 general election]].<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Tribune/profile" />

He was re-elected to the National Assembly in the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 general election]]<ref name="Tribune/profile" /> Khawaja Asif contested the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general election]] elections from [[NA-73 (Sialkot-II)|NA 110]] and won his seats by taking 42,743 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://election2013.geo.tv/constituency/results/110/NA-110.html |title=Election Result NA-110 Sialkot -I Punjab | Pakistan Election 2013 – geo.tv |access-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180900/http://election2013.geo.tv/constituency/results/110/NA-110.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Tribune/profile" />

Asif contested the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]] from [[NA-73 (Sialkot-II)|NA 110]] and obtained 73,007 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/election2008/result/na110.html|title=Geo.tv: Latest News Breaking Pakistan, World, Live Videos|website=www.geo.tv|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045034/http://www.geo.tv/election2008/result/na110.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Tribune/profile" />

In the [[2013 Pakistani general election]], Asif was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly from [[NA-73 (Sialkot-II)|NA 110]] taking 92,848 votes against his opponent [[Usman Dar]] who obtained 71,573 votes.<ref name="Tribune/profile" /><ref name="Tribune/may2013">{{cite news|title=NA-110 from Sialkot goes to Khwaja Muhammad Asif – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/548013/na-110-from-sialkot-goes-to-khwaja-muhammad-asif/|access-date=28 October 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=12 May 2013|ref=Tribune/may2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028154230/http://tribune.com.pk/story/548013/na-110-from-sialkot-goes-to-khwaja-muhammad-asif/|archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency [[NA-73 (Sialkot-II)]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Birmani |first1=Tariq Saeed |title=Khawaja Asif remains unbeaten in Sialkot's NA-73 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1423661 |access-date=2 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=29 July 2018}}</ref> He received 116,957 votes and defeated [[Usman Dar]] who received 115,464 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=NA-73 Result – Election Results 2018 – Sialkot 2 – NA-73 Candidates – NA-73 Constituency Details – thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/election/constituency/NA-73 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=2 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He supports a financially independent Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=Pakistan can survive without taking financial assistance from US: Khawaja Asif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1380768 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> In May 2019 he took the charge and became the Parliamentary Leader of PMLN in the National Assembly of Pakistan.

He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-N from constituency [[NA-71 Sialkot-II]] in the [[2024 Pakistani general election]], he received 119,001 and defeated Independent Candidate Rehana Imtiaz Dar, who is mother of Asif's former election rival [[Usman Dar]], She received 100,482 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA-71 Election Result 2024 Sialkot 2, Candidates List |url=https://www.geo.tv/election/NA-71 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial career==

===Role in the Second Nawaz Sharif government (1997)===
He was appointed as the chairman of the Privatization Commission of Pakistan with the status of a minister during [[Second Nawaz Sharif government|Nawaz Sharif's second term]] in 1997.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|title=Khawaja Muhammad Asif|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024457/khawaja-muhammad-asif|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Dawn|date=28 April 2013|ref=Dawn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210232246/http://www.dawn.com/news/1024457/khawaja-muhammad-asif|archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Tribune/profile" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jamil|first1=Farah|title=26 member Cabinet to take oath today|url=http://aaj.tv/2013/06/26-member-cabinet-to-take-oath-today/|access-date=31 October 2016|work=Aaj News|date=7 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121082150/http://aaj.tv/2013/06/26-member-cabinet-to-take-oath-today/|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> His tenure was terminated following the counter-coup [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|1999 coup d'état]] in which then Chief of Army Staff, [[Pervez Musharraf]], overthrew Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in response to Sharif indirectly hijacking Musharraf's plane and ordering it to land outside Pakistan.

===Role in the coalition government (2008)===
He was briefly appointed as the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources (Pakistan)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources]], as well as the Minister of Sports in the [[Gillani ministry]] in 2008 before his party pulled out of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]-led coalition government.<ref name="Dawn" />

===Role in the Third Nawaz Sharif government (2013)===
[[File:Shoigu in Pakistan (2014-11-20) 01.jpg|thumb|Asif with Russian Defense Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]], 20 November 2014]]
In June 2013, he was appointed as the [[Ministry of Water and Power (Pakistan)|Minister of Water and Power]] and later given additional portfolio of [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]] in November 2013 under [[Third Nawaz Sharif government]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dawn.com|first1=Agencies|title=Khawaja Asif given additional charge of defence ministry|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1058946|access-date=2 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802163905/https://www.dawn.com/news/1058946|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news|title=Additional charge: Khawaja Asif made defence minister – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/637689/additional-charge-khawaja-asif-made-defence-secretary/|access-date=8 October 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2013|ref=Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181330/http://tribune.com.pk/story/637689/additional-charge-khawaja-asif-made-defence-secretary/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

===Role in the Abbasi government (2017)===
[[File:Secretary Tillerson Meets With Pakistani Foreign Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif in Washington (37495210641).jpg|thumb|Asif with US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]], 4 October 2017]]
He had ceased to hold ministerial office in July 2017 when the federal cabinet was disbanded following the resignation of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] after [[Panama Papers case (Pakistan)|Panama Papers case]] decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Nawaz Sharif steps down; federal cabinet stands dissolved|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/|access-date=28 July 2017|work=Daily Pakistan Global|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114411/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Following the election of [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Asif was inducted into the [[Abbasi government|federal cabinet of Abbasi]] and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs for the first time.<ref name="dawn/4aug2017">{{cite news|first1=Sanaullah|last1=Khan|title=New cabinet takes oath: Khawaja Asif foreign minister, Ahsan Iqbal interior minister|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1349562/new-cabinet-takes-oath-khawaja-asif-foreign-minister-ahsan-iqbal-interior-minister|work=DAWN.COM|date=4 August 2017|language=en|access-date=7 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113543/https://www.dawn.com/news/1349562/new-cabinet-takes-oath-khawaja-asif-foreign-minister-ahsan-iqbal-interior-minister|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Swears In New Federal Cabinet|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/pakistan-swears-in-new-federal-cabinet/|access-date=4 August 2017|work=Newsweek Pakistan|date=4 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174632/http://newsweekpakistan.com/pakistan-swears-in-new-federal-cabinet/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> Earlier, Pakistan had no Minister for Foreign Affairs since the PML-N came to power in May 2013<ref name="dawn/4aug2017" /> as former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif himself held the cabinet portfolio of foreign affairs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan gets new cabinet, Khawaja Asif is foreign minister|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-gets-new-cabinet-khawaja-asif-is-foreign-minister/story-EQsro1qtGljd0CwpFfezpM.html|access-date=4 August 2017|work=www.hindustantimes.com|date=4 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-gets-new-cabinet-khawaja-asif-is-foreign-minister/story-EQsro1qtGljd0CwpFfezpM.html|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018, following the US suspension of security assistance to Pakistan, Asif stated, "You (US) carried out 57,800 attacks on Afghanistan from our bases, your forces were supplied arms and explosives through our soil, thousands of our civilians and soldiers became victims of the war initiated by you."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bloch |first=Hannah |date=4 January 2018 |title=U.S. Suspends Most Security Assistance To Pakistan |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/04/575492300/u-s-suspends-most-security-assistance-to-pakistan |access-date=21 October 2025 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=U.S. Caused 'Bloodbath' for Pakistan |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-caused-bloodbath-pakistan-says-foreign-minister-attack-trump-tweets-770242 |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>

=== Role in the First and Second Shahbaz Sharif government (2022 and 2024) ===

He was appointed as the country's [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Defence Minister]] during the [[First Shehbaz Sharif government|Shehbaz Sharif 's first term]] in 2022 and retained the position in the [[Second Shehbaz Sharif government|Second Shehbaz government]] formed in 2024.

In September 2025, Khawaja Asif initially implied that the Pakistan-Saudi Arabia [[Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement|Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement]] had a nuclear dimension. In an interview with ''[[Geo News]]'', he stated, “No one should doubt what we have and what the capabilities are that will be available to them under this pact,” a remark widely interpreted as suggesting nuclear coverage, though he later told ''[[Reuters]]'' that nuclear arms were “not on the radar” of the agreement. The lack of clarity fuelled speculation and the scope of the agreement reportedly remained ambiguous.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Has Pakistan extended its nuclear umbrella to Riyadh? No one will say. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/09/26/pakistan-saudi-arabia-security-nuclear-weapons/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==== 2025 India-Pakistan conflict ====
On 24 April 2025, amid [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|tensions]] between India and Pakistan following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]], Khawaja Asif, in an interview with [[Sky News]] journalist [[Yalda Hakim]], said it could lead to an "all-out-war". Asif also said Pakistan has been doing the "dirty work" of the western nations when asked about supporting and financing terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan warns Kashmir row could lead to 'all-out war' with India |url=https://news.sky.com/video/pakistan-warns-kashmir-row-could-lead-to-all-out-war-with-india-13355107 |website=Sky News}}</ref> He had also claimed that [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] was extinct in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title=Pakistan doing West's dirty work for decades: Pakistan Defence Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-doing-wests-dirty-work-for-decades-pakistan-defence-minister/article69490687.ece |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref> A forensic analysis done in the aftermath of [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|Indian airstrikes]] on a [[Muridke]] site showed LeT had posted recent videos at Markaz-e-Taiba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terror group supporters posted on TikTok, YouTube and Google from site targeted in Indian airstrikes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/terror-group-supporters-posted-on-tiktok-youtube-and-google-from-site-targeted-in-indian-airstrikes-13363716 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 May 2025, Asif claimed that some Indian soldiers had been taken prisoner during the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict in an interview to Bloomberg TV.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Defense Chief's Response to India Strikes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2025-05-07/pakistan-defense-chief-s-response-to-india-strikes-video |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0CfVscHUzM |title="Some Indian soldiers have been taken prisoner", Defense Minister Khawaja Asif told Bloomberg TV |date=6 May 2025 |work=ARY News |access-date=22 May 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> His statements were reportedly fact-checked<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Pakistan's false propaganda debunked by I&B Ministry's fact check unit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/operation-sindoor-false-propaganda-by-pakistan-debunked-by-ib-ministrys-fact-check-unit? |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and he retracted his statements later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor: Pakistan Defence Minister Khawaja Asif retracts PoW claim, says no Indian soldiers captured |url=https://www.wionews.com/pakistan/operation-sindoor-pakistan-defence-minister-khawaja-asif-retracts-pow-claim-says-no-indian-soldiers-captured-9042569 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Wion |language=en-us}}</ref> He later told [[Samaa TV]] that no Indian soldiers were captured.<ref name=":02" />

On 8 May 2025, in the context of the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|India–Pakistan standoff]], addressing the National Assembly, Asif stated that the country’s military intentionally chose not to intercept Indian drones during recent cross-border strikes. He explained that the drone incursion was aimed at identifying Pakistani military positions, and intercepting them could have exposed those sensitive locations. Asif described the matter as 'technical' and implied that avoiding engagement was a strategic decision to prevent revealing the army's operational sites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Didn't intercept Indian drones because...: Pak minister's bizarre remark is viral |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pak-defence-ministser-khwaja-asif-drone-intercepted-avoid-location-detection-2722256-2025-05-09 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title='Indian drone attacks aimed to trace location, not intercepted deliberately' |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087333189-indian-drone-attacks-aimed-to-trace-location-not-intercepted-deliberately? |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=www.samaa.tv |language=en}}</ref>

Amid ongoing military engagements, in an interview with [[CNN]]’s [[Becky Anderson]], he was asked for evidence of downing five Indian jets, to which he responded that "[i]t’s all over the (sic) social media. Indian social media, not on our social media."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Ayesha |date=8 May 2025 |title=Khawaja Asif's remarks on Indian fighter jets misrepresented |url=https://www.sochfactcheck.com/khawaja-asifs-remarks-on-indian-fighter-jets-misrepresented-pakistan-india/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Soch Fact Check |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 9 May 2025, during a parliamentary address, Asif said that madrassa students were the country’s "second line of defense," and that they could be used for [[civil defence]] or other needs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=9 May 2025 |title=Madrasas Are Our Second Line of Defense: Big Surprise for India Soon! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1MUnnRQO3s&t=3:38 |time=3:38 |language=ur |publisher=[[ARY News]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, Asif claimed in Parliament that Pakistani cyber operatives were responsible for a series of cyberattacks, including disrupting the [[2025 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]] (IPL), shutting down stadium floodlights, and manipulating dam operations. He stated, “The IPL was stopped and the lights of the stadium were turned off, waters in the dams were released, all these cyber attacks were done by our children.” Asif alleged that a blackout during the 8 May IPL match between Punjab Kings and Delhi Capitals in [[Dharamshala]] was the result of a Pakistani cyber operation. However, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) later stated that the disruption was due to a technical power failure and not linked to any external interference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Asif: 'Pakistan Hacked IPL Floodlights, Released Waters In Dam' |url=https://www.news18.com/world/khawaja-asif-viral-video-pakistan-cyber-warriors-hacked-ipl-stadium-lights-released-water-in-dams-india-pakistan-conflict-9387376.html |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan defence minister makes bizarre claim, says 'hacked floodlights during IPL 2025' |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/pakistan-defence-minister-makes-bizarre-claim-says-hacked-floodlights-during-ipl-2025-1750047843525 |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 June 2025, Asif declared the [[Simla Agreement]] a 'dead document'.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=Khawaja Asif declares Simla agreement a 'dead document' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2549500/khawaja-asif-declares-simla-agreement-a-dead-document |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He was quoted stating that, "whether the Indus Waters Treaty is suspended or not, Simla is already over."<ref name=":12" />

==== 2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict ====
In October, after the brief clashes during the [[2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict|2025 Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict]], while commenting on the peace talks with Afghanistan, Asif stated that if no agreement was reached, there'd be an open war. "We have the option, if no agreement takes place, we have an open war with them," he said in televised remarks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahid |first=Ariba |date=2025-10-25 |title=Pakistan defence minister warns of 'open war' with Afghanistan if peace talks fail |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-defence-minister-warns-open-war-with-afghanistan-if-peace-talks-fail-2025-10-25/ }}</ref> Upon failure of peace talks held in Istanbul, Asif threatened to "obliterate" the ruling Taliban government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan threatens to 'obliterate' Taliban after peace talks fail |url=https://en.apa.az/asia/pakistan-threatens-to-obliterate-taliban-after-peace-talks-fail-482143 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Apa.az |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Asif |last2=Hassib |first2=Sayed |date=2025-10-29 |title=Pakistan threatens to 'obliterate' Taliban after peace talks fail |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistan-pakistan-peace-talks-failed-pakistan-minister-says-2025-10-28/ }}</ref> In response to Afghan warnings that they would "attack Islamabad" should hostilities escalate, Asif stated, "If Afghanistan even looks at Islamabad, we will gouge their eyes out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=Afghan negotiators backpedalled on agreement after contacting Kabul: Khawaja Asif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1951757 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> He also claimed that the Afghan government had no independent authority to hold talks and did not have full control over Afghanistan. He reportedly urged legal action against former Pakistani leaders who, according to him, "supported the Taliban in the past."<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘India waging proxy war’: Khawaja Asif repeats his lie as Afghanistan–Pakistan peace talks collapse |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/-india-waging-proxy-war-khawaja-asif-repeats-his-lie-as-afghanistan-pakistan-peace-talks-collapse-1761698358902 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

In November, ahead of third round of talks, he reiterated that there'd be escalation and possibly war if peace talks failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khwaja Asif warns of war ahead of Afgahnistan-Pakistan peace talks in Turkiye |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/afghanistan-pakistan-peace-talks-turkiye-khwaja-asif-war-warning-1762405314000 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> After the failure of talks and a [[2025 Islamabad suicide bombing|bombing incident in Islamabad]], he declared a "state of war" and the negotiations hopeless while blaming Kabul for the incident, a charge Afghanistan denied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Taliban Have Brought War To Islamabad, Says Pakistan Defence Minister |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202511115749 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.afintl.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Taliban deny role in Islamabad suicide blast that killed 12 outside district court |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2622243/amp |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2026 Afghanistan-Pakistan war====
{{main|2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan war}}
{{empty section|date=February 2026}}

==== 2026 Iran and Lebanon war ====
{{main|2026 Iran war|2026 Lebanon war}}

In April, after a Pakistan-mediated deal brought a ceasefire to the [[2026 Iran war]], Asif commemorated the deal, asserting that this "moment of pride and respect is unprecedented in our 78-year history". The minister expressed hope for the success of negotiations, stating in regards to [[Persian Gulf countries]] that "as brothers on both sides of the Gulf, we are playing a role in promoting peace". However, Asif warned against the growing influence of [[Israel]], stating that “the Israeli influence has spread across [[Europe]], the [[United States]], and the [[Arab world]], and Pakistan now has a significant opportunity to take on a leadership role in opposing it". Furthermore, he called the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] to recognise that its "true and eternal enemy" was [[India]] in [[South Asia]] and Israel in the Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2026 |title=Khawaja Asif urges Muslim world to safeguard Iran ceasefire, stay vigilant against threats to peace |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2601679/khawaja-asif-urges-muslim-world-to-safeguard-iran-ceasefire-stay-vigilant-against-threats-to-peace |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

After the [[8 April 2026 Lebanon attacks|April 2026 Lebanon attacks]], Asif tweeted that "Israel is evil and a curse for humanity" stating that "while peace talks are underway in Islamabad, genocide is being committed in Lebanon", sparking condemnation from Israeli PM's office: "This is not a statement that can be tolerated from any government, especially not from one that claims to be a neutral arbiter for peace," the official Israeli statement read. Pakistan insisted that Lebanon was part of terms of truce while Israel and US denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT World - Pakistan's defence minister calls Israel 'cancerous' after Tel Aviv kills 300+ in Lebanon |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/9685f52ef59c |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.trtworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Pakistani defense minister calls Israel 'curse for humanity' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/pakistani-defense-minister-calls-israel-curse-for-humanity/3900380 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Anadolu |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Netanyahu's office condemns Pakistan's defense minister for calling Israel 'evil' after heavy bombing of Lebanon |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/netanyahus-office-condemns-pakistans-defense-minister-for-calling-israel-evil-after-heavy-bombing-of-lebanon/3900375 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Anadolu |language=tr}}</ref> According to reports the tweet that was later deleted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-10 |title=Pakistan vs Israel: Khawaja Asif deletes 'curse on humanity' post after sharp response ahead of US-Iran peace talks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-vs-israel-khwaja-asif-deletes-curse-on-humanity-post-after-sharp-response-ahead-of-us-iran-peace-talks/articleshow/130158934.cms |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Views ==

=== Civil-military relations ===
Khawaja Asif has publicly endorsed what he describes as a "hybrid model" of governance in which the military holds significant influence over the civilian government and state affairs through an informal power-sharing arrangement—a structure he characterises as a pragmatic response to Pakistan’s economic and administrative challenges. In a 2025 interview with ''Arab News'', Asif acknowledged the military's elevated stature following the country’s recent military confrontation with India and praised the model for fostering improved coordination and national stability. He asserted that the arrangement, though not an "ideal democratic government," has proven effective, particularly through joint platforms like the [[Special Investment Facilitation Council]] (SIFC), where civil and military leaders collaboratively shape policy. Asif emphasised that this model ensures "co-ownership" of power without undermining civilian authority, maintaining that decisions under Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif are made through consensus with the military establishment. He suggested that, had such a model been adopted in earlier decades, Pakistan’s democratic development would have progressed more smoothly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's defense minister says hybrid model 'doing wonders' as army chief on solo US visit |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2605113/amp |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Zulqernain |date=21 June 2025 |title=What's behind Khawaja Asif's praise for 'hybrid system'? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1918558 |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref> He additionally claimed that “the only realistic option” for the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] and the Sharif brothers is "to compromise with the military."<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2025 |title='Hybrid model': How Pakistan minister Khawaja Asif described military's interference |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hybrid-model-how-pakistan-minister-khawaja-asif-described-militarys-interference-101750526596476.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622180000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hybrid-model-how-pakistan-minister-khawaja-asif-described-militarys-interference-101750526596476.html |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Afghan refugees ===
{{Seealso|Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)}}
Asif has expressed strong criticism of [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] in Pakistan, alleging that some have provided shelter to terrorists and contributed to ongoing security challenges. He argued that Pakistan suffered the consequences of decades of hosting millions of Afghan nationals for over six decades, claiming the country was now "paying in blood" for its hospitality. In 2025, Asif urged [[Deportation of undocumented Afghans from Pakistan|repatriation of Afghan refugees]], arguing that the era of what he called "gratuitous and benevolent killing" must end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=Asif slates Afghan refugees for 'sheltering' terrorists, urges them to go back |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087340304-asif-slates-afghan-refugees-for-sheltering-terrorists-urges-them-to-go-back |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=SAMAA TV }}</ref>

=== Anti-Zionism ===
In the context of the [[2026 Iran war]], Asif stated that [[Zionism]] posed a threat to humanity and alleged that many conflicts imposed on the Muslim world since the establishment of Israel in Palestine had been linked to Zionist influence. He claimed that Zionist actors had dominated the global economic system for over a century and argued that Israel’s policies were responsible for instability and wars in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title='Zionist agenda': Asif says war on Iran aims to bring Israel's influence to Pakistan's border |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/653830-zionist-agenda-asif-says-war-on-iran-aims-to-bring-israels-influence-to-pakistans-border|access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

Later, in the context of the [[2026 Lebanon war]], Asif posted on social media following Israel’s launch of [[8 April 2026 Lebanon attacks|Operation Eternal Darkness]], which he described as a violation of ongoing ceasefire efforts while peace talks were underway in Islamabad. In his post, he referred to Israel as "evil" and a "curse for humanity", and alleged that genocide was being committed in Lebanon. He further claimed that innocent civilians were being killed by Israel, stating that violence had extended from Gaza to Iran and then to Lebanon. His remarks also included highly inflammatory language regarding the historical establishment of Israel. These statements were made amid ongoing diplomatic efforts involving officials from the United States and Iran, including US Vice-President [[JD Vance]] and Iranian Foreign Minister [[Abbas Araghchi]], who were reportedly scheduled to participate in talks in Islamabad on April 10. Asif’s comments were strongly condemned by Israeli officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan vs Israel tensions: Khawaja Asif brands Israel ‘cancerous’, Netanyahu slams comment |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistans-khawaja-asif-calls-israel-cancerous-netanyahu-slams-him/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Arrest by NAB and corruption allegations (2002) ===
The [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB) took Asif into its custody on corruption charges after the military takeover but later, he was released.<ref name="dawn1">{{cite news|title=Kashmiris, Arains to decide NA-110 winner|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/58653/kashmiris-arains-to-decide-na-110-winner|access-date=8 October 2016|publisher=DAWN|date=24 September 2002|ref=dawn1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305095731/https://www.dawn.com/news/58653/kashmiris-arains-to-decide-na-110-winner|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

===Dual nationality controversy (2012)===
In June 2012, a petition admitted by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]'s registrar stated that Asif holds dual nationality, and hence, according to Pakistan's constitution, he is not eligible to hold public office in Pakistan. Following this, the [[Federal Investigations Agency]] and the Supreme Court began an investigation pursuing inquiries of Asif's dual nationality charges. The court did not find him guilty of the charges petitioned against him; the petitioner who levelled the charges withdrew the accusations and issued a formal apology.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC suspends membership of three MPAs over dual nationality|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/726240/sc-resumes-hearing-in-dual-nationality-case|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Dawn|date=13 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002044457/http://www.dawn.com/news/726240/sc-resumes-hearing-in-dual-nationality-case|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>

===Work permit controversy in 2018 elections===
On 26 April 2018, he was disqualified from holding a public office for life by the [[Islamabad High Court]] over possessing a UAE work permit.
He was unseated by the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] as Member of the National Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=IHC disqualifies Khawaja Asif over possessing UAE iqama|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403994/ihc-to-announce-verdict-in-khawaja-asif-disqualification-case-today|access-date=26 April 2018|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Khawaja Asif out of politics for life, rules IHC|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/26/ihc-disqualifies-khawaja-asif-in-iqama-case/|access-date=26 April 2018|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|date=26 April 2018}}</ref> Following this Asif challenged his disqualification in the Supreme Court. In June 2018, the Supreme Court suspended the lifetime disqualification and declared the decision of Islamabad High Court null and void, and allowed Asif to contest elections.<ref>{{cite news |author= Nasir Iqbal, Haseeb Bhatti |title= SC overturns Khawaja Asif's 'disqualification for life', allows him to contest elections |url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1411333 |access-date= 1 June 2018 |work= DAWN.COM |date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

===Asset beyond means case (2020)===
He was arrested on 29 December 2020 by [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB) in assets beyond means case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NAB arrests PML-N leader Khawaja Asif in assets beyond means case|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/766242-khawaja-asif-arrested-by-nab-confirms-pml-n|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref>
He was released on bail by Lahore High Court on 23 June 2021 in the assets beyond means case.

===Sexist statement in Parliament and widespread backlash (2023) ===
In July 2023 his labelling of female opposition leaders in the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) party as "trash and leftovers" led to a widespread criticism of his misogyny.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=The fury in Pakistan sparked by a misogynist minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66368714 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Rigging allegations in 2024 elections ===
Asif's victory was challenged in 2024 elections by [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] Ticketholder and Independent candidate and mother of former election rival [[Usman Dar]], she alleged that he had rigged the whole election, on which [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] stopped the final results.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ECP stops final result of NA-71 amidst rigging allegations |url=https://www.samaa.tv/208739648-ecp-stops-final-result-of-na-71-amidst-rigging-allegations}}</ref>

=== Allegations against bureaucrats (2025) ===
In August 2025, Asif alleged via a social media post that over half of the country’s bureaucrats had acquired property in Portugal and were seeking its citizenship, linking the trend to widespread corruption. He cited the example of a former aide to ex-Punjab chief minister [[Usman Buzdar]], who allegedly received Rs4 billion as "salami" during his daughters' weddings, suggesting that bureaucrats enjoy comfortable retirements while politicians lack similar privileges due to electoral obligations. The statement prompted significant backlash from within the civil bureaucracy and relevant institutions, including the Establishment Division and the [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB), both of which stated they had no evidence to support the minister’s claims. Although officials acknowledged the corruption within the bureaucracy and the abused of positions, they criticised branding “more than half” of the service as corrupt as exaggerated and potentially damaging to morale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbasi |first=Ansar |date=7 August 2025 |title=Khawaja Asif's Portugal allegation stirs bureaucratic backlash |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1333749-khawaja-asif-s-portugal-allegation-stirs-bureaucratic-backlash |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=International The News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.samaa.tv/tv-programs/11/samaa-breaking/7TKhrxcI4NA?page=357 |title=Khawaja Asif Accuses Bureaucracy of Buying Properties in Portugal: Shocking Allegations |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=Samaa TV}}</ref>

=== United Nations General Assembly (2025) ===
A controversy arose after columnist and social media activist Shama Junejo was seen seated behind Khawaja Asif during a [[United Nations Security Council]] session, prompting criticism over her past social media posts perceived as pro-Israel; Asif publicly distanced himself from her presence, attributing it to the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] (FO), which subsequently denied accrediting her as part of Pakistan’s official delegation. Junejo claimed she had been included by Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] as an adviser and contributed to the drafting of his UN speech, while official sources confirmed she was part of the prime minister’s broader entourage but not formally recognized by the FO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2025 |title=Shama Junejo claims PM Shehbaz included her in Pakistan's UN delegation as adviser |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945191 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=Pakistan's Former Foreign Minister Arrested In Assets Beyond Means Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistans-former-foreign-minister-khawaja-muhammad-asif-arrested-in-assets-beyond-means-case-2345334|date=30 December 2020|website=[[NDTV]]|via=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}

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{{Foreign Minister of Pakistan}}
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{{Sharif III Cabinet}}
{{Abbasi Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asif, Khawaja Muhammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Pakistani bankers]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Punjab University Law College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Ministers for water and power of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Cadet College Hasan Abdal alumni]]
[[Category:Bank of Credit and Commerce International people]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-Zionists]]

History of Pakistan

2026-05-04T16:49:12Z

Riserteam: New Entry

{{Short description|Pre-independence history of Pakistan}}
{{about|the pre-1947 history of Pakistan|post-1946 history|History of Pakistan (1947–present)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of South Asia}}
[[File:Historic pakistan rel96b.JPG|300px|right|thumb|A map outlining historical sites in Pakistan.]]

The history of Pakistan preceding the country's independence in 1947<ref>Pakistan was created as the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] on 14 August 1947 after the start of [[British Raj|British rule]] in, and [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British India]].</ref> is shared with that of [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], and [[Iran]]. Spanning the western expanse of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the eastern borderlands of the [[Iranian plateau]], the region of present-day Pakistan served both as the fertile ground of a major civilization and as the gateway of South Asia to [[Central Asia]] and the [[Near East]].<ref name="Srinivasan2007">{{citation|last=Neelis|first=Jason|editor=Srinivasan, Doris |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCz8NczNbcMC&pg=PA55|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-90-04-15451-3|pages=55–94|chapter=Passages to India: Śaka and Kuṣāṇa migrations in historical contexts}} Quote: "Numerous passageways through the northwestern frontiers of the Indian subcontinent in modern Pakistan and Afghanistan served as migration routes to South Asia from the Iranian plateau and the Central Asian steppes. Prehistoric and protohistoric exchanges across the [[Hindu Kush]], [[Karakoram]], and Himalaya ranges demonstrate earlier precedents for routes through the high mountain passes and river valleys in later historical periods. Typological similarities between Northern Neolithic sites in Kashmir and Swat and sites in the Tibetan plateau and northern China show that 'Mountain chains have often integrated rather than isolated peoples.' Ties between the trading post of [[Shortugai|Shortughai]] in [[Badakhshan]] (northeastern Afghanistan) and the lower [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus valley]] provide evidence for long-distance commercial networks and 'polymorphous relations' across the Hindu Kush until c. 1800 B.C.' The [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (BMAC) may have functioned as a 'filter' for the introduction of [[Indo-Iranian languages]] to the northwestern Indian subcontinent, although routes and chronologies remain hypothetical. (page 55)"</ref><ref name="Marshall2013">{{citation|last=Marshall|first=John|title=A Guide to Taxila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEMbH2aDO0UC&pg=PA1|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-61544-1|pages=1–|orig-date=1960}} Quote: "Here also, in ancient days, was the meeting-place of three great trade-routes , one, from Hindustan and Eastern India, which was to become the `royal highway' described by [[Megasthenes]] as running from [[Pataliputra]] to the north-west of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya empire]]; the second from Western Asia through [[Bactria]], [[Kapisi (city)|Kapisi]] and [[Pushkalavati]] and so across the Indus at [[Ohind]] to Taxila; and the third from Kashmir and Central Asia by way of the [[Srinagar]] valley and [[Baramula]] to [[Mansehra]] and so down the [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] valley. These three trade-routes, which carried the bulk of the traffic passing by land between India and Central and Western Asia, played an all-important part in the history of Taxila. (page 1)"</ref>

Situated on the first coastal migration route of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' out of Africa, the region was inhabited early by modern humans.<ref name="QamarAyub2002">{{cite journal|last1=Qamar|first1=Raheel|last2=Ayub|first2=Qasim|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Helgason|first4=Agnar|last5=Mazhar|first5=Kehkashan|last6=Mansoor|first6=Atika|last7=Zerjal|first7=Tatiana|last8=Tyler-Smith|first8=Chris|last9=Mehdi|first9=S. Qasim|title=Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=5|year=2002|pages=1107–1124|issn=0002-9297|doi=10.1086/339929|pmid=11898125|pmc=447589}}</ref><ref name="DennellPorr2014">{{citation|last=Clarkson|first=Christopher |editor=Dennell, Robin |editor2=Porr, Martin |title=Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuWfAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01785-6|pages=76–89|chapter=East of Eden: Founder Effects and Archaeological Signature of Modern Human Dispersal}} Quote: "The record from South Asia (Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka) has been pivotal in discussions of the archaeological signature of early modern humans east of Africa because of the well-excavated and well-dated sites that have recently been reported in this region and because of the central role South Asia played in early population expansion and dispersals to the east. Genetic studies have revealed that India was the gateway to subsequent colonisation of Asia and Australia and saw the first major population expansion of modern human populations anywhere outside of Africa. South Asia therefore provides a crucial stepping-scone in early modern migration to Southeast Asia and Oceania. (pages 81–2)"</ref> The 9,000-year history of village life in South Asia traces back to the [[Neolithic]] (7000–4300 [[BCE]]) site of [[Mehrgarh]] in Pakistan,<ref name=coningham-young-1>{{Citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin |author1-link=Robin Coningham | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press}} Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different to other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."</ref><ref name=fisher1>{{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2}} Quote: "page 33: "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."</ref><ref name=dyson1>{{citation|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8}}, Quote: "(p 29) "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."</ref> and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], including [[Mohenjo Daro]] and [[Harappa]].<ref name="AllchinAllchin1982">{{citation|last1=Allchin|first1=Bridget|last2=Allchin|first2=Raymond|title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA131|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-28550-6|page=131}}Quote: "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system. (page 81)"</ref><ref name="DalesKenoyer1986">{{citation|last1=Dales|first1=George|last2=Kenoyer|first2=Jonathan Mark|last3=Alcock|first3=Leslie|title=Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: The Pottery, with an Account of the Pottery from the 1950 Excavations of Sir Mortimer Wheeler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iew_THp8foC&pg=PA4|year=1986|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-0-934718-52-3|page=4}}</ref>

The ensuing millennia saw the region of present-day Pakistan absorb many influences—represented among others in the ancient, mainly [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]], sites of [[Taxila]], and [[Takht-i-Bahi]], the 14th-century [[Samma (tribe)|Islamic]]-[[Sindh]]i monuments of [[Thatta]], and the 17th-century [[Mughal Architecture|Mughal]] monuments of [[Lahore Fort|Lahore]]. Dynasties emerging from the region encompassing modern day Pakistan during this period included the [[Soomra dynasty]], [[Samma dynasty]], [[Sayyid dynasty]], [[Kalhora dynasty]], [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]], [[Langah Sultanate]], [[Sultanate of Swat]], [[Sial dynasty]] and the [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir Dynasty]]. In the first half of the 19th century, the region was appropriated by the [[East India Company]], followed, after 1857, by 90 years of direct [[British raj|British rule]], and ending with the creation of Pakistan in 1947, through the efforts, among others, of its future national poet [[Allama Iqbal]] and its founder, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Since then, the country has experienced both civilian-democratic and military rule, resulting in periods of significant economic and military growth as well those of instability; significant during the latter, was the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|secession]] of [[East Pakistan]] as the new nation of [[Bangladesh]].

== Prehistory ==
=== Paleolithic period ===
The [[Soanian]] is an archaeological culture of the [[Lower Paleolithic]], [[Acheulean]]. It is named after the [[Soan Valley]] in the Sivalik Hills, near modern-day [[Islamabad]] and is dated between c.774,000 and c.11,700 BCE.<ref name="murray">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Murray (archaeologist) |title=Time and Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/timearchaeology00murr |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |location=London | page=[https://archive.org/details/timearchaeology00murr/page/n98 84] |isbn=978-0-415-11762-3}}</ref>

=== Neolithic period ===
{{Main|Mehrgarh}}

[[Mehrgarh]] is an important [[Neolithic]] site discovered in 1974, which shows early evidence of farming and herding,<ref name="thoughtco">{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/mehrgarh-pakistan-life-indus-valley-171796 |title=Mehrgarh, Pakistan and Life in the Indus Valley Before Harappa |author=Hirst, K. Kris |date=30 May 2019 |website=ThoughtCo}}</ref> and dentistry.<ref name="coppa">{{cite journal |last=Coppa|first=A.|author2=L. Bondioli |author3=A. Cucina |author4=D. W. Frayer |author5=C. Jarrige |author6=J. F. Jarrige |author7=G. Quivron |author8=M. Rossi |author9=M. Vidale |author10=R. Macchiarelli |title=Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry|journal=Nature|volume=440|pages=755–756|doi=10.1038/440755a |pmid=16598247 |issue=7085|year=2006|bibcode=2006Natur.440..755C|s2cid=6787162}}</ref> The site dates back to 7000–5500 [[Common Era|BCE]] and is located on the Kachi Plain of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. The residents of Mehrgarh lived in mud brick houses, stored grain in granaries, fashioned tools from [[Copper Age|copper]], cultivated barley, wheat, [[jujube]]s and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. As the civilisation progressed (5500–2600 BCE) residents began to engage in crafts, including [[Flintknapper|flint knapping]], [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]], bead production, and [[metalworking]]. The site was occupied continuously until 2600 BCE,<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory L.]] 1996. "Mehrgarh." ''Oxford Companion to Archaeology'', edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press, Oxford</ref> when climatic changes began to occur. Between 2600 and 2000 BCE, region became more arid and Mehrgarh was abandoned in favour of the Indus Valley,<ref name=guimet>
[http://www.guimet.fr/Indus-and-Mehrgarh-archaeological The Centre for Archaeological Research Indus Balochistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044049/http://www.guimet.fr/Indus-and-Mehrgarh-archaeological |date=28 September 2007 }}, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques – Guimet
</ref> where a [[Indus Valley Civilization|new civilisation]] was in the early stages of development.<ref>
Chandler, Graham. 1999. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm "Traders of the Plain".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218235318/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm |date=18 February 2007 }} ''Saudi Aramco World''.
</ref>

==Bronze Age==
===Indus Valley Civilisation===
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilisation}}

{{See also|Meluhha}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction =
| width =
| header = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg
| caption1 = The [[Priest-King (sculpture)|"Priest King"]] sculpture is carved from [[steatite]].
| image2 = Shiva Pashupati.jpg
| caption2 = The ''[[Pashupati seal]]''
| image3 = Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Dancing Girl (Mohenjo-daro)|Dancing Girl]] of Mohenjo-daro
| image4 = Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg
| caption4 = Excavated ruins of the Great Bath at [[Mohenjo-daro]] in [[Sindh]]
}}

The [[Bronze Age]] in the [[Indus Valley]] began around 3300 BCE with the Indus Valley Civilization.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}} Along with [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]], it was one of three early civilisations of the [[Old World]], and of the three the most widespread,{{Sfn|Wright|2009|ps=: Quote: "The Indus civilization is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt|Pharonic Egypt]], was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World (Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."}} covering an area of 1.25 million km2.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blanc De La|first1=Paul|title=Indus Epigraphic Perspectives: Exploring Past Decipherment Attempts & Possible New Approaches 2013 Pg 11|url=http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/26166/1/Leblanc_Paul_2013_thesis.pdf|website=University of Ottawa Research|publisher=University of Ottawa|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904103021/http://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/26166/1/Leblanc_Paul_2013_thesis.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It flourished in the basins of the [[Indus River]], in what is today the Pakistani provinces of [[Sindh]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] in parts of [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|north-west India]].{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}} At its peak, the civilisation hosted a population of approximately 5 million spread across hundreds of settlements extending as far as the [[Arabian Sea]] to present-day southern and eastern [[Afghanistan]], and the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="feuerstein">{{cite book|last=Feuerstein|first=Georg|author2=Subhash Kak |author3=David Frawley |title=In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India|publisher=Quest Books|location=Wheaton, Illinois|year=1995|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbx7q0gxyTcC|isbn=978-0-8356-0720-9}}</ref> Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin.

The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation in the Indus Valley. The civilisation included urban centres such as [[Harappa]], [[Ganeriwala]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] as well as an offshoot called the [[Kulli culture]] (2500–2000 BCE) in southern Balochistan and was noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multi-storeyed houses. It is thought to have had some kind of municipal organisation as well.

During the [[Late Harappan|late period]] of this civilisation, signs of a [[Late Harappan|gradual decline]] began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly, and some elements of the Indus Civilisation may have survived. [[Aridification]] of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilisation, but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise, and to scatter its population eastward. The civilisation collapsed around 1700 BCE, though the reasons behind its fall are still unknown. Through the excavation of the Indus cities and analysis of town planning and seals, it has been inferred that the Civilization had high level of sophistication in its town planning, arts, crafts, and trade.<ref>P. Biagi and E. Starnini 2021 – Indus Civilization. In Smith, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer Nature, Switzerland: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3491-1</ref>

== Early history – Iron Age ==
===Vedic period===
{{Main|Vedic period|Indo-Aryan Migration|Indo-Aryans|Vedas}}

{{Further|Sintashta culture}}
[[File:Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg|left|thumb|Cremation urn, [[Gandhara grave culture]], Swat Valley, {{circa|1200 BCE}}]]
The Vedic Period ({{circa|1500|500 BCE}}) is postulated to have formed during the 1500 BCE to 800 BCE. As Indo-Aryans migrated and settled into the Indus Valley, along with them came their distinctive religious traditions and practices which fused with local culture.<ref name="White 2003 28">{{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit |title=Kiss of the Yogini |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-226-89483-6 |location=Chicago |page=[https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit/page/n40 28] |url-access=limited}}</ref> The Indo-Aryans religious beliefs and practices from the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria–Margiana Culture]] and the native Harappan Indus beliefs of the former Indus Valley Civilisation eventually gave rise to Vedic culture and tribes.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46838/India India: Reemergence of Urbanization]. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</ref>{{refn|group=note|Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic culture include the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]], the [[Gandhara Grave culture]], the [[Black and red ware culture]] and the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]].{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}}} Early [[Indo Aryans|Indo-Aryans]] were a [[Late Bronze Age]] society centred in the [[Punjab]], organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a [[pastoralism|pastoral]] way of life. During this period the [[Vedas]], the oldest [[scriptures]] of [[Hinduism]], were composed.{{refn|group=note|The precise time span of the period is uncertain. [[Philology|Philological]] and [[historical linguistics|linguistic]] evidence indicates that the [[Rigveda]], the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period.<ref name="Oberlies p. 158">Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a ''terminus post quem'' of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100</ref>}}

==Ancient history==
=== Achaemenid Empire ===
{{Main|Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley}}

[[File:Eastern Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|Much of the area corresponding to modern-day Pakistan was subordinated to the Achaemenid Empire and forced to pay tributes to Persia.|left]]
The main Vedic tribes remaining in the [[Indus Valley]] by 550 BCE were the ''Kamboja'', ''Sindhu'', ''Taksas'' of Gandhara, the ''Madras'' and ''Kathas'' of the [[River Chenab]], ''Mallas'' of the [[River Ravi]] and ''Tugras'' of the [[River Sutlej]]. These several tribes and principalities fought against one another to such an extent that the Indus Valley no longer had one powerful Vedic tribal kingdom to defend against outsiders and to wield the warring tribes into one organised kingdom. King [[Pushkarasarin]] of [[Gandhara]] was engaged in power struggles against his local rivals and as such the [[Khyber Pass]] remained poorly defended. [[King Darius I]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] took advantage of the opportunity and planned for an invasion. The Indus Valley was fabled in Persia for its gold and fertile soil and conquering it had been a major objective of his predecessor [[Cyrus The Great|Cyrus the Great]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |last2=Magee |first2=Peter |title=Histories, epigraphy and authority: Achaemenid and indigenous control in Pakistan in the 1st millennium BC |url=https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/bannu-archaeological-project/petrie2007_02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611053344/https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/bannu-archaeological-project/petrie2007_02.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> In 542 BCE, Cyrus had led his army and conquered the Makran coast in southern [[Balochistan]]. However, he is known to have campaigned beyond Makran (in the regions of [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Khuzdar]] and [[Panjgur]]) and lost most of his army in the ''Gedrosian Desert'' (speculated today as the [[Kharan Desert]]).

In 518 BCE, Darius led his army through the Khyber Pass and southwards in stages, eventually reaching the [[Arabian Sea]] coast in Sindh by 516 BCE. Under Persian rule, a system of centralised administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time, establishing several [[satrap]]ies: [[Gandāra]] around the general region of Gandhara, [[Hindush]] around Punjab and Sindh, [[Arachosia]], encompassing parts of present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan]],<ref name="Iranicaarticle">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|title=Arachosia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia |date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[Sattagydia]] around the [[Bannu District|Bannu]] basin,<ref name="arch.cam.ac.uk" /> and [[Gedrosia]] covering much of the [[Makran]] region of southern Balochistan.<ref>[A.B. Bosworth, "Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great." 1988. p. 146]</ref>

What is known about the easternmost satraps and borderlands of the Achaemenid Empire is alluded to in the [[Darius the Great|Darius]] inscriptions and from Greek sources such as the ''Histories'' of [[Herodotus]] and the later ''Alexander Chronicles'' (Arrian, Strabo et al.). These sources list three Indus Valley tributaries or conquered territories that were subordinated to the Persian Empire and made to pay tributes to the Persian Kings.<ref name="arch.cam.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/bannu-archaeological-project/petrie2007_02.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - GS_Alexander_Arrian.doc |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519044446/http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/bannu-archaeological-project/petrie2007_02.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>

===Macedonian Empire===
{{Main|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Macedonian Empire}}

[[File:AlexanderConquestsInIndia.jpg|thumb|Alexander's campaigns in modern-day Pakistan|left]]
[[File:Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg|thumb|[[Porus]], with [[Alexander the Great]]]]
By spring of 326 BCE, Alexander began on his Indus expedition from Bactria, leaving behind 3500 horses and 10,000 soldiers. He divided his army into two groups. The larger force would enter the Indus Valley through the Khyber Pass, just as Darius had done 200 years earlier, while a smaller force under the personal command of Alexander entered through a northern route, possibly through [[Broghol]] or [[Dorah Pass]] near [[Chitral]]. Alexander was commanding a group of shield-bearing guards, foot-companions, archers, Agrianians, and horse-javelin-men and led them against the tribes of the former Gandhara satrapy.

The first tribe they encountered were the [[Aspasioi]] tribe of the [[Kunar Valley]], who initiated a fierce battle against Alexander, in which he himself was wounded in the shoulder by a dart. However, the Aspasioi eventually lost and 40,000 people were enslaved. Alexander then continued in a southwestern direction where he encountered the [[Assakenoi]] tribe of the [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]] and [[Buner]] valleys in April 326 BCE. The Assakenoi fought bravely and offered stubborn resistance to Alexander and his army in the cities of Ora, Bazira ([[Barikot]]) and Massaga. So enraged was Alexander about the resistance put up by the Assakenoi that he killed the entire population of Massaga and reduced its buildings to rubble – similar slaughters followed in Ora.<ref>{{cite book|title=History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity, Foreign Invasion|author=Mukerjee, R. K.|page=46}}</ref> A similar slaughter then followed at Ora, another stronghold of the Assakenoi. The stories of these slaughters reached numerous Assakenians, who began fleeing to Aornos, a hill-fort located between [[Shangla]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]]. Alexander followed close behind their heels and besieged the strategic hill-fort, eventually capturing and destroying the fort and killing everyone inside. The remaining smaller tribes either surrendered or like the Astanenoi tribe of [[Pushkalavati]] ([[Charsadda]]) were quickly neutralised where 38,000 soldiers and 230,000 oxen were captured by Alexander.<ref>Curtius in McCrindle, p. 192, J. W. McCrindle; ''History of Punjab'', Vol I, 1997, p 229, Punjabi University, Patiala (editors): Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi; ''Kambojas Through the Ages'', 2005, p. 134, Kirpal Singh.</ref> Eventually Alexander's smaller force would meet with the larger force which had come through the Khyber Pass met at [[Attock]]. With the conquest of Gandhara complete, Alexander switched to strengthening his military supply line, which by now stretched dangerously vulnerable over the [[Hindu Kush]] back to [[Balkh]] in Bactria.

After conquering Gandhara and solidifying his supply line back to Bactria, Alexander combined his forces with the King Ambhi of Taxila and crossed the River Indus in July 326 BCE to begin the Archosia (Punjab) campaign. His first resistance would come at the [[River Jhelum]] near [[Bhera]] against King [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] of the [[Paurava]] tribe. The famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] ([[Jhelum]]) between Alexander (with Ambhi) and Porus would be the last major battle fought by him. After defeating Porus, his battle weary troops refused to advance into India<ref name="Plutarch1994">{{cite book|last1=Plutarch|first1=Mestrius|translator-last=Perrin|translator-first=Bernadotte|title=Plutarch's Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJhpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 May 2016 |volume=7|year=1994|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|isbn=978-0-674-99110-1|chapter=Chapter LXII}}</ref> to engage the army of [[Nanda Dynasty]] and its vanguard of trampling elephants. Alexander, therefore proceeded south-west along the Indus Valley.<ref name="PlutarchLXIII">{{cite book|last1=Plutarch|first1=Mestrius|translator-last=Perrin|translator-first=Bernadotte|title=Plutarch's Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJhpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 May 2016|volume=7|year=1994|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|isbn=978-0-674-99110-1|chapter=Chapter LXIII}}</ref> Along the way, he engaged in several battles with smaller kingdoms in [[Multan]] and [[Sindh]], before marching his army westward across the [[Makran]] desert towards what is now [[Iran]]. In crossing the desert, Alexander's army took enormous casualties from hunger and thirst, but fought no human enemy. They encountered the "Fish Eaters", or Ichthyophagi, primitive people who lived on the Makran coast, who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood.

=== Mauryan Empire ===
{{Main|Maurya Empire|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Buddhism}}

[[File:Upper_Boulder_with_Inscriptions_-_Mansehra_Rock_Edicts.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mansehra Rock Edicts]], one of the [[edicts]] of the [[Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]]]]
The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive [[Iron Age]] [[list of ancient great powers|historical power]] in [[South Asia]] based in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], having been founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in 322 BCE, and existing in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE.<ref name="Dyson2018-lead-maurya">
{{citation
|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8|pages=16–17}} Quote: "Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south."</ref> The Maurya Empire was centralised by the conquest of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], and its capital city was located at [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]). Outside this imperial centre, the empire's geographical extent was dependent on the loyalty of military commanders who controlled the armed cities sprinkling it.<ref name="Ludden2013-lead-maurya">
{{citation
|last=Ludden
|first=David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=29–30}} |quote=The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled. ... Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya's ''Arthasastra'' indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old ''Magadha'', where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most ''janapadas'', the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left.</ref>{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|2004|pp=xii, 448}}<ref>{{cite book | first1=Romila | last1=Thapar | title=A History of India, Volume 1 | publisher=Penguin Books | author-link=Romila Thapar | year=1990 | page=384 | isbn=0-14-013835-8}}</ref> During [[Ashoka]]'s rule (ca. 268–232 BCE) the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the [[Indian subcontinent]] excepting the deep south.<ref name="Dyson2018-lead-maurya"/> It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka's rule, and dissolved in 185 BCE with the assassination of Brihadratha by [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] and foundation of the [[Shunga Empire]] in Magadha.

Through military conquests and diplomatic treaties, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] defeated the [[Nanda dynasty]] and extended his [[suzerainty]] as far westward as Afghanistan below the [[Hindu Kush]] and as far south as the northern [[Deccan]].<ref>{{citation|last=Ludden|first=David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=47}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Stein|first1=Burton|author-link1=Burton Stein|last2=Arnold|first2=David|author-link2=David Arnold (historian)|title=A History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-india-second-edition-2010/page/72/mode/1up|year=2010|publisher =John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|page=73}}</ref>

Under the Mauryas, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities thrived and expanded across South Asia due to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. The Maurya dynasty built a precursor of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from Patliputra to Taxila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/|title=Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road|last=Bhandari|first=Shirin|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Roads & Kingdoms|language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> After the [[Kalinga War]], the Empire experienced nearly half a century of centralised rule under Ashoka. Ashoka's embrace of [[Buddhism]] and sponsorship of Buddhist missionaries allowed for the expansion of that faith into [[Sri Lanka]], northwest India, and Central Asia.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|2004|p=67}}

The population of South Asia during the Mauryan period has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 million.<ref name="Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4">
{{citation
|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8|page=24}} Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 BCE) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."</ref>
The empire's period of dominion was marked by exceptional creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions and produced texts.<ref name="Ludden2013-lead-4">
{{citation
|last=Ludden
|first=David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=28–29}}Quote: "A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers."
</ref>

==Classical history==

===Indo-Greek Kingdom===
{{Main|Indo-Greek Kingdom|Greco-Buddhist art|Indo-Greek art}}

[[File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|thumb|Greco-Buddhist representation of the Buddha, seated to the left of a depiction of [[Vajrapani]] in the guise of the Hellenic god [[Heracles]]<ref>"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4 |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21747-5 |page=4 |language=en}} Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21747-5 |pages=88–89 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The Indo-Greek [[Menander I]] (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of [[Gandhara]] and beyond the [[Hindu Kush]], becoming king shortly after his victory. His territories covered [[Panjshir province|Panjshir]] and [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]] in modern Afghanistan and extended to the [[Punjab region]], with many tributaries to the south and east, possibly as far as [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. The capital [[Sagala]] (modern [[Sialkot]]) prospered greatly under Menander's rule and Menander is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors.<ref name="strabo">{{cite book |author=Strabo |author-link=Strabo |title=The Geography of Strabo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2917/page/279/mode/1up |year=1928 |volume=V |translator-last1=Jones |translator-first1=Horace Leonard |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=Ch. XI}}</ref>

The classical [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist text]] [[Milinda Pañha]] praises Menander, saying there was "none equal to Milinda in all India".<ref name="davids">{{cite book |title=The Questions of King Milinda |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe35/sbe3503.htm |year=1890 |translator1-last=Davids |translator1-first=T. W. Rhys |location=Oxford |publisher=The Clarendon Press}}</ref> His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king, [[Strato II]], disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king [[Heliocles]], son of Eucratides, fled from the [[Yuezhi]] invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the [[Jhelum River]]. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was [[Theodamas]], from the [[Bajaur]] area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription ''"Su Theodamasa"'' (''"Su"'' was the Greek transliteration of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] royal title ''"Shau"'' ("[[Shah]]" or "King")). Various petty kings ruled into the early 1st century CE, until the conquests by the [[Indo-Scythians|Scythians]], [[Indo-Parthians|Parthians]] and the Yuezhi, who founded the Kushan dynasty.

It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and Asiatic mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara, straddling western Pakistan and southern Afghanistan. Detailed, humanistic representations of the Buddha begin to emerge, depicting the figure with a close resemblance to the Hellenic god Apollo;<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIME Magazine – Art: Buddha in a Toga |url=https://time.com/archive/6872779/art-buddha-in-a-toga/}}</ref> Greek mythological motifs such as centaurs, Bacchanalian scenes, Nereids and deities such as Tyche and Heracles are prominent in the Buddhistic art of ancient Pakistan and Afghanistan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Indo-Scythian Kingdom===
[[File:MET_1987_142_111.jpeg|thumb|A [[stone palette]] of the type found in the Early Saka layer at [[Sirkap]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]]]
The [[Indo-Scythians]] were descended from the [[Sakas]] (Scythians) who migrated from southern Central Asia into [[Pakistan]] and [[Arachosia]] from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to Mathura. The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Scythians were defeated by the south Indian Emperor [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] of the [[Satavahana dynasty]].<ref>World history from early times to A D 2000 by B .V. Rao: p.97</ref><ref>A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p.136</ref> Later the Saka kingdom was completely destroyed by [[Chandragupta II]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] from eastern India in the 4th century.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 234</ref>

=== Indo-Parthian Kingdom ===
{{main|Apracharajas|Paratarajas}}

[[File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monastery]] [[Takht-i-Bahi]] (a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) constructed by the Indo-Parthians|left]]
The [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its eponymous first ruler [[Gondophares]]. They ruled parts of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan,<ref name="earrings">{{cite web|url=http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/stwbwk05/05vm/earrings/html/emanalysis.html|title=Parthian Pair of Earrings|publisher=Marymount School, New York|access-date=22 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024151850/http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/stwbwk05/05vm/earrings/html/emanalysis.html|archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> and northwestern [[India]], during or slightly before the 1st century CE. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held [[Taxila]] (in the present [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of Pakistan) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence the capital shifted between [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]]. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the [[Arsacid dynasty of Parthia|Arsacid]] dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] tribes who lived east of [[Parthia]] proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title ''Gondophares'', which means "Holder of Glory", were even related. Christian writings claim that the Apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] – an architect and skilled carpenter – had a long sojourn in the court of king [[Gondophares]], had built a palace for the king at Taxila and had also ordained leaders for the Church before leaving for [[Indus Valley]] in a chariot, for sailing out to eventually reach [[Malabar Coast]].

=== Kushan Empire ===
{{Main|Kushan Empire|Kushan coinage|Kanishka}}

[[File:KanishkaCasket.JPG|thumb|225x225px|[[Peshawar]]'s [[Kanishka stupa]] once kept sacred [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] relics in the [[Kanishka casket]].]]
The [[Kushan Empire]] expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, [[Kujula Kadphises]], about the middle of the 1st century CE. They were descended from an Indo-European, Central Asian people called the [[Yuezhi]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105520/Zhang-Qian |title=Zhang Qian |date=2015 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654618/Yuezhi |title=Yuezhi |date=2015 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, [[Kanishka the Great]], the empire spread to encompass much of Afghanistan<ref>Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350</ref> and the northern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] at least as far as [[Saketa]] and [[Sarnath]] near [[Varanasi]] (Benares).<ref>which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.</ref>

Emperor Kanishka was a great patron of [[Buddhism]]; however, as Kushans expanded southward, the deities<ref name="Samad2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA93|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-0-87586-859-2|pages=93–|author=Rafi U. Samad}}</ref> of their later coinage came to reflect its new [[Hindu]] majority.<ref name="Frumkin1970">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyinsov0000frum|url-access=registration|title=Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyinsov0000frum/page/51 51]–|id=GGKEY:4NPLATFACBB|author=Grégoire Frumkin}}</ref> The monumental Kanishka stupa is believed to have been established by the king near the outskirts of modern-day Peshawar, Pakistan.

The Kushan dynasty played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in India and its spread to Central Asia and China. Historian [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]] said about Kanishka in particular:

{{Blockquote|He played the part of a second Ashoka in the history of Buddhism.<ref name="ReferenceC">Oxford History of India – Vincent Smith</ref>}}

The empire linked the Indian Ocean maritime trade with the commerce of the [[Silk Road]] through the Indus valley, encouraging long-distance trade, particularly between China and [[Roman Empire|Rome]]. The Kushans brought new trends to the budding and blossoming [[Gandhara Art|Gandharan Art]], which reached its peak during Kushan Rule.

H.G. Rowlinson commented:

{{Blockquote|The Kushan period is a fitting prelude to the Age of the Guptas.<ref>Ancient and Medieval History of India – H.G. Rowlinson</ref>}}

By the 3rd century, their empire in India was disintegrating and their last known great emperor was [[Vasudeva I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm|title=The History of Pakistan: The Kushans|website=www.kushan.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162312/http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906</ref>

===Alchon Huns===
The Alchon Empire was the third of four major [[Huna people|Huna]] states established in Central and South Asia. The Alchon were preceded by the [[Kidarites]] and succeeded by the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalites]] in [[Bactria]] and the [[Nezak Huns]] in the [[Hindu Kush]]. The names of the Alchon kings are known from their extensive coinage, Buddhist accounts, and a number of commemorative inscriptions throughout the Indian subcontinent. [[Toramana]]'s son [[Mihirakula]], a [[Saivite]] Hindu, moved up to near [[Pataliputra]] to the east and [[Gwalior]] to central India. [[Hiuen Tsiang]] narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned.<ref>Hiuen Tsiang, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906, pp. 167–168.</ref> The Alchons have long been considered as a part or a sub-division of the [[Hephthalites]], or as their eastern branch, but now tend to be considered as a separate entity.<ref name="ROTS">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474400305 |pages=105–124 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Note 8: It is now clear that the Hephtalites were not part of those Huns who conquered the land south of the Hindu-Kush and Sind as well in the early 6th century. In fact, this latter Hunnic group was the one commonly known as Alkhon because of the inscriptions on their coins (Vondrovec, 2008)."</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225 |journal=King of the Seven Climes |date=4 October 2023 |language=en |page=207}}</ref> The Huns were defeated by the alliance of Indian rulers, [[Maharaja]] (Great King) [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa and Gupta Emperor [[Narasimhagupta]] in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.<ref>History of India by N. Jayapalan p.134</ref>

== Medieval period ==

=== Arab Caliphate ===
{{Main|Rashidun Caliphate|Umayyad Caliphate}}

{{Further|Caliphate campaigns in India}}
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|right|thumb|300x250px|The expansion of the [[Arab]] [[Caliphate]]. {{legend|#a1584e|Expansion under [[Muhammad]], 622–632}} {{legend|#ef9070|Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661}} {{legend|#fad07d|Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]]
After conquering the [[Middle East]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Sasanian Empire]], the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] reached the coastal region of [[Makran]] in present-day Balochistan. In 643, the second caliph [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) ordered an invasion of Makran against the [[Rai dynasty]]. Following the [[Battle of Rasil|Rashidun capture of Makran]], Umar restricted the army to not pass beyond and consolidated his position in Makran.{{Sfn|Smith|1994|p=77–78}} During the reign of the fourth caliph [[Ali]] ({{Reign|656|661}}), the Rashidun army conquered the town of [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] in the heart of Balochistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&dq=caliph+Uthman+baluchistan&pg=PA603 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref>
During the reign of the sixth Umayyad caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{Reign|705|715}}), the Arab military general [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]] commanded the Umayyad incursion into [[Sindh]]. In 712, he defeated the army of the Hindu ''maharaja'' [[Dahir of Aror]] ({{Reign|695|712}}) and established the caliphal province of [[Sind (caliphal province)|Sind]]. The historic town of [[Mansura, Sindh|al-Mansura]] was administered as the capital of the province. Afterward, Ibn al-Qasim proceeded to conquer [[Multan]], which subsequently became a prominent centre of Islamic culture and trading. In 747, the anti-Umayyad rebel [[Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi]] seized Sind and was defeated by [[Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi]] of the succeeding [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In the 9th-century, Abbasid authority gradually declined in Sind and Multan. The tenth Abbasid caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] ({{Reign|847|861}}) assigned the governorship of Sind to Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari, who founded the hereditary [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarid dynasty]] and became the autonomous ruler of Sind in 854. Around the same time, the Banu Munnabih established the [[Emirate of Multan]] while Ma'danids reigned over [[Sultanate of Makran]]. There was gradual conversion to [[Islam]] in the south, especially amongst the native Hindu and Buddhist majority, but in areas north of Multan, Hindus and Buddhists remained numerous.<ref>Sindh. (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 15 March 2007, from: [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067903 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several [[Hindu]] kings.

===Odi Shahis===
{{Main|Turk Shahis|Hindu Shahi}}

[[File:AMB Temple in Soon Sakasar Valley by Usman Ghani.JPG|thumb|[[Amb Temples]], built by the [[Hindu Shahi|Hindu Shahi dynasty]] between the 7th and 9th centuries CE]]
The [[Turk Shahis]] ruled Gandhara from the decline of the [[Kushan Empire]] in the 3rd century until 870, when they were overthrown by the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of [[Oddiyana]] in Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".}}</ref>

The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of [[Hund (village)|Hund]] for its new capital.<ref>The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud Ali.</ref><ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</ref><ref>India, A History, 2001, p 203, John Keay.</ref><ref>Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</ref> At its zenith, the kingdom stretched over the [[Kabul Valley]], [[Gandhara]] and western [[Punjab region|Punjab]] under [[Jayapala]].<ref name="Wynbrandt2009">{{Harv|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=52–54}}</ref> Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and in that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis2">{{Citation |title=The Cambridge history of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C |page=3 |year=1977 |editor=P. M. Holt |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |quote=... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ... |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=[[Bernard Lewis]]}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the [[Kabul|Kabul Valley]] and [[Indus River]].<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ferishtashistory01firi |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests(etc) |via=Internet Archive |publisher=Shrewsbury [Eng.] : Printed for the editor by J. and W. Eddowes |year=1794}}</ref>

However, the army was defeated in battle against the western forces, particularly against the Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name="Ferishta" /> In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the [[Qarakhanid]]s north of the [[Hindu Kush]], Jaipal [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|attacked Ghazni]] once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day [[Peshawar]]. After the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]], he died because of regretting as his subjects brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Lewis2" /><ref name="Ferishta" />

Jayapala was succeeded by his son [[Anandapala]],<ref name="Lewis2" /> who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the [[Kashmir]] [[Siwalik]] Hills.<ref name="Ferishta" />

=== Ghaznavid dynasty ===
{{Main|Ghaznavids}}

[[File:Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png|thumb|Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE]]
In 997 CE, the Turkic ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], took over the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid dynasty]] empire established by his father, Sebuktegin, a Turkic origin ruler. Starting from the city of [[Ghazni]] (now in [[Afghanistan]]), Mehmood conquered the bulk of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], marched on [[Peshawar#Arrival of Islam|Peshawar]] against the Hindu Shahis in [[Kabul]] in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of [[History of the Punjab#Ghaznavid Empire (10th century CE – 12th century CE)|Punjab]] (1007), deposed the [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] rulers of [[Multan]], (1011), Kashmir (1015) and Qanoch (1017). By the end of his reign in 1030, Mahmud's empire briefly extended from [[Kurdistan]] in the west to the [[Yamuna]] river in the east, and the Ghaznavid dynasty lasted until 1187. Contemporary historians such as [[Abolfazl Beyhaqi]] and [[Ferdowsi]] described extensive building work in [[Lahore]], as well as Mahmud's support and patronage of learning, literature and the arts.

Mahmud's successors, known as the [[Ghaznavids]], ruled for 157 years. Their kingdom gradually shrank in size, and was racked by bitter succession struggles. The Hindu [[Rajput]] kingdoms of western India reconquered the [[Punjab, India|eastern Punjab]], and by the 1160s, the line of demarcation between the Ghaznavid state and the [[Hindu king]]doms approximated to the present-day boundary between India and Pakistan. The [[Ghorids|Ghurid Empire]] of central Afghanistan occupied [[Ghazni]] around 1160, and the Ghaznavid capital was shifted to [[Lahore]]. Later Muhammad Ghori conquered the Ghaznavid kingdom, occupying Lahore in 1187.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

=== Ghurid dynasty ===
{{Main|Ghurid dynasty}}

[[File:Ghurid Empire according to Schwartzberg Atlas, p.147.png|thumb|right|Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of [[Muhammad of Ghor]].<ref name="JS">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185|page=147, Map "g"}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=38}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=432–433 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA432 |language=en}}</ref> In the west, Ghurid territory extended to [[Nishapur]] and [[Merv]],{{sfn|Thomas|2018|loc=p. 26, Figure I:2}}<ref name="KS">{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Karl J. |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |page=37, Map 16.2|isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |language=en}}</ref> while Ghurid troops reached as far as [[Gorgan]] on the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="a">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA185 |language=en|quote="In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid control"}}</ref>{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}} Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as [[Bengal]].<ref name="THC">{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=17 August 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en|quote="In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b. Sām"}}</ref>]]
The Ghaznavids under either [[Khusrau Shah]] or his son [[Khusrau Malik]] lost their control over [[Ghazni]] to the [[Ghuzz Turks]] along with some other territories. In the 1170s, [[Ghurid]] prince [[Muhammad of Ghor]] raided their territory and captured Ghazni from them and was crowned there by his brother [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] in 1173. Muhammad of Ghor marched from [[Gomal Pass]] into Pakistan and captured Multan and Uch before being rebuffed by Gujarat's [[Hindu]] [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) rulers, which forced him to press upon the trumbling Ghaznavids. By 1186–87, he [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|deposed the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik]], bringing the last of Ghaznevid territory under his control and ending the Ghaznavid empire. The Ghurids were overthrown in 1215, although their conquests in the Indian Subcontinent survived for several centuries under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] established by the Ghurid Mamluk [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]].

=== Delhi Sultanate ===
{{Main|Delhi Sultanate}}

[[File:Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]], built by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] in 1324 CE]]
The Turkic origin [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]], seized the throne of the Sultanate in 1211. Several dynasties ruled their empires from Delhi: the Mamluk (1211–90), the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] (1320–1413), the [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] (1414–1451) and the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhi]] (1451–1526).<ref name="Gat">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC&pg=PA126|first=Azar|last=Gat| author-link=Azar Gat|title=Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism|publisher= Cambridge University Press| year=2013|isbn=9781107007857|page=126}}</ref> Although some kingdoms remained independent of Delhi, almost all of the Indus plain came under the rule of these large sultanates.

The sultans (emperors) of Delhi enjoyed cordial relations with rulers in the [[Near East]] but owed them no allegiance. While the sultans ruled from urban centres, their military camps and trading posts provided the nuclei for many towns that sprang up in the countryside. Close interaction with local populations led to cultural exchange and the resulting "Indo-Islamic" fusion has left a lasting imprint and legacy in South Asian architecture, music, literature, life style and religious customs. In addition, the language of [[Urdu]] (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects, but more likely "city" in the South Asian context) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period, as a result of the mingling of speakers of native [[Prakrit]]s, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] languages.

Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating South Asia from the [[Chagatai Khanate|Mongol invasion from Central Asia]] in the 13th century; nonetheless the sultans eventually lost western Pakistan to the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] (see the [[Ilkhanate]] dynasty). The Sultanate declined after the invasion of Emperor [[Timur]], who founded the [[Timurid Empire]], and was eventually conquered in 1526 by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Babur|Babar]].

The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire attracted [[Muslim refugee]]s, nobles, technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, artisans, teachers, poets, artists, theologians and [[Sufi]]s from the rest of the [[Muslim world]] and they migrated and settled in the South Asia. During the reign of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Sultan Ghyasuddin Balban]] (1266–1286) thousands of Central Asian Muslims sought asylum including more than 15 sovereigns and their nobles due to the [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran]]. At the court of [[Iltutmish|Sultan Iltemish]] in Delhi the first wave of these Muslim refugees escaping from the Central Asian [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran|genocide]] by the [[Mongol]] armies of [[Genghis Khan]], brought administrators from [[Iran]], painters from China, theologians from [[Samarkand]], [[Nishapur]] and [[Bukhara]], divines and saints from the rest of Muslim world, craftsmen and men and maidens from every region, notably doctors adept in Greek medicine and philosophers from everywhere.

===Kingdom of Sindh===
==== Soomra dynasty ====
{{Main|Soomra dynasty}}

The [[Soomra dynasty]] was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between the early 11th century and the 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=2007 |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref>

Later chroniclers like [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (c. late 12th c.) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name="Collinet-2008">{{Cite book |last=Collinet |first=Annabelle |title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547503-6 |editor-last=Boivin |editor-first=Michel |location=Karachi |pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43) |language=en |chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.<ref name="Collinet-2008"/><ref name="Boivin-2008">{{Cite book |last=Boivin |first=Michel |title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547503-6 |editor-last=Boivin |editor-first=Michel |location=Karachi |pages=30 |language=en |chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref>

The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Ghaznavids]] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, alongside the Soomrus.<ref name="Collinet-2008"/> The precise delineations are not yet known, but Sommrus were probably centred in lower Sindh.<ref name="Collinet-2008"/>

Some of them were adherents of [[Isma'ilism]].<ref name="Boivin-2008"/> One of their kings, Shimuddin Chanisar, had submitted to [[Iltutmish]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.<ref name="Ray201932">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |author-link=Aniruddha Ray |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-22895-8 |page=61}}</ref>

==== Samma dynasty ====
{{Main|Samma dynasty}}

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The [[Samma dynasty]] was a Sindhi dynasty that ruled in [[Sindh]], and parts of [[Kutch]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] from {{circa}} 1351 to {{circa|lk=no}} 1524 CE, with their capital at [[Thatta]].<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif1976">{{cite book |author1=Census Organization (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana |author2=Abdul Latif |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ&q=Samma+ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1965 |publisher=Chand |pages=518 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="guj">{{cite book |author1=U. M. Chokshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |author2=M. R. Trivedi |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1989 |page=274 |quote=It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.}}</ref>

The [[Samma (tribe)|Sammas]] overthrew the Soomra dynasty soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of [[Gujarat]], under the protection of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the [[sultan of Delhi]]. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from [[Delhi]] he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.<ref name="panhwar.com2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.panhwar.net/|title=Home|website=www.panhwar.net}}</ref> Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by [[Ibn Battuta]].<ref name="panhwar.com2"/>

The Samma civilisation contributed significantly to the evolution of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic architectural]] style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the [[Makli Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606120407/https://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1|title=Archnet.org: Thattah|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the [[Makli Necropolis]] of its royals in Thatta.<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif1976"/><ref>Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad</ref>

==Early Modern Period==
=== Mughal Empire ===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}

{{Further|Mughal Architecture|Mughal clothing|Mughlai cuisine}}
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| caption1 = [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] at [[Lahore]]<ref name="LahoreFort">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/|title=Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>
| image2 = Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Alamgiri Gate]] of the [[Lahore Fort]] was built during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="LahoreFort"/>
| image3 = Dewan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience).JPG
| caption3 = [[Diwan-i-Khas]] at [[Lahore Fort]] was built during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]].
| image4 = Badshahi Mosque, Lahore I.jpg
| caption4 = The [[Badshahi Mosque]], built by Aurangzeb, is one of the [[List of mosques in Pakistan|largest mosques in Pakistan]].
| image5 = Wazir khan iwan.jpg
| caption5 = [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] at [[Lahore]], richly decorated with Mughal frescoes
| image6 = Main Entrance of Akbari Sarai.jpg
| caption6 = The [[Akbari Sarai]] features a monumental gateway that leads to the [[Tomb of Jahangir]].
}}

In 1526, [[Babur]], a [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurid]] descendant of [[Timur]] and [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan]] from [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), swept across the [[Khyber Pass]] and founded the Mughal Empire, covering parts of modern-day eastern- Afghanistan, much of what is now Pakistan, parts of India and Bangladesh.<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |title=The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}
</ref> The Mughals were descended from Central Asian [[Turkic people|Turks]] (with significant [[Mongol]] admixture).

However, his son and successor [[Humayun]] was defeated by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of [[Sasaram]], in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to [[Kabul]]. After Sher Shah died, his son [[Islam Shah Suri]] became the ruler, on whose death his prime minister, [[Hemu]], ascended the throne and ruled North India from Delhi for one month. He was defeated by Emperor [[Akbar]]'s forces in the [[Battle of Panipat (1556)|Second Battle of Panipat]] on 6 November 1556.

Akbar was both a capable ruler and an early proponent of religious and ethnic tolerance and favored an early form of [[multiculturalism]]. For example, he declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the ''[[jizya]]'' tax imposed upon non-Islamic, mainly Hindu people. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of South Asia by 1600. The Mughal emperors married local royalty and allied themselves with local ''[[maharajas]]''. Akbar was succeeded by [[Jahangir]], who was succeeded by [[Shah Jahan]]. Shah Jahan was replaced by Aurangzeb following the Mughal war of succession (1658–1659).

After the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, different regions of modern Pakistan and India began asserting independence. The empire went into a rapid decline, and by about 1720 only really controlled a small region around Delhi. The emperors continued to pay lip service to them as "Emperor of India" by the other powers in South Asia until the British finally abolished the empire in 1858.

For a short time in the late 16th century, [[Lahore]] was the capital of the empire. The architectural legacy of the Mughals includes the [[Lahore Fort]], [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]], [[Tomb of Jahangir]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]], [[Akbari Sarai]], [[Hiran Minar]], [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]].<ref name="LahoreFort"/> The Mughal Empire had a great impact on the culture, cuisine, and architecture of Pakistan.

=== 18th Century Punjabi Muslim states ===
====Chattha State (1750–1797)====
{{See also|Chattha State}}

The [[Chattha (clan)|Chatthas]] under their leader [[Nur Muhammad Chattha]] declared independence from [[Mughal Empire]] in 1750 and formed the Chattha State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism – Volume I A-D |language=English}}</ref> After [[Pir Muhammad Chattha|Pir Muhammad Chattha's]] death his son [[Ghulam Muhammad Chattha]] inherited the Chattha state and the hatred of [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakias]]. The rivalry was passed down to [[Maha Singh|Mahan Singh]] and Ghulam Muhammad Chattha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mirzā |first=Shafqat Tanvīr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Siege+of+Manchar |title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature |date=1992 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0101-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Under his leadership the Chathas gained several successes over the Sikhs,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dr. Mahmudul Hasan |title=History of the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sindh (1507 –1593) |date=2014 |publisher=Endowment Fund Trust For Preservation Of The Heritage Of Sindh |isbn=978-969-9860-06-5 |edition=2nd |location=Karachi |pages=220–225 |chapter=Appendix H: The Langāhs of Multan |orig-date=1972}} Originally a doctoral dissertation presented at the [[University of Manchester]] in 1958, first published by the [[University of Sindh]] in 1972 (see Preface, pp. ix–xiii)</ref> and it at one time looked as if the progress of the Sikh arms had been arrested and their dominion in the [[Rachna Doab|Doab]] annihilated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YiUDwAAQBAJ&dq=baba+ratan+partition&pg=PT190 |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=24 April 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-51563-7 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>

Chattha State was annexed when Jan muhammad Chattha was killed in a siege led by [[Ranjit Singh]] when the latter recovered the lost Chattha state with Afghan aid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls |language=English}}</ref>

====Pakpattan state (1692–1810 CE)====
Following the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the shrine's ''Dīwān'' was able to forge a political independent state centered on [[Pakpattan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&q=pakpattan&pg=PA349 |title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam |date=1 January 1984 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04660-3 |language=en}}</ref> In 1757, ''Dīwān'' 'Abd as-Subḥān gathered an army of his [[Jats|Jat]] [[Murid|murīds]], attacked the Raja of [[Bikaner]], and thereby expanded the shrine's territorial holdings for the first time east of the Sutlej.<ref name=":3" /> Around 1776, the ''Dīwān'', supported mainly by his [[Wattoo (surname)|Wattu]] [[Murid|murīds]], successfully repelled an attack by the Sikh [[Nakai Misl]], resulting in the death of the Nakai leader, [[Heera Singh Sandhu]].<ref name=":3" />

====Sial State (1723–1816)====
{{See also|Sial dynasty}}
[[Sial dynasty|Sial state]] was established by the 13th Sial Chief Nawab Walidad Khan Sial in 1723.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |language=en}}</ref> He gradually gained control of the lower [[Rachna Doab|Rachna doab]], including the cities of [[Chiniot]], [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Jhang]] and [[Mankera]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref>

Next chief, [[Inayatullah Khan Sial|Inayatullah Khan]] (r. 1747– 1787) was a successful general who won 22 battles against [[Bhangi Misl]] and the Multan chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref>

Sikh Empire invaded Jhang multiple times from 1801 to 1816.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607 |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref> [[Sial dynasty|Sial state]] was annexed by [[Sikh Empire]] and Ahmad Khan Sial was awarded a Jagir by [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRsCzwEACAAJ |title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |date=2022 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-7556-4035-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Maratha Empire===
{{Main|Maratha Confederacy|}}

By early 18th century, the Mughal empire declined. In 1749, the Mughals were induced to cede [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], the [[Punjab region]] and the important trans [[Indus River]] to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.<ref>Meredith L. Runion [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69 ''The History of Afghanistan''] pp 69 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 {{ISBN|0313337985}}</ref> Ahmad Shah sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan.

In 1751–52, ''Ahamdiya'' treaty was signed between the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], when [[Balaji Bajirao]] was the [[Peshwa]].<ref name="Panipat">Patil, Vishwas. ''Panipat''.</ref> Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled whole of India from their capital at [[Pune]] and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent [[Raghunathrao]]. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|year=2004 }}</ref> Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face the Maratha Confederacy.
[[File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg|thumb|The [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar]] fort in [[Peshawar]] was one of the royal residences of the Durrani kings.]]
In 1758, the [[Maratha Empire]]'s general [[Raghunath Rao]] attacked and conquered [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], frontier regions and [[Kashmir]] and drove out [[Timur Shah Durrani]], the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759, the Marathas and its allies won the Battle of Lahore, defeating the Durranis,<ref>Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 562. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33536-5}}.</ref><ref>"Marathas and the English Company 1707–1818 by Sanderson Beck". san.beck.org. Retrieved 10 April 2015.</ref> hence, [[Lahore]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar]], Kashmir, and other subahs on the south eastern side of Afghanistan's border fell under the Maratha rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA224|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=224}}</ref>

Ahmad Shah declared a [[jihad]] (or Islamic holy war) against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and warriors from various Afghan tribes joined his army. Early skirmishes were followed by decisive victory for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]. Once again, [[Panipat]] was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Although the Durrani's army decisively defeated the Marathas, they suffered heavily in the battle.

The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to face challenges in the form of a rising Sikhs in Punjab. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had completely lost Punjab to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a compromise with them.<ref>Meredith L. Runion [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA69 ''The History of Afghanistan''] pp 71 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 {{ISBN|0313337985}}</ref>

=== Sikh Empire ===
{{Main|Sikh Empire|History of Sikhism}}

[[File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|thumb|right|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], with the minaret of [[Badshahi Mosque]] in the background]]

[[Guru Nanak]] (29 November 1469 – 22 September 1539), [[Sikhism]]'s founder, was born into a [[Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family in the village of ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī (''present day [[Nankana]], near [[Sial]] in modern-day Pakistan). He was an influential religious and social reformer in [[north India]] and the saintly founder of a modern [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] order and first of the ten divine [[Gurus]] of [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]]. At the age of 70, he died at [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] of modern-day Pakistan.

The [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849) was formed on the foundations of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] who was proclaimed "''Sarkar-i-Khalsa''", and was referred to as the "Maharaja of Lahore".<ref name="heath">{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Ian|author2=Michael Perry|title=The Sikh army 1799–1849|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2005|location=Oxford|page=3|isbn=978-1-84176-777-2}}</ref> It consisted of a collection of autonomous [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Misls]], which were governed by Misldars,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911, p. 892">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranjit Singh |volume=22 |page=892}}</ref> mainly in the [[Punjab region]]. The empire extended from the [[Khyber Pass]] in the west, to [[Kashmir]] in the north, to [[Multan]] in the south and [[Kapurthala]] in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The formation of the empire was a watershed and represented formidable consolidation of Sikh military power and resurgence of local culture, which had been dominated for hundreds of years by Indo-Afghan and Indo-Mughal hybrid cultures.

The foundations of the Sikh Empire, during the time of the Sikh Khalsa Army, could be defined as early as 1707, starting from the death of [[Aurangzeb]]. The fall of the Mughal Empire provided opportunities for the Sikh army to lead expeditions against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Pashtuns]]. This led to a growth of the army, which was split into different Sikh armies and then semi-independent "misls". Each of these component armies were known as a [[misl]], each controlling different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, [[Sikh]] rulers of their misls appeared to be coming into their own. The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the disbandment of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] by the time of coronation of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Ranjit Singh]] in 1801, creating a unified political state. All the misl leaders who were affiliated with the Army were from Punjab's nobility.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911, p. 892"/>

==Colonial period==
{{Main|British raj|Indian independence movement|Partition of India|Pakistan Movement|British heritage of Pakistan}}

{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width =
| header = [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]] in Pakistan
| total_width = 350
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Lahore Museum, Lahore.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lahore Museum]]
| image2 = "Islamia College Peshawar".jpg
| caption2 = [[Islamia College, Peshawar]]
| image3 = Sadiq Garh High School.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sadiq Dane High School]], [[Bahawalpur]]
| image4 = Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg
| caption4 = [[University of the Punjab]], [[Lahore]]
}}

=== British conquest and organisation ===
{{Main|Military history of Pakistan#British annexation}}

None of the territory of modern Pakistan was ruled by the British, or other European powers, until 1839, when [[Karachi]], then a small fishing village with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was [[History of Karachi#Company rule|taken]], and held as an enclave with a port and [[Karachi Cantonment|military base]] for the [[First Afghan War]] that soon followed. The rest of [[Sindh]] was [[British conquest of Sindh|taken in 1843]], and in the following decades, first the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], and then after the post-[[Sepoy Mutiny]] (1857–1858) direct rule of [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[British Empire]], took over most of the country partly through wars, and also treaties. The main wars were that against the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Talpur dynasty]], ended by the [[Battle of Miani]] (1843) in Sindh, the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] (1845–1849) and the [[Anglo-Afghan War]]s (1839–1919). By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the [[British Indian Empire]], and remained so until independence in 1947.<ref name="British India geography">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=George |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybritis00smitgoog |title=The Geography of British India, Political & Physical |publisher=John Murray |year=1882 |location=London |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

Under the British, modern Pakistan was mostly divided into the [[Sind Division]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Baluchistan Agency]]. There were various [[princely state]]s, of which the largest was [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]]. Sindh was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]], and there were many complaints over the years that it was neglected by its distant rulers in modern [[Mumbai]], although there was usually a [[List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India|Commissioner based in Karachi]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Punjab (which included the modern [[Punjab, India|Indian state]]) was instead technically ruled from even more distant [[Calcutta]], as part of the [[Bengal Presidency]], but in practice most matters were devolved to local British officials, who were often among the most energetic and effective in India. At first there was a "Board of Administration" led by [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Lawrence]], who had previously worked as British Resident at the [[Lahore]] [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] and also consisted of his younger brother [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] and [[Charles Grenville Mansel]].<ref>J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2–3, Cambridge University Press, 8 October 1998, p.258</ref> Below the Board worked a group of acclaimed officers collectively known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]]. After the Mutiny, Sir John Lawrence became the first [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]]. The [[Punjab Canal Colonies]] were an ambitious and largely successful project, begun in the 1880s, to create new farmland through irrigation, to relieve population pressure elsewhere (most of the areas involved are now in Pakistan).

The Baluchistan Agency largely consisted of princely states and tribal territories, and was governed with a light touch, although near the Afghan border [[Quetta]] was built up as a military base, in case of invasion by either the Afghans or the Russians. The [[1935 Quetta earthquake]] was a major disaster. From 1876 the sensitive far north was made a [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|"Chief Commissioner's Province"]]. The border with Afghanistan, which remains the modern border of Pakistan, was finally fixed on the [[Durand Line]] in 1893.

[[History of rail transport in Pakistan|Railway construction began in the 1850s]], and most of the network (some now discontinued) was completed by 1900. [[Karachi#British control|Karachi expanded enormously]] under British rule, followed to a [[History of Lahore#British Raj|lesser extent by Lahore]] and the other larger cities.

Different regions of Pakistan were conquered by [[East India Company]] as below: 
•[[Sindh]] was conquered by [[Battle of Hyderabad]] and [[Battle of Miani]] in 1843. 
•[[Punjab]] and eastern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] were conquered during [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849.

Regions conquered by [[British Raj]] are as below: 
•Southern [[Balochistan]] came under control by [[Treaty of Kalat]] in 1876. 
•Western [[Balochistan]] was conquered by British empire in [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] through [[Treaty of Gandamak]], in 1879.

=== Early period of Pakistan Movement ===
{{Main|All-India Muslim League|Pakistan Movement|Lahore Resolution}}

In 1877, [[Syed Ameer Ali]] had formed the ''Central National Muhammadan Association'' to work towards the political advancement of the Indian Muslims, who had suffered grievously in 1857, in the aftermath of the failed [[Sepoy Mutiny]] against the East India Company; the British were seen as foreign invaders. But the organisation declined towards the end of the 19th century.

[[File:LordMelgund1885.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The [[Minto-Morley Reforms]] of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.]]

In 1885, the [[Indian National Congress]] was founded as a forum, which later became a party, to promote a nationalist cause.<ref name="chandra">{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|author2=Amales Tripathi |author3=Barun De |title=Freedom struggle|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446595|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1972|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Although the Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for independence from the [[British Raj|British rule]] – and some Muslims were very active in the Congress – the majority of Muslim leaders, including the influential [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]], did not trust the party.

A turning point came in 1900, when the British administration in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] acceded to Hindu demands and made [[Hindi]], the version of the [[Hindustani language]] written in the [[Devanagari]] script, the official language. The [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|proselytisation]] conducted in the region by the [[Swami Shraddhanand|activists]] of [[Arya Samaj]], a Hindu reformist movement also stirred Muslim concerns about their faith. Eventually, the Muslims feared that the Hindu majority would seek to suppress the rights of Muslims in the region following the departure of the British.

=== Muslim League ===
The [[All-India Muslim League]] was founded by Shaiiq-e-Mustafa on 30 December 1906, in the aftermath of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|division of Bengal]], on the sidelines of the annual [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] in [[Shahbagh]], [[Dhaka]] [[East Bengal]].<ref name="jalal">{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=The sole spokesman : Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the demand for Pakistan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|location=Cambridge (UK); New York|isbn=978-0-521-24462-6}}</ref> The meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over by [[Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk]]. It addressed the issue of safeguarding interests of Muslims and finalised a programme. A resolution, moved by [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab Salimullah]] and seconded by [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk (conservative), declared:

{{blockquote|The Musalmans are only a fifth in number as compared with the total population of the country, and it is manifest that if at any remote period the British government ceases to exist in India, then the rule of India would pass into the hands of that community which is nearly four times as large as ourselves ... our life, our property, our honour, and our faith will all be in great danger, when even now that a powerful British administration is protecting its subjects, we the Musalmans have to face most serious difficulties in safe-guarding our interests from the grasping hands of our neighbors.<ref name="quaid">{{cite web|url=http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician2.htm|title=The Statesman: The All India Muslim League|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=4 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225094623/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician2.htm|archive-date=25 December 2007}}</ref>}}

The constitution and principles of the League were contained in the ''Green Book'', written by [[Maulana Mohammad Ali]]. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. However, several factors over the next thirty years, including sectarian violence, led to a re-evaluation of the League's aims.<ref name="talbot">{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=Pakistan: a modern history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New Delhi; New York|isbn=978-0-19-565073-0}}</ref><ref name="blood">{{cite book|last=Blood|first=Peter R.|title=Pakistan: a country study|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|year=1995|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo/page/28 28]–29|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-8444-0834-7}}</ref> Among those Muslims in the Congress who did not initially join the League was Jinnah, a prominent statesman and barrister in Bombay. This was because the first article of the League's platform was "To promote among the Mussalmans (Muslims) of India, feelings of loyalty to the British Government". The League remained loyal to the British administration for five years until the British decided to reverse the partition of Bengal. The Muslim League saw this British decision as partial to Hindus.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|editor=Richard Sisson|title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfOSxFVQa8IC&pg=PA25|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06041-8|pages=25–|chapter=The Indian National Congress in Nationalist Perspective|quote=For five years the League remained thoroughly loyalist to and fully supportive of British rule until King George V announced the revocation of Bengal's partition at his coronation Durbar in Delhi in December 1911. The Muslim League viewed that reversal of British policy in Bengal as a victory for "Hindu terrorist tactics".}}</ref>
[[File:King George VI.jpg|thumb|200px|[[George VI]], [[Emperor of India]]]]

In 1907, a vocal group of Hindu hard-liners within the [[Indian National Congress]] movement separated from it and started to pursue a pro-Hindu movement openly. This group was spearheaded by the famous triumvirate of [[Lal-Bal-Pal]] – [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of Punjab, Bombay and Bengal provinces respectively. Their influence spread rapidly among other like minded Hindus – they called it [[Hindu nationalism]] – and it became a cause of serious concern for Muslims.
However, Jinnah did not join the League until 1913, when the party changed its platform to one of Indian independence, as a reaction against the British decision to reverse the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]], which the League regarded it as a betrayal of the Bengali Muslims.<ref name="hkdr1">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1986|location=Totowa, New Jersey|pages=300–312|isbn=978-0-389-20670-5}}</ref> After vociferous protests of the Hindu population and violence engineered by secret groups, such as [[Anushilan Samiti]] and its offshoot [[Jugantar]] of [[Aurobindo]] and his brother etc., the British had decided to reunite Bengal again. Till this stage, Jinnah believed in Mutual co-operation to achieve an independent, united 'India', although he argued that Muslims should be guaranteed one-third of the seats in any Indian Parliament.
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal]] ]]
The League gradually became the leading representative body of Indian Muslims. Jinnah became its president in 1916, and negotiated the [[Lucknow Pact]] with the Congress leader, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], by which Congress conceded the principle of [[Indian Councils Act 1909|separate electorates]] and weighted representation for the Muslim community.<ref name="hkdr2">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1986|location=Totowa, New Jersey|pages=272–273|isbn=978-0-389-20670-5}}</ref> However, Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, [[Mohandas Gandhi]], launched a law violating [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] against the British, which a temperamentally law-abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved. Jinnah also became convinced that the Congress would renounce its support for separate electorates for Muslims, which indeed it did in 1928. In 1927, the British proposed a constitution for India as recommended by the [[Simon Commission]], but they failed to reconcile all parties. The British then turned the matter over to the League and the Congress, and in 1928 an All-Parties Conference was convened in Delhi. The attempt failed, but two more conferences were held, and at the Bombay conference in May, it was agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. The prominent Congress leader [[Motilal Nehru]] headed the committee, which included two Muslims, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Quereshi; Motilal's son, Pt [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was its secretary. The League, however, rejected the committee's report, the so-called [[Nehru Report]], arguing that its proposals gave too little representation (one quarter) to Muslims – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature. Jinnah announced a "parting of the ways" after reading the report, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.

=== Muslim homeland – "''Now or Never''" ===
{{main|Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|United Kingdom general election, 1929}}

[[File:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.jpg|thumb|left|Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]] presiding the session]]

The [[1929 United Kingdom general election|general elections]] held in the United Kingdom had already weakened the leftist [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] led by Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Furthermore, the Labour Party's government was already weakened by the [[Aftermath of World War I|outcomes]] of [[World War I]], which fuelled new hopes for progress towards self-government in [[British India]].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> In fact, [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]] travelled to London to press the idea of "[[Self-governance|self-government]]" in British India, and claimed to represent all Indians whilst duly criticising the Muslim League as being sectarian and divisive.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> After reviewing the report of the Simon Commission, the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress]] initiated a massive [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] under [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]; the Muslim League reserved their opinion on the Simon Report declaring that the report was not final and the matters should be decided after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India.<ref name="Round Table Conferences">{{cite web|title=Round Table Conferences|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/round-table-conferences/|work=Story of Pakistan|publisher=Round Table Conferences|access-date=27 September 2013|date=June 2003}}</ref>

The [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round-table Conferences]] were held, but these achieved little, since Gandhi and the League were unable to reach a compromise.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Witnessing the events of the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] had despaired of politics and particularly of getting mainstream parties like the Congress to be sensitive to minority priorities. During this time in 1930, notable writer and poet, [[Muhammad Iqbal]] called for a separate and autonomous nation-state, who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.<ref name="aips">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html|title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address|work=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="critique">{{cite book|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|title=Iqbal|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|location=London; New York|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&pg=PA138|isbn=978-1-84511-094-9}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions [...] Personally, I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.|sign=[[Muhammad Iqbal]]|source=[[Allahabad Address]]}}[[File:Historic pakistan rel96b.JPG|thumb|Dream of [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]] and [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali|Ali]]'s [[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|''Now or Never'']] idealised the merger of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] into a [[nation-state]], called [[Pakistan]].]]

The name of the [[nation-state]] was coined by the [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]'s [[political science]] student and Muslim nationalist [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali|Rahmat Ali]],<ref name="dailytimes1">{{cite news |author=Ihsan Aslam |title=The History Man: Cambridge remembers Rahmat Ali |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6 |publisher=Daily Times |date=11 February 2004 |access-date=4 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616183117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6 |archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> and was published on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet [[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|''Now or Never'']].<ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|work=Pakistan Movement Historical Documents|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|date=28 January 1933|access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> After coining the name of the nation-state, Ali noticed that there is an acronym formed from the names of the "homelands" of Muslims in northwest India:
* "'''P'''" for [[Punjab, Pakistan|'''P'''unjab]]
* "'''A'''" for [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|'''A'''fghania]] (now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* "'''K'''" for [[Azad Kashmir|'''K'''ashmir]]
* "'''S'''" for [[Sindh|'''S'''indh]]
* "'''Tan'''" for [[Baluchistan (region)|Balochis'''tan''']]; thus forming "Pakistan".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm |title=Ch. Rahmat Ali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419012150/http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm |archive-date=19 April 2011 |url-status=usurped |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="dailytimes1" />
After the publication of the pamphlet, the Hindu Press vehemently criticised it, and the word 'Pakstan' used in it.<ref>Khursheed Kamal Aziz. Rahmat Ali: a biography.1987, p.92</ref> Thus this word became a heated topic of debate. With the addition of an "i" to [[euphony|improve the pronunciation]], the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the commencement of the [[Pakistan Movement]], and consequently the creation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>Khursheed Kamal Aziz. Rahmat Ali: a biography.1987, p472-487</ref>
In [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, the name encapsulates the concept of ''Pak'' ("pure") and ''stan'' ("land") and hence a "Pure Land".<ref name="amphilosoc">{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. Norman|title=India's Pakistan Issue|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=91|issue=2|date=5 April 1947|pages=162–180 |pmid=20291795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpWH6doabbYC&pg=PA161-IA2|issn=0003-049X}}</ref> In 1935, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] proposed to hand over [[Government of India Act 1935|substantial power]] to elected Indian provincial legislatures, with elections to be held in 1937.<ref name="The Communal Award">{{cite web|title=The Communal Award|work=Story Of Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-communal-award/|publisher=The Communal Award|date=June 2003 |author1=Admin }}</ref> After the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|elections]] the League took office in Bengal and Punjab, but the Congress won office in most of the other provinces, and refused to devolve power with the League in provinces with large Muslim minorities citing technical difficulties. The subsequent Congress Rule was unpopular among Muslims and seen as a reign of Hindu tyranny by Muslim leaders. Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared 22 December 1939, a [[Day of Deliverance (India)|"Day of Deliverance"]] for Indian Muslims. It was meant to celebrate the resignation of all members of the Congress party from provincial and central offices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/rule-of-congress-ministries|title=Rule of Congress Ministries {{!}} The Government of India Act of 1935 was practically implemented in 1937.|date=1 June 2003|website=Story of Pakistan|language=en-US|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193146/https://storyofpakistan.com/rule-of-congress-ministries|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Muslim ideologues for independence also felt vindicated by the presidential address of [[V.D. Savarkar]] at the 19th session of the famous Hindu nationalist party [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in 1937. In it, this legendary revolutionary – popularly called [[Veer Savarkar]] and known as the iconic father of the Hindu fundamentalist ideology – propounded the seminal ideas of his [[Two Nation Theory]] or ethnic exclusivism, which influenced Jinnah profoundly.

=== 1940 Resolution ===
[[File:Working Committee.jpg|thumb|left|The Working Committee of the Muslim League in Lahore (1940)]]
In 1940, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] called a general session of the Muslim League in [[Lahore]] to discuss the situation that had arisen due to the outbreak of [[World War II]] and the [[Government of India]] joining the war without consulting Indian leaders. The meeting was also aimed at analysing the reasons that led to the defeat of the Muslim League in the general election of 1937 in the Muslim majority provinces. In his speech, Jinnah criticised the [[Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] and the nationalists, and espoused the [[Two-Nation Theory]] and the reasons for the demand for separate homelands.<ref name="wolpert">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1984|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7}}</ref> [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]], the Chief Minister of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], drafted the original resolution, but disavowed the final version,<ref name="tinker">{{cite book|last=Tinker|first=Hugh|title=Men who overturned empires : fighters, dreamers, and schemers|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1987|location=Madison|page=50|isbn=978-0-299-11460-2}}</ref> that had emerged after protracted redrafting by the Subject Committee of the Muslim League. The final text unambiguously rejected the concept of a United India because of increasing inter-religious violence<ref name="malik">{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad Aslam|title=The making of the Pakistan resolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0-19-579538-7}}</ref> and recommended the creation of independent states.<ref name="ahmed">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Iftikhar |title=Essays on Pakistan |year=1983 |location=Lahore |publisher=Alpha Bravo Publishers |oclc=12811079 |pages=29–30}}</ref> The resolution was moved in the general session by ''Shere-Bangla'' [[People of Bangladesh|Bengali]] nationalist, [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|AKF Haq]], the Chief Minister of [[Bengal]], supported by [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] and other leaders and was adopted on 23 March 1940.<ref name="resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/23march2007/index.html#b|title=Muslim's struggle for independent statehood|author=Qutubuddin Aziz|publisher=Jang Group of Newspapers|access-date=4 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219222201/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/23march2007/index.html#b|archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> The Resolution read as follows:

{{blockquote|No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign ... That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities, with their consultation. Arrangements thus should be made for the security of Muslims where they were in a minority.<ref name="ashop">{{cite book|last=Qureshi|first=Ishtiaq Husain|title=A Short history of Pakistan|publisher=University of Karachi|year=1967|location=Karachi|author-link=Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi}}</ref>}}

=== Final phase of the Pakistan Movement ===
[[File:KWGC_Cemetery_Karachi_2005.jpg|thumb|[[Karachi War Cemetery]]. About 87,000 soldiers from [[British India]] (which includes modern [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) died in [[World War II]]. Millions of civilians also died due to [[Bengal famine of 1943|famines]].]] Islamic scholars debated over whether it was possible for the proposed Pakistan to truly become an Islamic state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/943379/was-pakistan-sufficiently-imagined-before-independence/|title=Was Pakistan sufficiently imagined before independence? – The Express Tribune|date=23 August 2015|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=8 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf">{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page|title=The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page'|last=Ashraf|first=Ajaz|work=Scroll.in|access-date=8 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

While the Congress' top leadership had been in prison following the 1942 Quit India Movement, there was intense debate among Indian Muslims over the creation of a separate homeland.<ref name="Ashraf" /> The majority of Barelvis<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|page=167|quote=In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940-7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.}}</ref> and Barelvi ulema supported the creation of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA87|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|last=John|first=Wilson|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=9788131725047|page=87|quote=During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.}}</ref> and ''pirs'' and Sunni ulema were mobilised by the Muslim League to demonstrate that India's Muslim masses wanted a separate country.<ref name="Dawn-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1042583|title='What's wrong with Pakistan?'|date=13 September 2013|work=Dawn|access-date=10 January 2017|quote=However, the fundamentalist dimension in Pakistan movement developed more strongly when the Sunni Ulema and pirs were mobilised to prove that the Muslim masses wanted a Muslim/Islamic state...Even the Grand Mufti of Deoband, Mufti Muhammad Shafi, issued a fatwa in support of the Muslim League's demand.}}</ref> The Barelvis believed that any co-operation with Hindus would be counter productive.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-51329-7|page=135|quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.}}</ref> On the other hand, most Deobandis, who were led by Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, were opposed to the creation of Pakistan and the two-nation theory. According to them Muslims and Hindus could be one nation and Muslims were only a nation of themselves in the religious sense and not in the territorial sense.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA224|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-149-2|page=224|quote=Believing that Islam was a universal religion, the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Indian Muslims and Citizenship: Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life|last=Abdelhalim|first=Julten|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-50875-5|page=26|quote=Madani...stressed the difference between ''qaum'', meaning a nation, hence a territorial concept, and ''millat'', meaning an Ummah and thus a religious concept.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-tWCgAAQBAJ&q=deoband%20composite%20nationalism&pg=PA52|title=Living with Religious Diversity|last=Sikka|first=Sonia|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317370994|page=52|quote=Madani makes a crucial distinction between ''qaum'' and ''millat''. According to him, qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity, while millat refers to the cultural, social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively.}}</ref> At the same time some Deobandi ulema such as Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Mufti Muhammad Shafi and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were supportive of the Muslim League's demand to create a separate Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn-2013"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ|title=The Lahore resolution: arguments for and against : history and criticism|last=Khan|first=Shafique Ali|publisher=Royal Book Co.|year=1988|page=48|isbn=9789694070810|quote=Besides, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, along with his pupils and disciples, lent his entire support to the demand of Pakistan.|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

Muslims who were living in provinces where they were demographically a minority, such as the United Provinces where the Muslim League enjoyed popular support, were assured by Jinnah that they could remain in India, migrate to Pakistan or continue living in India but as Pakistani citizens.

In the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (polling 89.2% of total votes).<ref name="hkdr1" /> The Congress had hitherto refused to acknowledge the Muslim League's claim of being the representative of Indian Muslims but finally acquiesced to the League's claim after the results of this election. The Muslim League's demand for Pakistan had received overwhelming popular support from India's Muslims, especially those Muslims who were living in provinces such as UP where they were a minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmin Niaz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=70|quote=In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates, and the powerful campaign among the poor peasants of Bengal on economic issues of rural indebtedness and zamindari abolition, that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.}}</ref>

The British had neither the will, nor the financial resources or military power, to hold India any longer but they were also determined to avoid partition and for this purpose they arranged the Cabinet Mission Plan.<ref>Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA212 ''A Concise History of India'']. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–. {{ISBN|978-0-521-63974-3}}</ref> According to this plan India would be kept united but would be heavily decentralised with separate groupings of Hindu and Muslim majority provinces. The Muslim League accepted this plan as it contained the 'essence' of Pakistan but the Congress rejected it. After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, Jinnah called for Muslims to observe [[Direct Action Day]] to demand the creation of a separate Pakistan. The Direct Action Day morphed into violent riots between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta, with the violence displaying elements of [[ethnic cleansing]]. The riots in Calcutta were followed by intense communal rioting elsewhere, including in [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali]] (where Hindus were attacked by Muslims) and [[1946 Bihar riots|Bihar]] (where Hindus attacked Muslims) in October, resulting in large-scale displacement. In March 1947, such violence reached Punjab, where Sikhs and Hindus were [[Rawalpindi Massacres|massacred and driven out]] by Muslims in the Rawalpindi Division.<ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566 |page=67 |quote=The signs of ‘ethnic cleansing’ are first evident evident in the Great Calcutta Killing of 16–19 August 1946. Over 100,000 people were made homeless. They were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar, where there were high Muslim casualty figures, and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bengal. Concerning the Noakhali riots, one British officer spoke of a 'determined and organized' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus, who accounted for around a fifth of the total population. Similarly, the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947. The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that communities couldn't live together in its wake.}}</ref>

The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] as India's last viceroy, to negotiate the independence of Pakistan and India and immediate British withdrawal. British leaders including Mountbatten did not support the creation of Pakistan but failed to convince Jinnah otherwise.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy|last=McGrath|first=Allen|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-577583-9|page=38|quote=Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|page=136|quote=Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea.}}</ref> Mountbatten later confessed that he would most probably have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT209|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-1-134-75022-1|quote=When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39).}}</ref>

In early 1947, the British had announced their desire to grant India its independence by June 1948. However, Lord Mountbatten decided to advance the date. In a meeting in June, Nehru and [[Abul Kalam Azad]] representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, [[B. R. Ambedkar]] representing the [[Dalit|Untouchable]] community, and [[Master Tara Singh]] representing the [[Sikhs]], agreed to partition India along religious lines.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

=== Independence from the British Empire ===
{{main|Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence Day (Pakistan)|Partition of India|Pakistan Movement}}

On 14 August 1947, Pakistan gained independence. India gained independence the following day. The two provinces of British India, Punjab and Bengal, were divided along religious lines by the Radcliffe Commission. Mountbatten is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Commission to draw the line in India's favour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weeklyholiday.net/150202/inret.html |title=K. Z. Islam, 2002, The Punjab Boundary Award, ''Inretrospect'' |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117062957/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/150202/inret.html |archive-date=17 January 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6926464.stm Partitioning India over lunch, Memoirs of a British civil servant Christopher Beaumont]. BBC News (10 August 2007).</ref> Punjab's mostly Muslim western part went to Pakistan and its mostly Hindu/Sikh eastern part went to India but there were significant Muslim minorities in Punjab's eastern section and likewise there were many Hindus and Sikhs living in Punjab's western areas.

Intense communal rioting in the Punjab forced the governments of India and Pakistan to agree to a forced population exchange of Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities living in Punjab. After this population exchange only a few thousand low-caste Hindus remained in Pakistan's side of Punjab and only a tiny Muslim population remained in the town of [[Malerkotla]] in India's part of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=KHALIDI|first=OMAR|date=1 January 1998|title=From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan 1947–97|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=339–352|jstor=20837002}}</ref> Political scientist Ishtiaq Ahmed says that although Muslims started the violence in Punjab, by the end of 1947 more Muslims had been killed by Hindus and Sikhs in East Punjab than the number of Hindus and Sikhs who had been killed by Muslims in West Punjab.<ref name="fairobserver.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed/|title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed|last=Ahmed|first=Ishtiaq}}</ref><ref name="dawnshafiqbutt">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1254069|title=A page from history: Dr Ishtiaq underscores need to build bridges|last=Butt|first=Shafiq|date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

More than ten million people migrated across the new borders and between 200,000 and 2,000,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1169309|title=Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway|date=13 March 2015|work=Dawn|access-date=14 January 2017|quote=There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36|title=South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective|last=Basrur|first=Rajesh M.|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-1-134-16531-5|quote=An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&pg=PA3|title=Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change|last=Isaacs|first=Harold Robert|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-674-44315-0|quote=2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan}}</ref> people died in the spate of communal violence in the Punjab in what some scholars have described as a 'retributive genocide' between the religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Brass|date=2003|publisher=Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group|pages=81–82 (5(1), 71–101)|quote=In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder.|last=Brass|work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]]|access-date=16 August 2014|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf}}</ref> The Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and similarly the Indian government claimed that Muslims abducted and raped 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75|title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India|last=Daiya|first=Kavita|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59213-744-2|page=75|quote=The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|page=14|quote=The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131|title=Women and the Politics of Violence|last=Abraham|first=Taisha|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-241-0847-5|page=131|quote=In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes,' torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.}}</ref> The two governments agreed to repatriate abducted women and thousands of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim women were repatriated to their families in the 1950s. The dispute over Kashmir escalated into the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] between India and Pakistan. The [[Kashmir conflict|conflict]] remains unresolved.

For the history after independence, see [[History of Pakistan (1947–present)]].

== History by region ==
{{main|Timeline of Pakistani history}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[History of Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu & Kashmir]]
* [[History of Balochistan|Balochistan]]
* [[History of East Pakistan|East Pakistan]]
* [[History of Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[History of Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad Capital Territory]]
* [[History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[History of Punjab|Punjab]]
* [[History of Sindh|Sindh]]

===By city===
* [[Timeline of Karachi]]
* [[Timeline of Lahore]]
* [[Timeline of Peshawar]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|History|Pakistan}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[History of Asia]]
* [[History of South Asia]]
* [[Islam in Pakistan]]
* [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Maritime history of Pakistan]]
* [[Politics of Pakistan]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Wynbrant |first1=James |year=2012 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb}}
* ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of Pakistan & India in 1901. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ complete text online]
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Ghurids |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6 |pages=586–590 |year=2001b}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=2019 |publisher=Allen Lane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0713995824}}
* {{cite book |author=John D Grainger |title=Seleukos Nikator (Routledge Revivals): Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TXKAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-80098-9 }}
* Jalal, Ayesha ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) 558 pp. Topical essays by leading scholars [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42633 online review]
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |edition=4th |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-415-15481-2 |ref={{harvid|Hermann Kulke|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Mookerji |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA3 |year=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0405-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1-74332-542-1 |language=en}}
* {{citation |first=Michael |last=Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/dialects.pdf |title=Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |editor=Colette Caillat |editor-link=Colette Caillat |location=Paris |publisher=de Boccard |year=1989 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |location=New York}}

=== Surveys ===
* Bose, Sugata, and Ayesha Jalal. "Modern South Asia : History, Culture, Political Economy". Fourth edition. London ;: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2018 {{ISBN|978-1-138-24368-2}}
* Burki, Shahid Javed. ''Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood'' (3rd ed. 1999)
* Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). ''A history of Pakistan and its origins''. London: Anthem Press. {{ISBN|978-1-84331-149-2}}.
* Jalal, Ayesha, Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: A comparative and historical perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
* Ludden, David, India and South Asia: A short history, 2nd edn (Oxford: One World, 2013)
* Metcalf, Barbara and T.R. and Metcalf, A concise history of modern India, 3rd edn (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012)
* Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain (1967). ''[[A Short history of Pakistan]]''. Karachi: University of Karachi.
* Talbot, Ian. ''Pakistan: A Modern History'' (2010) {{ISBN|0230623042}}.
* Talbot, Ian and Gurharpal Singh. "The partition of India", Cambridge 2009
* Wilson, Jon, India conquered: Britain's Raj and the passions of Empire (London: Simon & Schuster, 2016)
* Ziring, Lawrence (1997). ''Pakistan in the twentieth century : a political history''. Karachi; New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-577816-8}}.

=== Further reading ===
* Ahmed, Akbar . "Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity : the Search for Saladin", London ;: Routledge, 1997.
* Ahmed, Akbar S. (1976). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1oo9AAAAIAAJ Millennium and charisma among Pathans : a critical essay in social anthropology]''. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. {{ISBN|978-0-7100-8348-7}}.
* [[Bridget Allchin|Allchin, Bridget]]; [[F. Raymond Allchin|Allchin, F. Raymond]] (1982). ''The rise of civilisation in India and Pakistan''. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-24244-8}}.
* Baluch, Muhammad Sardar Khan (1977). ''History of the Baluch race and Baluchistan''. Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab.
* Bolitho, Hector. "Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan", London: J. Murray, 1954.
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=14}}
* Weiner, Myron; Ali Banuazizi (1994). ''The Politics of social transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan''. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8156-2608-4}}.
* [[Benazir Bhutto|Bhutto, Benazir]] (1988). ''Daughter of the East''. London: Hamilton. {{ISBN|978-0-241-12398-0}}.
* [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth, Clifford Edmund]] (1963). ''The Ghaznavids; their empire in Afghanistan and eastern Iran, 994 : 1040''. Edinburgh: University Press.
* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977). ''The later Ghaznavids: splendour and decay''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04428-8}}.
* [[Edwin Bryant (author)|Bryant, Edwin F]]. (2001). ''The quest for the origins of Vedic culture : the Indo-Aryan migration debate''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513777-4}}.
* Choudhury, G.W. ''India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the major powers: politics of a divided subcontinent'' (1975), by a Pakistani scholar; Covers 1946 to 1974.
* Dixit, J. N. ''India-Pakistan in War & Peace'' (2002). [http://www.questia.com/read/107911865/india-pakistan-in-war-peace online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065526/https://www.questia.com/read/107911865/india-pakistan-in-war-peace |date=31 March 2019 }}
* Lyon, Peter. ''Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia'' (2008). [http://www.questia.com/read/123971036/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-an-encyclopedia oonline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065536/https://www.questia.com/read/123971036/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-an-encyclopedia |date=31 March 2019 }}
* Pande, Aparna. ''Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India'' (Routledge, 2011).
* Sattar, Abdul. ''Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History'' (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2013). [https://archive.org/details/PakistansForeignPolicy19472009_201803 online 2nd 2009 edition]
* [[Stephen P. Cohen|Cohen, Stephen P]]. (2004). ''The idea of Pakistan''. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. {{ISBN|978-0-8157-1502-3}}.
* Davoodi, Schoresch & Sow, Adama (2007): ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052138/http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0807.pdf The Political Crisis of Pakistan in 2007]'' – [[European University Center for Peace Studies|EPU]] Research Papers: Issue 08/07, Stadtschlaining
* Esposito, John L. (1999). ''The Oxford history of Islam''. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-510799-9}}.
* [[Bamber Gascoigne|Gascoigne, Bamber]] (2002). ''A Brief History of the Great Moguls''. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-7867-1040-9}}.
* [[Altaf Gauhar|Gauhar, Altaf]] (1996). ''Ayub Khan, Pakistan's first military ruler''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-577647-8}}.
* Hardy, Peter (1972). ''The Muslims of British India''. London: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-08488-8}}.
* [[Peter Hopkirk|Hopkirk, Peter]] (1992). ''[[The Great Game : the struggle for empire in Central Asia]]''. New York: Kodansha International. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-1703-1}}.
* Ikram, S. M. "Makers of Pakistan and Modern Muslim India", Lahore, 1970
* [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal, Muhammad]] (1934). ''The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam''. London: Oxford University Press.
* Jalal, Ayesha. "The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan", Cambridge 1985, {{ISBN|0-521-45850-1}}
* Jalal, Ayesha. The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
* Jalal, Ayesha. “Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining.” International journal of Middle East studies 27, no. 1 (1995), 73–89.
* Jalal, Ayesha. “Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue.” Modern Asian studies 19, no. 1 (1985), 29–53.
* Khan, Yasmin. ''The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan'' (2008)
* [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark]] (1998). ''Ancient cities of the Indus valley civilisation''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-577940-0}}.
* [[Geoffrey Moorhouse|Moorhouse, Geoffrey]] (1992). ''To the frontier: a journey to the Khyber Pass''. New York: H. Holt. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-2109-7}}.
* [[Masood Ashraf Raja|Raja, Masood Ashraf]]. ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity'', 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-19-547811-2}}
* Sayeed, Khalid B. Pakistan : the Formative Phase, 1857–1948. 2nd ed. London Oxford University Press, 1968.
* Sidky, H. (2000). ''The Greek kingdom of Bactria : from Alexander to Eucratides the Great''. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. {{ISBN|978-0-7618-1695-9}}.
* Sisson, Richard, and Leo E. Rose, eds. ''War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh'' (1991)
* [[Percival Spear|Spear, Percival]] (1990) [First published 1965]. ''A History of India''. Volume 2. New York: Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-14-013836-8}}.
* [[William Woodthorpe Tarn|Tarn, William Woodthorpe]] (1951). ''The Greeks in Bactria and India''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* [[Wheeler Thackston|Thackston, Wheeler M]].; Robert Irwin (1996). ''The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-509671-2}}.
* [[Romila Thapar|Thapar, Romila]] (1990) [First published 1965]. ''A History of India''. Volume 1. New York: Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-14-013835-1}}.
* Welch, Stuart Cary (1978). ''Imperial Mughal painting''. New York: George Braziller. {{ISBN|978-0-8076-0870-8}}.
* [[Mortimer Wheeler|Wheeler, Robert Eric Mortimer]] (1950). ''Five thousand years of Pakistan : an archaeological outline''. London: C. Johnson.
* Wheeler, Robert Eric Mortimer (1959). ''Early India and Pakistan: to Ashoka''. New York: Praeger.
* [[Stanley Wolpert|Wolpert, Stanley A]]. (1984). ''Jinnah of Pakistan''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-503412-7}}.
* {{citation |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
* Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, ''Islam in Pakistan: A History'' (Princeton UP, 2018) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53232 online review]
* [[File:Pakistan Smart Book v1.pdf|100px]]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/journal/pakijhiststud ''Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies''], a peer-reviewed semiannual scholarly journal sponsored by the Khaldunia Centre for Historical Research in Lahore, Pakistan.
* [http://www.heritage.gov.pk National Fund for Cultural Heritage, Government of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126031510/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/ |date=26 January 2021 }}
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com Story of Pakistan] website of story of Pakistan
* [https://www.dawn.com/news/1307767/a-look-at-some-of-the-historic-moments-that-have-shaped-pakistan A look at some of the historic moments that have shaped Pakistan]
* [http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Personal/Pakistan/PakHistory/timeLinePak.htm Quick History of Pakistan]
* {{Wikiatlas|Pakistan#History maps|the History of Pakistan}}

{{History of Pakistan by province}}
{{History of Asia}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Pakistan}}
[[Category:History of Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:History of South Asia by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Ekadash Rudra Mahadev Mandir

2026-05-03T14:32:50Z

Riserteam: created the post first draft

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ekadash Rudra Mahadev Mandir|deity=[[Lord Shiva]]|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=Mahashivratri|location=[[Mangrauni]] village, [[Rajnagar, Bihar]] Block, [[Madhubani district]], [[Mithila region]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country=[[India]]|founded_by=Pandit Munishwar Jha|established=1953}}

'''Ekadash Rudra Mahadev Mandir''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] at [[Mangrauni]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=एकादश रूद्र महादेव मंदिर में विशेष पूजा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-special-worship-in-ekadasha-rudra-mahadev-temple-9963050.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
It is said that ''Ekadash Rudra Mahadev Mandir'' is the world's only one temple of Lord Shiva having eleven forms of [[Lingam|Shivlinga]]. The eleven forms of Shivlinga are ''Mahadeva, Shiva, Rudra, Shankar, Neelalohit, Ishaan, Vijay, Bhima, Devadeva, Bhavodbhava and Kapalischa''. All the [[Lingam|Shivalingas]] are made of [[black granite]] stone, which are more than 200 years old. On every Monday of [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]], a large number of devotees participate in the ''Mahasringar'' ritual of ''Ekadasha Rudra Mahadev lingams''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मंगरौनी में विराजते एकादश रुद्र महादेव - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-12753233.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

A rare idol of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] is also installed in the temple, in which Goddess Parvati is sitting on the left thigh of Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva's left hand is on Goddess Parvati's waist and his right hand is on her lips. On the left side of this idol is ''Basaha'' and beside it are ''Mahakali, Mahalakshmi, Mahasaraswati Yantra and Vishnu Paduka''. There is another temple ''Radheshyam Mandir'' made of granite and [[ashtadhatu]] to the right of this temple, which has the [[Dashavatara]] form of [[Vishnu]] and ''Shri Vidyayantra'' whose work is to achieve the goal while keeping [[Lakshmi]] [[Saraswati]] equal. There is a [[Temple tank|Sarovar]] in front of the temple and ''Vishnu Pada Gaya Kshetra''. There is ''[[Samadhi]]'' of Pandit Muniswar Jha next to the temple. There is also ''Mahakal Mandir'' next to which a huge [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] tree is there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=एक मंदिर ऐसा भी जहां हैं ग्यारह शिवलिंग - |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-it-is-a-temple-where-there-are-eleven-shivling-10897820.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
According to the priest ''Baba Atmaram'', the temple was established by the famous ''Tantrik Munishwar Jha'' in 1953. In 1997 [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Shankaracharya Jayendra Saraswati]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi Peetha]] came here. Seeing the eleven divine forms of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] on a single Shakti altar, he said "''This is the only temple of its kind in the world, where the eleven Linga forms of Shiva have been established using the Tantric method''." Tantrik Munishwar Jha wrote a ''[[Mantra]]'' having eleven [[Akshara|Akshar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=“एकादश रूद्र महादेव” :: मंगरौनी |url=https://www.maithilmanch.in/history/ekadash-rudra-mangrauni/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Maithil Manch |language=en-US}}</ref> The Mantra is
{{Quote box
| quote = "ऊॅ नम: शिवाय, एकादश रुद्राय।"
| align = center
}}

On 17 May 2001, [[Nischalananda Saraswati|Shankaracharya Nischalananda Saraswati]] of [[Puri]] [[Govardhan Math|Govardhan Peetha]] came here to worship Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=तांत्रिक विधि से हुई थी यहां 11 शिवलिंग की स्थापना, जानें क्या है मान्यता |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/11-shivlingas-were-once-established-here-through-tantric-method-7784916.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:41Z

Riserteam: New New Post

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hassan Chickmagalur
| map_image =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Mysore State]] ([[Karnataka]] from 1952 to 1956). This seat came into existence in 1951<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> and ceased to exist in 1956, before [[1957 Indian general election|1957 Lok Sabha Elections]]. This constituency was later merged with [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]] and later got spitted to [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]] and [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituencies]] during [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]]. Major portion of [[Chikmagalur district]] got merged to [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]] with the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321025130/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2009|title=BJP makes early start |date=17 March 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|H.Siddananjappa<ref name=election1951/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election]]: Hassan Chickmagalur<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[H. Siddananjappa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:116561}}
|percentage = 67.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Sivappa
|votes = {{formatnum:55289}}
|percentage = 32.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:171850}}
|percentage = 48.52%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Hassan district]]
* [[Chikmagalur district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.2|75.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mysore]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

West Bengal Police Service

2026-04-29T04:17:30Z

Riserteam: starting the details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian police service}}
{{Infobox
| title = West Bengal Police Service
| subheaderstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| subheader1 = Service Overview
| image = [[File:West Bengal Police Logo.svg|150px]]
| caption = '''Motto:''' ''Jivan Raksha, Samaj Raksha'' {{small|"Protection of Life, Protection of Society"}}
| label3 = Abbreviation
| data3 = WBPS
| label4 = Date of Establishment
| data4 = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Start date and age|1861}} {{small|(as Bengal Police Service)}}|{{Start date and age|1952}} {{small|(as West Bengal Police Service)}}}}
| label5 = Country
| data5 = India
| label6 = Governing Body
| data6 = [[West Bengal Police]]
| label7 = Staff College
| data7 = Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, [[Barrackpore]]
| label8 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data8 = [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Depertment of Home Affairs]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| label9 = Minister Responsible
| data9 = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (Home Minister, West Bengal)
| label10 = Legal personality
| data10 = [[Governmental]]: [[Civil Service]]
| label11 = Duties
| data11 = Law enforcement, Crime investigation, Public safety
| label12 = Selection
| data12 = [[West Bengal Civil Service#WBCS Exams|WBCS Exam]]
| label13 = Rank Structure
| data13 = Dy.SP to Additional DGP (Promotion Post)
| Websites = [https://wbpolice.gov.in wbpolice.gov.in]
}}

The '''West Bengal Police Service (WBPS)''' is the state police service of [[West Bengal]], India. Officers of the WBPS serve under the jurisdiction of the [[West Bengal Police]] and assist the [[Indian Police Service]] officers in maintaining law and order in the state. WBPS officers are recruited through the [[West Bengal Civil Service#WBCS Exams|WBCS Exam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal Civil Service Examination|url=https://psc.wb.gov.in/|website=West Bengal Public Service Commission|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

== History ==
The origins of the WBPS trace back to the British-era Bengal Police, which was established in 1861 under the provisions of the ''Indian Police Act, 1861''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Policing in British India|author=David Arnold|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> After India's independence, the police service in West Bengal was reorganized, and the WBPS was formally constituted in 1952 to serve as the backbone of the state police administration.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal Police History|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/writereaddata/wbp/Abou2019350001.pdf|website=West Bengal Police|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

== Recruitment and training ==
WBPS officers are selected through the West Bengal Civil Service Examination conducted by WBPSC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recruitment Rules for WBPS|url=https://psc.wb.gov.in/Download?param1=An_20230704163123_Ann-wbcs2021.pdf&param2=advertisement|website=West Bengal Public Service Commission|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref> The selected candidates undergo rigorous training at the '''Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy''' in [[Barrackpore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy|url=https://svspa.wb.gov.in/|website=West Bengal Police Training Academy|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

The training includes:
* Law and Order Management
* Criminal Procedure Code, Indian Penal Code, and Evidence Act
* Investigation Techniques
* Cyber Crime, Forensics, and Intelligence
* Disaster Management and Counter-Terrorism
* Physical Fitness and Weapon Handling

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Rank in district police !! Abbreviation
! Rank in [[Kolkata Police|Commissionerate]]!! Insignia
|-
| [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] || DSP
| Assistant Commissioner of Police|| [[File:Assistant Superintendent of Police.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
| [[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Superintendent of Police]] || Addl. SP
| Additional Deputy commissioner of police || [[File:AddlSP.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] || SP
| Deputy commissioner of police || [[File:Superintendent of Police.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | Promotion to IPS
|-
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] || SSP
| Deputy commissioner of police || [[File:IPS SP (SG).png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] || DIG
| Joint Commissioner of Police || [[File:IPS DIG.png|framless|50x50px]]
|-
| [[Inspector General of Police]] || IG
| Additional Commissioner of Police || [[File:IPS IG.png|framless|50x50px]]
|-
| [[Additional Director General of Police]] || ADGP
| Special Commissioner of Police || [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|}

== Responsibilities ==
WBPS officers are responsible for:
* Law and order maintenance
* Crime prevention and investigation
* Traffic management
* Intelligence gathering
* Disaster response and emergency management
* Anti-terrorism and anti-naxal operations
* Community policing and public safety initiatives

== Difference between WBPS and IPS ==
While both WBPS and IPS officers work under the West Bengal Police, the key differences include:
* IPS officers are recruited through the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) and serve across India, whereas WBPS officers are recruited at the state level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Difference between IPS and State Police Services|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/divisionofmha/police-i-division|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>
* WBPS officers primarily serve within West Bengal, while IPS officers can be deputed to central government agencies.
* IPS officers hold higher leadership positions in the state police hierarchy, but WBPS officers also rise to senior ranks over time.

== Promotion to IPS ==
Usually, after 10–15 years of service in the West Bengal Police Service (WBPS), an officer may be promoted to the Indian Police Service (IPS). Upon such promotion, the officer’s salary is governed by the Central Government, and they become eligible for deputation to various central agencies and organizations. Furthermore, if a WBPS officer successfully qualifies in the departmental examinations at an early stage, the promotion to the IPS cadre may be achieved within approximately 6–7 years of service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment Strengthwise of IPS Officers (West Bengal) |url=https://ips.gov.in/App_West%20Bengal.aspx |website=Indian Police Service, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[West Bengal Police]]
* [[Indian Police Service]]
* [[Kolkata Police]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wbpolice.gov.in Official Website of West Bengal Police]

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:West Bengal Police]]

Repealing and Amending Act, 2025

2026-04-24T10:35:28Z

Riserteam:

{{one source|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Repealing and Amending Act, 2025
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to repeal certain enactments and to amend certain other enactments.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/22046/1/a2025-37.pdf Act No. 37 of 2025]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 16 December 2025
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 17 December 2025
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| date_assented = 20 December 2025
| date_commenced =
| date_effective =
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-repealing-and-amending-bill-2022
| bill = The Repealing and Amending Bill, 2025
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-repealing-and-amending-bill-2025 Bill No. 193 of 2025]
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Law and Justice|MoL&J (I/C)]] [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| date_introduced = 15 December 2025
| passed = 16 December 2025
| passed2 = 17 December 2025
| amends = 4 Acts
| repeals = 71 Acts
| related_legislation = {{ubl|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2015]]|[[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2016]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2017]]|[[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2019]]|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2023]]}}
| status = spent
}}

The '''Repealing and Amending Act, 2025''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that repealed 71 acts. It also made amendment to 4 acts. The Act was the eighth such repealing act aimed at repealing obsolete laws tabled by the [[Narendra Modi]] administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Repealing and Amending Bill, 2025 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-repealing-and-amending-bill-2025 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Repealed Acts ==

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
!Year
!Act No.
!Short title
|-
|1886
|XI
|The Indian Tramways Act, 1886
|-
|1976
|31
|The Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act, 1976
|-
|1978
|41
|The Britannia Engineering Company Limited (Mokameh Unit) and the Arthur Butler and Company (Muzaffarpore) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1978
|-
|1982
|36
|The Chaparmukh-Silghat Railway Line and the Katakhal-Lalabazar Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act, 1982
|-
|1984
|55
|The Hooghly Docking and Engineering Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1984.
|-
|1988
|44
|The Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (Determination of Conditions of Service of Employees) Act, 1988
|-
|2016
|3
|The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|1
|The Payment of Wages (Amendment) Act, 2017
|-
|3
|The Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2017
|-
|6
|The [[Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017]]
|-
|11
|The Employee’s Compensation (Amendment) Act, 2017
|-
|30
|The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2017
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
|7
|The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|10
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2018
|-
|12
|The Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|18
|The Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|19
|The State Banks (Repeal and Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|20
|The Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
|28
|The Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts (Amendment) Act, 2018
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|15
|The Central Universities (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|19
|The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|27
|The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|32
|The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|38
|The National Institute of Design (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|41
|The Chit Funds (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
|43
|The [[Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 2019]]
|-
|48
|The Arms (Amendment) Act, 2019
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
|1
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|4
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|13
|The Aircraft (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|17
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|18
|The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|24
|The Homoeopathy Central Council (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|25
|The Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
|39
|The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020
|-
| rowspan="17" |2021
|3
|The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|6
|The Insurance (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|8
|The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|15
|The [[Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021]]
|-
|21
|The Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|22
|The Coconut Development Board (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|26
|The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|27
|The Central Universities (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|28
|The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|30
|The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|32
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|37
|The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act, 2021
|-
|38
|The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|39
|The National Commission for Homoeopathy (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|43
|The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
|44
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 2021
|-
|49
|The Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|8
|The Constitution (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|9
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment)Act, 2022
|-
|10
|The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|14
|The Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Amendment Act, 2022
|-
|19
|The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|20
|The Constitution (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Second Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|23
|The New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
|1
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|2
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Fourth Amendment) Act, 2022
|-
|9
|The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|11
|The Multi-State Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|12
|The Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|13
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|14
|The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|16
|The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023
|-
|17
|The Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023
|-
|19
|The [[Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2023]]
|-
|27
|The Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|36
|The Central Universities (Amendment) Act, 2023
|-
|}

== Amendments ==

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Act No.
!Short title
!Amendment
|-
|1
|1897
|10
|The General Clauses Act, 1897
|In section 27, for the words “registered post”, the words “speed post with registration” shall be substituted.
|-
|2
|1908
|5
|The [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure, 1908]]
|(i) In section 148A, in sub-section (2), for the words “registered post, acknowledgement due”, the words “speed post with registration and proof of delivery” shall be substituted;
(ii) In the First Schedule,––
(a) in Order V, in rule 9,––
(I) in sub-rule (3), for the words “registered post acknowledgement due, addressed to the defendant or his agent empowered to accept the service or by speed post”, the words “speed post with registration and proof of delivery addressed to the defendant or his agent empowered to accept the service” shall be substituted;
(II) in sub-rule (4), the brackets and words “(except by registered post acknowledgment due)” shall be omitted;
(III) in sub-rule (5), in the proviso, for the words “registered post acknowledgement due, the declaration referred to in this sub-rule shall be made notwithstanding the fact that the acknowledgement”, the words “speed post with registration and proof of delivery, the declaration referred to in this sub-rule shall be made notwithstanding the fact that the proof of delivery” shall be substituted;
(b) in Order XXI, in rule 1, in sub-rule (2),for the words “registered post, acknowledgement due”, the words “speed post with registration and proof of delivery” shall be substituted; and
(c) in Order XXXIX, in rule 3, in the proviso, in clause (a), for the words “registered post”, the words “speed post with registration” shall be substituted.
|-
|3
|1925
|39
|The Indian Succession Act, 1925
|(i) In section 3, in sub-section (1), the figures “, 213” shall be omitted;
(ii) section 213 shall be omitted;
(iii) in section 370,––
(a) in sub-section (1), for the words and figures “or section 213 to be established by letters of administration or probate”, the words “to be established by letters of administration” shall be substituted; (b) in sub-section (2), clause
(b) shall be omitted.
|-
|4
|2005
|53
|The [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]]
|In section 30, in sub-section (2), in clause (vi), for the word “prevention”, the word “preparation” shall be substituted.
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]

2025–26 Santosh Trophy

2026-04-23T16:50:21Z

Riserteam: put up some pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=Santosh Trophy
|year=[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
|other_titles= Senior Men's National Football Championship
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|country=India
|dates=15 December 2025 – 8 February 2026
|num_teams=38
|winners=[[Services football team|Services]]
|count= 8
|runner-up=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|venue=9 (in 9 host cities)
{{ubl|''Group stage:'' Various|''Finals:'' [[Dhakuakhana]], [[Dhemaji]], [[Assam]]}}
|matches=88
|goals=250
|scoring_leader=[[Himanshu Jangra]] (9 goals)
|goalkeeper=
|prev_season=[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
|next_season=[[Santosh Trophy|2026–27]]
|updated=
}}

The '''2025–26 Santosh Trophy''' was the 79th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in [[India]] for senior men's [[Association football|football]] teams representing their respective [[States and union territories of India|states/union territories]] and government institutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Assam to host Santosh Trophy 2025-26 Final Round in January |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/assam-to-host-santosh-trophy-2025-26-final-round-in-january |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Venues ==
The [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) announced in November 2025 that the group stage matches would begin the following month and would be played in nine venues. The venues and the corresponding groups that would play there were named. Hosts [[Assam football team|Assam]] and last year's finalists, [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] and [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] were exempted from playing the group stage fixtures. [[Assam football team|Assam]] is hosting the event after 15 years.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap"
!Group
! class="unsortable" |City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group A|A]]
|[[Mahilpur]]
|Mahilpur Stadium
|10,000
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group B|B]]
|[[Greater Noida]]
|Sharda University Stadium
|–
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group C|C]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Birsa Munda Football Stadium]]
|40,000
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group D|D]]
|[[Agartala]]
|Umakanta Mini Stadium
|5,000
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group E|E]]
|[[Shillong]]
|SSA Football Stadium
|15,100
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group F|F]]
|[[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narayanpur]]
|RKM Sports Complex
|1,000
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group G|G]]
|[[Anantapur]]
|[[Rural Development Trust Stadium|RDT Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group H|H]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|–
|-
|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group I|I]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|Vidyadhar Nagar Stadium
|–
|-
|{{nobr|[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]}}<ref name=":fixtures_assam">{{Cite web |title=79th National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy: Draw out for 12-team Final Round |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-12-team-santosh-trophy-2025-26-final-round |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhakuakhana]] & [[Dhemaji]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhakuakhana Football Stadium & Silapathar Football Stadium
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy#Knockout Stage|Knockouts]]
|}

== Draws ==
38 teams entered the competition; [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] and [[Kerala football team|Kerala]], the finalists of the previous edition and [[Assam football team|Assam]], the hosts received direct entry to the final round. The remaining 35 teams were divided into 1 group of 3 teams and 8 groups of 4 teams each. It was announced that the winners of each group would make the final round.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":fixtures">{{Cite web |title=79th National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy: Fixtures |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=14&month=0&year=2025 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Group stage ==
=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_JK=2 |draw_JK=0 |loss_JK=1
|gf_JK=6 |ga_JK=1 |status_JK=0
|win_LA=1 |draw_LA=0 |loss_LA=2
|gf_LA=1 |ga_LA=6 |status_LA=0
|win_HP=0 |draw_HP=0 |loss_HP=3
|gf_HP=0 |ga_HP=10 |status_HP=0
|win_PB=3 |draw_PB=0 |loss_PB=0 |gf_PB=10 |ga_PB=0 |status_PB=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_LA=[[Ladakh football team|Ladakh]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|name_PB=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]


|match_JK_LA = 3–0
|match_JK_HP = null
|match_JK_PB = null

|match_LA_JK = null
|match_LA_HP = 1–0
|match_LA_PB = 0–3

|match_HP_JK = 0–3
|match_HP_LA = null
|match_HP_PB = 0–6

|match_PB_JK = 1–0
|match_PB_LA = null
|match_PB_HP = null


|team_order=PB, JK, LA, HP
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_CH=1 |draw_CH=0 |loss_CH=2
|gf_CH=1 |ga_CH=3 |status_CH=0
|win_UK=3 |draw_UK=0 |loss_UK=0
|gf_UK=5 |ga_UK=0 |status_UK=0
|win_HR=1 |draw_HR=1 |loss_HR=1
|gf_HR=3 |ga_HR=3 |status_HR=0
|win_UP=0 |draw_UP=1 |loss_UP=2
|gf_UP=1 |ga_UP=4 |status_UP=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|name_UK=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|name_HR=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]


|match_CH_UK = null
|match_CH_HR = 0–2
|match_CH_UP = 1–0

|match_UK_CH = 1–0
|match_UK_HR = null
|match_UK_UP = 2–0

|match_HR_CH = null
|match_HR_UK = 0–2
|match_HR_UP = null

|match_UP_CH = null
|match_UP_UK = null
|match_UP_HR = 1–1


|team_order=UK, HR, CH, UP
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group C ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_RL=2 |draw_RL=1 |loss_RL=0
|gf_RL=13 |ga_RL=0 |status_RL=0
|win_JH=1 |draw_JH=0 |loss_JH=2
|gf_JH=2 |ga_JH=14 |status_JH=0
|win_DL=2 |draw_DL=1 |loss_DL=0
|gf_DL=10 |ga_DL=1 |status_DL=H
|win_BR=0 |draw_BR=0 |loss_BR=3
|gf_BR=0 |ga_BR=10 |status_BR=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_RL=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|name_JH=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_DL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|name_BR=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]


|match_RL_JH = 6–0
|match_RL_DL = null
|match_RL_BR = null

|match_JH_RL = null
|match_JH_DL = 1–8
|match_JH_BR = null

|match_DL_RL = 0–0
|match_DL_JH = null
|match_DL_BR = 2–0

|match_BR_RL = 0–7
|match_BR_JH = 0–1
|match_BR_DL = null


|team_order=RL, DL, JH, BR
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group D ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_TR=0 |draw_TR=1 |loss_TR=2
|gf_TR=2 |ga_TR=7 |status_TR=H
|win_MZ=1 |draw_MZ=0 |loss_MZ=2
|gf_MZ=2 |ga_MZ=4 |status_MZ=0
|win_MN=2 |draw_MN=0 |loss_MN=1
|gf_MN=8 |ga_MN=5 |status_MN=0
|win_NL=2 |draw_NL=1 |loss_NL=0
|gf_NL=5 |ga_NL=1 |status_NL=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TR=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|name_MZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|name_MN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_NL=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]


|match_TR_MZ = 0–1
|match_TR_MN = null
|match_TR_NL = null

|match_MZ_TR = null
|match_MZ_MN = null
|match_MZ_NL = 0–1

|match_MN_TR = 5–1
|match_MN_MZ = 3–1
|match_MN_NL = null

|match_NL_TR = 1–1
|match_NL_MZ = null
|match_NL_MN = 3–0


|team_order=NL, MN, MZ, TR
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group E ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group E
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_AR=1 |draw_AR=0 |loss_AR=1
|gf_AR=2 |ga_AR=2 |status_AR=0
|win_SK=1 |draw_SK=0 |loss_SK=1
|gf_SK=2 |ga_SK=2 |status_SK=0
|win_ML=1 |draw_ML=0 |loss_ML=1
|gf_ML=3 |ga_ML=3 |status_ML=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_AR=[[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|name_ML=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]


|match_AR_SK = null
|match_AR_ML = 1–2

|match_SK_AR = 0–1
|match_SK_ML = null

|match_ML_AR = null
|match_ML_SK = 1–2


|team_order= ML, SK, AR

|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group F ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group F
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_MP=0 |draw_MP=0 |loss_MP=3
|gf_MP=0 |ga_MP=11 |status_MP=0
|win_CG=1 |draw_CG=0 |loss_CG=2
|gf_CG=5 |ga_CG=5 |status_CG=H
|win_OD=3 |draw_OD=0 |loss_OD=0
|gf_OD=8 |ga_OD=1 |status_OD=0
|win_TG=2 |draw_TG=0 |loss_TG=1
|gf_TG=6 |ga_TG=2 |status_TG=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_CG=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_OD=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|name_TG=[[Telangana football team|Telangana]]


|match_MP_CG = 0–3
|match_MP_OD = null
|match_MP_TG = 0–4

|match_CG_MP = null
|match_CG_OD = 1–3
|match_CG_TG = 1–2

|match_TG_OD = 0–1
|match_TG_CG = null
|match_TG_MP = null

|match_OD_MP = 4–0
|match_OD_CG = null
|match_OD_TG = null


|team_order=OD, TG, CG, MP,
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group G ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group G
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_TN=3 |draw_TN=0 |loss_TN=0 |gf_TN=14 |ga_TN=0 |status_TN=0
|win_AP=1 |draw_AP=0 |loss_AP=2
|gf_AP=2 |ga_AP=8 |status_AP=H
|win_PY=2 |draw_PY=0 |loss_PY=1
|gf_PY=5 |ga_PY=5 |status_PY=0
|win_AN=0 |draw_AN=0 |loss_AN=3
|gf_AN=1 |ga_AN=9 |status_AN=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|name_PY=[[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|name_AN=[[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman & Nicobar]]


|match_TN_AP = 5–0
|match_TN_PY = null
|match_TN_AN = null

|match_AP_TN = null
|match_AP_PY = 1–3
|match_AP_AN = null

|match_PY_TN = 0–3
|match_PY_AP = 2–1
|match_PY_AN = null

|match_AN_TN = 0–6
|match_AN_AP = 0–1
|match_AN_PY = null


|team_order=TN, PY, AP, AN
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group H ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group H
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_GA=1 |draw_GA=1 |loss_GA=1
|gf_GA=3 |ga_GA=5 |status_GA=H
|win_KA=1 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA=2
|gf_KA=4 |ga_KA=4 |status_KA=0
|win_LD=0 |draw_LD=1 |loss_LD=2
|gf_LD=2 |ga_LD=6 |status_LD=0
|win_SE=3 |draw_SE=0 |loss_SE=0
|gf_SE=8 |ga_SE=2 |status_SE=0

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_GA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_LD=[[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]


|match_GA_KA = 2–0
|match_GA_LD = null
|match_GA_SE = 0–4

|match_KA_GA = null
|match_KA_LD = 3–0
|match_KA_SE = null

|match_LD_GA = 1–1
|match_LD_KA = null
|match_LD_SE = 1–2

|match_SE_GA = null
|match_SE_KA = 2–1
|match_SE_LD = null


|team_order=SE, GA, KA, LD
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group I ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag

|update=complete
|win_MH=1 |draw_MH=0 |loss_MH=2
|gf_MH=4 |ga_MH=6 |status_MH=0
|win_GJ=2 |draw_GJ=1 |loss_GJ=0
|gf_GJ=9 |ga_GJ=1 |status_GJ=0
|win_DD=0 |draw_DD=0 |loss_DD=3
|gf_DD=0 |ga_DD=15 |status_DD=0
|win_RJ=2 |draw_RJ=1 |loss_RJ=0 |gf_RJ=10 |ga_RJ=1 |status_RJ=H

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_GJ=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|name_DD=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|DNHDD]]
|name_RJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]


|match_MH_GJ = null
|match_MH_DD = 4–0
|match_MH_RJ = 0–3

|match_GJ_MH = 3–0
|match_GJ_DD = null
|match_GJ_RJ = null

|match_DD_MH = null
|match_DD_GJ = 0–5
|match_DD_RJ = 6–0

|match_RJ_MH = null
|match_RJ_GJ = 1–1
|match_RJ_DD = null


|team_order=RJ, GJ, MH, DD
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Final round|Final round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

== Final round ==

=== Qualified teams ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" width="180" |Direct entrants (3)
|-
!Hosts
|[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|-
!Defending champions
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|-
!Previous runners-up
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
! width="180" |Group winners (9)
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group A|A]]
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group B|B]]
|[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group C|C]]
|[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group D|D]]
|[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group E|E]]
|[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group F|F]]
|[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group G|G]]
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group H|H]]
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|-
![[2025–26 Santosh Trophy#Group I|I]]
|[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|}

=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A2
|show_matches=yes
|update=complete
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|win_TBD1=1 |draw_TBD1=3 |loss_TBD1=1 |gf_TBD1=8 |ga_TBD1=6 |status_TBD1=H
|win_TBD2=3 |draw_TBD2=2 |loss_TBD2= |gf_TBD2=8 |ga_TBD2=2
|win_TBD3=0 |draw_TBD3=2 |loss_TBD3=3 |gf_TBD3=6 |ga_TBD3=14
|win_TBD4=1 |draw_TBD4=1 |loss_TBD4=3 |gf_TBD4=5 |ga_TBD4=7
|win_TBD5=2 |draw_TBD5=1 |loss_TBD5=2 |gf_TBD5=6 |ga_TBD5=8
|win_TBD6=3 |draw_TBD6=1 |loss_TBD6=1 |gf_TBD6=6 |ga_TBD6=2

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TBD1=[[Assam football team|Assam]]|short_TBD1=[[Assam football team|AS]]
|name_TBD2=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]|short_TBD2=[[West Bengal football team|WB]]
|name_TBD3=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]|short_TBD3=[[Nagaland football team|NL]]
|name_TBD4=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]|short_TBD4=[[Uttarakhand football team|UK]]
|name_TBD5=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]|short_TBD5=[[Rajasthan football team|RJ]]
|name_TBD6=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]|short_TBD6=[[Tamil Nadu football team|TN]]


|match_TBD1_TBD2 = 1-1
|match_TBD1_TBD3 = 3-3
|match_TBD1_TBD4 = 1-1
|match_TBD1_TBD5 = 3-2
|match_TBD1_TBD6 = 0-1

|match_TBD2_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD2_TBD3 = 4-0
|match_TBD2_TBD4 = 1-0
|match_TBD2_TBD5 = 1–0
|match_TBD2_TBD6 = 1-1

|match_TBD3_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD3_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD3_TBD4 = 1–2
|match_TBD3_TBD5 = 2-2
|match_TBD3_TBD6 = 0–3

|match_TBD4_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD5 = 2-3
|match_TBD4_TBD6 = 0-1

|match_TBD5_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD4 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD6 = 1-0

|match_TBD6_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD4 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD5 = null


|team_order=TBD2, TBD6, TBD5, TBD1, TBD4, TBD3,
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|result3=KO |result4=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to {{nobr|[[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B2
|show_matches=yes
|solid_cell= grey|short_style=noflag
|update=complete
|win_TBD1=1 |draw_TBD1=4 |loss_TBD1=0 |gf_TBD1=7 |ga_TBD1=5 |status_TBD1=
|win_TBD2=3 |draw_TBD2=1 |loss_TBD2=1 |gf_TBD2=8 |ga_TBD2=3 |status_TBD2=
|win_TBD3=1 |draw_TBD3=3 |loss_TBD3=1 |gf_TBD3=4 |ga_TBD3=4 |status_TBD3=0
|win_TBD4=2 |draw_TBD4=1 |loss_TBD4=2 |gf_TBD4=10 |ga_TBD4=10 |status_TBD4=
|win_TBD5=1 |draw_TBD5=3 |loss_TBD5=1 |gf_TBD5=8 |ga_TBD5=10 |status_TBD5=0
|win_TBD6=0 |draw_TBD6=2 |loss_TBD6=3 |gf_TBD6=3 |ga_TBD6=8 |status_TBD6=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_TBD1=[[Railways football team|Railways]]|short_TBD1=[[Railways football team|RL]]
|name_TBD2=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]|short_TBD2=[[Kerala football team|KL]]
|name_TBD3=[[Services football team|Services]]|short_TBD3=[[Services football team|SE]]
|name_TBD4=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]|short_TBD4=[[Punjab football team (India)|PB]]
|name_TBD5=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]|short_TBD5=[[Meghalaya football team|ML]]
|name_TBD6=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]|short_TBD6=[[Odisha football team|OD]]


|match_TBD1_TBD2 = 1-1
|match_TBD1_TBD3 = 1–1
|match_TBD1_TBD4 = 2-0
|match_TBD1_TBD5 = 2-2
|match_TBD1_TBD6 = null

|match_TBD2_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD2_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD2_TBD4 = 3-1
|match_TBD2_TBD5 = 3-0
|match_TBD2_TBD6 = 1-0

|match_TBD3_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD3_TBD2 = 1-0
|match_TBD3_TBD4 = 0-1
|match_TBD3_TBD5 = 2-2
|match_TBD3_TBD6 = 0-0

|match_TBD4_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD4_TBD5 = 3–3
|match_TBD4_TBD6 = 5-2

|match_TBD5_TBD1 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD4 = null
|match_TBD5_TBD6 = 1–0

|match_TBD6_TBD1 = 1–1
|match_TBD6_TBD2 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD3 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD4 = null
|match_TBD6_TBD5 = null


|team_order=TBD2, TBD1, TBD4, TBD3, TBD5, TBD6,
|res_col_header=
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|result3=KO |result4=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advanced to {{nobr|[[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

== Knockout stage ==
{{Hatnote|All times are local, [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}

=== Bracket ===
{{Round8
|style=white-space:nowrap

|3 February – [[Dhakuakhana]] |[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]|0 (2) |'''[[Services football team|Services]]''' {{pso}}|'''0 (3)'''
|3 February – [[Dhakuakhana]] |'''[[Railways football team|Railways]]'''|'''2'''|[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]|0
|3 February – [[Dhemaji]] |'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''|'''3'''|[[Assam football team|Assam]]|0
|3 February – [[Dhemaji]] |[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]|1 (1) |'''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' {{pso}}|'''1 (4)'''

|5 February – [[Dhemaji]] |'''[[Services football team|Services]]'''|'''2'''|[[Railways football team|Railways]]|0
|5 February – [[Dhakuakhana]] |'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]] '''|'''4'''|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]|0

|8 February – [[Dhakuakhana]] |'''[[Services football team|Services]]''' {{aet}}|'''1'''|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]|0|
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 3 February 2026
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Railways football team|Railways]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Saurabh Bhanwala|S. Bhanwala]] {{goal|78}}
*Johnson Joseph Mathews {{goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Dhakuakhana Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhakuakhana]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 250
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
| potm = Johnson Joseph Mathews (Railways)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63041
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 3 February 2026
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score = 1–1
| aet = yes
| team2 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*M Umasankar {{goal|78}}
| goals2 =
*Jatinder Singh Rana {{goal|37}}
| penalties1 =
*Henry Joseph Immanuel {{penmiss}}
*M Umasankar {{pengoal}}
*[[Vineeth Kumar Velmurugan|VK Velmurugan]] {{penmiss}}
| penaltyscore = 1–4
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} Akashdeep Singh
*{{pengoal}} Harjit
*{{pengoal}} Akashmaan Chaudhary
*{{pengoal}} Jagdeep Singh
| stadium = Silapathar Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhemaji]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 800
| referee = Lakshay
| potm = Karandeep Singh (Punjab)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63039
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 3 February 2026
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| score = 0–0
| aet = yes
| team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| penalties1 =
*Chaku Mandi {{penmiss}}
*Karan Rai {{penmiss}}
*Shyamal Besra {{pengoal}}
*[[Robi Hansda|R. Hansda]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Naro Hari Shrestha|H. Shrestha]] {{penmiss}}
| penaltyscore = 2–3
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} Samuel K Vanlalpeka
*{{penmiss}} Wangden Tamang
*{{pengoal}} Vijay Marandi
*{{penmiss}} Vijay J
*{{pengoal}} Abhishek Pawar
| stadium = Dhakuakhana Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhakuakhana]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 2,000
| referee = Jehrul Islam
| potm = Gagandeep Singh (Services)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63038
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 3 February 2026
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| score = 3–0
| team2 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
| goals1 =
*Manoj M {{goal|17}}
*[[Muhammad Ajsal|Ajsal]] {{goal|44}}
*Aboobacker Dilshad {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Silapathar Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhemaji]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 2,200
| referee = Jarvish Macwan
| potm = Manoj M (Kerala)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63040
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 5 February 2026
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| score = 4–0
| team2 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammad Ajsal|Ajsal]] {{goal|15}}
*Muhammed Riyas {{goal|33||83}}
*Viknesh Mariya {{goal|45}}
| stadium = Dhakuakhana Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhakuakhana]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 3,500
| referee = Aditya Purkayahtha
| potm = Muhammed Riyas (Kerala)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63149
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 5 February 2026
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = [[Railways football team|Railways]]
| goals2 =
| goals1 =
*Abhishek Pawar {{goal|33||73}}
| stadium = Silapathar Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhemaji]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 500
| referee = Ashwin
| potm = Abhishek Pawar (Services)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63148
}}

=== Final ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 8 February 2026
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| score = 1–0
| aet = yes
| team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| goals2 =
| goals1 =
*Abhishek Pawar {{goal|109}}
| stadium = Dhakuakhana Football Stadium
| location = {{nowrap|[[Dhakuakhana]]}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 4,500
| referee = Jehrul Islam
| potm = Abhishek Pawar (Services)
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63209
}}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goal(s)
|-
!1
|[[Himanshu Jangra]]
|Delhi
| align="center" |9
|-
!2
|Abhishek Pawar
|Services
| align="center" |7
|-
!3
|Nirmal Singh Bisht
|Delhi
| align="center" |6
|-
!4
|Mukesh Kumar
|Rajasthan
| align="center" |6
|-
!5
|Devadath S
|Tamil Nadu
| align="center" |6
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" |''Source: [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]''
|}

== Awards ==
The following awards were given out at the end of the tournament: the top scorer, Best Goalkeeper, Player of the Tournament and Fair Play Award.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Team
|-
|'''Top Scorer'''
|
|
|-
|'''Best Goalkeeper'''
|
|
|-
|'''Player of the Tournament'''
|
|
|-
|'''Fair Play Award'''
|
|
|}

== Broadcasting ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Territory
!Broadcaster(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{#invoke:flag||India}}
|[[YouTube]]
|[https://www.youtube.com/@ArunachalPradeshFootballAssoci]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[FIFA#FIFA+|FIFA+]]
| rowspan="2" |[https://www.plus.fifa.com/en/showcase/7b44bd29-d86b-4f12-9f7e-4e616cfc541e]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Trophy to be streamed live globally on FIFA+ for free |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/santosh-trophy-to-be-streamed-live-globally-on-fifa-for-free |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|United Nations}} Global
|}

==See also==
* [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc}}
* [https://footystats.org/india/santosh-trophy Tournament results – home] at FootyStats

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Sports}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:2024–25 Santosh Trophy]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:December 2025 sports events in India|Santosh Trophy]]

Shilpi Neha Tirkey

2026-04-21T14:35:39Z

Riserteam:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Shilpi NehaTirkey.jpg
| name = Shilpi Neha Tirkey
| caption =
| birth_name = Shilpi Neha Tirkey
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|8|16|df=}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Fourth Hemant Soren ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 5 December 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *[[Department of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Co-operative (Jharkhand)|Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Co-operative]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Badal Patralekh]]
| office1 = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bandhu Tirkey]]
| term_start1 = June 2022
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
| parents = [[Bandhu Tirkey]] (Father)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = *[[Christ University]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]])
}}

'''Shilpi Neha Tirkey''' (born 16 August 1993)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shilpi Neha Tirkey(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANDAR (ST)(RANCHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=353 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. She is serving as a member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]] since June 2022 representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jharkhand-mandar-assembly-bypolls-congresss-shilpi-neha-tirkey-leading-by-over-10000-vote-against-bjps-gangotri-kuju-10838911.html |title=Jharkhand Mandar Assembly bypolls: Congress's Shilpi Neha Tirkey leading by over 10,000 vote against BJP's Gangotri Kujur |publisher=Firstpost.com |date= |accessdate=2022-06-26}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Neha Tirkey is from [[Pandra]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi District]], Jharkhand. She is daughter of [[Bandhu Tirkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandar By-Election: मांडर उपचुनाव से शिल्पी नेहा तिर्की रखी है राजनीति में कदम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jharkhand-shilpi-neha-tirkey-has-stepped-into-politics-from-mandar-by-election-rgj |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> She completed her post graduate diploma in marketing communication in 2015 at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. Earlier, she did her graduation in 2013 in Business Administration at [[Christ College, Bangalore|Christ College]], a deemed university in Bangalore. Her husband works as a second engineer in Merchant navy.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Neha Tirkey became an MLA for the first time winning the by-election for [[Mandar Assembly constituency]] in 2022 representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. The bypoll was necessitated as her father, Bandhu Tirkey, the sitting MLA was disqualified from the house after he was convicted in a disproportionate assets case. After winning, she became the youngest MLA in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHRIST UNIVERSITY |url=https://alumni.christuniversity.in/notable-alumni/MTY= |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=alumni.christuniversity.in}}</ref> Later, she won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 1,35,936 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Sunny Toppo of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,803 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Mandar, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Shilpi Neha Tirkey with 135936 defeats BJP's Sunny Toppo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mandar-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638484-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]

M. Sanjay Kumar

2026-04-20T01:30:13Z

Riserteam: Put Up Some Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Sanjay Kumar
| image = Sanjay jagithyal MLA.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 June 1962
| birth_place = [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]], [[Telangana State]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| salary =
| term_start = 2018{{endash}}present
| predecessor = [[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2018- 2024)
| parents = Hanumantharao, Vatsala
| spouse = Radhika
| children = 1 Daughter
| occupation = [[Politician]] & Doctor
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''M. Sanjay Kumar''' (born 6 July 1962) is an Indian politician in the state of [[Telangana]].<ref name="In Jagtial, popular doctor makes his debut">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=In Jagtial, popular doctor makes his debut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2018/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-popular-doctor-makes-his-debut/article25716795.ece |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624071502/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2018/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-popular-doctor-makes-his-debut/article25716795.ece |archive-date=24 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is a member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]] constituency of [[Jagtial district]] for a second<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dayashankar |first=K. M. |date=2018-12-11 |title=In Jagtial, popular doctor makes his debut |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2018/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-popular-doctor-makes-his-debut/article25716795.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> term after making his debut as a law maker in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=నేతల గ్రామం అంతర్గాం {{!}} |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Karimnagar/530/123213516 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221181020/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Karimnagar/530/123213516 |archive-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sanjay Kumar was born in Anthargam village, [[Jagtial]] mandal to Vathsala and Hanumantha Rao. He studied MBBS at [[Siddhartha Medical College|Siddartha Medical College]], [[Vijayawada]] under [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] in 1989. Later, he did his M.S. in ophthalmology<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=Doctors turn netas, 15 to enter Telangana House |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/docs-turn-netas-15-to-enter-house/articleshow/105739813.cms |access-date=2023-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> from JJM Medical College, [[Davanagere|Davanagiri]] in [[Karnataka]] under the [[Kuvempu University]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-25 |title=Dr. M. Sanjay Kumar {{!}} MLA {{!}} Jagtial {{!}} Telangana {{!}} TRS {{!}} theLeadersPage |url=https://theleaderspage.com/dr-m-sanjay-kumar/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He contested<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jagtial Telangana Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jagtial-telangana-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3280998/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> as a [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] candidate and won the Jagtial seat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[T. Jeevan Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by 15,822 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagtial Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS retains Jagtial seat, Dr. Sanjay wins with 70243 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jagtial-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470933-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jagtial Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jagtial-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687337.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=Dr sanjay telangana jagtial candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP न्यूज़ |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/dr-sanjay-telangana-jagtial-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jagtial Election Result 2023 Live Updates: BRS has Won in this Seat of Telangana |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/telangana-election/jagtial-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-telangana-assembly-elections-news-brs-congress-bjp-candidates |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, [[T. Jeevan Reddy|Jeevan Reddy]], then a sitting MLA, lost by a bigger margin of 42,439 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఓట్లు కొల్లగొట్టారు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Karimnagar/530/123218721 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> Sanjay joined the Congress party on 23 June 2024 in the presence of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] chief and chief minister [[Revanth Reddy|A Revanth Reddy]].<ref name="Jagtial MLA quits BRS, joins Congress">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Jagtial MLA quits BRS, joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jagtial-mla-quits-brs-joins-congress/article68325174.ece |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624070736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jagtial-mla-quits-brs-joins-congress/article68325174.ece |archive-date=24 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, M. Sanjay}}
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Acharya Nagarjuna University alumni]]

Lilaram Sharma

2026-04-20T00:29:33Z

Riserteam: Put Up First Bio W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (1930-2012)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lilaram Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|09|05}}
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|07|31|1930|09|05}}
| death_place = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| office4 = Member of Legislative assembly
| constituency4 = [[Didihat Assembly constituency|Didihaat]]
| term_start4 = 1991
| term_end4 = 1993
| predecessor4 = [[Kashi Singh Airy]]
| successor4 = [[Kashi Singh Airy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 1963)
| other_party = [[Praja Socialist Party]] (until 1963)
| spouse = Basanti Devi
| children = 4
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| education = [[L.L.B.]] and [[B.Sc]] from [[Allahbad University]]
}}
'''Lilaram Sharma''' (5 September 1930 – 31 July 2012) was an Indian politician, social worker and lawyer who served as a MLA from [[Didihat Assembly constituency]] from 1991 till 1993 as a member of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व विधायक लीला राम शर्मा नहीं रहे - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh-9525775.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==
He had a degree of BSc and L.L.B from [[Allahbad University]] and was a professional lawyer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2022-03-31 |title=House pays tribute to Harbans Kapoor, GD Ojha {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/house-pays-tribute-to-harbans-kapoor-gd-ojha/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-US}}{{failed verification|date=August 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*1962 – Contested from [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency]] on PSP ticket but lost to Congress MLA [[Narendra Singh Bisht]]
*1967 – Director, Parvatiya Vikas Parishad
*1991 – Elected to Didihat on Congress ticket defeating former mla [[Narayan Singh Bhainsora]].
*2004 – Became Darja Rajya Mantri in N.D. Tiwari government

== Death ==
Sharma died on 31 July 2012, aged 81.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Lilaram}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]

Umroi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:15Z

Riserteam: starting initial info w/ infobox!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umroi
| mla = [[Damanbait Lamare]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:32602}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Umroi Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 12
}}
'''Umroi''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Damanbait Lamare]] of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].{{update after|2028|05}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dlosingh Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=5 | [[E. K. Mawlong]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Stanlywiss Rymbai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[E. K. Mawlong]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Ngaitlang Dhar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[George Bankyntiewlang Lyngdoh]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Damanbait Lamare]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damanbait Lamare]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=14,213 |percentage=50.15% |change={{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[George Bankyntiewlang Lyngdoh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=12,527 |percentage=44.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlywiss Rymbai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,081 |percentage=3.81% |change={{decrease}}40.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanbor Ramde |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=404 |percentage=1.43% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=197 |percentage=0.70% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,686 |percentage=5.95% |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,343 |percentage=86.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[George Bankyntiewlang Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,405 |percentage=44.50% |change={{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ngaitlang Dhar]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=9,387 |percentage=40.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangkara Pathaw |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,255 |percentage=9.64% |change={{decrease}}7.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arbinus Lyngdoh |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=647 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Field Marshal Mawphniang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=271 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=144 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,018 |percentage=4.35% |change= {{decrease}}17.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,383 |percentage=88.03% |change= {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,562 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ngaitlang Dhar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,489 |percentage=51.23% |change={{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlywiss Rymbai |party=Independent politician |votes=5,351 |percentage=28.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tirot Singh Sun |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,139 |percentage=16.95% |change={{decrease}}26.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mording Darphang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=277 |percentage=1.50% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aris Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Markus Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=61 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,138 |percentage=22.34% |change= {{increase}}18.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,523 |percentage=90.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,407 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}21.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=10,226 |percentage=43.40% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlywiss Rymbai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,261 |percentage=39.30% |change={{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. K. Syiem Sutnga |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,032 |percentage=8.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Denington Marbaniang |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=772 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mording Darphang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=674 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duruth Majaw |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=399 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hopingstone Masharing |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=198 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=965 |percentage=4.10% |change= {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,562 |percentage=91.13% |change= {{increase}}28.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,855 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlywiss Rymbai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,352 |percentage=53.50% |change={{increase}}46.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,259 |percentage=46.50% |change={{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,093 |percentage=7.00% |change= {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,611 |percentage=63.01% |change= {{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,802 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,607 |percentage=50.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanly Wiss Rymbai |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=5,529 |percentage=32.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longsing Bey |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,762 |percentage=10.35% |change={{decrease}}37.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Robert |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,121 |percentage=6.59% |change={{decrease}}36.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,078 |percentage=18.09% |change= {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,019 |percentage=75.83% |change= {{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=7,958 |percentage=48.29% |change={{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fleming Lapang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,072 |percentage=42.92% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Erwin K. S. Sutnga |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=926 |percentage=5.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Robert |party=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |votes=214 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Giri Roy Phangcho |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Shadap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=146 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=886 |percentage=5.38% |change= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,479 |percentage=84.95% |change= {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,831 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=6,340 |percentage=57.74% |change={{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fleming Stone Lapang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,641 |percentage=42.26% |change={{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,699 |percentage=15.47% |change= {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,981 |percentage=77.93% |change= {{increase}}5.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,017 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,645 |percentage=46.07% |change={{increase}}19.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ialamdhrang Masharing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,284 |percentage=28.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dlosingh Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,238 |percentage=15.65% |change={{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brightstarwell Suting |party=Independent politician |votes=499 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Markus Lyngdon |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=219 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R.Jespriter Shullai |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,361 |percentage=17.20% |change= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,912 |percentage=72.87% |change= {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,656 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,526 |percentage=34.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dlosingh Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,965 |percentage=27.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fleming Stone Lapang |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,852 |percentage=25.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bnein Bareh |party=Independent politician |votes=579 |percentage=7.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Event Rapsang |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalington Dympep |party=Communist Party of India |votes=101 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Festowell Giri |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=561 |percentage=7.72% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,265 |percentage=72.03% |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umroi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dlosingh Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=908 |percentage=23.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. K. Mawlong]] |party=Independent politician |votes=858 |percentage=22.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Medras Mylliem |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=21.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daswell Lapang |party=Independent politician |votes=701 |percentage=18.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sing Shullai |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=10.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Motilal Diengdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,788 |percentage=54.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,197 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ri Bhoi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.74|91.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Ri-Bhoi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Ummer Bafaki Tangal

2026-04-18T17:55:05Z

Riserteam: starting new post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sayyid]]
| name = Ummer Bafaki Tangal
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|08|01|1921|11|24|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kondotty Assembly constituency|Kondotty]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 1967
| term_end1 = 26 June 1970
| predecessor1 = [[M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal]]
| successor1 = [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| constituency2 = [[Tanur Assembly constituency|Tanur]]
| term_start2 = 4 October 1970
| term_end2 = 22 March 1977
| predecessor2 = {{ill|M. Moideenkutty|ml|എം. മൊയ്തീൻ കുട്ടി}}
| successor2 = [[U. A. Beeran]]
| salary =
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| father = Sayyid Hashim Bafaki
| mother = Sharifa Rawla
| spouse = Zainab
| children = 5 sons, 5 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 26 January
| year = 2021
| source = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m620.htm നിയമസഭ
}}

[[Sayyid]] '''Ummer Bafaki Tangal'''<ref name="Miller 1992" /> (24 November 1921 – 1 August 2008) was a politician and former member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="niyamasabha" /> A nephew to [[Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal]],<ref name="Abdelhady 2022" /> he represented the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] from the [[Kondotty Assembly constituency]] to the 3rd Kerala Assembly and from [[Tanur Assembly constituency]] to the 4th Assembly. Born on 24 November 1921 to Sayyid Hashim Bafaki and Sharifa Rawla, his wife was Zainab, and he had five sons and five daughters. He completed his primary education from [[Koyilandy]] Mathil School and Humayathul Islam High School, [[Kozhikode]] and studied the Quran at [[Madina University]].

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Miller 1992">{{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = Roland E.
| author-link = Roland E. Miller
| title = Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends
| publisher = Orient Longman
| year = 1992
| isbn = 978-0-86311-270-6
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HbTXAAAAMAAJ
| access-date = 14 November 2024
| page = 171
| quote = Ummer Bafaki Tangal
}}</ref>
<ref name="Abdelhady 2022">{{cite book
| last1 = Abdelhady
| first1 = D.
| last2 = Aly
| first2 = R.
| title = Routledge Handbook on Middle Eastern Diasporas
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| year = 2022
| isbn = 978-0-429-56107-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cDR2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT478
| access-date = 14 November 2024
| page = 478
}}</ref>
<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web
| title = Members – Kerala Legislature
| url = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m620.htm
| access-date = 14 November 2024
}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bafaki Tangal, Ummer}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Kuljit Singh Randhawa

2026-04-07T22:16:12Z

Riserteam: New New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuljit Singh Randhawa
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency|Dera Bassi]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Derabassi
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Transporter
| profession = Politician
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Kuljit Singh Randhawa''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He has been President of Truck Union of Derabassi for 16 years.

He has been chosen as Vice-President of ALL PUNJAB TRANSPORT UNION.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has been elected as president of Truck Union Derabassi 4 times and has served as president of all Punjab Transport Union in 2019. He has been chosen as Member of Zila Parishad of District Patiala by lead of 23460 votes from block Bhankharpur.

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>
*Member (2023–24) Privilege Committee of Vidhan Sabha
*

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Dera Bassi Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Dera Bassi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS19112.htm?ac=112 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}
*{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImtVVnlLUFZWVEtnZ3NrSGxpUmI5Y3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidEZrdWx2U3lJSjJicE1mNzB5SWhLZz09IiwibWFjIjoiZDYzZjNiM2Y3NTRhNDg4ZDAyNTkzZDMzNjA0NjMzZmM0YjQ5MjI0MGQwMGU3ZjkyYTBhYmJlYTY4ZmY2ODU4MSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Dera Bassi
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Kuljit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gurdit Singh Sekhon

2026-04-07T14:01:57Z

Riserteam: created first bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Faridkot Assembly constituency|Faridkot]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| spouse = Beant Kaur Sekhon
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for = Former basketball player and coach, Philanthropist
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Gurdit Singh Sekhon''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Faridkot Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AAP sweeps sacrilege epicentre, retains Kotkapura, Jaitu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/aap-sweeps-sacrilege-epicentre-retains-kotkapura-jaitu-101646912206479.html |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Faridkot Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library]]<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Faridkot Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Faridkot Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Faridkot
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhon, Gurdit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]

Dilmaar

2026-04-04T22:57:02Z

Riserteam: created a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|2025 Indian Kannada film by M Chandramouli}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dilmaar
| image = Dilmaar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M Chandramouli
| story =
| producer = Nagaraj Bhadravati
| writer = M Chandramouli
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* Ram Gowda
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
* [[Dimple Hayathi]]
* [[P. Sai Kumar]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Praddyottan '''Songs:''' [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = Thanvik G
| editing = Shashank Muralidharan
| studio = Sri Vigneshwara Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|24}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dilmaar''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by M Chandramouli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilmaar Movie Review: stylish action meets dangerous romance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/stylish-action-meets-dangerous-romance/movie-review/124804855.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film features Ram Gowda, [[Aditi Prabhudeva]], [[Dimple Hayathi]] and [[P. Sai Kumar]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2020-04-18 |title=Sai Kumar will be seen as villain in ‘Dilmaar’ |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sai-kumar-will-be-seen-villain-dilmaar-122846 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-29 |title=Aditi Prabhudeva joins the team of 'Dilmaar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aditi-prabhudeva-joins-the-team-of-dilmaar/articleshow/70890085.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was released on 24 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-17 |title=Shivarajkumar backs Chandramouli-Ram’s actioner Dilmaar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/17/shivarajkumar-backs-chandramouli-rams-actioner-dilmaar |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Ram Gowda as Pyscho Shukla
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] as Akshara
* [[Dimple Hayathi]] as Maya
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Bhargav
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Shaane Gowda
* Ashok
* Raghu
* Govinde Gowda
* Divya
* Kumuda
* Shekar
* Dhool Prakash
* Narendra
* Srivi
* Manju Hassan
* Naveendra
}}

== Music ==
The background score is composed by Praddyottan, while the songs were composed by [[Radhan]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_music = [[Radhan]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Yaaro
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length1 = 3:55
| lyrics1 = M Chandramouli
| title2 = Neenillade
| extra2 = Sarath Santosh
| length2 = 4:58
| lyrics2 = Keshav V G
}}

==Release and reception==
''Dilmaar'' was released on 24 October 2025.

Y Maheshwara Reddy of [[Bangalore Mirror|''Bangalore Mirror'']] rated it 3 out of 5 and noted the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y Maheswara |title=Kannada Movie Review– Dilmaar: Tale of obsessive love |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-dilmaar-tale-of-obsessive-love/articleshow/124818658.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated it 2.5 out of 5 and stated "''Dilmaar'' aims to depict how love can drive a man to madness, but at times, it prioritises style over substance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-25 |title=Dilmaar Movie Review: When love becomes a battlefield between the heart and the brain |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Oct/25/dilmaar-movie-review-when-love-becomes-a-battlefield-between-the-heart-and-the-brain |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21058240|Dilmaar}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mangaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]

List of cities in West Bengal by population

2026-04-04T02:07:58Z

Riserteam: adjust article for clarity and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a list of [[urban agglomeration]]s and cities (those not included in the urban agglomerations), with a population above 100,000 as per the 2011 census in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-10 }}</ref>

==List==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 9pt"
|-
!rowspan="1"|Rank
!width="150" rowspan="1"| Name
!width="150" rowspan="1"| District
!rowspan="1"|Type*
!rowspan="1"|Population 2011
!rowspan="1"|Male
!rowspan="1"|Female
!width="90" rowspan="1"|Population below 5 yrs
!width="90" rowspan="1"|Literacy rate
|-
|align="right"|1
|align=left|[[Kolkata]]
|align=left|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]],
|UA (Tier 1)
|align="right"|14,112,536
|align="right"|7,319,682
|align="right"|6,792,854
|align="right"|1,063,394
|align="right"|88.33
|-
|align="right"|2
|align=left|[[Asansol]]
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|UA(Tier 2)
|align="right"|1,243,008
|align="right"|647,831
|align="right"|595,177
|align="right"|132,560
|align="right"|80.00
|-
|align="right"|3
|align=left|[[Siliguri]]
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|UA (Tier 2)
|align="right"|701,489
|align="right"|359,750
|align="right"|341,739
|align="right"|72,252
|align="right"|82.05
|-
|align="right"|4
|align=left|[[Durgapur]]
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|UA (Tier 2)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revised List of Classification Cities for HRA of central government employees {{!}} Government Employees India|url=http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/,%20http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/|access-date=|language=en-US}}</ref>
|align="right"|581,409
|align="right"|301,700
|align="right"|279,709
|align="right"|51,930
|align="right"|87.70
|-
|align="right"|5
|align=left|[[Bardhaman]]
|align=left|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|UA(Tier 2)
|align="right"|347,016
|align="right"|177,055
|align="right"|169,961
|align="right"|25,069
|align="right"|88.62
|-
|align="right"|6
|align=left|[[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
|align=left|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|UA
|align="right"|324,237
|align="right"|175,073
|align="right"|149,164
|align="right"|44,186
|align="right"|81.32
|-
|align="right"|7
|align=left|[[Baharampur]]
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|UA
|align="right"|305,609
|align="right"|156,489
|align="right"|149,120
|align="right"|23,182
|align="right"|88.38
|-
|align="right"|8
|align=left|[[Habra]]
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|UA
|align="right"|304,584
|align="right"|154,861
|align="right"|149,723
|align="right"|23,023
|align="right"|91.03
|-
|align="right"|9
|align=left|[[Kharagpur]]
|align=left|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|UA
|align="right"|293,719
|align="right"|150,487
|align="right"|143,232
|align="right"|25,130
|align="right"|85.61
|-
|align="right"|10
|align=left|[[Shantipur]]
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|UA
|align="right"|288,718
|align="right"|147,299
|align="right"|141,419
|align="right"|24,006
|align="right"|82.67
|-
|align="right"|11
|align=left|[[Dankuni]]
|align=left|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|UA
|align="right"|249,840
|align="right"|128,139
|align="right"|121,701
|align="right"|22,956
|align="right"|85.69
|-
|align="right"|12
|align=left|[[Dhulian]]
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|UA
|align="right"|239,022
|align="right"|119,151
|align="right"|119,871
|align="right"|45,483
|align="right"|60.06
|-
|align="right"|13
|align=left|[[Ranaghat]]
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|UA
|align="right"|235,583
|align="right"|119,578
|align="right"|116,005
|align="right"|18,575
|align="right"|86.10
|-
|align="right"|14
|align=left|[[Haldia]]
|align=left|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|City (Tier 2)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Donde|first=Chhavi Dang & Ritwik|title=West Bengal to develop Tier II towns as next-gen IT hubs|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/west-bengal-to-develop-tier-ii-towns-as-next-gen-it-hubs/articleshow/482459.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref>
|align="right"|200,762
|align="right"|104,852
|align="right"|95,910
|align="right"|21,122
|align="right"|89.06
|-
|align="right"|15
|align=left|[[Raiganj]]
|align=left|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|UA
|align="right"|199,758
|align="right"|104,966
|align="right"|94,792
|align="right"|22,028
|align="right"|81.71
|-
|align="right"|16
|align=left|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|UA
|align="right"|181,182
|align="right"|91,583
|align="right"|89,599
|align="right"|13,663
|align="right"|88.09
|-
|align="right"|17
|align=left|[[Nabadwip]]
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|UA
|align="right"|175,474
|align="right"|90,810
|align="right"|84,664
|align="right"|13,049
|align="right"|84.57
|-
|align="right"|18
|align=left|[[Midnapore|Medinipur]]
|align=left|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|UA
|align="right"|169,127
|align="right"|85,362
|align="right"|83,765
|align="right"|14,365
|align="right"|90.01
|-
|align="right"|19
|align=left|[[Jalpaiguri]]
|align=left|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|UA
|align="right"|169,013
|align="right"|85,226
|align="right"|83,787
|align="right"|14,522
|align="right"|86.03
|-
|align="right"|20
|align=left|[[Balurghat]]
|align=left|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|UA
|align="right"|164,593
|align="right"|82,466
|align="right"|82,127
|align="right"|10,349
|align="right"|91.66
|-
|align="right"|21
|align=left|[[Basirhat]]
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|UA
|align="right"|144,891
|align="right"|73,491
|align="right"|71,400
|align="right"|12,578
|align="right"|86.88
|-
|align="right"|22
|align=left|[[Bankura]]
|align=left|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|City
|align="right"|138,036
|align="right"|70,734
|align="right"|67,302
|align="right"|10,760
|align="right"|87.27
|-
|align="right"|23
|align=left|[[Chakdaha]]
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|UA
|align="right"|132,855
|align="right"|67,135
|align="right"|65,720
|align="right"|9,829
|align="right"|90.95
|-
|align="right"|24
|align=left|[[Darjeeling]]
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|UA
|align="right"|132,016
|align="right"|65,839
|align="right"|66,177
|align="right"|7,382
|align="right"|93.17
|-
|align="right"|25
|align=left|[[Alipurduar]]
|align=left|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|UA
|align="right"|127,342
|align="right"|64,898
|align="right"|62,444
|align="right"|10,545
|align="right"|89.16
|-
|align="right"|26
|align=left|[[Purulia]]
|align=left|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|UA
|align="right"|126,894
|align="right"|65,334
|align="right"|61,560
|align="right"|12,116
|align="right"|81.53
|-
|align="right"|27
|align=left|[[Jahangirpur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]]
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|UA
|align="right"|122,875
|align="right"|62,734
|align="right"|60,141
|align="right"|16,299
|align="right"|75.71
|-
|align="right"|28
|align=left|[[Bolpur]]
|align=left|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|City
|align="right"|112,591
|align="right"|56,755
|align="right"|55,836
|align="right"|9,592
|align="right"|86.77
|-
|align="right"|29
|align=left|[[Bangaon]]
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|City
|align="right"|110,668
|align="right"|56,416
|align="right"|54,252
|align="right"|8,452
|align="right"|90.25
|-
|align="right"|30
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar]]
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|UA
|align="right"|106,760
|align="right"|53,803
|align="right"|52,957
|align="right"|7,910
|align="right"|91.75
|-
|align="center" colspan="30" style="font-size: 8pt"|* UA=Urban Agglomeration
|}

==Urban agglomerations==
In the census of India 2011, an urban agglomeration has been defined as follows:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 2012-03-27 }}</ref>

"An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity."

===Urban agglomeration constituents===
Urban agglomerations constituents with a population above 100,000 as per the 2011 census are shown in the table below.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2012-03-27}}</ref>

The constituents of urban agglomerations in West Bengal, with a population of 1 lakh or above, are noted below:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 2012-03-27 }}</ref>

* Kolkata Urban Agglomeration includes : '''Kolkata district''': Kolkata (M Corp.), '''Nadia district''': Kalyani (M), Gayespur (M), '''North 24 Parganas district''': Raigachhi (CT), Barasat (M), Madhyamgram (M), Kanchrapara (M), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG), Jetia (CT), Halisahar (M), Balibhara (CT), Naihati (M), Noapara (P) (CT), Babanpur (CT), Teghari (CT), Bhatpara (M), Panpur (OG), Kaugachhi (CT), Garshyamnagar (CT), Garulia (M), Ichhapur Defence Estate (CT), North Barrackpur (M), Barrackpur Cantonment (CB), Barrackpur (M), Jafarpur (CT), Ruiya (CT), Titagarh (M), Khardaha (M), Bandipur (CT), Panihati (M), Muragachha (CT), New Barrackpur (M), Chandpur (CT), Talbandha (CT), Patulia (CT), Kamarhati (M), [[Baranagar Municipality|Baranagar]] (M), South Dum Dum (M), North Dum Dum (M), Dum Dum (M), Rajarhat-Gopalpur (M) [now merged with Bidhannagar (M Corp.)],<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC|url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/}}</ref> Bidhannagar (M Corp.), Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (Salt Lake Sector V) (M), West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corp (New Town) (M), '''Hooghly district''': Dankuni (M Corp) Bansberia (M), Hugli-Chinsurah (M), Bara Khejuria (OG), Shankhanagar (CT), Amodghata (CT), Chak Banshberia (CT), Naldanga (CT), Kodalia (CT), Kulihanda (CT), Simla (CT), Dharmapur (CT), Bhadreswar (M), Champdani (M), Chandannagar (M Corp.), Baidyabati (M), Serampore (M), Rishra (M), Rishra (CT), Bamunari (CT), Dakshin Rajyadharpur (CT), Nabagram Colony (CT), Konnagar (M), Uttarpara Kotrung (M), Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni) (CT), Kanaipur (CT), Keota (CT), '''Howrah district''': Bally (M) [Now merged with Howrah (M Corp.)],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bally Municipality is merged with Howrah Corporation|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/howrah-hoogly/bally-municipality-is-merged-with-howrah-corporation-1.132582}}</ref> Howrah (M Corp.), Bally (CT), Jagadishpur (CT), Chamrail (CT), Eksara (CT), Chakapara (CT), Khalia (CT), Bankra (CT), Nibra (CT), Mahiari (CT), Bipra Noapara (CT), Ankurhati (CT), Kantlia (CT), Salap (CT), Tentulkuli (CT), 83 Argari (CT), Andul (CT), Ramchandrapur (CT), Jhorhat (CT), Hatgachha (CT), Dhuilya (CT), Panchpara (CT), Podara (CT), Banupur (CT), Sankrail (CT), Manikpur (CT), Sarenga (CT), Raghudebbati (CT), Nalpur (CT), Uluberia (M), Chak Srikrishna (OG), Khalisani (CT), Uttar Pirpur (CT), Balarampota (CT), Santoshpur (CT), Domjur (CT), Dakshin Jhapardaha (CT), Makardaha (CT), Khantora (CT), Bhandardaha (CT), Kamranga (CT), Jaypur Bil (CT), '''South 24 Parganas district''': Joka (CT), Chata Kalikapur (CT), Ganye Gangadharpur (CT), Rameswarpur (CT), Asuti (CT), Hanspukuria (CT), Kalua (CT), Ramchandrapur (CT), Samali (CT), Maheshtala (M), Uttar Raypur (CT), Balarampur (CT), Buita (CT), Benjanhari Acharial (CT), Abhirampur (CT), Nischintapur (CT), Birlapur (CT), Chak Kashipur (CT), Chak Alampur (CT), Bowali (CT), Dakshin Raypur (CT), Poali (CT), Pujali (M), Budge Budge (M), Daulatpur (CT), Bhasa (CT), Bishnupur (CT), Kanyanagar (CT), Nahazari (CT), Nadabhanga (CT), Kanganbaria (CT), Bora Gagangohalia (CT), Chanddandaha (CT), Barkalikapur (CT), Patharberia (CT), Ramkrishnapur (CT), Amtala (CT), Kriparampur (CT), Chak Enayetnagar (CT), Maricha (CT), Bhangar Raghunathpur (CT), Gobindapur (CT), Radhanagar (CT), Danga (CT), Ramchandrapur (CT), Bidyadharpur (CT), Kalikapur (CT), Chak Baria (CT), Sahebpur (CT), Rajpur Sonarpur (M), Petua (CT), Garia (CT), Panchghara (CT), Mallikpur (CT), Hariharpur (CT), Champahati (CT), Solgohalia (CT), Naridana (CT), Kalaria (CT), Gaur Daha (CT), Banshra (CT), Salipur (CT), Khodar Bazar (CT), Komarhat (CT), Baruipur (M), Raynagar (CT), Kalikapur Barasat (CT), Baharu (CT), Uttarparanij (CT), Alipur (CT), Uttar Durgapur (CT), Jaynagar Majilpur (M).
* Asansol Urban Agglomeration includes: Asansol (M Corp.), Salanpur-Rupnarayanpur (CT), Bhanowara (CT), Charanpur (OG), Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township) (CT), Sahebganj (CT), Egara (CT), Amkula (CT), Murgathaul (CT), Raghunathchak (CT), Ballavpur (CT), Majiara (CT), Domohani (CT), Topsi (CT), Baktarnagar (CT).
* [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Urban Agglomeration]] includes: '''Darjeeling district''': [[Siliguri (M Corp.)]], Kalkut/Champasari (CT), Shibmandir (CT), Bagdogra (CT), '''Jalpaiguri district''': Dabgram (CT), [[Jalpaiguri (M)]]
* Durgapur Urban Agglomeration includes: Durgapur (M Corp.), Bamunara (CT), Arra (CT).
* Bardhaman Urban Agglomeration includes: Bardhaman (M), Goda (CT), Bahir Sarbamangala (CT), Gangpur (CT), Nari (CT), Mirzapur (CT), Talit (R), Kamnara(R).
* Haldia Tamluk Urban Agglomeration includes: [[Haldia]] (M), [[Tamluk]] (M), [[Mahishadal]] (CT), [[Nandigram]] (CT), Chandipur (CT), Nandakumar (CT), [[Panskura]] (M), Moyna (CT), Kolaghat (CT), Shantipur (CT), Anantpur (CT), Dakshin Baguan (CT), Amalhara (CT), Erashal (CT), Kotbar (CT), Kakdihi (CT), Kharisha (CT), Ashadtalya (CT), Barda (CT), Garh Kamalpur (CT), Kukrahati(CT), Mechogram (CT).
* Malda Urban Agglomeration includes: [[English Bazar Municipality|English Bazar]] (M), [[Old Malda]] (M), Chhatianmor (CT), Bagbari (CT), Sahapur (CT).
* Baharampur Urban Agglomeration includes: Baharampur (M), Kasimbazar (CT), Goaljan (CT), Gora Bazar (CT), Gopjan (CT), Sibdanga Badarpur (CT), Chaltia (CT), Haridasmati (CT), Ajodhya Nagar (CT), Banjetia (CT).
* Habra Urban Agglomeration includes: Habra (M), Ashoknagar Kalyangarh (M), Bara Bamonia (CT), Guma (CT), Anarbaria (CT), Khorddabamonia (CT).
* Kharagpur Urban Agglomeration includes: Kharagpur (M), Kharagpur Rly. Settlement (CT), Kalaikunda (CT).
* Santipur Urban Agglomeration includes: Santipur (M), Taherpur (NA), Taherpur (OG), Barasat (OG), Bhaduri (OG), Mahishdanga (OG), Phulia (CT), Patuli (CT), Badkulla (CT), Ghoralia (CT), Beharia (CT), Gangi (CT).
* Dankuni Urban Agglomeration includes: Dankuni (M), Purbba Tajpur (CT), Kharsarai (CT), Begampur (CT), Chikrand (CT), Pairagachha (CT), Barijhati (CT), Garalgachha (CT), Krishnapur (CT), Baruipara (CT), Borai (CT), Nawapara (CT), Basai (CT), Gangadharpur (CT), Manirampur, Janai (CT), Kapashanria (CT), Jaykrishnapur (CT), Tisa (CT), Baksa (CT), Panchghara (CT), Naiti (CT).
* Dhulian Urban Agglomeration includes: Dhulian (M), Anup Nagar (CT), Dhusaripara (CT), Uttar Mahammadpur (CT), Kankuria (CT), Chachanda (CT), Basudebpur (CT), Kohetpur (CT), Jaykrishnapur (CT), Jafrabad (CT).
* Ranaghat Urban Agglomeration includes: Ranaghat (M), Birnagar (M), Cooper's Camp (NA), Magurkhali (OG), Ranaghat (CT), Hijuli (CT), Aistala (CT), Satigachha (CT), Nasra (CT), Panpara (CT), Raghabpur (CT), Kamgachhi (CT), Anulia (CT), Halalpur Krishnapur (CT).
* Raiganj Urban Agglomeration includes: Raiganj (M), [[Maharaja Hat]] Kasba (CT), Nachhratpur Katabari (CT).
* Krishnanagar Urban Agglomeration includes: Krishnanagar (M), Baruihuda (CT), Paschim Bhatjangla (CT), Sonda (CT).
* Nabadwip Urban Agglomeration includes: Nabadwip (M), Char Maijdia (CT), Char Brahmanagar (CT), Bablari Dewanganj (CT), Tiorkhali (CT), Gadigachha (CT), Majdia (CT).
* Jalpaiguri Urban Agglomeration includes: Jalpaiguri (M), Mainaguri (M), Domohani (CT), Belakoba (CT), Paharpur (CT), Kranti (CT), Raninagar (CT), Mohitnagar (CT), Kharia (CT), Aurobindo (OG).
* Balurghat Urban Agglomeration includes: Balurghat (M), Baidyanathpara (OG), Chak Bhrigu (CT), Dakra (CT).
* Basirhat Urban Agglomeration includes: Basirhat (M), Uttar Bagundi (CT), Dandirhat (CT), Raghunathpur (CT).
* Chakdaha Urban Agglomeration includes: Chakdaha (M), Parbbatipur (CT), Gopalpur (CT), Belgharia (CT), Punglia (CT), Lalpur (CT).
* Darjeeling Urban Agglomeration includes: Darjeeling (M), Chongtong Tea Garden (CT), Singtam Tea Garden (CT).
* Alipurduar Urban Agglomeration includes: Alipurduar (M), Sobhaganj. (CT), Alipurduar Rly.Jnc. (CT), Chechakhata (CT), Paschim Jitpur (CT), Bholar Dabri (CT), Birpara (CT).
* Purulia Urban Agglomeration includes: Purulia (M), Raghabpur (CT).
* Jangipur Urban Agglomeration includes: Jangipur (M), Charka (CT), Dafarpur (CT), Ramnagar (CT).
* Cooch Behar Urban Agglomeration includes: Cooch Behar (M), Kharimala Khagrabari (CT), Guriahati (CT).

::Abbreviations: M Corp. = Municipal Corporation, M = Municipality, CT = Census Town, OG = Out Growth, NA = Notified Area, CB = Cantonment Board

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Cities of India}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Cities by population]]

Gaurishankar Bhattacharyya

2026-03-30T11:01:07Z

Riserteam: created basic article w/ sources

{{Short description|Assamese freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
'''Gaurishankar Bhattacharyya''' (10 December 1915{{snd}}23 June 2002?<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2015-12-10 |title=My Koka: Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/my-koka-gaurisankar-bhattacharyya/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>) was an Assamese freedom fighter, social activist, litterateur and politician, who served as the Leader of Opposition in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Arnab |date= |title=The Soil Beckons |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-soil-beckons/239453 |website=Outlook |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhattacharya was born in Samarkuchi village of [[Nalbari district]] to Souridutta Bhattacharyya, a Sanskrit Pandit.<ref name=":0" /> He did his undergraduate from [[Cotton University|Cotton College]], and earned an M. A. in history from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Kolkata]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Bhattacharya was active in politics since his student days;<ref name=":0" /> in 1939, he was elected as the president of the All Assam Students Federation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen Gupta |first=Susmita |title=Radical Politics in Meghalaya: Problems and Prospects |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2009 |isbn=9788178357423 |location=New Delhi |pages=19, 40 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1952, Bhattacharya won election to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Guwahati]] constituency for the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) defeating Rajabala Das of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref name=":1" />{{Efn|Only 44.41% of the electorate voted in the polls. Bhattacharya secured 5505 votes, winning by a margin of 213.}} He was the only legislator from CPI in the House. In 1957, he defended the seat, defeating Lakshmidhar Borah of the INC.{{Efn|Only 52.08% of the electorate voted in the polls. Bhattacharya secured 14,182 votes, winning by a margin of 973.}} However, five years later in 1962, Bhattacharya suffered defeat at the hands of Debendra Nath Sharma, the INC candidate.{{Efn|Only 58.39% of the electorate voted in the polls. Bhattacharya secured 8560 votes, losing by a margin of 5487.}} Months afterward, during the [[Sino-Indian War]], Bhattacharya was subject to [[preventive detention]] by the Congress government for his activism; he would leave CPI, shortly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chetia |first=Bonojit Hussain and Mayur |title=Amalendu Guha (1924-2015): Lifelong revolutionary, peoples' historian, life-affirming poet |url=http://scroll.in/article/728582/amalendu-guha-1924-2015-lifelong-revolutionary-peoples-historian-life-affirming-poet |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the 1967 elections, Bhattacharya stood as an independent candidate from the newly delimited Borbhag constituency and eked out a comfortable win over Pabindra Nath Sarma of the INC.{{Efn|Only 46.4% of the electorate voted in the polls. Bhattacharya secured 14,772 votes, winning by a margin of 4346.}} Two years later, Bhattacharya collaborated with [[Renuka Devi Barkataki]], a Congress renegade, to launch the Peoples Democratic Party of Assam (PDPA);{{Efn|Not to be confused with [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]], formed in Assam around the same time.}} it would be the first regional party to contest the assembly elections.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boruah |first=Chandra Nath |title=Assamese response to regionalism |title-link=Assamese Response to Regionalism |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-281-3 |pages=xiv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakati |first=Satishchandra |title=Problems of North-East |publisher=Assam Book Depot |year=1996 |location=Guwahati |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> Five years later, Bhattacharya stood as an independent candidate from Borbhag again, and won against Sarma.{{Efn|Only 52.8% of the electorate voted in the polls. Bhattacharya secured 14,772 votes, winning by a margin of 629.}} Bhattacharya became the leader of the Opposition in the Assam Legislative Assembly. The Peoples democratic Party (PDPA) later merged with [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmah |first=Bhupen |title=Rejuvenating Panchayati Raj: Ideology, Indian State and Lessons from Periphery |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |year=2006 |isbn=9788183700801 |location=New Delhi |pages=153}}</ref>

== Literature ==
Bhattacharya moved away from politics in his later life, devoting time to literature; in 1999, he was conferred with the national Sahitya Academy Award (Anubad Suchi Samman) by the Sahitya Akademi for translating B.R. Aggarwalla's ''Trials of Independence'' into Assamese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhattacharya married Tarulata Bhattacharya; they had three sons — Dibya Shankar Bhattacharya who is a senior Indian Army officer, Dhruba Shankar Bhattacharya (now deceased) and [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]], and three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2018-04-26 |title=Know Your New Minister Siddhartha Bhattacharyya |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/know-new-minister-siddhartha-bhattacharyya.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohain |first=Chandan B. |date=2021-05-03 |title=From dissent to democracy in Assam: Akhil Gogoi now faces a new challenge |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/05/03/from-dissent-to-democracy-in-assam-akhil-gogoi-now-faces-a-new-challenge/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> Siddhartha Bhattacharya is a legislator from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

His eldest grandson is [[Arnab Goswami]], an Indian news anchor and editor-in-Chief of Republic TV.<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:1915 births]]

Uttara (neighbourhood)

2026-03-27T15:27:11Z

Riserteam: starting some article w/ refs!

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Dhaka, Bangladesh}}
{{Other uses|Uttara (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Uttara Model Town
| native_name = উত্তরা
| native_name_lang = bn
| type = [[Neighbourhoods in Dhaka Metropolitan Area|Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Uttara Airport Road, Dhaka (28543570895).jpg
| caption1 = [[Airport Road, Dhaka|Airport Road]]
| image2 = রবীন্দ্র সৃজনকলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ক্যাম্পাস ভবন.jpg
| caption2 = Kadam Square
| image3 = Interior of Uttara North 19.jpg
| caption3 = [[Uttara North metro station]]
| image4 = উত্তরা লেক ২০১২.jpg
| caption4 = [[Uttara Lake]]
| image5 = Sonargaon Janapath 09.jpg
| caption5 = [[Sonargaon Janapath]]
| image6 = RAJUK Uttara Apartment Project (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = [[RAJUK Uttara Apartment Project]]
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_link =
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh Dhaka division#Bangladesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Uttara
| image_map1 = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=350|frame-height=250|zoom=13|frame-lat=23.8752427|frame-long=90.3807891
|type=shape|title=Uttara (town)}}
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_label_position = middle
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Dhaka Division]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhaka District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|Metropolitan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dhaka North City Corporation|DNCC]]
| population_total = 179,907
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 4874.20
| area_total_km2 = 36.91
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Elevation of Dhaka">{{cite web |url=http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1185241 |title=Geographic coordinates of Dhaka, Bangladesh |publisher=DATEANDTIME.INFO |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810111241/http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1185241 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 23
| elevation_ft =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| utc_offset = +6
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.877|N|90.377|E|type:city_region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 1230
| website =
| footnotes =
| name = Uttara
| established_date = 1966
| established_title = Establishment
| founder = [[RAJUK]]
| timezone1 = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| population_note =
| p1 =
}}

'''Uttara Model Town''' or simply '''Uttara''' ({{langx|bn|উত্তরা|Uttôrā|The North [of Dhaka]}}; {{IPA|bn|ut̪ːɔɹa|IPA}}) is a neighbourhood of [[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bangladesh]]. It lies on the road to [[Gazipur]], and adjoins [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]].

==History==
===Planning===
In 1966, the [[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|Dhaka Improvement Trust]] (DIT) planned to build a [[satellite town]] under the ''North Satellite Town project'' in [[Dhaka District]]. In 1980, DIT changed the project name to ''Uttara Residential Model Town Project''.<ref name=dit>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:স্যাটেলাইট টাউন নিয়ে ভাবনা ও আশঙ্কা|date=19 October 2014|language=bn|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221163622/https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live}}</ref>

===First phase===
[[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|RAJUK]]{{NoteTag|The Dhaka Improvement Trust was changed to the {{lang|bn-Latn|Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha}} (lit. 'Capital Development Authority', RAJUK) in 1987<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|author=Md Asraful Islam}}</ref>}} completed the first phase of the project in 1992. In this phase, Uttara had 6,000 plots. The total land for these plots was {{Convert|950|acre|km2}}.<ref name="phase">{{cite news |date=13 September 2021 |title=Uttara Model Town third-phase project limping for 22yrs |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/576188/Uttara-Model-Town-thirdphase-project-limping-for-22yrs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219203713/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/576188/Uttara-Model-Town-thirdphase-project-limping-for-22yrs |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=Daily Sun}}</ref> The sectors completed in the first phase were sectors 1 through 10.

===Second phase===
A new phase started after the completion of first phase. The second phase took six years to complete.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/07/08/uttara-model-towns-third-phase-project-lying-incomplete-for-13-years|title=Uttara Model Town’s third-phase project lying incomplete for 13 years|date=8 July 2013|author=Abu Hayat Mahmud|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220110933/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/07/08/uttara-model-towns-third-phase-project-lying-incomplete-for-13-years|url-status=live}}</ref> The sectors completed in the second phase were sectors 11, 12, 13, and 14.

===Third phase===
{{further|Uttara Model Town (3rd Phase)}}
During the course of the third phase around {{Convert|2,150|acre|km2}} of land were acquired. About 10,000 residential plots and 225,512 apartments, including amenities and urban facilities, were provided. The estimated cost of third phase was [[Bangladeshi taka|Tk ]]23.16 billion. The phase deadline was extended to June 2022.<ref name=phase /> Sectors planned to be built in the third phase are sectors 15 through 18.

==Demographics==
At the [[2011 Bangladesh census]], Uttara had a population of 179,907. According to the 2011 figures, males constitute 56.33% of the population and females 43.67%, and about 80% of the neighborhood's population are adults. Uttara has an average literacy rate of 90.49% (people 7 and older) which is much higher than the average literacy rate in Bangladesh at 77.9% as of 2023.<ref name=2011cen>{{cite web|title=District Statistics 2011 Dhaka|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%2520Statistics/Dhaka.pdf|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025184021/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7+ functional literacy rate increases to 77.9pc: BBS {{!}} News |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/180472 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=BSS}}</ref>

==Administration==
Uttara is divided into administrative and geographical divisions named ''sectors''. There are 18 sectors in Uttara.<ref name=Sector>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/bibidh/article/1503126405|script-title=bn:নামেই উত্তরা মডেল টাউন|trans-title=Uttara Model Town by name|date=23 March 2015|newspaper=[[Samakal]]|language=bn|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219211725/https://samakal.com/bibidh/article/1503126405|url-status=live}}</ref> Every sector is organized under a sector welfare association.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/capital/2017/12/19/140143.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221092948/https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/capital/2017/12/19/140143.html|archive-date=21 December 2021|script-title=bn:আবাসিক চেহারা হারাচ্ছে উত্তরা ঢাকা উত্তর সিটি করপোরেশন, ওয়ার্ড-১|trans-title=Uttara, Dhaka North City Corporation, Ward-1 is losing its residential appearance|author=Tamim Majid|language=bn|work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]|date=19 December 2017}}</ref> Uttara Association is the combination of these sector-wise associations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amarpranerbangladesh.com/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7/|script-title=bn:উত্তরা এসোসিয়েশন'র বার্ষিক সাধারণ সভা অনুষ্ঠিত|trans-title=Annual General Meeting of Uttara Association held|date=14 September 2019|language=bn|last=Talukdar|website=Daily Amar Praner Bangladesh|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221113910/http://amarpranerbangladesh.com/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The neighborhood is under two [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] ([[Ward No. 1 (Dhaka North City Corporation)|Ward no. 1]]<ref name=ward>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87|script-title=bn:উত্তর সিটির যেসব এলাকা যে ওয়ার্ডে|trans-title=Areas of that ward in North City|date=28 April 2015|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220101518/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ward No. 51 (Dhaka North City Corporation)|Ward no. 51]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city-news/261722/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%9F|script-title=bn:৫১ নম্বর ওয়ার্ড: আবাসিক পরিবেশ নিশ্চিতের প্রত্যয়|trans-title=Ward No. 51: Commitment to ensure residential environment|date=31 December 2019|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220162814/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city-news/261722/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%9F|url-status=live}}</ref>) of [[Dhaka North City Corporation]]. Politically this area is in the [[Dhaka-18]] constituency of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://election.prothomalo.com/seat/191|script-title=bn:ঢাকা-১৮|trans-title=Dhaka-18|access-date=20 December 2021|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220104204/https://election.prothomalo.com/seat/191|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ward councillors===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ward
!Area
!Name
!Ref.
|-
|01
|Sectors 1 to 10
|Afsar Uddin Khan
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/first-page/273886/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:কাউন্সিলর পদেও আ’লীগ প্রার্থীদের জয়জয়কার|trans-title=The victory of the A-League candidates for the post of councilor also|date=2 February 2021|newspaper=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219210253/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/first-page/273886/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|51
|Sectors 11 to 14
|Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/capital/150125/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:নতুন কাউন্সিলর হলেন যারা|trans-title=Those are the new councilors|date=1 March 2019|language=bn|work=[[Jugantor]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221085647/https://www.jugantor.com/capital/150125/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Geography==
===Inner Uttara===
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Sector 1
* Sector 2
* Sector 3
* Sector 4
* Sector 5
* Sector 6
* Sector 7
* Sector 8
* Sector 9
* [[Sector 10]]
* Sector 11
* Sector 12
* Sector 13
* Sector 14
* Sector 15
* Sector 16
* Sector 17
* Sector 18
{{div col end}}

===Outer Uttara===
* Uttarkhan (Uttar Khan)
* Dakshinkhan (Dakshin Khan or Daxinkhan)
* Phulbaria<ref name=Khidir>{{cite news|url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/184011/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2|script-title=bn:দখলে বিলীন হচ্ছে উত্তরা খিদির খাল|trans-title=The Uttara Khidir canal is disappearing|author=Syed Abdul Malik|date=5 February 2019|language=bn|newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221105349/https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/184011/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2|url-status=live}}</ref> (Adjacent to Sector 10)
* Ranabhola<ref name=Khidir /> (Adjacent to Sector 10)
* Kamarpara<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-first-page/article/2112134194/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:আন্দোলনের মধ্যেই ঝরল আরও প্রাণ, মাকে বাসায় নেওয়া হলো না লিমনের|trans-title=More lives were lost in the movement, Limon's mother was not taken home|date=5 December 2021|language=bn|newspaper=[[Samakal]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221110232/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-first-page/article/2112134194/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|url-status=live}}</ref> (Adjacent to Sector 10)
* Dhour
* Bamnartek
* Nolbhog<ref name=turag>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city-news/240526/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7|script-title=bn:উন্নয়নবঞ্চিত তুরাগের মানুষ|trans-title=People of Turag deprived of development|date=5 November 2019|language=bn|author=Md. Polash Prodhan|newspaper=[[Jugantor]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221111803/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city-news/240526/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Noa Nagar
* Dolipara<ref name=Khidir /> (Adjacent to Sector 5)
* Katoitala (Adjacent to Sector 5)
* Pakuria<ref name=turag />
* Diabari
* Khantek<ref name=turag />
* Jatrabari<ref name=turag />
* Ahalia<ref name=turag />
* Ashkona
* Khalpar<ref name=Khidir />
* Tarartek
* Abdullahpur<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/first-page/486553/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97 |script-title=bn:টঙ্গী ব্রিজে গর্ত, দুদিন ধরে যানজটে অবর্ণনীয় দুর্ভোগ |trans-title=Tongi bridge hole, indescribable misery in traffic for two days |date=13 November 2021 |language=bn |newspaper=[[Jugantor]] |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221102032/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/first-page/486553/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97 |url-status=live}}</ref> (Situated at the banks of [[Turag River]], adjacent to Sector 9)

===Private housing===
* Priyanka City<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dhanshiritv.com/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87/ |script-title=bn:উত্তরা প্রিয়াংকা সিটিতে সামান্য বৃষ্টিতেই জলাবদ্ধতা: নগরবাসীর দুর্ভোগ চরমে! |trans-title=Waterlogging due to light rain in Uttara Priyanka City: The misery of the city dwellers is extreme! |date=6 July 2021 |language=bn |publisher=Dhanshiri TV |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221101516/https://dhanshiritv.com/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87/ |url-status=live}}</ref> (Adjacent to Sector 12)
* [[Rupayan City]] (Situated to the west at the end of Sector 12)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/business/industry/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:আবাসন: রূপায়ন সিটি উত্তরা, ঢাকার বুকে ছোট্ট এক সবুজ শহর|trans-title=Housing: Rupayan City Uttara, A small green city in the heart of Dhaka|date=19 October 2020|language=bn|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221104339/https://www.prothomalo.com/business/industry/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
Uttara is a planned city and is one of the elite suburbs in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/capital/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F|trans-title=Namely elite, not advantage|script-title=bn:নামে অভিজাত, সুবিধায় নয়|author=Saddam Hossain|date=20 November 2021|language=bn|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220170346/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/bangladesh/capital/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F|url-status=live}}</ref> For that reason, and due to many other features, Uttara is one of the most desirable residential areas in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/dhaka/2017/05/29/502745|script-title=bn:ঢাকায় বসবাসের ৭টি সবচেয়ে আকর্ষণীয় জায়গা|trans-title=6 most interesting places to live in Dhaka|date=29 May 2017|language=bn|work=[[Kaler Kantho]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220170350/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/dhaka/2017/05/29/502745|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a survey conducted by B-Property in 2019, Uttara is the first choice of Dhaka residents for living. Nuswardi is Chief Executive of the property website B-Property. He said to [[BBC Bangla]] that this planned satellite town is an important place in the capital of Bangladesh which has all necessary amenities and services the residents need. In the future, more and more people will start living in [[Purbachal New Town Project|Purbachal]], which is located adjacent to the area so it is a plus point.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-49032646|script-title=bn:ঢাকায় থাকার জন্য পছন্দের শীর্ষে উত্তরা, মিরপুর - সমীক্ষা রিপোর্ট|trans-title=Top choice to stay in Dhaka is Uttara & Mirpur - survey report|date=18 July 2019|newspaper=[[BBC Bangla]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220171848/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-49032646|url-status=live}}</ref>

Uttara is a popular destination for shooting Bangladeshi dramas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.channelionline.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0/ |script-title=bn:রং ঢং শুটিং হাউজ: একের ভেতর সব |trans-title=Colorful Shooting House: All in one |date=25 January 2021 |language=bn |work=[[Channel i]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104201822/https://www.channelionline.com/amp/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82 |script-title=bn:উত্তরায় পুরোদমে চলছে ঈদের শুটিং |trans-title=Eid shooting is in full swing in Uttara |date=23 June 2016 |last=Kader |first=Manzur |language=bn |newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104201822/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/entertainment/tv/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sector 7 Bridge is a popular destination for [[street food]] lovers. Home to many street food vendors, the suburbs also house many posh, luxurious restaurants and [[Fine dining|fine-dinings]]. Residents from other parts of Dhaka visit these restaurants frequently.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/city/2018/05/06/327912 |script-title=bn:রাতের ঢাকায় রসনাবিলাস |first=Jinnatun |last=Nur |date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |language=bn |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308205937/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/city/2018/05/06/327912 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Parks and recreation==
Uttara has a total of eight parks. Sectors 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 10 have no parks. There are numerous lakes in Uttara, including [[Uttara Lake]], however there are no lakes in sectors 1, 2, 6, 8, 10 and 12.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F|trans-title=Come out to Uttara|script-title=bn:বেড়িয়ে আসুন উত্তরায়|author=Rafat Jamil|date=30 October 2015|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160634/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Khidir Canal]] also runs through the neighborhood. There is a children's [[amusement park]] in Sector 15 named Fantasy Island.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/tp-shoili/article/1701260223/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1|script-title=bn:কল্পনার রাজ্য ফ্যান্টাসি আইল্যান্ড|trans-title=Fantasy Island, the realm of fantasy|date=4 January 2017|work=[[Samakal]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161720/https://samakal.com/tp-shoili/article/1701260223/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Roads===
[[File:Uttara, Dhaka (18960446316).jpg|thumb|Uttara Airport Road]]
Many bus routes provide various transportation services in Uttara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.bdnews24.com/bn/detail/lifestyle/646794|script-title=bn:ঢাকার বাসযাত্রা|trans-title=Bus journey to Dhaka|date=14 July 2013|work=[[bdnews24.com]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220114516/https://m.bdnews24.com/bn/detail/lifestyle/646794|url-status=live}}</ref> Many taxi services are available in this area such as [[Uber]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/uber-taxi-service-hit-dhaka-streets-today-1318690|title=Uber taxi service hits Dhaka streets|date=22 November 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220115251/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/uber-taxi-service-hit-dhaka-streets-today-1318690|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pathao]], [[Shohoz]], and [[InDrive]].

===Rail===
{{further|Dhaka Airport railway station|Dhaka Metro Rail#MRT Line-6}}
Residents of Uttara use the [[Dhaka Airport Railway Station]] to travel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/460376.details|script-title=bn:৩৫ মিনিটে কমলাপুর থেকে উত্তরায় পাড়ি|trans-title=35 minutes to Uttara from Kamalapur|date=26 January 2016|work=[[Banglanews24.com]]|language=bn|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220120036/https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/460376.details|url-status=live}}</ref> Situated opposite to [[Shahjalal International Airport|Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]],<ref name=train /> it is accessible via the [[Airport Road, Dhaka|Airport Road]].
[[File:Dhaka Airport Railway Station.jpg|thumb|220px|Dhaka Airport Railway Station]]

[[File:Journey by metro in Uttara.webm|thumb|View of Sector 15 from train window while traveling from [[Uttara North metro station|Uttara North]] to [[Uttara Center metro station]]]]
At present, the [[MRT Line 6 (Dhaka Metro)|MRT Line 6]] of [[Dhaka Metro Rail|Dhaka Metro]] connects [[Diabari]] of Uttara to [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-04 |title=Metro now connects Uttara with Motijheel |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/metro-now-connects-uttara-motijheel-3460821 |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> There are three metro stations in Uttara under [[MRT Line 6]], these include: [[Uttara North metro station|Uttara North]], [[Uttara Center metro station|Uttara Centre]] and [[Uttara South metro station|Uttara South]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/533281/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2/ |script-title=bn:নির্ধারিত সময়েই মেট্রোরেল |trans-title=Metrorail will be built at the scheduled time |date=29 October 2020 |language=bn |newspaper=[[Daily Janakantha]] |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Rajan |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104200226/https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/533281/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Shahjalal International Airport.jpg|thumb|Airport in Dhaka]]
{{Main|Shahjalal International Airport#Location and Connectivity}}
There is an airport situated in Kurmitola, Dhaka named [[Shahjalal International Airport]]. It can be accessed by the eight-lane [[Airport Road, Dhaka|Airport Road]].<ref name="old">{{cite web |title=Dhaka – Airports |url=http://www.worldexecutive.com/locations/asia_pacific/bangladesh/dhaka/airports.html |publisher=World Executive |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424120233/http://www.worldexecutive.com/locations/asia_pacific/bangladesh/dhaka/airports.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To the north of the airport lies [[Uttara Thana|Uttara]] area and [[Gazipur]] city, while [[Dhaka]] city lies to its south. There is a railway station immediately outside (facing) the airport named [[Airport railway station, Dhaka|Airport Railway Station]].<ref name=train>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g293936-i9193-k4244602-From_Sylhet_to_Dhaka_Airport_by_train-Dhaka_City_Dhaka.html|title=From Sylhet to Dhaka Airport by train|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706214138/https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g293936-i9193-k4244602-From_Sylhet_to_Dhaka_Airport_by_train-Dhaka_City_Dhaka_Division.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Streets==
* [[Ahmed Sofa Sarani]]
* [[Sonargaon Janapath]]
* Jashimuddin Avenue
* Isha Kha Avenue<ref name=s2>{{cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:উত্তরায় একসঙ্গে ২৩ সড়কে সংস্কার |date=3 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224162546/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Rabindra Sarani<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/594583/DutchBangla-Bank-opened-its-220th-Branch-at-Rabindra-Sarani-Uttara-Dhaka |title=Dutch-Bangla Bank opened its 220th Branch at Rabindra Sarani, Uttara, Dhaka |date=19 December 2021 |newspaper=Daily Sun |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224160732/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/594583/DutchBangla-Bank-opened-its-220th-Branch-at-Rabindra-Sarani-Uttara-Dhaka |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gareeb-e-Nawaz Avenue<ref name=s1>{{cite news |url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/1601184660 |script-title=bn:বিশ্ব ইজতেমা কাল শুরু |date=7 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Samakal]] |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224161102/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/1601184660 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gausul Azam Avenue<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2022/02/04/1117226 |script-title=bn:উত্তরায় আইসিডিডিআরবির নমুনা সংগ্রহ কেন্দ্র চালু |date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224161417/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2022/02/04/1117226 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shah Makhdum Avenue<ref name=s1/>
* Alaul Avenue<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2019/05/19/771355 |script-title=bn:এসএ পরিবহনের কুরিয়ারে ইয়াবা, এক লাখসহ গ্রেপ্তার ২ |date=19 May 2019 |newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224161619/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2019/05/19/771355 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shayesta Kha Avenue
* Shahjalal Avenue<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/28406/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:বিশ্ব ইজতেমা উপলক্ষে গাড়ি পার্কিং ও চলাচলে ডিএমপির নির্দেশনা |date=13 February 2019 |newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224164333/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/28406/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ranabhola Avenue<ref name=s2/>
* Eskaton Avenue<ref name=h/>

==Public institutions==
===Post Office===
There is a sub-post office situated in Sector 3,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/letter/2015/12/13/89294.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220123007/https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/letter/2015/12/13/89294.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |script-title=bn:উত্তরা সাব-পোস্ট অফিস |trans-title=Uttara Sub-Post Office |date=13 December 2015 |work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn}}</ref> with a postal code of 1231.

===Fire Service===
There is a fire service and civil defence station in Uttara.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/387163/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1 |script-title=bn:কাকরাইল ও উত্তরায় অগ্নিকান্ড |language=bn |date=6 June 2021 |newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab]] |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706214131/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/387163/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Regional Passport Office===
Uttara has a Regional Passport Office (RPO) situated in Sector 12.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7|script-title=bn:নতুন ভবনে দুই মাস উত্তরা পাসপোর্ট কার্যালয়ের সেবায় খুশি মানুষ|trans-title=People are happy with the service of Uttara Passport Office for two months in the new building|date=26 November 2016|author=Drinja Chambugang|language=bn|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220163412/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Thanas===
The neighbourhood of Uttara has six [[Thanas of Bangladesh|thanas]] (police precincts):<ref>[https://dailyinqilab.com/national/article/679189 উত্তরার কয়েকটি থানার কার্যক্রম চলছে এনালগ পদ্ধতিতে]. [[Daily Inqilab]]</ref>
* [[Uttara East Thana]]
* [[Uttara West Thana]]
* [[Turag Thana]]
* [[Bimanbandar Thana, Dhaka|Airport Thana]]
* [[Uttar Khan Thana]]
* [[Dhakshinkhan Thana]]

===Hospitals===
* Aichi Hospital<ref name=h>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/miscellaneous/2016/01/12/312502 |script-title=bn:ঢাকার সকল হাসপাতালের ঠিকানা ও ফোন নম্বর |date=12 January 2016 |language=bn |newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518202640/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/miscellaneous/2016/01/12/312502 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Al Ashraf General Hospital<ref name=h/>
* [[Kuwait Bangladesh Friendship Government Hospital]]
* Radical Hospital<ref name=hi>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/404345/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8 |script-title=bn:উত্তরার তিন হাসপাতালে ১০০ মৃত্যুর তথ্য গোপন |date=2 August 2021 |language=bn |newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522230117/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/404345/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shin Shin Japan Hospital<ref name=hi/>
* Uttara Adhunik Medical College & Hospital<ref name=ad>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel24bd.tv/health/article/102761/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8 |script-title=bn:উত্তরা আধুনিক মেডিকেল হাসপাতালে আন্তর্জাতিক সেবিকা দিবস উদযাপন |date=11 May 2022 |language=bn |website=[[Channel 24 (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706214131/https://www.channel24bd.tv/health/article/102761/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Japan East West Medical College Hospital<ref name=jew>{{cite news |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/626772/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |script-title=bn:উত্তরায় চালু হচ্ছে ৩০০ শয্যার করোনা হাসপাতাল |date=6 June 2020 |language=bn |work=[[Bangla Tribune]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518203956/https://www.banglatribune.com/others/626772/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Women and Children's Hospital, Uttara<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2018/09/13/95957/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |script-title=bn:উত্তরায় মহিলা ও শিশুদের জন্য নতুন হাসপাতাল |date=13 September 2018 |language=bn |work=Dhaka Times 24 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518204445/https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2018/09/13/95957/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ahsania Mission Cancer & General Hospital

==Education==
===Schools===
{{Div col}}
* [[Aga Khan School, Dhaka]]
* [[Armed Police Battalion High School Uttara Dhaka|Armed Police Battalion High School]]
* Azampur Government Primary School
* [[Bangladesh International Tutorial]] (BIT)
* Belmont International School
* Blooming Flower School
* Child Plan School
* Daffodil International School
* Don Bosco School and College
* Glenrich International School, Uttara
* Euro International School
* Green Lawn School and College
* Heritage International College
* [[International Turkish Hope School, Dhaka]]
* Kids Campus School
* Life Preparatory School
* MaHaad International School
* [[Mastermind School]]
* Mileshium School
* [[Milestone College]]
* Moajjem Hossain Ideal School & College
* Nawab Habibullah Model School & College
* Oxford International School, Uttara campus
* Peace International School (PIS)
* Premier School Dhaka (PSD)
* Rangon Academy
* [[Rajuk Uttara Model College]]
* Rangon Art School
* Red Brick School
* Scholastica school
* Sky Touch School
* [[South Breeze School]]
* [[Sunbeams School]]
* Sunnydale
* The Headway School
* Time International Academy
* [[Uttara High School and College]]
* Uttara Model College
* Uttara Model School
* Uttara Town College
{{Div col end}}

===Colleges and universities===
{{Div col}}
* [[Aeronautical Institute of Bangladesh]]
* Aeronautical College of Bangladesh
* [[Asian University of Bangladesh|Asian University]]
* [[Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology]]
* [[BGMEA Institute of Fashion & Technology]]
* Heritage International College of Aviation Science and Management
* [[International University of Business Agriculture and Technology]]
* [[Shanto Mariam University of Creative Technology]]
* [[Tagore University of Creative Arts]]
* [[Uttara University]]
* [[World University of Bangladesh]]
{{Div col end}}

===Medical colleges===
{{Div col}}
* Japan East West Medical College Hospital<ref name=jew/>
* [[Medical College for Women and Hospital]]
* [[Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College]]
* Uttara Adhunik Medical College & Hospital<ref name=ad/>
{{Div col end}}

==Tourist attractions==
* [[Diabari]]
* [[Mugdho Mancha]]
* [[Uttara Lake]]

==Notable residents==
* [[Ilias Javed]], actor
* [[Mir Mugdho]], freelancer and activist
* [[S M Jahangir Hossain]], politician

==See also==
{{Portal|Bangladesh}}
* [[Azampur|Azampur, Uttara]]
* [[Dakshinkhan Union]]
* [[House Building, Uttara]]
* [[Neighbourhoods in Dhaka Metropolitan Area]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite thesis|title=A study on the problems and prospects of Uttara Model Town, Dhaka: A case of new community development|first=Md. Salim|last=Ullah|year=1987|url=http://lib.buet.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1675/Full%20%20Thesis%20.pdf|publisher=[[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]|place=Dhaka|ref={{SfnRef|Ullah|1987}}}}
*{{cite thesis|title=Uttara Model Town: A study of its plan and subsequent development|first=Shammi Akter|last=Satu|year=2009|url=http://lib.buet.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/3019/Full%20Thesis%20.pdf|publisher=[[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]|place=Dhaka|ref={{SfnRef|Satu|2009}}}}
{{refend|}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite book |last=Farooque |first=Abu Hasan |year=2012 |chapter=Uttara Thana |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttara_Thana |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{Uttara (town)}}

[[Category:Uttara| ]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Planned communities in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1960s]]

Heresy in Christianity

2026-03-25T23:41:34Z

Riserteam: added references

{{Short description|Formal denial or doubt of a core Christian doctrine}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Oxford spelling|date = January 2025}}{{Historical Christian theology|expanded=Post-Nicene development}}
'''Heresy in Christianity''' denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core [[doctrine]] of the Christian faith<ref name="NIDCC-heresy"/> as defined by one or more of the [[Church (congregation)|Christian churches]].<ref name="ODCC-heresy"/>

As Christianity became established as a church, it defined orthodoxy and combated deviation from it by developing ecclesiastical, universal, and ecumenical councils. [[Excommunication]], [[inquisition]], and execution (by civil authorities) were used against heretics who refused to recant,<ref name="Petruzzello-Britannica">{{cite web |last1=Petruzzello |first1=Melissa |title=heresy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/heresy |website=Britannica |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> and major heresies were sometimes dealt with by [[List_of_Crusades#Against_heretics|military crusade]]s. With the growth of toleration and [[ecumenicalism]], inquisitions have been abandoned.

The first Christian executed for heresy was [[Priscillian]] in 385 CE,<ref name=burrus-1995-97/> and the last was [[Cayetano Ripoll]], (accused of [[Deism]]) in 1826 CE.<ref name=nashuatelegraph-1826>{{cite news|title=Daily TWiP – The Spanish Inquisition executes its last victim today in 1826|url= http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/805877-196/daily-twip---the-spanish-inquisition-executes.html |access-date=8 June 2013 |date=26 July 2010}}</ref>
Some notable heresies in Christian history have been [[Arianism]], [[Marcionism]], [[Donatism]], [[Catharism]], [[Docetism]], [[Gnosticism]], [[Pelagianism]], [[Nestorianism]], and [[Conciliarism]].<ref name="Hornbeck-Fordham-10">{{cite web |last1=Hornbeck II |first1=J. Patrick |title=Top 10 Heresies in the History of Christianity |url=https://now.fordham.edu/inside-fordham/top-10-heresies-in-the-history-of-christianity/ |website=Fordham University |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''heresy'' comes from ''haeresis'', a Latin transliteration of the Greek word αἵρεσις originally meaning choosing, choice, course of action, or in an extended sense a sect or school of thought,<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=aipɛoç – Ancient Greek (LSJ) |url=https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82 |website=lsj.gr}}</ref> which by the first century came to denote warring factions and the party spirit. The word appears in the [[New Testament]], usually translated as ''[[sect]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Greek: 139. αἵρεσις (hairesis) – Sect, faction, heresy |url=https://biblehub.com/greek/139.htm |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref> and was appropriated by the Church to mean a sect or division that threatened the unity of Christians. Heresy eventually became regarded as a departure from [[orthodoxy]], a sense in which [[heterodoxy]] was already in Christian use soon after the year 100.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ådna |first=Jostein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwWzi_omhrAC&dq=Jostein+heterodox+heresy&pg=PA342 |title=The Formation of the Early Church |date=2005 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-148561-9 |page=342 |language=en}}</ref>

==Definition==
{{See also|Excommunication}}
Heresy (in Christianity) is used today to denote the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith<ref name="NIDCC-heresy">J.D Douglas (ed). ''The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church'' Paternoster Press/ Zondervan, Exeter/Grand Rapids 1974, art ''Heresy''</ref> as defined by one or more of the [[Christian churches]].<ref name="ODCC-heresy">Cross & Livingstone (eds) ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 1974 art '''Heresy'''</ref> It is distinguished from both [[Apostasy in Christianity|apostasy]] and [[Schism in Christianity|schism]],<ref name="ODCC-heresy"/> apostasy being nearly always total abandonment of the Christian faith after it has been freely accepted,<ref name="Prummer">Prümmer, Dominic M. ''Handbook of Moral Theology'' Mercer Press 1963, sect. 201ff</ref> and schism being a formal and deliberate breach of Christian unity and an offense against charity without being based essentially on doctrine.<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds) ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 1974 arts ''apostasy'', ''schism''</ref>

==Early Christianity (1st century – c. 325)==
{{See also|Early Christianity}}

===Development of orthodoxy===
{{See also|Diversity in early Christian theology}}
The development of doctrine, the position of [[orthodoxy]], and the relationship between the early Church and early heretical groups is a matter of academic debate. [[Walter Bauer]], in his ''Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity'' (1934/1971),{{refn|group=note|''Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum'' Tübingen 1934 (a second edition, edited by Georg Strecker, Tübingen 1964, was translated as ''Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity'' 1971).}} proposed that in earliest Christianity, orthodoxy and heresy did not stand in relation to one another as primary to secondary, but in many regions heresy was the original manifestation of Christianity.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Bauer|first=Walter|title=Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity|year=1971|isbn= 0-8006-1363-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Behr|first=John|author-link=John Behr|title=Irenaeus of Lyons: Identifying Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-166781-7|pages=5–6|quote=[Walter Bauer claimed] that Christianity was a diverse phenomenon from the beginning, that 'varieties of Christianity' arose around the Mediterranean, and that in some places what would later be called 'heretical' was initially normative [...] Although some of Bauer's reconstructions are inaccurate and have been dropped, the idea that Christianity was originally a diverse phenomenon has now been generally accepted.}}</ref> Bauer reassessed as a historian the overwhelmingly dominant view{{refn|group=note|Bauer (1964:3f) instanced [[Origen]], ''Commentarius II in Cant.'', and ''Sel. in Proverb.'' and [[Tertullian]], ''De praescript. haer.'' 36 as espousing the traditional theory of the relation of heresy.}} that for the period of Christian origins, ecclesiastical doctrine already represented what is primary, while heresies, on the other hand somehow are a deviation from the genuine (Bauer, "Introduction").<ref name=":0" />

Scholars such as [[Elaine Pagels|Pagels]] and [[Bart D. Ehrman|Ehrman]] have built on Bauer's original thesis. Drawing upon distinctions between [[Jewish Christians]], Gentile Christians, and other groups such as Gnostics and [[Marcionites]], they argue that early Christianity was fragmented, and with contemporaneous competing orthodoxies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|author-link=Elaine Pagels|title=The Gnostic Gospels|year=1979|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |isbn= 0-679-72453-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford |location=New York |isbn=0-19-514183-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm }}</ref> Ehrman's view is that while the specifics of Bauer's demonstration were later rejected, his intuitions are broadly accepted by scholars and were confirmed beyond what Bauer might have guessed.<ref name="Ehrman2005">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA176|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518249-1|page=176}}</ref>

According to [[H. E. W. Turner]], responding to Bauer's thesis in 1954, "what became official orthodoxy was taught early on by the majority of church teachers, albeit not in fully developed form."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=H. E. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTxLAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Pattern+of+Christian+Truth:+A+Study+in+the+Relations+between+Orthodoxy+and+Heresy+in+the+Early+Church |title=The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church |date=2004-10-29 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-59244-982-8 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Darrell Bock]], a Christian apologist,{{sfn|Gregory|Tuckett|2015|p=453}} Bauer's theory does not show an equality between the established church and outsiders including [[Simon Magus]].<ref>Bock, Darrell L. The Missing Gospels: Unearthing the Truth Behind Alternative Christianities / {{ISBN|978-0-7852-1294-2}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|According to Gregory & Tuckett, Bock "is not an expert on the Christian Apocrypha, and his shortcomings are often apparent."{{sfn|Gregory|Tuckett|2015|p=453}}}} According to Mitchell et al., each early Christian community was unique, but the tenets of the mainstream or [[Catholic (term)|catholic]] Church ensured that each early Christian community did not remain isolated.<ref>Frances M. Young (2006), ''The Cambridge History of Christianity Volume 1: Origins to Constantine'', Series: Cambridge History of Christianity {{ISBN|978-0-521-81239-9}}.</ref>

===Diversity===
{{Main|Diversity in early Christian theology}}
The [[Ante-Nicene period]] (2nd–3rd century) saw the rise of a great number of Christian [[sect]]s, [[cult]]s and [[Sociological classifications of religious movements|movements]] with strong unifying characteristics lacking in the apostolic period. They had different interpretations of [[Bible|Scripture]], particularly the [[Christology|divinity of Jesus]] and the nature of the [[Trinity]]. Some of the major [[sect]]s, [[cult]]s and [[Sociological classifications of religious movements|movements]] with different interpretations of [[Bible|Scripture]] from those of the [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|Proto-Orthodox]] church were:
* [[Gnosticism]] (particularly [[Valentinianism]]) – reliance on revealed knowledge from an unknowable God, a distinct divinity from the [[Demiurge]] who created and oversees the material world.
* [[Marcionism]] – the [[God the Father|God]] of [[Jesus]] was a different God from the [[Yahweh|God]] of the [[Old Testament]].
* [[Montanism]] – relied on [[Prophecy|prophetic]] [[revelation]]s from the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]].
* [[Adoptionism]] – Jesus was not born the [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son of God]], but was adopted at his [[Baptism of Jesus|baptism]], [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] or [[Ascension of Jesus|ascension]].
* [[Docetism]] – Jesus was pure spirit and his physical form an illusion.

===Proto-orthodoxy===
{{Main|Proto-orthodoxy}}
Before AD 313 there was no true mechanism in place to resolve the [[Diversity in early Christian theology|various differences of beliefs]] within the early Christian Church. Heresy was to be approached by the leader of the church, according to [[Eusebius]], author of the ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church History]]''.

==Late Antiquity (313–476) and Early Middle Ages (476–799)==
{{Main|Christianity in late antiquity|History of Christianity of the Middle Ages}}

===Christology===
{{Main|Christology}}
The earliest controversies in Late Antiquity were generally [[Christological]] in nature, concerned with the interpretation of Jesus' (eternal) divinity and/or humanity. In the 4th century, [[Arius]] and [[Arianism]] held that Jesus, while not primarily mortal, was not always divine and was, therefore, of lesser status than [[God the Father]]. Arianism was condemned at the Council of Nicea (325) but nevertheless was widely believed in the church of that century. [[Trinitarianism]] held that [[God the Father]], [[God the Son]], and the [[Holy Spirit]] were all strictly one being with three [[Hypostasis (Christianity)|hypostases]]. The [[Euchites]], a 4th-century [[Antinomianism|antinomian]] sect from [[Mesopotamia]], held that the triune God transformed himself into a single hypostasis to unite with the souls of the perfect. Euchites were [[anti-clerical]] and rejected baptism and the sacraments, believing that the passions could be overcome and perfection achieved through prayer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Matthew |date=2020-11-22 |title=A History of Heresy in Ancient and Medieval Christianity |url=https://brewminate.com/a-history-of-heresy-in-ancient-and-medieval-christianity/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many groups held [[Dualistic cosmology|dualistic]] beliefs, maintaining that reality was composed of two radically opposing parts: matter, usually seen as evil, and spirit, seen as good. [[Docetism]] held that Jesus's humanity was merely an illusion, thus denying the incarnation. Others held that both the material and spiritual worlds were created by God, and therefore both were good, and that these two realms were represented in the unified divine and human natures of Jesus.<ref>R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 58</ref>

===Legal suppression of heresies===
{{Main|History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance}}
The legalisation of Christianity under [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine I]] in AD 313 led to the uniformity of proto-orthodox beliefs and the formulation of dogma through canons from the [[ecumenical councils]]. The first known usage of the term 'heresy' in a civil legal context was in 380 by the "[[Edict of Thessalonica]]" of [[Theodosius I]]. Before the issuance of this edict, the Church lacked state-sponsored support for any specific legal mechanism to address what it identified as 'heresy.' With this edict, the distinction between the [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|Church and the Roman government]] became less clear. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and State was a sharing of State powers of legal enforcement between Church and State authorities, with the state enforcing what it determined to be orthodox teaching.
Within five years of the official criminalization of heresy by the emperor, the first Christian heretic, [[Priscillian]], was executed in 385 by Roman officials.<ref name=burrus-1995-97>{{cite book |last=Burrus |first=Virginia |title=The Making of a Heretic: Gender, Authority, and the Priscillianist Controversy |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft009nb09t/ |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08997-6 |page=97}}</ref>

A few decades later, the edict of [[Theodosius II]] (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of [[Nestorius]].<ref name="Thompson2009">{{cite book|author=Jay E. Thompson|title=A Tale of Five Cities: A History of the Five Patriarchal Cities of the Early Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anocDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|year=2009|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-7447-0|page=138}}</ref> Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death.<ref name="MV2010">{{cite book|author=María Victoria Escribano Paño|editor1=Richard Lindsay Gordon|editor2=Francisco Marco Simón|title=Magical Practice in the Latin West: Papers from the International Conference Held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept. – 1st Oct. 2005|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_Udwo-g7VIC&pg=PA135|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17904-2|pages=135–136|chapter=Chapter Three. Heretical texts and ''maleficium'' in the ''Codex Theodosianum'' (''CTh.'' 16.5.34)}}</ref>

===Ecumenical councils===
{{Main|First seven Ecumenical Councils}}
[[First seven ecumenical councils|Seven ecumenical councils]] were convened between 325 and 787. These were primarily concerned with Christological disputes:
*The [[First Council of Nicaea|First Ecumenical Council]] - ordered by Emperor Constantine at Nicaea in 325, with [[Pope Alexander I of Alexandria]] presiding over more than 300 bishops who condemned [[Arius|Arius']] view that the Son is a created being inferior to the Father.
*The [[First Council of Constantinople|Second Ecumenical Council]] - held at Constantinople in 381, with the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch presiding over 150 bishops. It decided and declared that the Holy Spirit is as divine as the God the Father and Jesus the Christ, forming a co-equal Holy Trinity. This council also condemned Arianism.
*The [[First Council of Ephesus|Third Ecumenical Council]] - held in Ephesus, in 431 with the Patriarch of Alexandria presiding over with 250 bishops. It was mired in controversy because of the absence of the patriarchs of Constantinople and Antioch, the absence of the Syrian clergy, and violence directed against the archbishop of Constantinople, [[Nestorius]], and his supporters. It affirmed that [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] is the "Bearer of God" ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Theotokos]]}}), contrary to the teachings of Nestorius, whom it anathematized. A mirror Council held by Nestorius, the Patriarch of Antioch, and the Syrian clergy affirmed Mary as {{lang|grc-Latn|Christokos}}, "Bearer of Christ", and anathematized [[Cyril of Alexandria]].
*The [[Council of Chalcedon|Fourth Ecumenical Council]] - held in Chalcedon in 451, with the Patriarch of Constantinople presiding over 500 bishops. This council affirmed that Jesus has two natures: God and man, distinct yet always in perfect union. It was based largely on [[Pope Leo I]]'s ''Tome''. It condemned [[monophysitism]] and would be influential in refuting [[monothelitism]].
*The [[Second Council of Constantinople|Fifth Ecumenical Council]] - held in Constantinople in 553. It interpreted the decrees of Chalcedon and further explained the relationship between Jesus's two natures; it also condemned the teachings of [[Origen]] on the [[pre-existence]] of the soul.
*The [[Third Council of Constantinople|Sixth Ecumenical Council]] - held in Constantinople in 681, declaring that Jesus had two wills of his two natures, human and divine, contrary to the teachings of the [[monothelites]].
*The [[Second Council of Nicaea|Seventh Ecumenical Council]] - called by Empress Regent [[Irene of Athens]] in 787 and held in Nicaea. It supported the [[veneration]] of [[icon]]s while forbidding their worship. It is often referred to as "The Triumph of Orthodoxy".

Not all these Councils have been universally recognised as [[Ecumenical Council|ecumenical]]. In addition, the [[Catholic Church]] has convened numerous other councils that it deems have the same authority, making a total of twenty-one Ecumenical Councils recognised by the Catholic Church.

The [[Assyrian Church of the East]] accepts only the first two, and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] only three. [[Pope Sergius I]] rejected the [[Quinisext Council]] of 692 (see also [[Pentarchy]]). The Fourth Council of Constantinople of [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)|869–870]] and [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)|879–880]] are disputed by Catholicism and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].

Present-day [[Nontrinitarianism|nontrinitarians]], such as [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saints]] and other [[Mormonism|Mormons]], and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], reject all seven Councils.

Some Eastern Orthodox consider the following council to be ecumenical, although this is not universally agreed upon:
#The [[Fifth Council of Constantinople]] was actually a series of councils held between 1341 and 1351. It affirmed the [[hesychastic]] theology of St. [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemned the philosopher [[Barlaam of Calabria]].
#In addition to these councils, several significant councils have been meant to define the Eastern Orthodox position further. They are the [[Synod of Constantinople (1484)|Synods of Constantinople in 1484]], [[orthodoxwiki:Sigillion of 1583|1583]], [[Cyril V of Constantinople#The Oros and the validity of baptisms|1755]], 1819, and [[Phyletism|1872]], the [[Synod of Iași]], 1642, and the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Pan-Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, 1672]]. Some individual examples of the execution of Eastern Orthodox heretics do exist, such as the execution of [[Avvakum]] in 1682.

==High Middle Ages (800–1299) and Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (1300–1520) ==
{{Main|Medieval history of Christianity#High Middle Ages (800–1300)|3 = Heresy in the Catholic Church|Medieval history of Christianity#Late Middle Ages (1300–1499)}}
[[File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg|thumb|This 1711 illustration for the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.]]

From the late 11th century onward, heresy once again came to be a concern for Catholic authorities, as reports became increasingly common. The reasons for this are still not fully understood, but the causes for this new period of heresy include popular response to the 11th-century clerical reform movement, greater [[Laity|lay]] familiarity with the [[Bible]], exclusion of lay people from [[sacrament]]al activity, and more rigorous definition and supervision of [[Catholic dogma]]. The question of how heresy should be suppressed was not resolved, and there was initially substantial clerical resistance to the use of physical force by secular authorities to correct spiritual deviance. As heresy was viewed with increasing concern by the [[papacy]], however, the [[secular arm]] was used more frequently and freely during the 12th century and afterward.

===Medieval heresies===
There were many Christian [[sect]]s, [[cult]]s, [[Sociological classifications of religious movements|movements]] and individuals throughout the Middle Ages whose teachings were deemed heretical by the established church, such as:
* [[Paulicianism|Paulicians]] – an [[Armenia]]n group (6th to 9th centuries) who sought a return to the purity of the church at the time of [[Paul the Apostle]].
* [[Tondrakians]] – an [[Armenia]]n group (9th to 11th centuries) who advocated the abolition of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Church]] along with all its traditional rites.
* [[Bogomilism|Bogomils]] – a group arising in the 11th century in [[Bulgaria]] who sought a return to the spirituality of the early Christians and opposed established forms of government and church.
* [[Gundolfo]] – an itinerant 11th century preacher near [[Lille]], [[France]], who taught that [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] was achieved through a virtuous life of abandoning the world, restraining the appetites of the flesh, earning food by the labor of hands, doing no injury to anyone, and extending charity to everyone of their own faith.
* [[Catharism|Cathars]] – a major Christian movement in the [[Languedoc]] region of southern [[France]] from the 12th to 14th centuries. The Cathars believed that human [[soul]]s were the spirits of [[angel]]s trapped within the physical creation of an evil god. Through living a pure and sinless life, the soul could become perfect and free from the snare of matter.
* [[Arnoldists]] – a 12th-century group, inspired by the example of controversial figure [[Arnold of Brescia]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1090 – June 1155), from [[Lombardy]] who criticized the wealth of the [[Catholic Church]] and preached against [[baptism]] and the [[Eucharist]].
* [[Peter of Bruys|Petrobrusians]] were 12th century followers of Peter of Bruys in southeastern [[France]] who rejected the authority of the [[Church Fathers]] and of the Catholic Church, opposing [[clerical celibacy]], [[infant baptism]], [[prayers for the dead]] and [[Organ (music)|organ]] music.
* [[Henry of Lausanne|Henricans]] were 12th century followers of Henry of Lausanne in France. They rejected the [[Catholic theology|doctrinal]] and disciplinary authority of the [[Catholic Church|church]], did not recognize any form of [[worship]] or [[Liturgy#Christianity|liturgy]] and denied the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]].
* [[Waldensians]] – a movement that began in the 12th century in [[Lyon]], [[France]], and still exists today. They held that [[Apostolic poverty]] was the way to spiritual perfection and rejected what they perceived as the [[Religious images in Christian theology|idolatry]] of the [[Catholic Church]].
* [[Humiliati]] – a 12th-century group from northern Italy who embraced poverty, charity and [[Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching|mortification]]. Initially approved by the church, they were suppressed for disobedience in 1571.
* [[Brethren of the Free Spirit]] – a term applied in the 13th century to those, primarily in the [[Low Countries]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Bohemia]] and northern [[Italy]], who believed that the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] were unnecessary for [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]], that the [[soul]] could be perfected through imitating the life of [[Christ]], and that the perfected soul was free of [[Christian views on sin|sin]] and beyond all [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|ecclesiastical]], [[Christian ethics|moral]] and secular law.
* [[Apostolic Brethren]] (later known as [[Dulcinian]]s) – a 13th to 14th century sect from northern Italy founded by [[Gerard Segarelli]] and continued by [[Fra Dolcino]] of [[Novara]]. The Apostolic Brethren rejected the worldliness of the church and sought a life of perfect sanctity, in complete poverty, with no fixed domicile, no care for the morrow, and no vows.
* [[Fraticelli]] (or Spiritual Franciscans) – [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] through the 13th to 15th centuries who regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous.
* [[Adamites#Neo-Adamits|Neo-Adamites]] – a term applied in the 13th to 15th century to those, including [[Taborites]], [[Picards]] and some [[Beghards]], who wished to return to the purity of the life of [[Adam]] by [[Intentional community|living communally]], practicing social and religious [[Christian naturism|nudity]], embracing [[free love]] and rejecting [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|marriage]] and individual ownership of property.
*[[Nicholas of Basel]] – a 14th-century [[Basel|Swiss]] leader who, after a spiritual experience, taught that he had the authority to use [[Bishop|episcopal]] and [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priestly]] powers (even though he was not ordained), that submission to his direction was necessary for attaining spiritual perfection, and that his followers could not [[Christian views on sin|sin]] even though they committed crimes or disobeyed both the [[Catholic Church|Church]] and [[pope]].
* [[Lollardy|Lollards]] – the 14th century followers of [[John Wycliffe]]. They advocated [[Bible translations into English|translating the Bible into English]], rejected [[baptism]] and [[Sacrament of Penance|confession]], and denied the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]].

===Inquisition===
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Catholic Church instituted the papal or monastic [[Inquisition]] which began as an extension and more rigorous enforcement of pre-existing episcopal powers (possessed, but little used, by bishops in the early Middle Ages) to inquire about and suppress heresy, but later became the domain of selected [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]]<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia Inquisition">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|title= Catholic Encyclopedia Inquisition|website=New Advent|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> under the direct power of the Pope. The use of torture to extract confessions was authorized by Innocent IV in 1252.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia Inquisition"/>

[[Giordano Bruno]], was executed by the Church for heretical beliefs in 1600. A believer in [[Copernicus|Copernicanism]] (the idea that the earth and other planets orbited the sun), he is perhaps most famous for his preaching that the universe was unlimited with innumerable inhabited worlds; but also professed heretical ideas about [[Hell|eternal damnation]], the [[Trinity]], the [[Christology|deity of Christ]], the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|virginity of Mary]], and [[transubstantiation]], [[pantheism]],{{sfnm|1a1=Birx|1y=1997|2a1=Collinge|2y=2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000coll_2ndedi/page/188 188]}} and [[metempsychosis]] regarding the [[reincarnation]] of the [[soul]].
Historians disagree over whether his heresy trial was mainly a response to his cosmological views,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gatti |first=Hilary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jo3hYavTpkC&pg=PA116 |title=Ideas under Fire: Historical Studies of Philosophy and Science in Adversity |date=2012-10-26 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson |isbn=978-1-61147-543-2 |editor1=Lavery, Jonathan |editor2=Groarke, Louis |editor3=Sweet, William |pages=116–118 |language=en |chapter=Why Giordano Bruno's "Tranquil Universal Philosophy" Finished in a Fire |quote=One of the first and most notable developments consisted in a growing awareness that earlier commentators had indeed been right to consider Bruno's trial as being closely linked to that of Galileo (...) Jean Seidengart underlined the particular emphasis to be found throughout the trial on Bruno's doctrine of a plurality of worlds." and "Bruno, however, by admitting so candidly his distance from the Catholic theology, was indirectly questioning such a system of law, which imposed on his conscience views different from his own. (...) he was doing it in the name of a principle of religious pluralism which derived directly from his cosmology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martínez |first=Alberto A. |year=2018 |title=Burned Alive: Giordano Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo28433424.html |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-1780238968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Koyré|first=Alexandre|title=Estudios galileanos|year=1980|publisher=Siglo XXI Editores|isbn=978-9682310355|location=México D.F.|pages=159–169|language=es}}</ref> or his views on religion and [[afterlife]].{{sfn|Yates|1977|p=450}}<ref>Michael J. Crowe, ''The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900'', Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, "[Bruno's] sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed at his denial of Christ's divinity and alleged diabolism than at his cosmological doctrines."</ref><ref>[[Adam Frank]] (2009). ''The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate'', University of California Press, p. 24, "Though Bruno may have been a brilliant thinker whose work stands as a bridge between ancient and modern thought, his persecution cannot be seen solely in light of the war between [[science and religion]]."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|White|2002|p=7}}: "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Shackelford | first = Joel | editor = Numbers, Ronald L. | editor1-link =Ronald Numbers | title = Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion | chapter = Myth 7 That Giordano Bruno was the first martyr of modern science | publisher = Harvard University Press | date = 2009 | location = Cambridge, MA | page = 66}} "Yet the fact remains that cosmological matters, notably the plurality of worlds, were an identifiable concern all along and appear in the summary document: Bruno was repeatedly questioned on these matters, and he apparently refused to recant them at the end.14 So, Bruno probably was burned alive for resolutely maintaining a series of heresies, among which his teaching of the plurality of worlds was prominent but by no means singular."</ref>

== Reformation and Modern Era (1520–present) ==
In the 16th century several preachers/scholars ([[Martin Luther]], [[John Calvin]], and others) attempted to reform the Catholic Church, disagreeing with church doctrine on the [[Salvation in Christianity|nature of salvation]], the [[sale of indulgences]], etc. This movement developed into the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Reformation]] and a major [[schism in Christianity]]. Unlike many other heresies, Protestantism was not eliminated by the Catholic church and as of 2010 is estimated to comprise 37% of all Christians.<ref name="Pew-500 Protestants">{{cite web |last1=Sahgal |first1=Neha |title=500 years after the Reformation, 5 facts about Protestants around the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/10/27/500-years-after-the-reformation-5-facts-about-protestants-around-the-world/ |website=Pew Center |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

===Modern Roman Catholic response to Protestantism===
{{Main|Heresy in the Catholic Church#Modern Roman Catholic response to Protestantism}}
At the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) Catholic leaders declared all forms of Protestantism [[Heresy in the Catholic Church|heretical]].
Some of the doctrines of Protestantism that the Catholic Church considers heretical are the belief that the [[Bible]] is the only supremely authoritative source and rule of faith and practice in Christianity (''[[sola scriptura]]''), that only by faith alone can anyone ever accept the grace of salvation and not by following God's commandments (''[[sola fide]]''), and that Christian priesthood should be a universal [[priesthood of all believers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Protestantism |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12495a.htm |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>

Among the positions in violation of the views of the Catholic Church that [[Martin Luther]] had taken when he was a Catholic priest were, "{{lang|la|Haereticos comburi est contra voluntatem Spiritus}}" (It is contrary to the Spirit to burn heretics). This phrase was the name given to summarized version of his comments that were included in {{lang|la|[[Exsurge Domine#Text|Exsurge Domine]]}}, a 1520 papal bull<ref name=Bainton-145>{{cite book|last=Bainton|first=Roland H.|author-link=Roland Bainton|title=Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther|publisher=Abingdon-Cokesbury Press|year=1950}}, pp. 145–147.</ref><ref name=Fredericq-27>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5jdWnEO2hvUC&pg=PA27 |title=Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae |last=Fredericq |first=Paul |language=la |year=1900 |page=27}}</ref> that listed his anti-heretic killing sympathies along with 40 other positions Luther had taken in his writings that were allegedly heretical, and which he was ordered to recant. When Luther failed to accept the bull and give a broad recantation of his writings, he was excommunicated in the subsequent 1521 papal bull ''[[Decet Romanum Pontificem]]''.

In the 17th century, [[Jansenism]], which taught the doctrine of [[predestination]], was regarded by the [[Catholic Church]] as a heresy; the [[Jesuit]]s were particularly strong opponents of Jansenism.<ref name="Cambridge2006">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Steart J. |last2=Brown |first2=Stewart J. |last3=Brown |first3=Stewart Jay |last4=Tackett |first4=Timothy |last5=Bowie |first5=K. Scott |last6=Young |first6=Frances Margaret |last7=Mitchell |first7=Margaret Mary |last8=Casiday |first8=Augustine |last9=Norris |first9=Frederick W. |last10=Angold |first10=Michael |last11=Noble |first11=Thomas F. X. |last12=Baranowski |first12=Roberta A. |last13=Smith |first13=Julia M. H. |last14=Rubin |first14=Miri |last15=Hsia |first15=R. Po-chia |last16=Gilley |first16=Sheridan |last17=Simons |first17=Walter |last18=McLeod |first18=Hugh |last19=Stanley |first19=Brian |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 7, Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521816052 |page=307 |language=en}}</ref> The text ''[[Augustinus (Jansenist book)|Augustinus]]'', which propagated Jansenist beliefs, was repudiated by the [[Holy See]].<ref name="Brechka2012">{{cite book |last1=Brechka |first1=Frank T. |title=Gerard Van Swieten and His World 1700–1772 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-9401032230 |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[Testem benevolentiae nostrae]]'', issued on 22 January 1899, [[Pope Leo XIII]] condemned as heresy, [[Americanism (heresy)|Americanism]], "the rejection of external spiritual direction as no longer necessary, the extolling of natural over supernatural virtues, the preference of active over passive virtues, the rejection of religious vows as not compatible with Christian liberty, and the adoption of a new method of apologetics and approach to non-Catholics."<ref name="Heffron2011">{{cite web |last1=Heffron |first1=Christopher |title=Ask A Franciscan: What is Americanism? |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/ask-a-franciscan-what-is-americanism/ |publisher=Franciscan Media |access-date=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606040214/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/ask-a-franciscan-what-is-americanism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cardinal James Gibbons]] responded to Pope Leo XIII that no educated Catholic Christian in the United States subscribed to these condemned doctrines.<ref name="Heffron2011"/>

====Last execution of a heretic====
The last case of an execution by the inquisition was that of the schoolmaster [[Cayetano Ripoll]], accused of [[deism]] by the waning [[Spanish Inquisition]] and hanged on 26 July 1826 in [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] after a two-year trial.<ref name="nashuatelegraph-1826" />

===Protestant responses to heresy of other Protestants ===
For some years after the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[list of Christian denominations|Protestant denominations]] were also known to execute those whom they considered heretics.
Protestantism is divided into various denominations on the basis of [[Christian theology|theology]] and [[Protestant ecclesiology|ecclesiology]],<ref name="Hillerbrand">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Hillerbrand |editor-given=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |volume=1–4 |year=2004 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92472-6 |url={{Google books|id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=59}} |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Adventism|Adventists]], [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]], [[Anglicanism|Anglicans/Episcopalians]], [[Baptists]], [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist/Reformed]],{{refn|group=note|This branch was first called ''Calvinism'' by Lutherans who opposed it, but many find the word ''Reformed'' to be more descriptive.<ref name="Hägglund 2007">{{cite book |last=Hägglund|first=Bengt|title=Teologins Historia|language=de|trans-title=History of Theology|others=Translated by Gene J. Lund|edition=Fourth Revised|year=2007|location=Saint Louis|publisher=Concordia Publishing House}}</ref> It includes [[Presbyterianism]], [[Congregational church|Congregationalism]], many of [[united and uniting churches]], as well as historic [[Continental Reformed church]]es in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and elsewhere.}} [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Methodism|Methodists]], [[Moravian Church|Moravians]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], [[Quakerism|Quakers]] and [[Waldensians]].<ref name="pewforum1">{{cite web |date=19 December 2011 |title=Pewforum: Global Christianity |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101114257/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> some of whom have had serious disagreements historically.

[[Martin Luther]] and [[Philip Melanchthon]], who played an instrumental part in the formation of the [[Lutheran Church]]es condemned [[Johannes Agricola]] and his doctrine of [[antinomianism]]—the belief that Christians were free from the moral law contained in the [[Ten Commandments]]—as a heresy.<ref name="SeelyeSelby2018"/> Traditional Lutheranism, espoused by Luther himself, teaches that after justification, "the Law of God continued to guide people in how they were to live before God".<ref name="SeelyeSelby2018">{{cite book |last1=Seelye |first1=James E. |last2=Selby |first2=Shawn |title=Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution |date=2018 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1440836695 |page=50 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Thirty-nine Articles]] of the [[Anglican Communion]] and the [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Twenty-five Articles]] of the [[Methodist Church]]es condemn [[Pelagianism]].<ref name="Wilson2011">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth |title=Methodist Theology |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0567317469 |page=87 |language=en}}</ref>

[[John Wesley]], the founder of the Methodist tradition, harshly criticized antinomianism,<ref name="YrigoyenWarrick2013"/> considering it the "worst of all heresies".<ref name="Hurst1903">{{cite book|last=Hurst|first=John Fletcher|title=John Wesley the Methodist: A Plain Account of His Life and Work|url=https://archive.org/details/johnwesleymetho00hursgoog|year=1903|publisher=Eaton & Mains|language=en|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnwesleymetho00hursgoog/page/n210 200]}}</ref> He taught that Christian believers are bound to follow the [[Ten Commandments|moral law]] for their [[sanctification in Christianity|sanctification]].<ref name="YrigoyenWarrick2013">{{cite book |last1=Yrigoyen |first1=Charles Jr. |last2=Warrick |first2=Susan E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Methodism |year= 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |language=en |isbn=978-0810878945 |page=30}}</ref> Methodist Christians thus teach the necessity of following the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments, citing [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus']] teaching, "If ye love me, keep my commandments" (cf. Saint John 14:15).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wesleyan Methodist Association Magazine|volume=12|year=1849|publisher=R. Abercrombie|language=en|page=368}}</ref> Luther advocated the death penalty for Anabaptists in 1530, 1531, and 1536.<ref name=his>{{cite book |title=Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther |first1=Roland H. |last1=Bainton | pages=376–378 |publisher=Abingdon-Cokesbury Press |url=https://archive.org/details/hereistandalifeo005163mbp/page/n381/mode/2up |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=mldp>{{cite video |title=Did Martin Luther support the death penalty for heretics? |work=Lux Veritatis |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q209CXOQQYo |time=2:15 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

====Bloodshed====
Protestant Christians did not have Ecumenical Councils, Inquisitions or some of the other institutions for establishing orthodoxy and preventing deviation from it, but were known to kill individuals for heresy and related matters during the Reformation and Counter reformation. As mentioned above Martin Luther opposed the burning of heretics.<ref name=Fredericq-27/><ref name=Bainton-145/> However he did not oppose the execution of members of at least one radical Protestant sect -- Anabaptist -- and advocated the death penalty for them in 1530, 1531, and 1536.<ref name=his/><ref name=mldp/> One of the results of the [[Diet of Speyer (1529)]] was an agreement between attending Catholics and Lutherans to kill Anabaptists.<ref name="Haught-Horrors">{{cite web |last1=Haught |first1=James A. |title=Holy Horrors: Christian persecution of Anabaptists [Excerpt from Holy Horrors: An Illustrated History of Religious Murder and Madness, by James A. Haught ] |url=https://churchandstate.org.uk/2022/06/holy-horrors-christian-persecution-of-anabaptists/ |website=Church and State |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

In Home Postils 1533, Luther explained the need for civil authorities to execute those who create "scandal" with "false doctrine".
{{blockquote|The worldly authorities bear the sword with orders to prevent all scandal so that it may not enter and inflict harm. But the most dangerous and horrible scandal is where false doctrine and worship penetrates ... They (i.e. state officials) must resist it (i.e. scandal) stoutly, and realize that nothing else will avail save their use do the sword and of the full extent of their power in order to preserve the doctrine pure and the worship clean and undefiled.<ref>{{cite video |title=Did Martin Luther support the death penalty for heretics? |work=Lux Veritatis |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q209CXOQQYo |time=5:36 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>}}

Protestant leader [[John Calvin]] also advocated for the execution of Unitarian [[ Michael Servetus]], though he favored beheading rather than his burning. Servetus was killed in 1533.<ref name="Hartropp-CT-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Hartropp |first1=Joseph |title=The dark side of the Reformation: John Calvin and the burning of heretics |journal=Christianity Today |date=27 October 2017 |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/news/the-dark-side-of-the-reformation-john-calvin-and-the-burning-of-heretics |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

According to the [[University of Notre Dame]], approximately 300 Catholics were "killed for their faith" in Britain between 1534 and 1681 CE. (300 Protestants were also killed from 1553 to 1558 under the Catholic reign of "Bloody Mary", Mary I.)<ref name="FaithND-martyrs">{{cite web |title=Martyrs of the English Reformation |url=https://faith.nd.edu/saint/martyrs-of-the-english-reformation/ |website=FaithND |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

==Eastern Orthodox response to Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism==
[[Philaret Drozdov|Metropolitan Philaret]], the Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna (and posthumously canonized as a saint) rejected the status of heretic for [[Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutherans]] and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Thousand Year Old |url=http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/apostolic_christianity_s_kovasevich.htm |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.holytrinitymission.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kovacevich |first=Steven |url=http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/apostolic_christianity_s_kovasevich.htm |title=Apostolic Christianity and the 23,000 Western Churches |chapter=Chapter 10. The Church of God}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Middle Ages}}
{{Christology}}
* [[Heresy in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Infallibility of the Church]]
* [[List of heresies in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Esoteric Christianity]]
* [[List of people burned as heretics]]
* [[Pelagius]]
* [[Word of Faith]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Birx |first=H. James |author-link=H. James Birx |url=http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |title=Giordano Bruno |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516084317/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |archive-date=16 May 2019 |magazine=The Harbinger |place=Mobile, AL |date=11 November 1997}}
* {{Cite book |last=Collinge |first=William J. |title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism |date=2012 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000coll_2ndedi |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book | editor1-last=Gregory | editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Tuckett | editor2-first=Christopher | year = 2015 | title =The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha |publisher = Oxford University Press }}
* {{Citation | last = Keating | first = Karl | title = Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on Romanism by Bible Christians | place = San Francisco | publisher = Ignatius Press | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780898701777 }}
* {{Cite book |last=White |first=Michael |title=The Pope & the Heretic |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-06-018626-5 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/popeheretictrues00whit}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yates |first=Frances |title=Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition |orig-date=1964 |date=1977 |place=London |publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-2337-7 |title-link=Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition |author-link=Frances Yates}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Clifton |first=Chas S. |title=Encyclopedia of Heresies and Heretics |isbn=0-7607-0823-1 |year=1992 |publisher=Barnes and Noble Books |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00chas }}
* {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Mark|year=2009|title=Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0754662914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9acTl-jAkAC}}
* {{cite journal|last=Slade|first=Darren M.|title=Arabia Haeresium Ferax (Arabia Bearer of Heresies): Schismatic Christianity's Potential Influence on Muhammad and the Qur'an|journal=American Theological Inquiry|date=January 2014|volume=7|issue=1|pages=43–53|url=https://www.academia.edu/7928101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093241/http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No1.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-02}}
*Latinovic, Vladimir (2020). [https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030534240 Who Do You Call a Heretic? Fluid Notions of Orthodoxy and Heresy in Late Antiquity]. Palgrave. {{ISBN|978-3-030-53425-7}}.

{{Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church}}
{{History of Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heresy}}
[[Category:Heresy in Christianity| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christology]]

Baitul Mukarram

2026-03-24T14:58:03Z

Riserteam:

{{Short description|National Mosque of Bangladesh}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox mosque
| name = Baitul Mukarram National Mosque
| native_name = বায়তুল মোকাররম জাতীয় মসজিদ
| native_name_lang = bn
| tradition =
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Baitul Mukarram National Mosque in 2022.09.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Baitul Mukarram, the National Mosque of Bangladesh is designed in the style of the [[Kaaba]] of [[Mecca]]
| map_type = Bangladesh Dhaka#Bangladesh Dhaka division#Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7294|N|90.4128|E|format=dms|region:TR_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| map_size = 250
| map_caption =
| location = Topkhana Road, [[Paltan]] [[Dhaka]]
| district = [[Dhaka District]]
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| administration = [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]
| consecration_year = {{start date and age|1959}}
| type = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| ownership = [[Government of East Pakistan]] (1959-71) [[Government of Bangladesh]] (since 1971)
| architect = [[Abdulhusein M. Thariani]]
| architecture_style = [[Islamic Architecture]]
| founded_by = [[Government of East Pakistan]]
| architecture_type = Neo-islamic
| funded_by = Abdul Latif Ibrahim Bhawani
| general_contractor = Thariani & Co.
| established =
| groundbreaking = {{start date and age|27 January 1960}}
| year_completed = 1968
| capacity = 42,000+
| height_max = 99 feet
| website = {{Url|https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/loc/dhaka/99|Baitul Mukarram Mosque. Bangladesh National Tourism Board, website}}
}}
'''Baitul Mukarram''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|বায়তুল মোকাররম||The Honored House}}}} officially '''Baitul Mukarram National Mosque''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|বায়তুল মোকাররম জাতীয় মসজিদ}}}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/349074/5-eid-jamaats-to-be-held-at-baitul-mukarram|title=5 Eid jamaats to be held at Baitul Mukarram|date=2024-06-11|access-date=2024-08-19|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> is the [[national mosque]] of Bangladesh. It is located at the center of [[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bangladesh]]. The mosque was completed in 1968.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Baitul Mukarram Mosque |author=Md. Shahidul Amin}}</ref><ref name="thariani">Thariani and Co: Architects and Engineers. Booklet in section under projects completed "mosques".</ref> It has a capacity of more than 42,000 worshippers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |author1-link=Tan Tai Yong |last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh |author2-link=Gyanesh Kudaisya |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda/page/n184 170] |isbn=978-0-415-17297-4 |quote=... the Al-Baitul Mukarram, the largest mosque in East Pakistan, which could accommodate 42,000+ devotees for congregational worship.}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:An architect's view of Baitul Mukarram, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|An architect's view of Baitul Mukarram]]
The mosque complex was designed by architect [[Abdulhusein M. Thariani]].<ref name="Khan1990" /> On 27 April 1959, Abdul Latif Ibrahim Bawani, owner of then Bawani Jute Mills, held a meeting at his house with G.A. Madani, Haji Abdul Latif Bawani, M.H. Adamji, S. Sattar, Muhammad Sadiq, A.Z.M. Rezai Karim and Major General Umrao Khan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/61016/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |script-title=bn:বাইতুল মোকাররমের শুরুর কথা |language=bn |date=28 January 2017 |access-date=6 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab|The Daily Inqilab]] |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206031627/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/61016/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |url-status=live }}</ref> In that meeting he proposed to Major General Khan, then military administrator of [[East Pakistan]], that a grand mosque be built in Dhaka. Umrao Khan agreed to help build such a mosque. The same year, a Baitul Mukarram mosque committee was established and 8.3 acres of land between new Dhaka and [[Old Dhaka]] was chosen for the site. At that time, there was a large pond at the present mosque's location. It was known as Paltan pond. The pond was filled up and on 27 January 1960, then president of Pakistan [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] inaugurated the work. Prayers took place for the first time on Friday, 25 January 1963. On 28 March 1975, the [[Government of Bangladesh]] entrusted the management of the mosque to the [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/muslim-world/2021/01/25/998423 |script-title=bn:বায়তুল মোকাররমে প্রথম নামাজ আদায়ের ৫৮ বছর |language=bn |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=6 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]] |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206032344/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/muslim-world/2021/01/25/998423 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The mosque complex includes shops, offices, libraries and parking areas. Unusually, the mosque does not have a dome. In 2008, the mosque was extended, financed by a donation from the [[government of Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi donation for extension work of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-59660 |work=The Daily Star |date=21 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-56736871 |script-title=bn:বায়তুল মোকাররম: পারিবারিক উদ্যোগে তৈরি হয়ে যেভাবে বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় মসজিদ হয়ে উঠলো |language=bn |first=Kadir |last=Kollol |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=6 December 2022 |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206030604/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-56736871 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Architecture==
The mosque has several [[Modern architecture|modern architectural]] features whilst preserving the traditional principles of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] architecture which has for some time been dominant in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian sub-continent]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Baitul Mukarram's large cube shape was modeled after that of the [[Kaaba]] at [[Mecca]],<ref name="Khan1990">{{cite conference |title=The Mosque |first=Hasan-Uddin |last=Khan |year=1990 |conference=Proceedings of an international seminar sponsored by the Aga Khan Award for Architecture and the Indonesian Institute of Architects, held in Jakarta and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 15–19 October 1990 |book-title=Expressions of Islam in Buildings |publisher=Aga Khan Trust for Culture |location=Geneva |page=119 |isbn=978-2-88207-006-7 |quote=It takes the historical model of the Kaaba in Mecca as its formal reference. Architect: A.H. Thariani}}</ref> making it a noticeable structure unlike any other mosque in Bangladesh.

===Exterior design===
The mosque is on a very high platform. The Baitul Mukarram National Mosque's building is eight storied and 99 feet high from the ground level. According to the original plan, the main entrance of the mosque was to be on the eastern side. The 'shaan' on the east is 29,000 square feet with ablution ([[Wudu|Wu'du]]) space on its south and north sides. The absence of a dome on the main building is compensated by the two superficial domed entrance porticoes, one on the south, and the other on the north. The height of these porticoes consists of three [[rabbit's foot]] shaped arches, the middle of which is bigger than the rest.

===Interior design===
Two patios (roofless inner courtyard) ensure that enough light and air enter the prayer hall of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque. The prayer niché of the hall is rectangular instead of semi-circular. Excessive ornamentation is avoided throughout the mosque, since minimizing ornamentation is typical of modern architecture.

===Garden===
The garden is laid out in a style borrowed heavily from [[Mughal gardens]], however unlike the traditional Mughal gardens which represent the [[Islamic heaven|Islamic Heaven]], the garden does not have the [[Charbagh|Char-Bagh]] system, most likely due to not having enough room for such a garden. The future of this garden is unknown; if the [[Government of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi government]] extends the mosque, it will most likely have to remove the garden.

== Khatibs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Khatib]]s of ''Baitul Mukarram National Mosque''
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
| align="center" | '''Serial'''
| align="center" | '''Name'''
| align="center" | '''Term'''
| align="center" | '''Notes'''
|-
| align="center" |1|| [[Abdur Rahman Bekhud]] (1904–1987) || 1963–1971||
|-
| align="center" |2|| [[Usman Madani]] || 1971 || [[Acting (law)|Acting]] khatib during [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
|-
| align="center" |3|| [[Amimul Ehsan Barkati]] (1911–1974) || 1971–1974||
|-
| align="center" |4||[[Abdul Muiz]] (1919–1984) || 1974–1984||
|-
| align="center" |5|| [[Ubaidul Haq]] (1928–2007) || 1984–2007 || Longest-serving khatib<ref>{{cite news |title=Khatib Obaidul Haq passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-7094 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415202603/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-7094 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |6|| [[Muhammad Nuruddin]] (1954–2009) || 2007–2009 || [[Acting (law)|Acting]]
|-
| align="center" |7|| [[Mohammed Salahuddin]] (1944–2022) || 2009–2022
|
|-
| align="center" |8|| [[Ruhul Amin (mufti)|Ruhul Amin Faridpuri]] || 2022–2024
|Expelled
|-
| align="center" |9|| [[Muhammad Abdul Malek]] || 2024–
|
|-
|}
{{Clear}}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = [[Baitul Mukarram]]
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height = 240
| width = 240
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
|File:Inside view of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque.jpg|Inside view
|File:বায়তুল মোকাররম.jpg|Corridor
|File:Design at dome in Baitul Mukarram.jpg|Design of inner arch
|File:Baitul Mukarram National Mosque main entrance & Minaret.jpg|Main entrance and Minaret
|File:Friday Prayer at Baitul Mukarram Mosque 03.jpg|Inside view of the Mosque
|File:Baitul Mukarram National Mosque's prayer place for the Imam (left side of the minbar).jpg|Prayer place for the imam (to the left of the minbar)
|File:Baitul Mukarram National Mosque Interior (lower angel).jpg|Interior (lower angle)
|File:Architecture of baitul Mukarram.jpg|Architecture of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque
|File:Bayt al Mukarram.jpg|Baitul Mukarram in 2004
}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Bangladesh|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]
* [[List of mosques in Bangladesh]]
* [[Architecture of Bangladesh]]
* [[Haqqani Anjuman]]
* [[Bengali Muslims]]
* [[List of Qawmi Madrasas in Bangladesh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Baitul Mukarram}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/national.mosque Baitul Mukarram the National Mosque of Bangladesh]
* [https://parjatan.portal.gov.bd/site/page/891113fb-9c74-495e-b1c6-fbde9d8717d7/ Baitul Mukarram National Mosque]

{{Mosques in Bangladesh}}
{{Dhakaplaces}}

[[Category:Mosques in Dhaka]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century mosques in Bangladesh]]

*https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/loc/dhaka/99

Islamabad Capital Territory

2026-03-22T20:05:14Z

Riserteam: updated page

{{Short description|Federal territory of Pakistan}}
{{About|a federal administrative unit of Pakistan|the capital city|Islamabad|other uses|Islamabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Islamabad Capital Territory
| native_name = {{Nastaliq| اسلام آباد وفاقی دارالحکومت}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Federal territory]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center
| image1 = Faisal Mosque and Margalla Hills.jpg
| caption1 = [[Islamabad Expressway]]
| image2 = Nekka Phullai beside Faisal maseet.JPG
| caption2 = [[Margalla Hills]]
| image3 = Nust.jpg
| caption3 = [[H-12, Islamabad|Sector H-12]]
| image4 = G-13, Islamabad.jpg
| caption4 = [[G-13, Islamabad|Sector G-13]]
| image5 = Long Exposure of Blue Area Islamabad.JPG
| caption5 = [[Blue Area]]
| image6 = King Faisal Mosque.jpg
| caption6 = Cityscape of Islamabad
| image7 =
| caption7 =
}}
| imagesize =
| flag_size = 100px
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| shield_link = Mushtaq Ahmed
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_link =
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_map = Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Pakistan
| coordinates = {{coord|33|44|15|N|73|08|51|E|type:adm1st_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1967|8|14|df=yes}}<ref name="McGarr-2013">{{cite book |last=McGarr |first=Paul |date=2013 |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107008151 }}</ref>
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Islamabad]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.854 very high ([[List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index|1st]]){{efn|Within Pakistan, ICT has the highest HDI of all subdivisions of the country.}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Education in Pakistan|Literacy rate]] (2023)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 93.97%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Seats in National Assembly]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 3
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Zones of Islamabad|Zones]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 5<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp| title = Facts & Statistics – Islamabad| access-date = 24 December 2020| archive-date = 9 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053219/http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Sectors of Islamabad|Sectors]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 81{{citation needed|date= December 2020}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Union councils of Islamabad|Union Councils]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = 50{{citation needed|date= December 2020}}

| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Federated state|Federated]] parliamentary republic
| governing_body = [[ICT Administration]] [[Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory|Government of the ICT]]
| leader_title = Chief Commissioner
| leader_name = Imran Khan{{efn|May not be the [[Imran Khan|former prime minister of pakistan]].}} ([[Pakistan Administrative Service|PAS]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1770945|title=Major shuffle in top bureaucracy on ECP direction|date=19 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Irfan Nawaz Memon
| leader_title2 = [[Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)|CDA]] Chairman
| leader_name2 = Amer Ali Ahmed<ref>{{cite web |title=Board Members – CDA |url=https://cda.gov.pk/about_us/board/ |website=Capital Development Authority |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527150511/https://www.cda.gov.pk/about_us/board/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[High Courts of Pakistan|High Court]]
| leader_name3 = [[Islamabad High Court]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CDA Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp|title=CDA Facts & Figures|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053219/http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 906.50 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 = 
| elevation_min_m = 490 
| population_total = 2,363,863
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)-2023">{{cite web | url = https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Pakistan.pdf | title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 | date = 5 August 2023 | website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (pbs.gov.pk) | access-date = 24 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2609.1
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_urban = 1108872 (46.91%)
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_rural = 1,254,991
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_note =
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 44000
| area_code = 051
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:PK|PK-IS]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Pakistan|Main language(s)]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{bulleted list|'''Official languages:''' {{Hlist|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]|[[English language|English]]}}|{{unbulleted list|'''Other spoken-languages:''' {{Hlist|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Pashto]]|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Balti language|Balti]]|[[Shina language|Shina]]|[[Indus Kohistani|Kohistani]]|[[Balochi language|Balochi]]}}}}}}
| blank6_name_sec1 = Notable sports teams
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Islamabad United (cricket)|Islamabad United]], [[Islamabad Rugby Football Club|Islamabad Jinns]]
| website = {{URL|https://ictadministration.gov.pk/|ictadministration.gov.pk}}
| footnotes =
| elevation_max_m = 1500 
| elevation_max_ft = 5000
| population_metro_as_of =
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| utc_offset = +05:00
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product|Federal territory of Pakistan]]
| demographics1_info1 = $12.8 billion (2024)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| name = Islamabad Capital Territory
| image_flag = File:Islamabad City Flag.png
| native_name_lang = ur
| pushpin_map = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory
}}

The '''Islamabad Capital Territory'''{{efn|'''ICT'''; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| اسلام‌آباد وفاقی دارالحکومت}}|translit=Islāmābād Vafāqī Dār-alhakūmat|engvar=in}}}} is a [[Administrative units of Pakistan|federal territory]] of [[Pakistan]], centred around [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan. It is located on the northern edge of the [[Pothohar Plateau]], at the foot of the [[Margalla Hills]], in the northwestern [[Punjab|Punjab region]].{{efn|Punjab here means the historic region of Punjab, of which the territory is a part.}} The Territory shares borders with the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in the west and the [[Punjab, Pakistan|province of Punjab]] in the remaining directions. It covers an area of {{convert|906.5|km2|mi2|abbr=out}} and, according to [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 census]], has a population of over 2.3 million.<ref name="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)-2023" />

The area was separated from [[Rawalpindi District]] in 1967 to form a separate territory administered by the [[Government of Pakistan|federal government]]. The territory is represented in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] by [[NA-52 (Islamabad-I)|NA-52]], [[NA-53 (Islamabad-II)|NA-53]], and [[NA-54 (Islamabad-III)|NA-54]] constituencies and by four seats in [[Senate of Pakistan|the Senate]].

==History==

In 1960, land was transferred from the [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province to replace the [[Karachi Federal Capital Territory]] and establish Pakistan's new capital. According to the 1960s master plan, the territory included much of what was [[Rawalpindi]], and composed of the following parts:<ref name="Routledge-2013">{{cite book|editor=Vinayak Bharne|title=The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52597-8|page=131}}</ref>
* [[Rawalpindi]], {{convert|259|km2}}
* [[Islamabad|Islamabad Urban]], {{convert|220.15|km2}}
* [[Margalla Hills]], {{convert|220.15|km2}}
* Islamabad Rural, {{convert|466.20|km2}}<ref name="CDA Facts" />

However, Rawalpindi was eventually excluded from the Islamabad master plan in the 1980s.<ref name="Routledge-2013" />

==Geography==
[[File:Islamabad map.png|thumb|The five zones and sectors of Islamabad]]
The Islamabad Capital Territory is composed of eight types of areas: administrative, commercial, diplomatic, educational, green, industrial, residential, and rural.

===Zones===
[[File:Islamabad Zones.svg|thumb|Map showing the five zones of the Islamabad Capital Territory]]
The territory is divided into five zones in two groups:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hikepk.com/provinces/federal-territory|title=Federal Territory|website=HIKEPK|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143556/https://hikepk.com/provinces/federal-territory|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital Development Authority |url=https://www.cda.gov.pk/housing/unauthorised_schemes.asp |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.cda.gov.pk}}</ref>
*Zone I: for urban development and federal government institutions
*Zone II: for urban development
*Zone III: for rural development
*Zone IV: for rural development
*Zone V: for rural development

Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors, while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 4 square kilometres. The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.<ref name="Matthew S. Hull-2012">{{cite book|title=Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520272156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqVvQN9PTwC&pg=PA50|author=Matthew S. Hull|edition=1st|access-date=4 July 2012|page=50|date=5 June 2012}}</ref> Zone IV is the largest in area.

===Sectors===
{{main|Sectors of Islamabad}}

Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theislamabad.com/|title=The Idea of Islamabad|publisher=TheIslamabad.com|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910064024/http://www.theislamabad.com/|archive-date=10 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com"/> In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of [[Fatima Jinnah Park]] in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of [[Bahria University]], [[Air University (Pakistan)|Air University]], and the [[National Defence University, Islamabad|National Defence University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=Bahria University|url=http://bci.edu.pk/index.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122834/http://www.bci.edu.pk/index.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=Air University|url=http://www.au.edu.pk/#}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=National Defence University|url=http://www.ndu.edu.pk/}}</ref> The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The [[The Centaurus (building)|Centaurus complex]] will be one of the major landmarks of the F-8 sector.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com"/> G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Center and [[Serena Hotels|Serena Hotel]] in G-5, the [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Red Mosque]] in G-6, and the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com"/>

The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] covers a major portion of sector H-12.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com"/> The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of [[I-10, Islamabad|I-10]] are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.<ref name="TheIslamabad.com"/> Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and [[Margalla Hills National Park]]. [[Rawal Lake]] is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The [[Soan River]] flows into the city through Zone V.

==Climate==
{{Main|Climate of Islamabad}}

[[File:Ataturk Avenue - Islamabad.JPG|thumb|Islamabad's deciduous trees colours in autumn, Atatürk Avenue]]

=== Seasons ===
The climate of Islamabad has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Cwa), with five seasons: winter (November–February), spring (March and April), summer (May and June), rainy [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] (July and August), and autumn (September and October).

=== Temperatures ===
The temperatures range from {{convert|13|C|F|}} in January to {{convert|38|C|F}} in June. The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed {{convert|38|C|F|1}}, while the coolest month is January. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|46.6|C|F}} on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was {{convert|-6|C|F|1}} on 17 January 1967.<ref name="Best Housing Societies-2010">{{cite web |date=13 June 2010 |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Islamabad_Climate_Data.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053217/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Islamabad_Climate_Data.txt |archive-date=13 June 2010 |access-date=15 January 2012|title=Best Housing Societies in Islamabad to Invest in 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Average Conditions, Islamabad, Pakistan |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213002216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002680 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2006 |access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably [[Murree]] and [[Nathia Gali]].

=== Precipitation ===
The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening [[thunderstorms]] with the possibility of [[cloudburst]] and flooding. Highest monthly rainfall of {{convert|743.3|mm|in}} was recorded during July 1995.<ref name="Climate Records">{{cite web |title=Climate Records: Islamabad |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112060839/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking {{convert|620|mm|in}} of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Severe Storms on dated 23rd July 2001 Islamabad, Pakistan |url=http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/sheikh-1-sec02.oral.pdf |publisher=Abdul Hameed, Director Pakistan Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2001 |title=Weather Log – July 21–31, 2001 |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/july/extremes0701.html |publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}</ref> The city has also experienced snowfall on a number of occasions.
Islamabad's [[micro-climate]] is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: [[Rawal lake|Rawal]], [[Simli lake|Simli]], and [[Khanpur Dam]]. The latter is located on the [[Haro River]] near the town of [[Khanpur Tehsil, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khanpur]], about {{convert|40|km}} from Islamabad. Simli Dam is {{convert|30|km}} north of Islamabad.

=== Vegetation ===
Around {{convert|220|acre}} of the city consists of the [[Margalla Hills National Park]], while the Loi Bher Forest is situated along the [[Islamabad Highway]], covering an area of {{convert|1087|acre}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban growth monitoring along Islamabad Highway|publisher=GIS Development|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/agglomeration/ma03112a.htm}}</ref>
{{Islamabad weatherbox}}

==Government==
{{main|Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory}}

The government of the Islamabad Capital Territory is provided by the federal [[Government of Pakistan]] and by a number of territorial bodies. Article 258 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] stipulates that the [[President of Pakistan]] is responsible for establishing the government of the federal capital and the [[Parliament of Pakistan]] makes laws for the territory.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=28 February 2012 |title=The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |url=https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[National Assembly of Pakistan]] |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> Although the federal government retains strategic power over the territory, the day to day government is carried out by a number of bodies, which have been established over the years.

The [[Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)|Capital Development Authority]] (CDA), established on 14 June 1960, was responsible for building the capital and continues to have some government roles. The [[Islamabad Capital Territory Administration]] (ICTA) was established in 1980, and is led by a Chief Commissioner, who holds powers similar to a provincial government. The [[Islamabad High Court]], established in 2007 (dissolved in 2008, re-established in 2010) is the senior court of the territory and is equivalent to the four provincial high courts. The [[Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation]] (MCI), established in 2015, is the municipal authority and is equivalent to a [[Districts of Pakistan|district government]], as the upper tier of the local government in the territory. The CDA has been gradually transferring many of its roles to the MCI.

At the most local level, there are 101 [[Union council (Pakistan)|union councils]], though this is due to increase to 125 councils.

===Union councils===
At the most local level, the Territory comprises 101 [[Union council (Pakistan)|union councils]], though this is due to increase to 125 Union councils.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=31 December 2022 |title=N.A. Bill 70 of 2022 |url=http://pcp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/14101(22)Ex.Gaz%20III%20(NA).pdf |page=2 |website=The Gazette of Pakistan |location= |publisher=Press Corporation of Pakistan |access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Incomplete list of union councils
|-
! UC #
! Chief locality
! Localities within jurisdiction
|-
| 1
| [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur]]
| [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Said Pur]], [[Gokina]], Talhar
|-
| 2
| [[Noorpur Shahan, Islamabad|Noorpur Shahan]]
| [[Noorpur Shahan, Islamabad|Noorpur Shahan]], Ratta Hutar
|-
| 3
|[[Mal Pur]]
| Mal Pur, Romali, Nariyas, Phadu, Shahdrah Khurd, Shahdrah Kalan, Mandala, Jang Begial, Subban Syedan, Mangial, Quaid-e-Azam University
|-
| 4
|[[Kot Hathial (Shamal)]]
| Kot Hathial, Bhara Kahu, Nayiabadi, Muhallah Alnoor, Muhallah Ban, Muhallah Malkan, Dhok Syedan
|-
| 5
|[[Kot Hathial (Janoob)]]
| Kot Hathial, Nainsukh, Barakahu, Behra Syedan, Muhallah Ghousia, Sharak-e-Madina, Dhok Jilani, Muhallah Malikabad
|-
| 6
| [[Phulgran]]
| [[Phulgran]], Phul Garan, Dhok Kuch, Abbasiabad, Dhok Badhan, Muhallah Kangar, Mahallah Ranjpuran, Shahpur, Bobry, Karlot Chattar, Mohra Rajpoota, Muhallah Sumbul, Bani Gala
|-
| 7
| [[Pind Begwal]]
| [[Pind Begwal]], Bainala, Maira Biguwal, Atthal, Dhok Sajjal, Dhok Nanda Sihali, Jandala, Simli
|-
| 8
| [[Tumair]]
| [[Tumair]], Pihont, Chakhtan, Darkalam, Kanjnah
|-
| 9
|[[Charah, Islamabad|Charah]]
| Charah, Dhok Maira, Dhok Las, Kiani, Dhok Haveli
|-
| 10
|[[Kirpa, Islamabad Capital Territory|Kirpa]]
| Kirpa, Ladhiot Syedan, Pind Malikan, Dhok Ban, Bhimbar Tarar, Mahallah Haveli Rajgan, Mehfozabad, Chaniol, Muhallah Chaudrian, Ara, Gora Mast, Dhok Jogian Harnu, Chauntra Sogran
|-
| 11
|[[Mughal, Islamabad Capital Territory|Mughal]]
| Mughal, Hardoghar, Kangota Gujjran Sihala, Hondamial, Nara Syedan, Chuchkal Chakiyan, Chak Kamdar
|-
| 12
| [[Rawat, Islamabad|Rawat]]
| [[Rawat, Islamabad|Rawat]], Bhangrial Kalan, Banni Saran, Mohra Nagial, Sawan, [[Bagga Shaikhan]]
|-
| 13
| [[Humak]]
| Humak, Kaniyal, Gora Syedan, Niazian
|-
| 14
| [[Sihala]]
| Sihala Khurd, Maira Dakhli, Bhandar Sihala, Jarki Sihala, Gagri Sihala, Jhundla, Kangota Syedan, Gura Mistriyan
|-
| 15
| [[Lohi Bhair]]
| Lohi Bhar, Shahrak-e-Korang, Bagh-e-Sawan, Shahrak-e-Pakistan
|-
| 16
|[[Darwala]]
| Darwala, Dhaliala, Panwal, Chucha Sheikhiyan, Bhair, Kanghar, Sher Ghamial, Dhok Kavgar, Kathrial, Chucha, Dhok Kashimiriya, Harn maira, Malali, Bun koutha, Pahg Panwal, Farash, Bangiyal
|-
| 17
| [[Koral, Punjab|Koral]]
| [[Koral, Punjab|Koral]], Tarlai Khurd, Gangal, Chaklala, Shareefabad, Gohra Sardar, Tarlai
|-
| 18
|[[Khana Dak]]
| Khana Dak, Dhok Jabba, Pindorian, Shahrak-e-Bilal, Shahrak-e-Barma, Shahrak-e-Madina, Muhallah Wahid Abad, Shahrak-e-Masih)
|-
| 19
| [[Tarlai Kalan]]
| Tarlai Kalan, Irfanabad, Chappar Meer Khanal, Sahana
|-
| 20
| [[Ali Pur]]
| [[Ali Pur]], Alipur, Jhang Syedan, Partal, Khadrapar, Farash,
|-
| 21
| [[Sohan]]
| [[Sohan]] Dehati, Khana Kak, Shakrial, Shakrial (Sharki)
|-
| 22
| [[Chak Shahzad]]
| [[Chak Shahzad]], Chak Bihra Shigh, Jaba Teli, Sohana, Pandori, Chhatta Bakhtawar, Bohan, Dhoke Sharaf, Mujuhan
|-
| 23
| [[Kuri, ICT|Kuri]]
| [[Kuri, ICT|Kuri]], [[Malot, Islamabad|Malot]], Rakh Bani Gala, Rihara, Mohra Jujan
|-
| 24
|[[Shahrak-e-Rawal]]
| Shahrak-e-Rawal, Shahrak-e-Margala, Sumbal Korakh, Puna Faqeeran, Mohrian
|-
| 25
| Sector F-6
| F-6/1, F-6/2, F-6/3, F-6/4, Farooqi Bazar, Madni Masjid, Dhobi Gat
|-
| 26
| Sector G-6/1
|
|-
| 27
| Sector G-6
| Sector G-6/2, Sector G-6/3 & Sector G-6/4
|-
| 28
| Sector F-7, F-8, F-9
|
|-
| 29
| Sector F-10, F-11
|
|-
| 30
| Sector G-7/3, G-7/4
|
|-
| 31
| Sector G-7/1, G-7/2
|
|-
| 32
| Sector G-8/3, G-8/4
|
|-
| 33
| Sector G-8/1, G-8/2
|
|-
| 34
| Sector G-9
| Sector G-9/1, G-9/3, G-9/4
|-
| 35
| Sector G-9/2
|
|-
| 36
| Sector G-10/3, G-10/4
|
|-
| 37
| Sector G-10/1, G-10/2
|
|-
| 38
| Sector G-11
| Sector G-11/1, G-11/2, G-11/3, G-11/4
|-
| 39
| [[Maira Sumbal Jaffar]]
| Maira Sumbal Jaffar, Golra Sharif, Badia Rusmat Khan, Maira Akku, Dhareek Mohri, Shahrak-e-Effaq
|-
|-
|40
|[[G-13]]
|-
| 40
| Sector I-8
| Sector I-8/1, I8/2, I8/3, I8/4
|-
| 41
| Sector I-9
|
|-
| 42
| Sector I-10/1
|
|-
| 43
| Sector I-10
| Sector I-10/2, I-10/3, I-10/4
|-
| 44
|[[Bokra]]
| Bokra, Haji Complex, Soria Harboza, Mouza Sorain, Peer Wadhai, Shahrak-e-Iqbal
|-
| 45
|[[Jhangi Sayedan|Jhangi Saydan]]
|
|-
| 46
|[[Village Noon]]
| Badhana Kalan, Dhoke Makhan, ETC
|-
| 47
|[[Tarnol, Islamabad|Tarnol]]
|
|-
| 48
|[[Sarai Kharbooza]]
|
|-
| 49
| [[Shah Allah Ditta]]
|
|-
| 50
| [[Golra Sharif]]
|
|}

==Demographics==
{{Further|Demographics of Islamabad}}

=== Population ===
{{Historical populations|1951|95,940|1961|117,669|1972|237,549|1981|340,286|1998|805,235|2017|2,003,368|2023|2,363,863|align=center|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by administrative units 1951-1998 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/1998/administrative_units.pdf |publisher = [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>}}

According to the 2023 Census, Islamabad Capital Territory had a population of 2,363,863.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamabad (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/admin/islamabad/501__islamabad/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Islamabad Capital Territory ([[2023 Pakistani census]])<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_11.pdf|access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 50.56 |color1 = crimson
|label2 = [[Pashto]] |value2 = 18.21 |color2 = gold
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 15.71 |color3 = darkgreen
|label4 = [[Hindko]] |value4 = 6.16 |color4 = wheat
|label5 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value5 = 2.27 |color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] |value6 = 2.02 |color6 = red
|label7 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value7 = 0.93 |color7 = saddlebrown
|label8 = [[Balti language|Balti]] |value8 = 0.34 |color8 = black
|label9 = [[Shina language|Shina]] |value9 = 0.31 |color9 = aqua
|label10 = [[Indus Kohistani|Kohistani]] |value10 = 0.21 |color10 = yellow
|label11 = [[Balochi language|Balochi]] |value11 = 0.19 |color11 = blue
|label12 = Others |value12 = 2.92 |color12 = grey
|thumb=left}}

According to [[2023 Pakistani census]], there are 1,154,540 Punjabi, 415,838 Pashto, 358,922 Urdu, 140,780 Hindko, 51,920 Kashmiri, 46,270 Saraiki, 21,362 Sindhi, 10,315 Balti, 7,099 Shina, 5,016 Koshistani, 4,503 Balochi, 1,095 Mewati, 668 Brahvi, 182 Kalasha and 64,734 others, of total 2,283,244 speakers.

After Islamabad's establishment, people from all around Pakistan shifted here which led to a diverse demographics. [[Punjabis]] constitute the largest ethnolinguistic population in the territory, with many having settled here from Punjab province as well. [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari dialect]], which has been regarded by many as the dialect of Punjabi, has historically been the indigenous language of the region; and Punjabi still continues to be the most-widely spoken first language in Islamabad, with Punjabi-speakers forming a majority of the population. Punjabi is spoken in the form of many dialects and varieties, including the [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], [[Dhani dialect|Dhani]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], and [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]] dialects.

===Religion===
{{See also|Hinduism in Islamabad Capital Territory}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Islamabad Territory, Pakistan<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Religion |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Islam]]
| value1 = 97.1
| color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| value2 = 2.8
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Ahmadiyya]]
| value3 = 0.1
| color3 = Black
| value4 = 0.08
| color4 = Gray
| label4 = Others
}}[[Islam]] is the largest and most practiced religion in the territory, with just over 97% of the population adhering to the faith. [[Christianity]] is the second largest religion and forms 2.8% of the population. [[Ahmadis]] make up 0.11% of the population. Other minorities, like [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhs]] and [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindus]], form just 0.2% combined.<ref name="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)-2023" />

Hindu population in Islamabad is very small as per census, around 900,<ref name="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)-2023" /> but other sources estimates it to be around 3000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Kalbe |date=2020-09-20 |title=Temple in Islamabad is our requirement, says Hindu Council |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1580609 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> The territory also hosts the historic important and sacred [[Ram Mandir, Saidpur|Ram mandir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin |first=Aamir |date=2016-10-09 |title='Tourists, restaurants violate sanctity of Saidpur's temple' |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1289029 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

==Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area==
{{Main|Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area}}

{{See also|List of places in Islamabad}}

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large [[metropolitan area]] called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Interior Design |url=https://renomeinteriors.com/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.<ref name="Dulyapak Preecharushh-2011">{{cite book|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9048199198|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyjMx7EV8IC&pg=PA1041|author=Dulyapak Preecharushh|edition=1st|editor=Stanley D. Brunn|access-date=4 July 2012|page=1041|chapter=Myanmar's New Capital City of Naypyidaw|date=6 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad">{{cite web|author=Muhammad|title=Planning of Islamabad and Rawalpindi|url=http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/720.pdf}}</ref> However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while [[Rawalpindi]] is part of [[Rawalpindi District]], which is part of province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="Sheikh">{{Cite journal|last=Sheikh|first=Iqbal M.|author2=Van S. Williams |author3=S. Qamer Raza |author4=Kanwar S.A. Khan |title=Environmental Geology of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Area, Northern Pakistan|journal=Regional Studies of the Potwar Plateau Area, Northern Pakistan|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2078/B2078_chapter_G.pdf}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Chaghi Monument.JPG|Chaghi Monument
File:Pak Secretariat buildings,Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|Pakistan Secretariat
File:Crescent and Star Monument.jpg|Star and Crescent Monument near the start of [[Shakarparian]]
File:Faisal Masjid From Damn e koh.jpg|[[Faisal Mosque]]
File:Daman-E-Koh.jpg|[[Daman-e-Koh]] Park
File:Glorious Sunset in Islamabad.jpg|Sunset over the [[Lake View Park]]
File:Hassle Bassle Islamabad.jpg|View of [[Blue Area]], the commercial hub of the city.
File:CloseupofLalMasjid.png|The [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]] in Islamabad
</gallery>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Islamabad}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Ise building2.png
| width1 = 161
| caption1 = [[Islamabad Stock Exchange]]
| alt1 =
| width2 = 145
| caption2 = [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]]
| image2 = ZTBL Headquarters.jpg
| alt2 =
}}

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04 |title=Pakistan | Economics and extremism |work=Dawn |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108132730/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04 |archive-date= 8 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Islamabad Stock Exchange]], founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after [[Karachi Stock Exchange]] and [[Lahore Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Stock Exchanges|url=http://www.ostamyy.com/stock-exchanges/Pakistan.htm|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228091222/http://www.ostamyy.com/stock-exchanges/Pakistan.htm|archive-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The exchange has 118 members with 104 [[Body corporate|corporate bodies]] and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over one million shares.<ref>{{cite web|title=About ISE|author=ISE-Official website|url=http://www.ise.com.pk/About_ISE/AboutISE.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005524/http://www.ise.com.pk/About_ISE/AboutISE.asp|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/108-pakistan-top-news/65751-rs371bn-revenue-target-fbr-hails-ltu-islamabads-performance-.html4|title=Rs 371bn revenue target: FBR hails LTU Islamabad's performance|work=Business Recorder|date=5 July 2012|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

Islamabad has seen an expansion in [[Information and communication technologies|information and communications technology]] with the addition two [[science park|Software Technology Parks]], which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. The tech parks are located in Evacuee Trust Complex and Awami Markaz. Awami Markaz houses 36 [[Information technology|IT]] companies while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad |author=Pakistan Software Export Board |url=http://www.pseb.org.pk/item/stp_islamabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505124938/http://www.pseb.org.pk/item/stp_islamabad |archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as another significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to encourage foreign investments in the information technology sector. Most of Pakistan's state-owned companies like [[Pakistan International Airlines]], [[Pakistan Television Corporation]], [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company]], [[Oil & Gas Development Company]] and [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank]] are based in Islamabad. Headquarters of all major telecommunication operators such as PTCL, Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, and China Mobile are located in Islamabad. Being an expensive city, the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the year 2015-2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deliverit.pk/price-trends/|title=Retail Prices of Vegetables, Fruits and Poultry in Islamabad from 2015-2020|website=Deliver It - Online Grocery Store in Islamabad.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414115718/https://deliverit.pk/price-trends/|archive-date=14 April 2020|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Islamabad Capital Territory}}

==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Islamabad}}

=== Airport ===
Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through the [[Islamabad International Airport]]. The airport is the largest in Pakistan, handling 9 million passengers per annum. The airport was built at a cost of $400 million and opened on 3 May 2018, replacing the former [[Benazir Bhutto International Airport]]. It is the first [[greenfield airport]] in Pakistan with an area of {{convert|3600|acre|km2|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Islamabad International Airport's Passenger Terminal Building|author=CPG Corporation|url=http://www.cpgcorp.com.sg/press/view_press.asp?Lang=EN&quarter=1&PRID=409|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121051750/http://www.cpgcorp.com.sg/press/view_press.asp?Lang=EN&quarter=1&PRID=409|archive-date=21 November 2007}}</ref>

=== Metrobus ===
The [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]] is a {{convert|24|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} [[bus rapid transit]] system that serves the twin cities of [[Rawalpindi]] and Islamabad in Pakistan. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Motorways ===
All major cities and towns are accessible through regular trains and bus services running mostly from the neighbouring city of Rawalpindi. [[Lahore]], [[Yarik]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Peshawar]] are linked to Islamabad through a network of motorways, which has significantly reduced travelling times between these cities. [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2 Motorway]] is {{convert|367|km|0|abbr=on}} long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.<ref name="National Highway Authority Pakistan">{{cite web|title=Motorway's of Pakistan|author=National Highway Authority Pakistan|url=http://www.nha.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=45|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006233451/https://www.nha.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=45|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[M-1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1 Motorway]] connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is {{convert|155|km|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="National Highway Authority Pakistan" /> Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the [[Faizabad Interchange]], which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faizabad Interchange|author=NESPAK|url=http://www.nespak.com.pk/services/viewPic.asp?sector=3&id=13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810092226/http://www.nespak.com.pk/services/viewPic.asp?sector=3&id=13|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[M-14 motorway (Pakistan)|M-14 Motorway]] connects Islamabad to [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Yarik]]. It is 285 km (177 mi) long.

==Education==
Islamabad has the highest literacy rate of Pakistan at 95%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-07/2.14a.pdf |title=LITERACY-POPULATION 10 YEARS AND OLDER |access-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113174308/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-07/2.14a.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2010 }}</ref> Islamabad also has some of Pakistan's major universities, including [[Quaid-i-Azam University]], the [[International Islamic University]], and the [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] and [[Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences]]

[[Quaid-e-Azam University]] has several faculties. The institute is located in a semi-hilly area, east of the Secretariat buildings and near the base of Margalla Hills. This Post-Graduate institute is spread over {{convert|1,705|acre|km2}}. The nucleus of the campus has been designed as an axial spine with a library as its center.
Other universities include the following:<ref>[http://www.hec.gov.pk/ourinstitutes/pages/default.aspx HEC recognized Universities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200812/http://www.hec.gov.pk/ourinstitutes/pages/default.aspx |date=29 October 2013 }}. Hec.gov.pk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref>

* [[Bahria University]]
* [[Air University (Pakistan Air Force)|Air University]]
* [[Quaid-e-Azam University]]
* [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] (AIOU)
* [[Alkauthar Islamic University]]
* [[COMSATS Institute of Information Technology]] (CIIT)
* [[Capital University of Science & Technology]] (CUST)
* [[Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology]] (FUUAST)
* [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] (NUST)
* [[National Defense University, Islamabad]] (NDU)
* [[National University of Modern Languages]] (NUML)
* [[Institute of Space Technology]]
* [[International Islamic University]]
* [[Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan]] (ICMAP)
* [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan]] (ICAP)
* [[Pakistan Institute of Development Economics]] (PIDE)
* [[Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] (PIEAS)
* [[Shifa College of Medicine]]
* [[Foundation University Islamabad]] (FUI)
* [[NUCES|National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences]] (FAST-NUCES)
* [[Riphah International University]]
* [[University of Lahore]]
* [[Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering]]
* [[Preston University (Pakistan)|Preston University Islamabad Campus]]
* [[Iqra University#Islamabad|Iqra University Islamabad Campus]]
* [[SZABIST|Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology]] (ZABIST)
* [[Hamdard University|Hamdard University Islamabad Campus]]

==Sports==
[[Islamabad United (cricket)|Islamabad United]] became the first ever team to win [[Pakistan Super League]] in [[2016 Pakistan Super League|2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/ary-digital-neer-winning-psl/|title=ARY Digital Network President Salman Iqbal congratulates Islamabad United over winning PSL|work=arynews.tv|access-date=24 February 2016|date=24 February 2016}}</ref> And now the federal team Is participating in the [[2016 Pakistan Cup|Pakistan Cup]].
In 2025, Islamabad United has won 3 Pakistan Super Leagues and earned 3 titles
They won PSL: 1, PSL: 3, PSL: 9 which solidifies their number 1 rank as the team with the most victories.

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|Pakistan}}
* [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)]], a former federal territory
* [[ICT Administration|Islamabad Capital Territory Administration]]
* [[List of cultural heritage sites in Islamabad Capital Territory]]
* [[Developments in Islamabad]]
* [[Model Town Humak]]

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Islamabad}}
* [http://ictadministration.gov.pk/ Islamabad Capital Territory Administration website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140507071715/http://www.cda.gov.pk/ Capital Development Authority]

{{Islamabad}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Islamabad}}
{{Administrative units of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamabad| ]]
[[Category:Islamabad Capital Territory| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Capital districts and territories]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:States and territories of Pakistan]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Sanskrit

2026-03-20T08:32:43Z

Riserteam: starting first info added tags

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Paramanand Jha || Kavyakaveri || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || Pravin Pandya || Udbahuvamanta || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || Raj Kumar Mishra || Bharatabusanam || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Paramba Shree Yogamaya || Samparkah || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2015 || Rushiraj Jani || Samudre Buddhasya Netre || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || Bharat Bhusan Rath || Vanavaibhavam || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Hemchandra Belwal || Parivartankavyam || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || Muni Rajsundar Vijay || Chitrakavyadarshanam || Poetry || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Yuvraj Bhattarai || Vagvilasini || Poetry ||
|-
| 2020 || [[Rishiraj Pathak]] || Aadhyonmeshah || Poetry || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Swetapadma Satapathy || Kathakalpalata || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Shruti Kanitkar || Shreemati Charitram || Poetry ||
|-
| 2023 || Madhusudan Mishra || ''Sudarshanvijayam'' || Prose ||
|-
| 2025 || Dheeraj Kumar Pandey || ''Paribhashikshabd-swarasyam (vedantparibhashasandarbhe)'' || Criticism ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Sanskrit]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

2026-03-18T16:24:57Z

Riserteam: small changes

#REDIRECT [[LMU Munich]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal

2026-03-13T08:06:16Z

Riserteam:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal Hospital
| org_group = [[Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama]]
| logo = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.932766|N|78.147352|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kankhal]], [[Haridwar]]
| region =
| state =
| country = India
| healthcare = 
| funding =
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| beds = 190
| speciality =
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| founded = 1901
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|https://kankhal.rkmm.org/}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}

'''Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal''' ('''RKMS''') is a branch of [[Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama|Ramakrishna Mission]] in [[Kankhal]], [[Haridwar]] in Uttarakhand. It was established in 1901 by [[Swami Kalyanananda]], one of the direct monastic disciples of [[Swami Vivekananda]].

The ashram campus also houses, the '''Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Hospital''', a 190-bed multi-specialty [[charitable hospital]], The hospital serves the treatment needs of poor patients in and around Uttarakhand. Since its inception it has treated more than 10 million patients.<ref name="Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal">{{cite web|last=Kankhal|first=Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama|title=Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama|url=http://www.rkmkankhal.org/}}</ref> From a modest beginning in a rented two room dilapidated building it has grown to be a multi-specialty hospital for treatment of impoverished and needy people, under the supervision of the monks of [[Ramakrishna Order]]. The hospital is located in an 18 acres campus, and houses Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Intensive Care Units, Pathological laboratory, Blood bank, Operation Theaters etc. in addition to dairy and agricultural land whose products are used for the consumption of poor in patients.<ref name="Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal"/>

The [[Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama]] is under [[Ramakrishna Mission]] which also undertakes extensive relief and rehabilitation work in the region, which it did for the recent [[Uttarakhand flood 2013]].<ref name="Ramakrishna Mission Relief work in Times of India">{{cite news|title=Ramakrishna Mission on Rescue Mission in Uttarakhand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ramakrishna-Mission-on-rescue-mission-in-Uttarakhand/articleshow/20761056.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211045437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-25/kolkata/40184411_1_ramakrishna-mission-ramakrishna-mission-rescue-mission|url-status=live|archive-date=11 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:RKM Sevashrama Kankhal.jpg|thumb|left|RKM Sevashram Kankhal Old Building|235x235px]]
Swami Vivekananda had explicitly instructed his disciple, Swami Kalyanananda, to do something for the monks and other poor people in Haridwar and Rishikesh, the two famous pilgrimage spots in India, as he had seen the plight of the people there. At that point in time there existed no healthcare facilities for poor in that region.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 235">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=235}}</ref> In June 1901 the work was started in a two-room building which housed the beds for the ailing monks, the dispensary and the quarter of Swami Kalyanananda. The latter moved from one location to another, searching for the sick monks and brought them to the hospital for treatment free of cost. He would prepare the diets himself, treated the patients with medicines and also did menial work like cleaning and washing of the patients.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 235" /> The fund for the initiative was collected by [[Swami Swarupananda]] who begged for the initial amount in Nainitial.<ref name="Incredible Vivekananda">{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Mani Sankar (Sankar)|title=Abishaswa (Incredible) Vivekananda(Bengali)|year=2010|publisher=Sahityam|location=Kolkata|isbn=978-8172670481|page=279}}</ref> [[File:Ramakrishna Mission Kankhal old building.gif|thumb|left|Old Ashrama Building of the Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal started in 1901]]
From the first published report of the Sevashrama (published in Prabuddha Bharat, September 1901), 6 monks were treated as indoor patients in September 1901, and there were 48 outdoor patients of whom about 30 were monks and the rest poor householders.
In 1902, after the demise of Swami Vivekananda, another of his monastic disciples, [[Swami Nischayananda]], joined his brother disciple to run the Sevashrama in Kankhal.

The sevashrama effort received much help from Swami [[Dhanraj Giri]], the head of Kailash Ashrama. He had sent two rich businessmen, Bhajanlal Lohia and Harsahaymal Sukhdevdas to see the work of the two disciples of Swami Vivekananda. The two gentlemen were impressed by the work and granted financial help for constructing new buildings for the hospital. The plan for the construction was prepared by [[Swami Vijnanananda]].<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 235" />

Gradually the Sevashrama undertook other works like serving pilgrims of [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Mela in Haridwar]], educational activities among poor, upliftment of the so-called untouchables and scavengers who did not have any access to schooling. The Ramakrishna Math with the temple and the monastery served for the spiritual needs.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 235" />

==Visit of Direct Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda==
The Sevashrama was visited by several disciples of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], both monastic and householder. Among the householder disciples, the prominent was '''M''' or [[Mahendranath Gupta]], the chronicler of [[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]]. [[Swami Brahmananda]], the first President of the [[Ramakrishna Order]], visited the
Ashrama in 1902 and again in 1912 when he lived here for seven months. He stayed in the Ashrama's rather small library building. He arranged for the performance of
the Durga Puja the Sevashrama which was joyfully attended by all the prominent monks of Haridwar.<ref name="Vedanta Kesari May 2011">{{cite journal|last=Umeshwarananda|first=Swami|title=Seeing Through A Living Legend An Overview of Ramakrishna Movement in Haridwar vis-à-vis Kumbha Mela|journal=Vedanta Kesari|date=May 2011|page=186}}</ref> Other disciples who stayed in the ashrama at different points of time include [[Swami Turiyananda]], [[Swami Shivananda]], [[Swami Saradananda]], [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swami Premananda]] and [[Swami Abhedananda]]. Ramlal Dada, the nephew of Sri Ramakrishna, also stayed here. [[Swami Achalananda]] and [[Swami Shuddhananda]] of [[Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service]], both direct disciples of Swami Vivekananda, had stayed here.<ref name="Vedanta Kesari May 2011"/> [[Swami Prakashananda (Sushil Maharaj)]] and [[Swami Virajananda]], two other direct disciples of Swami Vivekananda, stayed here for some time for spiritual practice.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 149">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=149}}</ref>
[[File:Kankhal Sevashrama direct disciples.jpg|thumb|right|Direct Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna in Kankhal Sevashrama. Swami Brahmananda and Swami Turiyananda (both sitting), Swami Shivananda (standing)]]

==Visit of Mahatma Gandhi==
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the Sevashrama in 1915, on his return from England, after serving in the Boer War. He wrote in the visitor's book, ''Use indigenous drugs instead of imported drugs.'' [[Swami Nischayananda]] began to use several Ayurvedic medicines thereafter, and he had special knowledge about Ayurveda.<ref name="You will be a Paramhamsa">{{cite book|last=Sarvagatananda|first=Swami|title=You Will Be A Paramahamsa |year=2005|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Kolkata|isbn=8175052716|page=31}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
The Sevashrama is based on the philosophy propounded by Swami Vivekananda, of serving man in the image of God, esp. poor and downtrodden. ''Atmano mokshartham jagad hitaya cha'' - For one's own liberation as well as for the welfare of the world, was the ideology conceived by Swami Vivekananda for all organizations under the umbrella of [[Belur Math]].<ref>[http://www.belurmath.org/ Belur Math]</ref>

==Present Situation==
[[File:Kankhal Sevashrama panoramic view.JPG|thumb|A Panoramic View of the Sevashrama]]
The Sevashrama in 2011-12 has treated more than 7000 in patients and more than 600,000 outdoor patients.<ref name = "RKM Kankhal Performance">[http://www.rkmkankhal.org/Perfomance.html RKM Kankhal]</ref> This centre, a branch centre of [[Ramakrishna Mission]], Belur, Kolkata is governed by a Managing Committee appointed by the Governing Body of Ramakrishna Mission. The Secretary of this Managing Committee functions as the head of that branch. It has got 150 beds for in patients, two fully equipped operation theatres, two fully equipped ambulances, one mobile medical unit, an emergency unit, neo natal department, maternity department, ophthalmology department, dental department, blood bank, physiotherapy, orthopedics, ultrasonography unit, X-Ray unit, a fully equipped ICCU and medical shop and caters to poor patients from all over India. More than 70% of the above patients are utterly poor, abandoned by their families and have no means to go anywhere for treatment. Free cataract operations are also performed here.<ref name = "RKM Kankhal Performance"/> The hospital also specialized in treating Tuberculosis patients since its inception.
The Ramakrishna Math, Kankhal was created in December 1980, after the bifurcation of Sevashrama into a Math and Mission Centres. The hospital runs its own Dairy and Agricultural farms, catering to the patients and other needy local people, as well as the monastics and workers.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal}}
* [https://kankhal.rkmm.org/ Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal, Haridwar Official website]
{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Ramakrishna Math and Mission branches]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Haridwar]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1901]]
[[Category:Charitable hospitals]]

Bangaru Thirumala Nayaka

2026-03-11T22:20:12Z

Riserteam: put up some data v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Bangaru Thirumala Nayaka''', also known as '''Bangaru Tirumala''' and '''Vangaru Thirumala''' (as per European Records and notes), was a member of [[Madurai Nayak]] royal family and Governor/Commander of the Madurai Nayak [[Monarch|King]] Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha (1704–1731). His son, a young boy was adopted and crowned to the [[Madurai]] Throne, with the queen Meenakshi as queen regent, when the Madurai king died without heir. Strife between Bangaru Thirumala and queen Meenakshi would later erupt into many battles leading to the downfall of the dynasty. Later, through marriage alliances with the Sinhalese royalty, relatives of Bangaru Thirumala came to rule the [[Kandy Nayaks|Kandy]] kingdom in [[Sri Lanka]]. They ruled till 1815 when the last king, [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]] was deposed and taken captive by the British. He was exiled to [[Vellore Fort]] from [[Kandy]].

==Family origins==
Bangaru Tirumala was a member of royal family of [[Madurai Nayaks]] and a Governor/Commander of the Madurai Country in charge of Madurai and Tirunelveli regions. He is said to be descendant from another branch of the royal family issuing from Kumara Muttu, probably a younger brother of [[Thirumala Nayaka]].<ref>History of the Nayaks of Madura, R. Sathianathaier, Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar; pages 97, 136, 151 and 232</ref>

==Beginnings ==

When Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak died in 1731 without an heir, one of his queens Meenakshi adopted Bangaru Thirumala’s son Vijayakumara then a young boy as an heir for the Madurai Throne and became Queen Regent for the adopted prince. During this time [[Tiruchirapalli]] Fort was the headquarters of Madurai Kingdom, while Madurai was bifurcated into a Province, still retaining the vast Fort.

===Queen Meenakshi===
When Queen Meenakshi took over the administration, the Kingdom was in deep trouble, with enemy troops of Delhi Sultans, Mysore armies and Maratha armies attempting to seize the throne. Also pilferage of enemy spies and widespread anarchy prevailed in the kingdom. The palace administrators were rampant on treason and corruption. The queen attempting to bring order, sacked many troublesome officials and commanders, and replaced them with better ones. She was also assisted by her brother Venkata Perumal Nayak and things looked better for a period.

==Madurai throne claimants==

Hardly a year or two passed when Bangaru Tirumala, feeling that he deserved the throne, instigated an insurrection against the queen. He was also joined by Queen Meenakshi’s recently ousted [[Minister (government)|Minister]] "Dalavay Venkatachari". Their first attempt at ousting the queen by attacking the Tiruchirapalli fort ended in a failure.

Bangaru Tirumala operated from Madurai Fort while the Queen held court from the Tiruchirapalli Fort Palace. During this period the Madurai Kingdom was a feudatory of Mughal empire, whose representative in the south was the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] held an intermediate authority.

Bangaru Tirumala approached Safdar Ali Khan, son of the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic Nawab]], with an offer of three million rupees to oust the queen in favour of him. The latter after accepting the offer, settled the dispute in Bangaru Tirumala’s favour by declaring him as the King. Safdar Ali Khan then left to Arcot without attacking Meenakshi’s fort in Tiruchirapalli and left the matters to his kin and advisor Chanda Sahib to enforce the new events. The wily queen, not paying any attempt at the suspicious settlement, responded by offering Chanda Sahib a crore of rupees (ten million) and to declare her duly entitled to the throne.
Startled at the detour of affairs Bangaru Tirumala left to Madurai, to rule over that province and [[Tirunelveli]], without wishing any harm to Chanda Sahib.

==End of Nayak dynasty==
Bangaru Tirumala‘s withdrawal was only temporary as he collected a good number of discontents from the army and [[Polygars]] again launched offensive attacks on the Tiruchirapalli Fort. Several battles and attacks continued on either sides, with Bangaru Tirumala finally seizing the [[Dindigul Fort]],a key fort and territory in between the Madurai and Tiruchirapalli. Two years passed (1736), when Chanda Sahib returned to Trichrapalli, combining with Meenakshi, attacked Bangaru Tirumala, who was still ruling the southern provinces of Madurai. In a battle at Ammayanayakkanur near [[Dindigul]], Bangaru Thirumala’s army, largely strengthened by some Polygars, fought a well-contested battle against the Queen and Chanda Sahib with over 80,000 soldiers, but was finally defeated, taking refuge in [[Sivaganga]] palace.

Chanda Sahib, after the victory over Bangaru Tirumala, proclaimed himself ruler of Meenakshi’s kingdom, after locking the queen up in her palace, later driving her to consume poison, thus putting an end to over 200 years of Nayak rule in Madurai.

==With the Tanjore Marathas==
Bangaru Tirumala still undaunted joined with the Tanjore Marathas to oust Chanda Sahib. Tanjore Kingdom was recently (1740) attacked and subjugated by Chanda Sahib, compelling them to cede [[Karaikal]] to the [[France|French]], who were Chanda Sahib’s new ally. Also Chanda Sahib was left on his own by his Uncle Carnatic Nawab, but still suspicious over the former's ambitions.

Bangaru Tirumala and the [[Tanjore Nayaks|Tanjore King]] joined together and called in assistance of the [[Marathas]] of [[Satara State|Satara]] in [[Bombay]]. These people having their own grievances against the Carnatic Nawabs (with whom Chanda Sahib was still identified) marched down with a vast army in the south in 1741, first defeating and killing the [[Nawab of Arcot]] in the Battle, later after a three months siege at Trichinopoly fort, took Chanda Sahib as a captive, killing both Chanda Sahib’s brothers.

Finally in 1751, Chanda Sahib was captured after a series of [[Carnatic Wars]] and beheaded by a [[Tanjore]] general, Mankoji.

==Madurai again==

The Marathas disregarding the claims of Bangaru Tirumala appointed a Maratha [[Morari Rao]] of [[Gooty]] (in 1741), as their governor of the conquered kingdom. In 1744, the Nizam of Hyderabad sent an army to re-establish his weakened authority in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] making Morari Rao flee from Madurai. The Nizam appointed [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan|Anwar-ud-din]] as Nawab of Arcot, and ordered Vangaru Tirumala to be appointed to the Throne of Madurai. The rulers of Ramnad, Sivaganga, Tanjore were also keen on appointing Bangaru Tirumala on the throne thereby to retain a Nayak Kingdom.
Thus for a brief period Bangaru Thirumala seemed to take the crown as a de jure ruler, while the administrative control was carried out by the Arcot army. Bangaru was also repeatedly warned of attempts by Anwar-ud-din and his aides on plans to usurp the Throne. But very little is known afterwards as some sources point out that he was poisoned by Anwar-ud-din.

== Relationship with Kandy Nayaks==
{{See also|Nayaks of Kandy}}

One section of Bangaru Thirumala’s family came to rule Kandy through marriage alliances with the Sinhalese royalty. They were the last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka. They are often mentioned as [[Nayakkar]] Dynasty or Vaduga Rulers or Nayaks of Kandy. Among the four kings who constituted the Kandy Nayak dynasty only the last three were related to Bangaru Thirumala.

Background: 
Three kings of the [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy Mahanuwara kingdom]], had married brides from Madurai. These kings were: [[Rajasinghe II]] (1635–1687) [[Vimaladharmasurya II]] (1687–1707) [[Vira Narendra Sinha]] (1707–1739).
The royal status of these brides or their relationships to the Nayakas of Mudurai have not been established. The available documents in both Madura and Sri Lanka make it highly doubtful that these brides were of royal descent. In the case of the bride who married Vira Narendra Sinha, it has been established that she was the daughter of a Nayak named Pitti Nayak, who had probably seen better days, but was a very poor man when his daughter married the king of Kandy.<ref>The Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka, 1707-1782: Author: Lorna Srimathie Dewaraja, pages 29 -36</ref>

The bride was accompanied by her father, mother and brother (who was young a child), and her family continued to reside there. Later in 1732 Narendra Sinha falls critically ill, and being childless, he adopts the brother of his queen who had grown up in the Kandyan court, as son and heir.<ref>The history of Sri Lanka, By Patrick Peebles, page 39</ref> When Narendra Sinha died in 1739, this prince ascended the throne as [[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]].

The new king Sri Vijaya Rajasinha, married princess Upendramma, daughter of Narenappa Nayaka, who was the cousin of Bangaru Thirumala (i.e. their mothers were sisters). This queen too is accompanied by her father, mother and 2 young brothers, who all take residence in Kandy.

Sri Vijaya Rajasinha too dies childless, and his wife's brother, i.e. Narenappa's son, ascended the throne, under the name [[Kirti Sri Rajasinha]]. When he too dies without a child, his brother ascended the throne as [[Rajadhi Rajasinha]]. When Rajadi Rajasinha also dies childless, [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka]] (1798-1815 AD), ascended the throne. He was queen Upendramma’s nephew.

==Other descendants==
Several of Bangaru Thirumala’s [[Kinship|descendants]] lived in the Vellaikurichi [[Fort]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC&pg=PA87 | title=History of Tinnevelly | first=Robert | last=Caldwell | year=2004 | isbn=9788120601611 | page=87 | accessdate=29 April 2018 }}
</ref> in Sivaganga Zamin, and their family living there till recent times. The Vellaikurichi Fort along with some encompassing villages were granted by the [[Raja of Sivaganga]].

In the 1820s, a descendant of Bangaru was reported to be in Madurai seeking pecuniary assistance from the government. Also it is reported, every year they conducted a ceremony of reciting poems of their royal forebears of their valour and deeds on the first day of [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Chittirai.

==See also==
*[[Nayaks of Madurai]]
*[[Madurai]]
*[[Nayaks of Kandy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Biography of Dhandavarayan Pillai:Pradhani of Sivaganga Zamin; Author: Mu.Balakrishnan M.A.,M.Ed.; published by Manickvasagar Pathipagam, Chennai in 2005
*The Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka, 1707-1782: Author: Lorna Srimathie Dewaraja M.A.(Ceylon), Ph.D.(London). {{ISBN|9555520186}}, Colombo, Sri Lanka : Lake House Investments, 1988

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Banda Kanakalingeshwara}}
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Madurai Nayak dynasty|Banda]]

Cyriaco Dias

2026-03-07T20:41:29Z

Riserteam: created the details first draft

{{short description|Indian actor and singer (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cyriaco Dias
| image = Cyriaco & Jessie Dias (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dias at [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], 2013
| birth_name = Santana Filomena Ceirico Camilo Dias
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| other_names = {{hlist|Shembu Canconkar|Ciriaco Dias}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|3|16|df=y}}
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement|Goa liberation]]
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Jessie Dias]]
* [[Leena Fernandes]]}}
| years_active = 1956–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|theatre director|singer|freedom fighter|social worker}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)}}
}}

'''Santana Filomena Ceirico Camilo "Cyriaco" Dias''' (born 16 March 1937) is an Indian actor, playwright, [[theatre director]], singer, [[Freedom fighters in Goa|freedom fighter]], and social worker known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Throughout his career, he has performed in over 1,000 dramas and has accumulated over 4,500 acting credits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-21 |title=TAG artiste of the month |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tag-artiste-of-the-month/articleshow/11186550.cms |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230134423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tag-artiste-of-the-month/articleshow/11186550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dias was born on 16 March 1937, in [[Raia, Goa]], a region that was under Portuguese rule as part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Presently, Raia is located in India. Dias hailed from a musically gifted family, with his father, Pedro Joao Dias (later known as Peter John Menino Dias), being a musician and [[maestro]].<ref name=":2" />

From an early age, Dias actively participated in the struggle for independence and was recognized as a [[Freedom fighters in Goa|freedom fighter]].<ref name=":2" /> He joined forces with his associate [[Jack de Sequeira]] during the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]. During this period, Dias assumed the guise of a [[Hindu]] individual named Shembu Canconkar, donning traditional attire such as a ''[[dhoti]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-19 |title='Govt not doing enough to honour Jack de Sequeira' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/govt-not-doing-enough-to-honour-jack-de-sequeira/articleshow/3998328.cms |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Dias embarked on his theatrical career in his youth by joining a cultural club led by [[Seby Coutinho]], Rico Rod, and Vincent Semedo. This association proved instrumental in establishing his reputation, leading to opportunities in [[C. Alvares]]' ''[[tiatrs]]'', where he excelled in [[character roles]]. Dias's talent and popularity expanded, attracting the attention of other directors. He delivered a memorable performance as [[Jesus Christ]] in [[Manuel D'Lima]]'s ''tiatr Soddvondar''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

Dias' debut ''tiatr'', inspired by the [[Goa liberation movement|Goan freedom struggle]], unfortunately remained unproduced. However, he achieved success with his first staged social drama, ''Zigzigta Titleim Bangar Nhoim'' (All That Glitters is Not Gold) in 1956, solidifying his position as a rising star.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-12-22 |title=TAG's Meet the Artist felicitates Cyriaco Dias – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/22/magazines/buzz/ilive-tag-s-meet-artist-felicitates-cyriaco-dias/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133620/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/22/magazines/buzz/ilive-tag-s-meet-artist-felicitates-cyriaco-dias/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year he participated in the productions ''Kitem Ho Sounsar'' (What sort of world is this) and ''Chepekar Cunhado'' (Hat wearer Brother-in-law). As his career progressed, Dias collaborated with other figures in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'', assuming diverse roles on the professional stage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in |archive-date=2023-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921102726/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2000, Dias had written six original ''tiatrs'', primarily showcased in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). His creative output expanded further, resulting in a total of twelve ''tiatrs'' by 2011. However, Dias's stage appearances became less frequent from 1978 onward due to his professional commitments in [[Bahrain]]. Nonetheless, during his tenure in Bahrain, he managed to stage his own ''tiatrs'' and sporadically contributed to other theatrical productions.<ref name=":0" /> He was recognized for his socially conscious approach.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
In the year 2000, it was observed that whenever Dias visited [[Goa]] from [[Bahrain]] during his leave, he would attend ''[[tiatrs]]'', which were being performed at that time. Despite his retirement from Bahrain, Dias has maintained his passion for the stage and intends to complete his unfinished work in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater. While residing in [[Manama, Bahrain]], he spends his time in Goa with his family at Ambora, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]].<ref name=":0" />

According to the ''2012 Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', Dias currently resides in [[Calangute]], located in [[North Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-12-31 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He shares a familial relationship with Konkani actress [[Leena Dias]] and Konkani actress and singer [[Jessie Dias]] through his connection with Leena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leena Dias, Goa's first heroine passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Leena-Dias-Goa%E2%80%99s-first-heroine-passes-away/178168 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231041730/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Leena-Dias-Goa%E2%80%99s-first-heroine-passes-away/178168 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his stay in [[Mumbai]], Dias formed a close friendship with Konkani playwright and director Rico Rod. This was evident when Dias spoke about Rod's character during a condolence gathering held at the Black Box in [[Ravindra Bhavan, Margao]], to pay tribute to the late playwright and director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-07-03 |title=Remembering tiatr artiste: Rico Rod – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/03/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatr-artiste-rico-rod/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231041910/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/03/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatr-artiste-rico-rod/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Dias has received several awards and felicitations throughout his career. In recognition of his contributions to theatre, he was honored with the "Goa State Cultural Award" for the year 2010–2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Goa State Cultural Award |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030337/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Additionally, he was bestowed with the title of the 2020 "Gulab Tiatrist of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. Freddy J Da Costa Memorial 'GULAB AWARDS 2020'conducted |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Fr-Freddy-J-Da-Costa-Memorial-%E2%80%98GULAB-AWARDS-2020%E2%80%99conducted/177562 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108065342/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Fr-Freddy-J-Da-Costa-Memorial-%E2%80%98GULAB-AWARDS-2020%E2%80%99conducted/177562 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dias's acting abilities have been acknowledged, as evidenced by his collection of 14 Best Actor awards. Furthermore, his impact on the theatrical landscape earned him the "Life Time Achievement award" from the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] in 2009.<ref name=":3" />

In addition to his theatrical achievements, Dias has also been honored by various organizations and individuals for his involvement in other endeavors. His contribution as a [[Freedom fighters in Goa|freedom fighter]] earned him accolades from the Goa [[Trinamool Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC salutes freedom fighters, says Goa needs 2nd liberation |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFtmc-salutes-freedom-fighters-says-goa-needs-2nd-liberation/78199.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220042707/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFtmc-salutes-freedom-fighters-says-goa-needs-2nd-liberation/78199.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Ramakant Khalap]] during the Swatantra Senani - Shahid Sanmaan Diwas event, organized by the North Goa District Congress Committee in [[Mapusa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-14 |title=Freedom from corruption will be mission of Congress- Girish Chodankar {{!}} Goemkarponn - Goa News |url=https://goemkarponn.com/freedom-from-corruption-will-be-mission-of-congress-girish-chodankar/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=goemkarponn.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814102519/http://goemkarponn.com/freedom-from-corruption-will-be-mission-of-congress-girish-chodankar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, his role in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' led to a felicitation by former [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] speaker [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] at the [[Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr]] (TSKK).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond jubilee of 'Amchem Noxib' to be marked in Porvorim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/diamond-jubilee-of-%E2%80%98amchem-noxib%E2%80%99-to-be-marked-in-porvorim/100179.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614082734/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/diamond-jubilee-of-%E2%80%98amchem-noxib%E2%80%99-to-be-marked-in-porvorim/100179.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dias's contributions to [[Konkani language|Konkani]] culture have not gone unnoticed either. He was felicitated by Dr. Austin D'Souza Prabhu, the editor of the Konkani [[periodical]] ''Veez'', at the 3rd International Tiatr Convention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatrists across globe seek industry status to Tiatr |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/tiatrists-across-globe-seek-industry-status-to-tiatr/93883.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231125447/https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/tiatrists-across-globe-seek-industry-status-to-tiatr/93883.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, the Tiatr Academy of Goa honored him on the momentous occasion of commemorating 125 years of Tiatr at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Celebrations start to mark 125 yrs of tiatr |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrations-start-to-mark-125-yrs-of-tiatr/amp_articleshow/54769840.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17040128223283&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrations-start-to-mark-125-yrs-of-tiatr/articleshow/54769840.cmsmp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17040128223283&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrations-start-to-mark-125-yrs-of-tiatr/articleshow/54769840.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Dias has also received the 2012 "Antonio Pereira Konknni Puroskar" (APKP) from the Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Goa: Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr Annual Awards Presented |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=128521 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231125446/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=128521 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Writer
|Unproduced
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|1956
|''Zigzigta Titleim Bangar Nhoim''
|Writer/director
|Debut ''tiatr''
|-
|''Kitem Ho Sounsar''
|
|
|-
|''Chepekar Cunhado''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4956876}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Cyriaco}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]

Bhera (film)

2026-03-04T09:32:02Z

Riserteam: put up the entry w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhera
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shrikant Prabhakar
| writer = '''Story:''' Prasad Khanolkar '''Screenplay and Dialogues:''' Prasad Khanolkar Shrikant Prabhakar
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Deepak Joil
*Shraddha Khanolkar
}}
| cinematography = Sameer Bhaskar
| editing = Smita Phadke
| music = Pradyumna Chaware Pranav Jantikar
| studio = Shri Vaij-Prabha Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|01||Pune International Film Festival{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}|2025|03|21}}
| runtime = 134 minutes{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi ([[Malvani language|Malvani]])
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhera''''' ({{translation|The Deaf}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] [[drama film]] directed by Shrikant Prabhakar and produced under the banner Shri Vaij-Prabha Chitra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Bhera (2025) {{!}} Bhera Marathi Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/30680/bhera/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in a remote [[Konkan]] village, the film portrays a touching tale of loneliness, love, and resilience through the intertwined lives of two marginalized individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2025-03-21 |title='BHERA' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 21 March, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/bhera-marathi-review-21-march-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref> It is based on the short story ''Sakaav'' by Prasad Khanolkar and is notable for being the first feature film entirely made in the [[Malvani language|Malvani]] dialect of Marathi.

The film was officially selected for several film festivals, including the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|77th Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=पोखरकर |first=मंजिरी |date=2024-04-01 |title='कान्स आंतरराष्ट्रीय चित्रपट महोत्सव'साठी राज्य शासनाकडून तीन मराठी चित्रपटांची निवड |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/cannes-film-festival-three-marathi-movies-gypsy-bhera-and-valli-have-been-selected-by-the-state-government-for-the-cannes-international-film-festival-film-market-know-details-bollywood-entertainment-latest-update-marathi-news-1269872 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot needed|date=October 2025}}

== Cast ==

* Deepak Joil as Vishnu
* Shraddha Khanolkar as Anibai
* Akanksha Khot as Rekha
* Pramod Koyande as Dada Sarpanch
* Anand Pandav as Factory Boy
* Vivekanand Valke as Mama
* Gaurav Raul
* Shrikant Prabhakar
* Prajakta Nerurkar

== Production ==
The film was shot completely in the [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]] and stars local actors.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by Shrikant Prabhakar, while Pradyumna Chaware and Pranav Jantikar created the background score.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} The sound design was managed by Dhananjay Sathe, and the lyrics were written by Shrikant Prabhakar and Prasad Khanolkar.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} The film's music was released under the [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]] label.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:55
| title1 = Mi Tuka Kay Dilay
| length1 = 6:47
| extra1 = Bhagyashree Athalye, Amita Ghugari
| title2 = Gavacho Vangadi
| length2 = 3:08
| extra2 = Shrikant Prabhakar
}}

== Release ==

=== Film festivals ===
''Bhera'' was officially selected for several film festivals worldwide, including the [[Chennai International Film Festival]], Indian Film Festival Stuttgart, [[Pune International Film Festival]], Third Eye Asian Film Festival (Marathi Competition), and the Chandrapur International Film Festival.<ref name=":0" /> The film was also officially selected by the Maharashtra Film, Stage and Cultural Development Corporation Limited for screening at the prestigious [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know The Three Marathi Films To Be Screened At The Cannes Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/know-the-three-marathi-films-to-be-screened-at-the-cannes-film-festival-2024-8832707.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Theatrical ===
The film's teaser was released on 4 February 2025, followed by the official trailer on 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhera : The Deaf - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/bhera-the-deaf-official-trailer/videoshow/118186431.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''Bhera'' had special screenings on 28 February 2025 at various locations in [[Sindhudurg district]], including [[Vengurla]], [[Malvan]], [[Kudal]], and [[Devgad taluka|Devgad]], ahead of its theatrical release on 21 March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2025-03-19 |title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय महोत्सवांत गाजलेला 'भेरा' २१ मार्चपासून रसिकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/shrikant-prabhakar-directed-bhera-movie-going-to-release-in-theaters-on-21-st-march-2025-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|2024
|Special Mention Certificate – Best Director
| rowspan="2" |Shrikant Prabhakar
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=22nd Pune International Film Festival: 'Sthal' Wins Best Marathi Film, 'Citizen Saint' Awarded Best International Film - Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/22nd-pune-international-film-festival-sthal-wins-best-marathi-film-citizen-saint-awarded-best-international-film-check-out-full-list-of-winners |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Akhil Bharatiy Marathi Chitrapat Mahamandal Best Film Director
|{{won}}
|-
|Third Eye Asian Film Festival
|2025
|Best Female Actor (Marathi Competition)
|Shraddha Khanolkar
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=media |first=news and |title=21st Third Eye Asian Film Festival concludes in Mumbai |url=https://www.en.etemaaddaily.com/entertainment/21st-third-eye-asian-film-festival-concludes-in-mumbai:168633 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.en.etemaaddaily.com |language=english}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[61st Maharashtra State Film Awards|2025]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film I]]
| rowspan="3" |Shri Vaij-Prabha Chitra
|{{won}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2025-08-09 |title=Marathi film 'Jaggu Ani Juliet' produced by Punit Balan Studios wins Second Prize for Best Film |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/marathi-film-jaggu-ani-juliet-produced-by-punit-balan-studios-wins-second-prize-for-best-film/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Rural Film|Best Rural Film]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Social Film|Best Social Film]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director I]]
| rowspan="3" |Shrikant Prabhakar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Rural Film Director
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Social Film Director
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Actor
|Deepak Joil
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|Shraddha Khanolkar
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35301400}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about disability]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sindhudurg]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian short stories adapted into films]]
[[Category:Short stories adapted into films]]

Mahishasur Marddini

2026-03-04T00:15:29Z

Riserteam: Put Up New Data First Draft...

{{Short description|Indian feature film released in 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahishasur Marddini
| image = Mahishasur Marddini Poster.jpg
| caption = Mahishasur Marddini Movie Poster
| director = [[Ranjan Ghosh]]
| writer = [[Ranjan Ghosh]]
| producer = Pawan Kanodia
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Koushik Kar]] [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] [[Poulomi Das]] [[Sritama Dey]] [[Aryuun Ghosh]] [[Arunima Halder]] [[Abhyuday Dey]]
| cinematography = [[Subhadeep Dey]]
| music = [[Avijit Kundu]]
| editing = [[Amit Pal]]
| distributor = RAA Info and Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2022|11|25|India}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}
'''''Mahishasur Marddini – A Night to Remember''''' (মহিষাসুরমর্দ্দিনী) is a 2022 [[India]]-[[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[film]] written and directed by acclaimed director [[Ranjan Ghosh]]. It stars [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]] and [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], and is considered as the director's boldest work till date in which he experiments with form and style, combining the elements of theatre and cinema. The film was produced by AVA Film Productions Pvt. Ltd. and co-produced by Vinayak Pictures.<ref name="Deepali">{{Cite web |last=Deepali |first=Singh |date=2022-09-23 |title=The IHC Theatre Festival returns to the capital after two years |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/the-ihc-theatre-festival-returns-to-the-capital-after-two-years-111663914649020.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=[[Mint Lounge]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rituparna-sengupta-every-phase-of-life-is-beautiful/article65970956.ece|title=The IHC Theatre Festival returns to the capital after two years|date=7 October 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref>

The film was nominated in a list of Top 50 Indian Feature Films by [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI-India]] for their annual jury Award, the Grand Prix 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ranjan-ghosh-elated-to-see-mahishasur-marddini-in-prestigious-fipresci-nomination-list/articleshow/99981795.cms?from=mdr|title=Ranjan Ghosh: Elated to see ‘Mahishasur Marddini’ in prestigious FIPRESCI nomination list|date=4 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref>

The film was screened at the ''[[Film and Television Institute of India]]'', ''[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'', ''[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]'', ''[[University of Hyderabad]]'', ''[[English and Foreign Languages University]]'', ''[[University of Kerala]]'', ''[[SNDT Women's University]]'', ''[[Pondicherry University]]'', ''[[IIT Bombay]]'' (''Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay''), ''[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]'' and ''[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jnu-screening-of-mahishasur-marddini-leaves-ranjan-emotional/articleshow/96276586.cms|title=JNU screening of 'Mahishasur Marddini' leaves Ranjan emotional|date=16 December 2022|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="https://www.telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranjan-ghosh-on-mahishasur-marddinis-jnu-screening/cid/1904099|title=Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini's JNU screening|date=16 December 2022|work=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/upload/publication/pr1_English_2022September30.pdf|title=Special screening of upcoming Bengali feature film Mahishashur Mardini at JMI|date=30 September 2022|work=[[jmi.ac.in]]}}</ref>

The ''[[Indian People's Theatre Association]]'', Kollam District Committee, Kerala, screened the film in August 2023. Earlier, it was screened at one of the oldest and most prestigious theatre festivals in India, the 21st IHC Theatre Festival, organized by the [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi, in September 2022. With that, it became the first Indian feature film to be screened at any theatre festival anywhere in India.<ref name="The Telegraph India">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/mahishasur-marddini-to-be-screened-at-india-habitat-centre-theatre-festival/cid/1886207|title=Mahishasur Marddini to be screened at IHC Theatre Festival|date=13 September 2022|work=[[The Telegraph India]]|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref>

== Theme ==
The film is a single-night, single-location intersectional bundle of tales about guilt-ridden memories, fake appearances of nobility that human beings put on, and how these appearances eventually crumble. Mahishasur Marddini creates a bleak and haunting world that evokes shame and leaves the audience bruised. Mahishasur Marddini is a letter of protest as also an apology to women for the wrongs done to her through the ages that continue even to this day.<ref name="Film-maker Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/film-maker-ranjan-ghosh-on-mahishasur-marddini/cid/1899703|title=Film-maker Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini|newspaper=The Telegraph India|date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

It avoids a mechanical plot and the causality of usual plot-driven stories, and is presented in the form of a seven-act play bringing together a collage of moments to establish the idea of a nightmarish world for women. The film explores both the Indian theatre tradition and the Indian aesthetic of cinema by experimenting with the formal elements of both the artforms. The entries and exits of characters, the performances, the dialogues and discourses, the staging and blocking, the use of props, the lighting and shot-taking are all arranged to creatively combine the language of film and the formal elements of theatre.<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini: A fairly complex, nuanced & cerebral film">{{Cite news|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/recent-top-news/2023/05/21/mahishasur-marddini-a-fairly-complex-nuanced-cerebral-film/|title=Mahishasur Marddini: A fairly complex, nuanced & cerebral film|newspaper=East Mojo|date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Land-lady, Air Force Test Pilot
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Ruling Party Politician
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Election Strategist
* [[Koushik Kar]] as Local Businessman
* [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] as Army Major
* [[Poulomi Das]] as Army Major's wife, School Teacher
* [[Sritama Dey]] as College-going Tenant 1
* [[Aryuun Ghosh]] as College-going Tenant 2
* [[Arunima Halder]] as College-going Tenant 3
* [[Abhyuday Dey]] as College-going Tenant 4
* [[Pankaj Munshi]] as Chief Potter
* [[Bimal Giri]] as Assistant Potter 1
* [[Arijit Lahiri]] as Assistant Potter 2
* [[Pawan Kanodia]] as NGO Owner
* [[Tamal Roy Chowdhury]] as Mansion Owner

== Scripting and pre-production ==

In an interview, director Ranjan Ghosh had said that the infamous Nirbhaya ([[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]) incident was the origin of the story. It took him nearly ten years to take notes from his life and his surroundings and form the story, before penning the screenplay. The final draft of the screenplay got ready in 2020 before going into production in 2021.<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini: Endless Night…">{{Cite news|url=https://thedailyeye.info/thought-box/mahishasur-marddini-endless-night/cd1e58f280af2bf9|title=Mahishasur Marddini: Endless Night…|newspaper=The Daily Eye|date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

Pre-production happened over a period of four months from October 2020 till January 2021. The team scouted for an old mansion where the entire story would be set. Extensive recce was done in and around Kolkata before zeroing on an old mansion in Chinsura, a suburb in the Hooghly district of Bengal.<ref name="Mahishasura Mardini and the multi-layered world of Ranjan Ghosh">{{Cite news|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/mahishasura-mardini-and-the-multi-layered-world-of-ranjan-ghosh|title=Mahishasura Mardini and the multi-layered world of Ranjan Ghosh|newspaper=Civil Society Online|date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

In another interview the director had said that he had done a detailed shot-breakdown of the script along with his cinematographer [[Subhadeep Dey]] for over 25 days, in order to shoot the film in just over two weeks, because of budget constraints.<ref name="Ranjan Ghosh on his new film Mahishasur Marddini">{{Cite news|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/ranjan-ghosh-on-his-new-film-mahishasur-marddini|title=Ranjan Ghosh on his new film Mahishasur Marddini|newspaper=North East Film Journale|date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

== Principal photography and post-production ==

The film was shot on the ALEXA MINI Camera by cinematographer [[Subhadeep Dey]], an alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], and who had earlier shot films like [[Rajlokkhi o Srikanta]] and [[Reunion (2018 film)|Reunion]] among others. The first day of the shoot was on 2 February 2021. The film was shot over a period of 15 days. The shoot schedule was hampered because of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This resulted in a delay of over six months, and the shoot was completed only in August 2021.<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini is a film with the feel of theatre – Civil Society Online">{{Cite news|url=https://www.civilsocietyonline.com/cinema/film-with-the-feel-of-theatre/|title=Mahishasur Marddini is a film with the feel of theatre|newspaper=Civil Society Online|date= 7 May 2022}}</ref>

The film was edited by [[Amit Pal]] who had earlier edited the Festival version of Ghosh's acclaimed food film [[Ahaa Re]]. The music production was done by newbie music director [[Avijit Kundu]].<ref name="Film-maker Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini"/>

== Film Festival Participation, Release and Critical Response ==

Mahishasur Marddini had a limited theatrical release in Kolkata owing to its experimental format. Reportedly, the audience were disturbed by the dark theme of the film. The film had a total run of 50 days in the city and the suburbs.<ref name="Film-maker Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini"/><ref name="Mahishasur Marddini Movie Review : A moody reflection of where we stand">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahishasur-marddini/movie-review/95785139.cms|title=Mahishasur Marddini Movie Review : A moody reflection of where we stand|newspaper=Civil Society Online|date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics across the country. After its screening in the Asian Cinema Competition section of the 13th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]], 2022, [[NDTV]] critic Saibal Chatterjee wrote that "Mahishasur Marddini is an important film that stares at the rot in the soul of India in the face." He pointed out the director's attempt to "piece together stories of gender discrimination and sexual violence to reveal the sheer gravity of the situation on the ground." and "the unusual feel and texture of the film that combines the grammar of cinema, the methods of proscenium theatre and the interpretative tools of socio-political observation." He commented that the film "succeeds to a great extent while crafting a hard-hitting cautionary narrative."<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini is a film with the feel of theatre – Civil Society Online"/> In a critical reading of the film for their magazine E-CineIndia, film historian Dr. Debjani Halder of FIPRESCI-India talked about the "depiction of the politics of patriarchal ideas of imposing the image of a mother goddess on women, a veiled form of exercising male authority." She said, "the gallery is used as a picture frame stage" and the action is observed "through the proscenium arch." She commented on Subhadeep Dey's cinematography and PV Manikumar's colour-correction for creating "a magical visual construction", while adding that editor Amit Pal's edit "improvising the concept of time and space has included a poetic grace to the entire narrative."<ref name="A Politics of Representation: Portrayal of the Suppression of Women in Indian Patriarchy – ECineIndia">{{Cite news |date=18 Jan 2023 |title=A Politics of Representation: Portrayal of the Suppression of Women in Indian Patriarchy |newspaper=ECineIndia |url=https://secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/18.-Critique-Debjani-Halder-Mahishahur-Mardini.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Senior critic S. Vishwanath gave the film a 4*/5 rating on High on Films. He wrote "Ghosh holds a mirror to the maleficent society" and also exposes "how society remains unconcerned to the untold sufferings of the women." To that end, "Ghosh takes to the theatrical format for his searing and soul searching tale."<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini [2022]: Mirroring Society’s ‘Male’ficent Mindset">{{Cite news|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/mahishasur-marddini-2022-review/|title=Mahishasur Marddini [2022]: Mirroring Society’s ‘Male’ficent Mindset|newspaper=HighOnFilms|date= 28 April 2022}}</ref> The film was screened at the 22nd [[New York Indian Film Festival]], 2022. US-based author and indie-film curator Kalpa Shah-Maniar rated the film 4*/5 in the journal, Cinematic Illusions, and wrote that "Mahishasur Marddini is a strongly relevant film with an urgent drama."<ref name="Mahishasur Marddini Film review">{{Cite news|url=https://cinematicillusions.com/film-reviews/mahishasur-marddini/|title=Mahishasur Marddini Film review|newspaper=Cinematic Illusions|date= 20 May 2022}}</ref> She further commented on the "consistent performances" by the lead actors [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] and the newcomers [[Abhyuday Dey]], [[Arunima Halder]], [[Sritama Dey]], and debutant [[Aryuun Ghosh]]. In The Citizen, Critic Shoma A. Chatterji reviewed that "Mahishasura Marddini has attempted an experiment in creating an innovative form of blending a theatrical performance with a full-length feature film." She wrote that the director had tried to "revolutionize how we talk about theatre as not only a medium of words, but that of fully realized productions with visual cues." In her view, the film "offers a classic example of this experiment."<ref name="Ranjan Ghosh's new film Mahishasura Marddini, presents a different perspective">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/life/the-demon-slayer-552504|title=Ranjan Ghosh's new film Mahishasura Marddini, presents a different perspective|newspaper=The Citizen|date= 10 December 2022}}</ref>

== Film Academia and Legacy ==

Mahishasur Marddini was screened at one of the oldest and most prestigious theatre festivals in India, the 21st IHC Theatre Festival, organized by the [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi, in September 2022. With that, it became the first Indian feature film to be screened at any theatre festival anywhere in India.<ref name="The Telegraph India"/> The IHC authorities had said about the selection that "the idea behind this was to make people think about theatre, even though they had not come to watch a play.” The festival took that idea forward with a screening of director Ranjan Ghosh's Bengali film Mahishasur Marddini, followed by a panel discussion on how the movie successfully combined the elements of both the artforms.<ref name="Deepali"/> Actress [[Rituparna Sengupta]], who played the protagonist of the film, said in an interview that it was "a pathbreaking moment in Indian cinema that a feature film that experimented with form and style got selected at such a prestigious theatre festival. The selection validated the team's efforts."<ref name="The Telegraph India"/>

The film became a part of cinema academia because of its experimentation with form, style and narrative. The ''[[Indian People's Theatre Association]]'', Kollam District Committee, Kerala, screened the film in August 2023. It was further screened at the ''[[Film and Television Institute of India]]'', ''[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'', ''[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]'', ''[[University of Hyderabad]]'', ''[[English and Foreign Languages University]]'', ''[[University of Kerala]]'', ''[[SNDT Women's University]]'', ''[[Pondicherry University]]'', ''[[IIT Bombay]]'' (''Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay''), ''[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]'' and ''[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="https://www.telegraphindia.com"/><ref name="auto"/> In an interview, the director had mentioned that at all those screenings, the film was received with an enthusiasm by the scholars. It got a standing ovation in Pondicherry after the screening.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranjan-ghosh-on-mahishasur-marddinis-jnu-screening/cid/1904099|title=Ranjan Ghosh on Mahishasur Marddini's JNU screening|date=16 December 2022|work=[[The Telegraph India]]|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/after-mahishasur-marddini-ranjan-promises-to-surprise-all-with-his-next-film/articleshow/98366052.cms|title=After ‘Mahishasur Marddini’, Ranjan promises to surprise all with his next film|date=2 March 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack has music composed by [[Avijit Kundu]], who had also scored the background music of the film. The songs were sung by debutant singers [[Madhuri Dey]] and [[Arpita Sarkar]]. The music was released on 8 November 2022.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Aami Mahishasur Marddini | extra1 = [[Madhuri Dey]] | lyrics1 = [[Subhadeep Kantal]] | length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Shono Shonai | extra2 = [[Arpita Sarkar]] | lyrics2 = [[Subhadeep Kantal]] | length2 = 3:48
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15717054}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjan Ghosh]]

German School New Delhi

2026-03-03T09:54:40Z

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#REDIRECT [[German School, New Delhi]]

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Salmon 3D

2026-03-03T03:37:41Z

Riserteam: starting some page w/ refs!

{{Short description|3D film by Shalil Kallur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salmon 3D
| image = Salmon 3D poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shalil Kallur]]
| writer = Shalil Kallur
| producer = MJS Media Shaju Thomas Jose D.Pekkattil Joyson D.Pekkattil Key Entertainments Bose Kurian
| starring = [[Vijay Yesudas]] Jonita Doda [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]] [[Rajiv Pillai]] Shiyas Kareem Minakshi Jaiswal [[Tanvi Kishore]] Basheer Bashi Shalil Kallur
| music = Sreejith Edavana
| cinematography = Rahul Menon
| editing = Shyam Sasidharan
| studio =
| distributor = MJS Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|30|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Salmon 3D''''' is a [[List of Tamil films of 2023|2023 Indian]] [[Tamil language]] [[3D film|3D]] [[horror film]] written and directed by [[Shalil Kallur]]. The film stars [[Vijay Yesudas]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=18 June 2020 |title=Vijay Yesudas to play the lead in a 3D Tamil thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-yesudas-to-play-the-lead-in-a-3d-tamil-thriller/articleshow/76433260.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617235411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-yesudas-to-play-the-lead-in-a-3d-tamil-thriller/articleshow/76433260.cms |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2021 |title='രാവില്‍ വിരിയും; വിജയ് യേശുദാസ് ചിത്രത്തിലെ ഗാനത്തിന്റെ ലിറിക്കല്‍ വീഡിയോ പുറത്തുവിട്ടു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ravil-viriyum-lyrical-video-qt3izu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023425/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ravil-viriyum-lyrical-video-qt3izu |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bibin Babu |date=23 March 2021 |title=വിജയ് യേശുദാസിന് ജന്മദിന സമ്മാനമായി 'സാല്‍മണ്‍'ലെ ഗാനം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/malayalam-songs/nee-pogum-lyrical-video-from-vijay-yesudas-jonita-doda-starrer-salmon-3d-movie/articleshow/81652713.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024921/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/malayalam-songs/nee-pogum-lyrical-video-from-vijay-yesudas-jonita-doda-starrer-salmon-3d-movie/articleshow/81652713.cms |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |language=ml}}</ref> along with Jonita Doda, [[Rajiv Pillai]], and [[Tanvi Kishore]] in important characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2021 |title=പ്രണയം പറഞ്ഞ് വിജയ് യേശുദാസ്; പിന്നണിയിൽ സിദ്ദ് ശ്രീറാമിന്റെ സ്വരഭംഗിയും; സാൽമൺ 3ഡിയിലെ ഗാനം |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/third-lyrical-song-from-the-movie-salmon-is-here-mm-381725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023425/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/third-lyrical-song-from-the-movie-salmon-is-here-mm-381725.html |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2021 |title=സ്ക്രീനിൽ വിജയ് യേശുദാസ്; പിന്നണിയിൽ സിത്താരയും സൂരജും, ഹൃദയം തൊട്ട് സാൽമൺ 3ഡിയിലെ ഗാനം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/05/14/new-song-from-the-movie-salmon-3d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024926/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/05/14/new-song-from-the-movie-salmon-3d.html |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2020 |title=ഏഴ് ഭാഷകളിൽ 42 പാട്ടുകളുമായി 'സാല്‍മണ്‍ 3ഡി' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/3d-movie-salmon-to-be-released-in-7-languages-578368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023420/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/3d-movie-salmon-to-be-released-in-7-languages-578368 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Madhyamam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

The film began principal photography on 23 November 2019, and was shot mainly in [[Kerala]], [[Dubai]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2019 |title=Team Salmon gets off to a stylish start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/team-salmon-gets-off-to-a-stylish-start/articleshow/69185695.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125143331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/team-salmon-gets-off-to-a-stylish-start/articleshow/69185695.cms |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2020 |title=Vijay Yesydas:ಕನ್ನಡ ಸೇರಿ 6 ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಜ್ಜಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಪುತ್ರ ಯೇಸುದಾಸ್ ವಿಜಯ್ ಯೇಸುದಾಸ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kj-yesudas-son-vijay-yesudas-cinema-setting-up-in-6-languages-including-kannada-hg-388411.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130005509/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kj-yesudas-son-vijay-yesudas-cinema-setting-up-in-6-languages-including-kannada-hg-388411.html |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=[[News18 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2020 |title=വിജയ് യേശുദാസ് നായകനാകുന്ന ബഹുഭാഷാ 3D ചിത്രം!; ആരുമറിയാതിരുന്ന ആ സിനിമാവിശേഷം ദാ ഇങ്ങനെയാണ്! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vijay-yesudas-starrer-salmon-3d-multilingual-movie-bigg-boss-fame-basheer-bashi-is-all-set-to-mark-his-entry-to-mollywood/articleshow/75829183.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424064559/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vijay-yesudas-starrer-salmon-3d-multilingual-movie-bigg-boss-fame-basheer-bashi-is-all-set-to-mark-his-entry-to-mollywood/articleshow/75829183.cms |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=[[Samayam Malayalam]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2020 |title=6 ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಗೆ ಸಜ್ಜಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ 3D ಸಿನಿಮಾ 'ಸಾಲ್ಮನ್' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/sitara/cinema/3d-movie-salmon-release-in-6-languages/ka20200525145932794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424071354/https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/sitara/cinema/3d-movie-salmon-release-in-6-languages/ka20200525145932794 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=[[ETV Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref> The film was a [[Box-office bomb|box office failure]].<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Sarfarosh, his wife Sameera and their daughter Shazaan are settled in [[Dubai]]. A murder happens at a party that spoils every dream, but a power that knows the truth is the only hope of Sarfarosh.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
*[[Vijay Yesudas]] as Sarfarosh
*[[Jonita Doda]] as Sameera
*[[Rajeev Pillai]] as Jasim aka Govind Raj
*[[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]] as Kaala Bhairavi
*Dhruvanth as Fayaz
*Shiyas Kareem as Ramdev
*Minakshi Jaiswal as Vaiga
*[[Tanvi Kishore]] as Ancy
*Basheer Bashi as Steve
*[[Shalil Kallur]] as Nandan
*Anju Nair as Shima
*[[Deva Nandha]] as Avani
*Jabir  Muhammed as Hashim from Abudhabi
*Shini Ambalathodi
*Bismi Navas as Shamma
*Pattalam Sunny
*Seethu
*Vinu Abraham
*Nazreen Nazeer
*Darshini
*Naveen Illath
*Sangeetha Vipul
*Rashid
*Jyothi Chandran
*Jeremy Jacob
*Baby Hena
*Alim Ziyan
*Baby Devananda as Sheza
*Sumesh Mukhathala
*Zinaaj
*Razak
*Francis
*[[Premi Viswanath]] as Mariya from Manjeri
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
[[Hyderabad]] based Key Entertainments, ventures into movies with the {{currency|150|INR}} [[million]] production ''Salmon'',<ref name="Key">{{Cite news |date=5 June 2020 |title=Leading Digital Distribution Company Key Entertainments Forayed into Film Production |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/leading-digital-distribution-company-key-entertainments-forayed-into-film-production/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606103947/https://www.medianews4u.com/leading-digital-distribution-company-key-entertainments-forayed-into-film-production/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |publisher=Medianews 4 u.}}</ref> and the film shot in [[3D film|3D]] is made in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and dubbed in 6 Indian regional languages with a host of newcomers and noticed actors.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2020 |title=Vijay Yesudas Stars In A 3D Tamil Film, Salmon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/vijay-yesudas-stars-in-a-3d-tamil-film-salmon/videoshow/76407401.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701173945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/vijay-yesudas-stars-in-a-3d-tamil-film-salmon/videoshow/76407401.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2020 |title=Bigg Boss fame Basheer Bashi is all excited about his Mollywood debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-fame-basheer-bashi-is-all-excited-about-his-mollywood-debut/articleshow/75825991.cms#:~:text=Bigg%20Boss%20fame%20Basheer%20Bashi%20is%20all%20excited%20about%20his%20Mollywood%20debut,-By%20%2D&text=Bigg%20Boss%20Malayalam%20fame%20Basheer,movie%20titled%20as%20'Salmon'. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106195419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-fame-basheer-bashi-is-all-excited-about-his-mollywood-debut/articleshow/75825991.cms#:~:text=Bigg%20Boss%20fame%20Basheer%20Bashi%20is%20all%20excited%20about%20his%20Mollywood%20debut,-By%20%2D&text=Bigg%20Boss%20Malayalam%20fame%20Basheer,movie%20titled%20as%20'Salmon'. |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[PVR Cinemas]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=K Naresh |date=23 June 2020 |title=A 3D film in 7 languages, a first for Indian cinema |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/a-3d-film-in-7-languages-a-first-for-indian-cinema-629693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630161556/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/a-3d-film-in-7-languages-a-first-for-indian-cinema-629693 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> has been assigned as the distributor of the film targeting an international release. Shyam Sasidharan, who has worked for ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' and ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' was signed as the editor with Rahul Menon as the cinematographer. Playback singer [[Vijay Yesudas]], who has played lead roles in ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'', ''[[Padaiveeran]]'' and negative role in ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paramasivam |first=Ragavan |date=18 June 2020 |title=3D திரைப்படத்தில் ஹிரோவாக நடிக்கும் தனுஷ் பட வில்லன்..! |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/singer-actro-vijay-yesudass-next-is-a-3d-multilingual-movie-titled-salmon-2248186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618110108/https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/singer-actro-vijay-yesudass-next-is-a-3d-multilingual-movie-titled-salmon-2248186 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Tamil}}</ref> was signed to play the lead role.<ref name="T" /> Basheer Bashi, Shiyas Kareem and Jabir Muhammed were offered important roles. Multi-linguist actress [[Tanvi Kishore]] was also signed for the film, that has a total number of 42 songs including all the 7 languages.<ref name="Key" />

A special team of 3D technicians, Jeemon Pullely (3D stereoscopic director) and Vinex Varghese (3D stereoscopic supervisor) was assigned to work in the film with ''Folea studio Pvt ltd'' providing the 3D Camera and crew. ''Folea Film'' has been assigned as 3D stereoscopic VFX studio, while Shijin Hutton and Abhishek Nair was signed as sound designers with Jeemon K.Paily as stereographer of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2020 |title=ചരിത്രം കുറിക്കാന്‍ സാല്‍മണ്‍ വരുന്നു; ഏഴ് ഭാഷകളില്‍ ഒരുങ്ങുന്ന ത്രി ഡി സിനിമ |url=https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/1264919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701133020/https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/1264919/ |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |publisher=Malayalam Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2020 |title=7 மொழிகளில் தயாராகும் விஜய் யேசுதாஸின் 3டி படம் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89111 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702155755/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89111 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=24 June 2020 |title=My next Salmon will be a pan-Indian film: Vijay Yesudas |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/06/24001956/1237617/My-next-Salmon-will-be-a-panIndian-film-Vijay-Yesudas.vpf#:~:text=Singer%2Dactor%20Vijay%20Yesudas%20will,will%20release%20across%20seven%20languages.&text=Chennai%3A%20%E2%80%9CThe%20director%20of%20the,the%20producers%20of%20the%20film. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701013954/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/06/24001956/1237617/My-next-Salmon-will-be-a-panIndian-film-Vijay-Yesudas.vpf#:~:text=Singer%2Dactor%20Vijay%20Yesudas%20will,will%20release%20across%20seven%20languages.&text=Chennai%3A%20%E2%80%9CThe%20director%20of%20the,the%20producers%20of%20the%20film. |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |publisher=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Sreejith Edavana. A single from the Tamil version "Kaadhal En Kaviye" rendered by [[Sid Sriram]] released on 14 February 2021 and became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Top 20 Tamil Songs – October 20, 2022 |url=https://lemonwire.com/2022/10/20/top-20-tamil-songs-october-20-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326073041/https://lemonwire.com/2022/10/20/top-20-tamil-songs-october-20-2022/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaadhal En Kaviye
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = Raavil Viriyum
| extra2 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]], [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Nee Pogum
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 3:53
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2021 |title=വിജയ് യേശുദാസ് ചിത്രം 'സാല്‍മണ്‍ ത്രി ഡി'യിലെ പ്രണയഗാനം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/malayalam-movie-salmon-3d-starring-vijay-yesudas-lyrical-video-released-1.5441161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023430/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/malayalam-movie-salmon-3d-starring-vijay-yesudas-lyrical-video-released-1.5441161 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2021 |title=വിജയ് യേശുദാസ് വേഷമിടുന്ന 'സാൽമൺ' ചിത്രത്തിലെ മൂന്നാമത്തെ ലിറിക്കൽ ഗാനം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/third-lyrical-song-from-the-movie-salmon-is-here-mm-381725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023425/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/third-lyrical-song-from-the-movie-salmon-is-here-mm-381725.html |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[News18 Kerala]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2021 |title=ഏഴ് ഭാഷകള്‍, 42 പാട്ടുകളുമായി സാല്‍മണ്‍ 3ഡി |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/read/salmon-3d-with-seven-languages-and-42-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309023427/https://www.janmabhumi.in/read/salmon-3d-with-seven-languages-and-42-songs/ |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[Janmabhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Samayam]]'' wrote that "Rahul Menon and S Selvakumar's camerawork, Sid Sriram's singing and special effects are the standout experiences of Salmon".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=സാല്‍മണ്‍ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/vijay-yesudas-jonita-doda-rajiv-pillai-neha-saxena-starrer-salmon-3d-movie-review-rating-in-malayalam/moviereview/101393224.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716143013/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/vijay-yesudas-jonita-doda-rajiv-pillai-neha-saxena-starrer-salmon-3d-movie-review-rating-in-malayalam/moviereview/101393224.cms |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=12338956|title=Salmon 3D}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2023 3D films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sandiyar

2026-03-03T03:32:16Z

Riserteam: starting some page from scratch

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Chozhadevan}}
{{More plot|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sandiyar poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chozhadevan
| writer = Chozhadevan
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = S Shankar Prasad KS Senthil Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Jagan
*Kayal
*Nayakam
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rarhish Khanna Hari Baskar K.
| editing = Saravana
| music = Yadhish Mahadev
| studio = Uyirmei Productions
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|8|1|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sandiyar''''' ({{Translation|Ruthless/troublesome person}})<ref name="T" /> is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Chozhadevan and starring newcomers Jagan, Kayal and Nayakam. The film was released on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – August 1 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-1-news-tamil-oibjS1hjehiih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803054349/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-1-news-tamil-oibjS1hjehiih.html |archive-date=3 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film follows Paandithurai as he tries to win the chairman post but faces competition from Nayakam, the son of former chairman Thanjirayar, who sends him to jail. To win the post, Paandithurai tries to woo Nayagam's relative Kayal upon returning from jail.

== Cast ==
*Jagan as Paandithurai
*Kayal as Kayal
*Nayakam as Nayakam
*T. Ravi as Thanjirayar
*Venkatesan as Paandithurai's father
*[[Singampuli]]
*[[Aadukalam Murugadoss]]

== Production ==
The film gained attention for its title, which used to be the former title of ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004). While the earlier film had to be retitled to avoid [[Caste system in India|caste]]-based controversies, this film did not face any controversy of the kind.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Sandiyar comes 10 years after Virumaandi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandiyar-comes-10-years-after-virumaandi/articleshow/38545992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614073049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandiyar-comes-10-years-after-virumaandi/articleshow/38545992.cms |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = Karthik Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Sandiyar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sandiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1344871909 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613075056/https://music.apple.com/us/album/sandiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1344871909 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Snehan]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vettaiyadu Koottam
| extra1 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Un Kaadhal
| extra2 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| note2 = female
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Adada Mulusa
| extra3 = Bala
| length3 = 1:06
| title4 = Konna
| extra4 = [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]]
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = Un Kaadhal
| extra5 = Jagadeesh
| note5 = male
| length5 = 4:34
| total_length = 20:18
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Made on a modest budget and with a fresh team, ''Sandiyar'' is one of the better rural -based political action flicks to come out in recent times".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 August 2014 |title=Debutant director's rural treat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/Aug/09/debutant-directors-rural-treat-645775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924063941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/aug/09/Debutant-directors-rural-treat-645775.html |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "On the whole, ''Sandiyar'' is a well written script that could have been well executed even more had the technical side been a little more perfect. Kudos to the director for opting to offer something different".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Sandiyar |url=https://m.sify.com/movies/sandiyar-review-tamil-pcmbvoeifbagd.html&cd=24&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093627/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:o5j954Pk3EcJ:https://m.sify.com/movies/sandiyar-review-tamil-pcmbvoeifbagd.html&cd=24&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "The rivalry for the power of politics is the main theme of this story. For this [theme,] a brilliant screenplay and meaningful dialogues are given by director Chozhadevan. He has also maintained the pace through out the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=Sandiyar |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/08/03010704/Sandiyar.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920230038/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/08/03010704/Sandiyar.vpf |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nicholas Nickleby (1912 film)

2026-02-21T00:39:34Z

Riserteam: starting basic article from scratch!

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nicholas Nickleby
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[George Nichols (actor)|George O. Nichols]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]''|[[Charles Dickens]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Harry Benham]] [[Mignon Anderson]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Carl Louis Gregory|Carl Gregory]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Thanhouser Company]]
| distributor = [[Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company]]
| released = {{Film date|1912|03|12}}
| runtime = 31 minutes (some sources report 20 minutes)
| country = United States
| language = Silent [[English language|English]] intertitles
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nicholas Nickleby''''' is a [[1912 in film|1912]] American [[Silent film|silent]] [[Short film|short]] [[drama film]] directed by [[George Nichols (actor)|George Nichols]], adapted from [[Charles Dickens]]' [[Nicholas Nickleby|1839 novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaledailynews.com/weekend/2012/02/24/dickens-turns-200-nicholas-nickleby-1912-celebrates-the-silence/|title=Dickens turns 200. 'Nicholas Nickleby' (1912) celebrates the silence|last=Linshi|first=Jack|date=February 24, 2012|publisher=yaledailynews.com}}</ref> The two-reel film stars [[Harry Benham]] in the title role and [[Mignon Anderson]].

''Nicholas Nickleby'' was produced by the [[Thanhouser Company]], which had previously produced versions of Dickens' ''[[David Copperfield (1911 film)|David Copperfield]]'' and ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'' in 1911.<ref name="1912reviewone">{{cite journal|last=Bush|first=W. Stephen|date=March 9, 1912|title="Nicholas Nickleby" - Thanhouser Co.'s Two-Reel Version of Charles Dickens Charming Story of Young People - A Notable Adaptation|journal=[[The Moving Picture World]]|volume=11|issue=11|pages=858–59|url=https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor11newy#page/858/mode/2up/search/nickleby}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:Nicholas Nickleby (1912).webm|thumb|''Nicholas Nickleby'' (1912)]]
As a 30-minute silent production (some sources state 20 minutes), the film has to significantly compact and truncate the story of the 900 plus page novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dickens Fellowship|year=2001|journal=The Dickensian|volume=97-98|issue=453–458|page=102}}</ref> Many characters are not directly identified by name, but would be familiar to those with knowledge of the novel.

Nicholas Nickleby and his mother and sister Kate arrive in [[London]], and take up lodgings at Miss LaCreevy's (a miniature painter, per the sign on her house). Mrs. Nickleby sends a message to her brother-in-law Ralph Nickleby, a money-lender, asking his assistance in finding employment for Nicholas. Ralph visits the Nicklebys and shows Nicholas an advertisement to be a school teacher for Mr. Squeers' academy. Wackford Squeers is at the Saracen Head's Inn in London, allowing his new students nearly nothing to eat while he dines well. Ralph introduces Nicholas to Squeers, and Nicholas then leaves London to go to Wackford's Dotheboys Hall, as Kate and Mrs. Nickleby sadly look on.

Squeers and Nickleby arrive at Dotheboys Hall, met by Smike, the broken-down sad drudge of the school. Nicholas meets Mrs. Squeers and the couples' daughter Fanny (who is immediately taken by Nicholas' handsome looks), and impish son Wackford junior. In class, Mr. Squeers treats the children badly and feeds them very little (one spoonful of something unpleasant for each). Fanny finds an excuse to enter the classroom to see Nicholas, the object of her affection. Smike enters after the class is dismissed and is shown kindness by Nicholas.

The next scene returns to London, where Kate is treated insultingly by guests of Ralph at a dinner at his house. The four guests are not identified, but are clearly Sir Mulberry Hawke, Lord Frederick Verisopht, and the similar-looking Mr. Pyke and Mr. Pluck. Kate runs home to her mother in distress. Back at Dotheboys Hall, Smike is punished by Squeers in front of the students. Nicholas intervenes to stop the assault, injuring Squeers. Nicholas then leaves Dotheboys Hall, followed by Smike. They join together and return to London, where Nicholas arises Ralph's ire.

Ralph has his assistant Newman Noggs (adorned with a feather quill over his ear to denote his quirky nature in the novel) deliver an ultimatum: that he will provide for Mrs. Nickleby and Kate if Nicholas leaves London. Noggs delivers the message to the Nicklebys, and Nicholas and Smike then depart London to seek their fortune.

"Part II" commences, and at an inn, Nicholas and Smike meet theater manager Victor Crummles and his two young sons playing with swords, and join Crummle's acting troupe. They are then introduced to the rest of the theater company, and Mrs. Crummles.

Nickleby's success playing [[Romeo]] causes envy from another cast member, Mr. Lenville. Lenville sends a message to Nicholas asking him to "kindly step on the stage for the purpose of having his nose pulled." Nicholas is amused by this challenge and confronts Lenvile, and as Lenville moves in slow motion to assault him, Nicholas downs him with a single punch. Back in London, Kate implores her uncle Ralph to spare her further contact with his friends. He refuses. Noggs writes to Nicholas, telling him that Kate needs him at once. Nicholas receives the message and immediately departs Crummles' company to many sad goodbyes.

Nicholas arrives at a dining establishment, where he comes across Ralph's friends speaking about Kate wrongly (one must presume), and confronts them. Nicholas rushes to the carriage of the main offender, where they scuffle, and the carriage darts off madly. Kate's insulter is badly injured. Nicholas witnesses his injury and returns home to hug his mother and sister.

The plot speeds up even more at this point. Nicholas is shown obtaining employment at the Cheeryble Brothers firm. Nicholas meets Madeline Bray at that establishment and is immediately taken with her. Their friendship ripens into love. Madeline's invalid father, however, asks Madeline to marry the elderly miser Arthur Glide, which she sadly agrees to. Glide tells Ralph of his success, but Nicholas learns via Noggs that Madeline will be forced into the loveless marriage.

Nicholas bursts into the wedding ceremony to disrupt the proceedings, and Madeline's father dies while protesting his intrusion. Madeline faints, and is carried off by Nicholas. He returns her to Miss LaCreevy's where she revives. A title card then reveals that some months later, quoting Dickens, "never was such a dinner-since the world began" The Cheerybles are showing toasting Madeline and Nicholas amongst friends, and the film ends.

==Cast==
The primary cast of the film includes:
*[[Harry Benham]] as Nicholas Nickleby
*[[Mignon Anderson]] as Madeline Bray
*Frances Gibson as Kate Nickleby
*Inda Palmer as Nicholas' mother
*[[Justus D. Barnes]] as Nicholas' Uncle Ralph<ref name="1912-two">{{cite journal|date=March 16, 1912|title=Who They Are In "Nicholas Nickleby"|journal=The Moving Picture World|volume=11|issue=11|page=988|url=https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor11newy#page/988/mode/2up/search/nickleby}}</ref>

==Status==
A print of the film is preserved at the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/N/NicholasNickleby1912.html|title=Nicholas Nickleby|publisher=silentera.com|access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> The film is included as an extra on the Vintage Classics DVD of the 1947 adaptation of the book. In 2007, the film was included on ''The Thanhouser Collection: Volumes 7 8 and 9'' DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/video/collThanhouser07-09HV.html|title=2007 Thanhouser Company Film Preservation DVD edition|publisher=silentera.com|access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0247577}}
*[http://vimeo.com/20529673 Full version film on vimeo.com]

{{Nicholas Nickleby}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1912 films]]
[[Category:1912 drama films]]
[[Category:American silent drama films]]
[[Category:American silent short films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Thanhouser Company films]]
[[Category:Films based on Nicholas Nickleby]]
[[Category:Films directed by George Nichols]]
[[Category:1912 American films]]
[[Category:1912 English-language films]]

Birsa Commando Force

2026-02-19T14:44:06Z

Riserteam: created a stub from scratch

{{Short description|Militant organisation}}
The '''Birsa Commando Force''' was a [[separatist]] [[militant]] group in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]], named after the 19th century tribal leader [[Birsa Munda]], and was composed largely of tribal people from the [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] communities. The group was active in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] region of [[Jharkhand]], and was known for its attacks on government and corporate targets in the region.

The Birsa Commando Force was founded in the mid-1990s, and was initially focused on fighting for the rights and interests of tribal communities in Jharkhand. The group was led by a man named Kundan Pahan, and was supported by a number of other tribal leaders and activists. In the early years of its existence, the Birsa Commando Force was involved in a number of clashes with the government, and was responsible for a number of bombings and other attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=EastMojo News |date=2020-05-26 |title=Assam: Security forces nab 4 militants, arms & ammunition seized |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/05/26/assam-security-forces-nab-4-militants-arms-ammunition-seized/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

As the Birsa Commando Force grew in strength and influence, it began to focus more on extortion and extortion-related activities. The group began to demand money from corporations operating in the region, and carried out attacks on those who refused to pay. The Birsa Commando Force also became involved in the illegal arms trade, and was known for its possession of a large cache of weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borpujari |first=Priyanka |title=‘Nobody asks us why we took up arms’: confessions of a former adivasi militant in Assam |url=https://scroll.in/article/703553/nobody-asks-us-why-we-took-up-arms-confessions-of-a-former-adivasi-militant-in-assam |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite its efforts to fight for the rights of tribal communities, the Birsa Commando Force was widely criticized for its violent and criminal activities. The group was eventually declared a banned organization by the [[government of India]], and many of its members were arrested or killed in clashes with security forces.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

In the early 2000s, the Birsa Commando Force began to experience significant internal divisions, and several splinter groups emerged. These splinter groups were often at odds with each other and with the original Birsa Commando Force, leading to further violence and instability in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birsa Commando Force seeks Adivasi council in Assam |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/jharkhand@yahoogroups.co.in/msg04691.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-08-18 |title=1,152 Assam villages vulnerable to militant sway |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1152-Assam-villages-vulnerable-to-militant-sway/article16875575.ece |access-date=2022-12-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birsa Commando Force |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/birsa-commando-force/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=TRAC |language=en-US}}</ref>

In addition to its clashes with the government and its involvement in criminal activities, the Birsa Commando Force was also criticized for its treatment of women. The group was known for forcing women to marry its members and for other forms of sexual violence. This led to widespread condemnation of the group, and contributed to its decline in popularity and influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birsa Commando Force |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/tag/birsa-commando-force/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=TIMES OF ASSAM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre to sign peace accord with Assam's tribal militants this month: Himanta |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/centre-to-sign-peace-accord-with-assams-tribal-militants-this-month-himanta/20220906.htm |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

Despite its reputation for violence and criminal activity, the Birsa Commando Force continued to have a significant presence in the Chota Nagpur region for several years. However, in the late 2000s, the group began to decline in strength and influence, and many of its members either surrendered or were arrested. Today, the Birsa Commando Force is largely inactive, and its impact on the political landscape of Jharkhand has significantly diminished. Despite its decline in strength and influence, the legacy of the Birsa Commando Force remains significant in the Chota Nagpur region and beyond. The group's violent and criminal activities have had a lasting impact on the region, and the issues that led to its formation, including poverty, inequality, and a lack of development, continue to be pressing concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1855 ultras lay down arms in Assam before Chidambaram |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-ultras-lay-down-arms-in-assam-before-chidambaram/20120124.htm |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guwahati |first=K. Anurag in |title=Tribals to float national political party |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/tribal/20071229.htm |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

The Birsa Commando Force has also been the subject of significant media attention and academic research, with many analysts and observers examining the group's origins, activities, and impact. Some have argued that the Birsa Commando Force was a response to longstanding grievances and injustices faced by tribal communities in Jharkhand, while others have criticized the group's tactics and methods. Regardless of one's perspective, it is clear that the Birsa Commando Force played a significant role in the history and politics of Jharkhand, and its legacy continues to be felt in the region today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-15 |title=Huge decline in Northeast insurgency in five years |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/huge-decline-northeast-insurgency-five-years |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, the Birsa Commando Force was part of a group of insurgent outlets that agreed to sign a pact to lay down arms with the government. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Assam: 1,100 cadres of Adivasi rebel groups to lay down arms in Guwahati |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-1100-cadres-of-adivasi-rebel-groups-to-lay-down-arms-in-guwahati-609766-2023-07-06 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2022-09-13 |title=Peace pact likely to be signed with five Adivasi militant outfits |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/peace-pact-likely-to-be-signed-with-five-adivasi-militant-outfits/articleshow/94183011.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]

Tahura Ali

2026-02-12T03:11:25Z

Riserteam: expand details to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1955 or 1956 – 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Tahura Ali
|alma_mater = [[University of Chittagong]]
|children = [[Meher Afroz Shaon]] Maheen Afroz Shinjon
|native_name = তহুরা আলী
|native_name_lang = bn
|birth_date = 1955 or 1956
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|10|23|69|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|occupation = Politician
|party= [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|spouse = Mohammad Ali
}}

'''Tahura Ali''' (1955 or 1956 – 23 October 2025) was a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician who served as a Member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|title=FINAL LIST OF PARTICIPANTS|url=http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/liste_particip_wcs.pdf|website=unesco.org|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ali completed her master's degree from the [[University of Chittagong]] in chemistry in 1987. Ali was the director of finance of Citizen Cables limited. She was also a lecturer at [[Habibullah Bahar University College]].<ref name="csz">{{cite web|title=Citizen Cable|url=http://www.citizencable.com/com_profile.php|website=citizencable.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105822/http://www.citizencable.com/com_profile.php|archive-date=21 February 2017|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Ali served in the 9th parliament of Bangladesh and was a Member of Standing Committee on Ministry of Commerce in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency 319|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/110-mps-category/mps-of-9th-parliament/1222-constituency-319|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=20 February 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref> She served in the parliament from 1996 to 2001 and was elected again from [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] for a second term.<ref name="csz" /> In 2009, she was selected for a position in the reserved seats for women in Bangladesh parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title=45 women MPs-elect sworn in|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-81975|work=The Daily Star|access-date=20 February 2017|language=en|date=30 March 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Ali was married to Mohammad Ali. Her daughter, [[Meher Afroz Shaon]] is an actress.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shaon, sons hang out at Nuhash Palli|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2012/08/20/shaon-sons-hang-out-at-nuhash-palli|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Her son-in-law [[Humayun Ahmed]] was a popular novelist and writer.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Tahura Ali died from heart and kidney disease on 23 October 2025, at the age of 69.<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/former-jamalpur-mp-tahura-ali-mother-meher-afroz-shaon-passes-away-1267236 Former Jamalpur MP Tahura Ali, mother of Meher Afroz Shaon, passes away]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Tahura}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:University of Chittagong alumni]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jamalpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]

{{Mymensingh-AL-politician-stub}}

INS Dhruv

2026-02-10T16:55:28Z

Riserteam:

{{Short description|Indian Navy strategic support ship}}
{{distinguish|text=[[HAL Dhruv]], a helicopter manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] or with the mooring vessel [[INS Dhruvak]]}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS_Dhruv_at_sea.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Dhruv''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Dhruv''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder = [[Hindustan Shipyard Limited]]
| operator = Jointly operated by [[Indian Navy]]
[[National Technical Research Organisation]]
[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| laid_down = 30 June 2014
| launched =
| acquired = 31 October 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hslvizag.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/AnnualReports/69AR_2020-21_E.pdf|quote-page=9|title=Annual Report 2020-21|publisher=Hindustan Shipyard Limited|date=2021-12-27}}</ref>
| commissioned = 10 September 2021
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =
| original_cost = {{INRConvert|1500|c|year=2021|lk=on}} (FY 2020)
| status = In Service
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: A40
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Ocean Surveillance Ship|Ocean surveillance]] and [[Tracking ship|missile tracking ship]]
| displacement = {{cvt|15000|t|LT}} <ref name="ETMarch21"/>
| length = {{cvt|175|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{cvt|22|m|ftin}}
| draught = {{cvt|6|m|ftin}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 × diesel engines in [[CODAD]], {{cvt|9000|kW}} each
*3 × auxiliary generators {{cvt|1200|kW}} each
*15 MW power
| speed = {{cvt|21|kn}}
| range =
| complement = 300
| sensors = * X-Band AESA radar
* S-Band AESA radar
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = *1 × helicopter
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Dhruv''''' ('''A40''') is a [[research vessel]] and [[Tracking ship|missile range instrumentation]] ship built by [[India]]'s [[Hindustan Shipyard|Hindustan Shipyard Limited]] (HSL). The ship was earlier only known by its shipyard designated yard number as VC-11184.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VC 11184 — Indian Navy's First Ocean Surveillance Ship|url=https://www.indrastra.com/2018/07/VC11184-004-07-2018-0037.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.indrastra.com}}</ref>

The ship can gather [[Signals intelligence|electronic intelligence]] and will be used to track missile and satellites to aid [[Strategic Forces Command|India's strategic weapons]] and [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|anti-ballistic missiles]]. It will be jointly operated by [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and the [[Indian Navy]]. The development span of ships has remained largely secretive with little information in public domain. The ship reportedly started sea trials in early 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh|date=2018-09-11|title=India's first missile tracking ship is readying for sea trials|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indias-first-missile-tracking-ship-is-readying-for-sea-trials/article24929012.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and entered service in October 2020 without a public commissioning ceremony.<ref name="ETMarch21"/> The ship was officially commissioned on 10 September 2021 at Visakhapatnam in the presence of senior officials from the Indian Navy, the DRDO and the NTRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=INS Dhruv: India gets its first nuclear missile tracking ship today. Details here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ins-dhruv-india-gets-its-first-nuclear-missile-tracking-ship-today-details-here-101631233967587.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 October 2021 |language=en |date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
{{TOC limit}}

== Development ==
The purpose of the ship is to support the development of [[Strategic Forces Command|India's strategic weapons]] and the [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]. The ship can also track strategic missiles and satellites.<ref name="HT_Dhruv"/> In addition, it can also gather electronic intelligence. The keel of the ship was laid on 30 June 2014 at [[Hindustan Shipyard|Hindustan Shipyard Limited]].<ref name="dc-21dec14">{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/449081/mystery-ship-project-gets-rs.html|title=Mystery ship project gets Rs 725 crore from Centre|work=Deccan Herald|date=21 December 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706103901/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/449081/mystery-ship-project-gets-rs.html|archivedate=6 July 2016}}</ref> It is being built under a classified and confidential programme which is directly under the control of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], similar to the [[Advanced Technology Vessel]] (ATV) programme of the Indian Navy.<ref name="jdw-23nov17"/><ref name="dc-21dec14"/> The ship started harbour trials in July 2018 and was expected to undergo sea trials by the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=India's ocean surveillance ship starts harbour trials |url=https://www.janes.com/article/82048/india-s-ocean-surveillance-ship-starts-harbour-trials |work=Jane's Navy International |date=27 July 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727201453/https://www.janes.com/article/82048/india-s-ocean-surveillance-ship-starts-harbour-trials |archivedate=27 July 2018}}</ref> {{as of|March 2019}}, sea trials were ongoing.<ref name="hindu-seatrials">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title=Sea trials of ocean surveillance ship evoke good response |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sea-trials-of-ocean-surveillance-ship-evoke-good-response/article26562547.ece |date=18 March 2019 |newspaper= The Hindu}}</ref> The ship was delivered to the [[Indian Navy]] in October 2020 quietly<ref name="ETMarch21">{{Cite news|last=Puby|first=Manu|date=2021-03-16|title=India commissions secretive nuclear missile tracking vessel|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-commissions-secretive-n-missile-tracking-vessel/articleshow/81517925.cms|access-date=2021-03-16|issn=}}</ref> meanwhile official induction expected on first half of 2021.<ref name="HT_Dhruv">{{cite news |title=INS Dhruv that can track satellites, strategic missiles, to join navy soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ballistic-missile-tracking-ins-dhruv-to-join-india-s-strategic-assets-in-2021-101615886801327.html |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Design and description ==
The ship cost around {{INRConvert|1500|c|lk=on|year=2014}} and has been designed in India by Vik Sandvik Design India.<ref name="dc-21dec14"/> It has a displacement of more than 10,000 tonnes, length of 175 metre, beam of 22 metre, draught of 6 metre and can attain a speed of 21 knots. It is powered by two imported 9,000 kilowatt combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) configuration engines and three 1200 kilowatt auxiliary generators.<ref name="jdw-23nov17">{{cite news|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/75908/india-to-commission-ocean-surveillance-ship-in-2018|title=India to commission ocean surveillance ship in 2018|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=23 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206205338/http://www.janes.com/article/75908/india-to-commission-ocean-surveillance-ship-in-2018|archivedate=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="dc-21dec14"/>

The ship will be fitted with a primary X band and a secondary S band [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar. In addition, it has a long open deck with ample space for installing multiple missile tracking antennas. It will have a crew complement of 300 personnel and will carry a single helicopter.<ref name="jdw-23nov17"/> The ship will also have a special team from [[National Technical Research Organisation]] on board.<ref name="toi-21nov17">{{cite news|last1=Mehta|last2=Rathod|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/indias-most-advanced-missile-tracking-warship-to-be-handed-to-navy-in-2018/articleshow/61734788.cms|title=India's most advanced missile-tracking warship to be handed to Navy in 2018|work=The Times of India|date=21 November 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206161958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/indias-most-advanced-missile-tracking-warship-to-be-handed-to-navy-in-2018/articleshow/61734788.cms|archivedate=6 December 2017}}</ref>

== Commissioning ==
The ship was commissioned by [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] [[Ajit Doval]] on 10 September 2021 in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-ist-nuke-missile-tracking-ship-dhruv-to-be-launched-on-sept-10-101630647404445.html|title=India's Ist N-missile tracking ship Dhruv to be launched on Sept 10|publisher=Hindustan Times|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-09-03}}</ref> The ship will be jointly operated by [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="HT_Dhruv"/>

INS Dhruv will be under [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) and based in [[Eastern Naval Command]] of Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=R Sagar|first=Pradip|date=11 September 2021|title=Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==
INS ''Dhruv'' had its first mission deployment to support Mission Divyastra, the planned test on an [[Agni-V]] missile with [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] technologies. It successfully tracked the test flight on March 11 2024. The project directors will examine the trajectory and other variables of the missile as recorded by the Indian ballistic missile tracker INS ''Dhruv'' to make any operational changes if required.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=India notches MIRV tech success in Agni-V firing, Pak failed 3 years ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-notches-mirv-tech-success-in-agni-v-firing-pak-failed-3-years-ago-101710215090461.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[INS Anvesh|INS ''Anvesh'']] - another missile range instrumentation ship
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India|Ranks of the Indian Navy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiannavy.nic.in/ Official website of the Indian Navy]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruv}}
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:2014 ships]]
[[Category:Missile range instrumentation ships]]

Anthrenus vijaii

2026-02-07T00:42:03Z

Riserteam: put up initial pg needs work...

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = vijaii
| authority = Veer, 2011
| parent = Anthrenodes
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) vijaii''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India ([[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q126920062}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|vijaii]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2011]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital

2026-02-03T04:22:05Z

Riserteam: correct intro to improve readability also and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Medical college in Budge Budge, West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital
| image = Jagannath_Gupta_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Hospital_Logo.png
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| principal = Dr. Santanu Kumar Tripathi
| dean =
| chairman = K. K. Gupta
| students = '''Totals:'''
* MBBS - 200
| address = KP Mondal Road, Buita, Nishchintapur
| city = [[Budge Budge]], [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postcode = 700137
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4533875|N|88.1705799|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| affiliation = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = http://jimsh.org/
}}
'''Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital''' is a [[medical college]] established in 2016 located in [[Budge Budge]], [[West Bengal]]. The institute offers undergraduate seats for [[MBBS]] (200 seats) which are recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]] and is a recognised MBBS college of West Bengal which serves people of Budge Budge for COVID-19 relief. The college provides various Medical courses. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mci-nod-for-one-of-2-private-medical-colleges/articleshow/64459859.cms |title=MCI nod for one of 2 private medical colleges | Kolkata News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2018-06-05 |accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> This medical college is part of the multi-service hospital in Budge Budge.

[[File:Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital]]

The focus of the medical college is to develop skilled healthcare professionals through structured academic programmes, hands-on clinical exposure, and continuous assessment in line with National Medical Commission (NMC) standards.

The institute offers MBBS, GNM, B.Sc Nursing, and paramedical courses approved by the respective regulatory councils.

Modern infrastructure, simulation labs, a digital library, and strong clinical facilities help ensure that students at JIMSH gain a comprehensive understanding of medical sciences and patient care.

On 12 April 2025, the Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital (JIMSH) opened a new 1,200-bed super-speciality branch in Sodepur in 24-Parganas(N), expanding its healthcare network in eastern India. Equipped with advanced technologies, the facility offers multi-disciplinary care in cardiology, neurology, oncology, and nephrology, and is the second hospital under the JIMSH network after its Budge Budge institute. <ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/miscellany/jimsh-expands-to-north-kolkata-1503421801.html/amp</ref>

'''Recent Expansion of Seats'''

For the academic year 2025–26, JIMSH has received a Letter of Permission from the National Medical Commission for 250 MBBS seats. In addition, the West Bengal Nursing Council and Indian Nursing Council have approved 100 seats each for GNM and B.Sc Nursing programmes, while the State Medical Faculty of West Bengal has sanctioned 130 seats for paramedical courses. This expansion reflects the institute’s growing capacity and commitment to increasing access to medical and allied health education in eastern India.

==See also==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

*[[List of hospitals in India]]
}}

==Organization and Administration==

{{Empty section|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{med-org-stub}}

George Powell Thomas

2026-01-29T22:06:35Z

Riserteam: quick update

{{Short description|British officer, artist and poet (1808–1857)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}

'''George Powell Thomas''' (1808 - 1857) was a [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the 3rd Bengal European Regiment who died at the [[Battle of Agra]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]].<ref name="obit">{{Cite news |date=9 October 1857 |title=Major George Powell Thomas |work=Glasgow Herald |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/BB3203486262/BNCN?u=rtl_ttda&sid=bookmark-BNCN&xid=6e817495 |access-date=3 December 2022 |via=British Library Newspapers}}</ref><ref name="Indian">{{Cite journal |date=1857 |title=Death of Major Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHlNAAAAcAAJ |journal=The Indian News and Chronicle of Eastern Affaires |pages=511 |via=Google Books}}</ref> He was described as "a man of consummate courage, a man of genius, an artist and a poet."<ref name=tomb >{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Edward |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/4/4b/List_of_inscriptions_on_Christian_tombs_and_tablets_of_historical_interest_in_the_United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh_%28IA_listofinscriptio00blunrich%29.pdf |title=List of Inscriptions on Christian Tombs and Tablets of historical interest in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |year=1911 |publication-place=Allahabad |page=69}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born 26 August 1808 at Bahramghat near [[Lucknow]], the son of Major General Lewis Thomas C.B., Colonel of the 3rd Regt. of Foot Bengal Army [[East India Company|E.I.C.S.]], and Maria Frances.

== Career ==
He was commissioned in 1825,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Peter |title=White Mutiny British Military Culture in India, 1825-1875 |year=1998 |isbn=9781850653301 |pages=53|publisher=Hurst }}</ref> was assistant in the [[Thuggee and Dacoity Department|Thagi department]] in 1835 and in civil employ in the Central Provinces as assistant commissioner from 1835 to 1840. He served as a Captain with the 64th [[Bengal Native Infantry]], taking part in the relief force of [[Battle of Jellalabad|Jellalabad]] (1842).<ref name=obit/><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1842 |title=64th Regiment Native Infantry Proceeding to Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6_bUukB-nIC |journal=The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer |pages=238 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stocqueler |first=Joachim Hayward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiEPAAAAYAAJ |title=Memorials of Afghanistan Being State Papers, Official Documents, Dispatches, Authentic Narratives, Etc. Illustrative of the British Expedition To, and Occupation Of, Afghanistan and Scinde, Between the Years 1838 and 1842 |publisher=Ostell and Lepage |year=1843 |pages=185–186 |chapter=Extract of Detachment Orders by Lieutenant Colonel Moseley, Commading. Camp Kawuleur, 25th Jan. 1842.|isbn=9781406726824 }}</ref>
[[File:Loodhianah.jpg|thumb|"Loodianah, on the Sutlej"|250x250px]]

He served in [[Afghanistan]] under [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet|General Sir George Pollock]] during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War]], where he commanded a corps of [[Jezail]]chees. He was promoted to Major in 1851.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 November 1851 |title=To be Majors |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/6128/page/1086 |journal=The Edinburgh Gazette |issue=6128 |pages=1086}}</ref>

He was at home on sick leave on the breaking out of [[Crimean War|the war with Russia]], he applied for and obtained the command of a regiment in the Turkish Contingent under [[Robert Vivian|General Vivian]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 1855 |title=Her Majesty's Levee |pages=10 |work=Times |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS167939183/TTDA?u=rtl_ttda&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=a78ef112 |via=The Times Digital Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1855 |title=List of officers in the service of the East India Company about to proceed to the Crimea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7cOAAAAQAAJ |journal=Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence for British & Foreign India, China, & All Parts of the East |volume=13 |pages=144 |via=Google Books}}</ref> He commanded a regiment of [[Bashi-bazouk|Bashi Bazouks]] under [[Major-General William Beatson]] in Turkey, where the Queen conferred upon him the local rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 March 1855 |title=Brevet |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/6479/page/378 |journal=The Edinburgh Gazette |issue=6479 |pages=378 |via=The Gazette}}</ref> He then left for the [[Crimea]] as a volunteer and was present at the fall of [[Sevastopol]] (1855), for which he received the [[Crimea Medal]].<ref name=obit/>

At the battle before [[Agra]] on the 15 July 1857, despite being already ill, he commanded and led on five companies of his regiment on the right wing. He was severely wounded in the foot, and his horse also receiving three bullets fell on top of him, thereby injuring his head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaye |first=John William |url=http://www.larrymcelhiney.com/Sepoy/A_history_of_the_Sepoy_war_in_India_1857.pdf |title=A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857-1858 |publisher=London:W H Allen & Co |year=1876 |volume=III |pages=387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coopland |first=R M |url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/coopland/escape/escape.html |title=A Lady's Escape from Gwalior and life in the Fort at Agra during the Mutinies of 1857 |publisher=London:Smith, Elder & Co |year=1859 |via=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> He died of his wounds on 4 August in the fort at Agra.<ref name="obit" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 February 1858 |title=List of Europeans, whether belonging to the East India Company's Service or not, who have been Killed or Wounded by the hands of Rebels, prepared from Papers on record in the Military Department. |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/6780/page/296 |journal=The Edinburgh Gazette |issue=6780 |pages=296}}</ref> He was buried in the fort cemetery at Agra.<ref name=tomb/>

== Artist ==
He was a talented amateur artist producing 'Sketches of the Himalayas'<ref name=Indian /> and in 1846 he published his twenty-four, hand-coloured, lithographed 'Views of [[Shimla|Simla]]'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 1846 |title=Views of Simla |pages=6, 7 |work=Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1846 |title=Illustrated Works and Prints |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_UwAQAAMAAJ |journal=The Spectator |volume=19 |pages=884 |via=Google Books}}</ref> They were much acclaimed. A review in [[The Spectator]] noted "Captain Thomas has made sketches of the most striking features of the country round Simla; which have been lithographed in the tinted manner by Messrs. Dickinson and published in a folio volume. They are spirited and effective in style, and drawn on the stone with a freedom that is more agreeable than laboured and formal execution; besides being characteristic of the rapid and vigorous pencil of a soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=12 September 1846 |title=Views of Simla. By Captain George Powell Thomas, Sixty-fourth Bengal Infantry. |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-september-1846/19/publications-received |journal=The Spectator |pages=20 |via=The Spectator archive}}</ref>

== Poetry and plays ==
In 1847 he published a book of poems, described as "a volume of very graceful poems, full of feeling and thought."<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 1847 |title=LITERARY CHRONICLE |pages=3 |work=Weekly Chronicle (London)}}</ref> His poems were included in anthologies, such as "The Book of the Sonnet" (1867).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Book of the Sonnet |publisher=Boston:Roberts Brothers |year=1867 |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Leigh |volume=2 |pages=22–26 |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=Samuel Adams}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}.
{{col-break}}
''To Constance, in absence''

THOU art not here! And ere we meet again,

Long years may pass away, and even thou,

My fair young bride, — some shadows on thy brow,

The tokens some of time and some of pain,

May, ere that hour, have stolen in, to stain

The fairest face that e'er won lover's vow.

What matter ? Be thy heart as it is now;

Let that its freshness, beauty, truth retain,

And something of its own sweet power to adorn

Whate'er it loves, with such divinest light

As hovers o'er the mountain-top at morn,

Yet makes the poorest blossom heavenly bright:

Blest in those arms from which I now am torn,

I shall note nothing, then, of time or blight.

{{col-break}}
''To Constance, written in absence''

Knowing, too surely, that whatever years

Fate may allot us, of united bliss,

There still must come a parting wet with tears,

Alas, sad, awful agonizing kiss,

Which deathless love, and death-bed hopes and fears,

Must wring with thoughts of other worlds and this;

And knowing that each hour that moment nears,

Though its approach by mercy shrouded is,

—Oh, I must hold my loss of every day

Which basking in thy presence doth not bless,

A fine as harsh as victims ever pay,

Or tyrants ever wring from weak distress;

A fine,—by each hour pass'd from thee away,—

That makes my lawful span of life-time less!

{{col-break}}
''[[Yamunotri|Jumnootree]];''

''A peak in the Himalayas, twenty-five thousand feet above the level of the sea.''

SHARP, clear, and crystalline, cleaving the sky

In twain, it towers for ever and alone,

Save that about its feet the tall hills lie,

Like slaves around some mighty despot's throne,—

While evermore, beneath its cold stern eye,

The short-liv'd centuries have come and flown,

And stars that round its head untiring fly,

Confess its glories ancient as their own !-

The eagles shun it in their highest flight;

The clouds lie basking 'neath its eminence;

Nought nears it but thin air and heaven's sweet light,

Nor not a sound for ever cometh thence,

Save of some avalanche from its summit riven,

Or thunder-tempest on its breakers driven!

{{col-end}}

A review of his plays noted that "The intrigue, struggle and revenge, which formed so prominent a part of medieval Italian life, was well expressed by G. P. Thomas, in his ''Michele Orombello, or the Fatal Secret'', and ''The Assassin, or the Rival Lovers''. They are essentially tragical, and very few of the important characters are living at the end of the fifth act. Powerful in plot, and exhibiting considerable skill in the analysis of emotion, they are quite in the forefront of Anglo-Indian dramatic literature, though the slightness of the underplot in the first play and the deficiency of female characters in the second mar their effectiveness to some extent."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oaten |first=Edward Garley |url=https://archive.org/download/sketchofangloind00oateuoft/sketchofangloind00oateuoft.pdf |title=A Sketch of Anglo-Indian Literature (The Le Bas Prize Essay for 1907) |publisher=London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Ltd |year=1908 |pages=67, 81–82 |chapter=Chapter III The Lesser Poets}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Richmond Old Cemetery, memorial to George Powell Thomas and Albina Grace Thomas.jpg|thumb|Richmond Old Cemetery]]
He married Albina Grace Andrews (b 1811, [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]) 1 August 1831 at [[Dhaka|Dacca]]. Their children were Marian Albina (b 1832, [[Danapur|Dinapore]], Bengal), Charles Lewis Stratford (b 1833, Dinapore, Bengal), Stratford Powell (b 1837, [[Sagar Island|Saugor]], Bengal, d 1839),<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1839 |title=Deaths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0MFAAAAQAAJ |journal=Parbury's Oriental Herald and Colonial Intelligencer |volume=4 |pages=99 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Charles Frederick (b 1843 [[Sabathu|Subathu]], Bengal), Montague George (1844, Calcutta, Bengal), Alice Constance (b 1846, [[Bath, Somerset]]), Alfred Campbell (b 1847, d 1848, [[Allahabad]], Bengal), Florence Juliet (b 1849, [[Meerut]], Bengal). His wife died at 28, Montague Road, Richmond in 1889<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1889 |title=Deaths |pages=1 |work=Richmond and Twickenham Times}}</ref> and is buried in [[Richmond Cemetery|Richmond Old Cemetery]], where he is also commemorated.

== Publications ==
Views of Simla. (1846). London: Dickinson & Co.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 1846 |title=Simla. By Captain G P Thomas |pages=11 |work=Times |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS184843027/TTDA?u=rtl_ttda&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=36b2d48a |via=The Times Digital Archive}}</ref>

Poems. (1847). London: Smith, Elder and Co.

Two Tragedies (1852 ). London:W Thacker & Co.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 1852 |title=New Books from India |pages=2 |work=Times |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS33851079/TTDA?u=rtl_ttda&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=0f185ce3 |via=The Times Digital Archive}}</ref>

Views of Simla. (2015). Studio Orientalia. ISBN 978-8192450254

== External links ==

* [https://books.google.com/books/download/Poems.pdf?id=xJpeAAAAcAAJ&output=pdf Poems by George Powell Thomas (Google Books)]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, George Powell}}
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British Orientalist painters]]
[[Category:19th-century English poets]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Burials at Richmond Cemetery]]

General Hospital Ernakulam

2026-01-23T13:40:03Z

Riserteam: created initial article w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = General Hospital, Ernakulam
| org_group = * [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala]]
| image = 
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| logo =
| logo_size = 
| location =
| region = Kochi
| state = Kerala
| country = India
| coordinates =
| address = 
| healthcare = 
| funding = Government
| type = General
| speciality = cardiology teaching institute,ctvs, nephrology
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| helipad = 
| affiliation = [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers]]
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 
| founded = 
| closed = 
| website = {{Url|https://generalhospitalernakulam.in}}
| other_links =
}}

'''General Hospital Ernakulam''' is a state-owned hospital, with excellent super speciality facilities for training and treatment in cardiology, ctvs, nephrology, urology along with internal medicine, general surgery in [[Kochi]], India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2670127.ece The Hindu. 'Super specialty status for General Hospital planned'.]</ref> It is managed as part of the [[Public health system in India|public health system]] of the [[government of Kerala]]. It was founded by the King of the Kochi [[princely state]] in 1845<ref>[http://www.generalhospitalernakulam.gov.in/ General Hospital, Ernakulam. Official Website.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617034111/http://www.generalhospitalernakulam.gov.in/ |date=2012-06-17 }}</ref> and was handed over to the government of Kerala following independence of India and the following state restructuring. The working system is at par with private sector hospitals setting it a class apart. Ernakulam General Hospital is funded by the state government, and all the services are highly subsidised making it a preferred destination for patients even from Lakshadweep islands of India. Treatment for citizens classified under the [[Below Poverty Line]] category is fully subsidised. Most of the government spending on health care schemes are dispensed through the public health system, and for the area under the jurisdiction of the [[corporation of Kochi]], the General Hospital is the prime dispensing outlet for these schemes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://generalhospitalernakulam.in Official website]

{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1845]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kochi]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in British India]]

Aamhi Dogha Raja Rani

2026-01-10T04:31:41Z

Riserteam: put up basic data from scratch

{{short description|1986 film directed by Kamlakar Torne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amhi Doghe Raja Rani
| image = Amhi Doghe Raja Rani.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kamlakar Torne
| producer = Prem Chitra
| writer = Prabhakar Tamne
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Laxmikant Berde]] [[Tejashri]] [[Sharad Talwalkar]] [[Atmaram Bhende]] [[Vijay Kadam]] [[Sanjay Jog]] [[Suhasini Deshpande]] [[Indu Navalkar]] [[Archana Pandare]]
| music = [[Raamlaxman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Everest Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|12|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Amhi Doghe Raja Rani''''' ({{Translation|We are both kings and queens}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Kamlakar Torne and written by Prabhakar Tamne. It was released on 31 December 1986.<ref name="knowyourfilms">{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film.php?ID=8499|title=Amhi Doghe Raja Rani - KnowYourFilms|publisher=knowyourfilms.com|accessdate=2014-04-22}}</ref><ref name="imindb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imindb.com/movie/amhi-doghe-raja-rani|title=Amhi Doghe Raja Rani, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani story, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani synopsis, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani review, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani awards, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani songs, Amhi Doghe Raja Rani star cast|publisher=imindb.com|accessdate=2014-04-22}}</ref>

== Cast ==

*[[Laxmikant Berde]] as Raja Joshi
*Tejashri as Madhurani O. Thakur
*[[Sharad Talwalkar]] as Omkar Thakur
*Atmaram Bhende as Joshi
*Vijay Kadam as Balya
*[[Sanjay Jog]] as Dr. Satish Shah
*Suhasini Deshpande as Mrs. Joshi
*Indu Navalkar as Balya's mother
*Archana Pandare as Balya's wife

==Soundtrack==
The music has been directed by Ram Laxman.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Mi Premnagarcha Raja song | length1 = 5:56
| title2 = Youvanane Ang Phule song | length2 = 5:30
| title3 = Kombdyano Vichar Kara song | length3 = 6:01
| title4 = Ye Re Ye Re Pavasa song | length4 = 5:41
}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.gomolo.com/aamhi-doghe-raja-rani-movie/43096 Movie Review - gomolo.com]
*[http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film.php?ID=8499 Movie Details - knowyourfilms.com]
* {{IMDb title|1409073}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1980s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:1986 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]

Rajam Pushpavanam

2026-01-08T00:21:10Z

Riserteam: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Smt. Rajam Pushpavanam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = Feb 1918
| birth_place = (Madurai, India)
| death_date = {{death-date and age|6 December 1991|February 1918}}
| years_active = 1930–1943 (Carnatic Vocalist)
| spouse = S.R.Venkatraman (d. 1950)
| father = [[Madurai Pushpavanam]]
}}

'''Rajam Pushpavanam''' (1918–1991), was the daughter of the music vidwan [[Madurai Pushpavanam]] Iyer, who was a notable [[Carnatic music|carnatic]] musician.<ref name="Sruti 2006">{{cite book |title=Sruti |publisher=P.N. Sundaresan |issue=nos. 256-261 |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSYqAQAAIAAJ |access-date=30 July 2018 |quote=... Those who understand carnatic music know the value of Rajam Pushpavanam's records. Not only has she a superb voice 'with beauty of tone and delicacy of expression' and style but in addition a great charm which comes through well on her ...}}</ref> Rajam Pushpavanam, a cousin of musician [[Madurai Mani]] Iyer, was a singer and music director.

== Early life ==
Born in 1918 to Madurai Pushpavanam Iyer and Sundarathammal, she lost her father when she was about two or three years old. Raised by her mother and grandparents she took to music and became known as a singer. She recorded an LP, in 1930, with [[Columbia Records]], when she was only 12 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sruti.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403114939/http://www.sruti.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=227 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=Rajam Pushpavanam [256] |author=Npedia Technology PVT LTD. |work=Sruti.com |accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article418675.ece? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402204858/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article418675.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Winding back to the yore |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref> [[Katcheri]]s followed in succession and she was a successful singer from the late 1920s till the early 1940s.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

She constructed a bungalow in the heart of [[Mylapore]], after buying the land for Rs 4550, a princely sum in 1939 and registering it in her mother’s name. She was 21 years old then.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

She owned among other things, a fleet of cars{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}. She had a driver's license in 1940 and was the first among woman carnatic musicians to drive on her own{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}. It was also said that there were only four women who drove cars in Madras at that time{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}.

Pushpavanam was the first woman music director of South India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/they-set-the-trend/article2278114.ece |title=They set the trend... |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 July 2011 | accessdate=5 October 2018 }}</ref> In 1937, she composed music for the film, Rajasekaran in which [[M. R. Radha]] acted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/firsts-tamil-cinema/articlecontent-pf35334-035334.html |title=இப்படித்தான் வளர்ந்தது தமிழ் சினிமா.. இதோ சில 'முதல்கள்'! |date=25 June 2015 |publisher=}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
At 22, she married S.R.Venkatraman, son of Swaminatha Iyer who had been the Divan (Minister) of the Ramnad kingdom. A son, Srinivasan, was born in 1942. In 1944, while she was away at a concert, he (the young son) succumbed to a sudden attack of pneumonia and died. She was stricken that she was away for her music career when her son died, and she gave up singing in concerts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/rajam_pushpavanam-profile-11494-24.htm | title=Rajam Pushpavanam }}</ref>

Her focus now changed to her family, and she had four more children. Her husband died in 1950 when she was in her early 30s. Later in life, after the death of her husband, she took up to singing for [[All India Radio]] and teaching students, and continued to do this for a couple of decades.

== Death ==
She lived with her elder son all her life and in 1991 moved to her second son’s home in Secunderabad. She died on 8 December 1991.

== Legacy ==

An award, "Bala Gnana Kala Bharathi", has been instituted in her memory at Bharat Kalachar, Chennai. The first award was given to Selvi Sooryagayathri in the presence of the Telangana Governor, Dr [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] on 14 December 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kutcheribuzz.com/december-gallery-2019/bharat-kalachar-fest-2019-inauguration|title=Bharat Kalachar Award Function|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9-eoxoyevtmi73qPRqJwUA/community?lb=Ugx2DCPRLUEXgJomhzJ4AaABCQ&app=desktop|title=Kuldeep M Pai|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>

== Her songs ==
A few of her songs are available on [[YouTube]] and one in Carnatica's old and rare recordings collection.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushpavanam, Rajam}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

2016 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)

2026-01-06T18:32:51Z

Riserteam: put up new stub added tags...

{{Short description|International kabaddi tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sport tournament
| name = 2016 Kabaddi World Cup
| image =
| caption =
| start_date = 4 November
| end_date = 17 November
| administrator = [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
| format = Circle style
| tournament_format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = India
| venues = [[#Venues|13]]
| participants = 12
| champions = '''M:''' {{Kabaddi|IND}} (6th title) '''W:''' {{WKabaddi|IND}} (3rd title)
| runners-up1 = '''M:''' {{ENG}} '''W:''' {{USA}}
| runners-up2 = '''M:''' {{USA}} '''W:''' {{KEN}}
| matches =
| stat1_label = Best Raider
| stat1 ={{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Surakhpuria Sultan Singh
| stat2_label = Best Stopper
| stat2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Khushdeep Duggan
| website =
| previous = [[2014 Kabaddi World Cup|2014]] (previous)
| next = [[2020 Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style)|2020]] (next)
}}

The '''2016 World Kabaddi Cup''' was the sixth edition of the circle style World [[Kabaddi]] Cup, held from 4 November to 17 November 2016 with the Opening Ceremony on 3 November 2016 at the Nehru stadium [[Roopnagar]]. The tournament took place in [[Punjab, India]].

==Organization==
The tournament was organized by the [[Government of Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-to-host-sixth-kabaddi-world-cup-in-november-2909612/|title=India to host sixth Kabaddi World Cup in November|date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

==Participating nations==
The 13 day event had 12 participating nations in the men's tournament, with 8 participating nations in the women's tournament.

=== Men's tournament ===
* {{ARG}}
* {{AUS}}
* {{CAN}}
* {{ENG}}
* {{IND}}
* {{IRN}}
* {{KEN}}
* {{SLE}}
* {{SRI}}
* {{SWE}}
* {{TZA}}
* {{USA}}

=== Women's tournament ===
* {{IND}}
* {{KEN}}
* {{MEX}}
* {{NZL}}
* {{SLE}}
* {{SRI}}
* {{TZA}}
* {{USA}}

==Venues==
The games were played at the following venues.
* Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]
* Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
* Sports Stadium, [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]]
* Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
* Kabaddi Ground, Begowal, [[Kapurthala]]
* Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga district|Moga]]
* Sports Stadium, Adampur, [[Jalandhar]]
* Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
* Guru Arjun Dev Sports Stadium, [[Chohla Sahib]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
* Govt. Ripudaman College Stadium, Nabha, [[Patiala]]
* Yadwindra Stadium, Mehraj, [[Bathinda]]
* Guru Gobind Singh Multipurpose Stadium, Badal, [[Bathinda]]
* Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]

==Opening and closing ceremonies==
The opening ceremony was held on 3 November in the Evening at Nehru Stadium in [[Roopnagar]]. [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Sharry Mann]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Bharti Singh]], [[Arjan Bajwa]] and Noora Sisters appeared at this event.

The closing ceremony was held on 17 November, before the final match at Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-sports/item/108307-indian-men-women-win-6th-world-cup-kabaddi-2016-defeat-england-usa | title=Home - Punjab, India & World News - Breaking & Latest - Yes Punjab | date=21 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Controversy==
In the first semi final on 15 Nov, several controversial decisions given in favor of England triggered some protest during the match by Iranian players. Eventually it was decided that match would go into extra time, in which England narrowly escaped with a 41–39 win. Iranian players were seen unhappy with the conclusion.

==Schedule (Men’s)==
Note: All matches' timings are according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +5:30)

===Group stage===

====Pool A====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=175|Team
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{IND}}
|5||5||0||0||263||190||73||'''10'''
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|5||4||0||1||245||165||80||'''8'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{CAN}}
|5||3||0||2||237||182||55||'''6'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{SLE}}
|5||2||0||3||216||183||33||'''4'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{SWE}}
|5||1||0||4||181||240||-59||'''2'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{SRI}}
|5||0||0||5||114||296||-182||'''0'''
|}
:{{Color box|#93d0ea|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=5 November 2016
|time=12:25
|team1={{ENG}}
|score= 57-23
|team2={{SWE}}
|stadium=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=5 November 2016
|time=13:30
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 46-38
|team2={{SLE}}
|stadium=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=5 November 2016
|time=14:30
|team1={{SRI}}
|score= 29-60
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=7 November 2016
|time=12:00
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 58-45
|team2={{SWE}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=7 November 2016
|time=13:00
|team1={{ENG}}
|score= 41-35
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=7 November 2016
|time=14:00
|team1={{SLE}}
|score= 70-6
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=9 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{SWE}}
|score= 23-59
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=9 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{SLE}}
|score= 30-48
|team2={{ENG}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=9 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 49-35
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=12 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 54-35<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-sports/item/108030-indian-men-eves-top-pool-by-winning-all-their-matches-of-world-cup-kabaddi-2016 | title=Home - Punjab, India & World News - Breaking & Latest - Yes Punjab | date=21 May 2019 }}</ref>
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=12 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{SWE}}
|score= 35-43
|team2={{SLE}}
|stadium=Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=12 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{ENG}}
|score= 62-21
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=14 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 56-37
|team2={{ENG}}
|stadium=Govt. Ripudaman College Stadium, Nabha, [[Patiala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=14 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{CAN}}
|score= 48-35
|team2={{SLE}}
|stadium=Govt. Ripudaman College Stadium, Nabha, [[Patiala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=14 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{SWE}}
|score= 55-23
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Govt. Ripudaman College Stadium, Nabha, [[Patiala]]
}}

====Pool B====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=200|Team
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{IRI}}
|5||5||0||0||304||151||153||'''10'''
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{USA}}
|5||4||0||1||255||185||70||'''8'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{AUS}}
|5||3||0||2||214||193||21||'''6'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{KEN}}
|5||2||0||3||226||240||-14||'''4'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{ARG}}
|5||1||0||4||169||259||-90||'''2'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{TZA}}
|5||0||0||5||148||288||-140||'''0'''
|}
:{{Color box|#93d0ea|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=4 November 2016
|time=16:15
|team1={{ARG}}
|score= 52-32
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=4 November 2016
|time=17:45
|team1={{AUS}}
|score= 61-36
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=5 November 2016
|time=16:30
|team1={{IRI}}
|score= 65-23
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=6 November 2016
|time= 12:25
|team1={{IRI}}
|score= 57-31 {{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=6 November 2016
|time= 13:30
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 55-31
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=7 November 2016
|time=16:00
|team1={{IRI}}
|score= 72-27
|team2={{ARG}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=8 November 2016
|time=12:15
|team1={{ARG}}
|score= 35-64
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Ground, Begowal, [[Kapurthala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=8 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IRI}}
|score=65-36
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Ground, Begowal, [[Kapurthala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=8 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{AUS}}
|score= 53-32
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Ground, Begowal, [[Kapurthala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=9 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 47-38
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=10 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{TZA}}
|score= 36-55
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Adampur, [[Jalandhar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=10 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{AUS}}
|score= 31-21
|team2={{ARG}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Adampur, [[Jalandhar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=12 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{KEN}}
|score= 63-25
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=13 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IRI}}
|score= 45-34
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=Guru Arjun Dev Sports Stadium, Chohla Sahib, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=13 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{KEN}}
|score= 60-34
|team2={{ARG}}
|stadium=Guru Arjun Dev Sports Stadium, Chohla Sahib, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
}}

===Knockout stage===
{{Round4-with third


|15 November – Yadwindra Stadium, Mehraj, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{ENG}}'''|41|{{IRI}}|39
|16 November – Guru Gobind Singh Multipurpose Stadium, Badal, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{IND}}'''|57|{{USA}}|40

|17 November – Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]|'''{{IND}}'''|62|{{ENG}}|20

|17 November – Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]|'''{{USA}}'''|43|{{IRI}}|39
}}

====Semi-finals====
{{kabaddibox
|date=15 November 2016
|time=13:00
|team1={{ENG}}
|score= 41-39 ET<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-sports/item/108135-indian-eves-england-men-reach-final-of-world-cup-kabaddi-2016 | title=Home - Punjab, India & World News - Breaking & Latest - Yes Punjab | date=21 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.ajitjalandhar.com/edition/20161115/8/3/12.cms|title = ਅਜੀਤ: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਆਵਾਜ਼ : ਜਲੰਧਰ 20211005}}</ref>
|team2={{IRI}}
|stadium=Yadwindra Stadium, Mehraj, [[Bathinda]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=16 November 2016
|time=17:40
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 57-40<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Indian-men-women-teams-enter-finals-of-Sixth-Kabaddi-World-Cup/articleshow/55462017.cms|title = Indian men-women teams enter finals of Sixth Kabaddi World Cup | More sports News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-sports/item/108191-world-cup-kabaddi-indian-men-team-enters-finals-for-6th-time-usa-women-for-first-time | title=Home - Punjab, India & World News - Breaking & Latest - Yes Punjab | date=21 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.ajitjalandhar.com/edition/20161116/8/3/14.cms|title = ਅਜੀਤ: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਆਵਾਜ਼ : ਜਲੰਧਰ 20211005}}</ref>
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=Guru Gobind Singh Multipurpose Stadium, Badal, [[Bathinda]]
}}

====Third place====
{{kabaddibox
|date=17 November 2016
|time=14:55
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 43-39
|team2={{IRI}}
|stadium=Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]
}}

===Final match===
{{kabaddibox
|date=17 November 2016
|time=17:37
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 62-20
|team2={{ENG}}
|stadium=Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]
}}

==Schedule (Women’s)==
Note: All matches' timings are according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +5:30).

===Group stage===

====Pool A====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=175|Team
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{IND}}
|3||3||0||0||131||48||83||'''6'''
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{KEN}}
|3||2||0||1||97||80||17||'''4'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{SRI}}
|3||1||0||2||72||112||-40||'''2'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{MEX}}
|3||0||0||3||56||116||-60||'''0'''
|}
:{{Color box|#93d0ea|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=5 November 2016
|time=15:35
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 45-15
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Sports Stadium, Sarabha, [[Ludhiana]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=6 November 2016
|time=15:45
|team1={{SRI}}
|score= 36-24
|team2={{MEX}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=7 November 2016
|time=15:00
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 35-21
|team2={{MEX}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Stadium, Moonak, [[Sangrur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=9 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{MEX}}
|score= 11-45
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Rode, [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=12 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{KEN}}
|score= 37-24
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Baba Kala Mehar Stadium, [[Barnala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=14 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 51-12
|team2={{SRI}}
|stadium=Govt. Ripudaman College Stadium, Nabha, [[Patiala]]
}}

====Pool B====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=175|Team
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{USA}}
|3||3||0||0||119||74||45||'''6'''
|- style="background:#93d0ea;"
|align=left|{{NZL}}
|3||2||0||1||163||61||102||'''4'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{SLE}}
|3||1||0||2||95||109||-14||'''2'''
|- style="background:white;"
|align=left|{{TZA}}
|3||0||0||3||58||191||-133||'''0'''
|}
:{{Color box|#93d0ea|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=4 November 2016
|time=19:08
|team1={{NZL}}
|score= 88-15
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=6 November 2016
|time=14:30
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 37-28
|team2={{SLE}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=8 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 53-18
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Kabaddi Ground, Begowal, [[Kapurthala]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=10 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{NZL}}
|score= 47-17
|team2={{SLE}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, Adampur, [[Jalandhar]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=13 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 29-28
|team2={{NZL}}
|stadium=Guru Arjun Dev Sports Stadium, Chohla Sahib, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=13 November 2016
|time=
|team1={{SLE}}
|score= 50-25
|team2={{TZA}}
|stadium=Guru Arjun Dev Sports Stadium, Chohla Sahib, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
}}

===Knockout stage===
{{Round4-with third


|15 November – Yadwindra Stadium, Mehraj, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{IND}}'''|43|{{NZL}}|20
|16 November – Guru Gobind Singh Multipurpose Stadium, Badal, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{USA}}'''|41|{{KEN}}|20

|17 November – Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]|'''{{IND}}'''|45|{{USA}}|10

|17 November – Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]|'''{{NZL}}'''|42|{{KEN}}|21
}}

====Semi-finals====
{{kabaddibox
|date=15 November 2016
|time=15:00
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 43-20<ref name="auto"/>
|team2={{NZL}}
|stadium=Yadwindra Stadium, Mehraj, [[Bathinda]]
}}

{{kabaddibox
|date=16 November 2016
|time=16:40
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 41-20<ref name="auto2"/> <ref name="auto1"/>
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Guru Gobind Singh Multipurpose Stadium, Badal, [[Bathinda]]
}}

====Third place====
{{kabaddibox
|date=17 November 2016
|time=13:55
|team1={{NZL}}
|score= 42-21
|team2={{KEN}}
|stadium=Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]
}}

====Final match====
{{kabaddibox
|date=17 November 2016
|time=16:27
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 45-10
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=Multipurpose Sports Stadium, [[Jalalabad, Fazilka]]
}}

==Broadcasting ==
;Television
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Countries !! Broadcaster
|-
| {{flagcountry|IND}}
||[[PTC News]]
|-
| {{flagcountry|UK}} {{flagcountry|EU}}
||[[PTC Punjabi]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[2020 Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style)]]
* [[Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.facebook.com/worldkabaddicup/ Official Facebook page]

{{Kabaddi (navbox)}}
{{World championships in kabaddi}}

[[Category:Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:International kabaddi competitions in India]]
[[Category:2016 in kabaddi|Kabaddi World Cup]]

Magarpatta

2025-12-19T13:08:09Z

Riserteam: minor edit

{{Short description|Residential township in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement

|official_name = Magarpatta
|other_name =
|native_name =
|settlement_type = [[Gated community]]
|coordinates = {{coord|18.515729|73.927195|display=inline}}
|state_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = 3 Pune Maharashtra India January 2014.jpg
| photo1a = 2 Pune Maharashtra India January 2014.jpg
| photo2b =Magarpatta Residential Zone.JPG
| size = 280
| color = white
}}
|image_caption = Magarpatta CyberCity
|website = [http://www.magarpattacity.com magarpattacity]
|image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=4|zoom=14|frame-lat=18.515729|frame-long=73.927195|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q60|title=Magarpatta}}
}}

'''Magarpatta ''' ({{langx|mr|मगरपट्टा}} {{literally}} ''Land of The Magar family'') is a 450 acre, [[gated community]] in the [[Hadapsar]], [[Pune]], [[India]]. It has a commercial area, residential area, hospital with several specializations, a 25-acre urban park named "Aditi Gardens", a shopping mall named "Seasons Mall", a shopping complex named "Destination Centre" and schools. Around 30% of the area is made up of green cover. Construction began in 2000 and continues as of 2025.

==Management==
The Magarpatta Township Development & Construction Company Limited is the governing body. Satish Magar is the [[chairman]] & [[managing director]] of the township.<ref>{{cite news|title=This developer let farmers retain their land|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/this-developer-let-farmers-retain-their-land/articleshow/2417713.cms|date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

==Commercial establishments==

;CyberCity:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Tower !! Companies
|-
|| 1 ||[[Avaya]], [[Sybase]], [[WNS Global Services]], [[EXL Service]], KET Infotech Pvt. Ltd, Yash Technologies
|-
|| 2||[[Amdocs]]
|-
|| 3 ||[[The Bank of New York Mellon]], [[Avaya]], [[Capgemini]], Salesforce Training Academy
|-
|| 4||[[Mphasis]], [[Varian Medical Systems]], [[Globant]]
|-
|| 5||[[Accenture]], [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[Deutsche Bank]], Reflexis Systems India Pvt Ltd, [[Cerillion]]
|-
|| 6||[[Amdocs]], [[The Bank of New York Mellon]], [[Ocwen]], [[Principal Financial Group|Principal]], [[New Balance]]
|-
|| 7||[[Amdocs]], [[Dresser-Rand Group]], [[Hitachi Consulting]], [[HCL Technologies]], MarketsandMarkets, Compucom, UPS solutions
|-
|| 8||[[WNS Global Services]], [[Capgemini]], [[Springer Nature]], [https://www.xento.com/ Xento Systems], [[The Bank of New York Mellon]], Systems Plus
|-
|| 9||[[Teradata]], [[Tata Elxsi]], [[Springer Nature]], [https://www.sutherlandglobal.com/ Sutherland], Xento Systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xento.com/|title=Xento, Pune|website=Xento}}</ref> [[EXL Service]], [[The Bank of New York Mellon]]
|-
|| 10||[[Red Hat]], [[Capita]], Preferred Engineering Pvt Ltd
|-
|| 11||[[John Deere]], [[Dar Al-Handasah]], [[Avaya]], [[Varian Medical Systems]]
|-
|| 12||[[Amdocs]], Appdirect India, [[Teradata]], [[Sybase]], [[EXL Service]], [[Bentley Systems]]
|}

;Pentagon:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tower
!Companies
|-
|3
|Arnekt Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|3
|Datafortune Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|}

==Residential clusters==
Magarpatta City has the below residential clusters. Names of these clusters are based on different flower species, and they are listed below in order from oldest to newest.

;Apartment clusters:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! S. No. !! Residential Apartment Cluster
|-
|| 1||Daffodils - 2 and 3 BHK society with 8 buildings, 4 with 6 floors and 4 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 2||Grevillea - 2 and 3 BHK society with 14 buildings, 8 with 6 floors, 4 with 7 floors, and 2 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 3||Heliconia - 1 BHK society with 24 buildings, 6 with 5 floors and 18 with 6 floors.
|-
|| 4||Cosmos - 2 and 3 BHK society with 24 buildings, 13 with 7 floors, 10 with 9 floors, and 1 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 5||Iris - 2 BHK society with 20 buildings, 12 with 9 floors and 8 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 6||Jasminium - 2 and 3 BHK society with 31 buildings, 17 with 9 floors and 14 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 7||Roystonea - 2 and 3 BHK society with 14 buildings, 8 with 9 floors and 6 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 8||Laburnum Park - 3 and 4 BHK society with 16 buildings of 11 floors each.
|-
|| 9||Sylvania - 2 and 3 BHK society with 8 buildings, 4 with 9 floors and 4 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 10||Trillium - 2 and 3 BHK society with 14 buildings, 7 with 9 floors and 7 with 11 floors.
|-
|| 11||Zinnia - 1 BHK society with 13 buildings of 5 floors each.
|-
|| 12||Annexe - 1 and 2 BHK society with 7 buildings of 11 floors each.
|}

;Villa clusters:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! S. No. !! Residential Villa Cluster
|-
|| 1||Erica Row Houses
|-
|| 2||Acacia Gardens Bungalows
|-
|| 3||Mulberry Gardens Bungalows
|-
|| 4||Zinnia Row Houses
|}

==Schools==
* Magarpatta City Public School.<ref>https://www.vpmcps.org/</ref> - [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board

==Aditi Garden==
[[File:Aditi Garden, Magarpatta City.jpg|alt=Aditi Garden, Magarpatta City|thumb|Aditi Garden, Magarpatta]]
A 25 acres urban park.

==Awards==
* Magarpatta won accolades at the Sydney World Congress of Metropolis in 2008. The Maharashtra Economic Development Council lists it among the ''Top 10 Success Stories of the State''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regus.co.in/coworking-space/india/pune/pune-magarpatta|title=Co-working In Pune, Magarpatta - Regus IN|website=www.regus.co.in}}</ref>
* Magarpatta won the Best Residential Property in India at the CNBC Awaaz-Crisil-Credai Real Estate Awards, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/jan/janrel59.php|title=RR Kabel presented the CNBC AWAAZ, CRISIL & CREDAI 'Real Estate Awards 2009'|date=28 January 2010|publisher=}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

===Film===
* The college inauguration scene of the film [[Sivaji: The Boss]] (a 2007 Indian Tamil masala film) was shot at the Magarpatta City SEZ towers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wherewasitshot.com/sivaji-the-boss/|title=Sivaji – The Boss - Where Was It Shot|website=wherewasitshot.com}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]] (a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] action drama) was also shot in Magarpatta City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wherewasitshot.com/mirchi/|title=Mirchi - Where Was It Shot|website=wherewasitshot.com}}</ref>
* [[Andhadhun]] (a 2018 [[Hindi language|Hindi]] dark comedy thriller) was also shot in Magarpatta City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wherewasitshot.com/andhadhun/|title=Andhadhun - Where Was It Shot|website=wherewasitshot.com}}</ref>
Many car and bike commercial advertisements have been shot in Magarpatta City. It has also been a host to a lot of movie stars.

==See also==
* [[Hinjawadi]]
* [[Nanded City, Pune|Nanded City]]
* [[Hadapsar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.magarpattacitycouncil.com Magarpatta City community portal]
*[http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/11bspec.htm Magarpatta's success story on Rediff]
*[http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/jan/24slide1-magarpatta-the-dream-city.htm Rediff article on Magarpatta]
*[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/magarpatta-a-dream-town-worth-emulating/113825/ Magarpatta in the Financial Express]
*[http://www.mbnow.in/property/videos/trends-research/magarpatta-city-india%E2%80%99s-first-successful-land-pooling-plan/23506 Magarpatta city: India’s first successful land pooling plan]

{{Pune topics}}

{{Coord|18|30|54|N|73|55|35|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune]]
[[Category:Townships in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Pune]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in Pune]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]

Operation Barga

2025-12-19T02:10:33Z

Riserteam: expanded content

{{Short description|Land reform movement in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
'''Operation Barga''' was a land reform movement, throughout rural [[West Bengal]] for recording the names of [[sharecropper]]s (bargadars) while avoiding the time-consuming method of recording through the settlement machinery. It bestowed on the [[bargadar]]s, the legal protection against eviction by the landlords (jotedars), and entitled them to the due share of the produce. Operation Barga was launched in 1978 and concluded by the mid-1980s. Introduced in 1978, and given legal backing in 1979 and 1980, Operation Barga became a popular but controversial measure for land reforms. The ultimate aim of these land reforms was to facilitate the conversion of the state's bargadars into landowners, in line with the [[Directive Principles of State Policy]] of the [[Indian Constitution]]. To date, Op Barga has recorded the names of approximately 1.5 million bargadars. Since then, it has been marked as one of the most successful land reforms programs in India.<ref name="RDI" />

== Background ==
The [[Land Reforms Act of India (1955)]] and its subsequent amendments stated that all sharecroppers would have permanent use rights on land that they had leased and that such rights would be inheritable. Such incumbency rights could be claimed as long as sharecroppers paid the legal share of the crop to their landlords or did not leave the land uncultivated or ''unless the landlords wished to take back the land for personal cultivation''.

However, landlords routinely used the personal cultivation clause to evict tenants. There was another major barrier. A tenant would have to formally register his status (as a tenant) with the government. But few tenants registered, faced as they were with potential intimidation from their landlords, the removal of other forms of support such as consumption credit, and the prospect of a long and arduous legal battle if they truly wanted to dispute an eviction.<ref name="TEAM">[http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf Operation Barga] – report by ''Theorie Et Applications en Microeconomie et Macroeconomie'' ('''TEAM''') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20061118154131/http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf Read online]).</ref> Given this imbalance, landlords regularly exploited their tenants, either evicting them just before the harvest season, or giving them a lower share of the produce then they were entitled to, or refusing to give loans or charging extremely high rates of interest on loans taken for agricultural investments by the bargadar.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" />

Enumeration of the sharecroppers and legal recording of their tenancy would have provided them with protection from eviction and exploitation under the existing laws itself. However, most bargadars did not know their rights under these laws, and, given their financial status, they were financially dependent on their landlords. Additionally, the long and tedious recording process, and the fear of reprisals by the landlords meant that most bargadars did not record their names. Recording drives before Operation Barga had managed to record only 400,000, out of the estimated total of 2.2-2.5 million bargadars.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" />

== History ==
Previously operation barga was known as [[Land reform|Land Reform]] and India's first legally and practically successful land reform was also done in [[West Bengal]] on year 1967 after [[United front|United Front]] came into power and that movement was led by two [[CPI(M)]] leader [[Hare Krishna Konar]] and [[Benoy Choudhury]] but soon [[United front|United Front]] loss its power on year 1970, then for 7 years [[Land reform|Land Reform]] was abolished and after the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] came into power in [[West Bengal]] on 1977 as the ruling state government. In existing tenant laws they found possibilities to advance their agenda of agrarian reform. The Left Front carried out a two-pronged attack. It took the no-cultivation clause seriously and closed off this loophole. Simultaneously, it encouraged the registration of tenants through the much publicized Operation Barga.

In June 1978, based on discussions held during a workshop on Land Reforms, the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] launched Operation Barga. This was given legal backing through the Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979 and the Revenue Rules of 1980.<ref name="Ganashakti">Sudipta Bhattacharyya, [http://www.ganashakti.com/old/1999/990726/feature.htm West Bengal: rural transformation since 1977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055756/http://www.ganashakti.com/old/1999/990726/feature.htm |date=7 October 2008 }}, ''Ganashakti'', 1999.</ref> In 1981 the West Bengal Government passed a law to remove the exemptions given to orchards, plantations, fisheries and religious trusts from the purview of the land reforms (However, it took many years for this legislation to receive the approval of the Central Government).

Operation Barga aimed to record the names of the sharecroppers (''Bargadars''), who formed a major part of the agrarian population in West Bengal and to educate them about their cultivation rights. Operation Barga depended heavily on collective action by the sharecroppers and was qualitatively different from the traditional Revenue Court approach, which was biased in favour of the richer and more influential landowners.<ref name="Ganashakti" />

The enumeration and recording of Sharecroppers and educating them about their rights was an important step in raising their economic and social status. By giving these farmers more rights, and protecting them from exploitation by the landowners, they were assured of a relatively stable livelihood, which would improve their living standards as well, and give them an opportunity to become landowners themselves.<ref name="RDI" />

While Operation Barga did not directly attempt to turn the bargadars into landowners, the legislation included two provisions intended to facilitate that conversion. Firstly, the legislation gave bargadars priority rights to purchase the barga land if the landlord decided to sell it. Secondly, the
legislation authorized the state government to establish a "land corporation" that would advance funds to bargadars to purchase barga land using this priority right. The second provision has not yet been implemented due to lack of funding.<ref name="RDI" />

== Implementation ==
To implement Operation Barga, the government adopted the principle of people's participation in land reforms, and collective action by the stakeholders.<ref name="Paramjit">Paramjit Singh, Gurpreet Bal, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7lKM4aWhIH0C&dq=%22Operation+Barga%22+camp&pg=PA148 Strategies of Social Change in India], pp. 148, M.D. Publications, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7533-006-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7533-006-1}}.</ref> This movement was launched with the active assistance of not only the bargadars themselves but also of rural workers' organizations and self-governing institutions. The operation was divided into the following five distinct steps:<ref name="Ganashakti" />

# Identification of the priority pockets with large concentration of bargadars.
# Camping by the Government Officials at the priority pockets.
# Meeting between the bargadars and the government officials.
# The collective participation of the villagers in the reconnaissance and field verification to establish the claims of sharecroppers.
# Issue of temporary certificates called 'parchas' to confirm sharecroppers as evidence of their rights enabling them to obtain bank credit.

To begin with, group meetings between Officials and Bargadars were organized during "settlement camps" (also called "Reorientation camps"), where the bargadars could discuss their grievances. The first such camp was held at Halusai in Polba ''[[taluk]]'' in [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]] district from 18 to 20 May 1978.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" />

These camps gave the land officials an opportunity to educate the bargadars and other landless farmers of their rights. The participants in these camps would be about 30-40 poor farmers, the landowners, and about 10-15 land officials at the field level, such as junior land reforms officers, ''"kanungos"'', and
agricultural extension officers. Each camp would last for around 3 days, with the officials staying on site during the duration. Wide publicity would be given for these camps by the beating of drums, distribution of leaflets, and personal advertising by the officials and local farmer groups. Based on feedback after the camp, changes to the working of these camps would be introduced.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" />

During the camps, the various stakeholders would meet with the land officials and discuss their issues. A list of claimants would be drawn up immediately after, and publicly verified in the presence of the landholders, who could then record their objections. Then, the names of the bargadars would be recorded on the spot, and all legal documents would be issued and distributed immediately.<ref name="Paramjit" />

There was initially some violence during the first year of the programme, where landowners manhandled some officials and harassed bargadars who came forward to record their names.<ref name="Chattopadhyay">Suhas Chattopadhyay, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4368206 Operation Barga: A comment], JSTOR: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 49, 8 December 1979.</ref><ref name="Paramjit" /> However, with increased governmental and collective support, these incidents reduced. The peasant organizations of the ruling political parties worked along with village-level administration to encourage registration. This thwarted the collusion between landlords and local officials and prevented intimidation. "Settlement camps," which were already being used by land reform officials to maintain and update land records, were actively used as tools of registration. Registration certificates were issued on the spot.<ref name="TEAM" />

Bureaucratic red-tapism was removed to a large extent under this operation, since it was one of the major reasons for low recording of bargadars. Over 8000 awareness camps were organized throughout the state between 1978 and June 1982, which resulted in the registration of over 675,000 sharecroppers.<ref name="Chaudhary ToI">Pranava K. Chaudhary, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22105421.cms Operation Barga ends in a whimper], ''[[Times of India]]'', 14 September 2002.</ref>

== Impact ==
The launch of Operation Barga and the legal amendments introduced changed the landlord-bargadar relationship in two fundamental ways. First, through anti-eviction measures, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land. In fact, the bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual. Second, the state guaranteed that the bargadars would receive a fair share of the crop (75 per cent if the bargadar provided the non-labour inputs and 50 per cent if the landlord provides those inputs). This prevented exploitation of the sharecroppers by the landowners.<ref name="RDI" />

The 1979 amendment was considered as a radical departure in clinching the issue of Bargadari settlement on a judicial basis. Previously it was almost impossible for a tenant to prove his tenancy rights legally owing to the judicial and administrative red-tapism. But in the new amendments, the responsibility of disproving a claim to bagadari rights was squarely put on the landowners. Self-Cultivation was defined as cultivation on the basis of physical participation by members of the landowner's family and resumption of land under self-cultivation were made under many stringent conditions.

While land reform have generally made little headway in most of India, West Bengal has been an exception. In all, approximately half of rural households in West Bengal have received land reform benefits. In the 20-year period after setting land reforms in place, agricultural growth in West Bengal skyrocketed. More important, rural poverty declined sharply and both food intake and wages in the countryside increased significantly.<ref name="RDI">Tim Hanstad, Robin Nielsen, [http://www.rdiland.org/PDF/PDF_Publications/EPW-Bargadars&Landownership.pdf West Bengal's Bargadars and Landownership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009112500/http://www.rdiland.org/PDF/PDF_Publications/EPW-Bargadars%26Landownership.pdf |date=9 October 2007 }}, [http://www.rdiland.org Rural Development Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705193707/http://www.rdiland.org/ |date=5 July 2008 }}, 21 February 2004.</ref> Operation Barga formed a major part of this success. Progress has occurred in three areas:<ref name="RDI" />

1. Regulating sharecropping relationships (Operation Barga) 
2. Redistributing ceiling-surplus lands in ownership (Land-ceiling Act) 
3. Distributing homestead plots

An empirical analysis of the impact of Operation Barga on agricultural production, productivity, employment, income including its distribution and on the qualitative improvement in the utilization of barga land was conducted during the period 1986–88 in the three districts of [[Birbhum]], [[Burdwan]] and Jalpaiguri in West Bengal.<ref name="NCAP" />

== Success ==
Operation Barga was successful in enumerating the Bargadars. Over the period 1977–90, the fraction of registered sharecroppers rose from 23 to 65%. During the same period of time in West Bengal, there was expansion in public and private irrigation and there was technological change as well. These reforms, along with the guaranteed crop share and bargadar's increased stake in the land led to an increase in agricultural output. A sample survey by Banerjee and Ghatak [1996] estimated that Operation Barga accounted for about 36% of total growth in agricultural production during this period, a significant fraction. The survey noted that while only 10% of all tenants had output shares that exceeded 50% in the pre-reform period. Post-reform, about half of all registered tenants and even a quarter of all unregistered tenants had shares that exceeded 50%.<ref name="TEAM" />

By the end of 1982 about 1.2 million sharecroppers were recorded, out of the total estimated number of about 2.0-3.5 millions.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" /><ref name="NCAP">[http://www.ncap.res.in/upload_files/annual_report/1995-96/chap3.htm Impact of Tenancy Reforms on Production and Income Distribution – A Case Study of Operation barga in West Bengal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215233118/http://www.ncap.res.in/upload_files/annual_report/1995-96/chap3.htm |date=15 February 2012 }}, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.</ref> By the end of June 1994 around 1460,000 bargadars had been recorded over an area of over 451,800 [[hectare]]s. The most remarkable achievement of the programme, as reported in the 1986-88 study, was that it enhanced social status of the bargadars and security of tenancy.<ref name="NCAP" />

The change in the tenancy condition in the state through Operation Barga has brought some degree of economic stability among farmers. Unlike in other Indian states, West Bengal has hardly seen any farmer suicides or starvation deaths arising from crop failure. Operation Barga and the distribution of surplus land among the marginal, poor and backward castes have created a cushion against farmers committing suicide because of the fear of money lenders or landlords taking away all the produce.<ref name="Fin Express" />

== Criticism ==
Operation Barga (and West Bengal's land reforms in general) have been criticized for their small scope and inability to solve all the major problems. This criticism has been mainly due to policies not accounting for the high population-to-landmass ratio in Bengal (the highest in the country), the small and highly segregated land holding patterns and failure of the Government to develop agri-industrial markets for farm produce. These failures, critics contend, have distributed poverty rather than creating prosperity. They point out that in spite of these measures, Bengal's agricultural infrastructure and financial situation is no better than in most other states.<ref name="Fin Express">[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/did-operation-barga-save-bengal-farmers/162221/ Did Operation Barga save Bengal farmers?], ''Financial Express'', 17 April 2006.</ref>

The analysis of Op Barga carried out in 1986–88 in the 3 districts mentioned above concluded that Operation Barga, while partly successful in bringing about a change in the tenancy pattern, did not succeed in augmenting production and productivity on the barga land where the bargadars had been receiving the stipulated crop share. Furthermore, entrepreneurship continue to remain low because of the inherent conflict of interest in crop sharing mechanism coupled with the fact that the bargadars were not adequately trained in this area.<ref name="NCAP" />

The study also noted that the unsatisfactory performance of these bargadars (even those who received their crop share as stipulated in the Act) was due to their poor resource base and lack of access to modern technology and to capital market with the resultant inability to acquire material resources. Moreover, the imperfections in input markets also generally contributed to the poor performance of the bargadars.<ref name="NCAP" /> Operation Barga was also criticized for being anti-landowner, and providing some draconian measures that could be misused.

Additionally, there are recent reports that have indicated that the success of Operation Barga has not continued after its demise. The National Sample Survey (NSS) data of 1999 has reported that only 30.6 per cent of all sharecroppers were registered, and that there was a "distinct class bias".<ref name="Chaudhary ToI" /> Such a class bias, and the involvement of only the more influential among the agricultural class,<ref name="Chattopadhyay" /> has led to a creation of "rural rich", while the poorer sections and backward castes have been comparatively marginalized in terms of effectiveness of this program.<ref name="ToI 02">Nirmalya Banerjee, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1371372422.cms Disparity in Operation Barga not declined], ''[[Times of India]]'', 5 January 2002.</ref> Studies have also noted that the landlords continued to own the largest holdings in the villages and the value of their holdings increased substantially.<ref name="ToI 02" />

In 2003, a comprehensive survey by the West Bengal State Institute of Panchayats & Rural Development (SIPRD) warned that as much as 14.37 per cent of registered bargadars had been dispossessed of their barga land, 26.28 per cent were suffering from a sense of insecurity that they might lose it in the near future, and 13.23 per cent of pattadars had also been alienated of the land they had received.<ref name="Barga blues" /><ref>The SIPRD study said, "Though Operation Barga is being extended from time to time, it is a paper extension only. The methodology as originally devised, that is, evening meetings to motivate the bargadars, spot enquiries into petitions for barga recording, etc., is no longer adopted by the revenue officials. Again, with the passage of time, the grassroots level democratic institutions, that is, panchayats and the peasant organisations etc. seem to have lost interest in the programme initially evinced by them. The methodology of Operation Barga having fallen in disuse and the thrust on recording petered out, the recording has been rendered a routine with its rate suffering a downward slide."</ref> For example, in [[Singur]], during the protests against the [[Tata Nano]] car project, the West Bengal government Status Report noted that for 37 registered bargadars in the {{convert|997|acre|km2|adj=on}} project area there were 170 unregistered ones.<ref name="Barga blues" />

== Restarting in 2008 ==
In the face of criticisms of land reforms after Op Barga and their lack of success, along with the diminishing bargadar list, the West Bengal government announced in October 2008 that it would re-launch Operation Barga.<ref name="Barga blues">Nilanjan Dutta, [http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/10/2383 Barga Blues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604205653/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/10/2383 |date=4 June 2016 }}, ''HardNews.com'', 23 October 2008.</ref> This was reportedly an effort by the CPI(M) government to woo rural voters before the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] elections (which the CPI(M) subsequently lost). Land Reforms Minister Abdul Rezzak Molla admitted in the state assembly that about 20-27% of bargadars had lost their recorded rights as sharecroppers.<ref name="Barga blues" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Sudipta Bhattacharyya, [http://www.ganashakti.com/old/1999/990726/feature.htm West Bengal: rural transformation since 1977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055756/http://www.ganashakti.com/old/1999/990726/feature.htm |date=7 October 2008 }}, ''Ganashakti'', 1999.
* [http://www.ncap.res.in/upload_files/annual_report/1995-96/chap3.htm Impact of Tenancy Reforms on Production and Income Distribution – A Case Study of Operation barga in West Bengal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215233118/http://www.ncap.res.in/upload_files/annual_report/1995-96/chap3.htm |date=15 February 2012 }}, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.
* Suhas Chattopadhyay, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4368206 Operation Barga: A comment], JSTOR: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 49, 8 December 1979.
* Tim Hanstad, Robin Nielsen, [http://www.rdiland.org/PDF/PDF_Publications/EPW-Bargadars&Landownership.pdf West Bengal's Bargadars and Landownership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009112500/http://www.rdiland.org/PDF/PDF_Publications/EPW-Bargadars%26Landownership.pdf |date=9 October 2007 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705193707/http://www.rdiland.org/ Rural Development Institute], 21 February 2004.

[[Category:1970s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1980s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Land management in India]]
[[Category:Debt bondage in India]]
[[Category:Sagar Island]]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers

2025-12-18T07:32:08Z

Riserteam: New A Article

{{Short description|Impact of COVID-19 on Indian migrants}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
{{Infobox event
|title=Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
|image=Stranded migrant workers during fourth phase of the lockdown IMG 20200523 125500.jpg
|caption=Stranded migrant workers during fourth phase of the lockdown near [[Paharganj]]
|cause=[[COVID-19 pandemic]]-induced lockdown
|date=28 March 2020 onwards
|outcome=
* Sharp rise in unemployment
* Starvation
* Exodus to hometowns and villages
* Shramik Special trains
}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=Impacts}}

'''Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic''' faced multiple hardships. With factories and workplaces shut down due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown imposed in the country]], millions of migrant workers had to deal with the loss of income, food shortages and uncertainty about their future.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In India, the world's biggest lockdown has forced migrants to walk hundreds of miles home|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-lockdown-migrant-workers/2020/03/27/a62df166-6f7d-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 March 2020|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Ensuring water, hygiene facilities for migrant labourers can safeguard millions stranded during shutdown|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-ensuring-water-hygiene-facilities-for-migrant-labourers-can-safeguard-millions-stranded-during-shutdown-8228331.html|first1=Kanika|last1=Singh|date=6 April 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Following this, many of them and their families went hungry.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|last2=Yasir|first2=Sameer|date=29 March 2020|title=India's Coronavirus Lockdown Leaves Vast Numbers Stranded and Hungry|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/world/asia/coronavirus-india-migrants.html|access-date=13 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Thousands of them then began walking back home, with no means of transport due to the lockdown.<ref name="HinduUncertainty4Apr">{{Cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Omar|last2=Anand|first2=Jatin|last3=Mahale|first3=Ajeet|date=4 April 2020|title=India coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Migrant workers and their long march to uncertainty|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-coronavirus-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-their-long-march-to-uncertainty/article31251952.ece|access-date=18 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A study found that 43.3 million interstate migrants returned to their home during the first wave of COVID-19 led lockdowns and out of 43.3 million around 35 million walked home or used unusual means of transportation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nizam |first1=Arif |last2=Sivakumar |first2=P. |last3=Rajan |first3=S. Irudaya |year=2022 |orig-date=25/09/2022 |title=Interstate Migration in India During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis Based on Mobile Visitor Location Register and Roaming Data |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09731741221122000 |journal=Journal of South Asian Development |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=271–296 |doi=10.1177/09731741221122000 |s2cid=252536877 |issn=0973-1741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In response, the [[Government of India|Central]] and [[State governments of India|State Governments]] took various measures to help them,<ref name="21000camps">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=More than 21,000 camps set up for over 6,60,000 migrants: State governments|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/more-than-21000-camps-set-up-for-over-660000-migrants-state-governments/articleshow/74920798.cms|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Over 60,000 people have registered on Delhi govt portal to go back home|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/over-60000-people-have-registered-on-delhi-govt-portal-to-go-back-home/article31586991.ece|access-date=18 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="NYTFreeFood14May">{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=14 May 2020|title=India to Provide Free Food Grains to Millions of Migrant Workers|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/05/14/world/asia/14reuters-health-coronavirus-india-stimulus.html|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and later arranged transport for them.<ref name="NDTVBuses30Apr">{{Cite web|title=Buses Not Feasible For Moving Migrants, States Appeal To Centre: Sources|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/buses-not-feasible-for-moving-migrants-states-appeal-to-centre-sources-2221212|publisher=NDTV|first1=Arvind |last1=Gunasekar|date=30 April 2020|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="HinduShramikSpecial1May">{{Cite news|last1=Bhargava|first1=Yuthika|date=1 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Railways to run 'Shramik Special' trains to move migrant workers, other stranded persons|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railways-to-run-shramik-special-trains-to-move-migrant-workers-other-stranded-persons/article31481996.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 198 migrant workers died due to the lockdown, with reasons of road accidents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migration worker death|date=2 June 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html}}</ref>

==Background==
There are an estimated 139 million migrants in the country, according to the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India has 139 million internal migrants. They must not be forgotten|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/india-has-139-million-internal-migrants-we-must-not-forget-them/|website=World Economic Forum|date=1 October 2017|first=Krishnavatar|last=Sharma|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) predicted that due to the pandemic and the lockdown, about 400 million workers would be poverty-stricken.<ref name="QuintFramework19May" /> Most migrants in the country originate from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, followed by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The cities of Mumbai and Delhi attract the highest number of migrants in India. While most men migrate for work, women migrate due to marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What the 2011 census data on migration tells us|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html|first1=Abhishek |last1=Jha |first2=Vijdan |last2=Mohammad Kawoosa|date=24 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

Migrant workers consist majorly of daily-wage labourers working in the manufacturing and construction industries. They are often denied adequate healthcare, nutrition, housing and sanitation,<ref name="QuintFramework19May">{{Cite web|title=A Policy Framework For India's Covid-19 Migration|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/coronavirus-outbreak/a-policy-framework-for-indias-covid-19-migration|last1=Nair|first1=Shabarinath|last2=Verma|first2=Divya|date=19 May 2020|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> since many of them work in the informal sector.<ref name="NatGeoDogs27May">{{Cite web|title='They treat us like stray dogs': Migrant workers flee India's cities|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/05/they-treat-us-like-stray-dogs-migrant-workers-flee-india-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528012733/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/05/they-treat-us-like-stray-dogs-migrant-workers-flee-india-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2020|date=27 May 2020|first=Nilanjana|last=Bhowmick|others=Khandelwal, Saumya|website=National Geographic|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> They mostly hail from rural areas but live in cities due to work for most of the year. Many have no savings and stayed in factory dormitories, which were shut due to the lockdown.<ref name="NPRRisky31Mar">{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Lockdown Sends Migrant Workers on a Long And Risky Trip Home|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/31/822642382/coronavirus-lockdown-sends-migrant-workers-on-a-long-and-risky-trip-home|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren|last2=Pathak|first2=Sushmita|date=31 March 2020|publisher=NPR|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Additionally, there was no central registry of migrant workers, despite the existence of the [[Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Roli|last2=Nagaraj|first2=Anuradha|date=29 April 2020|title=As migrant workers struggle for lockdown aid, India seeks to count them|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-migrants-fea-idUSKCN22B005|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

According to research published in the ''Royal Geographical Society'', the workers who have been treated the worst are from areas like [[Odisha]], Jharkhand and [[Chhattisgarh]], in which the indigenous population's natural resources were extracted by outsiders. Further, workers paid the least for the hardest work belong to the backward classes, mainly from the [[Dalit]] and the [[Adivasi]] communities. The research also indicated that the families of the migrant workers supported them by maintaining their houses and taking care of them, either when seasonal work is unavailable or when they are no longer able to work.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Alpa|last2=Lerche|first2=Jens|date=13 July 2020|title=The five truths about the migrant workers' crisis {{!}} Opinion|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-five-truths-about-the-migrant-workers-crisis-opinion/story-awTQUm2gnJx72UWbdPa5OM.html|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Maharashtra has the largest number of migrants, according to the [[2011 Census of India]]. Its state government imposed a lockdown on 20 March 2020 in [[Pune]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] and [[Nagpur]], leaving the migrant workers with no work. Due to the lockdown, thousands then gathered at the train and bus stations, seeking transport to their hometowns but with the nationwide lockdown in place, all transport facilities were closed.<ref name="HinduUncertainty4Apr" />

==Food shortages==
[[File:Migrant workers stand in a queue for food at Delhi Govt school during COVID-19 Lockdown at Delhi IMG 20200331 132400.jpg|thumb|Migrant workers stand in a queue for food at a Delhi Government school during COVID-19 lockdown at Delhi]]
According to government reports, there was enough food grain stocked up in the [[Food Corporation of India|FCI]] godowns to feed the poor for at least a year-and-a-half.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Siddhartha|last2=Parija|first2=Pratik|date=24 March 2020|title=India Has Enough Food to Feed Poor If There's a Prolonged Shutdown|work=BloombergQuint|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-24/india-has-enough-food-to-feed-poor-amid-prolonged-shutdown-fears}}</ref> While government schemes ensured that the poor would get additional rations due to the lockdown, the distribution system failed to be effective as the ration cards are area-specific and fair price shops were largely inaccessible. Additionally, the 'One Nation, One Ration Card' system has been implemented in very few states, as of mid April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impatient, Starving, Angry: As India Extends Lockdown, Stranded Migrant Workers Emerge as Crisis in Making|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/impatient-starving-angry-as-india-battles-pandemic-stranded-migrant-workers-emerge-as-crisis-in-the-making-2578109.html|date=15 April 2020|first1=Rounak|last1=Kumar Gunjan|website=News18|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> While the scheme allowed migrant workers to retrieve foodgrains for free anywhere across the country, very few were aware of the scheme. In addition to this, the scheme also required [[Biometrics|biometric authentication]], which was discontinued due to fears of spreading the virus through common fingerprint sensors.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jebaraj|first1=Priscilla|date=8 May 2020|title=Inter-State ration card portability usage very low: Food Minister|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inter-state-ration-card-portability-usage-very-low-food-minister/article31537575.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In Telangana, many could not avail the ration due to a lack of [[Aadhaar]] cards.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Vadlamudi|first1=Swathi|date=19 April 2020|title=Sans Aadhaar, no ration for migrants|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sans-aadhaar-no-ration-for-migrants/article31383356.ece|access-date=19 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As such, many were left without food and money due to the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian migrant workers walking home dial for help|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20200327152315-h00mo/ |first1=Anuradha |last1=Nagaraj |first2=Roli |last2=Srivastava |date=27 March 2020 |work=Thomson Reuters Foundation News |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> A survey published by ‘[[The Hindu]]’ states that 96% migrant workers did not get rations from the government, and 90% of them did not receive wages during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaji|first=Liyana|title=Flattening the Curve at the Expense of One's Constitutional Rights?|url=https://ccrd.vidhiaagaz.com/migrant-workers-flattening-the-curve-constitutional-rights/|access-date=20 September 2020|website=Centre for Constitutional Research and Development|date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Exodus==
On 14 September 2020, Labour and Employment Minister [[Santosh Gangwar|Santosh Kumar Gangwar]] stated in Parliament that information collected from state governments indicated an estimated 10 million migrants had attempted to return home as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Yogima Seth|title=Labour minister Gangwar clarifies his response on migrant workers in Parliament|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/labour-minister-gangwar-clarifies-his-response-on-migrant-labourers-in-parliament/articleshow/78142699.cms|access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> He later stated in Parliament on 15 September 2020 that no data was maintained on the number of migrants in the country who had either died, or become unemployed, as a result of the pandemic.<ref name="Nath">{{Cite news|last=Nath|first=Damini|date=14 September 2020|title=Govt. has no data of migrant workers' death, loss of job|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-has-no-data-of-migrant-workers-death-loss-of-job/article32600637.ece|access-date=12 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

With no work and no money, and lockdown restrictions putting a stop to public transport, thousands of migrant workers were seen walking or bicycling hundreds of kilometres (or even more than a thousand kilometres) to go back to their native villages, some with their families.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Vikas|date=20 May 2020|title=The Covid-19 migrants who never got home|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52672764|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Many did so while hungry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus update: A long walk home on empty stomachs for masked migrants|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caught-in-the-middle-of-an-epidemic/story-kJhANZhDiU7SkU5OYUKJbO.html|first1=Pankaj|last1=Jaiswal|date=26 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Social distancing was not possible for these migrants since they travelled together in large groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/india-s-government-should-have-expected-coronavirus-migration|title=Coronavirus Exposes India's Official Callousness|last1=Sharma|first1=Mihir|date=1 April 2020|website=BloombergQuint}}</ref> According to some of them, they would rather die from the virus at their own village than starve because of no work in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There is a humanitarian crisis in India. Lift the lockdown, now|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/there-is-a-humanitarian-crisis-in-india-lift-the-lockdown-now/story-RHG3Mjv7B3VrNszdbTZ1UI.html|date=15 May 2020|first1=Barkha|last1=Dutt|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

Many were arrested for violating the lockdown, after being caught at inter-state borders, forests between states and even on boats to cross rivers.<ref name="HTWalkTrains8May">{{Cite web|title=Across the country, migrants still forced to walk thousands of miles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/similar-scenes-in-several-states-despite-new-trains/story-YL9qNcF315SA5o645aj1DP.html|date=8 May 2020|first1=Venkatesha|last1=Babu|first2=Sachin|last2=Saini|first3=Vijay|last3=Swaroop|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Some of the migrants died of exhaustion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus lockdown: 12-year-old Indian migrant worker walks 100 km, dies just 11km away from home|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/coronavirus-lockdown-12-year-old-indian-migrant-worker-walks-100-km-dies-just-11km-away-from-home-1.1587462168019|website=Gulf News|date=21 April 2020|first1=Evangeline|last1=Elsa|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Others died in accidents on the roads after walking or hiding in vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=42 Migrant Workers Died in Road Accidents While Trying to Return Home during Lockdown: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/42-migrant-workers-died-in-road-accidents-while-trying-to-return-to-their-home-states-during-lockdown-report-2609841.html|date=7 May 2020|first1=Zeba|last1=Warsi|website=News18|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> On 31 March, as many as 120 migrant workers were allegedly beaten up by the police in [[Gujarat]] and forcefully rounded up in a single lorry and dropped in Maharashtra, despite being wounded.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat Police to Probe Allegation That Migrant Workers Were Forced into Container Trucks|url=https://thewire.in/law/gujarat-police-inquiry-migrant-workers-container-trucks|last1=Shantha|first1=Sukanya|date=7 April 2020|work=The Wire}}</ref> In [[Aurangabad]], 16 migrants were killed on 8 May after a freight train ran over them while they were sleeping on the tracks, exhausted from walking.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrants' deaths on the tracks a wake-up call for India|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/migrants-deaths-on-the-tracks-a-wake-up-call-for-india-11588958792629.html|last1=Nandi|first1=Shreya|first2=Utpal|last2=Bhaskar|date=8 May 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> 26 migrants were killed in an accident between two trucks carrying migrants in [[Auraiya]] on 16 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auraiya road accident: Two more migrant workers die, toll rises to 26|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/auraiya-road-accident-two-more-migrant-workers-die-toll-rises-to-26/story-UclLZQfU1mIjSEEn74d3bP.html|date=17 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Later in May, a 15-year-old girl carried her ailing father on a bicycle for {{convert|1200|km|mi}} from Bihar to Gurugram over the course of a week. She was later approached to try out for the National Cycling Academy by the Cycling Federation of India.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|date=22 May 2020|title='Lionhearted' Girl Bikes Dad Across India, Inspiring a Nation|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/world/asia/india-bicycle-girl-migrants.html|access-date=29 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Later in May, despite the launching of special trains and buses by the government, the migrant workers chose to either travel together in large groups in the cargo compartments of trucks and containers, or travel by foot. They did not wait or their turn to board the government-arranged transport, mainly due to starvation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In long walk back home, migrants battle hunger, scourge of Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-long-walk-back-home-migrants-battle-hunger-scourge-of-disease/story-TizRfUz69osJQ0Uqmm6jZN.html|last1=Venkatraman|first1=Tanushree|last2=Chauhan|first2=Saurabh|date=16 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 May 2020|last3=Dey|first3=Sanjoy|last4=Mishra|first4=Ritesh|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906104622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-long-walk-back-home-migrants-battle-hunger-scourge-of-disease/story-TizRfUz69osJQ0Uqmm6jZN.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, they felt that going back to their hometowns, they could return to farming and take up small jobs under the [[MGNREGA]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=The Associated Press|date=16 May 2020|title=AP PHOTOS: An Army of Indian Migrant Workers Heads Home|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/16/world/asia/ap-as-virus-outbreak-india-migrants-photo-gallery.html|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The consumption of mobile and broadband data under [[BharatNet]] more than doubled in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aryan|first=Aashish|date=15 July 2020|title=As migrant workers returned home, rural data use spiked|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrant-workers-rural-data-consumption-bharatnet-scheme-6506117/|access-date=15 July 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2020, Minister of State for Home Affairs [[Nityanand Rai]] stated that the exodus of migrant workers had been caused by "panic created by fake news regarding the duration of lockdown."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Mohua|date=15 September 2020|title=Covid-19: 'Panic due to fake news' led to migrant exodus, no record of number of deaths, govt says|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/exodus-of-migrant-workers-triggered-by-fake-news-panic-govt-in-parliament/articleshow/78131143.cms|access-date=12 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Reverse exodus==
Despite government promises and schemes to generate employment in rural areas, some migrant workers began going back to the cities due to lack of employment in their hometowns, as lockdown restrictions were reduced as part of Unlock 1.0 in June. A large number of these were returning to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Coronavirus Better Than Hunger," Say UP Migrant Workers Going Back To Work|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-migrant-workers-going-back-to-work-say-coronavirus-better-than-hunger-2253414|first=Alok|last=Pandey|date=28 June 2020|access-date=4 July 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The reopening of the regular services of the railways also helped facilitate this.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Oliver|last=Fredrick|date=3 June 2020|title=Lucknow's 'lifeline' to Mumbai back on track|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow-s-lifeline-to-mumbai-back-on-track/story-3MhkCH9Pyv1STOtdysLZtJ.html|access-date=4 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The cities, too, reported major shortages of labour, especially in the construction industry.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mahale|first1=Ajeet|last2=Bharadwaj|first2=K. V. Aditya|date=27 June 2020|title=After turning their backs during lockdown, cities now want migrant workers back|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-turning-their-backs-during-lockdown-cities-now-want-migrant-workers-back/article31927237.ece|access-date=4 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A study conducted in April–May stated that 77% migrant workers were prepared to return to cities for work.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Manjula|first1=R.|last2=Rajasekhar|first2=D.|date=17 May 2020|title=77% of migrants plan to return to work in cities: Study|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/77-of-migrants-plan-to-return-to-work-in-cities-study/article31609690.ece|access-date=4 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The return of the migrants to cities is expected to help revive the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|economy, which had sustained an impact]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patnaik|first=Ila|date=5 June 2020|title=Why migrant workers are starting to return to cities & how this can revive economy faster|url=https://theprint.in/ilanomics/why-migrant-workers-are-starting-to-return-to-cities-how-this-can-revive-economy-faster/435923/|access-date=4 July 2020|website=ThePrint}}</ref> Some employers sponsored the travel of migrants back to their workplaces. This included taxis, trains and even flights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 June 2020|title=Trains, taxis, even flights: Return of migrant workers continues in Punjab|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/trains-taxis-even-flights-return-of-migrant-workers-continues-in-punjab-6450341/|access-date=9 July 2020|first=Raakhi|last=Jagga|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Government response==
===Directives===
On 27 March, the Home Ministry ordered the states to ensure that migrants would not move during the lockdown, permitting the states to use the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for providing food and shelter to the migrants on 28 March.<ref name="Tribune75Lakh23May">{{Cite news|title=4 crore migrant workers in India; 75 lakh return home so far: MHA|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/4-crore-migrant-workers-in-india-75-lakh-return-home-so-far-mha-88940|date=23 May 2020|website=The Tribune|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

On 29 March, the government issued sweeping orders directing that the landlords should not demand rent during the period of the lockdown and that employers should pay wages without deduction. It also announced that those who violated the lockdown were to be sent to government-run quarantine facilities for 14 days, and that it had asked state governments to set up immediate relief camps for the migrant workers returning to their native states.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Devesh K.|date=29 March 2020|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Migrant workers to be stopped, quarantined at borders, says Centre|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-centre-warns-lockdown-violators-of-14-day-quarantine/article31198038.ece|access-date=2 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus crisis: Landlords can't ask rent from students, workers for 1 month|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-crisis-landlords-can-not-ask-rent-from-students-workers-for-1-month/story/399551.html|website=Business Today|first1=Vivek|last1=Dubey|date=29 March 2020}}</ref> However, the order regarding payment of wages was withdrawn in the guidelines for the lockdown extension issued on 17 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt withdraws order of mandatory wage payment during lockdown|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/govt-withdraws-order-of-mandatory-wage-payment-during-lockdown-839131.html|first1=Shemin|last1=Joy|date=18 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

On 16 May, the government announced the National Migrant Information System (NMIS), an online database created by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). This was to help streamline the movement of the migrant workers. It will help states find the current number of stranded migrant workers and their location. The government planned to keep the workers updated by feeding their phone numbers in the system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To streamline movement of migrants, Centre launches portal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/to-streamline-movement-of-migrants-centre-launches-portal-6413670/|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|date=17 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

On 14 July, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] requested the state governments to create a database of children in rural areas who have migrated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2020|title=HRD Ministry issues guidelines to states, UTs regarding education of migrant workers' children|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/hrd-ministry-issues-guidelines-to-states-uts-regarding-education-of-migrant-workers-children/story-nm1CraBTANSsAjzd3Gi15H.html|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

===Relief camps===
Soon after the central government directive in late March, state governments set up thousands of camps to house lakhs of migrants and stop the exodus.<ref name="21000camps" /> Delhi government provided free food to 4{{nbsp}}lakh people every day, as of late March.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 March 2020|title=Coronavirus :Delhi govt to feed 4 lakh people from tomorrow; ready for even 1,000 cases a day, says Kejriwal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coronavirus-delhi-to-feed-4-lakh-people-from-tomorrow-ready-for-even-1000-cases-a-day-says-kejriwal/article31180118.ece|access-date=3 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Over 500 hunger relief centres were set up by the Delhi government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/govt-to-give-2-meals-a-day-to-4-lakh-people-says-kejriwal/articleshow/74855058.cms|title=Delhi lockdown: Over 500 hunger relief centres set up for 4 lakh people|last1=Mathur|first1=Atul|date=28 March 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> By 5 April 75{{nbsp}}lakh people were being provided food across the country in food camps run by the government and NGOs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 April 2020|title=Over 75 lakh being fed at food camps: MHA|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/over-75-lakh-being-fed-at-food-camps-mha-66223|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> As of 12 April, 37,978 relief camps and 26,225 food camps had been set up.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 situation: Nearly 38,000 relief camps set up for migrant labourers, Govt to SC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-19-situation-nearly-38000-relief-camps-set-up-for-migrant-labourers-govt-to-sc-6380652/|date=27 April 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

To cater to the needs of the migrants and prevent them from leaving the camps, the government of [[Kerala]] changed the food being provided by adding north Indian dishes to the menu, providing carrom boards and recharge facilities for phones, as well as provide other medical essentials such as masks, sanitizers, and medicines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rotis, mobile recharges, carrom boards – how Kerala fixed its migrant worker anger|url=https://theprint.in/India/rotis-mobile-recharges-carrom-boards-how-kerala-fixed-its-migrant-worker-anger/403937/|last1=Arnimesh|first1=Shanker|date=18 April 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

===Transport arrangements===
As of 28 May 9.1 million migrants had travelled back home in government-arranged transport facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Don't charge migrant workers bus or train fare, says Supreme Court|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-dont-charge-migrant-workers-bus-or-train-fare-says-supreme-court/article31695545.ece|access-date=31 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, according to the Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN), migrants were confused about the exact procedures to register themselves for travel. Additionally, many state registration portals were either in English or the local language of the states they lived in, which very few migrants could understand. Further, general lack of information from the government to the migrants had resulted in them paying large sums of money to register themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant workers do not know procedures: Stranded Workers Action Network|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/13/migrant-workers-do-not-know-procedures-stranded-workers-action-network-2142812.html|last1=Mitra|first1=Ritwika|date=13 May 2020|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

====Buses====
In late March, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] government decided to arrange buses at Delhi's [[Anand Vihar ISBT|Anand Vihar bus station]] to take the migrants back to their villages for free. Large crowds then gathered at the bus station.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jha|first1=Somesh|date=29 March 2020|title=Fighting Covid-19: After the long walk, jobless migrants head home by bus|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/fighting-covid-19-after-the-long-walk-jobless-migrants-head-home-by-bus-120032900041_1.html|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> However, with the extension of the lockdown, many remained stranded till the last week of April, when the state governments were permitted by the central government to operate buses, but not trains.<ref name="NDTVBuses30Apr" /> As of 23 May 4 million migrants had travelled to their homes by buses.<ref name="Tribune75Lakh23May" /> Condition in the buses is generally poor, with social distancing being impossible due to overcrowding and higher fares being charged than promised.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An anguished lullaby, fights for seats, water: 24 hours on a Shramik Special|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/an-anguished-lullaby-fights-for-seats-water-24-hours-on-a-shramik-special-6430508/|last=Anand|first=P.|date=28 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

====Shramik Special trains====
[[File:Stranded people rushing to New Delhi rail station to catch their train during fourth phase of the lockdown IMG 20200523 125808.jpg|thumb|Stranded migrant worker rushing to [[New Delhi railway station]] to reach native village by "Shramik Special" train]]

On 1 May, the central government permitted the Indian Railways to launch "Shramik Special" trains for the migrant workers and others stranded.<ref name="HinduShramikSpecial1May" /> On 3 May, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] mildly reprimanded the state governments for hurriedly requesting for trains to transport migrants, stating that the trains were primarily mainly meant for those who were stranded due to the sudden lockdown, and not the migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Send only stranded migrants: Centre tells states|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/send-only-stranded-migrants-centre-tells-states/story-UtTQSjwogahL3fHTD2sr7M.html|first1=Shishir|last1=Gupta|date=3 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Additionally, this service was not free, with additional charges over the normal fares.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 May 2020|title=Shramik special trains {{!}} Migrant workers, other stranded people to pay ₹50 more to get home|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shramik-special-trains-migrant-workers-other-stranded-people-to-pay-50-more-to-get-home/article31487251.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The central government then faced criticism from the opposition, with the [[Indian National Congress]] promising to sponsor the tickets of the migrants on 4 May.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress' move to sponsor rail fare for migrants sparks political tussle|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/congress-will-pay-for-rail-travel-of-needy-and-migrants-sonia-gandhi-11588564839050.html|author=Anuja|first2=Gyan|last2=Varma|date=4 May 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/humble-contribution-sonia-gandhi-says-congress-to-bear-rail-travel-cost-of-migrant-workers-slams-centre-2604239.html|title='Humble Contribution': Sonia Gandhi Says Congress to Bear Rail Travel Cost of Migrant Workers, Slams Govt|date=4 May 2020|website=news18.com}}</ref> The government then announced that the Railways would offer an 85% subsidy on the train fares, with the state governments funding the remaining 15%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Under Opposition Pressure, Modi Govt Issues Misleading Explanation on Migrants' Rail Fare Breakdown|url=https://thewire.in/politics/opposition-pressure-modi-govt-migrant-workers-rail-fare|website=The Wire|date=5 May 2020}}</ref> However, the migrants were still forced to pay an undisclosed amount in some cases. The central government initially declined to share the details regarding this with the Supreme Court,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government can't tell Supreme Court if it is paying 85% rail fare|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-government-cant-tell-supreme-court-if-it-is-paying-85-rail-fare/cid/1770636|date=6 May 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> but later confirmed that it was not paying for anyone's fare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modi govt finally clarifies it's not paying Shramik Express fare, says states footing bill|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-finally-clarifies-its-not-paying-shramik-express-fare-says-states-footing-bill/431410/|last=Dhingra|first=Sanya|date=28 May 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> Additionally, the central governments directives regarding which states should pay for the migrants' travel resulted in disagreement between Maharashtra and other states.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Migrants' fare row: States paying for special trains, only Maharashtra charging|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/migrants-fare-row-states-paying-for-special-train-only-maharashtra-charging-1674214-2020-05-04 |first1=Poulomi |last1=Saha |date=4 May 2020 |work=India Today|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

A few days after the Shramik Special trains were introduced, the Karnataka government cancelled the trains (reportedly supporting the construction industry)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus lockdown: Karnataka cancels inter-state trains fearing labour shortage|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/coronavirus-lockdown-karnataka-cancels-inter-state-trains-fearing-labour-shortage-834086.html|date=6 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald|first1=Chiranjeevi|last1=Kulkarni|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> and the Bihar government did the same to trains coming from Kerala (refusing to provide a No-Objection Certificate).<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2020|title=Coronavirus {{!}} 5 trains cancelled in Kerala over NOC|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-5-trains-cancelled-in-kerala-over-noc/article31505901.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The two states later reverted their decisions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=4 Migrant Trains From Karnataka Today As Services Restart After Criticism|url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/coronavirus-lockdown-3-migrant-shramik-trains-leave-from-karnataka-today-as-services-restart-after-criticism-2225456|publisher=NDTV|date=9 May 2020|first1=Maya|last1=Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2020|title=Shramik Special trains resume, five services operated|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shramik-special-trains-resume-five-services-operated/article31513475.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Further, migrants faced many hardships while travelling by these trains. Many reported to have no food and water arranged for them while they travelled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=11 hrs in train 'without food and water': Migrant workers on reaching Bareilly from Ludhiana|url=https://theprint.in/india/11-hrs-in-train-without-food-and-water-migrant-workers-on-reaching-bareilly-from-ludhiana/416161/|last=Taskin|first=Bismee|date=7 May 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='No food, no water, no money': Back in UP's Banda on Shramik Special, migrant labourers look back on long journey home|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-no-food-no-water-no-money-back-in-ups-banda-on-shramik-special-migrant-labourers-look-back-on-long-journey-home-8371151.html|first=Khabar |last=Lahariya |date=15 May 2020 |website=Firstpost|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> A train from Goa to Manipur reported a 58-hour delay, no proper food or sanitation facilities on the train, and stone pelting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |date=27 May 2020 |title=Filthy toilets, attacked with stones: For North East workers from Goa, a 119-hour nightmare on rails |url=https://scroll.in/article/963011/filthy-toilets-attacked-with-stones-north-east-workers-from-goa-have-a-119-hour-nightmare-on-rails |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Others who received food packets and water reported that the provisions were simply dumped at the entrances, leaving workers fighting with each other for their share.<ref name="NatGeoDogs27May" /> Some migrants also died during the train journeys,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=27 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} 5 persons on Shramik Special trains die in U.P.|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-lockdown-5-persons-on-shramik-special-trains-die-in-uttar-pradesh/article31690010.ece|access-date=28 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Migrant on Shramik Express dies hungry|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-migrant-labourer-on-shramik-express-dies-hungry/cid/1775560 |first=Piyush |last=Srivastava |date=25 May 2020 |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Without Food for Days and in Searing Heat, Migrants Die on Shramik Special Trains|url=https://thewire.in/labour/without-food-for-days-and-in-searing-heat-migrants-die-on-shramik-special-trains|date=27 May 2020|website=The Wire|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10-month-old Baby, Migrant Worker Die on Board Shramik Trains; Kin Blame Railways' Apathy|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/10-month-old-baby-migrant-worker-die-on-board-shramik-trains-kin-blame-railways-apathy-2637317.html|date=27 May 2020|website=News18|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> but the Railways stated that most of them had existing illnesses.<ref name="HTShramikDeaths28May">{{Cite web|title=After several deaths in Shramik trains, railways says most died of existing illness|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-several-deaths-in-shramik-trains-railways-says-most-died-of-existing-illness/story-oQCQKeSzGYHEGQdQYI31fM.html|first=Anisha|last=Dutta|date=28 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> According to Railway Protection Force, there have been almost 80 deaths on board the Shramik Special trains between 9 and 27 May.<ref name="HTShramikDeaths30May">{{Cite news|title= Railway Protection Force reports 80 deaths on Shramik trains|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railway-protection-force-reports-80-deaths-on-shramik-trains/story-psJl3EenY4B0uUYMRvkChL.html|first=Anisha|last=Dutta|date=30 May 2020|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> In addition, these trains spread the coronavirus around the country.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raj|first=Suhasini|date=15 December 2020|title=The Virus Trains: How Lockdown Chaos Spread Covid-19 Across India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/world/asia/india-coronavirus-shramik-specials.html|access-date=16 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

50% of the coaches converted into COVID-19 care centres were used for these trains. As per a report given by the Indian Railways on 23 May, migrant labourers from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were 80% of the train travellers. Additionally, it was expected that 36 lakh migrants would be travelling in the ten days after the report.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In next 10 days, 36 lakh migrants will travel on Shramik Special trains: Railway|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in-next-10-days-36-lakh-migrants-will-travel-on-shramik-special-trains-railways-11590231463881.html|date=23 May 2020|website=Livemint|editor=J. Jagannath|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> 4,277 Shramik Special trains had transported about 60{{nbsp}}lakh people, as of 12 June.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Shreya|date=12 June 2020|title=Indian Railways receive request for 63 Shramik Special trains|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-receive-request-for-63-shramik-special-trains-11591976632311.html|access-date=14 June 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref>

===Relief measures===
Soon after the nationwide lockdown was announced in late March, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced a {{INRConvert|1.7|lc}} spending plan for the poor. This consisted of cash transfers and steps to ensure food security.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Beniwal|first1=Vrishti|last2=Srivastava|first2=Shruti|date=26 March 2020|title=India Unveils $22.6 Billion Stimulus Plan to Ease Virus Pain|work=BlooombergQuint|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-26/india-unveils-22-6-billion-stimulus-to-counter-virus-fallout}}</ref> By 3 April, the central government had released {{INR}}11,092 crore to states and UTs under the NDRF, to fund food and shelter arrangements for migrants.<ref name="Tribune75Lakh23May" /> To help provide jobs and wages to workers, the average daily wages under the MGNREGA were increased to {{INRConvert|202|}} from the earlier {{INRConvert|182}}, as of 1 April.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 March 2020|title=Centre releases Rs 4431 crore to clear pending wages under MGNREGA, to pay all dues by April 10|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/centre-releases-rs-4431-crore-to-clear-pending-wages-under-mgnrega-to-pay-all-dues-by-april-10/articleshow/74849430.cms|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> {{INR}}1,000 crore from the PM CARES Fund was allocated for the support of migrant workers on 13 May.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Akhilesh|last2=Prabhu|first2=Sunil|date=13 May 2020|title=Rs 3,100 Crore From PM CARES Fund Allocated For Ventilators, Migrants|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-3-100-crores-from-pm-cares-fund-for-fight-against-coronavirus-says-pms-office-2228336|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> On 14 May, FM Sitharaman further announced free food grains for the migrant workers, targeting 80 million migrant workers by spending {{INRConvert|35|b}}.<ref name="NYTFreeFood14May" />

The government of India launched the [[Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan]] initiative to tackle the impact of COVID-19 on migrant workers in India. It is a rural public works scheme which was launched on 20 June 2020 with an initial funding of {{INRConvert|50000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} for 116 districts in 6 states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=PM Modi launches Rs 50,000-crore Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan to generate jobs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-launches-rs-50-000-crore-garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan-to-generate-jobs/story-xo36Sp8aBFn4nagoNx9AEO.html|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=Rs 50,000 crore, 116 districts, 6 states: PM Modi launches mega Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rs-50-000-crore-116-districts-6-states-pm-modi-to-launch-mega-garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan-today/story-fH5Vic7da0H8FkEmrq49dP.html|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan: PM Modi to launch mega Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-launch-mega-garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan-today-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/76475934.cms|access-date=20 June 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Labour laws===
The governments of Uttar Pradesh,<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP government suspends all labor laws except three to lure industrialists|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/up-government-suspends-all-labor-laws-except-three-to-lure-industrialists/article31531867.ece|last1=Awasthi|first1=Prashasti|date=8 May 2020|website=Business Line|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jha|first1=Somesh|date=7 May 2020|title=Covid-19 crisis: UP exempts biz from all but 4 labour laws for 3 years|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/up-govt-to-exempt-businesses-from-all-but-three-labour-laws-for-3-years-120050701531_1.html|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat sought to temporarily revise their labour laws in early May with the purpose of attracting industries and investments. Labour unions criticized this as being harmful to the migrant workers while giving more authority to the employers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 2020|title=The new labour rules in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/the-new-labour-rules-in-gujarat-madhya-pradesh-and-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/75646705.cms|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Ten of them then wrote to the ILO on 14 May regarding the same, to which the ILO responded by reassuring them that it had contacted Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="NIELabourILO25May">{{Cite web|title=ILO expresses deep concerns over labour law suspension, tweaking to PM Modi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/may/25/ilo-expresses-deep-concerns-over-labour-law-suspension-tweaking-to-pm-modi-2147853.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 May 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

===Quarantine measures===
Many states reported high numbers of positive cases of [[COVID-19]] among the migrants returning home as lockdown restrictions eased.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Devjyot|last2=Jadhav|first2=Rajendra|date=4 June 2020|title=India's urban COVID-19 outbreak is morphing into a rural health crisis|work=Reuters|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-migrants-idINKBN23B1M6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604191850/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-migrants-idINKBN23B1M6|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2020|access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> State governments opened thousands of quarantine centres to house them,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Next challenge for Odisha and Bihar: Virus coming home with migrants|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/next-challenge-for-odisha-and-bihar-virus-coming-home-with-migrants-6410482/|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh|last2=Sheriff M|first2=Kaunain|date=15 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> with some states imposing mandatory institutional quarantine. States also imposed strict measures for migrants to follow, either while leaving or after entering state borders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant workers return, bring home the virus: How states are building Covid walls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/migrants-return-bring-home-the-virus/articleshow/75544708.cms|date=5 May 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

==Conduct towards migrant workers==
{{quote box
| width = 250px
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| align = right
| quote = "In the cities they treat us like stray dogs. Why would they treat us any better now?"
| source = — A migrant worker describing the treatment he received on a "Shramik Special" train<ref name="NatGeoDogs27May" />
}}
Migrant workers who decided to stay back during the exodus faced assault from their neighbours, who accused them of being infected with coronavirus. They thus could not venture out to buy food. Many also faced police brutality if they ventured out of their homes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrants pay price of staying back in Delhi|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-migrants-pay-price-of-staying-back-in-delhi/cid/1762978|work=The Telegraph (India)|first=Dev|last=Raj|date=8 April 2020|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Upon their return to their hometowns and villages, they were treated with either fear or a "class bias", being hosed down with disinfectants or soap solution in some cases. They were feared to be carrying coronavirus from the urban areas where they had been employed.<ref name="NPRRisky31Mar" /> They faced assault and harassment from the people of their hometowns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant workers return home against all odds — only to be seen as carriers of the virus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lockdown-migrant-workers-coronavirus-pune-uttar-pradesh-bihar-6419506/|last=Rashid|first=Atikh|date=20 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> Since many of them belonged to the lower castes, they had to face caste slurs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant workers battle stigma, bias back home|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/migrant-workers-battle-stigma-bias-back-home/story-0uuRSEZfoickVOrPU2agGL.html|last1=Kumar|first1=Chandan|last2=Mohanty|first2=Debabrata|date=10 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> Thousands got into property disputes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 June 2020|title=India's mass exodus from cities triggers village property disputes|first1=Saurabh |last1=Sharma |first2=Rupam |last2=Jain |work=Reuters|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-dispute-idINKBN23B24D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604212837/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-dispute-idINKBN23B24D|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2020|access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

Migrants travelling by Shramik Special trains reported that food and water provisions were either not provided or simply dumped at the entrances of the trains, leaving workers fighting with each other to get their share. Passengers then hurriedly filled their water bottles at the railway stations that the trains stopped at.<ref name="NatGeoDogs27May" />

Many migrant workers expressed a fear of returning to their old jobs in the cities, after facing unemployment during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No way back: Indian workers shun city jobs after lockdown ordeal|url=http://longreads.trust.org/item/india-coronavirus-migrant-workers-reluctant-return|first1=Anuradha |last1=Nagaraj |first2=Roli |last2=Srivastava |date=28 May 2020 |work=Thomson Reuters Foundation News |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Not just hunger, psychological factors, job insecurity behind migrants' exodus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-not-just-hunger-psychological-factors-job-insecurity-behind-migrants-exodus-6373260/|date=22 April 2020|first1=Sadaf|last1=Modak|website=The Indian Express|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Companies reported labour shortages from mid-April. Estimates state that this would last for at least another six months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant Workers in India May Shun Cities After Lockdown|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/india-s-next-problem-convincing-frightened-workers-to-return|last1=Chaudhary|first1=Archana|last2=Kotoky|first2=Anurag|date=16 April 2020|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

==Supreme Court hearing==
The [[Supreme Court of India]] agreed to hear a petition on behalf of the migrant workers on 30 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court To Hear Petition On Migrants Amid Lockdown Today|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/petition-seeking-food-shelter-for-migrants-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-to-be-heard-in-supreme-court-to-2202655|last1=Vaidyanathan|first1=A|date=29 March 2020|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The Court asked the central government to file a status report with respect to the situation of migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Panic, Fear Bigger Problem Than Coronavirus': SC On Plea On Migrant Workers' Exodus|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-supreme-court-to-hear-today-petition-seeking-amenities-for-migrant-workers/349698|date=30 March 2020|website=Outlook|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plea on state of migrant workers: SC says it doesn't want to interfere in govt decisions|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-plea-on-state-of-migrant-workers-sc-says-it-doesnt-want-to-interfere-in-govt-decisions-6352341/|date=8 April 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> In its report, the central government stated that the migrant workers, apprehensive about their survival, moved in the panic created by fake news that the lockdown would last for more than three months. The court added that it was satisfied by the government response thus far.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Effort To Restrain Media Coverage Of Pandemic Met With Supreme Court Caution|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/government-effort-to-restrain-media-coverage-of-pandemic-met-with-supreme-court-caution|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Arpan|date=1 April 2020|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre blames media 'fake news' for mass migration during lockdown|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article31228357.ece|last1=Rajalakshmi|first1=T. K.|date=1 April 2020|website=The Hindu Frontline|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

A plea requesting payment of minimum wage was rejected by the Court on 21 April, on the grounds of workers already being provided free meals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judiciary failed to protect citizens' rights amid Covid-19 pandemic: Dushyant Dave|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/judiciary-failed-to-protect-citizens-rights-amid-covid-19-pandemic-dushyant-dave/story-GXUEmIQQaamHZGEcLcTYgJ.html|date=23 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

On 16 May, the Supreme Court rejected a [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] to direct the [[District magistrate]]s to identify and provide free relief and transport to the migrant workers, stating that it was the responsibility of the state governments. Speaking about the workers killed sleeping on the Aurangabad railway tracks, the Court stated that it could not have been prevented. Further, the central government stated that inter-state transport had already been provided to the migrants and requested them to wait their turn instead of choosing to walk.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Can't stop or monitor their movement on roads': SC rejects plea seeking relief for migrants|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-on-migrant-workers-movement-on-roads-covid19-lockdown-6411143/|last1=G|first1=Ananthakrishnan|date=16 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

On 26 May, the Supreme Court admitted that the problems of the migrants had still not been solved and that there had been "inadequacies and certain lapses" on the part of the governments. It thus ordered the Centre and States to provide free food, shelter and transport to stranded migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=26 May 2020|title=Supreme Court orders Centre and States to immediately provide transport, food and shelter free of cost to stranded migrant workers|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-takes-suo-motu-cognisance-of-migrant-workers-issue/article31679389.ece|access-date=27 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Hours before this ruling, senior lawyers from Mumbai and Delhi wrote a strongly-worded letter to the Court, regarding its "self-effacing deference" towards the government thus far.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=27 May 2020|title=Hours before taking up migrant workers issue, Supreme Court got stinging letter from senior lawyers|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hours-before-taking-up-migrant-workers-issue-supreme-court-got-stinging-letter-from-senior-lawyers/article31685187.ece|access-date=27 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Deaths==
{{quote box
| width = 250px
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| align = right
| quote = "The rich will get all the help, getting rescued and brought home in planes from abroad. But we poor migrant labourers have been left to fend for ourselves. That is the worth of our lives."
| source = — A weeping migrant worker stuck in Delhi, who could not see his dying son in Bihar<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus lockdown:Image of a weeping Rampukar Pandit becomes symbol of India's migrant worker tragedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rampukars-tears-shock-humanity/article31609524.ece |access-date=18 May 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=The Hindu |date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
The [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] stated in September 2020, in Parliament, that the Government of India had not maintained any data on the number of migrant worker deaths that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.<ref name="Nath"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2020|title=Parliament session: No data available on migrants' deaths during lockdown, says govt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-coronavirus-job-loss-migrant-workers-death-no-data-centre-6595549/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Unofficial estimates have been prepared by a number of sources. A group of independent researchers were quoted by [[News18]] as stating that 971 deaths not directly caused by COVID-19 diagnoses had occurred as of July 2020, basing their total on news reports of such deaths during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2020|title=While Centre Has 'No Such Data' on Deaths of Migrants & Job Losses, Here's What Reports Say|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/while-centre-has-no-such-data-on-deaths-of-migrant-labourers-job-losses-heres-what-reports-say-2876305.html|access-date=12 November 2020|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The causes for these deaths have been reported as with reasons ranging from starvation, suicides,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The human cost of India's coronavirus lockdown: Deaths by hunger, starvation, suicide and more|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-human-cost-of-indias-coronavirus-lockdown-deaths-by-hunger-starvation-suicide-and-more-1.1586956637547|website=Gulf News|first1=Evangeline|last1=Elsa|date=15 April 2020|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> exhaustion,<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2020|title=Suicide leading cause for over 300 lockdown deaths in India, says study|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/suicide-leading-cause-for-over-300-lockdown-deaths-in-india-says-study/articleshow/75519279.cms|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> road and rail accidents,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|last3=Kumar|first3=Hari|date=8 May 2020|title=As India Reopens, Deadly Accidents Break Out|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/world/asia/india-leak-train-reopen.html|access-date=13 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> police brutality<ref>{{Cite news|title=56-year-old migrant dies on road to home, another dies after police lathi charge|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/56-year-old-migrant-worker-on-his-way-to-home-dies-on-road-28-year-old-migrant-dies-in-police-lathicharge-in-surat/story-O1NI1kDAWYRAAQOg4dkT6M.html|date=15 May 2020|first1=Debabrata|last1=Mohanty|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and denial of timely medical care. Among the reported deaths, most were among the marginalised migrants and labourers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More than 300 Indians have died of the coronavirus, and nearly 200 of the lockdown|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/more-than-300-indians-have-died-of-the-coronavirus-and-nearly-200-of-the-lockdown/400714/|last1=Vij|first1=Shivam|date=13 April 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Not Just the Aurangabad Accident, 383 People Have Died Due to the Punitive Lockdown|url=https://thewire.in/rights/migrant-workers-non-coronavirus-lockdown-deaths|last1=Agarwal|first1=Kabir|date=10 May 2020|website=The Wire|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> 80 died while travelling back home on the Shramik Special trains, in the one month since their launch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus in India: 80 migrant workers have died on Shramik Special trains, Indian tweeps furious|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/coronavirus-in-india-80-migrant-workers-have-died-on-shramik-special-trains-indian-tweeps-furious-1.1590935479789|first=Evangeline |last=Elsa |date=31 May 2020 |work=Gulf News|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 2020|title=Indian Authorities Probe Deaths of Migrant Workers on Trains|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/29/world/asia/ap-as-virus-outbreak-india-migrant-deaths.html|access-date=29 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Notably, on 8 May, a freight train killed 16 migrants who had stopped to rest on railway tracks near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. On 14 May, eight migrant workers were killed and nearly 55 injured when the truck they were in collided with a bus near Guna, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus lockdown: So far, over 130 migrants killed in accidents en route to their home states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-lockdown-count-of-migrants-killed-in-accidents-enroute-their-home-states-6412475 |date=18 May 2020|website=The IndianExpress|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> On 16 May 24 migrant workers were killed and many more were injured when a trailer carrying migrants (along with sacks of lime) rammed into a stationary truck, also carrying migrants, in Auraiya district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India coronavirus lockdown: Road accident kills 24 migrant workers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52688899 |date=16 May 2020|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> According to data collected by [[SaveLIFE Foundation]], an NGO working in road safety, 198 migrant workers were killed in road accidents, as of 2 June.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Anisha|last1=Dutta|date=2 June 2020|title=198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Reception==
Thousands of migrants have since protested across the country, for reasons ranging from demanding transport back home,<ref>{{Cite web|title="They Told Us They Would Take Us Home": Migrants Protest In Karnataka|url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/coronavirus-india-lockdown-migrants-protest-in-karnataka-they-told-us-they-would-take-us-home-2223604|first1=Maya |last1=Sharma |date=5 May 2020 |website=NDTV.com|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> quality of food served,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat lockdown: Protests by migrant workers erupt again in Surat, this time over quality of food being served|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-lockdown-protests-by-migrant-workers-erupt-again-in-surat-this-time-over-quality-of-food-being-served/1930651/|date=16 April 2020|website=The Financial Express|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> not being allowed to cross the border,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Not allowed to enter UP after walking 200 km, migrants protest|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/not-allowed-to-enter-up-migrants-protest-86082|date=18 May 2020|work=The Tribune|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> and against government directives preventing them to walk home.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thousands of Migrants Protest, Block Mathura Highway After Yogi Adityanath's No Movement on Foot Order|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/thousands-of-migrants-protest-block-mathura-highway-after-yogi-adityanaths-no-movement-on-foot-order-2623801.html|first1=Qazi |last1=Faraz Ahmad|date=17 May 2020|website=News18|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Some of the protests turned violent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 6,000 Bihar migrants protest in Saharanpur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/over-6000-bihar-migrants-protest-in-saharanpur/articleshow/75799651.cms |first1=Piyush |last1=Rai |date=18 May 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Trouble at borders as migrants protest at being stopped from entering UP|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/trouble-at-borders-as-migrants-protest-at-being-stopped-from-entering-up-86038|last1=Naim|first1=Shahira|date=17 May 2020|work=The Tribune|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

Labour unions organised nationwide protests to protest the changes in labour laws, with the [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] organizing one on 20 May<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazdoor Sangh to Hold Nationwide Protest Against Dilution of Labour Laws Tomorrow|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mazdoor-sangh-to-hold-nationwide-protest-against-dilution-of-labour-laws-tomorrow-2627743.html|date=19 May 2020|website=News18|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] and the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] organizing another on 22 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Trade Unions Have Called for a Nationwide Protest on May 22|url=https://thewire.in/labour/trade-union-protest-labour-laws|first1=Shikha |last1=Mukerjee |date=20 May 2020 |website=The Wire|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Seven left parties wrote to the President to intervene in the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Some states put freeze on labour laws to get business going|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/some-states-freeze-labour-laws/story-6JMELEPdIugsHt8YjQT5vN.html|last1=Haq|first1=Zia|last2=Chatterji|first2=Saubhadra|date=8 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 May 2020|last3=Kak Ramachandran|first3=Smriti}}</ref> Ten labour unions wrote to the International Labour Organization (ILO) regarding the labour laws, on 14 May.<ref name="NIELabourILO25May" /> In response, the ILO expressed "deep concern" to PM Modi and requested him to instruct the central and state governments to uphold commitments (towards labour laws) made by India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ILO expresses deep concern at 'suspension' of labour laws|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ilo-expresses-deep-concern-at-suspension-of-labour-laws/article31673364.ece|last=Jigeesh|first=A. M.|work=Business Line|date=25 May 2020|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

Negative comparisons have been made between the situation of many domestic migrants and Indians abroad: [[Shekhar Gupta]] criticized the media and Modi for focusing on the [[Vande Bharat Mission]] and thus the more affluent at the expense of the working class.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Shekhar|last1=Gupta|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat vs Bharat ke bande: Can Narendra Modi be losing his political touch so soon?|url=https://theprint.in/national-interest/vande-bharat-vs-bharat-ke-bande-can-narendra-modi-be-losing-his-political-touch-so-soon/417506/|date=9 May 2020|work=The Print}}</ref> Some politicians criticised the central government for not focusing enough on migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can't poor in the country avail of Vande Bharat Mission, says Akhilesh Yadav|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/can-t-poor-in-the-country-avail-of-vande-bharat-mission-says-akhilesh-yadav/story-C9WF11nEVGMT7JWdFP85nO.html|date=14 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Centre ignoring domestic migrant workers: Shiv Sena MP Sanjay Raut|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/centre-ignoring-domestic-migrant-workers-shiv-sena-mp-sanjay-raut-836442.html|date=11 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> [[NITI Aayog]] CEO, [[Amitabh Kant]], admitted that the migrant workers could have been better taken care of and stated that it was the responsibility of the state governments.<ref>{{Cite web|title="We Could Have Done Much, Much Better": NITI Aayog CEO On Migrants|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-amitabh-kant-on-migrants-we-could-have-done-much-much-better-2233658|publisher=NDTV|editor-first=Divyanshu|editor-last=Dutta Roy|date=23 May 2020|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Economist [[Jean Drèze]] stated that the lockdown had been "almost a death sentence" for the underprivileged of the country, further stating, "The policies are made or influenced by a class of people who pay little attention to the consequences for the underprivileged".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown & Labour Pain: The Demand for MNREGA Work Has Never Been so Strong, Says Economist Jean Dreze|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/lockdown-labour-pain-the-demand-for-mnrega-work-has-never-been-so-strong-says-economist-jean-dreze-2600383.html|first1=Rupashree|last1=Nanda|date=1 May 2020|website=News18|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

In May, [[Manoj Muntashir]] composed a poem on the plight of migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मजदूरों की मदद का तमाशा करने वालों को मनोज मुंतशिर का करारा जवाब|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/e-sahitya-aaj-tak-2020-manoj-muntashir-on-lockdown-corona-migrant-workers-tmov-1-1193727.html|access-date=25 July 2020|website=India Today|date=23 May 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> Later in June, [[Javed Akhtar]] also composed one on the same.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch {{!}} Javed Akhtar Recites His Poem on the Plight of Migrant Labourers|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-javed-akhtar-recites-his-poem-on-the-plight-of-migrant-labourers|first=Javed|last=Akhtar|author-link=Javed Akhtar|others=English translation by Jalil, Rakshanda|access-date=4 July 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref>

The Supreme Court of India praised the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] for the handling of this crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Uttar Pradesh govt's handling of migrant crisis draws praise from Supreme Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-govts-handling-of-migrant-crisis-draws-praise-from-supreme-court/articleshow/83973513.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Times of India |date= 30 June 2021|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]
* [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite report |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf |title=ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work |publisher=International Labour Organization |date=7 April 2020}}
* {{cite report |url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedPsychosocialissuesofmigrantsCOVID19.pdf |title=Psychosocial Issues Among Migrants During COVID-19 {{!}} Understanding the issues of the migrant population- COVID-19 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]}}
* {{cite report |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-coronavirus-india-migrants/ |title=The Long Road Home: a coronavirus journey in India |first1=Alasdair |last1=Pal |first2=Danish |last2=Siddiqui |author-link2=Danish Siddiqui |date=21 April 2020 |work=Reuters}}

==External links==
* [https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/08/25/nl-interview-barkha-dutt-on-covering-migrant-crisis-the-media-economy-and-falling-out-with-promoters NL Interview: Barkha Dutt on covering migrant crisis, the media economy, and falling out with promoters]

{{COVID-19 pandemic|impacts}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Internal migration in India]]
[[Category:Migrant workers]]

Joshy Mathew

2025-12-16T02:48:49Z

Riserteam: New Pg

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{COI|date=May 2021}}
{{Like resume|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joshy Mathew
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joshy
| birth_date = 8 May
| birth_place = Kottayam, Kerala, India
| yearsactive = 1980s – present
| spouse =
| website =
| awards =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| children =
}}
'''Joshy Mathew''' <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-takers-for-good-films-filmmaker/article4540807.ece |title=Joshy Mathew director|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2013 |accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref> (Malayalam: ജോഷി മാത്യു) an Indian film director in Malayalam cinema, started his career in 1984 as an assistant to renowned director [[Padmarajan|P. Padmarajan]]. Now he is the Chairman of [[Malayalam cinema|MACTA]] (Malayalam Cinema Technicians Association. In 1992 he made feature debut with Nakshatra Koodaram (1992). Then followed Oru Kadankatha Pole (1993), Rajadhani (1994), Man of the Match (1996), [[Patham Nilayile Theevandi|Pathaam Nilayile Theevandy (Train in the 10th Floor)(2009)]], Upadesiyude Makan (2010), Black Forest (2013), In a land far away (2018) and Nombarakoodu (Nest of Sorrows) (2022).

==Filmography==

* Nakshatra Koodaram (1992)
* [[Oru Kadankatha Pole|Oru Kadankatha Pole (1993)]]
* [[Rajadhani (1994 film)|Rajadhani (1994)]]
* Man of the Match (1996)
* [[Patham Nilayile Theevandi|Pathaam Nilayile Theevandy (Train in the 10th Floor)(2009)]]
* Upadesiyude Makan (2010)
* [[Black Forest (2013)]]
* Angu Doore Oru Desathu - ''In a Land Far Away'' (2018)
* Nombarakoodu (Nest of Sorrows) (2023)

==Awards==

;International Film Award ([[FIPRESCI Award]] at the [[IFFK]] 2009-Best Malayalam Film)
* 2009: [[Film]] - ''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi|Pathaam Nilayile Theevandy (Train in the 10th Floor)(2009)]]<ref>FIPRESCI Award - Best Malayalam Film {{cite web|url=http://www.iffk.in/index.php?page=compfilms_09|title= FIPRESCI Award |publisher=fwdlife.in}}</ref>''

;[[Directorate of Film Festivals|National Film Award]]
* 2012: [[Film]] - ''Black Forest (BEST FILM ON ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION/ PRESERVATION)<ref>NATIONAL AWARD {{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |title=National Award - Joshy Mathew director- |publisher=dff.nic.in}}</ref> ''

;Kerala State Film Award
* 2012: [[Film]] - ''Black Forest (Best Children's Film)<ref>Kerala State Award {{cite web|url=https://www.fwdlife.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2013-announced-best-actor-prithviraj-best-film-celluloid|title=Kerala State Award- Joshy Mathew director- |date=22 February 2013 |publisher=fwdlife.in}}</ref> ''

;Kerala Film Critics Award
* 2012: [[Film]] - ''Black Forest (Best Environmental Film, Best Children's Film)<ref>Kerala Film Critics Award {{cite web|url=http://www.blackforestmovie.com/awardsblackforest.html|title=Kerala Film Critics Award- Joshy Mathew director- |publisher=blackforestmovie.com}}</ref> ''
* 2018: [[Film]] - ''In a land far away - അങ്ങ് ദൂരെ ഒരു ദേശത്ത് (Best Children's Film) ''Kerala film critics award 2018
* 2022: [[Film]] - ''Nest of Sorrows - നൊമ്പരക്കൂട് (Special Mention: Acting - Somu Mathew) ''Kerala film critics award 2022 <ref>Kerala Film Critics Award Special Mention for Acting{{cite web|url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2023/05/2022-32-44.html|title=Kerala Film Critics Award 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508062448/http://blackforestmovie.com/ Black Forest Movie]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190129205034/http://www.inalandfarawaymovie.com/ www.inalandfarawaymovie.com]
* [https://www.nestofsorrows.com www.nestofsorrows.com]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Joshy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Artists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kotturu Tadepalli

2025-11-25T00:03:25Z

Riserteam: New Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.7029|N|84.2345|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=6 February 2016|page=16,316|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.09
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1052
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630534|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kotturu Tadepalli''' ('''Kothuru''') is located in North Western part of [[Vijayawada]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a village falls under [[Vijayawada Rural mandal]] in [[Vijayawada revenue division]] of [[NTR district]]. There is a proposal to merge this village into [[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]] (VMC) to form a Greater Vijayawada Municipal Corporation.

== See also ==
*[[Vijayawada (rural) mandal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vijayawada]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Maa Shakumbhari University

2025-11-21T01:50:32Z

Riserteam: Put Up Some Stub More To Come...

{{Short description|University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maa Shakumbhari University
| native_name =
| other_name = *Government Degree College, Punwarka 
*Saharanpur State University
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = *1999 as Government Degree College, Punwarka 
* 2022 as Maa Shakumbhari University
| type = [[State university (India)|State University]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Vimala Y.
| city = [[Saharanpur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.0370301|77.6262818|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]]
| website = http://www.msuniversity.ac.in/
| affiliation =
}}
'''Maa Shakumbhari University''' is a state university in [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Amit Shah to inaugurate Maa Shakumbhari university in Saharanpur today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-maa-shakumbhari-university-in-saharanpur-today-101638427205006.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Ahead of 2022 Polls, Amit Shah to Lay Foundation Stone for State University in Saharanpur; Priyanka Gandhi to Address 'Pratigya Rally' in Moradabad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ahead-of-2022-polls-amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-state-university-in-saharanpur-priyanka-gandhi-to-address-pratigya-rally-in-moradabad-4509893.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=A. B. P. Live|date=2021-12-02|title=अमित शाह का अखिलेश यादव पर निशाना, कहा- किस चश्मे से देखते हैं आप...|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/home-minister-lays-foundation-stone-of-maa-shakumbhari-university-in-saharanpur-amit-shah-on-akhilesh-yadav-2009124|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.abplive.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Sheenu|date=2021-12-02|title=Amit Shah lays stone for Maa Shakumbhari Devi University in Saharanpur|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/amit-shah-laying-foundation-stone-maa-shakumbhari-vishwavidyalaya-saharanpur-uttar-pradesh-election-2022-home-minister-latest-national-news-updates-747686|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2021|title=UP: Amit Shah to lay foundation of university in Saharanpur today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-of-university-in-saharanpur-today/articleshow/88048427.cms|access-date=2021-12-03|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP government has restored West UP's pride: Amit Shah in Saharanpur|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/bjp-government-has-restored-west-ups-pride-amit-shah-in-saharanpur/articleshow/88062429.cms|access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>

Construction commenced by 2021 after the university was established under The Uttar Pradesh State Universities (Amendment) Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Badhir News:Amit Shah lays foundation stone of Shakumbhari University in Saharanpur|url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/badhir-newsamit-shah-lays-foundation-stone-of-shakumbhari-university-in-saharanpur-2415538.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> It was originally called Saharanpur State University until it was renamed in August 2021<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/saharanpur-university-renamed-as-maa-shakumbhari-university | title=Saharanpur University renamed as Maa Shakumbhari University | agency=IANS | newspaper=National Herald | location=India | date=20 August 2021 | access-date=5 December 2021 }}</ref>(established by Uttar Pradesh Act no. 6 of 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200625123553/http://www.upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/6of2019.pdf Uttar Pradesh Act no. 6]</ref> and renamed by Uttar Pradesh Act no. 19 of 2021).<ref>[http://upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/Act19of2021.pdf Uttar Pradesh Act no. 19] {{dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref>

It was established by upgrading '''Government Degree College, [[Punwarka]]''' (established in 1999) and affiliate all government and private degree colleges in the districts of [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=मां शाकुंभरी देवी स्टेट यूनिवर्सिटी से जुड़े मंडल के 286 डिग्री कॉलेज|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/story-286-degree-colleges-of-mandal-affiliated-to-maa-shakumbhari-devi-state-university-5215274.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Hindustan|date=December 2021 |language=hindi}}</ref> which were affiliated with [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/state-university-will-open-in-saharanpur-and-azamgarh/articleshow/68308359.cms |title=saharanpur News: सहारनपुर और आजमगढ़ में खुलेगा राज्य विश्वविद्यालय - state university will open in saharanpur and azamgarh | Navbharat Times |publisher=Navbharattimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://upgovernor.nic.in/upgovernor.gov.in/Press%20Note/2019-03-07b%20Hindi%20Press%20Note.pdf |title=Press notice |website=upgovernor.nic.in }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.msuniversity.ac.in/ Website]
*[http://msuweb.in/ MSUWEB Portal]
*[https://msuresults.com MSU Results]

[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Saharanpur]]
[[Category:Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in India]]

{{Saharanpur-geo-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago

2025-11-13T21:00:53Z

Riserteam: starting first details basic info!

{{Use US English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Knanaya Catholic]]
| church name = SMKC Parish, Chicago
| fullname = St. Mary's Kananaya Catholic Church, Chicago
| image = Smkc-exterior.jpg
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| coordinates =
| country = United States
| location = [[Morton Grove, Illinois]]
| tradition = [[Syro-Malabar Rite]] in Malayalam & English
| website = {{url|www.smkcparish.us}}
| former name = Knanaya Catholic Mission
| bull date =
| founded date = 18 July 2010
| dedication = Blessed Virgin Mary
| events = {{ubl|* 28 October 1983: Mission Started|* 1 January 2007: Parish Unit under [[Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Church Chicago]]|* 18 July 2010: Church Consecration & Elevation as Parish|}}
| status = Parish
| groundbreaking =
| parish =
| archdiocese =
| diocese = Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago
| province = Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Forane Chicago
| district = Knanaya Catholic Region
| archbishop =
| bishop = Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] and Auxiliary Bishop Mar Joy Alappatt
| priest = Fr. Thomas Mulavanal
| asstpriest =
}}
[[File:Interior-smkc.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Sanctuary of St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago.]]
[[File:Fr_Abraham_Mutholath.jpg|thumb|Fr. Abraham Mutholath, the founding pastor of the parish.]]
'''St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Church''' located in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], in the United States is the second Knanaya Catholic Church established on 18 July 2010 for Knanaya Catholics living in and around Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kizhakkekuttu|first=Biju|title="ദൈവാലയ നിർമ്മാണവും പുനർ നിർമ്മാണവും," മാതൃസ്മൃതി|publisher=St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago|year=2011|location=Morton Grove|page=28}}</ref> Formerly the parish was part of the Knanaya Catholic Mission that was established by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago|Archdiocese of Chicago]] on 28 October 1983 for the [[Knanaya]] Catholics migrated to [[Chicago]] and suburbs from Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title="A Church that grew strong amidst many hurdles," Silver Jubilee Souvenir – 2008|publisher=Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago|year=2008|location=Chicago|pages=47–52}}</ref> With the establishment of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago]] in 2001, the mission came under the new diocese. The mission bought St. James Church in [[Maywood, Illinois]], from the Archdiocese of Chicago in September 2006 under the leadership of the mission director and Vicar General Fr. Abraham Mutholath. Bishop Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] elevated the mission as [[Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Church Chicago|Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish]] on 24 September 2006 with Fr. Abraham Mutholath as the first pastor of the parish.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHRONOLOGY|url=https://shkcparish.us/chronology.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=shkcparish.us}}</ref>

Considering the size and vast area of the parish, Vicar General Fr. Abraham Mutholath started St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish Unit for the parishioners living in the north side of 90 Expressway with effect from 1 January 2007 and offered Holy Mass on Sunday evening at Our Lady of Victory Church, Chicago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Mutholath|first=Fr. Abraham|date=December 31, 2006|title=അഭിമാനത്തോടെ സ്വന്തമായൊരു പള്ളികൂടി സ്ഥാപിക്കാം|url=https://shkcparish.us/bulletin2005-07.html|journal=Knanaya Parish Bulletin|volume= 2| issue = 14|page=3}}</ref> St. Mary's Parish Unit bought a synagogue in Morton Gove and remodeled it as a church under the guidance of the pastor Fr. Abraham Mutholath. Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath consecrated the church and elevated it as a parish on 18 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mutholath|first=Fr. Abraham|date=July 18, 2010|title=ക്നാനായ റീജിയണിൽ പള്ളികൂദാശകളുടെ മഹാപരമ്പര|url=https://shkcparish.us/bulletin/2010_07_18.pdf|journal=Chicago Knanaya Catholic Parish Bulletin|volume= 5| issue = 43|pages=3–4}}</ref>

Now the parish comes under Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Forane, Chicago,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago Forane|url=https://knanayaregion.us/chicago_forane.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=knanayaregion.us}}</ref> [[Knanaya Region|Knanaya Catholic Region]], and St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parishes {{!}} St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Diocese|url=https://stthomasdiocese.org/parishes|access-date=2021-03-30|website=stthomasdiocese.org}}</ref> The parish serves around 800 families.

==History ==
===Knanaya Catholic Mission===
St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish was formerly a part of the Knanaya Catholic Mission established by the Latin Archdiocese of Chicago from October 28, 1983 and later under the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago from July 1, 2001. Except the new generation born in the United States, the parishioners are migrants from India and were members of the Knanaya Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam. The migration began in the 1950s and 60s seeking educational and job opportunities.<ref name=":0" /> Later many more came as family members of the early settlers. At their request through Mar [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]], the Latin Archbishop of Chicago established Knanaya Catholic Mission with Fr. Jacob Chollampel as the first mission director from October 28, 1983. The following priests served the mission under the Latin hierarchy:

# Fr. Jacob Chollampel (28 October 1983 – September 1985) with residence at St. Ita Church, Chicago
# Fr. Cyriac Manthuruthil (31 May 1988 – 16 August 1995) with residence at St. Ferdinand Church, Chicago.
# Fr. Simon Edathiparambil (16 August 1995 – 25 June 1999) with residence at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church, Chicago.
# Fr. Philip Thodukayil (25 June 1999 – 1 July 2004) with residence at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church, Chicago.<ref>Thottapuram, George. "Chronology of Events in the Knanaya Catholic Parish in Chicago," ''Silver Jubilee Souvenir - 2008'' pp. 65–73.</ref>

=== Sacred Heart Knanaya Parish ===
[[Pope John Paul II]] established the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago on 13 March 2001 with Mar Jacob Angadiath as its first bishop having jurisdiction over all the Syro-Malabar faithful including Knanaya Catholics all over the United States. The inauguration of the diocese and consecration of the bishop took place on 1 July 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Diocese, Chicago {{!}} St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Diocese|url=https://www.stthomasdiocese.org/st-thomas-syro-malabar-diocese-chicago|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.stthomasdiocese.org}}</ref> The Knanaya Catholic Mission then came under the new diocese.

Bishop Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] recognized Knanaya Catholic Mission of Chicago as part of his diocese and appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath, as the first Knanaya Catholic [[Vicar General]] on October 3, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knanayaregion.us/chronology.html |title=Chronology |publisher=Knanayaregion.us |date= |accessdate=2022-02-20}}</ref> When Fr. Philip Thodukayil, the then director of the Knanaya Catholic Mission of Chicago left to India, Mar Jacob Angadiath appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath as the director of the mission on 1 July 2004 in addition to his charge as the Vicar General.<ref>Thottapuram, George. "Chronology of Events in the Knanaya Catholic Parish in Chicago," ''Silver Jubilee Souvenir - 2008'' p. 63.</ref> Bishop Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] established Knanaya Catholic Region on 28 April 2006. He inaugurated the region at OLV Church on 30 April 2006 and appointed Vicar General Rev. Fr. Abraham Mutholath as Region Director.<ref name="shkcparish.us">{{cite web|url=https://shkcparish.us/2006-2008.html|title=Chronology: 2006-08}}</ref>

===St. Mary's Parish Unit===
The Knanaya Catholic Mission of Chicago, under the leadership of Fr. Abraham Mutholath bought St. James Church in Maywood<ref>"History of St. James Church, ''Silver Jubilee Souvenir - 2008'' pp. 57–59.</ref> from the [[Archdiocese of Chicago]] and started offering Holy Mass on 1 September 2006. Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] elevated the mission as Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish and appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath as the first pastor on 24 September 2006.<ref name="shkcparish.us"/> However, Holy Mass was continued at Our Lady of Victory Church, Chicago on Sunday evenings for the convenience of the parishioners on the northern side. For convenience sake, St. Mary's parish unit with Sunday Mass at OLV Church was established for the parishioners in the northern area on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smkcparish.us/2006-2010.html|title=Chronology - 3}}</ref> Since then, attempts were made to buy a church building for the St. Mary's parish unit.<ref name=":1" />

=== St. Mary's Knanaya Parish ===
A Jewish Synagogue at 7800 W. Lyons St., Morton Grove, IL 60053 was available for purchase. St. Mary's Parish Unit bought the synagogue for the establishment of a church on 14 January 2010. Thampy Viruthikulangara, Polson Kulangara, and Stephen Kizhakkekuttu were the fund raising committee coordinators. Biju Kizhakkekuttu, Peter Kulangara and Sabu Tharatthattel were the trustees and Saji Poothrukayil was the DRE. The consecration of the remodeled St. Mary's Church in Morton Grove was held on 18 July 2010. Bishop Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]], Mar [[Mathew Moolakkatt]], Archbishop of Kottayam and Mar Joseph Pandarasseril, the Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam were the celebrants. Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath elevated the parish unit as St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish with Fr. Abraham Mutholath as its first pastor in addition to his other assignments as Vicar General and pastor of Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nedumchira|first=Roy|date=15 August 2010|title=ഷിക്കാഗോ സെന്റ് മേരീസ് ക്നാനായ ദൈവാലയ കൂദാശ ഭക്തിനിർഭരമായി|url=https://apnades.in/|journal=Apna Des|page=14}}</ref>

The front elevation of the church was remodeled with the help of Artist Narayanan Kuttappan. Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church Mar [[George Alencherry|George Alancherry]], in the presence of Mar Jacob Angadiath, blessed the remodeled front elevation of the church on 25 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=23 October 2011|title=Welcome to Our Major Archbishop|url=https://smkcparish.us/bulletin/2011_10_23.pdf|journal=Chicago Knanaya Catholic Parish Bulletin|volume= 7| issue = 5|page=1}}</ref> Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath relieved Fr. Mutholath from the responsibility of Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish with effect from 1 January 2012 so he could focus more for the development of the St. Mary's Parish. Bishop Angadiath appointed Fr. Thomas Mulavanal as the Vicar General and Knanaya Region director with effect from 8 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHRONOLOGY|url=https://knanayaregion.us/chronology.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=knanayaregion.us}}</ref> Bishop appointed him as the pastor of St. Mary's Parish with effect from 18 October 2014 and transferred Fr. Mutholath again as the pastor of Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish of Chicago. When Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath elevated Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish as a forane on 22 March 2015, St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish became part of this forane.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Parish Bulletin|url=https://shkcparish.us/bulletin/2015_03_29_SH.pdf|journal=Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago|volume= 11| issue = 29|page=1}}</ref>
[[File:Fr-mulavanal.jpg|thumb|Fr. Thomas Mulavanal, pastor from 18 October 2014]]

===Parish cemetery===
The parishioners wished to have a separate section for the parish at Mary Hill Cemetery in Niles. They approached the Archdiocese of Chicago for permission. The Archbishop granted that wish and the parish got a section at Mary Hill Cemetery. A shrine was installed there to mark the cemetery section in the name of the parish. Vicar General Fr. Abraham Mutholath blessed the shrine on 22 July 2012.

=== Visitation convent ===
At the request of the parishioners, the Visitation Congregation from the Archeparchy of Kottayam started a convent near St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish. Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath, along with Archbishop Mar Mathew Moolakkatt and Mar Jacob Pandarasseril blessed the convent on 18, July 2010 after the consecration of the church. The sisters serve the parish in its pastoral activities.

==Pastoral programs==
The parish is active with various pastoral programs with the support of many volunteers. It has a parish council with representatives from various wards, from different ministries, pious associations and other departments.<ref>{{cite web|title=PARISH VOLUNTEERS|url=https://smkcparish.us/volunteers.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=smkcparish.us}}</ref>

===Devotional===
* Perpetual Adoration
* Bible Classes
* Feasts
* Holy Mass in Malayalam and English
* Prayer Meetings

===Ministries===
* Children / Teens Ministry
* Youth Ministry
* Men Ministry
* Women Ministry
* Senior Ministry

===Pious associations===
* Cherupushpa Mission League
* Legion of Mary
* St. Vincent de Paul
* Prayer Group

===Other services===
* Agape Movement
* Altar servers: Junior and senior teams
* Choir: Children / Youth and Adult
* Christmas Carol during December
* Darsana Samooham for feasts
* Eucharistic Ministers
* Koodara-yogams (Ward Meetings)
* Pilgrimages
* Religious Education School
* Sunday Bulletin

==Chronology==
* 2004 July 1: Mar Jacob Angadiath appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath, the vicar general, also as the director of Knanaya Catholic Mission of Chicago
* 2006 September 1: Bought St. James Church in Maywood from the Archdiocese of Chicago for Knanaya Catholic Mission and started offering Holy Mass there.
* 2006 September 24: Mar Jacob Angadiath elevated the Knanaya Catholic Mission to the status of a parish and appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath as the first pastor.
* 2007 January 1: Fr. Abraham Mutholath started St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish Unit with holy mass on Sunday evenings at OLV Church in Chicago.
*2009 August 16: General Body at OLV church decided to buy a Jewish Synagogue at 7800 W. Lyons St., Morton Grove, IL 60053 for St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Church.
*2009 November 30: Closing of Morton Grove property for the second church at Morton Grove.
*2010 January 14: St. Mary's Unit officially bought the synagogue.
*2010 June 11: Inauguration of Morton Grove Knanaya Church Auditorium at Morton Grove by former Chief Minister of Kerala State Mr. Oomman Chandy along with Ramesh Chennithala and M.M. Hassan.
*2010 July 18: Consecration of St. Mary's Church in Morton Grove by Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath, Mar Mathew Moolakkatt and Mar Joseph Pandarasseril and its elevation as a parish with Fr. Abraham Mutholath as its pastor.
*2010 July 18: Blessing of the Visitation Convent building at 7801 W. Maple St., in Morton Grove.
*2010 August 3: Reception to Cardinal Telesphore P. Toppo, the Archbishop of Ranchi.
*2010 August 6 – 8: First Solemn Feast of B.V. Mary at St. Mary's Church. Archbishop Mar Mathew Moolakkatt, Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath, and Bishop Mar George Palliparambil were celebrants. Archbishop of Agra Most Rev. Dr. Albert D’Souza inaugurated the Kala Sandhya.
*2011 October 25: Major Archbishop Mar George Alancherry blessed the remodeled front elevation of the St. Mary's Church.
*2012 July 22: Blessing of Knanaya Catholic Cemetery Shrine at Maryhill Cemetery, Niles by Vicar General Fr. Abraham Mutholath.
*2014 October 18: Vicar General and Knanaya Region Director Fr. Thomas Mulavanal took charge as the pastor.
* 2015 March 22: Bishop Mar Jacob Angadiath elevated Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic parish as a Forane whereby St. Mary's parish became a part of this forane.

== See also ==
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|St. Thomas Diocese of Chicago]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
* [[Knanaya Region]]
* [[Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Church Chicago|Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Church, Chicago]]
* [[Knanaya Catholic Parish, Los Angeles|St. Pius X Knanaya Catholic Parish, Los Angeles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Thoudkayil, Fr. Philip J., "Knanaya Catholic Mission, Chicago," ''Commemorative Souvenir 2001, Syro-Malabar Catholic Convention, Inauguration of St. Thomas Diocese of Chicago, Episcopal Ordination of Mar Jacob Angadiath,'' Editor in Chief: George Joseph Kottukappally. Chicago:2001. Print.
* ''Diocesan Bulletin'', The Official Bulletin of St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago, Chicago: October 2001. Print.
* ''Mathrusmruthi'' (മാതൃസ്മൃതി), Church establishment Souvenir, St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago: 2010. Print & Web<ref name="souvenir_morton_grove">{{cite web|title=souvenir_morton_grove|url=https://smkcparish.us/souvenir/mobile/index.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=smkcparish.us}}</ref>
*[https://shkcparish.us/souvenir/mobile/index.html Karakkatt, Bijo (Executive Editor), Tenth Anniversary Souvenir of Chicago Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Forane Parish, 2016.] Web.
* Mutholath, Abraham. (2014). ''Preservation of the Ecclesial Nature of Knanaya Community in North America.'' Jacob Kollaparambil and Baiju Mukalel, (Eds.)''.'' ''Kottayam: Centenary Symposiums''. Kottayam:2014 pp. 497–505. Print.
* Mutholath, Fr. Abraham & George Thottappuram, "വടക്കേ അമേരിക്കയിലെ ക്നാനായ റീജിയന്റെ ഉത്ഭവവും വളർച്ചയും," (The Origin and Growth of the Knanaya Region in North America") ''Silver Jubilee Souvenir'', Kottayam: Missionary Society of St. Pius X, 2009, pp. 51–56. Print.
* ''Silver Jubilee Souvenir – 2008'', Chicago: Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish. Print. & Web<ref>{{cite web|title=Maywood_Souvenir_2008|url=https://shkcparish.us/souvenir2008/mobile/index.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=shkcparish.us}}</ref>
* Sunday Bulletins of St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish of Chicago. Print & Web.<ref>{{cite web|title=BULLETIN 2005 – 2007|url=https://smkcparish.us/bulletin2005-07.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=smkcparish.us}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.smkcparish.us/ St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Morton Grove, IL]
*[https://www.shkcparish.us/ Sacred Heart Knanaya Catholic Parish, Maywood, IL]
*[http://www.knanayaregion.us/ Knanaya Region]
*[https://www.knanayology.org/ Knanayology]
*[http://www.stthomasdiocese.org/ St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago]
*[http://www.kottayamad.org/ Archdiocese of Kottayam]
*[http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/ Syro-Malabar Church]
*[https://christianhomily.com/ Homilies by Fr. Abraham Mutholath]

[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:History of Christianity in Asia]]
[[Category:Knanaya Community]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in Illinois]]

Sambalpur–Rayagada Intercity Express

2025-11-11T17:39:06Z

Riserteam: starting initial location w/ infobox!

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Intercity Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}}
| stops = 18
| end = {{rws|Rayagada}}
| distance = {{convert|323|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 55 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = second seating, general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18301 / 18302
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:Intercity Express (Sambalpur - Rayagada) Route Map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 18301 / 02 '''Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} and {{rws|Rayagada}} in [[India]].<ref>[http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/trains-cancelled-rescheduled-due-to-heavy-rains-in-rayagada-228022/], ''odishatv.in'', 16 July 2017</ref>

It operates as train number 18301 from {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} to {{rws|Rayagada}} and as train number 18302 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Odisha]].

==Coaches==
The 18301 / 02 Intercity Express has eight general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 18301 {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} - {{rws|Rayagada}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|323|km|0|abbr=on}} in 7 hours 00 mins (46 km/h) and in 6 hours 10 mins as the 18302 {{rws|Rayagada}} - {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} Intercity Express (52 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 18301 / 02 Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} via {{rws|Titlagarh Junction}} to {{rws|Rayagada}}.

==Traction==
As the route is completely electrified, a {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} based electric locomotive [[WAG 5A]] which pulls the train to its destination. It was the first train to get permanentE-Linkin Sambalpur-Titlagarh section.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/sambalpur-rayagada-intercity-express-18301/1391/245/230 18301 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rayagada-sambalpur-intercity-express-18302/1445/230/245 18302 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambalpur - Rayagada Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]